Wikipedia hawiki https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babban_shafi MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.9 first-letter Midiya Musamman Tattaunawa User Tattaunawar user Wikipedia Tattaunawar Wikipedia Fayil Tattaunawar fayil MediaWiki Tattaunawar MediaWiki Samfuri Tattaunawar samfuri Taimako Tattaunawar taimako Rukuni Tattaunawar rukuni TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 1646 873598 873361 2026-07-01T12:28:22Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 873598 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Nigeria w1 locator.svg|thumb|'''''Nigeria w1 locator''''']] [[Fayil:Flag of Nigeria.svg|thumb|tutar najeriya]] [[Fayil:Nigeria w1 locator.svg|thumb|manuniyar najeriya]] [[Fayil:The City Gate of Abuja.jpg|thumb|babban birnin najeriya]] [[Fayil:20200408 Nigeria Crisis.pdf|thumb|crisis a najeriya]] [[Fayil:Nigerian Public Domain 143.jpg|thumb|Sojan Nigeria ]] ''''[[Najeriya]];'''' (/nadʒɪəriyə/) ko '''Nijeriya''' (/niˈdʒɪəriyə/) da ([[turanci]]: ''Nigeria''): A Gwamnatance '''Tarayyar [[Najeriya]]''' ƙasa ce da take a [[Afirka ta Yamma|Afirka]] [[Afirka ta Yamma|ta]] yamma.<ref>The countries with the 10 largest Christian populations and the 10 largest Muslim populations". Pew Research Center. April 2019. Archived from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2020.</ref><ref>Nigeria Fact Sheet" (PDF). United States Embassy in Nigeria. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 October 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2018.</ref><ref>Nigeria: The African giant". The Round Table. 50 (197): 55–63. 1959. doi:10.1080/00358535908452221. ISSN 0035-8533.</ref> Tana da iyaka da ƙasar [[Nijar]] daga [[Arewa]], da [[Cadi|Chadi]] daga Arewa maso gabas da [[Kamaru]] daga gabas da [[Benin]] daga yamma, daga kudanci kuma tana a gaɓar [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]].<ref>Online Etymological Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Archived from the original on 2 July 2017. Retrieved 28 July 2014</ref><ref>Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) – The Nuclear Threat Initiative". Archived from the original on 19 October 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2021.</ref><ref>Kperogi, Farooq A. "Natasha H. Akpoti's Wildly Inaccurate History of Nigeria". Notes From Atlanta. Archived from the original on 11 August 2023. Retrieved 11 August 2023.</ref> Jamhuriyar Tarayyar [[Najeriya]] ta ƙunshi Jihohi guda (36) tare da ''Babban Birnin'' Tarayya [[Abuja]] inda fadar [[Shugaban kasa|shugaban ƙasar]] wato "villa" take.<ref name=":0">http://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/unep-ogoniland-oil-assessment-reveals-extent-environmental-contamination-and</ref><ref>https://www.greenleft.org.au/content/shell%E2%80%99s-nigeria-ecocide-creating-refugee-crisis,%20https://www.greenleft.org.au/content/shell%E2%80%99s-nigeria-ecocide-creating-refugee-crisis{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20141205124719/http://www.punchng.com/news/us-sends-medical-experts-to-study-how-nigeria-contained-ebola/</ref> [[Lagos (birni)|Abuja]] tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan birane a [[duniya]].<ref>[[Muhammadu Buhari]]</ref><ref>Tylecote 1975 (see below)</ref><ref>Eggert, Manfred (2014). "Early iron in West and Central Africa". In Breunig, P (ed.). Nok: African Sculpture in Archaeological Context. Frankfurt, Germany: Africa Magna Verlag Press. pp. 51–59.</ref>[[File:Shopping District - Lagos Nigeria.jpg|thumb|Shopping District]] [[Fayil:Asiwaju Bola Ahmed Tinubu (5980497975) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Shugaban Kasar Nijeriya]] Najeriya ta kasance gida da dama ga ƴan asalin [[turawa]] masu mulkin mallaka, jihohin da suka mallaka tunda (BC)<ref>Holl, Augustin F. C. (June 2020). "The Origins of African Metallurgies". Oxford Research Encyclopedias. 22 (4): 12–13. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190854584.013.63. <nowiki>ISBN 9780190854584</nowiki>. OCLC 7869925414.</ref><ref>Eggert, Manfred (2014). "Early iron in West and Central Africa". In Breunig, P (ed.). Nok: African Sculpture in Archaeological Context. Frankfurt, Germany: Africa Magna Verlag Press. pp. 53–54. <nowiki>ISBN 9783937248462</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Breunig, Peter. 2014. Nok: African Sculpture in Archaeological Context: p. 21.</ref> tare da [[Al'adar Nok|Nok Wayewa]] ta kasance ita ce karo na farko da Turawan mulkin mallaka suka fara mallakewa a [[Yammacin Africa]] a cikin ƙarni na sha biyar (15).<ref>Nicole Rupp, Peter Breunig & Stefanie Kahlheber, "Exploring the Nok Enigma Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine", Antiquity 82.316, June 2008.</ref><ref>Eze–Uzomaka, Pamela. "Iron and its influence on the prehistoric site of Lejja". Academia.edu. University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria. Archived from the original on 6 December 2020. Retrieved 12 December 2014.</ref><ref>Hrbek, Ivan {1992}. Africa from the seventh to the eleventh Century. James Currey Publishers. p. 254. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-85255-093-9</nowiki>.</ref> A zamani jihar an samo asali da [[Birtaniya]] a cikin karni na sha tara (19) yana ɗaukar yanayin na yanzu tare da haɗe yankin [[Kudanci|Kudancin]] [[Najeriya]] da kuma kare [[Arewacin Najeriya]] a cikin shekara ta alif dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da goma sha huɗu (1914)<ref>Uzukwu, E. Elochukwu (1997). Worship as Body Language. Liturgical Press. p. 93. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-8146-6151-2</nowiki>. Archived from the original on 27 June 2024. Retrieved 27 June 2024</ref><ref>The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria" (PDF). 1963. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 August 2021.</ref><ref>MacDonald, Fiona; Paren, Elizabeth; Shillington, Kevin; Stacey, Gillian; Steele, Philip (2000). Peoples of Africa, Volume 1. Marshall Cavendish. p. 385. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7614-7158-5</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Laitin, David D. (1986). Hegemony and culture: politics and religious change among the Yoruba. University of Chicago Press. p. 111. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-226-46790-0</nowiki>.</ref> ta [[Frederick Lugard|Lord Lugard]]. Ingilishi ya kafa tsarin gudanarwa da na doka yayin aiwatar da mulkin kai tsaye ta hanyar shugabannin gargajiya.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Achebe, Nwando, 1970-|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/707092916|title=The female king of colonial Nigeria : Ahebi Ugbabe|isbn=978-0-253-00507-6|location=Bloomington|oclc=707092916}}</ref><ref>Falola, Toyin; Genova, Ann (2009). Historical Dictionary of Nigeria. Scarecrow Press. p. 328. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-8108-6316-3</nowiki>. Retrieved 29 March 2015.</ref><ref>Falola, Toyin; Paddock, Adam (2012). Environment and Economics in Nigeria. Routledge. p. 78. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-136-66247-8</nowiki>. Retrieved 29 March 2015.</ref> Najeriya, ta zama ƙasar tarayyar da ke da ƴanci kai tsaye a ranar (1)ga watan [[Oktoba]], shekara ta alif dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da sittin (1960).<ref>Falola, Toyin, and Matthew M. Heaton, A History of Nigeria (2008), pp. 85–109</ref><ref>Peterson, Derek R., ed., Abolitionism and imperialism in Britain, Africa, and the Atlantic (Ohio University Press, 2010).</ref><ref>Falola, Toyin, and Matthew M. Heaton, A History of Nigeria (2008), pp. 85–109.</ref> Ta fuskanci yaƙin basasa daga shekara ta dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da sittin da bakwai (1967) zuwa shekarar dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da saba'in da bakwai (1977).<ref>Adam, Abba Idris, "Re-inventing Islamic Civilization in the Sudanic Belt: The Role of Sheikh Usman Dan Fodio." Journal of Modern Education Review 4.6 (2014): 457–465. online Archived 15 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine</ref><ref>"Nigeria – CIA World Factbook 2019" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020.</ref><ref>Slow death slavery course abolition northern Nigeria 18971936 | Regional history after 1500". Cambridge University Press. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2020.</ref> Sannan a biyo bayan zaɓaɓɓun gwamnatocin farar hula da mulkin kama-karya na soja, har sai an sami tabbatacciyar [[dimokuraɗiyya]] a shekara ta alif dari tara da chasa'in da tara (1999) zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekara ta (2015)dubu biyu da sha biyar shi ne karo na farko da shugaban [[Shugaban Nijeriya|ƙasa]] mai ci ya faɗi zaɓensa. <ref>https://www.theguardian.com/society/2015/may/29/outlawing-fgm-nigeria-hugely-important-precedent-say-campaigners</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-03-31|title=Buhari wins historic election landslide|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nigeria-election-idUSKBN0MR0VN20150331|access-date=2020-05-25}}</ref><ref>Udofia, O.E. (1981). "Nigerian Political Parties: Their Role in Modernizing the Political System, 1920–1966". Journal of Black Studies. 11 (4): 435–447. doi:10.1177/002193478101100404. JSTOR 2784073. S2CID 143073983.</ref> Najeriya; tafi Ko wace ƙasa yawan al'umma acikin nahiyar Afrika, ƙasa ce Kuma mai yawan al’umma da ke zaune sama da ƙabilu guda ɗari biyu da sittin 260.<ref>Juang, Richard M. (2008). Africa and the Americas: culture, politics, and history: a multidisciplinary encyclopedia, Volume 2. ABC-CLIO. p. 597. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-85109-441-7</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Hrbek, Ivan (1992). Africa from the seventh to the eleventh Century. James Currey Publishers. p. 254. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-85255-093-9</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Eze–Uzomaka, Pamela. "Iron and its influence on the prehistoric site of Lejja". Academia.edu. University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria. Archived from the original on 6 December 2020. Retrieved 12 December 2014.</ref> waɗanda ke magana [[Harsunan Najeriya|da yarurruka daban daban guda ɗari biyar (500) dukkansu suna ɗauke da al'adu iri daban daban. Manyan ƙabilun guda uku su ne; [[Hausa–Fulani|Hausa – Fulani]] a [[Arewacin Najeriya|Arewa]], [[Yarbawa]] a [[Kasar Yarbawa|Yamma]], da kuma [[Inyamurai|Igbo]] a gabas, waɗanda suka hada da kashi sittin (60%) na yawan mutanen. Yaren [[harshen gwamnati|hukuma]] shi ne [[English cricket team in the West Indies in 2008–09|Ingilishi]],<ref>Uzukwu, E. Elochukwu (1997). Worship as Body Language. Liturgical Press. p. 93. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-8146-6151-2</nowiki>. Archived from the original on 27 June 2024. Retrieved 27 June 2024</ref><ref>Laitin, David D. (1986). Hegemony and culture: politics and religious change among the Yoruba. University of Chicago Press. p. 111. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-226-46790-0</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Falola, Toyin; Heaton, Matthew M. (2008). A History of Nigeria. Cambridge University Press. p. 23. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-521-68157-5</nowiki>.</ref> wanda aka zaɓa don sauƙaƙe haɗin harshe a matakin ƙasa. Tsarin mulkin Nijeriya ya tabbatar da ƴancin yin addini kuma ƙasa ce dake ɗauke da al’ummar musulmai da kirista, a lokaci guda. [[Najeriya]] ta kasu kashi biyu tsakanin [[Musulmi|musulmai]], waɗanda yawanci ke zaune a arewacin ƙasar, da kuma [[Kirista|kiristoci]],<ref>MacDonald, Fiona; Paren, Elizabeth; Shillington, Kevin; Stacey, Gillian; Steele, Philip (2000). Peoples of Africa, Volume 1. Marshall Cavendish. p. 385. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7614-7158-5</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Falola, Toyin, and Matthew M. Heaton, A History of Nigeria (2008), pp. 85–109.</ref><ref>Falola, Toyin, and Matthew M. Heaton, A History of Nigeria (2008), pp. 85–109.</ref> waɗanda yawanci ke zaune a kudancin ƙasar, tare da ƴan tsirarun da ke yin addinin asali, kamar waɗanda ke cikin ƙabilar Igbo da kuma yarbawa.<ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/520849-number-of-poor-people-in-nigeria-to-reach-95-million-in-2022-world-bank.html</ref><ref>https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2019/09/16/official-us-poverty-rate-is-based-hopelessly-out-of-date-metric/</ref><ref>Juang, Richard M. (2008). Africa and the Americas: culture, politics, and history: a multidisciplinary encyclopedia, Volume 2. ABC-CLIO. p. 597. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-85109-441-7</nowiki>.</ref> [[File:Bola Tinubu portrait.jpg|thumb|Bola Ahmed Tinubu shugaban ƙasar na yanzu]] Najeriya ,ita ce ƙasa mafi yawan mutane a [[Afirka]] kuma ƙasa ta bakwai mafi yawan mutane a duniya,<ref>Hrbek, Ivan (1992). Africa from the seventh to the eleventh Century. James Currey Publishers. p. 254. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-85255-093-9</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Gordon, April A. (2003). Nigeria's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook. ABC-CLIO. pp. 44–54. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-57607-682-8</nowiki>. Retrieved 29 March 2015.</ref><ref>Adam, Abba Idris, "Re-inventing Islamic Civilization in the Sudanic Belt: The Role of Sheikh Usman Dan Fodio." Journal of Modern Education Review 4.6 (2014): 457–465. online Archived 15 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine</ref> tare da kimanin mutane miliyan ɗari biyu da shida (2,00,000,006). Tattalin arzikinta shine mafi girma a [[Afirka]], kuma shi ne na ashirin da shida (26)<ref>Slow death slavery course abolition northern Nigeria 18971936 | Regional history after 1500". Cambridge University Press. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2020.</ref><ref>"The end of slavery". The Story of Africa. BBC News. Archived from the original on 23 July 2020. Retrieved 28 May 2011.</ref><ref>Udofia, O.E. (1981). "Nigerian Political Parties: Their Role in Modernizing the Political System, 1920–1966". Journal of Black Studies. 11 (4): 435–447. doi:10.1177/002193478101100404. JSTOR 2784073. S2CID 143073983.</ref> mafi girma a duniya ta hanyar GDP maras faɗi, kuma na ashirin da biyar (25), mafi girma daga PPP. Najeriya galibi ana ƙiranta da "Giant of Africa", ma'ana ƙarfin [[Afirka|Afrika]] saboda yawan jama'a da tattalin arziƙinta, [[Bankin Duniya|kuma bankin duniya]] yana dauƙarta a matsayin [[Kasuwa masu tasowa|kasuwa]] mai tasowa. Karamar yanki ce a cikin Afirka, matsakaiciyar ƙarfi a cikin al'amuran ƙasa da ƙasa, sannan kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe mafi yawan [[Gingara karfi|al’umma a duniya]].<ref>Mann, Charles C. (1990). "Choosing an Indigenous Official Language for Nigeria" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 December 2020. Retrieved 10 July 2020.</ref><ref>The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria" (PDF). 1963. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 August 2021.</ref><ref>Irede, Akin (17 March 2022). "Aguiyi-Ironsi: The murder that birthed Nigeria's northern hegemony". The Africa Report. Archived from the original on 23 February 2023. Retrieved 23 February 2023.</ref> Koyaya ƙasar tana ƙasa sosai a cikin jerin ƙasashen duniya, kuma har yanzu tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe masu rashawa a duniya. Najeriya memba ce ta kafuwar tarayyar [[Afirka]], kuma memba ce a ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa da dama, waɗanda suka haɗa da [[Majalisar Dinkin Duniya|Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya]], ƙungiyar ƙasashen Yammacin Africa ([[ECOWAS|ECOWAS)]] ƙungiyar ƙasashe masu arziƙin man fetur, ([[OPEC]]) kuma memba ce na yau da kullum a gamayyar [[MINT (tattalin arziki)|MINT]], kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe goma sha ɗaya masu tashen ƙaruwan tattalin arziƙi wato "[[Sha dayan gaba "Next Eleven"|Next Eleven]]".<ref>https://www.fao.org/nigeria/fao-in-nigeria/nigeria-at-a-glance/en/</ref><ref>Falola and Heaton, A History of Nigeria (2008) pp 158–59</ref><ref>Murray, Senan (30 May 2007). "Reopening Nigeria's civil war wounds". BBC News. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 28 May 2011.</ref> == Kirkira: == Sunan ''[[wiktionary:Nigeria|Nijeriya]]'' an dauke shi daga Kogin [[Neja (kogi)|Neja]] wanda ya ratsa kasar.<ref>"Nigerian Constitution". Nigeria Law. Archived from the original on 25 May 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2015.</ref><ref>Daly, Samuel Fury Childs (7 August 2020). A History of the Republic of Biafra. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108887748. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-108-88774-8</nowiki>. S2CID 225266768.</ref><ref>Background Paper on Nigeria and Biafra, Declassified Documents Reference System.</ref> Wannan sunan ya samo asali ne a ranar takwas (8), ga watan Janairun shekara ta (1897) dan jaridar Ingila [[Flora Shaw, Lady Lugard|Flora Shaw]], wanda daga baya ya auri [[Frederick Lugard|Lord Lugard]], mai kula da mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya.<ref>David Williams, President and power in Nigeria: The life of Shehu Shagari (Routledge, 2018).</ref><ref>Nigeria, Military Faces Daunting Challenges", AP Press International, 3 March 1984. Retrieved 22 February 2007</ref><ref>Siollun, Max (25 October 2018), Levan, Carl; Ukata, Patrick (eds.), "Civil Military Affairs and Military Culture in Post-Transition Nigeria", The Oxford Handbook of Nigerian Politics, Oxford University Press, pp. 272–287, doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198804307.013.13, ISBN 978-0-19-880430-7</ref> [[Nijar]] da ke makwabtaka da ita sun samo sunan daga wannan kogin.<ref>Daly, Samuel Fury Childs (7 August 2020). A History of the Republic of Biafra. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108887748. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-108-88774-8</nowiki>. S2CID 225266768.</ref><ref>Murray, Senan (30 May 2007). "Reopening Nigeria's civil war wounds". BBC News. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 28 May 2011.</ref><ref>Metz, Helen Chapin (1991). "Nigeria: A Country Study – Civil War". Library of Congress Country Studies. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 28 May 2011.</ref> Asalin sunan ''Nijar'', wanda asali ana amfani da shi ne kawai zuwa tsakiyar Kogin Neja, ba tabbas. Watakila kalmar ta canza sunan [[Buzaye|Tuareg]] ''egerew <u>n-iger</u> ewen'' da mazauna ke amfani da shi a tsakiyar kogin da ke kusa da [[Timbuktu]] kafin mulkin mallaka na Turai na karni na (19). <ref>The Arabic name ''nahr al-anhur'' is a direct translation of the Tuareg.</ref><ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=bs5rTH7GClgC&pg=PA48</ref><ref>The Biafra War and the Age of Pestilence". Litencyc.com. Archived from the original on 20 August 2018. Retrieved 28 July 2014.</ref> [[File:Abuja gate.jpg|alt=Birnin Tarayyar Najeriya fadar Gwamnatin Shugaban kasar|thumb|Babban Birnin Tarayyar Najeriya Fadar Shugaban Kasa|165x165px]] == Tarihi: == [[File:Central bank nigeria.jpg|thumb|Babban Bankin Nigeria.|159x159px]] [[Fayil:Asiwaju Bola Ahmed Tinubu (5980497975) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Shugaban kasan najeriya(bola ahmad tinubu)]] Tarihi, ya nuna cewar [[Najeriya a 1960|Nijeriya]] dadaddar kasa ce, kuma tarihi yanuna kasar na nan tun a shekara ta ('''500),'''<ref>McDonald, Gordon C., Area Handbook for the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Congo Kinshasa) (1971), p. 263</ref><ref>Michael I. Draper, Shadows: Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria 1967–1970.</ref><ref>Stearns, Jason K. Dancing in the Glory of Monsters: The Collapse of the Congo and the Great War of Africa (2011), p. 115</ref> kafin haihuwar Yesu Almasihu wato Annabi Isah (A.S) a wannan lokaci suka samata suna [[Kasar Hausa]].<ref>Wrong, Michela. In the Footsteps of Mr Kurtz: Living on the Brink of Disaster in Mobutu's Congo (2000), p. 266</ref><ref>Watts, Michael (1987) State, Oil and Agriculture in Nigeria, Institute of International Studies, University of California, <nowiki>ISBN 0-87725-166-5</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 42–43; Derfler 2011, p. 81.</ref> Addinin musulunci ya shiga Kasar [[Hausawa|Hausa]] ne tun a karni na goma sha uku (13) miladiya.<ref>Derfler 2011, p. 82.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 44.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 43; Derfler 2011, p. 81.</ref> a karshen karni na goma sha daya (11) zuwa tsakiyar karni na goma sha hudu (14) miladiya. Kanem Barno suka mamaye Kasar Hausa, kuma Fulani sun mamaye Kasar [[Hausa]] a farkon karni na goma sha tara (19) miladiya har zuwan Turawan Mulkin Mallaka suka mamaye [[Lagos]] a shekara ta [[1881|(1881]]) miladiyya, ana cikin [[Yakin duniya I|Yakin duniya]] na farko sai Turawan Mulkin Mallaka suka karo sojojin ruwa saboda suna tsoran Jamusawa da ke Kamaru kada sumamaye Najeriya, amma mulkin Najeriya na farko a hannun Turawan [[Portugal]].<ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 48–49; Derfler 2011, p. 85.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 50; Derfler 2011, p. 85</ref><ref>African Concord (1990). The New Helmsmen. Concord Press, Ikeja, Lagos. 13 August 1990</ref> A shekara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da tamanin da biyar [[1885|(1885)]] sai Turawan [[Birtaniya]] suka mamaye duk fadin Nijeria har zuwa Daya (1) ga watan oktoba, 1960. Nijeriya ta samu 'yancin kanta daga Turawan Biritaniya.<ref>Pereltsvaig, Asya (16 June 2011). "Linguistic diversity in Africa and Europe – Languages Of The World". Archived from the original on 15 May 2012. Retrieved 4 July 2019.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 48</ref><ref>Bilski, Andrew, "Broken Promises", Maclean, 6 September 1993</ref> == Addinai: == * [[File:The Abuja National Mosque.jpg|alt=Babban Masallacin Kasa dake Abuja|thumb|Babban Masallacin Kasa dake Abuja|146x146px]]Addinin [[Musulunci]] 50%. * [[File:National Church of Nigeria in Abuja 22.jpg|alt=Babbar Mujama,ar Kasa dake Abuja|thumb|Babbar Mujama,ar Kasa dake Abuja|216x216px]]Addinin [[Kristanci]] 45%. * Sauran kashin 5% basuda kowanne irin Addini. == Tsarin Mulki: == [[File:Muhammadu Buhari, President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (cropped).jpg|alt=Muhammadu Buhari Shugaban kasar Najeriya|thumb|Muhammadu Buhari Tsohon Shugaban Najeriya.|169x169px]] A shekara ta [[1966|(1966]]) zuwa shekara ta [[1979|(1979]]) sojoji ne ke da ikon a kan kasar, a shekara ta [[1979|(1979)]] a ka yi tsari wanda ya bawa talakawa ikon zaben gwamna. A shekara ta [[1983|(1983]]) sojoji suka rushe wannan tsarin da juyin mulki har zuwa shekara ta [[1998|(1998]]) bayan rasuwar Sani Abacha, sai aka dawo da tsarin mulki na dimokaradiya aka bawa talakawa ikon zaben shugaban da suke so, a shekara ta alif dubu ɗaya da dari tara da casa'in da[[1999|(1999]]) aka yi zabe a kasa.<ref>Diamond, Larry; Kirk-Greene, Anthony; Oyeleye Oyediran (1997) Transition without End: Nigerian Politics and Civil Society Under Babangida, Vantage Publishers, <nowiki>ISBN 978-2458-54-6</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Bilski, Andrew, "Broken Promises", Maclean, 6 September 1993.</ref><ref>"The countries with the 10 largest Christian populations and the 10 largest Muslim populations". Pew Research Center. April 2019. Archived from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2020.</ref>[[Olusegun Obasanjo|Obasanjo]] ya lashe zabe ya zama shugaban kasa na farko wanda talaka suka zaba, ya hau karo na biyu har zuwa shekara ta dubu biyu da bakwai ([[2007]])a wannan shekara aka yi zabe, [[Umaru Yar'Adua|Umaru Yar'Aduwa]] ya lashe shi ne shugaban kasa a shekarar ta dubu biyu da sha daya (2011). Dukkansu sun fito daga jam'iyya daya ne, wato (jam'iyyar [[PDP]]).<ref>Wiwa et al v. Royal Dutch Petroleum et al". Center for Constitutional Rights. Archived from the original on 26 March 2015. Retrieved 24 August 2016.</ref><ref>Nigerian Lawyer: Abacha accounts apparently in Switzerland, Luxembourg, France, and Germany", AP press, 10 January 2000.</ref><ref>Abdusalam Abubakar" Archived 4 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Encyclopædia Britannica Online, accessed 26 October 2012.</ref> Umaru musa yar'aduwa ya rasu a shekara ta dubu biyu da tara (2009) matemakin sa Jonathan Goodluck ebele , ya cigaba da Mulki zuwa shekara ta dubu biyu da sha daya (2011).<ref>Falola and Heaton, A History of Nigeria (2008) pp. 211–34.</ref><ref>NASS confirms Sambo as vice president". The Nigerian Voice. 18 May 2010. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2011.</ref><ref>Final Report" (PDF). EU Election Observation Mission Nigeria 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 February 2008. Retrieved 24 January 2008.</ref> A yayin da a kayi zabe yalashe yacigaba da Mulki harzuwa she Kara ta dubu biyu da sha biyar (2015) yayin da a kayi zabe ta dubu biyu da sha biyar (2015) shugaban kasa wato General Muhammad Buhari yalashe zabe.<ref>"Nigeria Fact Sheet" (PDF). United States Embassy in Nigeria. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 October 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2018.</ref><ref>Nossiter, Adam (16 April 2011). "Nigerians Vote in Presidential Election". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 24 August 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2011.</ref><ref>Akinlade, Muruf (18 May 2010). "National Assembly confirms Sambo as Vice President". MyOndoState.Com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 29 May 2011</ref> Bayan shekara Tara wato yadda dimokiradiya ta tanadar ya sauka daga gadan Mulki she Kara ta dubu biyu da (2023), yabaiwa dan jam'iyarasa wato Bola Ahmad Tunubu Wanda yanzu shiyake rike da mulkin kasar Najeriya.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Udo, Bassey (14 May 2015). "Missing $20 bn: Sanusi faults Alison-Madueke, says audit report proves at least $18.5bn lost". Premium Times Nigeria. Archived from the original on 4 October 2022. Retrieved 5 October 2022.</ref><ref>Nigeria election: Muhammadu Buhari wins". BBC.</ref> === Jihohi: === {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ !Jeri !Sunan Jiha !Babban Birnin Jiha !Gwamna |- |1 | | | |- |2 | | | |- |3 | | | |- |4 | | | |- |5 | | | |- |6 | | | |- |7 | | | |- |8 | | | |- |9 | | | |- |10 | | | |- | | | | |} #.[[Abia]]. . #[[Adamawa]]. #Anambra. #[[Akwa Ibom]]. #[[Bauchi (jiha)|Bauchi]] . #[[Bayelsa]] . #[[Benue (jiha)|Benue]] . #Borno. #[[Cross River]]. #[[Delta]]. #[[Enugu (jiha)|Enugu]]. #Edo. #Ebonyi. #[[Ekiti]]. #[[Filato]] . #[[Gombe (jiha)|Gombe]]. #[[Imo]]. #[[Jigawa]]. #[[Kano (jiha)|Kano]]. #[[Katsina (jiha)|Katsina]]. #[[Kaduna (jiha)|Kaduna]]. #[[Kebbi]]. #[[Kogi]]. #[[Kwara (Jiha)|Kwara]]. #Lagos. #Neja. #[[Nasarawa]]. #[[Ogun]] . #[[Osun]] . #[[Oyo (jiha)|Oyo]]. #[[Ondo (jiha)|Ondo]] #Rivers. #[[Sokoto (jiha)|Sokoto]]. #[[Taraba]]. #[[Yobe]]. #[[Zamfara]] . [[File:Locator Map Abuja-Nigeria.png|alt=Hoton Taswirar Jihohin Najeriya 36 har da Babban Birnin Tarayyar Abuja|thumb|Hoton Taswirar Jihohin Najeriya 36 har da Babban Birnin Tarayyar Abuja|138x138px]] ''Babban birnin tarayya'' [[Abuja]]. == Yarika: == Manyan yarika a Najeriya sune guda uku kamar haka: Harshen Hausa da Yarbanci da Inyamuranci, yaren Fulatanci ma yana daya daga cikin manyan yaruka a Najeriya.<ref>APC praises Jonathan for conceding defeat". The Nation. Archived from the original on 8 July 2015. Retrieved 4 April 2015.</ref> === [[Hausa]]: === <gallery> File:Hausa royal dressing 03.jpg| Hausawa. File:Hausa royal dressing 05.jpg|Shiga irin ta al'adar Hausawa. File:Hausa emirate dress code 02.jpg|Bahaushe. </gallery> === [[Igbo|Ibo:]] === <gallery> File:IGBO CULTURAL ATTIRE.jpg| Matsahin dan kabilar Ibo (Inyamuri) da daddare. File:A typical Igbo dressing (Akwa George and beads) worn by a young Igbo woman to a cultural event like traditional marriage or new yam festival.jpg|Mace da shiga iri ta matan Ibo. File:Cultural display of the Igbos from the Eastern part of Nigeria.jpg|Matan kabilar Ibo suna gudanar da biki a al'adarsu. </gallery> === [[Yoruba]]: === Yarabawa ;Sun kasance na biyu a wayanda suka fi kowa yawa a cikin kasar Najeriya,<ref>Obama praises Nigeria's president for conceding defeat". Vanguard. 1 April 2015. Archived from the original on 21 August 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2015</ref> suna zaune a garuruwa irin su, [[Legas]] da, [[Ondo (jiha)|Ondo]] da [[Oyo (jiha)|Oyo]], da [[Osun]] da [[Kwara]] da kuma [[Kogi]]. <gallery> File:High Chiefs.jpg|Taron yarabawa a wani yanki a kasar yoruba , sun sanya irin na kayan su na yarbawa. </gallery>'''Sauran yaruka:''' Sun hada da; Fulani da Ibibio da [[Kakuri|Kanuri]] da [[Tiv]] da [[Bura]] da [[Shuwa Arab]] da[[Marghi]] da [[Kare-Kare|Kare-kare]] da [[Ɓachama]] da [[Mandara]] da [[Higgi]] da [[Kilba]] da [[Kibaku]] da [[Mafa]] da [[Glavda]] da [[Jukun]] da [[Waha]] da [[Gamargu]] da [[Igala]] da [[Nufe]] da [[Idoma]] da [[Ibibio]] da [[Efik]] da [[Anang]] da [[Ekoi]] da [[Awak]] da [[Waja]] da Waka. == Arzikin : == Nigeria akwai arzikin noma da na man fetur dakumaadanu DA wassanni aladun gargajiya hakuma kasace maiasiri akuma tsafetsafe kuma mafiyawancin munen Nigeria sun yarda DA chamfi kuma suna hukuta mutane tahanyar aladun- dawasannin gargajiya ataikace Mustapha Isah gwaram jigawa state == Wasanni; == <gallery> 9ja_women_U20.JPG|Yan wasan kwallon mata na Najeriya. Algeria_vs_Nigeria_-_1978_All-Africa_Games_final.jpg|Yan wasan Najeriya a 1978. Football_through.jpg|Yan Najeriya na wasan kwallon kafa. Women_have_fun_with_football.jpg|Mata na wasan kwallon kafa. Okossi_girls_football_team_2.jpg|team na wasannin mata. John_Obi_Mikel-Nigeria.jpg|John Mikel Obi </gallery> == Fannin tsaro. == == Kimiya da Fasaha. == == Sifiri. == === Sifirin Jirgin Sama. === === Sifirin Jirgin Kasa. === == Al'adu. == === Mutane. === [[File:IMG-20210214-WA0020.jpg|thumb|Matasa sanye da kayan Fulani a lokacin biki a Arewacin Najeriya.]] === Yaruka. === === Abinci. === === Tufafi. === == Ilimi. == == Addinai. == === Musulunci. === === Kiristanci. === == Hotuna. == ==Manazarta.== {{Reflist}} {{Afirka}} [[Category:Najeriya| ]] [[Category:Kasashen Afrika]] [[Category:Kasashen yammacin Afirka]] s0rwd3kptcl5e8xl5hpx5bjqwuhap8c 0 1766 873727 820663 2026-07-01T17:41:17Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 873727 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Zaria City New Central Mosque.jpg|thumb|Masallacin fadar Zazzau]] [[File:Kanogate2.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Gidan sarkin Zazzau.]] [[File:Zaria Wall.jpg|thumb|ganuwar Zaria]] [[File:Zazzau palace 03.jpg|thumb|zazzau place]] [[File:Zaria Mountain 30.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Kofar kuyan Bana zazzau Zaria.jpg|thumb|Kofar kuyan bana zazzau]] [[Fayil:Zazzau Emirate wall.jpg|thumb|Zazzau Emirate wall]] [[Fayil:Zaria rock.jpg|thumb|Zariya rock]] [[Fayil:Zazzau palace 03.jpg|thumb|zariya Birnin shehu]] [[Fayil:Zaria Gates.jpg|thumb|Photan zamaninra a zariya]] [[Fayil:NANA HOSTEL Front gate Bayero University Kano state Nigeria.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Physics department Bayero University Kano.jpg|thumb|bik]] [[Fayil:Zaria Gates.jpg|thumb|Zariya]] [[Fayil:Zaria view 08.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Ibrahim Gambari Square in BUK.jpg|thumb|buk]] [[Fayil:Gambo suweba female level one hostel Bayero University Kano.jpg|thumb|buk]] [[Fayil:Gate of Zaria 02.jpg|thumb|zaria]] [[Fayil:Flag of the Zaria Emirate.svg|thumb|tutan zariya]] '''Zariya''' (Ko kuma da [[turanci]] '''Zaria''', sai kuma '''Zazzau''' sunan da ake mata lakabi da shi). Zariya gari ne dake a cikin [[arewacin Najeriya]], kuma karamar hukuma ce a jahar [[Kaduna]], tana da iyaka da [[Funtua|Funtuwa]], babban birnin [[Kaduna]], da kuma [[Igabi]] duka a cikin ƙasar [[Najeriya]]. A bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a na shekara ta dubu biyu da shidda (2006), jimillar mutane dubu dari bakwai da sittin (700060) ne a garin Zariya, to amman daga bisani an kimanta yawan su a shekara ta dubu biyu da sha bakwai (2017), ga jimillar mutane miliyan daya (1000000). Birnin Zariya tana da kilomita ɗari biyu da sittin (260kms), ne daga garin [[Abuja]], kilomita tamanin (80kms) ne daga [[Kaduna (birni)|Zariya,]] kilomita dari daya da sittin (160), ne daga [[Kano (birni)|Kano]].<ref>http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9078266/Zaria</ref> Garin [[Zazzau]] an saka masa suna ne daga [[Sarauniya Amina]].<ref>https://www.britannica.com/place/Zaria-Nigeria</ref> == Tarihi Akkan zariya. == Asalin sarakunan zariya '''Hausawa''' ne dasu ke mulkan su, wadanda su kayi sarauta tun daga shekara ta dubu daya da dari biyar da biyar (1505), zuwa shekarar dubu daya da dari takwas da biyu 1802, A shekara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da hudu 1804, ne [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Shehu Usman dan Fodiyo]] yayi jihadi, inda ya yaki sarkin [[gobir]] mai suna [[Yunfa]], a [[Yakin kwoto]], daga nan ne ya fara yada sarautarsa da [[musulunci]] zuwa masarautun [[Hausawa]], A garin zariya kuma akwai [[Mallam Musa|Malam Musa]] wanda ya dade yana da’awar zuwa ga addinin musulunci, Malam Musa [[Fulbe|Bafillatani]] ne, Jin Jihadin Usman dan Fodiyo yasa shima ya karbi tuta daga Usman dan Fodiyo. Da Malam Musa da Yamusa mutumin fulanin Barno suka doso Zariya suka yaki sarki Makau dan kabilar [[Hausawa]], Makau sai ya gudu shi da mutanensa zuwa [[Zuba]], wani gari ne na [[Yaren Gwari|Gwari]] da Koro a yankin [[Abuja]] a yau, Malam Musa sai ya zama Sarkin zazzau na farko daga kabilar [[Fulani]], bayan rasuwarsa sai aka naɗa Yamusa a shekarar ta dubu daya dari takwas da ashirin da daya 1821, a matsayin sarkin zazzau, shi kuma fulanin Barno ne, daga nan ne [[Barebari|Bare-Bari]] da Fulanin Mallawa suka fara sarauta a kasar zazzau.<ref name=":0">professor lavers collection: zaria province.</ref> ([[User:Ihayatu|Ihayatu]] ([[User talk:Ihayatu|talk]]) 21:14, 30 Mayu 2023, (UTC)). [[Fayil:Zazzau palace 02.jpg|thumb|zazzau emirate]] Birni ne a kasar [[Hausa]] wanda kuma yana daya daga cikin garuruwan da Shehu Usman ya bada tutar addinin [[musulunci]] ya tabbata a ciki. Birni ne mai dadin zama saboda yanayinsa gashi kuma babbar cibiyar ilimin addini dana boko a arewacin [[Najeriya]]. Wannan gari Allah ya albarkace shi da kasa ta [[noma]] da kuma ilimin addinin musulunci dana zamani wanda a dalilin haka ne baki daga makotan garin suke zuwa domin neman [[ilimi]] kai harma da na kasashen waje da kuma mutanen garin Zariya su kansu, Wadannan garuruwa a wancen lokacin duka suna karkashin mulkin garin Zazzau ne, inda Zariya take a matsayin babban birni, amman yanzu wasu daga cikin wadannan garuruwan basa karkashin zazzau.<ref name=":0" /> ([[User:Ihayatu|Ihayatu]] ([[User talk:Ihayatu|talk]]) 21:14, 30 Mayu 2023, (UTC)) {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !s/n !Garuruwa !Garuruwa ! |- |1-2 |Anchau |Zaria | |- |3-4 | |Soba | |- |5-6 |Damo |Likoro | |- |7-8 |Ɗan Alhaji |Igabe/Igabi | |- |9-10 |Garu |Ikara | |- |11-12 |Gimba |Zuntu | |- |13-14 |Giwa |Richifa | |- |15-16 |Fatika |Kargi | |- |17-18 |Funkwi |Kauru | |- |19-20 |Ɗan Maliki |Lere | |- |21-22 |Durum |Kubau | |- |23-24 |Ɗan Lawal |Kudan | |- |25-26 |Faki |Kuadaru | |} === Mutane. === Asalin mulkin Zariya yana karkashin Sarakunan [[Hausawa]] ne, ana kiran garin da zazzau, zakzak ko zegzeg, dukkan wadannan sunayen ana kiran garin Zaria da shi, amman daga bisani sunan zazzau ya canza zuwa Zariya, A inda kuma sarautar aka fi kiranta da zazzau, shiyasa sarkin garin ake kiran shi da sarkin zazzau, mutanen da suka fito daga garin ana kiransu da suna Bazazzagi, jam’i kuma Zazzagawa.<ref name=":0" />. ([[User:Ihayatu|Ihayatu]] ([[User talk:Ihayatu|talk]]) 21:14, 30 Mayu 2023, (UTC)) == Sarauta. == Asalin mulkin Zariya tana karkashin Sarakunan [[hausawa]] ne, wadanda ke mulkan masarautan Zazzau, amma daga baya sarakunan Mallawa da fulani suka hada hannu da karfi suka yaki sarakunan hausawa a shekarar 1804. Sarakunan Hausawa na farko sun rayu ne a karni na 15, wadanda a wannan lokacin ba'a iya tina shekarun da sukayi sarauta, amman sarakunan hausawa na biyu sunyi mulki ne a karni na 16, inda aka taskace shekarun mulkin su, har zuwa lokacin da sarakunan Fulani suka yake su, sarkin su na karshe shine [[Makau]] a Zariya, a Gobir kuma shine [[Yunfa]]. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Sarakunan Hausawa na Farko !s/n !Sarakuna !Shekara |- |1 |Gunguma | |- |2 |Matazo | |- |3 |Tumsah | |- |4 |Tamusa | |- |5 |Suleimanu | |- |6 |Maswaza | |- |7 |Ɗinzaki | |- |8 |Nayoga | |- |9 |Kauchi | |- |10 |Nawainchi | |- |11 |Machikai | |- |12 |Kewo | |- |13 |Bahikarr | |- |14 |Majidada | |- |15 |Dahirahi | |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Sarakunan Hausawa na biyu !s/n !Sarakunan Hausa !Shekara |- |1 |Moman Abdu |1505 – 1530 |- |2 |Gudan Dan Masukanan |1530 – 1532 |- |3 |Nohirr |1532 – 1535 |- |4 |Bakwa Turunku |1535 – 1536 |} <gallery> File:Kanogate2.jpg|Babbabn Kofar Fada na garin Zaria </gallery> == Arziki. == === Masana'antu === Garin Zariya an san su da sana’o’i daban daban, Garin jere da kajuma suna karkashin Zariya, sun yi suna akan saka ta hannu.<ref>Maiwada, Salihu and Renne, Elisha P. (2007) "New Technologies of Embroidered Robe Production and Changing Gender Roles in Zaria, Nigeria, 1950–2005" ''Textile History'' 38(1): pp. 25-58, page 25</ref> Abu mai muhimmancin gaske a kasar Zariya shine Audiga, wanda ake diba daga Zariya da kano zuwa kasashen turawa domin amfanin masana’antu, garin Zariya sun shahara da sakan kayan sakawa, hula, da kuma rini.<ref>Gihring, Thomas (1984). "Intraurban Activity Patterns among Entrepreneurs in a West African Setting". ''Geografiska Annaler. Series B, Human Geography''. '''66''' (1): 19–20.</ref> === Kasuwanci === Zariya gari ne, na kasuwanci da harkar noma. === Noma === Allah ya ba Zariya kasar noma mai kyau.ana noma masara, doya, dawa, dauro, Gero, rake, barkono, shinkafa, dss. === Sufuri === Zariya suna da hanyar sufurin jirgin ƙasa da hada Zariya da garuruwan [[Lagos (birni)|Lagos]] , [[Kano (jiha)|Kano]], [[Abuja]] da kuma [[Kaduna (birni)]].<ref>https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-21364541</ref><ref>https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21571481-renovated-railway-line-welcome-more-are-still-sorely-needed-slow</ref> == Ilimi. == Zariya cibiya ce ta ilimin [[addini]] da boko, a garin ne jami'ar Ahmadu Bello ta ke, bayan ABU akwai makarantun Ilimi kusan Tara 9 a cikin garin Zariya.Kamar; 1. Federal College of Education ((F.c.e)). 2. Nuhu Bamalli Polytechnic. 3. Ameer Shehu Idris. 4. National Institute of transport Technology((Nitt)). 5. Leather Research. 6. Narict 7. National College of Aviation((Ncat)). 8. Napri 9. Institute of Animal research((I.A.R)). Akwai kuma malaman addinin Musulunci manya kaman; 1. Sheikh Mua'azu 2. Sheikh Abdulkadir 3. Sheikh Yahuza. Da dai sauran su. == Addini. == === Musulunci === Mutanen Zariya ma fi yawancinsu mabiya addinin Musulunci ne. === Kiristanci === Kasantuwar ma'aikatu na Gwamnatin tarayya a garin Zariya da kuma hanyoyin sufuri da yanayin kasuwanci a garin, hakan ya sa mabiya addinin Kiristiyaniti na kara yawa a garin. == Masana'antu. == Akwai masana'antu kamar su "Sunseed", Pz, dasau ransu. == Garuruwa. == A lokutan a garin Zariya akwai [[Ganuwa]], amma daga baya duk an cire su.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20091027035909/http://www.abu.edu.ng/bsn/zaria.php</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=http://www.abu.edu.ng/bsn/zaria.php |access-date=2020-12-27 |archive-date=2009-10-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091027035909/http://www.abu.edu.ng/bsn/zaria.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><gallery> File:Nigeria-karte-politisch-kaduna.png|Taswiran dake nuna garin Kaduna da yankin Zaria </gallery> == Bibiliyo. == * Professor lavers collection: Zaria Province, Arewa House. *Maiwada, Salihu and Renne, Elisha P. (2007) "New Technologies of Embroidered Robe Production and Changing Gender Roles in Zaria, Nigeria, 1950–2005" *Gihring, Thomas (1984). "Intraurban Activity Patterns among Entrepreneurs in a West African Setting". ''Geografiska Annaler. Series B, Human Geography''. *Smith, Michael G. (1960), ''Government in Zazzau 1800–1950'' International African Institute by the Oxford University Press, London, OCLC 293592; reprinted in 1964, and 1970. *Dan Isaacs (28 September 2010). "[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-11418542 Nigeria's emirs: Power behind the throne"]. [[BBC Hausa|BBC]] News. Retrieved 29 September 2010. == Diddigin bayanai na waje. == * Fayal masu alaqa da [[c:Category:Zaria|Zaria]] a [https://commons.wikimedia.org commons.wikimedia.org] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20051225223834/http://www.nigeriacongress.org/fgn/administrative/statedetails.asp?state=Kaduna Asalin tushe] == Manazarta. == {{DEFAULTSORT:Zariya}} [[Category:Biranen Najeriya]] [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Kaduna]] [[Fayil:IGR learning center Bayero University Kano state old site.jpg|thumb|buk kano]] 7si00r7fdng5lfp711t0xtl14fkci14 0 2315 873607 869892 2026-07-01T13:01:28Z Ummeeterh 31568 /* */ 873607 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Kofi Annan.jpg|thumb|right|Kofi Annan]] '''Kofi Atta Annan''' Ya kasance ɗan diplomasiya ne, na ƙasar [[Ghana]] wanda ya taɓa zama Sakatare na baƙwai na Majalisar Ɗinkin [[Duniya]], daga watan [[Janairu|Janairun]] shekara ta( 1997), zuwa [[Disambar]] shekarar ta (2006.)<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.un.org/press/en/1996/19961217.ga9208.html |title=General Assembly Appoints Kofi Annan of Ghana As Seventh Secretary-general |publisher=United Nations |date=17 December 1996 |access-date=22 May 2020 }}</ref> An naɗa shi ɗan Majalisar Ɗinkin [[Duniya]] har ya kasance ya ɗauki lambar yabo ta <nowiki>''</nowiki>''[[Nobel]] [[Prize]]''<ref name="NobelLaur">{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2001/summary/|title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2001|publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]]|access-date=19 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819225327/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2001/summary/|archive-date=19 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><nowiki>''</nowiki> a shekarar 2001. Shine wanda ya kafa shugaban ƙungiyar [[Kofi Annan]], da shugaban ƙungiyar dattawan duniya, wanda ƙungiyar [[Nelson Mandela]] ta kafa.<ref>[http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,3707791,00.html]</ref> Annan ya shiga Majalisar Dinkin [[Duniya]] a shekarar 1962, yana aiki a ofishin Hukumar Lafiya ta [[Duniya]] da ke [[Geneva]]. Yaci gaba da aiki a wurare daban-daban a Hedkwatar Majalisar Dinkin [[Duniya]], ciki har da zama mataimakin sakatare-janar na ayyukan kiyaye zaman lafiya tsakanin [[Maris]] 1992 da [[Disamba]] 1996. An nada shi a matsayin sakatare-janar a ranar 13 ga [[Disamba]] 1996 ta Kwamitin Tsaro kuma daga baya Majalisar Dinkin [[Duniya]] ta tabbatar da shi, wanda ya sa ya zama na farko da aka zaba daga cikin ma'aikatan Majalisar Dinkin [[Duniya]] kanta. An sake zabensa don wa'adi na biyu a shekarar 2001 kuma Ban Ki-moon ya gaje shi a matsayin sakatare-janar a shekarar 2007. A matsayinsa na Sakatare-janar, Annan ya sake fasalin ofishin Majalisar Dinkin [[Duniya]], yayi aiki don yaki da cutar kanjamau (musamman a Afirka) sannan ya kaddamar da Majalisar Dinkin [[Duniya]] [[Global]] [[Compact]]. An soki lamirin rashin fadada kwamitin sulhun, ya kuma fuskanci kiraye-kirayen yin murabus bayan da aka gudanar da bincike kan shirin samar da mai, amma an wanke shi da laifin cin hanci da rashawa. == Farkon rayuwa da ilimi == An haifi [[Kofi Annan]] a Fante New Town, wani yanki na kabilar Fante a Kumasi a [[Gold Coast]] (wanda yanzu ake kira [[Ghana]]) a ranar 8 ga Afrilu 1938.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hellomagazine.com/profiles/20091008561/kofi-annan/ | title=Kofi Annan - Biography | date=8 October 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 August 2018 |title=Biography |url=https://www.kofiannanfoundation.org/kofi-annan/biography/ |access-date=29 August 2022 |publisher=Kofi Annan Foundation |language=en-GB |archive-date=29 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829082910/https://www.kofiannanfoundation.org/kofi-annan/biography/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Ƙanwarsa tagwaye, [[Efua Atta]], wadda ta rasu a 1991, tana da sunan tsakiyar ''Atta'', wanda a harshen Akan yake nufin "tagwaye".<ref name="CNNI" /> [[Annan]] da ƙanwarsa sun fito daga ɗaya daga cikin dangin [[Fante]] masu daraja a ƙasar; kakanninsu biyu da kuma kawunsu dukkansu sun kasance manyan sarakunan Fante,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.everythingfante.org/kofi-annan-former-secretary-general-of-the-united-nations-africas-foremost-diplomat-and-a-recipient-of-the-nobel-peace-prize/ | title=Kofi Annan: Former secretary-general of the United Nations, Africa's Foremost Diplomat and a recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize. – Everything Fante }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|title=Kofi Annan – The Man To Save The World? |url=http://www.williamshawcross.com/index.php?page=annan |url-status=dead|magazine=Saga Magazine |access-date=21 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140114194400/http://www.williamshawcross.com/index.php?page=annan |archive-date=14 January 2014 |date=November 2002|via=William Shawcross}}</ref> kuma ɗan uwansu Kobina ya zama jakadan [[Ghana]] a [[Morocco]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/18/obituaries/kofi-annan-dead.html|title=Kofi Annan, Who Redefined the U.N., Dies at 80|last=Cowell|first=Alan|date=18 August 2018|work=The New York Times|access-date=23 March 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407022528/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/18/obituaries/kofi-annan-dead.html|archive-date=7 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> A cikin al’adar sunayen Akan, wasu yara ana kiran su da sunan ranar da aka haife su, wani lokaci kuma gwargwadon adadin yara da suka riga su. ''Kofi'' a harshen Akan shi ne suna daidai da ranar [[Juma’a]], ranar da aka haifi Annan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kofi – English English Dictionary {{!}} English kasahorow |url=https://en.kasahorow.org/app/d/Kofi/en |website=en.kasahorow.org |access-date=6 April 2022 |archive-date=2 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202184904/https://en.kasahorow.org/app/d/Kofi/en |url-status=live }}</ref> Sunan [[Annan]] a [[Asante]] yana nufin ɗa na huɗu a haihuwa. [[Annan]] ya ce sunansa yana ƙwanƙwasa da kalmar "[[cannon]]" a Turance.<ref name="Crossette">{{Cite news|last=Crossette|first=Barbara|title=New U.N. Chief Promises Reforms but Says He Won't Cut Jobs|work=The New York Times|date=10 January 1997|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0CE1D81638F933A25752C0A961958260|access-date=25 February 2008|archive-date=18 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618104341/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/10/world/new-un-chief-promises-reforms-but-says-he-won-t-cut-jobs.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Daga 1954 zuwa 1957, Annan ya halarci makarantar [[Mfantsipim]], makarantar kwana ta samari ta Methodist a [[Cape Coast]] wadda aka kafa a shekarun 1870. Annan ya ce makarantar ta koya masa cewa "ko ina ake wahala, mutane a ko’ina abin ya shafa ne".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kofi Annan – Center of the Storm. Life Map. A Chief's Son &#124; PBS|url=https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/un/life/map1.html|access-date=5 April 2022|via=WNET|archive-date=11 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011183402/https://www.pbs.org/wnet/un/life/map1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> A shekarar 1957, wadda [[Annan]] ya kammala karatu daga [[Mfantsipim]], [[Gold Coast]] ta sami ‘yancin kai daga [[Birtaniya]] ta kuma fara amfani da sunan "[[Ghana]]". A 1958, [[Annan]] ya fara nazarin tattalin arziki a Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta [[Kumasi]], wadda yanzu ake kira Jami’ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame [[Nkrumah]] a [[Ghana]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=SECRETARY-GENERAL TO BE HONOURED BY KUMASI UNIVERSITY {{!}} Meetings Coverage and Press Releases |url=https://press.un.org/en/1998/19980821.sgt2149.html |access-date=9 November 2024 |website=press.un.org}}</ref> Ya samu tallafin makaranta daga [[Ford Foundation]], wanda ya ba shi damar kammala karatun digirinsa a tattalin arziki a [[Macalester College a Saint Paul,]] [[Minnesota]], [[Amurka]], a 1961. A lokacin da yake [[Macalester]], [[Annan]] ya shahara da jagorancinsa cikin nutsuwa da hangen al’adu daban-daban, siffofi da suka zama ginshiƙai a aikinsa na diflomasiyya daga baya.<ref>{{cite news |last=Owusu |first=Kojo |date=20 August 2018 |title=Kofi Annan’s early student days remembered |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/features/opinion/kofi-annan-s-early-student-days-remembered.html |access-date=5 September 2025 |work=Graphic Online}}</ref> Daga nan Annan ya kammala digirin {{lang|fr|diplôme d'études approfondies}} (DEA) a fannin Dangantakar Kasa da Kasa a Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies a Geneva, [[Switzerland]], daga 1961 zuwa 1962. Bayan wasu shekaru na gogewar aiki, ya yi karatu a MIT Sloan School of Management<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.boston.com/news/education/higher/specials/mit150/mitlist/?page=full|title=The MIT 150: 150 Ideas, Inventions, and Innovators that Helped Shape Our World|work=The Boston Globe|date=15 May 2011|access-date=8 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519002514/http://www.boston.com/news/education/higher/specials/mit150/mitlist/?page=full|archive-date=19 May 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> (1971–72) a cikin shirin Sloan Fellows inda ya samu digirin master's a fannin gudanarwa. == Aikin Diflomasiyya == A shekarar 1962, [[Annan]] ya fara aiki a matsayin jami'in kasafin kudi ga Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya wata hukuma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN).<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofi_Annan#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeisler200727-25</ref>Daga 1974 zuwa 1976, ya yi aiki a matsayin manajan Kamfanin Ci gaban Yawon Bude Ido na [[Ghana]] mallakar gwamnati a [[Accra]].<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofi_Annan#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouare2006%3Cspan_class=%22plainlinks%22_%3E[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJXgoDwAAQBAJpgPA175_175]%3C/span%3E%3Cspan_class=%22nowrap%22%3E&thinsp;&thinsp;%3C/span%3E%3Cspan_style=%22position:relative;_top:_-2px;%22%3E[[File:Lock-gray-alt-2.svg|9px|limited_access_publication_%E2%80%93_restrictions_apply|link=Freemium|alt=Limited_access_icon]]%3C/span%3E-26</ref> A shekarar 1980 ya zama shugaban ma'aikata na ofishin Hukumar Koli ta Majalisar Dinkin [[Duniya]] kan 'Yan Gudun [[Hijira]] ([[UNHCR]]) a [[Geneva]]. Tsakanin 1981 da 1983, ya kasance memba na Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Makarantar Kasa da Kasa ta [[Geneva]].<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofi_Annan#cite_note-27</ref> A shekarar 1983 ya zama daraktan ayyukan gudanarwa na sakatariyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a [[New York]].A 1987, an nada Annan a matsayin mataimakin sakataren janar na Gudanar da Albarkatun Dan Adam da Mai Tsaron Tsaro na tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.A shekarar 1990, ya zama Mataimakin Sakataren Janar na Tsare-tsare na Shirye-shiryen Kasafin Kudi da Kulawa.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofi_Annan#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouare2006%3Cspan_class=%22plainlinks%22_%3E[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJXgoDwAAQBAJpgPA175_175]%3C/span%3E%3Cspan_class=%22nowrap%22%3E&thinsp;&thinsp;%3C/span%3E%3Cspan_style=%22position:relative;_top:_-2px;%22%3E[[File:Lock-gray-alt-2.svg|9px|limited_access_publication_%E2%80%93_restrictions_apply|link=Freemium|alt=Limited_access_icon]]%3C/span%3E-26</ref> '''HOTUNA.'''<gallery> File:Kofi Annan (2018).jpg File:Kofi Annan Institute, Macalester College 790 01.jpg File:Kofi Annan Institute, Macalester College 790 01.jpg File:Bush_Welcomes_Quartet_Principals_to_White_House.jpg|[[Kofi Annan|Kofi Annan tare da wasu mukarrabai a fadar Bush]] File:Msc_2005-Saturday,_09.00_-11.00-IMG_3732.jpg|[[Kofi Annan|Kofi Annan a 2005]] File:Msc_2005-Sunday-Kofi.jpg|[[Kofi Annan|Kofi Annan na jawabi]] File:Blair_G8_July7th05.jpg|[[Kofi Annan|Kofi Annan a taron G8 karo na 32 da Firayim minista Blair]] File:Africa_Green_Revolution_Forum_2014_(15116176935).jpg|[[Kofi Annan|Kofi lokacin Afirka green revolution forum]] File:Akbar_Hashemi_Rafsanjani_and_Kofi_Annan_in_Tehran.jpg|[[Kofi Annan|Kofi tare da Akbar Rafsanjani a Tehran]] </gallery> ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Anan, Kofi}} [[category:Haifaffun 1938]] [[category:Mutuwan 2018]] mxxcwojjl4tzwg62skan3kjror3k3gy 0 2449 873692 873265 2026-07-01T16:19:54Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 873692 wikitext text/x-wiki == Rabe-raben yawan jama'a == Hausawa, a cikin shekaru dari biyar (500) da suka gabata a baya, sun ratsa babban yankin [[Afirka]] a duk kusurwoyi huɗu (4) saboda dalilai daban-daban daga aikin soja, cinikayya mai nisa, farauta, yin [[Aikin Hajji|Hajji]], tserewa daga sarakunan hauka masu zalunci da kuma yada addinin Islama. Saboda yawancin masu magana a cikin harshen Hausa Musulmai ne, da yawa sun yi ƙoƙari su fara aikin hajji, abin da ake buƙata ga duk Musulman da suka iya halarta. A kan hanyar zuwa ko dawowa daga yankin Hijaz, mutane da yawa sun zauna, sau da yawa suna zama 'yan asalin ƙasar har zuwa wani mataki. Misali, yawancin Hausawa a Saudi Arabia sun bayyana kansu a matsayin Hausa da Afro-Arab.<ref name=":3">Macijiyar cikin rijiya waddda ta hana samun ruwa sai ranar juma'a </ref> A cikin duniyar Larabawa, sunan mahaifiyar "Hausawi" (wanda aka rubuta "Hawsawi") alama ce ta kakannin Hausa. Ƙasar mutanen Hausa ita ce ("Kasar Hausa"), wanda ke cikin arewacin Najeriya da Kudancin Nijar. Ana samun mutanen Hausawa a ko'ina, a cikin Afirka da Yammacin Asiya. Malami a Cambridge Charles Henry Robinson ya rubuta a shekarar 1890, cewa "Za a sami mazaunan mutanen Hausa a Alexandria, Tripoli, Tunis".[and]   Teburan da ke ƙasa yana nuna rarraba yawan kabilun Hausa ta ƙasar asali, a waje da [[Najeriya]] da Nijar: <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Ethnologue.com entry for Hausa |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/14/show_language.asp?code=HUA |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131224638/http://www.ethnologue.com/14/show_language.asp?code=HUA |archive-date=2009-01-31 |access-date=2011-07-25}}</ref><ref>{{In lang|fr}} {{Cite web |date=1 January 2016 |title=La famille chamito-sémitique (ou afro-asiatique) |url=http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/monde/famarabe.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805230708/http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/monde/famarabe.htm |archive-date=5 August 2011 |access-date=25 April 2017 |website=www.tlfq.ulaval.ca |publisher=Universite Laval}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" !Country !Population |- |{{Flagcountry|Côte d'Ivoire}} | style="background:#c0c0ff; text-align:right;" |1,000,000<ref name="ethnologue.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/hau/| title=Hausa| publisher=Ethnologue|access-date=30 October 2023}}</ref> |- |{{Flagcountry|Sudan}} | style="background:#c0c0ff; text-align:right;" |664,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sudan |url=https://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/afrique/soudan.htm |access-date=December 8, 2023}}</ref> |- |{{Flagcountry|Cameroon}} | style="background:#c0c0ff; text-align:right;" |400,000{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2024}} |- |{{Flagcountry|Chad}} | style="background:#c0c0ff; text-align:right;" |287,000{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2023}} |- |{{Flagcountry|Ghana}} | style="background:#c0c0ff; text-align:right;" |275,000<ref name="Hau">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/25/language/hau/| title=Hausa| publisher=Ethnologue|access-date=30 October 2023}}</ref> |- |{{Flagcountry|Benin}} | style="background:#c0c0ff; text-align:right;" |36,360 |- |{{Flagcountry|Central African Republic}} | style="background:#c0c0ff; text-align:right;" |33,000{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2023}} |- |{{Flagcountry|Eritrea}} | style="background:#c0c0ff; text-align:right;" |30,000 |- |{{Flagcountry|Equatorial Guinea}} | style="background:#c0c0ff; text-align:right;" |26,000{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2024}} |- |{{Flagcountry|Togo}} | style="background:#c0c0ff; text-align:right;" |21,000{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2024}} |- |{{Flagcountry|Congo}} | style="background:#c0c0ff; text-align:right;" |12,000{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2023}} |- |{{Flagcountry|Gabon}} | style="background:#c0c0ff; text-align:right;" |17,000{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2024}} |- |{{Flagcountry|Algeria}} | style="background:#c0c0ff; text-align:right;" |11,000{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2023}} |- |{{Flagcountry|Gambia}} | style="background:#c0c0ff; text-align:right;" |10,000{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2023}} |} == Tarihi == [[Daura]], a arewacin [[Najeriya]], ita ce birni mafi tsufa a [[Hausa Bakwai|Hausaland]]. Hausa na [[Gobir]], kuma a arewacin Najeriya, suna magana da tsohuwar yaren gargajiya na yaren Hausa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hausa Dialect Frame |url=http://aflang.humnet.ucla.edu/Hausa/Language/dialectframe.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919163335/http://aflang.humnet.ucla.edu/Hausa/Language/dialectframe.html |archive-date=19 September 2015 |access-date=4 November 2015}}</ref> A tarihi, Katsina ita ce cibiyar ilimin Islama ta Hausa amma daga baya Sokoto ta maye gurbin ta daga karni na 19 Usman Dan Fodio [[Musulunci]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sulaiman |first=Khalid |date= |title=Karatun Allo: The Islamic System Of Elementary Education In Hausaland |url=http://www.gamji.com/article6000/NEWS6032.htm |website=www.gamji.com}}</ref> [[Fayil:Photo1906_courtyard_of_Sultans_palace_Zinder.jpg|thumb|Hoton fadar Sultan na [[Zinder]], 1906.]] Hausawa a al'adu da tarihi sun fi kusanci da sauran kabilun [[Sahel]], musamman [[Fulani]] ; [[Zabarmawa|Zarma]] da [[Mutanen Songhai|Songhai]] (a [[Tillabéri (gari)|Tillabery]], [[Tahoua (gari)|Tahoua]] da [[Masarautar Dosso|Dosso]] a [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] ); Larabawan [[Ƙabilar Kanuri|Kanuri]] da [[Shuwa Arab|Shuwa]] (a [[Cadi|Chadi]], [[Sudan]] da arewa maso gabashin Najeriya); [[Buzaye|Abzinawa]] (a [[Agadez]], [[Maradi]] da [[Zinder]] ); [[Harsunan Gur|Gur]] da [[Mutanen Gonja|Gonja]] (a arewa maso gabashin [[Ghana]], [[Burkina Faso]], arewacin [[Togo]] da [[Benin]] ta sama); [[Gbagyi|Gwari]] (a tsakiyar Najeriya); da [[Mutanen Mandé|Mandinka]], Bambara, [[Mutanen Dyula|Dioula]] da [[Mutanen Soninke|Soninke]] (a [[Mali]], [[Senegal]], [[Gambiya|Gambia]], [[Ivory Coast]] da [[Gini|Guinea]] ). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Dukkanin wadannan kabilu daban-daban a cikin da kewayen kasar Hausa suna zaune ne a cikin faffadan faffadan kasashen [[Sahel]] da [[Sahara]] da Sudan, kuma sakamakon yanayin kasa da kuma rikice-rikicen da ake samu na hanyoyin kasuwanci na Afirka na gargajiya, makwabtan Hausawa ne suka rinjayi al'adunsu, kamar yadda TL Hodgkin ya yi nuni da cewa, "Babban fa'idar [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] ita ce, kasuwanci da kasuwanci kusan kowane iyali yana da hannu. wani abu ne mai girma game da wannan masana'anta, wanda ya bazu zuwa arewa har zuwa Murzuk, Ghat har ma da [[Tripoli]], zuwa Yamma, ba kawai zuwa [[Timbuktu|Timbuctu]] ba, amma a wani mataki har zuwa gabar Tekun [[Masarautar Adamawa|Atlantika]], ainihin mazaunan Arguin suna sanye da rigar da aka saka da rini a [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] ; zuwa gabas, ko'ina cikin [[Masarautar Borno|Borno]], ... da kuma yankin kudu maso gabas. sutura." A cikin sheda karara ga da'awar T. L Hodgkin, al'ummar [[Agadez]] da sahara na tsakiyar Nijar, Abzinawa da kungiyoyin Hausa ba su da bambanci da juna a cikin tufafin gargajiya; both wear the tagelmust and indigo [[Babbar riga|Babban Riga/Gandora]] . Amma ƙungiyoyin biyu sun bambanta ta harshe, salon rayuwa da kuma fitattun dabbobi masu kaya (Abinawa suna amfani da [[Raƙumi|raƙuma]], yayin da Hausawa ke hawan dawakai ). Sauran Hausawa sun yi tasiri a kan sauran kabilun kudu da makamantansu da makwabtansu na Sahel, wadanda suka yi tasiri sosai a al’adun wadannan kungiyoyi. Dokokin [[Shari'a|Shari’ar]] Musulunci sako-sako ne a cikin kasar Hausa, wanda duk wani malami ko malamin addinin Musulunci ya fahimce <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5D; &#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">wanda</span></nowiki>''</sup> a kasar Hausa aka sani da ''mallam'' ko ''mallan'' ko ''malam'' (duba Maulana ). Wannan hali na jam’i na kabilanci da alaƙar al’adu ya baiwa Hausawa damar zama ɗaya daga cikin yankuna mafi girma na ƙabilun [[Mutanen Bantu|Bantu]] a Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=404 Error Page – University of Liverpool |url=http://www.liv.ac.uk/history/research/Hausa_identity/Abstracts_Hausa_Norwich.pdf |access-date=4 November 2015 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Fayil:The_gateway_to_the_Sahara;_observations_and_experiences_in_Tripoli_(1909)_(14784872245).jpg|right|frameless|352x352px]] A karni na 7, [[Dutsen Dala|tsaunin Dalla]] da ke [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] ya kasance wurin da al’ummar Hausawa suka yi hijira daga [[Gaya (Nijeriya)|Gaya]] suka yi sana’ar karfe. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Administrator |title=Historical Origins of Kano |url=http://kanoonline.com/jmqs/index.php/history/historical-origins-of-kano |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930053244/http://kanoonline.com/jmqs/index.php/history/historical-origins-of-kano |archive-date=30 September 2015 |access-date=4 November 2015}}</ref> An kafa masarautun [[Hausa Bakwai]] a cikin karni na bakwai zuwa na 11. Daga cikin wadannan, [[Kingdom of Daura|Masarautar Daura]] ita ce ta farko, kamar yadda labarin [[Bayajidda]] ya fada. Labarin Bayajidda sabon tunani ne a tarihin Hausawa wanda ya samu karbuwa da karbuwa a hukumance a karkashin gwamnatin Musulunci da cibiyoyi da aka kafa bayan jihadin Usman dan Fodio a shekara ta 1804. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2025)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Masarautar Hausa sun kasance ƙungiyoyin siyasa masu zaman kansu a yankin Arewacin Najeriya a yanzu . Jihohin birnin Hausa sun zama yankunan kudancin kudancin sahara na cinikin ayari. Kamar sauran garuruwa irin su Gao da Timbuktu da ke daular Mali, wadannan jihohin sun zama cibiyar kasuwanci mai nisa. ‘Yan kasuwan Hausawa a kowanne daga cikin wadannan garuruwan sun tattara kayayyakin kasuwanci daga cikin gida kamar fata, rini, kayan doki, makullai na karafa da goro daga yankin dajin damina zuwa kudu ta hanyar ciniki ko kai hari bayi. su (da haraji) sannan a tura su arewa zuwa garuruwan da ke kusa da Bahar Rum . [1] A karni na 12 miladiyya, Hausawa sun zama daya daga cikin manyan kasashen Afirka masu karfin kasuwanci, suna fafatawa da Kanem-Bornu da Daular Mali . [2] Abubuwan da aka fi fitar dasu sune fata, zinari, tufa, gishiri, goro, bayi, fatun dabbobi, da henna . Tabbas ciniki ya rinjayi addini. A karni na 14, addinin musulunci ya fara yaduwa a kasar Hausa domin malaman Wangara, malamai da 'yan kasuwa daga Mali da ma na Magrib sun kawo addinin tare da su. A farkon karni na 15, Hausa suna amfani da Rubutun Larabci da aka gyara da aka sani da ''[[ajami]]'' don yin rikodin yarensu. Hausa sun tattara rubuce-rubuce da yawa, mafi mashahuri shine Kano Chronicle . An gano rubuce-rubucen Hausa da yawa na zamani masu kama da rubuce-bucen Timbuktu da aka rubuta a cikin rubutun Ajami kwanan nan, wasu daga cikinsu suna kwatanta taurari da [[Hijira kalanda|kalandar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saudi Aramco World : From Africa, in Ajami |url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/201105/from.africa.in.ajami.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141130201717/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/201105/from.africa.in.ajami.htm |archive-date=30 November 2014 |access-date=4 November 2015}}</ref> [[Fayil:Gobir_man.jpg|left|thumb|337x337px|Hoton wani mutumin Hausa daga [[Gobir]] na Carl Arriens (1913) ]] An gina Gobarau Minaret a karni na 15 a Katsina . Ginin mita 50 ne wanda ke tsakiyar birnin Katsina, babban birnin Jihar Katsina. Gobarau minaret, alama ce ta jihar, misali ne na farko na gine-ginen Islama a cikin birni wanda ke alfahari da kansa a matsayin muhimmiyar cibiyar ilmantarwa ta Islama. An yi imanin cewa minaret yana daya daga cikin gine-gine na farko na Yammacin Afirka kuma ya kasance gini mafi tsayi a Katsina. Asalin masallacin an danganta shi da kokarin masanin addinin Islama mai tasiri Sheikh Muhammad al-Maghili da Sultan Muhammadu Korau na Katsina. Al-Maghili ya fito ne daga garin Tlemcen a Aljeriya ta yanzu kuma ya koyar na ɗan lokaci a Katsina, wanda ya zama cibiyar ilmantarwa a wannan lokacin, lokacin da ya ziyarci garin a ƙarshen karni na 15 a lokacin mulkin Muhammadu Korau . Shi da Korau sun tattauna ra'ayin gina masallaci don zama cibiyar ayyukan ruhaniya da na ilimi. An tsara masallacin Gobarau kuma an gina shi don nuna salon gine-ginen Timbuktu. Ya zama muhimmiyar cibiyar ilmantarwa, yana jan hankalin malamai da dalibai daga nesa da ko'ina, kuma daga baya ya zama wani nau'in jami'a.[1] [[Muhammad Rumfa]] shi ne Sultan na Sultanate na Kano, wanda ke cikin [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]] ta zamani, [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Arewacin Najeriya]] . Ya yi sarauta daga 1463 har zuwa 1499.<ref name="wwr">{{Cite web |title=50 Greatest Africans – Sarki Muhammad Rumfa & Emperor Semamun |url=http://www.whenweruled.com/articles.php?lng=en&pg=25 |access-date=2007-05-05 |website=When We Ruled |publisher=Every Generation Media}}</ref> Daga cikin nasarorin Rumfa sun hada da fadada ganuwar birni, gina babban fadar, [[Gidan Rumfa]], inganta bayi zuwa mukamai na gwamnati da kuma kafa babban [[Kasuwar Kurmi]], wanda har yanzu ana amfani dashi a yau. Kasuwar Kurmi tana daga cikin tsofaffin kasuwannin gida mafi girma a Afirka. An yi amfani da shi a matsayin kasuwar kasa da kasa inda ake musayar kayayyakin Arewacin Afirka don kayayyakin cikin gida ta hanyar cinikin Sahara.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web |title=Ancient Kano City Walls and Associated Sties |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5171/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221203256/http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5171/ |archive-date=21 February 2008 |access-date=1 March 2023 |website=World Heritage UNESCO}}</ref><ref name="nhm">{{Cite web |title=Caravans Across the Desert: Marketplace |url=http://www.nhm.org/africa/tour/desert/030.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930021007/http://www.nhm.org/africa/tour/desert/030.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date=2007-09-30 |access-date=2007-05-06 |website=AFRICA: One Continent. Many Worlds. |publisher=Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Foundation}}</ref> Muhammad Rumfa shi ne kuma ke da alhakin yawancin Musulunci na Kano, yayin da ya bukaci fitattun mazauna su tuba.<ref name="nhm" /> An yi imanin cewa Sarauniya [[Kingdom of Zazzau|Zazzau]]"(Amina)(ko Aminatu) ta mallaki Zazzau tsakanin karni na 15 da karni na 16 na tsawon shekaru 34. Amina tana da shekaru 16 lokacin da mahaifiyarta, Bakwa Turunku ta zama sarauniya kuma an ba ta taken gargajiya na ''Magajiya'', girmamawa da 'ya'yan sarakuna suka ɗauka. Ta inganta kwarewarta ta soja kuma ta zama sananniya saboda jaruntakarta da ayyukan soja, yayin da aka yi bikin a cikin waƙa a matsayin "Amina, 'yar Nikatau, mace mai iyawa kamar namiji. " <ref>{{Cite web |title=History and Women: Amina of Zaria |url=http://www.historyandwomen.com/2010/08/amina-of-zaria.html |access-date=4 November 2015}}</ref> An yaba wa Amina a matsayin mai kula da gine-gine wanda ya kirkiro ganuwar ƙasa mai ƙarfi da ke kewaye da birninta, wanda shine samfurin ganuwar da aka yi amfani da ita a duk jihohin Hausa. Daga baya ta gina yawancin wadannan ganuwar, wanda aka fi sani da ganuwar Amina ko ganuwar amina, a kusa da biranen da aka ci nasara. Manufofin nasarorin da ta samu sun kasance biyu: fadada al'ummarta fiye da iyakokinta na farko da kuma rage biranen da aka ci nasara zuwa matsayin mai mulki. Sultan [[Muhammadu Bello|Muhammad Bello]] na [[Sokoto (birni)|Sokoto]] ya bayyana cewa, "Ta yi yaƙi a kan waɗannan ƙasashe kuma ta shawo kansu gaba ɗaya don mutanen Katsina su biya haraji a gare ta da mutanen Kano kuma... ta yi yaƙi da biranen [[Bauchi (birni)|Bauchi]] har sai mulkinta ya kai teku a kudu da yamma. " Hakazalika, ta jagoranci sojojinta har zuwa [[Kwararafa]] da [[Masarautar Bida|Nupe]] kuma, bisa ga Tarihin Kano, "Sarkin Nupe ya aiko mata (watau gimbiya) 40 da 10,000 kola nuts" <ref>{{Cite web |title=Queen Amina & Queen Bakwa Turunku |url=http://www.whenweruled.com/?p=84 |access-date=4 November 2015}}</ref> [[Fayil:Sokoto_caliphate.png|thumb|Halifa ta Hausa-Fulani Sokoto a karni na 19]] Daga 1804 zuwa 1808, Fulani, wani kabilanci na Musulunci na Afirka wanda ya mamaye Afirka ta Yamma kuma ya zauna a Hausaland tun farkon shekarun 1500, tare da goyon bayan manoman Hausa da aka riga aka zalunta sun tayar da harajin shanu da tsanantawa na addini a ƙarƙashin sabon sarki na Gobir, wanda magajinsa da mahaifinsa suka yarda da masu bisharar Musulmi har ma sun fi son babban malamin Musulmi na ranar, Sheikh Usman Dan Fodio wanda sabon sarki ya nemi kawo karshen rayuwarsa. Sheikh Usman Dan Fodio ya tsere daga Gobir kuma daga masallacinsa ya ayyana Jihad a kan sarkinsa da duk sarakunan daular Habe saboda zargin haɗama, arna, rashin adalci ga ajin manoma, amfani da haraji mai nauyi da keta ka'idodin dokar Sharia. Kamancin al'adun Fulani da Hausa a matsayin mutanen Sahelian, duk da haka, sun ba da damar haɗin kai tsakanin kungiyoyin biyu. Tun daga farkon karni na 20, ana rarraba waɗannan mutane a matsayin "Hausa-Fulani" a cikin Najeriya maimakon a matsayin ƙungiyoyi.[1] A zahiri, yawancin Fulani da ke zaune a yankunan Hausa ba za su iya magana da Fulfulde ba kuma suna magana da Hausa a matsayin yarensu na farko. Yawancin Fulani a yankin ba su bambanta kansu daga Hausa ba, saboda sun daɗe suna aure, suna da addinin Islama kuma fiye da rabin dukkan Fulani na Najeriya sun shiga cikin al'adun Hausa.[2] Mai kula da mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya Frederick Lugard ya yi amfani da kishiya tsakanin yawancin sarakuna a kudu da gwamnatin Sokoto ta tsakiya don magance yiwuwar kokarin karewa yayin da mutanensa suka yi tafiya zuwa babban birnin.[1] Yayin da Birtaniya ta kusanci birnin Sokoto, sabon Sultan Muhammadu Attahiru I shirya gaggawa na kare birnin kuma ya yi yaƙi da sojojin da ke ci gaba da jagorancin Burtaniya. Birtaniya sun fito da nasara, suna aika Attahiru I da dubban mabiya a kan hijra na Mahdi. A ranar 13 ga Maris, 1903 a babbar kasuwar Sokoto, Wazirin Halifa na karshe ya mika wuya ga mulkin kasar Ingila. Bature ya nada Muhammadu Attahiru II a matsayin sabon Halifa. [1] Lugard ya soke Halifanci, amma ya ci gaba da rike mukaman Sultan a matsayin matsayi na alama a cikin sabuwar tsarin tsaro na Arewacin Najeriya . [2] A cikin watan Yuni 1903, Birtaniya ta ci nasara da sauran sojojin Attahiru na I, wanda aka kashe a wani mataki ; A shekara ta 1906 aka kawo karshen turjiya da turawan ingila da mamayar Hadejia da kuma rasuwar Sarki Muhammadu Mai Shahada na Hadejia a matsayin masarauta ta karshe da ke daular Sokoto. [3] An raba yankin daular Sokoto tsakanin turawan Ingila, Faransanci da Jamusawa karkashin sharuddan taron Berlin . [4] [[Fayil:Hausa_Horseman_wearing_cotton_padded_armour.jpg|left|thumb|Fasahar mahayin doki na [[Masarautar Kano|Kano]] sanye da lifidi (kayan kwalliya) ]] Birtaniya ta kafa Arewacin Najeriya Protectorate don gudanar da yankin, wanda ya hada da mafi yawan daular Sokoto da masarautanta mafi muhimmanci.[1] A karkashin Lugard, an ba da sarakuna daban-daban ikon cin gashin kansu na gida, don haka suna riƙe da yawancin ƙungiyar siyasa ta Khalifancin Sokoto.[2] An bi da yankin Sokoto a matsayin wani masarauta a cikin Protectorate na Najeriya. Saboda ba a taɓa haɗa shi da hanyar jirgin ƙasa ba, ya zama mai banƙyama a tattalin arziki da siyasa.[3] Sultan na Sokoto ya ci gaba da kasancewa a matsayin muhimmin matsayi na ruhaniya da addini na musulmi; an ci gaba da fahimtar alaƙar zuriya da dan Fodio. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan Sultans shine Siddiq Abubakar III, wanda ya rike mukamin shekaru 50 daga 1938 zuwa 1988. An san shi da karfi mai tabbatarwa a siyasar Najeriya, musamman a 1966 bayan kisan [[Ahmadu Bello]], Firayim Ministan Arewacin Najeriya.<ref name="Falola" /> Bayan gina Tsarin jirgin kasa na Najeriya, wanda ya kai daga Legas a 1896 zuwa Ibadan a 1900 da Kano a 1911, Hausa na arewacin Najeriya sun zama manyan masu samar da groundnuts. Sun ba da mamaki ga hukumomin Burtaniya, waɗanda suka yi tsammanin Hausa za su juya zuwa samar da auduga. Hausa suna da isasshen ƙwarewar aikin gona don fahimtar auduga yana buƙatar ƙarin ma'aikata kuma farashin Turai da aka bayar don groundnuts sun fi kyau fiye da waɗanda ke cikin auduga. "A cikin shekaru biyu manoma na Hausaland suna samar da tan da yawa na groundnuts cewa hanyar jirgin kasa ba ta iya jimre da zirga-zirga ba. A sakamakon haka, 'yan kasuwa na Turai a Kano dole ne su adana jaka na groundnots a kan tituna. " (Shillington 338). Hukumomin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya da Faransa ne suka aiwatar da rubutun Boko kuma suka sanya haruffa na hukuma a cikin 1930.[1] Boko haruffa ce ta Latin da ake amfani da ita don rubuta Harshen Hausa. Mutanen Turai ne suka kirkiro boko na farko a farkon karni na 19, kuma sun bunkasa a farkon karni nke 20 ta hanyar Burtaniya (yawanci) da hukumomin mulkin mallaka na Faransa.[2] Tun daga shekarun 1950, boko ya kasance babban haruffa na Hausa.[3] Ana amfani da rubutun Larabci (ajami) yanzu kawai a makarantun Islama da kuma wallafe-wallafen Islama. A yau miliyoyin mutanen da ke magana da harshen Hausa, waɗanda zasu iya karatu da rubutu a cikin Ajami kawai, gwamnatin Najeriya tana ɗaukar su marasa karatu.[4] Duk da haka, Hausa Ajami yana nan a kan takardun banki na Naira. A cikin shekara ta 2014, a cikin wani yunkuri mai rikitarwa, an cire Ajami daga sabon takardar kudi na 100 Naira.[5] Duk da haka, Hausa sun kasance masu mahimmanci a [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] da [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Arewacin Najeriya]]. == Ƙungiyoyin mutanen Hausa == Hausas a cikin ƙayyadadden ma'ana 'yan asalin Kasar Hausa (Hausaland) ne waɗanda ake samu a Yammacin Afirka. A cikin Hausa, an yi bambanci tsakanin ƙananan rukuni uku: Habe, Hausa-Fulani (Kado), da Banza ko Banza 7. * "Habe" ana ɗaukar su Hausas masu tsarki. Sun hada da Gobirawa, Kabawa, Rumawa, Adarawa, [[Mutanen Maouri|Maouri]], da sauransu. Wadannan kungiyoyi sun kasance sarakunan Masarautun Hausa kafin juyin juya halin Danfodiyo (Jihad) na 1804. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-02-04 |title=Full List: Hausa Is World's 11th Most Spoken Language ⋆ |url=https://www.herald.ng/full-list-hausa/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |website= |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603061715/https://www.herald.ng/full-list-hausa/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * "Hausa-Fulani" ko "Kado" sune Hausanized Fulas, mutanen da suka haɗu da Hausa da Fulani, mafi yawansu suna magana da bambancin Hausa a matsayin yarensu. Dangane da al'adar asalin Hausa, asalin su ya kasance ne sakamakon kai tsaye na ƙaurawar mutanen Fula zuwa Hausaland wanda ya faru daga ƙarni na 15 kuma daga baya a farkon ƙarni na 19, a lokacin juyin juya halin da Sheikh Usman Danfodiyo ya jagoranta a kan Masarautun Hausa, ya kafa Khalifancin Sokoto.<ref name="omniglot.com">{{Cite web |title=Hausa language, alphabets and pronunciation |url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/hausa.htm |access-date=4 November 2015}}</ref> Sun hada da kabilun Jobawa, Dambazawa, Mudubawa, Mallawa, da Sullubawa da suka samo asali daga Futa Tooro. * "Banza ko Banza 7" a cewar wasu masana tarihi na zamani mutane ne waɗanda suka fito daga tsoffin kabilun da harsuna da suka ƙare a Hausaland, waɗanda ba a san tarihin su sosai ba. Sun hada da Ajawa, Gere, Bankal, da sauransu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Africa :: Nigeria — The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=www.cia.gov |archive-date=2021-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109223449/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Halitta == <gallery> Fayil:Hausa_royal_dressing_05.jpg|alt=A Hausa boy wearing traditional cloths (Babban riga and rawani)| Wani yaron Hausa sanye da kayan gargajiya (Babban riga da rawani) Fayil:Hausa_emirate_dress_code_01.jpg|alt=A teenage Hausa boy wearing traditional cloths| Wani matashi dan Hausa sanye da kayan gargajiya Fayil:Hausa_from_Yola-1902.jpg|alt=An adult Hausa man in Babban riga and Alasho| Baligi Bahaushe a [[Babbar riga|Babban riga]] da [[Alasho]] </gallery>  Dangane da binciken Y-DNA na Hassan et al. (2008), kusan kashi 40.7% na Hausa a [[Sudan]] suna ɗauke da ƙungiyar haplogroup ta Yammacin Eurasia R-M173 (R1) tare da maye gurbin P25. Sauran sun fito ne daga zuriyar iyaye daban-daban na Afirka: 15.6% B-M60 (B) , 15.6% E-M33 (E1a) , 12.5% A-M13 (A1b1b2b) da 12.5% E-M2 (E1b1a1) . Ɗaya daga cikin mutane 32 da aka gwada (3.1%) na E-M78 (E1b1b1a1) [bayanin kula 2]. Wani B da aka yi kwanan nan a kan Hausa na [[Arewa (Najeriya)|Arewa]] (Northern Nigeria) ya nuna irin wannan sakamako: 47% [[E1b1b]]" id="mwAs0" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="E1b1a">E1b1a, 5% E1b1, 21% sauran Haplogroup E (E-M33, E-M75...), 18% R-M173 (R1) da 9% B. <ref name="Cole-Showers">{{Cite journal |last=Cole-Showers |first=Curtis Lanre |year=2014 |title=Population structure and demographics in Nigerian populations utilizing Y-chromosome markers |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/76181634.pdf |journal=University of the Western Cape |volume= |issue= |pages=44}}</ref> Dangane da asalin gaba ɗaya, binciken DNA na autosomal na Tishkoff et al. (2009) ya sami Hausawa suna da alaƙa da mutanen Nilo-Sahara daga [[Cadi|Chadi]] da [[Sudan ta Kudu]]. Wannan yana nuna cewa Hausa da sauran mutanen da ke magana da harshen Chadic na zamani sun fara magana da yarukan Nilo-Sahara, kafin su karɓi harsuna daga dangin Afroasiatic bayan ƙaura zuwa wannan yankin dubban shekaru da suka gabata: <ref name="Tishkoff">{{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Floyd A. |year=2009 |title=The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans |journal=Science |volume=324 |issue=5930 |pages=1035–44 |bibcode=2009Sci...324.1035T |doi=10.1126/science.1172257 |pmc=2947357 |pmid=19407144}}</ref><blockquote>Daga K = 5-13, duk mutanen da ke magana da Nilo-Sahara daga kudancin Sudan, da Chadi tare da mutanen da ke zaune a tsakiyar Afirka da Asiya (Hoto S15). Wadannan sakamakon sun dace da bayanan harshe da na archaeological, suna ba da shawarar yiwuwar kakanninmu na Nilo-Sahara daga asalin gabashin Sudanese a cikin shekaru 105,500 da suka gabata, tare da ƙaura ta biyu zuwa yamma zuwa Tafkin Chadi da kudu zuwa kudancin Sudan na zamani, da ƙaura na baya-bayan nan zuwa gabas zuwa Kenya da Tanzania ≈3,000 ya (yana ba da damar tashi ga masu magana da Kudancin Nilotic) da yamma zuwa Chadi ≈2,500 ya (yana haifar da masu magana da tsakiya na Sudan) (S62, S67, S54). Wani ƙaura da aka tsara na masu magana da harshen Afroasiatic na Cathar ≈7,000 ya daga tsakiyar Sahara zuwa cikin Tafkin Chadi na iya haifar da yawancin mutanen yammacin Nilo-Saharans su sauya zuwa yarukan Chadic (S99). Bayananmu sun nuna cewa wannan canjin bai kasance tare da adadi mai yawa na kwayar halitta ta Afroasiatic16 ba. Binciken mtDNA yana ba da shaida don bambancin ≈8,000 ya na bambancin mtDNA wanda ke cikin manyan mitar a cikin al'ummomin Chadic kuma yana ba da shawarar asalin Gabashin Afirka ga yawancin zuriyar mtDNA a cikin waɗannan al'ummomi (S100). <ref name="Tishkoff"/></blockquote>Wani binciken da aka yi daga shekarar 2019 wanda ya gano maza 218 da ba su da alaƙa da su daga kabilun [[Inyamurai|Ibo]], Hausa da [[Yarbawa|Yoruba]] ta amfani da nazarin X-STR, ya gano cewa yayin nazarin alaƙar kwayar halitta, ba a gano bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci ba. Ya goyi bayan daidaito na kabilun Najeriya don alamun X-chromosome.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gomes |first=C. |last2=Amorim |first2=A. |last3=Okolie |first3=V. O. |last4=Keshinro |first4=S. O. |last5=Starke |first5=A. |last6=Vullo |first6=C. |last7=Gusmão |first7=L |last8=Gomes |first8=I |date=2019-12-01 |title=Genetic insight into Nigerian population groups using an X-chromosome decaplex system |journal=Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series |series=The 28th Congress of the International Society for Forensic Genetics |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=501–503 |doi=10.1016/j.fsigss.2019.10.067 |issn=1875-1768 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> A cikin 2024, takarda ta sami daidaituwa a cikin Yoruba, Igbo da Hausa a Najeriya don X-Chromosomes (mtDNA). Koyaya, an sami bambance-bambance a cikin Hausa don Y-Chromosome, inda suke da ƙarin zuriyar uba da ke da alaƙa da masu magana da Afirka-Asia, yayin da Yoruba da Igbo suna da alaƙa ta uba da sauran kungiyoyin da ke magana da Nijar-Congo.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Nguidi |first=Masinda |last2=Gomes |first2=Verónica |last3=Vullo |first3=Carlos |last4=Rodrigues |first4=Pedro |last5=Rotondo |first5=Martina |last6=Longaray |first6=Micaela |last7=Catelli |first7=Laura |last8=Martínez |first8=Beatriz |last9=Campos |first9=Afonso |last10=Carvalho |first10=Elizeu |last11=Orovboni |first11=Victoria O. |last12=Keshinro |first12=Samuel O. |last13=Simão |first13=Filipa |last14=Gusmão |first14=Leonor |date=2024-07-08 |title=Impact of patrilocality on contrasting patterns of paternal and maternal heritage in Central-West Africa |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=15653 |bibcode=2024NatSR..1415653N |doi=10.1038/s41598-024-65428-z |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=11231350 |pmid=38977763}}</ref> Musamman, a cikin maza 135 na Yoruba da 134 na Igbo, an ga E-M2 a babban adadin 90%. Sabanin haka, maza 89 na Hausa suna da E-M2 a 43%, da kuma mitoci na R1b-V88 a 32%, A 9%, E1a 6%, B 5%, da kuma wani 5% da aka yi da wasu layin.<ref name=":2" /> == Al'adu == <gallery widths="250" heights="250"> Fayil:Gate_to_the_Gidan_Rumfa_(2009)_in_Kano,_Nigeria..jpg|alt=Gate of gidan rumfa| Kofar gidan rumfa Fayil:GIDAN_DAN_HAUSA.jpg| [[Gidan Makama|Kano Museum]] Fayil:Gobarau_Minaret_1.jpg|alt=The ancient Gobirau minaret in Katsina| tsohuwar Gobirau minaret [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]] Fayil:ASC_Leiden_-_van_Achterberg_Collection_-_02_-_67_-_Une_maison_haoussa_à_la_décoration_géométrique_-_Agadez,_Niger_-_27_décembre_1996_-_11_janvier_1997.tif|alt=House built in 1959. Photo taken in Agadez, Niger (1997)| Gidan da aka gina a 1959. Hoton da aka ɗauka a [[Agadez]], [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] (1997) Fayil:ASC_Leiden_-_NSAG_-_van_Dis_4_-_137_-_The_decorated_entrance_gate_of_the_Palace_of_the_Emir_-_Zaria,_Kaduna_State,_North_Nigeria_-_15-20_January_1962.tif|alt=Gate to the palace of the Emir of Zaria (1962)| Kofar fadar [[Tarihin Zariya|Sarkin Zariya]] (1962) Fayil:Emir_Palace_Dutse.jpg|alt=Palace of the Emir of Dutse| Fadar Mai Martaba [[Masarautar Dutse|Sarkin Dutse]] </gallery>Ayyukan [[Al'ada|al'adu]] Hausa suna da ban sha'awa a [[Najeriya]] kuma sun tsayayya da gwajin lokaci saboda al'adu masu ƙarfi, girman kai na al'adu da kuma ingantaccen tsarin gwamnati na mulkin mallaka. Sakamakon haka, kuma duk da gasa mai karfi daga al'adun yammacin [[Turai]] kamar yadda takwarorinsu na kudancin Najeriya suka karɓa, sun ci gaba da wadataccen salon tufafi, abinci, harshe, [[Auren gargajiya a al'adun Hausawa|tsarin aure]], tsarin ilimi, gine-ginen gargajiya, wasanni, kiɗa da sauran nau'ikan nishaɗin gargajiya.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2024}}{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2024}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} [[Harshen Hausa]], memba ne na dangin harsuna na Afroasiatic, yana da masu magana da harshe na farko fiye da kowane harshe na Afirka. Yana da kusan masu magana da harshe na farko miliyan 50, kuma kusan masu magana na harshe na biyu miliyan 30. Babban yankin da ake magana da harshen Hausa shine arewacin [[Najeriya]] da kudancin [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]]. Har ila yau, ana magana da Hausa a arewacin [[Ghana]], [[Kamaru]], [[Cadi|Chadi]], da [[Ivory Coast]] da kuma tsakanin [[Fulani]], [[Buzaye|Tuareg]], [[Ƙabilar Kanuri|Kanuri]], [[Harsunan Gur|Gur]], Shuwa Arab, da sauran kungiyoyin Afirka-Asia, Nijar-Congo, da Nilo-Sahara. Har ila yau, akwai manyan al'ummomin Hausa a kowane babban birni na Afirka a cikin unguwanni da ake kira ''zango'' ko ''zongo'', ma'ana " sansanin caravan" a cikin Hausa (yana nuna asalin Kasuwanci waɗannan al'ummomi).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2012-03-07 |title=Hausa eng5 |url=https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hausa-eng5/11899684 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=SlideShare |language=en}}</ref> Yawancin masu magana da Hausa, ba tare da la'akari da kabilanci ba, [[Musulmi|Musulmai]] ne; Hausa sau da yawa yana aiki a matsayin harshen magana tsakanin [[Musulmi|Musulmai]] a yankunan da ba na Hausa ba. Akwai manyan wallafe-wallafen da aka buga a cikin Hausa, wanda ya haɗa da litattafai, shayari, wasan kwaikwayo, koyarwa a cikin aikin Islama, littattafai kan batutuwan ci gaba, jaridu, mujallu na labarai, da ayyukan ilimi na fasaha. Rediyo da watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin a cikin Hausa suna ko'ina a arewacin Najeriya da kudancin Nijar, kuma tashoshin rediyo a Kamaru suna da watsa shirye'shiryen Hausa na yau da kullun, kamar yadda masu watsa shirye-'shiryen kasa da kasa kamar BBC, [1] [2] [3] VOA, [4] [5] Deutsche Welle, Rediyon Moscow, Rediyon Beijing, RFI Faransa, IRIB Iran IRIB World Service, da sauransu [4] [5] [6] [7] [5] [6] [5] [6] [5] [5] [6] [5][8][9][10][11] Ana amfani da Hausa a matsayin harshen koyarwa a matakin firamare a makarantun arewacin Najeriya, kuma ana samun Hausa a matsayin karatun karatu a [[Jami'a|jami'o'in]] arewacin [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Najeriya]] . Bugu da kari, ana ba da digirin digirgir da yawa (Masters da PhD) a harshen Hausa a jami'o'i daban-daban na [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da [[Jamus]] . Har ila yau, ana amfani da Hausa a shafukan sada zumunta daban-daban na duniya. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> An dauki Hausa a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan harsuna na duniya, kuma ana amfani dashi sosai a kasashe da yawa na Afirka. Kyakkyawan waƙoƙin Hausa, rubutu, da wallafe-wallafen kiɗa suna ƙaruwa a cikin bugawa da kuma a cikin sauti da rikodin bidiyo. Nazarin Hausa yana ba da bayani game da al'adun Afirka ta Musulunci. A duk faɗin Afirka, akwai kyakkyawar alaƙa tsakanin Hausa da Islama.[1] Tasirin harshen Hausa a cikin harsunan da yawa daga cikin al'ummar Musulmin [[Afirka]] da ba Hausawa ba a bayyane yake. Haka nan, al’adun Hausawa da dama, da suka hada da irin su tufafi da abinci, sauran al’ummomin musulmi ne ke da su. Saboda babban matsayi da harshen Hausa da al’adun Hausawa suka daɗe suna riƙe da shi, nazarin Hausa ya ba da muhimmiyar fage ga sauran fannoni kamar tarihin Afirka, [[siyasa]] (musamman a Nijeriya da Nijar), nazarin jinsi, kasuwanci, da fasaha. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> === Addini === [[Fayil:مصحف_نيجيري_مطبوع_بالمطبعة_الحجرية_بخط_هاوساوي.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|270x270px|Rubutun lithographic daga Najeriya a farkon karni na 20 wanda ke nuna rubutu daga Surah na [[Al-An'am|An'am]], wanda aka buga a cikin Rubutun <nowiki><i id="mwA3M">Hausawi</i></nowiki>.]] Musulunci na Sunni na Maliki madhhab, shine mafi rinjaye kuma addinin da aka kafa a tarihi na mutanen Hausa. Musulunci ya kasance a cikin Hausaland tun daga farkon karni na 11 - wanda ya haifar da sanannun tsarkaka na Sufi da malamai kamar Wali Muhammad dan Masani (d.1667) da Wali Muhammad dan Marina (d. 1655) a Katsina - galibi tsakanin 'yan kasuwa masu nisa zuwa Arewacin Afirka waɗanda su ma suka yada shi ga talakawa yayin da masu mulki suka kasance arna ko kuma suka haɗu da ayyukansu na Islama da ayyukan arna. A karni na 14, 'yan kasuwa na Hausa sun riga sun yada addinin Musulunci a fadin babban yanki na yammacin Afirka kamar Ghana, Côte d'Ivoire, da sauransu. Masanan Musulmai na farkon karni na 19 sun ƙi yarda da addinin haɗin gwiwa da ake yi a kotunan sarauta. Sha'awar sake fasalin ya ba da gudummawa ga kafa Khalifancin Sokoto . Kafa wannan jihar ta karfafa Islama a yankunan karkara. Mutanen Hausa sun kasance muhimmiyar mahimmanci ga yaduwar Islama a Yammacin Afirka. A yau, [[Jerin Sarakunan Musulmin Najeriya|Sultan na Sokoto]] na yanzu ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin jagoran addini na gargajiya (Sarkin Musulmi) na Sunni Hausa-Fulani a Najeriya da kuma bayan. [[Maguzanci]], [[Addinai na gargajiya na Afirka|Addinin gargajiya na Afirka]], an yi shi sosai kafin Islama. A yankunan da suka fi nisa na Hausaland, mutane suna ci gaba da yin Maguzanci. Kusa da birane, ba a saba da shi ba, amma tare da abubuwa har yanzu suna cikin imanin mazaunan birane. Ayyuka sun haɗa da hadayar dabbobi don amfanin mutum, amma ba daidai ba ne a yi sihiri na Maguzanci don cutarwa. Mutanen da ke cikin birane suna riƙe da "bautar mallaka," da aka sani da [[Maguzanci|Bori]]. Ya ƙunshi abubuwan tsohuwar addinin [[Addinai na gargajiya na Afirka|Addinin gargajiya na Afirka]] da sihiri. [[Fayil:Kano_Mosque_in_1960.jpg|thumb|253x253px|[[Babban Masallacin Kano]] a cikin 1960. Yana daya daga cikin masallatai mafi tsufa a Najeriya kuma [[Muhammad Rumfa]], [[Jerin Sarakunan Kano|Sarkin Kano]] na 21 ne ya gina shi a karni na 15]] === Tufafi da kayan ado === <gallery> Fayil:Hausa_royal_dressing_05.jpg|alt=A Hausa boy wearing traditional cloths (Babban riga and rawani)| Wani yaron Hausa sanye da kayan gargajiya (Babban riga da rawani) Fayil:Hausa_emirate_dress_code_01.jpg|alt=A teenage Hausa boy wearing traditional cloths| Wani matashi dan Hausa sanye da kayan gargajiya Fayil:Hausa_from_Yola-1902.jpg|alt=An adult Hausa man in Babban riga and Alasho| Baligi Bahaushe a [[Babbar riga|Babban riga]] da [[Alasho]] </gallery> [[Fayil:Hausa_Royalty.jpg|thumb|Yaro a kan doki a cikin tufafin gargajiya na Hausa]] Hausawa sun shahara a tsawon zamanai na tsakiya wajen saƙa da rini, kayan auduga, takalman fata, makullai na ƙarfe, kayan dawakai da sana’ar fata da kuma fitar da irin waɗannan kayayyaki a duk faɗin yankin Afirka ta Yamma da kuma arewacin Afirka (Fatar Hausa ta yi kuskure a Turai ta tsakiyar Turai da fata ta Moroko ). Sau da yawa ana siffanta su da suturar launin shuɗi na Indigo da alamu wanda ya sa aka yi musu lakabin "bluemen". A al'adance sun hau kan kyawawan [[Raƙumi|raƙuma]] da dawakai na sahara . An dade ana amfani da fasahar rini a yankin Hausa na [[Afirka ta Yamma|yammacin Afirka]] tsawon shekaru aru-aru tare da fitattun ramukan rini na indigo da ke cikin [[Kano (birni)|birnin Kano]] da [[Najeriya|kewaye]] . Tufafin da aka rina sai an saka su cikin kayan gargajiya. An ba da shawarar cewa waɗannan fasahohin Afirka sun kasance abin sha'awa ga rinayen rini waɗanda aka gano da salon hippie . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Tufafin gargajiya na Hausa ya ƙunshi riguna da wando. Tufafin suna da manyan ramuka a bangarorin biyu don iska. Wutar tana da laushi a saman da tsakiya, amma tana da ƙarfi a kusa da kafafu. Takalma na fata da turbans suma suna da kyau. Ana iya gane maza da sauƙi saboda tufafinsu masu kyau: ''Babban riga'' da aka sani da Babban riga wanda aka fi sani da wasu sunaye daban-daban saboda daidaitawa da kabilun da ke kusa da Hausa (duba Babban Riga / Gandora). Wadannan manyan riguna masu gudana yawanci suna da zane-zane masu kyau a kusa da wuyan da yankin kirji. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup>   Sun kuma sanya wata irin riga mai suna ''tagguwa'' (dogo da gajere zamewa). Al’adar baka dangane da ''tagguwa'' ita ce zamanin da Hausawa ke amfani da ganye da fatar dabba wajen rufe al’aurarsu, wani mutum mai suna Guwa ya yanke shawarar yanke tsakiyar fatar dabbar ya sanya ta kamar riga maimakon ya rufe al’aurarsa kawai. Mutanen da ke kusa da Guwa sun yi sha'awar sabon salonsa kuma suka yanke shawarar yin kwafi. Sun kira ta 'Ta Guwa', ma'ana "kamar Guwa". Daga karshe ya samu ya zama ''Taguwa.''{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Maza kuma suna sanya kwalliya kala-kala da aka fi sani da ''hulba.'' Dangane da wurin da suke aiki, za su iya sanya rawani a kusa da wannan don rufe fuska, wanda ake kira [[Alasho]] . Ana iya gane matan da nannade da ake kira ''zani,'' wanda aka yi da kyalle kala-kala da aka fi sani da ''atampa ko Ankara'', ( zuriyar da aka fara zayyana ne daga shahararrun dabarun Tie-dye da Hausawa suka yi shekaru aru-aru da su, suna da sunan Hausawa da sunan [[Accra]] babban birnin kasar Ghana a yanzu, kuma inda wata tsohuwar al’ummar kasuwancin Hausa ke rayuwa har yanzu). tare da rigar riga mai dacewa, daurin kai (kallabi) da shawl (Gyale). Kamar sauran Musulmai da musamman [[Sahel|Sahelians]] a cikin Yammacin Afirka, matan Hausa suna amfani da zane-zanen [[Lalle|Henna]] (lalle) da aka fentin a hannu maimakon ƙusa-polish. Hadisin da aka raba tare da sauran masu magana da Afirka-Asia kamar [[Abzinawa|Berbers]], Habesha, (tsoffin) [[Misirawa|Masarawa]] da [[Larabawa]], duka maza da mata na Hausa suna amfani da kohl ('kwalli') a kusa da idanu a matsayin inuwa ta ido, tare da yankin da ke ƙasa da ido yana karɓar layi mai kauri fiye da na saman. Har ila yau, kamar matan Berber, Bedouin, [[Zabarmawa|Zarma]] da [[Fulani]], matan Hausa suna amfani da kohl don jaddada daidaitattun fuska. Ana yin wannan yawanci ta hanyar zana layin tsaye daga ƙasa da lebe zuwa gemu. Sauran kayayyaki na iya haɗawa da layi tare da gadar hanci, ko ƙananan ƙananan ƙuƙwalwa a kan kumatu. '''Tufafin zamani na yau da kullum a cikin matan Hausawa'''<gallery widths="250" heights="250"> Fayil:Gate_to_the_Gidan_Rumfa_(2009)_in_Kano,_Nigeria..jpg|alt=Gate of gidan rumfa| Kofar gidan rumfa Fayil:GIDAN_DAN_HAUSA.jpg| [[Gidan Makama|Kano Museum]] Fayil:Gobarau_Minaret_1.jpg|alt=The ancient Gobirau minaret in Katsina| tsohuwar Gobirau minaret [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]] Fayil:ASC_Leiden_-_van_Achterberg_Collection_-_02_-_67_-_Une_maison_haoussa_à_la_décoration_géométrique_-_Agadez,_Niger_-_27_décembre_1996_-_11_janvier_1997.tif|alt=House built in 1959. Photo taken in Agadez, Niger (1997)| Gidan da aka gina a 1959. Hoton da aka ɗauka a [[Agadez]], [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] (1997) Fayil:ASC_Leiden_-_NSAG_-_van_Dis_4_-_137_-_The_decorated_entrance_gate_of_the_Palace_of_the_Emir_-_Zaria,_Kaduna_State,_North_Nigeria_-_15-20_January_1962.tif|alt=Gate to the palace of the Emir of Zaria (1962)| Kofar fadar [[Tarihin Zariya|Sarkin Zariya]] (1962) Fayil:Emir_Palace_Dutse.jpg|alt=Palace of the Emir of Dutse| Fadar Mai Martaba [[Masarautar Dutse|Sarkin Dutse]] </gallery>'''Tufafin gargajiya na yau da kullun a cikin maza na Hausa'''<gallery> Fayil:The_First_Lady_of_Nigeria_Her_Excellency_Aisha_Buhari.jpg|Aisha Buhari wearing Hausa clothes and [[hijab]], which consists of the kallabi matching the dress cloth design, and gyale draped over the shoulder or front Fayil:Turai_Yar'Adua.jpg|Turai Yar'adua wearing atampa and dan kwali, note the henna designs on the fingertips instead of nail polish Fayil:Hafsat_Ahmad_Idris.jpg|Kannywood actress wearing gyale in Hausa style, along with henna applied on fingers Fayil:Maryam_Booth.jpg|[[Maryam Booth]], [[Kannywood]] actress </gallery> === Gine-gine ===   Gine-ginen ƙasar Hausa ƙila yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi ƙanƙanta da aka sani a zamanin da. Yawancin [[Masallaci|masallatai]] da fadojinsu na farko suna da haske da launuka, ciki har da zane-zane masu ban sha'awa ko ƙayyadaddun alamomi da aka tsara su a cikin facade <ref name="ateliermasomi.com">{{Cite web |title=Building Facades in Hausa Architecture |url=http://www.ateliermasomi.com/blog/187 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720075646/http://www.ateliermasomi.com/blog/187 |archive-date=2019-07-20 |access-date=2019-03-15}}</ref> Wannan salon gine-ginen ana kiransa ''[[Gine-Ginen Hausawa|Tubali]]'', wanda ke nufin ''gine-gine'' <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; &#x5D; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">harshen</span></nowiki>''</sup> Hausa. An gina katangar birnin Kano na da da dadewa da nufin samar da tsaro ga al'ummar da ke karuwa. Sarki Gijimasu ne ya aza harsashin ginin katangar daga shekarar 1095 zuwa 1134 kuma an kammala shi a tsakiyar karni na 14. A cikin karni na 16, an kara fadada ganuwar zuwa matsayin da suke a yanzu. Ƙofofin sun tsufa kamar ganuwar kuma ana amfani da su wajen sarrafa motsin mutane a ciki da wajen birnin. <ref name="ReferenceA"/> Gine-ginen Hausawa na da amfani da busasshen bulo na laka a cikin gine-ginen kubik, gine-gine masu hawa da yawa ga jama'a, da yin amfani da fakitin da ke da alaka da ginin sojojinsu na baya, da farar stucco na gargajiya da filasta a gaban gida. A wasu lokuta ana iya ƙawata facades da zane-zanen taimako daban-daban, wani lokaci ana fentin su da launuka masu haske don isar da bayanai game da mazaunin. <ref name="ateliermasomi.com" />   === Wasanni === The Hausa culture is rich in traditional sporting events such as boxing ([[Dambe]]), stick fight (Takkai), wrestling (Kokowa) etc. that were originally organized to celebrate harvests but over the generations developed into sporting events for entertainment purposes.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> ==== Dambe ==== [[Dambe]] wani nau'i ne na fasaha na gargajiya wanda ke da alaƙa da mutanen Hausa na Yammacin Afirka. Asalinsa yana cike da asiri. Edward Powe, mai bincike kan al'adun wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya, ya fahimci kamanceceniya mai ban sha'awa a cikin matsayi da kuma hannayen hannu guda ɗaya na 'yan dambe na Hausa zuwa hotuna na' yan dambe na Masar na dā daga daular 12 da 13.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Iyorah |first=Festus |title=Dambe: How an ancient form of Nigerian boxing swept the internet |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2018/6/18/dambe-how-an-ancient-form-of-nigerian-boxing-swept-the-internet |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> Asalinsa ya fara ne a tsakanin ƙananan ƙungiyoyin mahautan Hausawa, daga baya kuma ya bunƙasa ya zama wata hanya ta koyon aikin soja, sannan ta shiga harkokin wasanni ta hanyar zuriyar Arewacin Nijeriya. Ana fafatawa a zagaye uku ko kasa da haka wadanda ba su da iyaka. Zagaye yana ƙare idan an fitar da abokin hamayya, gwiwa, jiki ko hannun mayaki ya taɓa ƙasa, rashin aiki ko kuma ya dakatar da wani jami'i. <ref name=":0"/> Babban makamin Dambe shine "maki", hannun da aka lulluɓe daga wuyan hannu zuwa gaban hannu a cikin manyan sutura na bandage na auduga wanda aka riƙe a wurin ta hanyar igiya da aka tsoma cikin gishiri kuma an ba da izinin bushewa don mafi girman lalacewar jiki a kan abokan adawar, yayin da ɗayan hannu, wanda aka riƙe shi a buɗe, ya zama "garkuwa" don kare kan mayaƙan daga bugawa na abokin adawar su ko kuma an yi amfani da shi don kama abokin adawar. Masu gwagwarmaya yawanci suna ƙare tare da rabuwa da fuska, karyewar jaw da hanci ko ma ci gaba da lalacewar kwakwalwa. Masu gwagwarmayar Dambe na iya karɓar kuɗi, shanu, kayan gona ko kayan ado a matsayin nasara amma gabaɗaya ana yaƙi da shi don shahara daga wakilcin garuruwa da dangin yaƙi.<ref name=":0"/> [[Fayil:Dembe_game.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|Kwallon [[Dambe]] na gargajiya na Hausa da ake kira Dambe]] [[Fayil:Kyinkyinga_(8640795804).jpg|thumb|[[Kyinkyinga]] (suya), sanannen kebab mai laushi, wanda mai sayar da titin Hausa na Ghana ya shirya a Ghana]] [[Fayil:"Kilishi".JPG|right|thumb|[[Kilishi]], abincin Hausa mai kama da jerky]] Abinci na yau da kullun da mutanen Hausa ke shirya ya ƙunshi [[Siril|hatsi]], kamar [[Dawa|sorghum]], [[Gero|millet]], [[shinkafa]], ko [[masara]], waɗanda aka niƙa a cikin gari don nau'ikan jita-jita daban-daban. Wannan abincin an fi sani da shi a matsayin "buwo" a cikin harshen Hausa. Yawancin lokaci, karin kumallo ya ƙunshi kek da dumplings da aka yi daga wake da aka dafa, wanda aka sani da ''kosai''; ko kuma an yi shi daga garin alkama da aka tsoma na rana ɗaya, an dafa shi kuma an ba da shi tare da [[sukari]] ko chili, wanda aka fi sani da ''[[Fankasau|funkaso]]''. Dukkanin wadannan kekuna za a iya ba da su tare da shinkafa da sukari da aka sani da ''Kunnu'' ko ''koko''. Abincin rana ko abincin dare yawanci suna nuna babban burodi tare da miya da stew da aka sani da "buwo da miya". Sau da yawa ana shirya miya da stew tare da ƙasa ko [[Tumatir]], [[albasa]], da kayan yaji na gida. Ana ƙara kayan yaji da sauran kayan lambu, kamar spinach, pumpkin, ko [[Kuɓewa|okra]], a cikin miya yayin shirye-shirye. Ana shirya stew tare da nama, wanda zai iya haɗawa da naman awaki ko naman sa, amma ba naman alade ba, saboda ƙuntataccen abinci na Islama. Ana kuma ba da wake, peanuts, da [[madara]] a matsayin abinci mai gina jiki ga mutanen Hausa. Mafi shahararren abincin [[Suya|nasa]] mai yiwuwa shi ne suya, wanda aka fi sani da tsire, abincin nama mai laushi da nama mai launi wanda shine sanannen abinci a sassa daban-daban na Najeriya kuma ana jin daɗinsa azaman kayan abinci a yawancin [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] kuma ya zama sanannen fasalin abincin Najeriya a cikin diaspora. Wani busassun Suya ana kiransa [[Kilishi]] . === Littattafai === An rubuta harshen Hausa da rubutun Larabci da aka gyara, wanda aka fi sani da Ajami, tun kafin mulkin mallaka. Rubutun farko na Hausa Ajami tare da ingantaccen kwanan wata shine Ruwayar Annabi Musa na masanin Kano Abdullahi Suka, wanda ya rayu a cikin 1600s. Ana iya ganin wannan rubutun a cikin tarin gidan kayan tarihi na Jos. Sauran mashahuran malamai da waliyan darikar Sufaye daga Katsina da [[Dan Marina|Danmarina]] da [[Dan Masanih|Danmasani]] sun yi wakokin Ajami da Larabci tun a farkon shekarun 1600. Sannu a hankali, an sami ƙaruwar rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubucen Hausa na Ajami, waɗanda suka ƙaru a cikin ƙarni na sha takwas da sha tara har zuwa ƙarni na ashirin. Yayin da karni na goma sha tara ya kara samun kwarin guiwa a dalilin canjin Musulunci na [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Usman dan Fodio]], shi kansa marubuci ne wanda ya kwadaitar da karatun boko da karatu, ga maza da mata, sakamakon haka da yawa daga cikin ‘ya’yansa mata suka fito a matsayin malamai da marubuta. [https://guardian.ng/sunday-magazine/usman-dan-fodio-a-great-reformer/] Buga littafin Ajami a yau ya zarce da wallafe-wallafen Hausa, ko boko. Wani yunkuri na wallafe-wallafen zamani wanda marubuta mata na Hausa suka jagoranta ya karu tun daga ƙarshen shekarun 1980 lokacin da marubucin [[Balaraba Ramat Yakubu]] ya zama sananne. A cikin lokaci, marubutan sun haifar da wani nau'i na musamman da aka sani da wallafe-wallafen kasuwar Kano - saboda ana yawan buga littattafan da kansu kuma ana sayar da su a kasuwannin Najeriya. Yanayin rushewar waɗannan litattafan, waɗanda galibi wasan kwaikwayo ne na soyayya da na iyali waɗanda ba haka ba suna da wuyar samun su a cikin al'adar Hausa da salon rayuwa, sun sa su shahara, musamman tsakanin masu karatu mata. Ana kuma kiran nau'in littattafan soyayya, ko "littattafan soyayya". === Alamar Hausa === An gabatar da "Flag na kabilanci na Hausa" a cikin 1966 (bisa ga rahotanni na kan layi na shekara ta 2001). Yana nuna layi biyar a kwance - daga sama zuwa kasa a ja, rawaya, indigo blue, kore, da khaki beige. Wani tsoho kuma al'ada da aka kafa alama ta asalin Hausa, 'Dagin Arewa' ko maɓallin Arewa, a cikin siffar tauraro, ana amfani dashi a cikin gine-ginen tarihi, zane da zane. == Tarihin Hausawa cikakken bayani == Hausawa ɗaya ce daga cikin manya manyan al'ummomin Afrika, muammman a yankin arewa maso yammacin Najeriya, Arewa ta tsakiya, Niger, kamaru, Chadi da Ghana. Tarhin su ya samo asali tun ƙarni aru-aru, kafin zuwan turawa ko Musulunci. Hausawa sun shahara a: === .Kasuwanci === === .Noma === === .Aikin ƙarfe === === .Fatauci ta sahara === === .Harshe da adabi === === .Tsarin birane da masarautu === == 1. Asalin Hausawa == Akwai ra'ayoyi biyu da suka fi shahara game da asalin su: == a. Asalin Bayajidda == wannan shine tatsuniyar gargajiya da ta fi shahara a cikin kowane gida da masarautar hausa: == Taƙaitaccen labarin Bayajiddda: == ===== .Bayajiddda ya fito daga Bagadaza ko wani yanki na gabas ===== ===== .Ya zo Daura, inda ya kashe macijiya wadda ta hana mutane samun ruwa<ref name=":3" /> ===== ===== .A matsayin lada, sarauniyar Daura ta aure shi ===== ===== .Daga aurensu aka haifi "Bawo" wanda ya gina birane bakwai ( Hausa Bakwai ). ===== === Ko da yake labari ne na gargajiya, yana bada hoton yadda jama'a suka taso a matsayin al'umma ɗaya. === == b. Asalin ƙabilr Afirka == masana tarihi suna ganin: . Hausawa sun samo asali daga *wayewar sahel* . Sun taso daga haɗuwar tsofaffin ƙabilu masu noma, kiwo da sanao'i <ref group="Iyakar bincike na kenan">binciken masana </ref> . Sun samar da birane tun ƙarni na 7 zuwa 9. === Wannan ra'ayi yana dogara da: === . Kayan tarihi, . Tsarin rayuwa, . Da harshen su wanda ke cikin rukunin Chadic languages. == 2. Ginin Biranen Hausa ( Hausa bakwai) == Hausa bakwai sune mafiya muhimmanci a tarihin Hausawa: # Daura # Kano # Katsina # Zazzau (zaria) # Gobir # Rano # Biram === wadannan sune suka kafa ginshiƙan siyasa, tattalin arziki, da al'adu na Hausawa. === == Akwai kuma: Banza Bakwai == . Zamfara . Kebbi . Gwari . Yauri . Kwararafa . Nupe . Ilorin === Suma sun shahara, amma ba a ɗauke su "tsofaffin Hausawa" ba tun asali. === == 3. Tattalin Arziki da Kasuwanci == === Hausawa sun yi fice a: === . Kasuwanci ta sahara . Sana'ar gungume da ƙira . Sana'ar ɗinki, zane, da tufafi . Noma (hatsi, gero, dawa, wake) . Kiwo . Kasuwancin fata da auduga === Shahararrun kasuwanni: === . Kano: cibiyar zane, ƙarfe, da fata . Katsina: cibiyar ilimi da kasuwanci . Daura: cibiyar tarihi . Zazzau: kasuwar bayi da kayan gona ===== Hausawa sun yi kaura zuwa kasashen Afirka saboda kasuwanci, wanda yasa ake samun Hausawa a: ===== . Nijar . Kamaru . Ghana . Sudan . Saudiyya == 4. Shigowar Musulunci (ƙarni na 11-15) == Musulunci ya shigo Hausawa ne ta hanyar: . 'Yan kasuwa daga sahara . Malamai daga Mali da Songhai . rubuce-rubuce na Larabci === Tarihin Musulunci: === . Karatun allo da makarantu . Haƙƙoƙin aure da mu'amala . Shari'ar Musulunci . Gyaran masarauta . Rubutun Ajami (Hausa da haruffa na larabci) ===== Daga baya masarautu suke zama cibiyar ilimi kamar: ===== . Katsina (masarautar ilimi) . Kano (taron malamai da masu zane) == 5. Daular Hausa kafin jihadi == kafin jihadi, masarautun Hausa sun kasance mai ƙarfi: . Ƙarfafan haraji . Cinikayya . Yawan jama'a . Rundunar sojoji . Tituna da kasuwanni === Amma kuma akwai: === . Rasun adalci daga wasu sarakai . Yawaitar cinikin bayi . Faɗace-faɗace tsakanin masarautu ===== Wannan ne ya baiwa jihadi damar samun goyon baya ===== == 6. Jihadin Usman Ɗanfodiyo(1804-1808) == ==== Dalilin jihadi: ==== . Buƙatar gyaran addini . Rashin adalci daga sarakunan Hausa . Cin hanci da zalunci . Rarrabuwar kai ====== Usman Ɗanfodiyo babban malami ne daga Gobir. ====== === Sakamakon jihadi: === . Faɗuwar masarautu da dama . Kafa Daular Sokoto . Ayyukan ilimi sun ƙaru . Shari'ar Musulunci ta bunƙasa === Daular Sokoto ita ce: === . Daular Musulunci mafi girma a yammacin Afirka . Ta kunshi kano, Katsina, Zazzau, Sokoto, Bauchi, Adamawa da sauransu == 7. Zuwan Turawa da Mulkin Mallaka (1903-1960) == Bayan shekaru, Turawan Birtaniya sun karya Daular Sokoto a 1903. === Abubuwan da Birtaniya ta canza: === . Sarakunan suna mulki amma suna biyayya ga Turawa (Indirect Rule) . Haraji . Sabon tsarin karatu (boko) . Tituna da kasashe === Birtaniya ta rage ƙarfin sarakuna, amma ta bar su su ci gaba da kula da al'umma === == 8. Bayan Mulkin Mallaka zuwa Zamani == Bayan samun 'yanci a 1960: . Hausawa sun taka rawa a siyasa, gwamnati, kasuwanci ,da addini. <ref name=":4" /> . Arewa ta samar da shugabannin da dama kamar: . Ahmadu Bello . Tafawa Balewa . Murtal Mohammed . Muhammadu Buhari . Umaru musa Yar'adua . Sauran manyan jagorori === Hausawa a yau: === . Su ne daya daga cikin ƙabilu mafiya yawan jama'a a Afirka <ref group="Tarihi Nigeria">bayan zuwan turawa aka fara siyasa da gwamnati</ref> === . Hausawa suna da: === . Fina-finai (Kannywood) . Waƙoƙi (shata, Naziru, Hamisu breaker) . Sanao'i . Kasuwanci a Afirka da Larabawa . Harshen Hausa yana daga cikin fitattun harsunan Afirka bayan Arabic, swahili, da Amharci <ref group="Ana yin ta a ƙasashe da dama">Hausa ta shiga cikin manya manyan harsuna a Afirka </ref> . Ana amfani da shi a gidajen Rediyo da talabijin har ma a ƙasashen waje<ref group="Ya zama ruwan dare">Ana amfani da Hausa a gidajen Rediyo da talabijin </ref> == 9. Muhimmancin Hausawa ga duniya == === Hausawa sun taka rawa a: === . Tarhin Musulunci . Cinikayyar sahara . Adabi da kiɗa . Tsarin birane . Faɗakarwar addini . Kasuwanci a Afirka . zani na yau (film, social media, kiɗa) . Ilimin fasaha == 10. A taƙaice == === Tarihin hausa ya ginu ne akan: === . Tsohuwar wayewa . Gine-ginen birane . Musulunci . Ilimi . Kasuwanci . Jihadi da mulkin daula . Mulkin Mallaka . Taka rawa a siyasar Najeriya da Afirka == Dubi kuma == * [[Harshen Hausa]] * [[Hausa Bakwai|Masarautun Hausa]] * [[Gine-Ginen Hausawa|Gine-gine na Hausa]] * ''[[Hausa Folk-lore|Labarin gargajiya na Hausa]]'' * [[Jerin Hausawa|Jerin mutanen Hausa]] * [[Hausa music|Waƙoƙin Hausa]] * [[Ranar Hausa]] [[Rukuni:Hausawa]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> qb1f74mo1u5dz0qgxrf95wivddtb817 0 2484 873732 872502 2026-07-01T17:57:14Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 873732 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Lugard Hall, Kaduna. Parliamentary house of assembly Capital of North Region.jpg|thumb|Lugard Hall, Kaduna.parliamentary house of Assembly capital north region]] [[File:Kaduna State Polytechnic 03.jpg|thumb|Kaduna state polytechnic.03.jpg]] [[File:Kaduna Capital Plaza, Kaduna State Nigeria.jpg|thumb|Kaduna capital plaza]] [[Fayil:Wikidata and Wikipedia in kaduna State 05.jpg|thumb|Wikidata Da Wikipedia a Kaduna State]] [[Fayil:BridgeAduna State 01.jpg|thumb|'''Bridge in Kaduna State''']] [[Fayil:Zaria to Kaduna road before jaji military barrack, Kaduna state.jpg|thumb|Hanyar zariya zuwa kaduna]] '''Jihar Kaduna:''' Wacce ake mata kirari da cibiyar Ilimi, ta samu wannan sunan ne saboda, Allah ya azurta ta da makarantu na Ilimi, Kaduna jiha ce dake a [[Arewacin Najeriya]]. Babbar cibiyar birnin Jihar na da suna Kaduna, wanda ta kasance birni ta 8 mafi girma daga cikin biranen kasar Najeriya. Kamar yadda yake dangane da kiyasin shekarar 2006. An kirkiriJihar Kaduna shekara 7 bayan samun ƴancin kai, an kirkire ta a shekarar 1967, da sunan '''Jihar Tsakiyar Arewa''', wadda kuma ta haɗa da [[Jihar Katsina]] ta yanzu, Kaduna ta samu iyakar ta ne a shekarar 1987. Kaduna Ita ce jiha ta uku mafi girman ƙasa kuma ta hada da yawan mutane daga cikin sauran [[Jihohin Najeria]], sannan anama Jihar Kaduna laƙabi ko kirari da cibiyan koyon Ilimi (''Centre of Learning'',) saboda ta kasance tana da manyan makarantu na gaba da sakandare masu muhimmanci, kamar su Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello, Jami'ar Tsaro ta Najeriya da dai sauran su.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/place/Kaduna-Nigeria</ref><ref>"Kaduna | Location, History, & Facts". ''Encyclopedia Britannica''. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 28 July 2019.</ref><ref>Breunig, Peter. 2014. Nok: African Sculpture in Archaeological Context: p. 21.</ref><ref>Fagg, Bernard. 1969. Recent work in west Africa: New light on the Nok culture. World Archaeology 1(1): 41–50.</ref> == Asalin in Dasunnan ya fitto == [[File:Nigerian number plate Kaduna.jpg|thumb|Lambar mota ta jahar kaduna]] [[File:Paga Crocodile pond.jpg|alt=Kada|thumb]] Jihar Kaduna ta samo sunan ta Kaduna ne daga kalmar [[kada]], jam<nowiki>'in kalmar Kadduna, sai aka cire harafin ''</nowiki>D" sai ya koma "Kaduna".<ref>"Overview of Kaduna State economy 2002–2008 | Eldis". www.eldis.org. Archived from the original on 25 March 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2020</ref> A wani ƙaulin kuma, an ce kalmar ta Kaduna ta samo asali ne daga yaran '''Gwari,''' sun kasance '''Odna''' suna nufin "Kogi" kasancewar kaduna a zagaye take da [[Tafkunan dake daidaita shara|tafkuna]]. Tambarin Jihar Kaduna dai shi ne hoton [[Kada]].<ref>"El-Rufai vows to restore Kaduna to its past glory". Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. 5 February 2021. Archived from the original on 16 February 2021. Retrieved 12 March 2021</ref><ref>"Kaduna | Location, History, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 28 July 2019.</ref><ref>Shekwo, Joseph Amali (1979). Fundamentals of the Gbagyi Language. Zaria: Centre for Adult Education and Extension Services, Ahmadu Bello University.</ref> ==Tarihi== [[File:Sultan bello bridge 01.jpg|thumb|Gadar masallacin sultan Bello a Kaduna]] [[File:ASC Leiden - NSAG - van Es 10 - 007 - Two women with caps and white headscarves on top - Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria - 18-21 January 1962.tif|thumb|Sarauniya amina lokacin da take mulki]] [[File:Crocodil-du-nil.jpg|alt=Kada|thumb|Crocodile]] A zance mafi inganci ba a san lokacin da mutane suka fara rayuwa ba a yankin Kaduna, amma akan iya tina garin a wasu ma'aunai na [[tarihi]] da suka shuɗe, kuma hakan ya faru ne kasancewar yawan ƙabilun da ke zaune a cikin garin, Hakika birnin ya kafu ne tun kafin zamanin [[Usman dan Fodiyo]] wato tun tale-tale can a shekarun baya, birnin Kaduna ya kasance cibiyar jamhuriyyar Arewa tun daga shekarar 1917,<ref>Smith, Bonnie G. (2008). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History. Oxford University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 9780195148909</nowiki>.</ref><ref>"History Of Kaduna State". Nigeria Zip Codes. 29 May 2019. Retrieved 15 May 2023</ref> har zuwa shekarar 1967, tarihi ya nuna cewa an mallake kaduna ne ga masu mulkin mallaka na turawan ƙasar [[Birtaniya]], babban kwamandan yakin mulkin mallaka [[Frederick Lugard]] ya ƙwace Kaduna a shekarar 1897, da shi da sauran yan koransa<ref>"History Of Kaduna State". Nigeria Zip Codes. 29 May 2019. Retrieved 15 May 2023</ref>. Daga baya kuma suka yi hadin gwuiwa tsakanin Kudancin [[Najeriya]] da kuma [[arewacin Najeriya]] a shekarar 1914. Wasu daga cikin tsofaffin garuruwan Kaduna sun hada da [[Zaria|Zariya]], [[Kafanchan]] da kuma [[Nok]], wanda wadannan garuruwan tarihi ya kasa riskan farkon garuruwan da tarihinsu tun asali. Garin Zaria shi ne tsohon gari a duk faɗin yankin Kaduna, wanda ake tunanin an kafa garin ne a shekarar 1536, wanda a wannan lokacin garin baya da suna, amma daga bisani ana kiran garin da sunan wata shahararriyar sarauniya wato Amina [[(Sarauniya Amina)]].<ref>Nigeria, Media (13 April 2024). "History of Kaduna State". ''Media Nigeria''. Retrieved 23 June 2026.</ref><ref>"Kalli hotunan bikin cika shekara 100 da kafa Kaduna". BBC Hausa (in Hausa). 17 December 2017. Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2021.</ref>[[File:River Kaduna and Old Railway Bridge, Another View.jpg|thumb|right|Babban Kogin Jihar Kaduna kenan wanda ake tinanin jahar ta samo suna daga gare shi|259x259px]] <br /> == Ƙananan Hukumomi == Jihar Kaduna tana da matuƙar faɗin gaske,<ref>"Gunmen kidnap students in northwest Nigeria, school official says". France 24. 5 July 2021. Archived from the original on 5 July 2021. Retrieved 5 July 2021</ref><ref>"Two flights 'escape' as '200 terrorists' attack Kaduna airport, one dead". Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. 27 March 2022. Archived from the original on 27 March 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2022</ref> wanda faɗin ƙasar ta ya kai kimanin kilomita 46,053 km², Kaduna ita ce jiha ta Huɗu da ta fi kowacce jiha girman ƙasa, kuma tana da ƙananan hukumomi guda 23, kowacce ƙaramar hukuma ta na da shugaba da ƙananan garuruwa, ƙananan hukomomi su ne kamar haka:<ref>"Many Feared Killed, Others Kidnapped As Bandits Attack Abuja-Kaduna Train". Channels Television. 29 March 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2022</ref> [[File:Nigeria_Kaduna_State_map.png|thumb|Right|250px|alt= jihar kaduna| wannan sashin jihar kaduna kenan daga cikin taswirar Najeriya.]] {| class="wikitable" |+ !Adadi !Karamar Hukama !Fadin Kasa !Shuwagabanni |- |1 |[[Birnin Gwari]] | | |- |2 |[[Chikun]] | |- |3 |[[hukumar Giwa]] | | |- |4 |[[Igabi]] | | |- |5 |[[Ikara]] | | |- |6 |[[Jaba]] | | |- |7 |[[Jama'a]] | | |- |8 |[[Kachia]] | | |- |9 |[[Kaduna ta arewa]] | | |- |10 |[[Kaduna ta kudu]] | | |- |11 |[[Kagarko]] | | |- |12 |[[Kajuru]] | | |- |13 |[[Kaura]] | | |- |14 |[[Kauru]] | | |- |15 |[[Kubau]] | | |- |16 |[[Kudan]] | | |- |17 |[[Lere]] | | |- |.18 |[[Makarfi]] | | |- |19 |[[Sabon-Gari]] | | |- |20 |[[Sanga]] | | |- |21 |[[Soba]] | | |- |22 |[[Zangon-Kataf]] | | |- |23 |[[Zariya]] | | |} =='''SHUWAGABANNIN KANANAN HUKUMOMI NA JIHAR KADUNA'''== Karamar Hukumar Birnin gwari: (chairman) Hon. Joe Danlami Karamar Hukumar cikon: (chairman) Hon. Musa Musa Bello Karamar Hukumar Giwa: (chairman) Hon. Sani Aliyu Karamar Hukumar Igabi: Hon. Jabir khamis (chairman) Karamar Hukumar Ikara: (chairman) Hon. Ibrahim Muazu Karamar HukumarJema'a: (chairman) Hon. Yusuf Galadima Karamar Hukumar Kaciya: (chairman) Hon Zayyanu Dauda Karamar Hukumar Kaduna ta arewa: (chairman) Hon. Danladi Idris Karamar Hukumar Kaduna ta kudu: (chairman) Hon. Aliyu Idris Karamar Hukumar Kagarko: (chairman) Hon. Ga'anda Adamu Karamar Hukumar Kajuru: (chairman) Hon. Al Hassan Adamu Karamar Hukumar Kaura: (chairman) Hon. Ibrahim Cikosi Karamar Hukumar Kubau: (chairman) Hon. Bashir zuntu Karamar Hukumar kudan: (chairman) Hon. Lawal Tukur Karamar Hukumar Lere: (chairman). Hon Mathew G Kaku Karamar Hukumar Magarfi: (chairman) Hon. Musa Haruna Karamar Hukumar Sabon Gari: (chairman) Hon. Muhammad Usman Karamar Hukumar Sanga: (chairman) Hon. Salisu Nuhu Karamar Hukumar Soba: (chairman) Hon. Umar Abu Karamar Hukumar Zangon Katar: (chairman) Hon. Mairo Dabo Karamar Hukumar Zariya: (chairman) Hon. Aliyu Idris == Mulki == [[File:Kafanchan Peace Declaration Signing Ceremony.png|thumb|Nasir el Rufa'i da gwamna Lalong na jahar plateau ]] A jihar Kaduna, akwai masu mulki daban-daban da suka hada da [[sarakuna]], zababbun shuwagabanni na mulkin [[dimukuradiya]], a '''jihar ta Kaduna''' akwai [[Gwamna]], [[Ƴan Majalisa]], [[ƴan majalisar Dattijai]], da kuma [[Sarakuna]] masu mulkin [[gargajiya]]. Shuwagabanni a bangaren dimukuradiya ana zaben su ne duk bayan shekaru Hudu, su kuma sarakunan gargajiya suna gada ne a wajen iyaye da kakanni, kuma zasu iya yin mulki iya tsawon rayuwar su, amma gwamna yana da cikakken ikon da zai iya cire/nada kowane sarki a jihar sa.<gallery> |Gwamnan Jahar Kaduna, Nasir Ahmad elrufa'i |Sarkin [[Zazzau]] </gallery> ==Dimukuradiya == A jihar Kaduna, akwai gwamna da mataimakin gwamna,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=http://www.highcourt.kd.gov.ng/lawal_bello.html |access-date=2020-03-31 |archive-date=2020-08-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802182702/http://www.highcourt.kd.gov.ng/lawal_bello.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Kaduna_State<br /></ref> kuma wadannan su ne masu cikakken mulki a cikin jihar ta Kaduna, kuma zaben su ake yi a duk bayan shekaru hudu, wanda yanzu haka Mallam [[Uba sani]] shi ne gwamnan jihar Kaduna da kuma [[Hadiza Sabuwa Balarabe]] a matsayin mataimakiyar gwamnan jihar ta Kaduna. A tsarin mulkin dimokuraɗiyya akwai ƴan majalisun jiha masu kula da dokokin jihar da kuma tsarinta, sannan akwai sanatoci uku masu kula da yanki uku na Jihar Kaduna su ne; [[Suleiman Abdu Kwari]], [[Danjuma Laah]] da kuma [[Uba Sani]]. == Mulkin Gargajiya == [[File:Sultan bello bridge 01.jpg|thumb|gadar masallacin sarkin musulmai bello kaduna]] [[File:Weding ceremony.jpg|thumb|Shehu Idris Sarkin Zazzau]] Akwai sarakuna da hakimai a kowanne karamar hukuma da kuma gunduma, amman da manyan sarakunan gargajiya su ne kamar haka; Sarkin Zazzau [[Shehu Idris]], sarkin [[Birnin gwari]], sarkin [[Nok]] da kuma sarkin [[Kafanchan]], wadannan sarakunan suna da ka'idojin salan mulki ga iya mutanan su kadai, sannan gwamnan jahar yana da cikakken ikon da zai sauke su ya daura wanda yake so.[[File:Flag_of_the_Hausa_people.svg|thumb|Left|173x173px|alt= Tambarin kasar Hausa|Wannan tambarin kasar Hausa kenan. Kaduna tana daya daga cikin jahohin Hausa.]] == Kabilu == Jahar Kaduna jaha ce mai tarin al’adu da ire-iren abinci daban-daban Kamar haka: #Hausawa #Fulani #Gwarawa #Katafawa #Birom da dai sauran *.Ire iren abinci: Tuwon masara da na dawa,da na gero da dan wake da dambu da fate da doya da dankalin Hausa da rogo da koko da dai sauran su. == Addinai == Addinai biyu sune manyan addinan jahar Kaduna, wato addinin [[Musulunci]] da kuma addinin [[kiristanci]], kasancewar addinai ne manya akwai alaka mai tsami a tsakaninsu musamman a shekara ta 2000 zuwa shekarar 2001 an samu rikicin [[addini]] a jahar kaduna a bisa dalilin sharia'ar Musulunci da musulmai sukai kokarin assasawa amma sai aka samu rashin jituwa da kiristoci wai suna tsammanin in har shari'ar musulunci ta kafu, to suma zai shafesu shi yasa suka ki amincewa a dalilin haka rikici ya balle inda aka samu asarar rayuka da dimbin dukiya mai tarin yawa, bayan haka akasa [[Mutane]] 1000 suka rasa rayukansu. Bayan haka an kara samun rikicin addini a shekarar 2002 amma a halin yanzu akwai zamantakewa mai karfi tsakanin addinan guda biyu. == Musulunci == <gallery> File:Sultan bello mosque by Anasskoko 08.jpg|Daya cikin Masallatan Hausawa dake cikin garin [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] File:Sultan bello mosque 03.jpg|Hasumiyar masallacin Sultan Bello File:Sultan bello mosque by Anasskoko 03.jpg|Masallacin da yamma </gallery> File: sultan bello mosque by Anasskoko 03.jpg\masallacin da yamma ==Ilimi== ==Ilimin Zamani == A fagen [[Ilmi]] kaduna ce cibiyar ilimi a arewacin [[Najeriya]] kaduna ce cibiyar makarantar horar da jami'an tsaro ta kasa wato ''Nigeria Defence Academy'' an kafata ne tun a shekarar 1964. Sai kuma babbar makarantar kimiyya da fasaha dake kaduna, wato ''Kaduna Polytechnic'' an kafa ta ne a shekarar 1968, sai kuma [[jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] dake [[Zariya]] ita kuma ta kafu a shekarar 1962.Bayan haka akwai Jami'ar jahar Kaduna (kasu) da ''Nuhu bamalli polytechnic Zaria'' da college of education gidan waya da dai sauran manyan cibiyoyin ilimi. Lallai kaduna [[duniya]] ce ta [[ilmi]] wannan dalilin ne yasa kaduna tayi fice a jahohin [[Nigeria]] ta ko'ina ana barkowa daga sassa daban-daban na [[Najeriya]] ana wajajeu n neman ilimi a jahar ta kaduna domin ita jahar kaduna ta bambanta da sauran jahohin [[Arewacin Najeriya]]. ==Jadawalin manyan makarantu == *[[Jami'ar Jihar Kaduna]] *Kwalejin Horar da Manyan Jami'an Soja ''Nigerian Defence Academy''' (NDA), Kaduna *Jami'ar ''Greenfield University'' Kaduna * Kwalejin share fagen shiga jami'a wato ''National Open University of Nigeria''. Kaduna. *''Air Force Institute of Technology'', Kaduna * Kwalejin horar da malamai ''National Teachers Institute'' (NTI), Kaduna * Kwalejin unguwar-zoma ''School of Midwifery Kaduna'' * ''Kaduna Polytechnic'' (a shekarar 1968), Kaduna * Hukumar kula da ilimin addinin Musulunci da harshen Larabci *''Kaduna Business School''. ==Ilimin Addini == A cikin jahar kaduna ana karantar da ilimin [[addini]] matuka, cibiyar [[addini]] na bangaren [[Izala]], [[shi'a]], [[Ɗariƙar Tijjaniya]] da [[salafiyya]] duka suna cikin garin '''jahar kaduna'''[[File:Zaria Friday Mosque.jpg|thumb|Wani masallacin juma'a na ginin al'ada a zaria kaduna]] [[File:Jamaatul nasril islam headquaters kaduna nigeria - panoramio.jpg|thumb|ginin zamani na hedikwatar Jama'atul nasril Islam kaduna]][[File:Hotel in Kaduna 01.jpg|thumb|wani ginin hotal na zamani a kaduna]] == Wasanni == Akwai dandalin [[Murtala Square|Murtala Mohammed Square]] inda ake wasanni da kuma motsa jiki, a ciki akwai [[Kaduna Polo Club ]]da kuma [[Kaduna Golf Club]] kuma akwai sitadiyam mai suna [[Ahmadu Bello Stadium|Ahmadu Bello Stadiyam]] da [[Ranchers Bees Stadium|Ranchers Bees Stadiyam]] == Sadarwa == == '''Kafofin yada labarai (Talabijin)''' == * [[Nigerian Television Authority Kaduna (NTA)]] * Kaduna State Media Corporation TV (KSTV) * Desmims Independent Television (DITV) * Liberty TV ==Kafofin yada labarai (Gidan Rediyo) == A.M masu nisan zango sun hada da: * 639 MW – Kada 1 (KSMC) * 747 MW – Nagarta Radio * 594 MW – FRCN (Hausa), Kaduna * 1107 MW – FRCN (English), Kaduna F.M masu matsakaicin zango sun hada da: * Brila FM * Kada 2 FM, Kaduna (KSMC) * Capital Sounds FM, Kaduna (KSMC) * Liberty Radio (English) Kaduna * Karama FM, Kaduna (FRCN) * Freedom Radio FM, Kaduna * Supreme FM, Kaduna (FRCN)<ref>https://dailytrust.com/frcn-stations-battling-for-survival/</ref> * Alheri Radio FM, Kaduna * Invicta FM, Kaduna * Liberty Radio (Hausa) Kaduna * Ray Power FM Kaduna *Vision FM ==Tattalin arziki == Kaduna cibiya ce ta masana'antun arewa, kamar masana'antar [[karafa]], [[masaka]],[[matatar man fetur ta ƙasa]], ginin tukwane, Kaduna garine wanda ake [[kasuwanci]] kasancewar yawan mutane da kuma cunkosa, akwai kasuwanni dayawa a cikin garin kaduna,galibi ma kusan kowanne anguwa a cikin babban birnin kaduna tana da kasuwan ta. == Masana'antu == A cikin kaduna akwai babban kampanin matatan mai, me suna [[kaduna Refining and Petrochemical Company]] ('''KRPC'''),wanda daya ne daga cikin manyan kampanonin matatan mai da'ake dasu a [[Najeriya]] <ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nnpcgroup.com/Refining/Pages/KRPC.aspx|title=Kaduna Refining and Petrochemical Company (KRPC)|website=www.nnpcgroup.com|access-date=2019-08-01|archive-date=2019-06-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627142425/https://www.nnpcgroup.com/Refining/Pages/KRPC.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Kasuwanni == Jahar tana da manyan kasuwanni kaman su kusuwan [[kasuwar sheikh Abubakar gumi]],[[fanteka]],[[kasuwar chechenia]], [[kasuwan magani]],[[kasuwar kawo]], [[kasuwar bacci]],[[kasuwan tudun wadan zaria]]. == Sufuri == Babbar hanyar data ratsa ta cikin gari ana kiranta '''Ahmadu Bello way.''' Kaduna tanada babbar kasuwa wadda aka gina tun a shekarun 1990s bayan ta fuskanci mahaukaciyar gobara. Acikin garin kaduna akwai hanyoyin jiragen kasa wadda ake sufuri daga kaduna zuwa wasu sassan Najeriya. == Jiragen kasa == Akwai hanyoyin layin dogo na jiragen kasa wadanda aka gina tun a watan satumba shekarar alif 2009 mai nisan tazarar kilomita 1,435 mm (4ft 81/2) zuwa babban birnin tarayya [[Abuja]].<ref name="muhammad2016">{{cite news|url=http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/news/general/a-memorable-trip-on-the-abuja-kaduna-train/156469.html|title=A memorable trip on the Abuja-Kaduna train|last1=Muhammad|first1=Hamisu|date=23 July 2016|work=Daily Trust}}</ref><gallery> File:Railway track.jpg|Titin jirgin kasa a Kaduna </gallery> ==Jiragen sama == [[File:Chanchangi Airlines BAC 1-11 Makinde-1.jpg|thumb|Chanchangi Airlines na jihar kaduna]] bayan haka akwai filayen jiragen sama guda biyu wato [[Filin Jirgin Saman Jihar kaduna]] da kuma filin jirgin sama na chanchangi wato [[Chanchangi Airlines]] wadda ake sufuri daga jahar zuwa jaha ko daga Nigeria zuwa kasashen ketare. == Sufurin motoci == Jahar kaduna tana da hukumar dake kula da tafiye-tafiye a fannoni sifirin motoci, wacce ak kira da '''KSTA.'''<gallery> File:Night mode Transportation.jpg|Cikin garin Kaduna da daddare File:Bus at badarawa bus stop.jpg|Motar haya a tashar NDA Badarawa . File:Ahmadu Bello way.jpg|Babban hanyar data ratsa cikin garin Kaduna mai suna Ahmadu Bello Way. File:Green car2.jpg|Motar kwashe shara dan tsaftace cikin garin Kaduna </gallery>. ==Wuraren bude ido== <ref>learn about kaduna. [http://ngex.com/nigeria/places/states/kaduna.htm Learn about kaduna state] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221123050/http://www.ngex.com/nigeria/places/states/kaduna.htm |date=2015-02-21 }}.</ref> * Lugard Hall * Government Monument Bridge * General Hassan park * Man-made kaduna * Nok Terra Cotta * Nok Village * Cultural kaduna * National museum * Jakaranda pottery * kaduna souvenir ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Kaduna River in kaduna state Nigeria.jpg|Kogin Kaduna File:Water fall in Kafancha Kaduna State.jpg|Koramar ruwa a Kafanchan File:Matsirga Water fall Madakiya.jpg|Koramar Matsirga File:Kamuku National Park kaduna State Nigeria.jpg|Wajen bufe ido na Kamuku Kaduna File:Ahmadu bello university senate.jpg|ABU Zaria File:Ten Storey Kaduna5.jpg|Ginin ::Ten Storey'' a Ahmadu Bello File:Flower of kaduna 02.jpg|Muhimmiyar Fulawa a Kaduna File:Kajuru Castle.jpg|Sansanin Kajuru </gallery> ==Sanannun mutane mazauna kaduna== *[[File:Namadi Sambo.jpg|thumb|Arc Muhammad Namadi Sambo. Tsohon Gwamnan jihar kaduna ]]Mohammed Namadi Sambo<ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/428652-namadi-sambo-wants-govt-funding-for-private-universities.html?tztc=1</ref> *[[Shehu Sani]] tsohon sanata<ref>https://punchng.com/shehu-sani-slams-wbank-for-advising-nigeria-to-raise-taxes/</ref> *Ahmed Mohammed Makarfi<ref>https://leadership.ng/makarfis-suspension-illegal-pdp/</ref> *[[Uba Sani]] sanata<ref>https://www.thecable.ng/uba-sani-conferred-with-traditional-title-for-his-rural-transformation-initiatives</ref><ref>https://thenationonlineng.net/just-in-governor-uba-sani-bags-2023-leadership-award/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://guardian.ng/opinion/uba-sani-craving-to-sustain-kaduna-state/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-12-25 |archive-date=2023-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225205408/https://guardian.ng/opinion/uba-sani-craving-to-sustain-kaduna-state/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> *[[Abubakar Gumi]] Malamin Addinin musulunci<ref>https://www.thecable.ng/gumis-extremism-shames-decency</ref> *Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/17/world/africa/17abdulmutallab.html|work=The New York Times|first=Adam|last=Nossiter|title=Lonely Trek to Radicalism for Terror Suspect|date=2010-01-17}}</ref> *[[Tijani Babangida]]<ref>https://dailypost.ng/2023/02/18/pfan-will-comply-with-nffs-decision-on-players-union-tijani-babangida/</ref> *[[Celestine Babayaro]] *[[Michael Eneramo]]<ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2010/12/eneramo-can%E2%80%99t-wait-to-move-to-europe/</ref> *Fiona Fullerton *Dahiru Sadi, Dan wasan kwallo<ref>https://leadership.ng/gov-uba-sani-unity-cup-tijani-babangida-appoints-ahmed-lawal-dahiru-sadi-others-as-technical-committee-members/</ref> *[[Adam A Zango]], jarumi a fina finan Hausa<ref>https://hausa.legit.ng/kannywood/1518957-in-ka-ji-gangami-da-labari-jarumi-adam-zango-yace-ya-gama-zaman-aure-ya-saki-bidiyo/</ref> *General Mohammed Wushishi<ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/499121-general-mohammed-wushishi-nigerias-ex-army-chief-is-dead.html?tztc=1</ref> * sherhk Usman bauchi malamin addini *Col Sani Bello<ref>https://dailytrust.com/the-day-ironsi-died-colonel-sani-bello-his-former-adc/</ref> *[[Mal Muntaqa Usman Bilbis]], malamin addinin musulunci *[[Hon Yusuf Hamisu Abubakar]], mai rago *Sheikh Abubakar Salihu<ref>https://dailypost.ng/2021/08/23/dss-under-fire-for-alleged-inaction-after-cleric-salihu-zaria-threatened-to-kill-christians/</ref>, malamin addinin musulunci ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{Jihohin Najeriya}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kaduna}} [[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]] {{Template:Jihar Kaduna}} 3ko1nyv9b20e1okn6r8sim31onbsucy 0 2491 873723 871414 2026-07-01T17:35:21Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 873723 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Seal of Zamfara State Government.jpg|thumb|Tambarin Gwamnan jihar Zamfara]] [[File:Coat of Arm Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|tambarin jihar zamfara]] [[File:Talata Mafara Post Office - Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|Talata mafara post ofis]] [[File:Zamfara state Gallery at Arewa House museum.jpg|thumb|Zamfara state gallery at arewa house museum Seal of zamfara state government]] [[Fayil:Nomadic settlement in Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|Kyau yan zamfara]] [[Fayil:Nomadic settlement in Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|wuri a zamfara ]] [[Fayil:Zamfara flag.png|thumb|zamfara gusau]] [[Fayil:Gusau 01.jpg|thumb|Gusau]] [[Fayil:Seal of Zamfara State Government.jpg|thumb]] '''Jahar Zamfara''' [[jiha|jaha]] ce dake [[Arewa (Najeriya)|Arewa]] Maso Yammacin ƙasar [[Najeriya]]. Tana da yawan fili kimanin kilomita '''39,762''' da yawan jama’a kimanin [[mutane]] '''3,838,160''' (miliyan uku da dubu ,ɗari takwas da Talatin da Takwas da ɗari ɗaya da sittin) (jimillar ƙidayar shekara ta 2011)<ref>https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=a556518742b7c156JmltdHM9MTcxOTQ0NjQwMCZpZ3VpZD0yNDE5NGEyMS03NTBiLTZiYjItMzNmMi01ZTg1NzRhMTZhMTkmaW5zaWQ9NTQzOA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=3&fclid=24194a21-750b-6bb2-33f2-5e8574a16a19&psq=population+of+zamfara+state+2011&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZmFjdHMubmcvbmlnZXJpYW4tc3RhdGVzL3phbWZhcmEvIzp-OnRleHQ9WmFtZmFyYSUyMGhhcyUyMHR3byUyMG1ham9yJTIwZXRobmljJTIwZ3JvdXBzJTJDJTIwSGF1c2ElMjBhbmQsYW4lMjBlc3RpbWF0ZWQlMjBwb3B1bGF0aW9uJTIwb2YlMjAzJTJDODM4JTJDMTYwJTIwYXMlMjBhdCUyMDIwMTEu&ntb=1</ref>. Babban birnin tarayyar jahar zamfara shi ne [[Gusau]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://dailypost.ng/2024/06/23/gusau-cargo-airport-absurd-inconceivable-shinkafi-to-gov-lawal/&ved=2ahUKEwjGwJvM5vGGAxV5XEEAHcOPBT8QxfQBKAB6BAgGEAE&usg=AOvVaw2BUsg3-pX1t7Al-lIbd68v</nowiki></ref>. Dauda Lawal Dare ne gwamnan jihar tun a shekarar 2023, har zuwa shekara ta 2026, wato ƙarshen shekarar mulkin shi na farko wanda za'ayi zaɓe a farkon shekarar 2027.<ref>"Zamfara State". Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission. 9 January 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2022.</ref><ref>"Zamfara State of Nigeria :: Nigeria Information & Guide". www.nigeriagalleria.com. Retrieved 26 February 2022.</ref> ==Labari Akkan zamfara == '''Asalin Zamfarawa''' [[File:Base to top section of Kwatarkwashi.jpg|thumb|mutanen Zamfara sun kasance maharba ne tun a lokacin baya]] ''Zamfara'' ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin masarautun asali na [[Hausawa]]. zamfarawa asalin [[Hausa|Hausawa]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://trtafrika.com/ha/africa/tashe-aladar-hausawa ne-lokacin-ramadan-17603105&ved=2ahUKEwj97MeRv_CGAxVVUUEAHYrSBCYQxfQBKAB6BAgMEAI&usg=AOvVaw2tqxPhOk-rB6iUbdwJ_ebE</nowiki></ref>[[Hausa|a]]. Sarkin [[musulmi]] <ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://amp.dw.com/ha/musulmi-na-gudanar-da-babbar-sallah-ta-edi2024/a-69376621&ved=2ahUKEwj0hKHx5vGGAxUZXUEAHd_xAfoQyM8BKAB6BAgJEAI&usg=AOvVaw1anRUPTy7Py8jCPqpn1W_s</nowiki></ref><ref>"Zamfara Gold Mining Factory". krzysztofpilarczyk.pl. Archived from the original on 26 June 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2021</ref>Muhammadu yana ganin [[Zamfarawa]] sun samu asali ne daga uba Bakatsine da uwa [[Bagobira]]. To su [[Zamfara]]wa sun kafa asalinsu ne daga [[Maguzawa]] maharba waɗanda sun zauna a yankin ƙasar [[Kano]] kafin zuwan [[Bagauda]] tun kafin zuwan [[Barbushe]] a [[Dutsen Dala]]. A nan zamu iya fahimtar cewa [[Zamfara]]wa [[Hausa]]wa ne na asali tun can fil azal. Zamu iya fahimtar cewa [[Zamfarawa]] dai asalinsu maharba ne daga [[Maguzawa]]. Watakila sun samu tasirin Bare-Bari a farkon tarihinsu ko kuma a ce Bare-bari ne na asalin sarautar [[Zamfara]]. Tarihin ƙauyen Zamfara ya samo asali ne daga [[mutum]] Na farko da ya fara zama a cikin garin, daga garin ZAMFARA wanda ake kira da [[BAWA]]. Shi ya sa ake kiran garin da suna [[Zamfara]]. Farkon fadar masarautar an rusa ta. Garin ya haɗa iyakoki kamar haka; Rogo Sabon Gari da,Tsohuwar [[Rogo]] ta Gabas, [[Kaduna]] daga gefen yamma, Kaduna daga Kudu da Gari da Tsohuwar Rogo ta arewa.<ref name=":1">G.ƙaraye, Ibrahim. J. Shea, Philip. History of karaye. p.71 ISBN 978125341</ref><ref>"Zamfara State, Nigeria Genealogy". FamilySearch Wiki. 11 April 2020. Archived from the original on 15 October 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2021</ref> Ana ganin Zamfarawan asali wasu irin manya-manyan mutane ne, a takwaice dai [[Samudawa]] ne. [[Dakka]], sarkin Zamfara na farko kamar dai [[Barbushe]] yake, mutum ne mai tsananin girma da ƙarfi da jarumta. Akwai wasu manya-manyan kaburbura guda shida a Dutsi waɗanda aka ce ƙaburburan sarakunan [[Zamfara]] ne na asali. Sabo da girman kaburburan su ana kiransu da kmƙaburburan Samudawa. Ga alamu Zamfarawan asali na da girman jiki sosai.<ref>Abdu . P.S., K. Swindell (1982). ''Sokoto State in Maps: An Atlas of physical and Human Resources''. Ibadan: Oxford University Press.</ref><ref>"Zamfara gold mining: Niger Delta seeks amendment of petroleum, mining acts". The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 12 December 2020. Archived from the original on 17 February 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2021</ref> '''Birnin Zamfara''' [[File:Mtkwatarkwashi 4.jpg|thumb|dutsen kwatarkwashi]] Zamfarawa sun fara kafa garinsu na farko ne mai suna Dutsi a ƙasar [[Zurmi]] ta yanzu. Don haka har yau Sarkin Zurmi na amsa sunan Sarkin [[Zamfara]]. An ce Zamfarawa sai da suka kwashe shekaru bakwai ba su naɗa sarki ba a Dutsi,daga nan sai suka naɗa sarkinsu na farko mai suna Dakka. Domin haka Sarkin Zamfara ana masa take da ''gimshikin gidan Dakka''. Sarakuna huɗu ne suka gaji Dakka a Dutsi. Daga nan sai sarauniyar [['Yar Goje|'ƴar Goje]]. [[File:IMG FK1.jpg|thumb|Zamfara]] [[File:Even the beast of burden needs a break sometimes.jpg|thumb|Zamfara road]] [[File:Roundabout in Gusau.jpg|thumb]] Daga Dutsi sai Zamfarawa suka yi tafiyar kamar mil Talatin a kan gulbin Gagare kusa da garin Isa na yanzu suka kafa wani sabon gari mai suna Birnin [[Zamfara]]. An ce Sarkin Zamfara na Bakwai (7) mai suna [[Bakurukuru]] ya kafa birnin. Amma wasu masana tarihi sun haƙiƙance cewa sarakuna ashirin da uku 23 ne aka binne a garin Dutsi don haka ba dai sarki na bakwai ba wanda ya kafa Birnin [[Zamfara]]. Zamfarawa sun gina garinsu wanda ya habaka sosai. Sun katange shi da ganuwa. Har yanzu akwai kufan tsohon garin akwai rusasshiyar [[ganuwa]] mai tsawon milyan goma-sha-uku da kofofin gari hamsin<ref>"Zamfara State of Nigeria :: Nigeria Information & Guide". www.nigeriagalleria.com. Archived from the original on 7 November 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2021</ref>. A nan zamu iya fahimtar cewa Zamfarawa sun kafa garinsu na biyu wanda ya kasance babbar cibiyar mulkin [[Zamfara]]. Sannan garin ya samu arziƙin masarrafofin zamani irin su Makarantun Boko, islamiyya, rijiyoyi, Burtsatse da dai sauransu.<ref name=":1" />Ofishin siyasa ta mata an buɗeta ne a garin zamfara a shekarar 2007. <ref name=":0">Kabir, Hajara Muhammad. ''Northern women development''. [Nigeria]. p.164 ISBN 978-978-906-469-4</ref><ref>"Geospatial Poverty Portal: Interactive Maps". World Bank. Retrieved 22 January 2024.</ref> ==Kananan hukumomi== {| width=50% |- valign ="top" |width=50%| # [[Anka, Nigeria|Anka]] # [[Bakura, Nigeria|Bakura]] # [[Birnin-Magaji/Kiyawa]] # [[Bukkuyum]] # [[Bungudu]] # [[Gummi, Nigeria|Gummi]] # [[Gusau]] # [[Kauran-Namoda]] # [[Maradun]] # [[Maru, Nigeria|Maru]] # [[Shinkafi]] # [[Talata-Mafara]] # [[Tsafe]] # [[Zurmi]] |} == Rufe Netwok A Jihar Zamfara == [[Fayil:Coat of Arm Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|Zamfara coat of arm]] A ranar 3 ga watan satumba na shekarar 2021, gwamnatin Jihar [[zamfara]] ta bada umarnin kulle dukkan layukan wayar hannu (sim card) da sabis na ɗaukacin Jihar [[zamfara]] gaba ɗaya don a samu a magance matsalar tsaro. Anyi hakan ne domin yaƙi da 'ƴan [[Banditry|Bindiga Daɗi]] da kuma 'Yan ta'adda. An bada umarnin rufe sabis ɗin ne na tsawon sati Biyu domin dawo da zaman lafiya da tsaro me ɗorewa a jihar ta [[Zamfara]].<ref>https://punchng.com/banditry-months-after-no-fly-order-fg-shuts-down-telecom-sites-in-zamfara/</ref> == Arziki == tattalin arzikin Zamfarawa ya ta, allaƙane da harkar noma da kuma kiwo, sannan kuma da kasuwanci. == Tsaro == == Wasanni == == Mutane == Mataimakin gwamnan shi ne [[Mahadi Ali Gusau]]. Dattijan jihar su ne: Janar [[Aliyu Muhammad Gusau]] me Ritaya,[[Ahmad Rufai Sani]], [[Mamuda Aliyu Shinkafi]], [[Abdul'aziz Abubakar Yari]],Hassan Nasiha,Sahabi Liman Kaura, Mansur Dan'Ali,[[Kabir Garba Marafa]], [[Dauda Lawal Dare]], [[Sadiya Umar Farouq]] da [[Tijjani Kaura]]. [[File:Nigeria_Zamfara_State_map.png|thumb|Taswira Najeriya, inda jan yake nanne jihar Zamfara (Gusau)]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} * Kabir, Hajara Muhammad. ''Northern women development''. [Nigeria]. <nowiki>ISBN 978-978-906-469-4</nowiki>. *Bello, Ahmadu, Sir, 1910-1966. (1999). ''Alhaji Sir Ahmadu, Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto : his thoughts and vision in his own words : selected speeches and letters of the great leader''. Nchi, Suleiman. Ismaila., Mohammed, Samai̕la Abdullahi. Makurdi: Oracle. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-34637-2-1|978-34637-2-1]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] 44137937. *G.karaye, Ibrahim. J. Shea, Philip. History.of karaye. [[ISBN]] 978125341 {{DEFAULTSORT:Zamfara}} [[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]] [[Category: Garuruwan Hausawa]] {{Jihohin Najeriya}} 87xw0o0eurgwtqcw5m8dbfvs1a1rkva 0 2507 873580 587116 2026-07-01T12:04:05Z Ummeeterh 31568 /* */ 873580 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Timbuktu-manuscripts-astronomy-tables.jpg|thumb|Rubutun ajami]] '''Ajami''' (عجمى), tsarin rubutu ne na [[Hausa]] ta hanyar amfani da haruffan [[Larabci]]. Wannan rubutun ya samo asali ne daga lokacin da addinin [[Musulunci]] ya shigo ƙasar [[Hausa]] a ƙarni na shida miladiyya. Sai dai kuma, kasancewar ƙwayoyin sautin [[larabci]] sun bambanta da na [[Hausa]] musamman tagwayen baƙaƙe irin su "gy" da "ts", sai kowanne [[marubuci]] ya zamo ya na amfani da tasa dabarar wurin rubutun [[ajami]]. Sakamakon haka, [[ajami]] yake da wuyar ganewa har ma ake yi ma sa kirari da "gagara-mai-shi".<ref>https://aminiya.ng/an-yi-wa-ajami-kisan-mummuke/</ref>an samu cigaba sosai a zamanin baya ==Manazarta== [[Category:Hausa]] m7nld7f64lnkct0xeaaczu7j165fl72 0 3006 873638 476323 2026-07-01T13:36:31Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 873638 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Collage of Six Cats-02.jpg|thumb|right|260px|<span style="color:green;">Kyanwa</span>]] [[File:Felis catus-cat on snow.jpg|thumb|Mage cikin kankara]] '''Kyanwa''' ko '''Mage''' ko '''Mussa''' da [[Hausa]]r [[Zamfara]]wa (''Felis catus'') [[File:Tabby cat with blue eyes-3336579.jpg|thumb|wata mage da bulun ido]] kyanwa dai wata dabba ce cikin [[dabbobi]] Waɗanda ake ajiye su a mastayin dabbobin [[gida|gida.]] Waɗanda ba dan aci ake kiwon su ba, sai don nishaɗi.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://hausa.legit.ng/1294121-amfanin-kiwon-mage-a-gida-ga-mutane.html|date=18 January 2020|accessdate=10 October 2021|publisher=Legit.Hausa.ng|title=Amfanin kiwon mage a gida ga mutane, Nishadi, maganin ƙananan dambibi Kamar su ɓera|last= Usman|first= Jamil}}</ref> [[Fayil:Cat playing with a lizard.jpg|thumb|[[Fayil:Abessinierkatze Tilia 04.jpg|thumb|yanda mage ke kara kyau a waje]]yanda mage ke kama abinchinta]] Tana kyawata muhalli. Kyanwa (Felis catus), wacce kuma ake kira kyanwa ta gida da kyanwa ta gida, ƙaramar dabba ce mai cin nama ta gida. Memba ce ta Felidae, dangin dabbobi masu shayarwa a cikin tsarin Carnivora wanda kuma ake kira kuliyoyi. Nama ne mai cin nama, wanda galibi yana buƙatar abinci na nama. Fikafikansa masu ja da baya an daidaita su don kashe ƙananan nau'ikan dabbobi masu cin nama kamar beraye da beraye. Yana da jiki mai ƙarfi, mai sassauƙa, saurin amsawa, da haƙora masu kaifi, kuma hangen nesa da ƙamshi na dare suna da kyau. Nau'i ne na zamantakewa, amma mafarauci shi kaɗai ne kuma mafarauci mai cin nama. Sadarwar kyanwa ta haɗa da yin ƙwai, yin ƙwai, yin ƙwai, yin ƙwai, yin gunaguni, da kuma yaren jiki. Yana iya jin sautuka masu rauni ko kuma masu yawa a yawan da kunnen ɗan adam zai iya ji, kamar waɗanda ƙananan dabbobi masu shayarwa ke yi. Yana ɓoyewa da kuma fahimtar pheromones. Hankali na kyanwa yana bayyana a cikin ikonsa na daidaitawa, koyo ta hanyar lura, da kuma magance matsaloli. Kyanwa ta gida ita ce kawai nau'in da ake kula da shi a cikin dangin Felidae. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kyanwa}} [[Category:Dabba]] eb7alubnhu8m0i41mp8k6nnfo4ykzct 873639 873638 2026-07-01T13:37:59Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 873639 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Collage of Six Cats-02.jpg|thumb|right|260px|<span style="color:green;">Kyanwa</span>]] [[File:Felis catus-cat on snow.jpg|thumb|Mage cikin kankara]] '''Kyanwa''' ko '''Mage''' ko '''Mussa''' da [[Hausa]]r [[Zamfara]]wa (''Felis catus'') [[File:Tabby cat with blue eyes-3336579.jpg|thumb|wata mage da bulun ido]] kyanwa dai wata dabba ce cikin [[dabbobi]] Waɗanda ake ajiye su a mastayin dabbobin [[gida|gida.]] Waɗanda ba dan aci ake kiwon su ba, sai don nishaɗi.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://hausa.legit.ng/1294121-amfanin-kiwon-mage-a-gida-ga-mutane.html|date=18 January 2020|accessdate=10 October 2021|publisher=Legit.Hausa.ng|title=Amfanin kiwon mage a gida ga mutane, Nishadi, maganin ƙananan dambibi Kamar su ɓera|last= Usman|first= Jamil}}</ref> [[Fayil:Cat playing with a lizard.jpg|thumb|[[Fayil:Abessinierkatze Tilia 04.jpg|thumb|yanda mage ke kara kyau a waje]]yanda mage ke kama abinchinta]] Tana kyawata muhalli. Kyanwa (Felis catus), wacce kuma ake kira kyanwa ta gida da kyanwa ta gida, ƙaramar dabba ce mai cin nama ta gida. Memba ce ta Felidae, dangin dabbobi masu shayarwa a cikin tsarin Carnivora wanda kuma ake kira kuliyoyi. Nama ne mai cin nama, wanda galibi yana buƙatar abinci na nama. Fikafikansa masu ja da baya an daidaita su don kashe ƙananan nau'ikan dabbobi masu cin nama kamar beraye da beraye. Yana da jiki mai ƙarfi, mai sassauƙa, saurin amsawa, da haƙora masu kaifi, kuma hangen nesa da ƙamshi na dare suna da kyau. Nau'i ne na zamantakewa, amma mafarauci shi kaɗai ne kuma mafarauci mai cin nama. Sadarwar kyanwa ta haɗa da yin ƙwai, yin ƙwai, yin ƙwai, yin ƙwai, yin gunaguni, da kuma yaren jiki. Yana iya jin sautuka masu rauni ko kuma masu yawa a yawan da kunnen ɗan adam zai iya ji, kamar waɗanda ƙananan dabbobi masu shayarwa ke yi. Yana ɓoyewa da kuma fahimtar pheromones. Hankali na kyanwa yana bayyana a cikin ikonsa na daidaitawa, koyo ta hanyar lura, da kuma magance matsaloli. Kyanwa ta gida ita ce kawai nau'in da ake kula da shi a cikin dangin Felidae. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kyanwa}} [[Category:Dabba]] b6wx3x7jew7bpyzatuvi60o6ya0lcyw 0 3690 873670 791287 2026-07-01T14:28:26Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 873670 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Misalai 1''' shine babi na farko na Littafin Misalai a cikin Littafi Mai-Tsarki na Ibrananci ko [[Tsohon Alkawari]] na Littafi Mai-[[Kiristanci|Kirista]]. {{Sfn|Halley|1965}} Littafin tarin littattafan hikima ne da yawa, tare da taken a cikin 1: 1 ana iya nufin ɗaukar Sulemanu a matsayin marubucin gargajiya na dukan littafin, amma kwanakin tarin mutum suna da wuyar tantancewa, kuma littafin mai yiwuwa ya sami siffarsa ta ƙarshe a lokacin bayan gudun hijira.{{Sfn|Aitken|2007}} Wannan babi wani bangare ne na tarin farko na littafin.{{Sfn|Aitken|2007}} https://karinmaganaapp.web.app/ == Iabarin rubbutu == === Ibrananci === Tebur mai zuwa yana nuna rubutun Ibrananci <ref>{{Cite web |title=Proverbs – Chapter 1 |url=https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt2801.htm |publisher=Mechon Mamre}}</ref> na Misalai 1 tare da wasula tare da fassarar Turanci bisa ga fassarar JPS 1917 (yanzu a cikin Yankin jama'a).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Proverbs 1 - JPS 1917 |url=https://www.sefaria.org/Proverbs.1?ven=The_Holy_Scriptures:_A_New_Translation_(JPS_1917)&lang=bi |publisher=[[Sefaria |Sefaria.org]]}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Verse !Hebrew !English translation (JPS 1917) |- | style="text-align:right" |1 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|מִ֭שְׁלֵי שְׁלֹמֹ֣ה בֶן־דָּוִ֑ד מֶ֝֗לֶךְ יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃}}}} |The proverbs of Solomon the son of David, king of Israel; |- | style="text-align:right" |2 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|לָדַ֣עַת חׇכְמָ֣ה וּמוּסָ֑ר לְ֝הָבִ֗ין אִמְרֵ֥י בִינָֽה׃}}}} |To know wisdom and instruction; To comprehend the words of understanding; |- | style="text-align:right" |3 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|לָ֭קַחַת מוּסַ֣ר הַשְׂכֵּ֑ל צֶ֥דֶק וּ֝מִשְׁפָּ֗ט וּמֵשָׁרִֽים׃}}}} |To receive the discipline of wisdom, Justice, and right, and equity; |- | style="text-align:right" |4 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|לָתֵ֣ת לִפְתָאיִ֣ם עׇרְמָ֑ה לְ֝נַ֗עַר דַּ֣עַת וּמְזִמָּֽה׃}}}} |To give prudence to the simple, To the young man knowledge and discretion; |- | style="text-align:right" |5 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|יִשְׁמַ֣ע חָ֭כָם וְי֣וֹסֶף לֶ֑קַח וְ֝נָב֗וֹן תַּחְבֻּל֥וֹת יִקְנֶֽה׃}}}} |That the wise man may hear, and increase in learning, And the man of understanding may attain unto wise counsels; |- | style="text-align:right" |6 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|לְהָבִ֣ין מָ֭שָׁל וּמְלִיצָ֑ה דִּבְרֵ֥י חֲ֝כָמִ֗ים וְחִידֹתָֽם׃}}}} |To understand a proverb, and a figure; The words of the wise, and their dark sayings. |- | style="text-align:right" |7 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|יִרְאַ֣ת יְ֭הֹוָה רֵאשִׁ֣ית דָּ֑עַת חׇכְמָ֥ה וּ֝מוּסָ֗ר אֱוִילִ֥ים בָּֽזוּ׃}}}} |The fear of the LORD is the beginning of knowledge; But the foolish despise wisdom and discipline. |- | style="text-align:right" |8 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|שְׁמַ֣ע בְּ֭נִי מוּסַ֣ר אָבִ֑יךָ וְאַל־תִּ֝טֹּ֗שׁ תּוֹרַ֥ת אִמֶּֽךָ׃}}}} |Hear, my son, the instruction of thy father, And forsake not the teaching of thy mother; |- | style="text-align:right" |9 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|כִּ֤י ׀ לִוְיַ֤ת חֵ֓ן הֵ֬ם לְרֹאשֶׁ֑ךָ וַ֝עֲנָקִ֗ים לְגַרְגְּרֹתֶֽךָ׃}}}} |For they shall be a chaplet of grace unto thy head, And chains about thy neck. |- | style="text-align:right" |10 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|בְּנִ֡י אִם־יְפַתּ֥וּךָ חַ֝טָּאִ֗ים אַל־תֹּבֵֽא׃}}}} |My son, if sinners entice thee, Consent thou not. |- | style="text-align:right" |11 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|אִם־יֹאמְרוּ֮ לְכָ֢ה אִ֫תָּ֥נוּ נֶאֶרְבָ֥ה לְדָ֑ם נִצְפְּנָ֖ה לְנָקִ֣י חִנָּֽם׃}}}} |If they say: 'Come with us, Let us lie in wait for blood, Let us lurk for the innocent without cause; |- | style="text-align:right" |12 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|נִ֭בְלָעֵם כִּשְׁא֣וֹל חַיִּ֑ים וּ֝תְמִימִ֗ים כְּי֣וֹרְדֵי בֽוֹר׃}}}} |Let us swallow them up alive as the grave, and whole, as those that go down into the pit; |- | style="text-align:right" |13 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|כׇּל־ה֣וֹן יָקָ֣ר נִמְצָ֑א נְמַלֵּ֖א בָתֵּ֣ינוּ שָׁלָֽל׃}}}} |We shall find all precious substance, We shall fill our houses with spoil; |- | style="text-align:right" |14 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|גּ֭וֹרָ֣לְךָ תַּפִּ֣יל בְּתוֹכֵ֑נוּ כִּ֥יס אֶ֝חָ֗ד יִהְיֶ֥ה לְכֻלָּֽנוּ׃}}}} |Cast in thy lot among us; Let us all have one purse'— |- | style="text-align:right" |15 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|בְּנִ֗י אַל־תֵּלֵ֣ךְ בְּדֶ֣רֶךְ אִתָּ֑ם מְנַ֥ע רַ֝גְלְךָ֗ מִנְּתִיבָתָֽם׃}}}} |My son, walk not thou in the way with them, restrain thy foot from their path; |- | style="text-align:right" |16 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|כִּ֣י רַ֭גְלֵיהֶם לָרַ֣ע יָר֑וּצוּ וִ֝ימַהֲר֗וּ לִשְׁפׇּךְ־דָּֽם׃}}}} |For their feet run to evil, and they make haste to shed blood. |- | style="text-align:right" |17 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|כִּֽי־חִ֭נָּם מְזֹרָ֣ה הָרָ֑שֶׁת בְּ֝עֵינֵ֗י כׇּל־בַּ֥עַל כָּנָֽף׃}}}} |For in vain the net is spread in the eyes of any bird; |- | style="text-align:right" |18 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|וְ֭הֵם לְדָמָ֣ם יֶאֱרֹ֑בוּ יִ֝צְפְּנ֗וּ לְנַפְשֹׁתָֽם׃}}}} |And these lie in wait for their own blood, they lurk for their own lives. |- | style="text-align:right" |19 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|כֵּ֗ן אׇ֭רְחוֹת כׇּל־בֹּ֣צֵֽעַ בָּ֑צַע אֶת־נֶ֖פֶשׁ בְּעָלָ֣יו יִקָּֽח׃}}}} |So are the ways of every one that is greedy of gain; it taketh away the life of the owners thereof. |- | style="text-align:right" |20 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|חׇ֭כְמוֹת בַּח֣וּץ תָּרֹ֑נָּה בָּ֝רְחֹב֗וֹת תִּתֵּ֥ן קוֹלָֽהּ׃}}}} |Wisdom crieth aloud in the streets, she uttereth her voice in the broad places; |- | style="text-align:right" |21 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|בְּרֹ֥אשׁ הֹמִיּ֗וֹת תִּ֫קְרָ֥א בְּפִתְחֵ֖י שְׁעָרִ֥ים בָּעִ֗יר אֲמָרֶ֥יהָ תֹאמֵֽר׃}}}} |She calleth at the head of the noisy streets, at the entrances of the gates, in the city, she uttereth her words: |- | style="text-align:right" |22 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|עַד־מָתַ֣י ׀ פְּתָיִם֮ תְּֽאֵהֲב֫וּ־פֶ֥תִי וְלֵצִ֗ים לָ֭צוֹן חָמְד֣וּ לָהֶ֑ם וּ֝כְסִילִ֗ים יִשְׂנְאוּ־דָֽעַת׃}}}} |'How long, ye thoughtless, will ye love thoughtlessness? And how long will scorners delight them in scorning, And fools hate knowledge? |- | style="text-align:right" |23 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|תָּשׁ֗וּבוּ לְֽת֫וֹכַחְתִּ֥י הִנֵּ֤ה אַבִּ֣יעָה לָכֶ֣ם רוּחִ֑י אוֹדִ֖יעָה דְבָרַ֣י אֶתְכֶֽם׃}}}} |Turn you at my reproof; behold, I will pour out my spirit unto you, I will make known my words unto you. |- | style="text-align:right" |24 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|יַ֣עַן קָ֭רָאתִי וַתְּמָאֵ֑נוּ נָטִ֥יתִי יָ֝דִ֗י וְאֵ֣ין מַקְשִֽׁיב׃}}}} |Because I have called, and ye refused, I have stretched out my hand, and no man attended, |- | style="text-align:right" |25 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|וַתִּפְרְע֥וּ כׇל־עֲצָתִ֑י וְ֝תוֹכַחְתִּ֗י לֹ֣א אֲבִיתֶֽם׃}}}} |But ye have set at nought all my counsel, and would none of my reproof; |- | style="text-align:right" |26 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|גַּם־אֲ֭נִי בְּאֵידְכֶ֣ם אֶשְׂחָ֑ק אֶ֝לְעַ֗ג בְּבֹ֣א פַחְדְּכֶֽם׃}}}} |I also, in your calamity, will laugh, I will mock when your dread cometh; |- | style="text-align:right" |27 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|בְּבֹ֤א (כשאוה) [כְשׁוֹאָ֨ה ׀] פַּחְדְּכֶ֗ם וְֽ֭אֵידְכֶם כְּסוּפָ֣ה יֶאֱתֶ֑ה בְּבֹ֥א עֲ֝לֵיכֶ֗ם צָרָ֥ה וְצוּקָֽה׃}}}} |When your dread cometh as a storm, and your calamity cometh on as a whirlwind; When trouble and distress come upon you. |- | style="text-align:right" |28 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|אָ֣ז יִ֭קְרָאֻנְנִי וְלֹ֣א אֶעֱנֶ֑ה יְ֝שַׁחֲרֻ֗נְנִי וְלֹ֣א יִמְצָאֻֽנְנִי׃}}}} |Then will they call me, but I will not answer, they will seek me earnestly, but they shall not find me. |- | style="text-align:right" |29 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|תַּ֭חַת כִּֽי־שָׂ֣נְאוּ דָ֑עַת וְיִרְאַ֥ת יְ֝הֹוָ֗ה לֹ֣א בָחָֽרוּ׃}}}} |For that they hated knowledge, and did not choose the fear of the LORD; |- | style="text-align:right" |30 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|לֹא־אָב֥וּ לַעֲצָתִ֑י נָ֝אֲצ֗וּ כׇּל־תּוֹכַחְתִּֽי׃}}}} |They would none of my counsel, they despised all my reproof. |- | style="text-align:right" |31 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|וְֽ֭יֹאכְלוּ מִפְּרִ֣י דַרְכָּ֑ם וּֽמִמֹּעֲצֹ֖תֵיהֶ֣ם יִשְׂבָּֽעוּ׃}}}} |Therefore shall they eat of the fruit of their own way, and be filled with their own devices. |- | style="text-align:right" |32 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|כִּ֤י מְשׁוּבַ֣ת פְּתָיִ֣ם תַּהַרְגֵ֑ם וְשַׁלְוַ֖ת כְּסִילִ֣ים תְּאַבְּדֵֽם׃}}}} |For the waywardness of the thoughtless shall slay them, and the confidence of fools shall destroy them. |- | style="text-align:right" |33 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|וְשֹׁמֵ֣עַֽ לִ֭י יִשְׁכׇּן־בֶּ֑טַח וְ֝שַׁאֲנַ֗ן מִפַּ֥חַד רָעָֽה׃}}}} |But whoso hearkeneth unto me shall dwell securely, and shall be quiet without fear of evil.' |} === Shaidu na rubutu === W{{Sup|a}} rubuce-rubucen farko da ke dauke da rubutun wannan babi a Ibrananci na Masoretic Text ne, wanda ya hada da Aleppo Codex (karni na 10), da Codex Leningradensis (1008). {{Sfn|Würthwein|1995}} An samo raguwa da ke dauke da sassa na wannan babi a cikin Ibrananci a cikin Littafin Tekun Gishiri ciki har da 4Q102 (4QProva; 30 KZ - 30 AZ) tare da ayoyi 27-33 da suka wanzu.{{Sfn|Ulrich|2010}}{{Sfn|Fitzmyer|2008}} H'''A''' il^A yau, akwai fa'''S''' zuwa Koine Helenanci da aka ^S da [[Kalmar Septuagint|Septuagint]], wanda aka yi a cikin ƙarni na ƙarshe '''B'''; wasu ru^B-rubucen tsohuwar wannan sigar sun haɗa da Codex Vaticanus (B; <nowiki> </nowiki>G <nowiki> </nowiki>{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}} <nowiki> </nowiki>B; ƙarni na 4), Codex Sinaiticus (S; BHK: <nowiki> </nowiki>G <nowiki> </nowiki>{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}} <nowiki> </nowiki>S; ƙarni na 4), da kuma Codex Alexandrinus (A; <nowiki> </nowiki>G <nowiki> </nowiki>{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}} <nowiki> </nowiki>A; ƙarni na 5). {{Sfn|Würthwein|1995}} == Bincike == Wannan babin yana bude wani bangare da ake daukarsa a matsayin tarin farko a littafin Karin Magana (wanda ya hada da Karin Magana 1–9), wanda ake kira da "Tatsuniyoyi masu koyarwa". '''Littafin Bible na Urushalima''' ya bayyana babi na 1 zuwa 9 a matsayin gabatarwa ga babi na 10 zuwa 22:16, wato abin da ake kira da "gaskiyar karin maganar Sulaimanu", wanda ake dauka a matsayin "jikin littafin". Wannan babin yana da irin wannan tsari: * Gabatarwa (1:1-7) * Ka guji mugun mutane (1:8-19) * Magana ta Farko ta Hikima (1:20-33) == Gabatarwa (1:1-7) == Wannan ɓangaren yana ba da manufar da darajar dukan littafin, musamman tushen koyarwarsa.{{Sfn|Aitken|2007}} Kalmomin manufa guda biyar na tarin karin magana gabaɗaya an jera su a cikin ayoyi 1:2a, 2b, 3a, 4a, 6a na ɓangaren buɗewa. === Aya ta 1 === {{Blockquote|The proverbs of Solomon, son of David, king of Israel:|Proverbs 1:1, [[English Standard Version]]<ref>{{bibleverse|Proverbs|1:1|ESV}}</ref>}} * "Misali": daga sunan Ibrananci {{Lang|hbo|מָשָׁל}}, {{Transl|hbo|mashal}}, na iya nufin "koyarwar abu bisa ko ta amfani da kwatanci ko kwatanci", kuma yana iya zama "ɗan gajeren sanarwa" (Hisk'i 16:44), "koyarwa da aka samo daga gogewa" (Zabura 78:2-6), "yana faɗi ko ta kalma" (Dokar Kubawar Shari'a 28:37), ko " annabin albarka ta gaba" (Hik'i 21:1-5). * "Masu'in Sulemanu": magana ce da ake la'akari da taken dukan littafin, kodayake ba ta nufin cewa Sulemanu ya rubuta ko ya tattara duk karin magana a cikin wannan littafin ba, saboda wasu sassan tarin ne da ke ɗauke da sunayen marubuta daban-daban, kamar "maganganun masu hikima" (Masu'u 22:17-24:22), "mafi yawan maganganun masu ilimi" (Maru'u 24:23-34), "kalmomin Agur" (Manu'u 30:1-33) da "kalm'u na Lemuli" (Mutum'u 31:1-9). Littafin bazai kasance a cikin tsari na ƙarshe a zamanin Sulemanu ba, saboda akwai bayanin kula a ciki cewa "mutane na Hezekiya" sun kara tarin karin magana na Sulemanu zuwa tsarin da ke cikin littafin (Mutum 25:1-29:27). <ref name="01note_b" /> === Aya ta 2 === {{Blockquote|To know wisdom and instruction; to perceive the words of understanding;|Proverbs 1:2, [[King James Version]]<ref>{{bibleverse|Proverbs|1:2|KJV}}</ref>}} * "Don sani" daga kalmar Ibrananci {{Lang|hbo|יָדַע}}, {{Transl|hbo|yadaʿ}}, wanda zai iya nufin "ko san" ko "ko zama mai hikima". * "Haske" daga sunan Ibrananci {{Lang|hbo|חָכְמָה}}, {{Transl|hbo|khokhmah}}, wanda ke nufin 'ƙwarewa, iyawa' kuma ana iya yin la'akari da "ƙwarewar ɗabi'a. " Kalmar tana nufin "ƙwarewa" wanda ke samar da wani abu mai daraja, kamar ƙwarewar hannu na masu sana'a (Fitowa 31:6; {{Sfn|Aitken|2007}} 35:35; cf. Ishaya 40:20), ƙwarewar kewayawa na ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa (Zabura 107:27; Ezekiel 27:8), ƙwarewa na masu saƙa (Fitowa 35:26), <ref name="02note_c" /> ko ƙwarewar masu gudanarwa (1 Sarakuna 3:28). <ref>{{Bibleverse|Exodus|31:6}}</ref><ref>{{Bibleverse|Psalm|107:27}}</ref><ref>{{Bibleverse|Exodus|35:26}}</ref> Kubawar Shari'a 4:6 yana nufin dokoki da dokoki da Allah ya ba su a matsayin hikimar Isra'ila. <ref name="02note_c" /><ref>{{Bibleverse|Deuteronomy|4:6}}</ref> Koyon game da hikima yana nufin 'ku kasance sanye take da ƙwarewar da ake buƙata don rayuwa mai kyau da nasara'.{{Sfn|Aitken|2007}}{{Sfn|Aitken|2007}} * "Instruction": Sunan ({{Lang|hbo|מוּסָר}}, {{Transl|hbo|musar}}, wanda ke da ma'ana sau uku: (1) jiki ko iyaye: "horo; azabtarwa" (ciki har da na Allah) (2) magana: "gargadi; gargaɗi" da (3) ɗabi'a: "koyarwa; koyarwa", kamar yadda aka karɓa a ƙarƙashin ikon iyaye ko malami (cf. Misalai 4:1-5).{{Sfn|Aitken|2007}} Wannan kalmar an haɗa ta da "hikima" ({{Transl|hbo|khokhmah}}) sau hudu a cikin littafin (Misali 1:2, 7; 15:33, 23:23). <ref>{{Bibleverse|Proverbs|15:33}}</ref><ref>{{Bibleverse|Proverbs|23:23}}</ref><ref name="02note_d" /> === Aya ta 7 === {{Blockquote|The fear of the Lord is the beginning of knowledge: but fools despise wisdom and instruction.|Proverbs 1:7, King James Version<ref>{{bibleverse|Proverbs|1:7|KJV}}</ref>}} === "Tsoron Ubangiji": === Kalmar nan ta samo asali ne daga Ibraniyanci: '''יִרְאַת יְהוָה (''yir’at YHWH'')''', wato "tsoron YHWH (Ubangiji)", inda '''"YHWH"''' (sunan Allah) yake a matsayin wanda ake tsoro da girmamawa — wato shi ne abin da ake ji tsoro daga gare shi kuma ake girmamawa.[1] Wannan furucin yana kunshe da: * '''Girmamawa da ladabtarwa ga Allah''' (duba Ishaya 8:13) * '''Da biyayya gare shi''' (duba Kubawar Shari’a 10:12–13; Mai-Wa’azi 12:13) An bayyana wannan '''"tsoron Ubangiji"''' a nan a matsayin '''sharadin samun hikima ta gaskiya''', kuma ana maimaita shi a Karin Magana 9:10 don rufe wannan sashe daga Karin Magana 1–9, == Guje wa mugayen mutane (1:8-19) == Wannan ɓangaren ya ƙunshi na farko na umarni da yawa daga "mahaifin ɗansa" a cikin littafin Misalai.{{Sfn|Aitken|2007}} Halayen waɗannan umarni sune:{{Sfn|Aitken|2007}} * roƙo don kulawa (duba aya ta 8); * umarnin da aka bayyana a matsayin umarni ko haramtacciya (duba ayoyi 10b, 15), da kuma * sassan motsawa don kula da umarnin (duba ayoyi 9, 16-19). Ya bambanta da al'ada a makarantun hikima na Misira da Babila, wanda ke da irin wannan saitin koyarwa daga malami ga ɗalibai, daidaituwa tsakanin uba da uwa (duba aya ta 8) yana nuna cewa umarnin da ke cikin littafin Misalai na iya samun saitin koyarwar iyaye a gida.{{Sfn|Aitken|2007}} Kodayake suna ɗauke da tunatarwa akai-akai game da ikon iyaye, sassan motsawa suna da sha'awar kyakkyawar ma'anar mutum fiye da aikin yin biyayya ga iyaye.{{Sfn|Aitken|2007}} === Aya ta 8 ===   Wannan nau'in roko, ''Ɗana'', "ana ci gaba da maimaitawa a cikin waɗannan surori na buɗewa". Rabi na Faransa na zamani Rashi ya ba da shawarar cewa "mahaifin" yana nufin Allah, mahaifin bil'adama, kuma "koyarwa" ko "horo" yana nufin doka da Allah "ya ba [[Musa]] a rubuce da baki". Hakazalika, ya ba da shawarar cewa "mahaifiyar" tana nufin "al'ummarku, al'ummar Isra'ila". Masanin tauhidi John Gill ya kalubalanci wannan: {{Blockquote|This is not to be understood of God the Father of mankind, and of that law which he has given them, as Jarchi (Rashi) and Gersom{{efn|Probably [[Gershom ben Judah]], {{c.|960–1040}}}} interpret it, but of Solomon and his son in a literal sense; and of anyone that came to him for instruction, any pupil, hearer, or reader of his; and it is a direction to all children to hearken to the instruction of their parents, and obey their commands.<ref>Gill, J., [https://biblehub.com/commentaries/gill/proverbs/1.htm Gill's Exposition: Proverbs 1], accessed 1 April 2021</ref>}} == Jawabin farko na Hikima (1:20-33) == A cikin wannan nassi An kwatanta Hikima a matsayin mace, wacce ke magana da ikon allahntaka (tushen wannan ikon an bayyana shi a Misalai 8:22-31). {{Sfn|Aitken|2007}} Karkatar da Hikima zai nufin kin amincewa da "tsoron Ubangiji" (asusu na 29), kuma an zarge shi da harshe da ke kusa da zargi na annabci (cf. Ishaya 65:1-2,12; Irmiya 6:19). {{Sfn|Aitken|2007}} A gefe guda, waɗanda suka yi biyayya da Hikima za su ji daɗin tsaro da kwanciyar hankali waɗanda suka yi sauraro da Hikima (Abinsa 33; duba Misalai 3:21-26).{{Sfn|Aitken|2007}} == Dubi kuma == {{Columns-list|*[[Blessing]] *[[Divine judgment]] *[[Divine providence]] *[[Earth]] *[[Evil]] *[[Heaven]] *[[Longevity]] *[[Mercy]] *[[Mitzvah]] *[[Peace]] *[[Righteousness]] *[[Wisdom]] *[[Yahweh|YHWH]]}} == Bayani == {{Notelist}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Tushen == == Haɗin waje == * Fassarar [[Yahudanci|Yahudawa]]: ** Mishlei - Misalai - Babi na 1 (Judaica Press) fassarar [tare da sharhin Rashi] a Chabad.org * Fassarar [[Kiristanci|Kirista]]: Littafi Mai-Tsarki na kan layi a GospelHall.org (ESV, KJV, Darby, American Standard Version, Littafi Mai-Msarki a cikin Turanci na asali) ** [http://www.gospelhall.org/bible/bible.php?passage=Proverbs+1 Littafi Mai Tsarki na kan layi a GospelHall.org] (ESV, KJV, Darby, American Standard Version, Littafi Mai-Tsarki a cikin Turanci na asali) * [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=24&chapter=1&version=9 Littafin Misalai Babi na 1 King James Version] * .org/search?title=Book+of+Proverbs&author=&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">''Littafin Misalai'' na jama'a a LibriVox [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ep3867w78uga77vm2qp83vbhtmfw2lt 873786 873670 2026-07-01T20:28:07Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 873786 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Misalai 1''' shine babi na farko na Littafin Misalai a cikin Littafi Mai-Tsarki na Ibrananci ko [[Tsohon Alkawari]] na Littafi Mai-[[Kiristanci|Kirista]]. {{Sfn|Halley|1965}} Littafin tarin littattafan hikima ne da yawa, tare da taken a cikin 1: 1 ana iya nufin ɗaukar Sulemanu a matsayin marubucin gargajiya na dukan littafin, amma kwanakin tarin mutum suna da wuyar tantancewa, kuma littafin mai yiwuwa ya sami siffarsa ta ƙarshe a lokacin bayan gudun hijira.{{Sfn|Aitken|2007}} Wannan babi wani bangare ne na tarin farko na littafin.{{Sfn|Aitken|2007}} https://karinmaganganuapp.web.app/ == Iabarin rubbutu == === Ibrananci === Tebur mai zuwa yana nuna rubutun Ibrananci <ref>{{Cite web |title=Proverbs – Chapter 1 |url=https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt2801.htm |publisher=Mechon Mamre}}</ref> na Misalai 1 tare da wasula tare da fassarar Turanci bisa ga fassarar JPS 1917 (yanzu a cikin Yankin jama'a).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Proverbs 1 - JPS 1917 |url=https://www.sefaria.org/Proverbs.1?ven=The_Holy_Scriptures:_A_New_Translation_(JPS_1917)&lang=bi |publisher=[[Sefaria |Sefaria.org]]}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Verse !Hebrew !English translation (JPS 1917) |- | style="text-align:right" |1 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|מִ֭שְׁלֵי שְׁלֹמֹ֣ה בֶן־דָּוִ֑ד מֶ֝֗לֶךְ יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃}}}} |The proverbs of Solomon the son of David, king of Israel; |- | style="text-align:right" |2 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|לָדַ֣עַת חׇכְמָ֣ה וּמוּסָ֑ר לְ֝הָבִ֗ין אִמְרֵ֥י בִינָֽה׃}}}} |To know wisdom and instruction; To comprehend the words of understanding; |- | style="text-align:right" |3 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|לָ֭קַחַת מוּסַ֣ר הַשְׂכֵּ֑ל צֶ֥דֶק וּ֝מִשְׁפָּ֗ט וּמֵשָׁרִֽים׃}}}} |To receive the discipline of wisdom, Justice, and right, and equity; |- | style="text-align:right" |4 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|לָתֵ֣ת לִפְתָאיִ֣ם עׇרְמָ֑ה לְ֝נַ֗עַר דַּ֣עַת וּמְזִמָּֽה׃}}}} |To give prudence to the simple, To the young man knowledge and discretion; |- | style="text-align:right" |5 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|יִשְׁמַ֣ע חָ֭כָם וְי֣וֹסֶף לֶ֑קַח וְ֝נָב֗וֹן תַּחְבֻּל֥וֹת יִקְנֶֽה׃}}}} |That the wise man may hear, and increase in learning, And the man of understanding may attain unto wise counsels; |- | style="text-align:right" |6 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|לְהָבִ֣ין מָ֭שָׁל וּמְלִיצָ֑ה דִּבְרֵ֥י חֲ֝כָמִ֗ים וְחִידֹתָֽם׃}}}} |To understand a proverb, and a figure; The words of the wise, and their dark sayings. |- | style="text-align:right" |7 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|יִרְאַ֣ת יְ֭הֹוָה רֵאשִׁ֣ית דָּ֑עַת חׇכְמָ֥ה וּ֝מוּסָ֗ר אֱוִילִ֥ים בָּֽזוּ׃}}}} |The fear of the LORD is the beginning of knowledge; But the foolish despise wisdom and discipline. |- | style="text-align:right" |8 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|שְׁמַ֣ע בְּ֭נִי מוּסַ֣ר אָבִ֑יךָ וְאַל־תִּ֝טֹּ֗שׁ תּוֹרַ֥ת אִמֶּֽךָ׃}}}} |Hear, my son, the instruction of thy father, And forsake not the teaching of thy mother; |- | style="text-align:right" |9 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|כִּ֤י ׀ לִוְיַ֤ת חֵ֓ן הֵ֬ם לְרֹאשֶׁ֑ךָ וַ֝עֲנָקִ֗ים לְגַרְגְּרֹתֶֽךָ׃}}}} |For they shall be a chaplet of grace unto thy head, And chains about thy neck. |- | style="text-align:right" |10 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|בְּנִ֡י אִם־יְפַתּ֥וּךָ חַ֝טָּאִ֗ים אַל־תֹּבֵֽא׃}}}} |My son, if sinners entice thee, Consent thou not. |- | style="text-align:right" |11 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|אִם־יֹאמְרוּ֮ לְכָ֢ה אִ֫תָּ֥נוּ נֶאֶרְבָ֥ה לְדָ֑ם נִצְפְּנָ֖ה לְנָקִ֣י חִנָּֽם׃}}}} |If they say: 'Come with us, Let us lie in wait for blood, Let us lurk for the innocent without cause; |- | style="text-align:right" |12 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|נִ֭בְלָעֵם כִּשְׁא֣וֹל חַיִּ֑ים וּ֝תְמִימִ֗ים כְּי֣וֹרְדֵי בֽוֹר׃}}}} |Let us swallow them up alive as the grave, and whole, as those that go down into the pit; |- | style="text-align:right" |13 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|כׇּל־ה֣וֹן יָקָ֣ר נִמְצָ֑א נְמַלֵּ֖א בָתֵּ֣ינוּ שָׁלָֽל׃}}}} |We shall find all precious substance, We shall fill our houses with spoil; |- | style="text-align:right" |14 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|גּ֭וֹרָ֣לְךָ תַּפִּ֣יל בְּתוֹכֵ֑נוּ כִּ֥יס אֶ֝חָ֗ד יִהְיֶ֥ה לְכֻלָּֽנוּ׃}}}} |Cast in thy lot among us; Let us all have one purse'— |- | style="text-align:right" |15 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|בְּנִ֗י אַל־תֵּלֵ֣ךְ בְּדֶ֣רֶךְ אִתָּ֑ם מְנַ֥ע רַ֝גְלְךָ֗ מִנְּתִיבָתָֽם׃}}}} |My son, walk not thou in the way with them, restrain thy foot from their path; |- | style="text-align:right" |16 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|כִּ֣י רַ֭גְלֵיהֶם לָרַ֣ע יָר֑וּצוּ וִ֝ימַהֲר֗וּ לִשְׁפׇּךְ־דָּֽם׃}}}} |For their feet run to evil, and they make haste to shed blood. |- | style="text-align:right" |17 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|כִּֽי־חִ֭נָּם מְזֹרָ֣ה הָרָ֑שֶׁת בְּ֝עֵינֵ֗י כׇּל־בַּ֥עַל כָּנָֽף׃}}}} |For in vain the net is spread in the eyes of any bird; |- | style="text-align:right" |18 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|וְ֭הֵם לְדָמָ֣ם יֶאֱרֹ֑בוּ יִ֝צְפְּנ֗וּ לְנַפְשֹׁתָֽם׃}}}} |And these lie in wait for their own blood, they lurk for their own lives. |- | style="text-align:right" |19 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|כֵּ֗ן אׇ֭רְחוֹת כׇּל־בֹּ֣צֵֽעַ בָּ֑צַע אֶת־נֶ֖פֶשׁ בְּעָלָ֣יו יִקָּֽח׃}}}} |So are the ways of every one that is greedy of gain; it taketh away the life of the owners thereof. |- | style="text-align:right" |20 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|חׇ֭כְמוֹת בַּח֣וּץ תָּרֹ֑נָּה בָּ֝רְחֹב֗וֹת תִּתֵּ֥ן קוֹלָֽהּ׃}}}} |Wisdom crieth aloud in the streets, she uttereth her voice in the broad places; |- | style="text-align:right" |21 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|בְּרֹ֥אשׁ הֹמִיּ֗וֹת תִּ֫קְרָ֥א בְּפִתְחֵ֖י שְׁעָרִ֥ים בָּעִ֗יר אֲמָרֶ֥יהָ תֹאמֵֽר׃}}}} |She calleth at the head of the noisy streets, at the entrances of the gates, in the city, she uttereth her words: |- | style="text-align:right" |22 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|עַד־מָתַ֣י ׀ פְּתָיִם֮ תְּֽאֵהֲב֫וּ־פֶ֥תִי וְלֵצִ֗ים לָ֭צוֹן חָמְד֣וּ לָהֶ֑ם וּ֝כְסִילִ֗ים יִשְׂנְאוּ־דָֽעַת׃}}}} |'How long, ye thoughtless, will ye love thoughtlessness? And how long will scorners delight them in scorning, And fools hate knowledge? |- | style="text-align:right" |23 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|תָּשׁ֗וּבוּ לְֽת֫וֹכַחְתִּ֥י הִנֵּ֤ה אַבִּ֣יעָה לָכֶ֣ם רוּחִ֑י אוֹדִ֖יעָה דְבָרַ֣י אֶתְכֶֽם׃}}}} |Turn you at my reproof; behold, I will pour out my spirit unto you, I will make known my words unto you. |- | style="text-align:right" |24 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|יַ֣עַן קָ֭רָאתִי וַתְּמָאֵ֑נוּ נָטִ֥יתִי יָ֝דִ֗י וְאֵ֣ין מַקְשִֽׁיב׃}}}} |Because I have called, and ye refused, I have stretched out my hand, and no man attended, |- | style="text-align:right" |25 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|וַתִּפְרְע֥וּ כׇל־עֲצָתִ֑י וְ֝תוֹכַחְתִּ֗י לֹ֣א אֲבִיתֶֽם׃}}}} |But ye have set at nought all my counsel, and would none of my reproof; |- | style="text-align:right" |26 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|גַּם־אֲ֭נִי בְּאֵידְכֶ֣ם אֶשְׂחָ֑ק אֶ֝לְעַ֗ג בְּבֹ֣א פַחְדְּכֶֽם׃}}}} |I also, in your calamity, will laugh, I will mock when your dread cometh; |- | style="text-align:right" |27 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|בְּבֹ֤א (כשאוה) [כְשׁוֹאָ֨ה ׀] פַּחְדְּכֶ֗ם וְֽ֭אֵידְכֶם כְּסוּפָ֣ה יֶאֱתֶ֑ה בְּבֹ֥א עֲ֝לֵיכֶ֗ם צָרָ֥ה וְצוּקָֽה׃}}}} |When your dread cometh as a storm, and your calamity cometh on as a whirlwind; When trouble and distress come upon you. |- | style="text-align:right" |28 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|אָ֣ז יִ֭קְרָאֻנְנִי וְלֹ֣א אֶעֱנֶ֑ה יְ֝שַׁחֲרֻ֗נְנִי וְלֹ֣א יִמְצָאֻֽנְנִי׃}}}} |Then will they call me, but I will not answer, they will seek me earnestly, but they shall not find me. |- | style="text-align:right" |29 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|תַּ֭חַת כִּֽי־שָׂ֣נְאוּ דָ֑עַת וְיִרְאַ֥ת יְ֝הֹוָ֗ה לֹ֣א בָחָֽרוּ׃}}}} |For that they hated knowledge, and did not choose the fear of the LORD; |- | style="text-align:right" |30 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|לֹא־אָב֥וּ לַעֲצָתִ֑י נָ֝אֲצ֗וּ כׇּל־תּוֹכַחְתִּֽי׃}}}} |They would none of my counsel, they despised all my reproof. |- | style="text-align:right" |31 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|וְֽ֭יֹאכְלוּ מִפְּרִ֣י דַרְכָּ֑ם וּֽמִמֹּעֲצֹ֖תֵיהֶ֣ם יִשְׂבָּֽעוּ׃}}}} |Therefore shall they eat of the fruit of their own way, and be filled with their own devices. |- | style="text-align:right" |32 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|כִּ֤י מְשׁוּבַ֣ת פְּתָיִ֣ם תַּהַרְגֵ֑ם וְשַׁלְוַ֖ת כְּסִילִ֣ים תְּאַבְּדֵֽם׃}}}} |For the waywardness of the thoughtless shall slay them, and the confidence of fools shall destroy them. |- | style="text-align:right" |33 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|וְשֹׁמֵ֣עַֽ לִ֭י יִשְׁכׇּן־בֶּ֑טַח וְ֝שַׁאֲנַ֗ן מִפַּ֥חַד רָעָֽה׃}}}} |But whoso hearkeneth unto me shall dwell securely, and shall be quiet without fear of evil.' |} === Shaidu na rubutu === W{{Sup|a}} rubuce-rubucen farko da ke dauke da rubutun wannan babi a Ibrananci na Masoretic Text ne, wanda ya hada da Aleppo Codex (karni na 10), da Codex Leningradensis (1008). {{Sfn|Würthwein|1995}} An samo raguwa da ke dauke da sassa na wannan babi a cikin Ibrananci a cikin Littafin Tekun Gishiri ciki har da 4Q102 (4QProva; 30 KZ - 30 AZ) tare da ayoyi 27-33 da suka wanzu.{{Sfn|Ulrich|2010}}{{Sfn|Fitzmyer|2008}} H'''A''' il^A yau, akwai fa'''S''' zuwa Koine Helenanci da aka ^S da [[Kalmar Septuagint|Septuagint]], wanda aka yi a cikin ƙarni na ƙarshe '''B'''; wasu ru^B-rubucen tsohuwar wannan sigar sun haɗa da Codex Vaticanus (B; <nowiki> </nowiki>G <nowiki> </nowiki>{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}} <nowiki> </nowiki>B; ƙarni na 4), Codex Sinaiticus (S; BHK: <nowiki> </nowiki>G <nowiki> </nowiki>{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}} <nowiki> </nowiki>S; ƙarni na 4), da kuma Codex Alexandrinus (A; <nowiki> </nowiki>G <nowiki> </nowiki>{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}} <nowiki> </nowiki>A; ƙarni na 5). {{Sfn|Würthwein|1995}} == Bincike == Wannan babin yana bude wani bangare da ake daukarsa a matsayin tarin farko a littafin Karin Magana (wanda ya hada da Karin Magana 1–9), wanda ake kira da "Tatsuniyoyi masu koyarwa". '''Littafin Bible na Urushalima''' ya bayyana babi na 1 zuwa 9 a matsayin gabatarwa ga babi na 10 zuwa 22:16, wato abin da ake kira da "gaskiyar karin maganar Sulaimanu", wanda ake dauka a matsayin "jikin littafin". Wannan babin yana da irin wannan tsari: * Gabatarwa (1:1-7) * Ka guji mugun mutane (1:8-19) * Magana ta Farko ta Hikima (1:20-33) == Gabatarwa (1:1-7) == Wannan ɓangaren yana ba da manufar da darajar dukan littafin, musamman tushen koyarwarsa.{{Sfn|Aitken|2007}} Kalmomin manufa guda biyar na tarin karin magana gabaɗaya an jera su a cikin ayoyi 1:2a, 2b, 3a, 4a, 6a na ɓangaren buɗewa. === Aya ta 1 === {{Blockquote|The proverbs of Solomon, son of David, king of Israel:|Proverbs 1:1, [[English Standard Version]]<ref>{{bibleverse|Proverbs|1:1|ESV}}</ref>}} * "Misali": daga sunan Ibrananci {{Lang|hbo|מָשָׁל}}, {{Transl|hbo|mashal}}, na iya nufin "koyarwar abu bisa ko ta amfani da kwatanci ko kwatanci", kuma yana iya zama "ɗan gajeren sanarwa" (Hisk'i 16:44), "koyarwa da aka samo daga gogewa" (Zabura 78:2-6), "yana faɗi ko ta kalma" (Dokar Kubawar Shari'a 28:37), ko " annabin albarka ta gaba" (Hik'i 21:1-5). * "Masu'in Sulemanu": magana ce da ake la'akari da taken dukan littafin, kodayake ba ta nufin cewa Sulemanu ya rubuta ko ya tattara duk karin magana a cikin wannan littafin ba, saboda wasu sassan tarin ne da ke ɗauke da sunayen marubuta daban-daban, kamar "maganganun masu hikima" (Masu'u 22:17-24:22), "mafi yawan maganganun masu ilimi" (Maru'u 24:23-34), "kalmomin Agur" (Manu'u 30:1-33) da "kalm'u na Lemuli" (Mutum'u 31:1-9). Littafin bazai kasance a cikin tsari na ƙarshe a zamanin Sulemanu ba, saboda akwai bayanin kula a ciki cewa "mutane na Hezekiya" sun kara tarin karin magana na Sulemanu zuwa tsarin da ke cikin littafin (Mutum 25:1-29:27). <ref name="01note_b" /> === Aya ta 2 === {{Blockquote|To know wisdom and instruction; to perceive the words of understanding;|Proverbs 1:2, [[King James Version]]<ref>{{bibleverse|Proverbs|1:2|KJV}}</ref>}} * "Don sani" daga kalmar Ibrananci {{Lang|hbo|יָדַע}}, {{Transl|hbo|yadaʿ}}, wanda zai iya nufin "ko san" ko "ko zama mai hikima". * "Haske" daga sunan Ibrananci {{Lang|hbo|חָכְמָה}}, {{Transl|hbo|khokhmah}}, wanda ke nufin 'ƙwarewa, iyawa' kuma ana iya yin la'akari da "ƙwarewar ɗabi'a. " Kalmar tana nufin "ƙwarewa" wanda ke samar da wani abu mai daraja, kamar ƙwarewar hannu na masu sana'a (Fitowa 31:6; {{Sfn|Aitken|2007}} 35:35; cf. Ishaya 40:20), ƙwarewar kewayawa na ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa (Zabura 107:27; Ezekiel 27:8), ƙwarewa na masu saƙa (Fitowa 35:26), <ref name="02note_c" /> ko ƙwarewar masu gudanarwa (1 Sarakuna 3:28). <ref>{{Bibleverse|Exodus|31:6}}</ref><ref>{{Bibleverse|Psalm|107:27}}</ref><ref>{{Bibleverse|Exodus|35:26}}</ref> Kubawar Shari'a 4:6 yana nufin dokoki da dokoki da Allah ya ba su a matsayin hikimar Isra'ila. <ref name="02note_c" /><ref>{{Bibleverse|Deuteronomy|4:6}}</ref> Koyon game da hikima yana nufin 'ku kasance sanye take da ƙwarewar da ake buƙata don rayuwa mai kyau da nasara'.{{Sfn|Aitken|2007}}{{Sfn|Aitken|2007}} * "Instruction": Sunan ({{Lang|hbo|מוּסָר}}, {{Transl|hbo|musar}}, wanda ke da ma'ana sau uku: (1) jiki ko iyaye: "horo; azabtarwa" (ciki har da na Allah) (2) magana: "gargadi; gargaɗi" da (3) ɗabi'a: "koyarwa; koyarwa", kamar yadda aka karɓa a ƙarƙashin ikon iyaye ko malami (cf. Misalai 4:1-5).{{Sfn|Aitken|2007}} Wannan kalmar an haɗa ta da "hikima" ({{Transl|hbo|khokhmah}}) sau hudu a cikin littafin (Misali 1:2, 7; 15:33, 23:23). <ref>{{Bibleverse|Proverbs|15:33}}</ref><ref>{{Bibleverse|Proverbs|23:23}}</ref><ref name="02note_d" /> === Aya ta 7 === {{Blockquote|The fear of the Lord is the beginning of knowledge: but fools despise wisdom and instruction.|Proverbs 1:7, King James Version<ref>{{bibleverse|Proverbs|1:7|KJV}}</ref>}} === "Tsoron Ubangiji": === Kalmar nan ta samo asali ne daga Ibraniyanci: '''יִרְאַת יְהוָה (''yir’at YHWH'')''', wato "tsoron YHWH (Ubangiji)", inda '''"YHWH"''' (sunan Allah) yake a matsayin wanda ake tsoro da girmamawa — wato shi ne abin da ake ji tsoro daga gare shi kuma ake girmamawa.[1] Wannan furucin yana kunshe da: * '''Girmamawa da ladabtarwa ga Allah''' (duba Ishaya 8:13) * '''Da biyayya gare shi''' (duba Kubawar Shari’a 10:12–13; Mai-Wa’azi 12:13) An bayyana wannan '''"tsoron Ubangiji"''' a nan a matsayin '''sharadin samun hikima ta gaskiya''', kuma ana maimaita shi a Karin Magana 9:10 don rufe wannan sashe daga Karin Magana 1–9, == Guje wa mugayen mutane (1:8-19) == Wannan ɓangaren ya ƙunshi na farko na umarni da yawa daga "mahaifin ɗansa" a cikin littafin Misalai.{{Sfn|Aitken|2007}} Halayen waɗannan umarni sune:{{Sfn|Aitken|2007}} * roƙo don kulawa (duba aya ta 8); * umarnin da aka bayyana a matsayin umarni ko haramtacciya (duba ayoyi 10b, 15), da kuma * sassan motsawa don kula da umarnin (duba ayoyi 9, 16-19). Ya bambanta da al'ada a makarantun hikima na Misira da Babila, wanda ke da irin wannan saitin koyarwa daga malami ga ɗalibai, daidaituwa tsakanin uba da uwa (duba aya ta 8) yana nuna cewa umarnin da ke cikin littafin Misalai na iya samun saitin koyarwar iyaye a gida.{{Sfn|Aitken|2007}} Kodayake suna ɗauke da tunatarwa akai-akai game da ikon iyaye, sassan motsawa suna da sha'awar kyakkyawar ma'anar mutum fiye da aikin yin biyayya ga iyaye.{{Sfn|Aitken|2007}} === Aya ta 8 ===   Wannan nau'in roko, ''Ɗana'', "ana ci gaba da maimaitawa a cikin waɗannan surori na buɗewa". Rabi na Faransa na zamani Rashi ya ba da shawarar cewa "mahaifin" yana nufin Allah, mahaifin bil'adama, kuma "koyarwa" ko "horo" yana nufin doka da Allah "ya ba [[Musa]] a rubuce da baki". Hakazalika, ya ba da shawarar cewa "mahaifiyar" tana nufin "al'ummarku, al'ummar Isra'ila". Masanin tauhidi John Gill ya kalubalanci wannan: {{Blockquote|This is not to be understood of God the Father of mankind, and of that law which he has given them, as Jarchi (Rashi) and Gersom{{efn|Probably [[Gershom ben Judah]], {{c.|960–1040}}}} interpret it, but of Solomon and his son in a literal sense; and of anyone that came to him for instruction, any pupil, hearer, or reader of his; and it is a direction to all children to hearken to the instruction of their parents, and obey their commands.<ref>Gill, J., [https://biblehub.com/commentaries/gill/proverbs/1.htm Gill's Exposition: Proverbs 1], accessed 1 April 2021</ref>}} == Jawabin farko na Hikima (1:20-33) == A cikin wannan nassi An kwatanta Hikima a matsayin mace, wacce ke magana da ikon allahntaka (tushen wannan ikon an bayyana shi a Misalai 8:22-31). {{Sfn|Aitken|2007}} Karkatar da Hikima zai nufin kin amincewa da "tsoron Ubangiji" (asusu na 29), kuma an zarge shi da harshe da ke kusa da zargi na annabci (cf. Ishaya 65:1-2,12; Irmiya 6:19). {{Sfn|Aitken|2007}} A gefe guda, waɗanda suka yi biyayya da Hikima za su ji daɗin tsaro da kwanciyar hankali waɗanda suka yi sauraro da Hikima (Abinsa 33; duba Misalai 3:21-26).{{Sfn|Aitken|2007}} == Dubi kuma == {{Columns-list|*[[Blessing]] *[[Divine judgment]] *[[Divine providence]] *[[Earth]] *[[Evil]] *[[Heaven]] *[[Longevity]] *[[Mercy]] *[[Mitzvah]] *[[Peace]] *[[Righteousness]] *[[Wisdom]] *[[Yahweh|YHWH]]}} == Bayani == {{Notelist}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Tushen == == Haɗin waje == * Fassarar [[Yahudanci|Yahudawa]]: ** Mishlei - Misalai - Babi na 1 (Judaica Press) fassarar [tare da sharhin Rashi] a Chabad.org * Fassarar [[Kiristanci|Kirista]]: Littafi Mai-Tsarki na kan layi a GospelHall.org (ESV, KJV, Darby, American Standard Version, Littafi Mai-Msarki a cikin Turanci na asali) ** [http://www.gospelhall.org/bible/bible.php?passage=Proverbs+1 Littafi Mai Tsarki na kan layi a GospelHall.org] (ESV, KJV, Darby, American Standard Version, Littafi Mai-Tsarki a cikin Turanci na asali) * [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=24&chapter=1&version=9 Littafin Misalai Babi na 1 King James Version] * .org/search?title=Book+of+Proverbs&author=&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">''Littafin Misalai'' na jama'a a LibriVox [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cvuuzk2lyiv1l602yywmxa7hfjudbaz 874139 873786 2026-07-02T07:21:12Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 874139 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Misalai 1''' shine babi na farko na Littafin Misalai a cikin Littafi Mai-Tsarki na Ibrananci ko [[Tsohon Alkawari]] na Littafi Mai-[[Kiristanci|Kirista]]. {{Sfn|Halley|1965}} Littafin tarin littattafan hikima ne da yawa, tare da taken a cikin 1: 1 ana iya nufin ɗaukar Sulemanu a matsayin marubucin gargajiya na dukan littafin, amma kwanakin tarin mutum suna da wuyar tantancewa, kuma littafin mai yiwuwa ya sami siffarsa ta ƙarshe a lokacin bayan gudun hijira.{{Sfn|Aitken|2007}} Wannan babi wani bangare ne na tarin farko na littafin.{{Sfn|Aitken|2007}} https://karinmaganganuapp.web.app/ == Iabarin rubbutu == === Labari=== Tebur mai zuwa yana nuna rubutun Ibrananci <ref>{{Cite web |title=Proverbs – Chapter 1 |url=https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt2801.htm |publisher=Mechon Mamre}}</ref> na Misalai 1 tare da wasula tare da fassarar Turanci bisa ga fassarar JPS 1917 (yanzu a cikin Yankin jama'a).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Proverbs 1 - JPS 1917 |url=https://www.sefaria.org/Proverbs.1?ven=The_Holy_Scriptures:_A_New_Translation_(JPS_1917)&lang=bi |publisher=[[Sefaria |Sefaria.org]]}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Verse !Hebrew !English translation (JPS 1917) |- | style="text-align:right" |1 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|מִ֭שְׁלֵי שְׁלֹמֹ֣ה בֶן־דָּוִ֑ד מֶ֝֗לֶךְ יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃}}}} |The proverbs of Solomon the son of David, king of Israel; |- | style="text-align:right" |2 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|לָדַ֣עַת חׇכְמָ֣ה וּמוּסָ֑ר לְ֝הָבִ֗ין אִמְרֵ֥י בִינָֽה׃}}}} |To know wisdom and instruction; To comprehend the words of understanding; |- | style="text-align:right" |3 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|לָ֭קַחַת מוּסַ֣ר הַשְׂכֵּ֑ל צֶ֥דֶק וּ֝מִשְׁפָּ֗ט וּמֵשָׁרִֽים׃}}}} |To receive the discipline of wisdom, Justice, and right, and equity; |- | style="text-align:right" |4 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|לָתֵ֣ת לִפְתָאיִ֣ם עׇרְמָ֑ה לְ֝נַ֗עַר דַּ֣עַת וּמְזִמָּֽה׃}}}} |To give prudence to the simple, To the young man knowledge and discretion; |- | style="text-align:right" |5 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|יִשְׁמַ֣ע חָ֭כָם וְי֣וֹסֶף לֶ֑קַח וְ֝נָב֗וֹן תַּחְבֻּל֥וֹת יִקְנֶֽה׃}}}} |That the wise man may hear, and increase in learning, And the man of understanding may attain unto wise counsels; |- | style="text-align:right" |6 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|לְהָבִ֣ין מָ֭שָׁל וּמְלִיצָ֑ה דִּבְרֵ֥י חֲ֝כָמִ֗ים וְחִידֹתָֽם׃}}}} |To understand a proverb, and a figure; The words of the wise, and their dark sayings. |- | style="text-align:right" |7 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|יִרְאַ֣ת יְ֭הֹוָה רֵאשִׁ֣ית דָּ֑עַת חׇכְמָ֥ה וּ֝מוּסָ֗ר אֱוִילִ֥ים בָּֽזוּ׃}}}} |The fear of the LORD is the beginning of knowledge; But the foolish despise wisdom and discipline. |- | style="text-align:right" |8 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|שְׁמַ֣ע בְּ֭נִי מוּסַ֣ר אָבִ֑יךָ וְאַל־תִּ֝טֹּ֗שׁ תּוֹרַ֥ת אִמֶּֽךָ׃}}}} |Hear, my son, the instruction of thy father, And forsake not the teaching of thy mother; |- | style="text-align:right" |9 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|כִּ֤י ׀ לִוְיַ֤ת חֵ֓ן הֵ֬ם לְרֹאשֶׁ֑ךָ וַ֝עֲנָקִ֗ים לְגַרְגְּרֹתֶֽךָ׃}}}} |For they shall be a chaplet of grace unto thy head, And chains about thy neck. |- | style="text-align:right" |10 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|בְּנִ֡י אִם־יְפַתּ֥וּךָ חַ֝טָּאִ֗ים אַל־תֹּבֵֽא׃}}}} |My son, if sinners entice thee, Consent thou not. |- | style="text-align:right" |11 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|אִם־יֹאמְרוּ֮ לְכָ֢ה אִ֫תָּ֥נוּ נֶאֶרְבָ֥ה לְדָ֑ם נִצְפְּנָ֖ה לְנָקִ֣י חִנָּֽם׃}}}} |If they say: 'Come with us, Let us lie in wait for blood, Let us lurk for the innocent without cause; |- | style="text-align:right" |12 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|נִ֭בְלָעֵם כִּשְׁא֣וֹל חַיִּ֑ים וּ֝תְמִימִ֗ים כְּי֣וֹרְדֵי בֽוֹר׃}}}} |Let us swallow them up alive as the grave, and whole, as those that go down into the pit; |- | style="text-align:right" |13 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|כׇּל־ה֣וֹן יָקָ֣ר נִמְצָ֑א נְמַלֵּ֖א בָתֵּ֣ינוּ שָׁלָֽל׃}}}} |We shall find all precious substance, We shall fill our houses with spoil; |- | style="text-align:right" |14 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|גּ֭וֹרָ֣לְךָ תַּפִּ֣יל בְּתוֹכֵ֑נוּ כִּ֥יס אֶ֝חָ֗ד יִהְיֶ֥ה לְכֻלָּֽנוּ׃}}}} |Cast in thy lot among us; Let us all have one purse'— |- | style="text-align:right" |15 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|בְּנִ֗י אַל־תֵּלֵ֣ךְ בְּדֶ֣רֶךְ אִתָּ֑ם מְנַ֥ע רַ֝גְלְךָ֗ מִנְּתִיבָתָֽם׃}}}} |My son, walk not thou in the way with them, restrain thy foot from their path; |- | style="text-align:right" |16 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|כִּ֣י רַ֭גְלֵיהֶם לָרַ֣ע יָר֑וּצוּ וִ֝ימַהֲר֗וּ לִשְׁפׇּךְ־דָּֽם׃}}}} |For their feet run to evil, and they make haste to shed blood. |- | style="text-align:right" |17 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|כִּֽי־חִ֭נָּם מְזֹרָ֣ה הָרָ֑שֶׁת בְּ֝עֵינֵ֗י כׇּל־בַּ֥עַל כָּנָֽף׃}}}} |For in vain the net is spread in the eyes of any bird; |- | style="text-align:right" |18 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|וְ֭הֵם לְדָמָ֣ם יֶאֱרֹ֑בוּ יִ֝צְפְּנ֗וּ לְנַפְשֹׁתָֽם׃}}}} |And these lie in wait for their own blood, they lurk for their own lives. |- | style="text-align:right" |19 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|כֵּ֗ן אׇ֭רְחוֹת כׇּל־בֹּ֣צֵֽעַ בָּ֑צַע אֶת־נֶ֖פֶשׁ בְּעָלָ֣יו יִקָּֽח׃}}}} |So are the ways of every one that is greedy of gain; it taketh away the life of the owners thereof. |- | style="text-align:right" |20 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|חׇ֭כְמוֹת בַּח֣וּץ תָּרֹ֑נָּה בָּ֝רְחֹב֗וֹת תִּתֵּ֥ן קוֹלָֽהּ׃}}}} |Wisdom crieth aloud in the streets, she uttereth her voice in the broad places; |- | style="text-align:right" |21 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|בְּרֹ֥אשׁ הֹמִיּ֗וֹת תִּ֫קְרָ֥א בְּפִתְחֵ֖י שְׁעָרִ֥ים בָּעִ֗יר אֲמָרֶ֥יהָ תֹאמֵֽר׃}}}} |She calleth at the head of the noisy streets, at the entrances of the gates, in the city, she uttereth her words: |- | style="text-align:right" |22 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|עַד־מָתַ֣י ׀ פְּתָיִם֮ תְּֽאֵהֲב֫וּ־פֶ֥תִי וְלֵצִ֗ים לָ֭צוֹן חָמְד֣וּ לָהֶ֑ם וּ֝כְסִילִ֗ים יִשְׂנְאוּ־דָֽעַת׃}}}} |'How long, ye thoughtless, will ye love thoughtlessness? And how long will scorners delight them in scorning, And fools hate knowledge? |- | style="text-align:right" |23 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|תָּשׁ֗וּבוּ לְֽת֫וֹכַחְתִּ֥י הִנֵּ֤ה אַבִּ֣יעָה לָכֶ֣ם רוּחִ֑י אוֹדִ֖יעָה דְבָרַ֣י אֶתְכֶֽם׃}}}} |Turn you at my reproof; behold, I will pour out my spirit unto you, I will make known my words unto you. |- | style="text-align:right" |24 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|יַ֣עַן קָ֭רָאתִי וַתְּמָאֵ֑נוּ נָטִ֥יתִי יָ֝דִ֗י וְאֵ֣ין מַקְשִֽׁיב׃}}}} |Because I have called, and ye refused, I have stretched out my hand, and no man attended, |- | style="text-align:right" |25 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|וַתִּפְרְע֥וּ כׇל־עֲצָתִ֑י וְ֝תוֹכַחְתִּ֗י לֹ֣א אֲבִיתֶֽם׃}}}} |But ye have set at nought all my counsel, and would none of my reproof; |- | style="text-align:right" |26 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|גַּם־אֲ֭נִי בְּאֵידְכֶ֣ם אֶשְׂחָ֑ק אֶ֝לְעַ֗ג בְּבֹ֣א פַחְדְּכֶֽם׃}}}} |I also, in your calamity, will laugh, I will mock when your dread cometh; |- | style="text-align:right" |27 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|בְּבֹ֤א (כשאוה) [כְשׁוֹאָ֨ה ׀] פַּחְדְּכֶ֗ם וְֽ֭אֵידְכֶם כְּסוּפָ֣ה יֶאֱתֶ֑ה בְּבֹ֥א עֲ֝לֵיכֶ֗ם צָרָ֥ה וְצוּקָֽה׃}}}} |When your dread cometh as a storm, and your calamity cometh on as a whirlwind; When trouble and distress come upon you. |- | style="text-align:right" |28 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|אָ֣ז יִ֭קְרָאֻנְנִי וְלֹ֣א אֶעֱנֶ֑ה יְ֝שַׁחֲרֻ֗נְנִי וְלֹ֣א יִמְצָאֻֽנְנִי׃}}}} |Then will they call me, but I will not answer, they will seek me earnestly, but they shall not find me. |- | style="text-align:right" |29 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|תַּ֭חַת כִּֽי־שָׂ֣נְאוּ דָ֑עַת וְיִרְאַ֥ת יְ֝הֹוָ֗ה לֹ֣א בָחָֽרוּ׃}}}} |For that they hated knowledge, and did not choose the fear of the LORD; |- | style="text-align:right" |30 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|לֹא־אָב֥וּ לַעֲצָתִ֑י נָ֝אֲצ֗וּ כׇּל־תּוֹכַחְתִּֽי׃}}}} |They would none of my counsel, they despised all my reproof. |- | style="text-align:right" |31 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|וְֽ֭יֹאכְלוּ מִפְּרִ֣י דַרְכָּ֑ם וּֽמִמֹּעֲצֹ֖תֵיהֶ֣ם יִשְׂבָּֽעוּ׃}}}} |Therefore shall they eat of the fruit of their own way, and be filled with their own devices. |- | style="text-align:right" |32 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|כִּ֤י מְשׁוּבַ֣ת פְּתָיִ֣ם תַּהַרְגֵ֑ם וְשַׁלְוַ֖ת כְּסִילִ֣ים תְּאַבְּדֵֽם׃}}}} |For the waywardness of the thoughtless shall slay them, and the confidence of fools shall destroy them. |- | style="text-align:right" |33 | style="text-align:right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|וְשֹׁמֵ֣עַֽ לִ֭י יִשְׁכׇּן־בֶּ֑טַח וְ֝שַׁאֲנַ֗ן מִפַּ֥חַד רָעָֽה׃}}}} |But whoso hearkeneth unto me shall dwell securely, and shall be quiet without fear of evil.' |} === Shaidu na rubutu === W{{Sup|a}} rubuce-rubucen farko da ke dauke da rubutun wannan babi a Ibrananci na Masoretic Text ne, wanda ya hada da Aleppo Codex (karni na 10), da Codex Leningradensis (1008). {{Sfn|Würthwein|1995}} An samo raguwa da ke dauke da sassa na wannan babi a cikin Ibrananci a cikin Littafin Tekun Gishiri ciki har da 4Q102 (4QProva; 30 KZ - 30 AZ) tare da ayoyi 27-33 da suka wanzu.{{Sfn|Ulrich|2010}}{{Sfn|Fitzmyer|2008}} H'''A''' il^A yau, akwai fa'''S''' zuwa Koine Helenanci da aka ^S da [[Kalmar Septuagint|Septuagint]], wanda aka yi a cikin ƙarni na ƙarshe '''B'''; wasu ru^B-rubucen tsohuwar wannan sigar sun haɗa da Codex Vaticanus (B; <nowiki> </nowiki>G <nowiki> </nowiki>{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}} <nowiki> </nowiki>B; ƙarni na 4), Codex Sinaiticus (S; BHK: <nowiki> </nowiki>G <nowiki> </nowiki>{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}} <nowiki> </nowiki>S; ƙarni na 4), da kuma Codex Alexandrinus (A; <nowiki> </nowiki>G <nowiki> </nowiki>{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}} <nowiki> </nowiki>A; ƙarni na 5). {{Sfn|Würthwein|1995}} == Bincike == Wannan babin yana bude wani bangare da ake daukarsa a matsayin tarin farko a littafin Karin Magana (wanda ya hada da Karin Magana 1–9), wanda ake kira da "Tatsuniyoyi masu koyarwa". '''Littafin Bible na Urushalima''' ya bayyana babi na 1 zuwa 9 a matsayin gabatarwa ga babi na 10 zuwa 22:16, wato abin da ake kira da "gaskiyar karin maganar Sulaimanu", wanda ake dauka a matsayin "jikin littafin". Wannan babin yana da irin wannan tsari: * Gabatarwa (1:1-7) * Ka guji mugun mutane (1:8-19) * Magana ta Farko ta Hikima (1:20-33) == Gabatarwa (1:1-7) == Wannan ɓangaren yana ba da manufar da darajar dukan littafin, musamman tushen koyarwarsa.{{Sfn|Aitken|2007}} Kalmomin manufa guda biyar na tarin karin magana gabaɗaya an jera su a cikin ayoyi 1:2a, 2b, 3a, 4a, 6a na ɓangaren buɗewa. === Aya ta 1 === {{Blockquote|The proverbs of Solomon, son of David, king of Israel:|Proverbs 1:1, [[English Standard Version]]<ref>{{bibleverse|Proverbs|1:1|ESV}}</ref>}} * "Misali": daga sunan Ibrananci {{Lang|hbo|מָשָׁל}}, {{Transl|hbo|mashal}}, na iya nufin "koyarwar abu bisa ko ta amfani da kwatanci ko kwatanci", kuma yana iya zama "ɗan gajeren sanarwa" (Hisk'i 16:44), "koyarwa da aka samo daga gogewa" (Zabura 78:2-6), "yana faɗi ko ta kalma" (Dokar Kubawar Shari'a 28:37), ko " annabin albarka ta gaba" (Hik'i 21:1-5). * "Masu'in Sulemanu": magana ce da ake la'akari da taken dukan littafin, kodayake ba ta nufin cewa Sulemanu ya rubuta ko ya tattara duk karin magana a cikin wannan littafin ba, saboda wasu sassan tarin ne da ke ɗauke da sunayen marubuta daban-daban, kamar "maganganun masu hikima" (Masu'u 22:17-24:22), "mafi yawan maganganun masu ilimi" (Maru'u 24:23-34), "kalmomin Agur" (Manu'u 30:1-33) da "kalm'u na Lemuli" (Mutum'u 31:1-9). Littafin bazai kasance a cikin tsari na ƙarshe a zamanin Sulemanu ba, saboda akwai bayanin kula a ciki cewa "mutane na Hezekiya" sun kara tarin karin magana na Sulemanu zuwa tsarin da ke cikin littafin (Mutum 25:1-29:27). <ref name="01note_b" /> === Aya ta 2 === {{Blockquote|To know wisdom and instruction; to perceive the words of understanding;|Proverbs 1:2, [[King James Version]]<ref>{{bibleverse|Proverbs|1:2|KJV}}</ref>}} * "Don sani" daga kalmar Ibrananci {{Lang|hbo|יָדַע}}, {{Transl|hbo|yadaʿ}}, wanda zai iya nufin "ko san" ko "ko zama mai hikima". * "Haske" daga sunan Ibrananci {{Lang|hbo|חָכְמָה}}, {{Transl|hbo|khokhmah}}, wanda ke nufin 'ƙwarewa, iyawa' kuma ana iya yin la'akari da "ƙwarewar ɗabi'a. " Kalmar tana nufin "ƙwarewa" wanda ke samar da wani abu mai daraja, kamar ƙwarewar hannu na masu sana'a (Fitowa 31:6; {{Sfn|Aitken|2007}} 35:35; cf. Ishaya 40:20), ƙwarewar kewayawa na ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa (Zabura 107:27; Ezekiel 27:8), ƙwarewa na masu saƙa (Fitowa 35:26), <ref name="02note_c" /> ko ƙwarewar masu gudanarwa (1 Sarakuna 3:28). <ref>{{Bibleverse|Exodus|31:6}}</ref><ref>{{Bibleverse|Psalm|107:27}}</ref><ref>{{Bibleverse|Exodus|35:26}}</ref> Kubawar Shari'a 4:6 yana nufin dokoki da dokoki da Allah ya ba su a matsayin hikimar Isra'ila. <ref name="02note_c" /><ref>{{Bibleverse|Deuteronomy|4:6}}</ref> Koyon game da hikima yana nufin 'ku kasance sanye take da ƙwarewar da ake buƙata don rayuwa mai kyau da nasara'.{{Sfn|Aitken|2007}}{{Sfn|Aitken|2007}} * "Instruction": Sunan ({{Lang|hbo|מוּסָר}}, {{Transl|hbo|musar}}, wanda ke da ma'ana sau uku: (1) jiki ko iyaye: "horo; azabtarwa" (ciki har da na Allah) (2) magana: "gargadi; gargaɗi" da (3) ɗabi'a: "koyarwa; koyarwa", kamar yadda aka karɓa a ƙarƙashin ikon iyaye ko malami (cf. Misalai 4:1-5).{{Sfn|Aitken|2007}} Wannan kalmar an haɗa ta da "hikima" ({{Transl|hbo|khokhmah}}) sau hudu a cikin littafin (Misali 1:2, 7; 15:33, 23:23). <ref>{{Bibleverse|Proverbs|15:33}}</ref><ref>{{Bibleverse|Proverbs|23:23}}</ref><ref name="02note_d" /> === Aya ta 7 === {{Blockquote|The fear of the Lord is the beginning of knowledge: but fools despise wisdom and instruction.|Proverbs 1:7, King James Version<ref>{{bibleverse|Proverbs|1:7|KJV}}</ref>}} === "Tsoron Ubangiji": === Kalmar nan ta samo asali ne daga Ibraniyanci: '''יִרְאַת יְהוָה (''yir’at YHWH'')''', wato "tsoron YHWH (Ubangiji)", inda '''"YHWH"''' (sunan Allah) yake a matsayin wanda ake tsoro da girmamawa — wato shi ne abin da ake ji tsoro daga gare shi kuma ake girmamawa.[1] Wannan furucin yana kunshe da: * '''Girmamawa da ladabtarwa ga Allah''' (duba Ishaya 8:13) * '''Da biyayya gare shi''' (duba Kubawar Shari’a 10:12–13; Mai-Wa’azi 12:13) An bayyana wannan '''"tsoron Ubangiji"''' a nan a matsayin '''sharadin samun hikima ta gaskiya''', kuma ana maimaita shi a Karin Magana 9:10 don rufe wannan sashe daga Karin Magana 1–9, == Guje wa mugayen mutane (1:8-19) == Wannan ɓangaren ya ƙunshi na farko na umarni da yawa daga "mahaifin ɗansa" a cikin littafin Misalai.{{Sfn|Aitken|2007}} Halayen waɗannan umarni sune:{{Sfn|Aitken|2007}} * roƙo don kulawa (duba aya ta 8); * umarnin da aka bayyana a matsayin umarni ko haramtacciya (duba ayoyi 10b, 15), da kuma * sassan motsawa don kula da umarnin (duba ayoyi 9, 16-19). Ya bambanta da al'ada a makarantun hikima na Misira da Babila, wanda ke da irin wannan saitin koyarwa daga malami ga ɗalibai, daidaituwa tsakanin uba da uwa (duba aya ta 8) yana nuna cewa umarnin da ke cikin littafin Misalai na iya samun saitin koyarwar iyaye a gida.{{Sfn|Aitken|2007}} Kodayake suna ɗauke da tunatarwa akai-akai game da ikon iyaye, sassan motsawa suna da sha'awar kyakkyawar ma'anar mutum fiye da aikin yin biyayya ga iyaye.{{Sfn|Aitken|2007}} === Aya ta 8 ===   Wannan nau'in roko, ''Ɗana'', "ana ci gaba da maimaitawa a cikin waɗannan surori na buɗewa". Rabi na Faransa na zamani Rashi ya ba da shawarar cewa "mahaifin" yana nufin Allah, mahaifin bil'adama, kuma "koyarwa" ko "horo" yana nufin doka da Allah "ya ba [[Musa]] a rubuce da baki". Hakazalika, ya ba da shawarar cewa "mahaifiyar" tana nufin "al'ummarku, al'ummar Isra'ila". Masanin tauhidi John Gill ya kalubalanci wannan: {{Blockquote|This is not to be understood of God the Father of mankind, and of that law which he has given them, as Jarchi (Rashi) and Gersom{{efn|Probably [[Gershom ben Judah]], {{c.|960–1040}}}} interpret it, but of Solomon and his son in a literal sense; and of anyone that came to him for instruction, any pupil, hearer, or reader of his; and it is a direction to all children to hearken to the instruction of their parents, and obey their commands.<ref>Gill, J., [https://biblehub.com/commentaries/gill/proverbs/1.htm Gill's Exposition: Proverbs 1], accessed 1 April 2021</ref>}} == Jawabin farko na Hikima (1:20-33) == A cikin wannan nassi An kwatanta Hikima a matsayin mace, wacce ke magana da ikon allahntaka (tushen wannan ikon an bayyana shi a Misalai 8:22-31). {{Sfn|Aitken|2007}} Karkatar da Hikima zai nufin kin amincewa da "tsoron Ubangiji" (asusu na 29), kuma an zarge shi da harshe da ke kusa da zargi na annabci (cf. Ishaya 65:1-2,12; Irmiya 6:19). {{Sfn|Aitken|2007}} A gefe guda, waɗanda suka yi biyayya da Hikima za su ji daɗin tsaro da kwanciyar hankali waɗanda suka yi sauraro da Hikima (Abinsa 33; duba Misalai 3:21-26).{{Sfn|Aitken|2007}} == Dubi kuma == {{Columns-list|*[[Blessing]] *[[Divine judgment]] *[[Divine providence]] *[[Earth]] *[[Evil]] *[[Heaven]] *[[Longevity]] *[[Mercy]] *[[Mitzvah]] *[[Peace]] *[[Righteousness]] *[[Wisdom]] *[[Yahweh|YHWH]]}} == Bayani == {{Notelist}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Tushen == == Haɗin waje == * Fassarar [[Yahudanci|Yahudawa]]: ** Mishlei - Misalai - Babi na 1 (Judaica Press) fassarar [tare da sharhin Rashi] a Chabad.org * Fassarar [[Kiristanci|Kirista]]: Littafi Mai-Tsarki na kan layi a GospelHall.org (ESV, KJV, Darby, American Standard Version, Littafi Mai-Msarki a cikin Turanci na asali) ** [http://www.gospelhall.org/bible/bible.php?passage=Proverbs+1 Littafi Mai Tsarki na kan layi a GospelHall.org] (ESV, KJV, Darby, American Standard Version, Littafi Mai-Tsarki a cikin Turanci na asali) * [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=24&chapter=1&version=9 Littafin Misalai Babi na 1 King James Version] * .org/search?title=Book+of+Proverbs&author=&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">''Littafin Misalai'' na jama'a a LibriVox [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] c6dho8ufpkizk96vi3k6gmzgo7yhttr 0 4058 873601 471593 2026-07-01T12:31:44Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 873601 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Isle of Man map-en.svg|thumb|right|250px|Taswirar tsibirin Man.]] [[File:Flag of the Isle of Mann.svg|thumb|right|250px|Tutar tsibirin Man.]] '''Man''' tsibirin ce, a cikin ƙasar [[Birtaniya]]. ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Isle_of_Man_Airport.jpg|Filin jirgin sama na Tsibirin File:IOM_Creg-ny-Baa_pub.jpg|Mashaya ta Jama'a File:Douglas_Railway_Station_Isle_of_Man.jpg|Layin dogo na tsibirin File:Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Man.svg|Tutar tsibirin </gallery> {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Man}} [[Category:Birtaniya]] [[Category:Tsibiri]] 243by4g4rnvtkikq6uaxuldjyu0gv0r 0 4144 873609 733865 2026-07-01T13:05:34Z Ummeeterh 31568 /* */ 873609 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Sam Adekugbe WC2022.jpg|thumb|Dan wason kwllon kafa nijeriya]] '''Sam Adekugbe''' ɗan asalin ƙasar [[Ingila]] ne, wanda mahaifan sa daga [[Najeriya]] suke, kuma shahararren ɗan wasan [[ƙwallon ƙafa|ƙwallon ƙafa ne.]]Ya kasance ƙwararren ɗan wasa ne na [[ƙwallon ƙafa]] daga ƙasar [[Ingila]]. ===Tarihin kulub=== '''Vancouver Whitecaps FC''' a ranar 28 ga watan [[Agusta]] shekara 2013, Adekugbe ya sa hannu a kontiragi da ƙungiyar kwallon MLS Vancouver Whitecaps FC, wanda ya zama sa hannu sa na bakwai a tarihin kulub ɗin gida, Kwarewar shi ta bayyana a 27 ga watan [[Oktoban]] shekarar 2013 a wasan ƙarshen zangon 2013 inda wasan ya kare da ci 3-0 nasara akan ƙungiyar [[Colorado Rapids]] '''Lamuni ga Brighton & Hove Albion''' A lokacin hunturun shekarar 2015, an gayyaci Adekugbe don horarwa a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta EFL ta [[Ingila]] [[Brighton]] & Hove Albion.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Adekugbe#cite_note-6</ref> A ranar 15 ga [[Yuli]], 2016, Adekugbe ya koma Brighton a kan yarjejeniyar lamuni na tsawon kakar wasa, inda ya fara haɗawa da ƙungiyar ci gaban ƙungiyar.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Adekugbe#cite_note-7</ref> A ranar 9 ga Agusta, 2016, Adekugbe ya fara a cikin nasara 4-0 akan Colchester United a gasar cin Kofin EFL na 2016–17.[8] A ranar 23 ga Agusta, 2016, Adekugbe ya zira kwallonsa na farko na ƙwararru a cikin nasara da ci 4–2 akan Oxford United a zagaye na biyu na gasar cin kofin EFL na 2016–17.[9] ===Wasan kasa da kasa=== Adekugbe ya cancanci wakiltar Ingila, Najeriya ko Kanada a duniya. A shekarar 2012, an ambato shi yana cewa yana mafarkin bugawa Ingila wasa a Wembley.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Adekugbe#cite_note-Weber-20</ref> Koyaya, ya wakilci Kanada a matakin matasa da manya. ==Matasa== Adekugbe yana cikin tawagar U-18 ta Kanada don gasar COTIF U-20 ta 2013 daga 11 zuwa 21 ga Agusta.Bayan nasarar wasan 2014 tare da Vancouver, an kira Adekugbe zuwa tawagar 'yan wasan U20 ta hannun kocin Rob Gale a ranar 7 ga Nuwamba,<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Adekugbe#cite_note-21</ref> buga wasansa na farko da Ingila a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba a wasan da suka tashi 1-1. Janairu 2015 zai shiga tare da Kanada a gasar CONCACAF U-20 na shekarar 2015.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Adekugbe#cite_note-22</ref> A watan Yuni 2017 ==Manya== Adekugbe ya samu kiransa na farko zuwa babbar tawagar ƙasar [[Kanada]] domin buga wasanni biyu na sada zumunta da Mauritania a watan Satumbar 2013, ko da yake bai buga kowanne wasa ba.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Adekugbe#cite_note-23</ref>Ya fara wasansa na farko bayan shekaru biyu,a karawar da Belize ranar 8 ga Satumba, 2015<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Adekugbe#cite_note-24</ref> A watan Yuni 2017 Adekugbe ya kasance cikin tawagar [[Kanada]] don gasar cin kofin zinare ta CONCACAF na waccan shekarar <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Adekugbe#cite_note-25</ref> A ranar 16 ga Nuwamba,2021, yayin wasan neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2022 da Canada ta fafata da Mexico a filin wasa na Commonwealth na Edmonton,Adekugbe ya yi murnar kwallon da Cyle Larin ya ci a minti na 52 ta hanyar nutsewa a baya cikin wani bankin dusar kankara. Daga baya kuma bikin ya fara yaduwa.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Adekugbe#cite_note-26</ref> Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a Canada a wasan neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2022 da Amurka a ranar 30 ga Janairu, 2022.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Adekugbe#cite_note-27</ref> A cikin Nuwamba 2022, an nada Adekugbe a cikin tawagar 2022 FIFA World Cup don Canada.A wasa na uku da Canada ta buga da Morocco, ya haifar da bugun daga kai sai mai , na Moroko. A watan Yuni 2023, an kira Adekugbe zuwa tawagar Kanada da ke fafatawa a Gasar Cin Kofin Kasashen Afirka ta 2023 CONCACAF. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{Stub}}Sam Adekugbe ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Kanada wanda ke taka leda a matsayin baya na hagu na Vålerenga a cikin Eliteserien na Norway. Ya wakilci Kanada a ƙarƙashin 18, under-20, da manyan matakai. M cewar [[Wikipidiya|Wikipedia]], [[Google]], Forbes, IMDb, da amintattun majiyoyin yanar gizo daban-daban, kiyasin kuɗin sam ya kai dala miliyan 5 zuwa 10. Yana da shekara 26 a 2021 {{{DEFAULTSORT:Adekugbe, Sam}} [[Category:'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila]] roipouftp0s1hrm0d87eqhvngnnjycm 873614 873609 2026-07-01T13:10:11Z Ummeeterh 31568 /* */ 873614 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Sam Adekugbe WC2022.jpg|thumb|Dan wason kwllon kafa nijeriya]] '''Sam Adekugbe''' ɗan asalin ƙasar [[Ingila]] ne, wanda mahaifan sa daga [[Najeriya]] suke, kuma shahararren ɗan wasan [[ƙwallon ƙafa|ƙwallon ƙafa ne.]]Ya kasance ƙwararren ɗan wasa ne na [[ƙwallon ƙafa]] daga ƙasar [[Ingila]]. ===Tarihin kulub=== '''Vancouver Whitecaps FC''' a ranar 28 ga watan [[Agusta]] shekara 2013, Adekugbe ya sa hannu a kontiragi da ƙungiyar kwallon MLS Vancouver Whitecaps FC, wanda ya zama sa hannu sa na bakwai a tarihin kulub ɗin gida, Kwarewar shi ta bayyana a 27 ga watan [[Oktoban]] shekarar 2013 a wasan ƙarshen zangon 2013 inda wasan ya kare da ci 3-0 nasara akan ƙungiyar [[Colorado Rapids]] '''Lamuni ga Brighton & Hove Albion''' A lokacin hunturun shekarar 2015, an gayyaci Adekugbe don horarwa a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta EFL ta [[Ingila]] [[Brighton]] & Hove Albion.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Adekugbe#cite_note-6</ref> A ranar 15 ga [[Yuli]], 2016, Adekugbe ya koma Brighton a kan yarjejeniyar lamuni na tsawon kakar wasa, inda ya fara haɗawa da ƙungiyar ci gaban ƙungiyar.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Adekugbe#cite_note-7</ref> A ranar 9 ga [[Agusta]], 2016, Adekugbe ya fara a cikin nasara 4-0 akan Colchester United a gasar cin Kofin EFL na 2016–17.[8] A ranar 23 ga Agusta, 2016, Adekugbe ya zira kwallonsa na farko na ƙwararru a cikin nasara da ci 4–2 akan Oxford United a zagaye na biyu na gasar cin kofin EFL na 2016–17.[9] ===Wasan kasa da kasa=== Adekugbe ya cancanci wakiltar [[Ingila]], [[Najeriya]] ko Kanada a duniya. A shekarar 2012, an ambato shi yana cewa yana mafarkin bugawa [[Ingila]] wasa a Wembley.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Adekugbe#cite_note-Weber-20</ref> Koyaya, ya wakilci Kanada a matakin matasa da manya. ==Matasa== Adekugbe yana cikin tawagar U-18 ta Kanada don gasar COTIF U-20 ta 2013 daga 11 zuwa 21 ga [[Agusta]].Bayan nasarar wasan 2014 tare da Vancouver, an kira Adekugbe zuwa tawagar 'yan wasan U20 ta hannun kocin Rob Gale a ranar 7 ga [[Nuwamba]],<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Adekugbe#cite_note-21</ref> buga wasansa na farko da Ingila a ranar 12 ga [[Nuwamba]] a wasan da suka tashi 1-1. [[Janairu]] 2015 zai shiga tare da [[Kanada]] a gasar CONCACAF U-20 na shekarar 2015.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Adekugbe#cite_note-22</ref> A watan [[Yuni]] 2017 ==Manya== Adekugbe ya samu kiransa na farko zuwa babbar tawagar ƙasar [[Kanada]] domin buga wasanni biyu na sada zumunta da Mauritania a watan [[Satumbar]] 2013, ko da yake bai buga kowanne wasa ba.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Adekugbe#cite_note-23</ref>Ya fara wasansa na farko bayan shekaru biyu,a karawar da Belize ranar 8 ga [[Satumba]], 2015<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Adekugbe#cite_note-24</ref> A watan [[Yuni]] 2017 Adekugbe ya kasance cikin tawagar [[Kanada]] don gasar cin kofin zinare ta CONCACAF na waccan shekarar <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Adekugbe#cite_note-25</ref> A ranar 16 ga [[Nuwamba]],2021, yayin wasan neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2022 da [[Canada]] ta fafata da [[Mexico]] a filin wasa na [[Commonwealth]] na Edmonton,Adekugbe ya yi murnar kwallon da Cyle Larin ya ci a minti na 52 ta hanyar nutsewa a baya cikin wani bankin dusar kankara. Daga baya kuma bikin ya fara yaduwa.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Adekugbe#cite_note-26</ref> Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a [[Canada]] a wasan neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2022 da Amurka a ranar 30 ga [[Janairu]], 2022.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Adekugbe#cite_note-27</ref> A cikin [[Nuwamba]] 2022, an nada Adekugbe a cikin tawagar 2022 FIFA [[World Cup]] don [[Canada]].A wasa na uku da [[Canada]] ta buga da [[Morocco]], ya haifar da bugun daga kai sai mai , na [[Moroko]]. A watan [[Yuni]] 2023, an kira Adekugbe zuwa tawagar Kanada da ke fafatawa a Gasar Cin Kofin Kasashen Afirka ta 2023 CONCACAF. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{Stub}}Sam Adekugbe ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Kanada wanda ke taka leda a matsayin baya na hagu na [[Vålerenga]] a cikin Eliteserien na Norway. Ya wakilci [[Kanada]] a ƙarƙashin 18, under-20, da manyan matakai. M cewar [[Wikipidiya|Wikipedia]], [[Google]], Forbes, IMDb, da amintattun majiyoyin [[yanar gizo]] daban-daban, kiyasin kuɗin sam ya kai dala miliyan 5 zuwa 10. Yana da shekara 26 a 2021 {{{DEFAULTSORT:Adekugbe, Sam}} [[Category:'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila]] 0bw8uiujpru76jyossvf18x1uuv34by 0 4696 873880 526219 2026-07-01T21:34:41Z Habibah A Jisambo 26434 873880 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Len Appleton''' (An haife shi a shekara ta 1892 - ya mutu a, shekara ta 1970) shi ne dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, ta ƙasar [[Ingila]]. {{Stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Appleton, Len}} [[Category:'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila]] j1czcpyfgq9hy7mxvu88g6znrt7tw6x 873883 873880 2026-07-01T21:36:06Z Habibah A Jisambo 26434 873883 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Len Appleton''' (An haife shi a shekara ta 1892 - ya mutu a, Shakiran ta 1970) shi ne dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, ta ƙasar [[Ingila]]. {{Stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Appleton, Len}} [[Category:'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila]] fmuep6awiobhlulogqpypndho15zcbq 0 4754 873822 363995 2026-07-01T21:02:35Z Ummeeterh 31568 873822 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Adam Baker''' (An haife shi a shekara ta 1993) shi ne dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar [[Ingila]].{{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Baker, Adam}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1993]] [[Category:'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila]] iitkv5ln66lrl318dkig13wl7fwnxn2 0 4870 874097 511119 2026-07-02T05:43:02Z Ummeeterh 31568 874097 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Gareth Barry England.jpg|thumb|#wpwp nadaura photo ]] [[Fayil:Gareth Barry - Aston Villa.jpg|thumb|Gareth Barry]] [[Fayil:Gareth Barry.jpg|thumb|Gareth Barry]] '''Gareth Barry''' (An haife shi a shekara ta alif ɗari tara da tamanin da daya 1981A.c) Miladiyya.shi ne dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar [[Ingila]]. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[category:Haifaffun 1981]] [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Barry, Gareth}} [[Category:'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila]] 6t5chw4iklf6sgi7svxia7l48htdlbc 0 5345 873728 822631 2026-07-01T17:43:28Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 873728 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:National Church of Nigeria in Abuja 01.jpg|thumb|babban coci a garin abuja]] [[File:Abuja.jpg|thumb]] [[File:Abuja-collage.png|thumb|Abuja-college.jpg]] [[File:Abuja Millennium Park 2019 07.jpg|thumb|Abuja millennium park]] [[Fayil:Abuja city gate.jpg|thumb|Kofar Abuja]] [[Fayil:RCCG City of David Abuja.jpg|thumb|Abuja BaBan Birnin taraiyq]] [[Fayil:Abuja-collage.png|thumb|jami an abuja]] [[Fayil:RCCG City of David Abuja.jpg|thumb|[[Bb|RCCG birnin abuja]]]] [[File:Abuja, Federal Capital Territory 3.jpg|thumb|Cikin Birnin Abuja] '''[[Abuja]]'''<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://dailytrust.com/minimum-wage-governors-emergency-meeting-kicks-off-in-abuja/&ved=2ahUKEwjYzaXC-PqGAxXZRkEaáá0á⁰0qAHfCqD3cQxfQBKAB6BAgsEAE&usg=AOvVaw3eI6Yzjz4joThFGhvxVhCk</nowiki></ref> Itace babban birnin tarayya, kuma na takwas a girma a [[Najeriya]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://punchng.com/nigeria-to-install-terresaminuboss22trial-fibre-optic-infrastructure-edun/%3Famp&ved=2ahUKEwjfu8v1-PqGAxUWT0EAHXxpAfwQyM8BKAB6BAgKEAI&usg=AOvVaw3-Av8oGTAPLbKNZqpUfkXX</nowiki></ref>. Birnin na nan a tsakiyar ƙasar [[Najeriya]], a cikin Birnin Tarayya (FCT), kuma tsararran birni ne da aka zana a tsakanin shekarun 1980s, wanda mai zane Architect Kenzo [[Tange]] ya zana ta.<ref name="bbc">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6355269.stm|title=Life of poverty in Abuja's wealth|access-daminuboss22ate=2007-08-10 |work=news.bbc.co.uk |publisher=BBC News, Tuesday, 13 February 2007 |date=2007-02-13}}</ref> Ta zama babbar birnin [h[Najeriya]] [[Bayanin haƙƙoƙin dan adam da na jama'a|Bayan]] tsohuwar babban birnin [[Lagos|Legas]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://hausa.legit.ng/news/1598418-ana-fama-da-tsadar-rayuwa-gwamnatin-legas-ta-kwace-motoci-kimanin-40-ta-bayyana-dalili/&ved=2ahUKEwjRsamO-fqGAxUdX0EAHY15CFwQxfQBKAB6BAgGEAI&usg=AOvVaw2HHG4B3BnU2aIP0dR1gKde</nowiki></ref> a ranar (12) ,ga watan disambar. (December. shekara ta alif dubu ɗaya da ɗari-tara da cassa'in da ɗaya (1991).<ref>Roman Adrian Cybriwsky, ''Capital Cities around the World: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture'', ABC-CLIO, USA, 2013, p. 2</ref> Birnin dai ya koma na tarayya ne tun a lokacin [[mulkin]] '''Gen. [[Ibrahim Babangida]]'''<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://guardian.ng/the-babangida-leadership-prescription/&ved=2ahUKEwjCtPDm-fqGAxXnT0EAHfSBDtwQxfQBKAB6BAgNEAI&usg=AOvVaw2PE_kvWnIeL0xUJSp-JQNj</nowiki></ref> a shekara ta alif dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da cassa'in da ɗaya (1991)<ref><nowiki>https://www.blueprint.ng/as-abuja-millennium-park-reopens/</nowiki></ref> wanda kafin lokacin [[Birnin da bashi da mota|birnin]] tarayyar ya kasance a birnin [[Legas]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://hausa.leadership.ng/yajin-aiki-%25C6%2599ungiyar-%25C6%2599wadago-ta-rufe-filayen-jirgin-saman-legas-da-abuja/&ved=2ahUKEwibl-Ok-vqGAxXGTUEAHaoLAsQQxfQBKAB6BAgMEAI&usg=AOvVaw2s64GFONl9RO9mrE6eka7J</nowiki></ref> dake kudu maso yammacin Najeriya. Birnin Abuja ya kasance birni ne gagara misali [[saboda]] birnin ya ƙunshi abubuwa da dama wanda ido ne kaɗai zai iya tabbatar da hakan. Inda yake ɗauke da manyan [[Nayi|ma'aikatu]], makarantu<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/cyrlpz03jp4o.amp&ved=2ahUKEwiyuP7K-vqGAxUiSEEAHZr4DpMQyM8BKAB6BAgLEAI&usg=AOvVaw1NLqlP-s1a7Q2bm8FpTfzu</nowiki></ref>, filayen jiragen sama, [[dmanyain]] wasa babba, da dai sauran manya-manyan ma'aikatun gwamnati wanda suke juya akalar ƙasar baki ɗaya. A cikin birnin Abuja akwai mutane a kalla '''776,298''' a kiɗayar da akayi a shekarar (2006), kasan cewar birnin na tarayya<ref> "Tarihin kafuwar Najeriya tun shekaru aru-aru" http://www.bbc.co.uk/hausa/news/2010/09/100914_early_history_nigeria50.shtml</ref> ne wato ya tara duk jinsin [[mutane]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://hausa.legit.ng/news/1599342-mutane-sun-barke-da-murna-a-zamfara-bayan-dogo-gide-ya-dawo-yankinsu-sun-rera-masa-waka/&ved=2ahUKEwibtarx-vqGAxX0XUEAHSn_BcsQxfQBKAB6BAgFEAI&usg=AOvVaw0V8RJr3NIYs95kyUktuPqy</nowiki></ref> da [[Ƙabila|ƙabilun]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://amp.dw.com/ha/fafutukar-samar-da-zama-lafiya-a-kaduna/a-54693251&ved=2ahUKEwjPyrGW-_qGAxXaWkEAHaAtAfsQyM8BKAB6BAgPEAI&usg=AOvVaw2nWaW9k2lTU_wPxPGHR5u7</nowiki></ref> dake Najeriya gabaki ɗaya, ko wacce jaha a Najeriya tana da wakilai a sassa daban-daban a cikin Abuja, domin ganin sun wakilci jihar su a fage da dama don cigaban jihar su. A cikin birnin Abuja akwai wuraren shaƙatawa da dama da wuraren buɗe ido musamman ga baƙi, waɗanda suke muradin kashe kwarkwatar ido ta fagen kallon abubuwan ban al'ajabi, da ɗebe kewa. Babban al'amari game da labarin ƙasa na Abuja (wato geography) sun haɗa da [[Dutsen Aso|Aso Rock]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/06/tinubu-presides-over-fec-in-aso-rock/amp/&ved=2ahUKEwjqi_zI-_qGAxWERUEAHV3ODhYQyM8BKAB6BAgFEAI&usg=AOvVaw3MS-l8XZ8-gkTVWndjXxOj</nowiki></ref>, gidan shugaban ƙasa (presidential complex), Majalisar dokoki (National assembly),<ref>National Assembly | Federal Republic of Nigeria". ''www.nassnig.org''. Retrieved 30 May2020.</ref> Kotun ƙoli (supreme court), Sannan yawancin birnin ya mike har zuwa kudancin dutsen, Sannan kuma [[Dutsen Zuma|Zuma Rock.]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.thecable.ng/iswap-claims-responsibility-for-attack-on-military-checkpoint-near-zuma-rock/&ved=2ahUKEwjH1c7v-_qGAxVmQ0EAHSQZD_kQxfQBKAB6BAgJEAI&usg=AOvVaw3q5aZ-fZJk5bybIDdiub70</nowiki></ref> wanda ke arewacin birnin a bisa babban titin Kaduna.<ref>Zuma Rock". ''Visit Nigeria Now''. Retrieved 4 January 2022.</ref> Manyan wuraren bautan [[Rhind Mathematical Papyrus|sun]] haɗa da babban [[masallaci]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/ce9dg7z4qvyo.amp&ved=2ahUKEwiwr96V_PqGAxUhUUEAHVqTBy0QyM8BKAB6BAgGEAI&usg=AOvVaw0DG74-QvUbFX0WVt9-KApN</nowiki></ref> da babban chochi na birnin Abuja, wato Nigerian National Central Mosque da Nigerian National Christian Centre. Birnin na hada-hada daga [[filin jirgin saman Abuja]] wato [[Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport]]. Abuja tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan birane da aka tsara kuma ɗaya daga cikin mafi arziƙi.<ref>Murray, Senan. "Life of poverty in Abuja's wealth." ''[[BBC]]''. Tuesday 13 February 2007. Retrieved 12 September 2011.</ref> Abuja itace cibiyar gudanarwa da siyasa na Najeriya. Har wayau tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan birane na (Afurka) musamman matsayin Najeriya a harkokin siyasa da ci gaba.<ref>The Nigeria Capital City – AMLSN – Salt City (2020)". Retrieved 23 January 2021.</ref> Abuja tana da mahimmanci a harkokin ganawa watau meeting kamar (2003), Commonwealth Heads of Government meeting da kuma (2014)World Economic Forum (Africa) meetings.<ref>The Nigeria Capital City – AMLSN – Salt City 2020". Retrieved 12 May 2020.</ref><ref>Aso Rock Declaration on Development and Democracy: Partnership for Peace and Prosperity | The Commonwealth". ''thecommonwealth.org''. Retrieved 30 May 2020.</ref> == Iabari da tarihi == Garin Abuja a farkon ƙarni na (20), sunan wani gari ne yanzu da ake kira [[Suleja]].<ref>The New Federal Capital". fcda.gov.ng. (2018). Archived from the original on (19) May (2020). Retrieved (5) January (2021).</ref> Asalin mazauna Abuja '''Gwari''' ne, wato mutanen [[Gbagyi]], wanda Gbagyi ne yaren farko na garin sai kuma sauran yarika kaman Bassa, [[Gwandara]], Gade, [[Dibo]], [[Nupe]] da kuma [[Koro]].<ref>Abuja". www.oaugf.ng. Retrieved 5 January 2022.</ref> An samar da babban birnin a dalilin rabe-raben harsuna a Najeriya.<ref>Abuja | Geography, Development, & Population | Britannica". ''www.britannica.com''. Retrieved 5 January 2022.</ref> Sauran dalilan kuma sun haɗa da yawan mutanen Legas, wanda ke jawo cunkoso a garin. Sannan bugu da ƙari garin Legas na samun haɓakar kasuwanci cikin sauri, wannan dalilai suka jawo aka maido da babban birnin zuwa Abuja.<ref>"Yusuf, Omotayo (1 October 2015). "#NigeriaAt55: Top 5 Reasons Nigeria's Capital Was Moved From Lagos To Abuja (PHOTOS.</ref> Wannan tsari da aka bi iri ɗaya ne da yadda Brazil suka tsara babban birninsu [[Brasilia]]. Gwamnatin Soji ta Najeriya a ranar 4, ga watan Febrerun shekara ta 1976, ta fidda tsarin doka mai lamba 6, acikin kundin tsarin mulki wacce ta cire Legas a matsayin babban birnin kasan zuwa Abuja.<ref>Moore, Jonathan (March 1984). "The Political History of Nigeria's New Capital". The Journal of Modern African Studies. 22 (1): 167–175. doi:10.1017/S0022278X00056846. JSTOR 160334. Retrieved 5 January 2022.</ref>[[Legas]]<ref>Yusuf, Omotayo (1 October 2015). "Why The Capital Was Moved From Lagos To Abuja". ''Naija.ng – Nigeria news''.</ref> Gwamnatin Soji na [[Murtala Muhammed]] da kuma [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] ne suka fidda asalin aikin tsarin samar da babban birnin Abuja wanda gamnatin farar hula ta [[Shehu Shagari]] ta karasa.<ref>Moore, Jonathan (March 1984). "The Political History of Nigeria's New Capital". The Journal of Modern African Studies. 22 (1): 167–175. doi:10.1017/S0022278X00056846. JSTOR 160334. Retrieved 5 January 2022.</ref>Tsarin gine-gine ya fara acikin shekarun (1970s) amma a dalilin matsalar kudade na siyasa, an karasa aikin a shekarun (1980s) Maido babban birnin Najeriya zuwa Abuja ya jawo rikici sosai kuma babban dan-adawan wannan canji shine [[Obafemi Awolowo]].<ref>Moore, Jonathan (March 1984). "The Political History of Nigeria's New Capital". The Journal of Modern African Studies. 22 (1): 173. doi:10.1017/S0022278X00056846. JSTOR 160334. Retrieved 22 September 2020.</ref> Obafemi Awolowo ya kasance dan siyasan Najeriya mai kuma wakiltan yarbawa acikin kin yarda da maido babban cibiyar kasan daga Legas zuwa Abuja. A lokacin da ake yakin neman zabensa na shugaban kasa, ya sha alwashin cewa idan ya zamo shugaba zai gayyato kamfanin "Walt Disney Corporation" don su mayar da Abuja wajen shakatawa.<ref>Moore, Jonathan (March 1984). "The Political History of Nigeria's New Capital". ''The Journal of Modern African Studies''. '''22''' (1): 173. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:10.1017/S0022278X00056846. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]] 160334. Retrieved 22 September 2020.</ref> Amma kash, samun nasarar shugaban ƙasan farar hula na farko wato shehu shagari ya sa an fara ci gaba da habaka gine-gine a babban birnin inda ya nemi 'yan kwangila da 'yan kwadago da su dage wajen kammala aikin a cikin sauri. Bayan dawowarsa ya nuna rashin gamsuwar sa akan yadda aikin ya dau tsawon lokaci ga [[Alhaji Abubakar Koko]].<ref>Moore, Jonathan (March 1984). "The Political History of Nigeria's New Capital". ''The Journal of Modern African Studies''. '''22''' (1): 174. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:10.1017/S0022278X00056846. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]] 160334. Retrieved (22) September 2020</ref> An baiwa kamfanin International Planning Associates (IPA) kwangilar kawo tsarin zanen Abuja a shekarar (1977). wanda sashin gwamnatin tarayya watau Federal Capital Development Authority (FCDA) suka bada kwangilan.<ref>Elleh, Nnamdi (2001). ''Abuja, the single most ambitious urban design project of the 20th century''. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9783897391659|<bdi>9783897391659</bdi>]].</ref>A yanda nasaban tsarin yarjejeniyar ta nuna, tsarin ya ƙunshi al'ammomi daban daban, wanda suka hada da zaban wajen da zai zama gidan gwamnati, tsarin yadda yankuna da birane zasu kasance da kuma kundi na tsare-tsare da na cigaba.<ref>Shuaibu, Umar. "Unsung heroes of Abuja master plan". Retrieved 22 September 2020.</ref> == Gudanarwa == Abuja Municipal Area Council ke gudanar da harkokin birnin Abuja. Bugu da ƙari akan harkokin ayyukan gwamnati birnin shine cibiyar gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya kuma har wayau tushen siyasa da gudanarwa na gwamnatin ƙasar. Hukumar babban birnin tarayya (FCTA) ce ke tafiyar da babban birnin tarayya, wanda ministan da shugaban kasa ya zaba na (FCT) ke shugabanta. Hukumar Raya Babban Birnin Tarayya (FCDA) ce ke kula da ayyukan gine-ginen da abubuwan more rayuwa na yankin. A yanzu haka tsohon gwamnan Rivers [[NYESOM WIKE|Nyesome Wike]] shine ministan babban birnin tarayya.<ref>https://saharareporters.com/2023/08/31/uproar-abuja-minister-nyesom-wike-orders-task-force-destroy-500-impounded-commercial</ref> == Ƙananan hukumomi == Babban Birnin tarayya [[Abuja]] nada ƙana nan hukumomi guda Shida (6) 1.[[Abaji]]. 2.[[Garki]] (Abuja Municipal). 3.[[Bwari|Bwari.]] 4.[[Gwagwalada]]. [[Fayil:Abuja city gate.jpg|thumb|abuja gate]] 5.[[Kuje]]. <ref>https://nigeriazipcodes.com/4049/local-government-area-in-fct/</ref> Haɗin fili na waɗannan kananan hukumomi 6 kusan kilomita 7,290 ne. == Sassan Abuja. == Abuja tana da sassa wato (districts) da dama tun daga Phase (1) har zuwa phase (3) sune kamar haka:<ref>[[http://abuja-ng.com/contactus.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214044550/http://www.abuja-ng.com/contactus.html |date=2015-02-14 }}</ref> ===SASSA NA PHASE 1=== * Central cadastral zone A00 * Garki I District cadastral zone A01 * Wuse 1 District cadastral zone A02 * Garki II District cadastral zone A03 * Asokoro cadastral zone A04 * Maitama Districts cadastral zone A05 * Maitama cadastral zone A06 * Wuse II District cadastral zone A07 * Wuse II cadastral zone A08 * Guzape District zone A09 ===SASSA NA PHASE 2=== * kukwuaba cadastral zone B00 * Gudu cadastral zone B01 * Durumi cadastral zone B02 * Wuye cadastral zone B03 * Jabi cadastral zone B04 * Utako cadastral zone B05 * Mabushi cadastral zone B06 * Jahi cadastral zone B08 * Kado cadastral zone B09 * Dakibiyu cadastral zone B10 * Kaura cadastral zone B11 * Duboyi cadastral zone B12 * Gaduwa cadastral zone B13 * Dutse cadastral zone B14 * Katampe Ext cadastral zone B19 ===SASSA NA PHASE 3=== * Institution and Research Cadastral Zone C00, * Karmo Cadastral Zone C01, * Gwarimpa Cadastral Zone C02. * Dape Cadastral Zone C04, * Kafe Cadastral Zone C05 * Nbora Cadastral Zone C06, * Galadimawa Cadastral Zone C07, * Dakwo Cadastral Zone C08, * Lokogoma Cadastral Zone C09, * Wumba Cadastral Zone C10, * Idu Industrial Cadastral Zone C16 ===Manyan wurare a Abuja=== * Gidan Shugaban kasa (Villa) * Majalisar Dattawa * Majalisar Wakilai (NASS) * Babban kotun koli (supreme court) * [[Babban Bankin Nijeriya]] (CBN) * Babban ofishin sojoji * Babban ofishin yan sanda na kasa * Ma'aikatar sufuri ta kasa * Babban ofishin kwastam na kasa * Ofishin gamayyar [[Afrika]] (ECOWAS) * Massallacin Tarayya * Massallacin An Noor === Wajen Gari === Garuruwan da suke waje da birnin Abuja<ref>https://www.villaafrika.com/fct-abuja-city-profile/</ref> * Dawaki * Gwagwalada * Karu * Kubwa * Mpape * Nyanya. == Labarin Ƙasa. == Garin Abuja na da bisan kimanin mita 360m. === Chanjin yanayi a sashen Abuja. === [[File:Stormclouds.jpg|thumb]] <br>Abuja a tsarin rabe-raben Koppen ta faɗa a ajin [[tropical wet and dry climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Aw''). Garin na fuskantar yanayi iri uku, sanyi, zafi da kuma lokacin ɗumi da ruwan sama. A tsakanin waɗan nan yanayi akwai lokacin sanyi da hazo. Ruwan sama a Abuja yana farawa ne daga watan Aprilu sannan ya ƙare a watan October, a yayin da zafin hasken rana yake kaiwa makin 28 °C (82.4 °F) zuwa 30 °C (86.0 °F) sannan kuma sanyin dare a maki mafi ƙarancin yana kaiwa 22 °C (71.6 °F) zuwa 23 °C (73.4 °F). Amma a lokacin rani, zafin hasken [[rana]] a bisa maki mafi girma yana kaiwa 40 °C (104.0 °F) amma yanayin yana sauƙi da dare akan makin ma'aunin celcius 12 °C (53.6 °F). har zuwa ƙarshen dare yana kaiwa 30 °C (86.0 °F). wannan shine adadin makin sauyin yanayi da sashin birnin Abuja ke fuskanta a taƙaice. <br> ==Sadarwa== ===Tashoshin Gidan Radio a yankin Abuja=== * 88.9 - Brila FM (Abuja) - sports * 92.1 - Vision FM * 92.9 - Kapital FM * 93.5 - ASO Radio * 94.7 - Rhythm FM (Abuja) * 96.9 - Cool FM (Abuja) * 98.3 - Hot FM (Abuja) * 99.5 - Wazobia FM (Abuja) * 99.9 - Kiss FM (Abuja) * 100.5 - RayPower FM (Abuja) * 104 - Love FM (Abuja) * 95.1 - Nigeria Info * 106 - WE FM == Hotuna == [[File:Locator Map Abuja-Nigeria.png|alt=|thumb|Wannan alamar launin jan shine sashin Abuja acikin taswirar ]] [[File:Abuja,Federal Capital Territory.jpg|thumb|Abuja]] [[File:Muhammadu Buhari in Saadabad Palace.jpg|thumb|Shugaban Nageriya Muhammadu Buhari ]] [[File:Secret garden in Riverplate park - Abuja.jpg|Secret garden in Riverplate park - Abuja [[file:Abuja gate.jpg|thumb|center|alt= kofar Abuja|Wannan ita ce kofar shiga birnin tarayya Abuja]] [[file:AbujaNationalMosque.jpg|thumb|center|alt= Masallacin Abuja|Wannan shine babban Masallacin Abuja]] [[File:Catedral Nacional em Abuja, Nigéria.jpg|thumb|left|alt= Majamiar Abuja|Wannan shine babban Majami'ar Abuja kenan]] [[File:The Abuja Velodrome 03.jpg|thumb|Abuja]] [[File:Nnamdi Azikwe Airport, Abuja.jpg|thumb|Babban filin tashi da saukar jiragen sama na abuja]] [[File:Nicon Luxury Hotel, Abuja (Back view).jpg|thumb|Nicon luxury hotal abuja]][[File:Abuja Stadium 02.jpg|thumb|Sitadiyo ta kallo a Abuja]] [[file:Nigeriahouseofreps.jpg|thumb|left|alt= Majalisar wakilai|Ofishin Majalisar Wakilai]] [[file:Zuma Rock.jpg|thumb|center| Wannan dutsen zuma kenan a yankin Abuja]] [[File:National Assembly Building, Abuja, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|Ginin majalissar wakilai ta abuja]] {{Commonscat|Abuja}} == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Abuja}} [[Category:Nijeriya]] [[Category:Babban birni]] qes5maxlso2zp8ibggjsc08pr2ocjmz 0 5532 874150 659297 2026-07-02T08:18:56Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 874150 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Crilogo.jpg|thumbnail|100px]] [[Fayil:CRI headquarters (20210503185450).jpg|thumb|China Radio International]] [[Fayil:QSB 9640 kHz - 20140118@2245UTC China Radio International.png|thumb|China Radio International service plot]] '''Sin Radio International''' [da Turanci: China Radio International] (CRI) gidan rediyo ne na Jamhuriyar Jama'ar kasar Sin (PRC). A halin yanzu hedkwatarsa ​​na a Babaoshan, wani subdistrict na Beijing. Da Radio Beijing, da kuma asali Radio Peking, da aka kafa a 3 ga watan Disamba shekarar 1941. CRI adopts da PRC gwamnatin ta ra'ayi a kan siyasa al'amurran da suka shafi irin su siyasa matsayi na Taiwan da matsayi na Dalai Lama. CRI fitattu inganta m dangantakar tsakanin PRC da kuma duniya. Kamar yadda tare da wasu kasashe 'external gabatarda shirye shiryen kamar Muryar Amurka, BBC Radio kuma Australia, CRI taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin PRC ta taushi ikon dabarun. Ya na 30 ofisoshin kasashen waje, da kuma watsa shirye 1.520 hours na shirye-shirye a kowace rana (24 hours a Turanci), ciki har da labarai, a halin yanzu harkokin, kuma fasali a kan siyasa, da tattalin arziki, al'adu, kimiyya da fasaha. Fiye da 50 gajeren zango na tashar watsa ake amfani da su rufe mafi yawansu duniya. an watsa shirye-shirye via internet da yawa da tauraron dan adam. da shirye-shiryen da ake rebroadcast da yawa na gida FM da kuma AM gidajen rediyo a duk duniya. ==Tarihi== Radio aka fara gabatar a kasar Sin a cikin shekarar 1920s kuma 1930s. Duk da haka, 'yan gidaje da rediyo masu karba. Bayan 'yan birane da kasuwanci tashoshin. Mai of rediyo ta kasance a gare siyasa manufa, akai-akai a kan wani gida yankin matakin. Kasar Sin jam'iyyar kwaminis ta farko amfani da rediyo a Yanan a watan Maris shekarar 1940 da watsawa shigo da daga Moscow. Xinhua na kasar Sin Sabuwar Radio (XNCR) ya tafi a kan iska daga Yanan a watan Disamba 30, shekarar 1940. XNCR daukar kwayar cutar zuwa fi girma Gwargwadon yankin bayan shekarar 1945, da kuma shirye-shirye zama mafi yau da kullum da kuma slavonic tare da watsa shirye-shiryen na labarai, hukuma sanar, yaki karanta labarai, da kuma gwaninta da wallafe-wallafen shirye-shirye. Da Turanci sabis fara a ranar 11 Ga watan Satumba, shekarar 1947, yada a matsayin XNCR daga wani kogo a Shahe a cikin Taihang Mountains, <ref>"[http://english.cri.cn/6909/2011/11/25/2941s668956.htm CRI Marks China's First English Radio Show]." () CRI English. November 25, 2011. Retrieved on November 16, 2013.</ref> a lokacin da kasar Sin shi ne a tsakiyar wani yakin basasa, in bãyar sabuwar nasara da yankunan da watsa shirye-shirye a kasar Sin siyasa da al'adu hangen zaman gaba ga duniya baki daya. <ref>Chang, Won Ho, "Mass Media in China: The History and the Future", Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press, 1989, pp. 151-152.</ref><ref>China Radio International, [http://english.cri.cn/about/history.htm History and Milestones: CRI English Service]()</ref> A tashar koma daga Taihang Mountains zuwa babban birnin kasar, Peking, a lõkacin da ta Jamhuriyar Jama'ar kasar Sin da aka kafa a shekarar 1949. Da sunan da aka canza zuwa Radio Peking a 10 ga watan Afrilu , shekarar 1950 kuma zuwa Radio Beijing a shekarar 1983. A 1 ga watan Janairu , shekarar 1993 sunan tashar aka sake canza, wannan lokaci zuwa kasar Sin Radio International, domin kauce wa duk wani rikice da na gida Beijing rediyo watsa labarai. ==M kalaman / kasa da kasa watsa labarai== CRI watsa shirye via gajeren zango na tashar radio, tauraron dan adam da yanar-gizo a cikin harshen Turanci da kuma sauran harsuna da yawa (duba ƙasa). Haka kuma akwai m AM da FM relays. [[File:Radio China International.svg|thumb|Cri china radio]] Gajeren zango na tashar watsa shirye-shiryen a Turanci da ake niyya a Arewacin Amirka, Caribbean, Turai, Afirka, Asiya da Pacific ta Kudu. CRI kula kai tsaye gajeren zango na tashar watsa shirye-shiryen zuwa raya, kafofin watsa labarai mai arzikin kasashen, a Arewacin Amirka da Turai, kamar yadda manyan yammacin gabatarda shirye shiryen (kamar BBC World Service, Muryar Amurka da kuma Radio Netherlands) rage ko yanke irin wannan watsa shirye-shiryen. ==Shirye-shirye== ===Mandarin Channel=== A farkon shekarar 1984, shi ya fara watsa shirye-shirye gida sabis na Beijing yankin a AM da FM mitoci. Da sabis daga baya fadada zuwa dama, manyan birane a fadin PRC, samar da sauraro a cikin PRC da labarai da rahotanni dace, music, weather, Turanci da kasar Sin koyo basira, kazalika da sauran ayyuka. ====CRI News Radio (90.5 FM)==== CRI News Radio (CRI 环球 资讯 广播) da aka kafa a ranar 28 ga Satumba 2005, wanda ya riƙi amfani da CRI ta 'yan jarida daga ko ina cikin duniya, kuma bayar da rahoton kasa da kasa (da kuma partially gida) labarai, wasanni, nisha da kuma salon shirye-shirye domin cikin gida sauraro a Mandarin na kasar Sin. Da nufin yin CRI News Radio na farko-aji na kasa labarai rediyo iri da taken ne 'Na farko News, News Farko', 'A-da-Spot kasar Sin, Live Duniya' da dai sauransu. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://gb.cri.cn/21344/2007/09/29/1885@1788552.htm|title=Ѷ㲥 CRI News Radio|publisher=|access-date=2015-03-14|archive-date=2012-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523180021/http://gb.cri.cn/21344/2007/09/29/1885@1788552.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> CRI News Radio za a iya ji online da kuma a birnin [[Beijing]] a radiyo a kan 90.5 FM; a [[Tianjin]] 90.6 FM; a [[Chongqing]] 91.7 FM; a [[Guangdong]], [[Hong Kong]], da kuma [[Macau]] 107.1 FM; a [[Shandong]] 89.8 FM; a [[Anhui]] 90,1 FM. ====Sin kwasfan fayiloli==== Da wadannan shirye-shirye da za a iya ji a Mandarin version daga cikin podcast daga World Radio Network: *News (China:新闻节目PinYin: Xin Wen jiè Mu), wanda ya zo daga kasar News Agency. *Tángrénjiē (China:唐人街Turanci translation: "Chinatown"), a shirin game da kasashen waje na kasar Sin (China waje) *Hasashen yanayi a kusa da kasar Sin *Wasanni Wannan watsa shirye-shirye da aka asali niyya a London a cikin United Kingdom. A shekara ta 2006, suka kawar da "London" tunani, wanda shi ne wani ɓangare na gabatarwar a matsayin "Ni Hao London. Sannu London " <ref>{{Cite web |title=China Broadcast |url=http://gb.chinabroadcast.cn/ |access-date=2015-03-14 |archive-date=2006-10-06 |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20061006010928/http%3A//gb.chinabroadcast.cn/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Turanci Channel=== ====CRI a Turanci (88.0 FM, 88,7 FM, 91,5 FM, 846 AM, 1008 AM)==== Da CRI Hausa tashoshi da za a iya ji online su ne: * ''[[Round the Clock (radio)|Round the Clock]]'' (Internet kawai) * ''News Centre''(846 AM a birnin Beijing) * ''[[Hit FM (Beijing)|Hit FM]]'' (88.7 FM a birnin Beijing (24H duk rana), 88.5 FM a Guangzhou (06: 00-21: 00 lokacin Beijing)) *''[[Easy FM]]'' (91.5 FM a birnin Beijing (24H duk rana), 87.9 FM a birnin Shanghai (Shanghai Edition) (24H duk rana), 98.5 FM a Lanzhou) *''Language Studio'' (1008 AM a birnin Beijing) - wani sa'a ​​daya shirin da ya koyar da Turanci ga wanda ya san kawai Mandarin (ba za a gauraye da [[Chinese Studio]]). Shirin sauti kamar kindergarten Turanci darasi a Amurka ta yin amfani da mai sauqi qwarai sentences (misali ''Mary goes to the bank''). * [[CRI 91.9 FM]] (''Kenya 91.9 FM'') * [[Chinese Studio]] ne mai 5 minti kashi cewa ya bi mafi CRI Hausa shirye-shirye * [[China Drive]] ne Turanci rediyo show game da rayuwa a cikin PRC * [[CRI FM 102]] a [[Sri Lanka]] a Sinhala, Tamil, Turanci da kasar Sin (05: 30-19: 30 lokacin Sri Lanka) [http://www.crienglish.com CRIENGLISH.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318001711/http://www.crienglish.com/ |date=2021-03-18 }} yayi wani m kewayon abun ciki na bidiyo a kan ta [http://english.cri.cn/video/ video channel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315235847/http://english.cri.cn/video/ |date=2015-03-15 }} , ciki har da da dama flagship nuna rufe music, fina-finai da kuma comedy. da cikin hannu na m shirin gaskiya style guntun wando focussing on al'ada da tafiya a cikin kasar Sin. ====Turanci Taskar labarai==== Da Turanci podcast daga World Radio Network hada da wadannan shirye-shirye, duk wanda aka taka leda a [[Easy FM]], [[CRI 91.9 FM]] a Kenya, kuma a gidajen rediyo a ko'ina cikin duniya. * ''Hourly News'' * ''The Beijing Hour'' (maye gurbin weekday 'News & Reports' tun farkon 2010) * ''News & Reports'' * ''People in the Know'' * ''Press Clippings'' * ''Studio Plus'' * ''Today'' * ''[[China Drive]]'' * ''[[Realtime China]]'' * ''Africa Express'' * ''[[Chinese Studio]]'' (tallafa ta Bridge School) ===Holiday watsa shirye-shiryen=== A lokacin manyan Sin holidays (An Kwafa [[Golden Week (China)|Golden Week]]), irin su kasar [[Chinese New Year|Sin Sabuwar Shekara]], [[May Day]], da kuma [[Mid-Autumn Festival|tsakiyar-Autumn Festival]], kasar Sin Radio International yawanci watsa shirye na musamman shirye-shirye kamar: *Girma Up A kasar Sin (a lokacin May Day biki) Mafi yawa daga shirye-shirye ba hali na watsa shirye-shirye a lokacin da wasu sassa na shekara. Da misalin shi ne kama da Kirsimeti music watsa shirye-shiryen, a Amirka. ===Harsuna=== Sin Radio International watsa shirye-shiryen da wadannan harsunan: <ref name="cri._CRIO">{{Cite web| title = CRI Online| work = cri.cn| accessdate = 2015-02-15| url = http://www.cri.cn/index1.htm| archive-date = 2015-02-13| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150213071402/http://www.cri.cn/index1.htm| url-status = dead}}</ref> {|width=45% |-valign=top |width=15%| [[Albanian language|Albanian]]<br> [[Arabic language|Arabic]]<br> [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]]<br> [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br> [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]<br> [[Burmese language|Burmese]]<br> [[Croatian language|Croatian]]<br> [[Cambodian language|Cambodian]]<br> [[Mandarin Chinese]]<br> [[Czech language|Czech]]<br> [[Danish language|Danish]]<br> [[Dutch language|Dutch]]<br> [[English language|English]]<br> [[Esperanto language|Esperanto]]<br> |width=15%| [[Estonian language|Estonian]]<br> [[Filipino language|Filipino]]<br> [[Finnish language|Finnish]]<br> [[French language|French]]<br> [[German language|German]]<br> [[Greek language|Greek]]<br> [[Hausa language|Hausa]]<br> [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]<br> [[Hindi]]<br> [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]<br> [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]]<br> [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]<br> [[Italian language|Italian]]<br> [[Japanese language|Japanese]]<br> |width=15%| [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]]<br> [[Korean language|Korean]]<br> [[Laotian language|Laotian]]<br> [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]]<br> [[Malay language|Malay]]<br> [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]]<br> [[Nepali language|Nepali]]<br> [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]]<br> [[Persian language|Persian]]<br> [[Polish language|Polish]]<br> [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]<br> [[Pashto language|Pashto]]<br> [[Romanian language|Romanian]]<br> [[Russian language|Russian]]<br> |width=15%| [[Serbian language|Serbian]]<br> [[Sinhalese language|Sinhalese]]<br> [[Spanish language|Spanish]]<br> [[Swahili language|Swahili]]<br> [[Swedish language|Swedish]]<br> [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br> [[Thai language|Thai]]<br> [[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan (Lhasa and Kangba)]]<br> [[Turkish language|Turkish]]<br> [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]<br> [[Urdu language|Urdu]]<br> [[Uygur language|Uygur (China and Central Asia)]]<br> [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]<br> |} Da Tibet, da Uygur da kuma Kazakh ayyuka suna watsa shirye-shirye cikin tarayya, da na gida rediyo (Tibet Jama'ar kasar Broadcasting Station kuma Xinjiang Jama'ar kasar Broadcasting Station). ===Olympics Radio=== A watan Yuli 2006, CRI ta kaddamar da wani sabon rediyo tashar da ake kira CRI Olympic Radio a 900 AM a birnin Beijing. Wannan na musamman watsa shirye-shirye da aka yi a Mandarin, Yaren mutanen Koriya, Turanci, Rasha, Faransa, Mutanen Espanya, Larabci, Japan da Jamus 24 hours a rana. Wannan sabis kare a marigayi 2008 da kuma a yanzu da mita 900 AM aka shagaltar da CRI News Radio (Beijing kawai). <!--==Kwatanta== {{External program hours}}--> == References == {{Reflist}} ==External links== <!--{{Portal|China|Radio}}--> * [http://hausa.cri.cn/ CRI Hausa] * [http://english.cri.cn CRI English] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205193827/http://english.cri.cn/ |date=2020-12-05 }} * [http://www.wcetv.com/v5_2015v1/menu_detail_tv.asp WCETV] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512214420/http://www.wcetv.com/v5_2015v1/menu_detail_tv.asp |date=2014-05-12 }} Free Online Stream * [http://www.short-wave.info/?station=CHINA%20RADIO%20INTER. List of short-wave frequencies and sites currently on-air] * [http://www.am880.net Hawaii KHCM AM880] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528161635/http://www.am880.net/ |date=2010-05-28 }} * [http://english.cri.cn/beyondbeijing Beyond Beijing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305163752/http://english.cri.cn/beyondbeijing/ |date=2016-03-05 }} * [http://newsradio.cri.cn/index.htm CRI News Radio] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615182211/http://newsradio.cri.cn/index.htm |date=2012-06-15 }} <!--{{Zh icon}}--> * [http://www.npr.org/about/press/000417.wrn.html Commentary about CRI in the US] * [http://dxradio.50webs.com SWDXER] ¨The SWDXER¨ - with general SWL information and radio antenna tips. * [http://misterscience.blogspot.com Mr Science segment from China Drive] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091021042806/http://geocities.com/Tokyo/Harbor/6080/Thesis/Ch2-1.htm The History of Culture and Mass Media in China] * [http://www.radio86.com Radio86, Chinese news and culture in 10 European languages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061205044317/http://radio86.com/ |date=2006-12-05 }} [[Category:Kafofin watsa labarai a birnin Beijing]] 2pr8lzvukdxewquo1eiy8eve8racm28 0 5976 873608 869897 2026-07-01T13:04:04Z Ummeeterh 31568 /* */ 873608 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Abubakar Adam Ibrahim photo.jpg|thumb|200px|Hoto na Abubakar Adam Ibrahim.]] '''Abubakar Adam Ibrahim''' An haife shi a shekara ta ( 1979) a [[Jos]] ta Jihar [[Plateau]] [[Najeriya]], ɗaya ne daga cikin marubuta a [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]]. Ya kuma rubuta ƙagaggen labarin (''[[Season]] of [[Crimson]] [[Blossoms]])'' (''kakar tsirowar jajayen furannai''). Ya lashe kyautar [[adabi]] na [[NLNG]] a shekarar (2016).<ref name="DW">{{cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/abubakar-adam-ibrahim-northern-nigerias-literary-provocateur/a-37558586|title=Nigeria's Literary Provocateur|work=Deutsche Welle|author=Gwendolin Hilse|date=|accessdate=13 January 2018}}</ref> == Sana’a == An kuma haifi Abubakar Adam Ibrahim a [[Jos|garin Jos]] dake [[Arewa]] ta tsakiyar [[Najeriya]], kuma ya yi karatun digirinsa a BA Mass Communication a [[jami'ar Jos]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.parresia.com.ng/abubakar-adam-ibrahim|title=Abubakar Adam Ibrahim|date=2015|accessdate=4 June 2015|website=|publisher=Parrésia Publishers|last=|first=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623010926/http://www.parresia.com.ng/abubakar-adam-ibrahim/|archive-date=23 June 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tarin gajeriyar labarinsa na halarta na farko An Kuma yi jerin ''sunayen Bishiyoyi masu''ruɗi don [[Kyautar Etisalat na Adabi|lambar yabo ta Etisalat don Adabi]] a cikin shekarar 2014,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://prize.etisalat.com.ng/the-inaugural-etisalat-prize-for-literature-longlist/|title=The Inaugural Etisalat Prize for Literature Longlist|date=20 December 2013|accessdate=4 June 2015|website=|publisher=Etisalat Nigeria|last=|first=}}</ref> tare da taken da aka zaɓa don [[Kyautar Caine|Kyautar Caine don Rubutun Afirka]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.caineprize.com/news_2013_shortlist.php|title=Fourteenth Caine Prize shortlist announced|date=April 2013|accessdate=4 June 2015|website=The Caine Prize for African Writing|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607122503/http://www.caineprize.com/news_2013_shortlist.php|archivedate=7 June 2015}}</ref> Cassava Republic Press ne ya sake buga tarin don a rarraba ƙasa da ƙasa a cikin shekarar 2020<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-14|title=The Whispering Trees {{!}} Abubakar Adam Ibrahim {{!}} Cassava Republic Press|url=https://cassavarepublic.biz/product/the-whispering-trees-by-abubakar-adam-ibrahim/,%20https://cassavarepublic.biz/product/the-whispering-trees-by-abubakar-adam-ibrahim/|access-date=2021-12-25|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> kuma za a buga fassarar Faransanci a cikin shekarar 2022.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.moutons-electriques.fr/arbres-murmurent|title=Les arbres qui murmurent|language=fr|access-date=2023-09-13|archive-date=2023-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928130907/https://www.moutons-electriques.fr/arbres-murmurent|url-status=dead}}</ref> A cikin shekarar (2014) an zaɓe shi a jerin marubutan [[Afirka39|Afirka 39]] waɗanda shekarunsu ke ƙasa da (40) tare da yuwuwar da hazaƙa don ayyana yanayin gaba a cikin [[adabin]] [[Afirka]],<ref>[[Margaret Busby]], [https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2014/apr/10/port-harcourt-world-book-capital-2014-africa-39 "Africa39: how we chose the writers for Port Harcourt World Book Capital 2014"], ''The Guardian'', 10 April 2014.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2014|title=Africa 39 list of artists|url=https://www.hayfestival.com/artist.aspx?artistid=5966|publisher=[[Hay Festival]]|accessdate=4 June 2015}}</ref> kuma an saka shi a cikin anthology ''Africa39: Sabon Rubuce daga Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara''(ed). [[Allah|Allahu]] Akbar!<ref>[[Mukoma Wa Ngugi]], [http://lareviewofbooks.org/review/beauty-mourning-melancholy-africa39 "Beauty, Mourning, and Melancholy in Africa39"], ''[[Los Angeles Review of Books]]'', 9 November shekara ta 2014.</ref> Ya kasance mai ba da shawara a kan shirin Rubutun( 2013 )kuma ya yi hukunci da [[Kyautar Rubutun Gajeren Labari|Kyautar Gajerun Rubutattun Labarai]] a shekara ta 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=22 May 2014|title=Writivism Short Story Prize 2014 Longlist|url=http://bookslive.co.za/blog/2014/05/22/writivism-short-story-prize-2014-longlist|website=Books Live|publisher=Times Media Group|accessdate=4 June 2015}}</ref> Ya kasance shugaban alkalai don lambar yabo ta Etisalat Flash Fiction Prize na 2016.<ref>"Etisalat Prize for Literature". ''Etisalat Prize for Literature''. 14 October 2016. Retrieved 9 January 2017.</ref> Ibrahim ya lashe lambar yabo ta [[BBC]] [[African]] [[Performance Prize]]<ref>"African Performance 2007". BBC World Service. 2007. Retrieved 4 June 2015.</ref> da ANA Plateau/Amatu Braide Prize for Prose. Shi [[Gabriel Garcia]] Marquez Fellow (2013),<ref>"Selected for the Gabriel García Márquez fellowship in cultural journalism". ''Fundacion Gabriel Garcia Marquez para el Nuovo Periodismo Iberoamericano''. FNPI. 25 October 2012. Retrieved 4 June 2015.</ref> ɗan Civitella Ranieri (2015)<ref>"Civitella Announces 2015 Fellows". ''Civitella Ranieri Foundation''. Civitella Ranieri Foundation. 2015. Archived from the original on 20 July 2018. Retrieved 4 June 2015.</ref> da( 2018 )Art OMI Fellow.<ref name=":0">"Art OMI". 6 June 2018. Retrieved 6 June 2018.</ref> A cikin shekarar (2016), Ibrahim ya kasance mai karɓar lambar yabo ta [[Goethe-Institut]]& Sylt Foundation [[African Writer's Residency Award]] kuma a cikin watan Maris shekarar 2020 ya kasance Abokin Dora Maar.<ref>"Adam Ibrahim Abubakar". ''La Maison Dora Maar et L'Hôtel Tingry''. Retrieved 25 December 2021.</ref> Ibrahim ya lashe lambar yabo ta [[BBC]] African Performance Prize<ref>"Abubakar Adam Ibrahim". Archived from the original on 9 September 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2015.</ref> da ANA Plateau/Amatu Braide Prize for Prose. Shi Gabriel Garcia Marquez Fellow (2013),<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> ɗan Civitella Ranieri (2015)<ref>"Abubakar Adam Ibrahim dans la sélection du Prix Femina Étranger". ''www.editions-observatoire.com'' (in French). Retrieved 25 December2021.</ref> da 2018 Art OMI Fellow.<ref name=":0" /> A cikin shekarar 2016, Ibrahim ya kasance mai karɓar lambar yabo ta [[Goethe-Institut]] & Sylt Foundation African Writer's Residency Award<ref>Eresia-Eke, Kudo (31 October 2016). "Shortlist of three for NLNG sponsored US$100,000 literature prize emerges". Nigeria LNG Ltd.</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1979]] [[Category:Marubutan Najeriya|Ibrahim, Abubakar Adam]] 32u5sxdu1gvlb3yw59mqp2mmvqd75kr 0 6232 873769 843852 2026-07-01T20:04:50Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 873769 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Warri''' birni ne, da ke a jihar [[Delta (jiha)|Delta]], a [[Najeriya]]. Shi ne babban birnin jihar Delta. Bisa ga kimanta a shekarar 2017, jimilar mutane dubu dari shida da sittin da uku. Birnin Warri cibiya ne na man-fetur da ke kudu-maso-kudancin kasannan, kuma gidan gwamnati na Jihar Delta na cikinta. [[Itacipoma|Itace]] matsayin yankin gundumar Turawan Mulkin mallaka na lokacin.<ref>"Warri, Nigeria – International Cities of Peace". Retrieved 25 June 2021.</ref> Warri ta hada yanki da Sapele, duk da cewa a yanzu an hade yankunan Sapele kamar su Okere, Agbassa, [[Uvwie]], [[Okpe]], da kuma [[Udu, Nigeria|Udu]] a matsayin yankin babban Birnin Warri.<ref>"GPS coordinates of Warri, Nigeria, DMS, UTM, GeoHash - CountryCoordinate.com". ''www.countrycoordinate.com''. Retrieved 25 June 2021.</ref> Akwai gidajen Osubi da filin jirgin sama guda daya a garin. Kalmar "Gundumar Warri" a da tana nufin wani yanki na jihar Delta, wanda ke karkashin mulkin turawa na yankin Kudancin Najeriya.<ref>Okoh, Oghenetoja (July 2016). "WHO CONTROLS WARRI? HOW ETHNICITY BECAME VOLATILE IN THE WESTERN NIGER DELTA (1928–52)*". ''The Journal of African History''. '''57''' (2): 209–230. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:10.1017/S0021853716000074. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]] 0021-8537. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]] 163543228.</ref> Ta hada yanki da Sapele daga Arewa-maso-Gabas, da kuma Rafin Forcados daga Kudu-maso-Gabas, sai kuma Jameson Creek daga kudu-maso-yamma wanda daga baya ta koma karkashin gundumar Delta. [[Effurun]] itace matsayin cibiyar tattalin arzikin birnin.<ref>"Exposure assessment of chicken meat to heavy metals and bacterial contaminations in Warri metropolis, Nigeria". ''ResearchGate''. Retrieved 12 September 2021.</ref> Birnin Warri tana daya daga cikin maya-manyan cibiyoyi sarrafa da kuma kasuwancin man-fetur dake kudancin Najeriya. Itace babban birnin kuma cibiyar kasuwanci na jihar Delta, da yawan mutane akalla mutum 311,970 dangane da kidayar shekara ta 2006.<ref>"Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 5 June 2013.</ref> Asalin mazauna birnin sun kasance mutanen harsunan [[Urhobo people|Urhobo]], [[Ijaw people|Ijaw]] da [[Itsekiri people|Itsekiri]]. Sannan mafi aksarin mazauna garin kiristoci ne, duk da dai har yanzu akwai kadan dake bin akidar bautan gargajiya na kudancin Najeriya. Birnin tayi fice a harshen Turancin Pijin (Pidjin English). =Labarin warri== Warri a da ta kasance babban birnin gundumar mulkin Turawa. Daga bisani an hade Lagos da Yankin Kudancin Najeriya a matsayin yankunan mulkin mallakan Turawa a ranar 28 ga watan February 1906, kuma an daura Walter Egerton a matsayin gwamnan yankin wanda ya rike mukamin har zuwa 1912. Birnin Warri na nan a gaban kogin Warri wacce ta hade kogin Forcados da na Escravos ta Jones Creek a can yankin Delta. Tarihin garin ya fara ne a karni na 15 lokacin da malaman kiristoci daga Portugal suka kawo masu ziyara. Daga baya kuma ta zamo cibiyar cinikayyar bayi tsankanin Portugal da Germany. Warri ta zamo birni mai daraja a karni na 19 musamman ta dalilin tashan jirgin ruwa da ake sufurin man-ja zuwa kasashen ketare. Sannan Warri ta zamo cibiyar gundumomi na Turawa a karni na 20. Ta samu cigaba sosai, ta tashi daga kauye ta zamo birni.<ref>Ekeh, Peter Palmer (2005). ''Warri City and British Colonial Rule in Western Niger Delta''. Urhobo Historical Society. p. 31. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-064-924-7|<bdi>978-064-924-7</bdi>]].</ref> == Jama'a == Mafi akasarin mutanen warri sun kasance daga harsunan Urhobo, Itsekiri da kuma Ijaw.<ref>"Niger Delta moving from agitation to rebellion?". ''The New Humanitarian'' (in French). 8 July 2003. Retrieved 25 June 2021.</ref> Amma saboda bunkasa da cigaban garin, akwai mutane dayawa daga sassa daban daban na kasar. == Yanayi == Birnin na fuskantar matsakaicin ruwan sama da kuma matsakaicin danshi. Yanayin garin ya fada a ''monsoon'' wanda ya rabu zuwa yanayi biyu; lokacin damuna da lokacin rani. Rani yakan fara a tsakanin watan Nuwamba zuwa April kuma ya kunshi yanayin sanyin ''harmattan'' mai zuwa da kura da hazo. Lokacin damunan yana farawa ne daga watan Mayu zuwa October da rashin ruwa na dan lokaci acikin watan Augusta. Yanayin garin na da halayyar ''tropical monsoon climate'' da matsakaicin zafi na shekara-shekara a 32.8 °C (91.0 °F). Ruwan sama a shekara yakan kai 2,770 mm (109 in). Yanayi na zafi yakan kai 28 °C (82 °F) and 32 °C (90 °F). Kasan garin na dauke da isassun ciyayi, sannan akwai itacen timber, Palm da sauran itacen marmari. {{Weather box |location = Warri |metric first = Y |single line = Y |Jan high C = 31.5 |Feb high C = 32.2 |Mar high C = 32.4 |Apr high C = 32.2 |May high C = 31.5 |Jun high C = 30.0 |Jul high C = 28.4 |Aug high C = 28.4 |Sep high C = 28.8 |Oct high C = 30.0 |Nov high C = 31.4 |Dec high C = 31.5 |year high C = 30.7 |Jan mean C = 26.8 |Feb mean C = 27.5 |Mar mean C = 27.9 |Apr mean C = 28.0 |May mean C = 27.3 |Jun mean C = 26.3 |Jul mean C = 25.2 |Aug mean C = 25.3 |Sep mean C = 25.5 |Oct mean C = 26.3 |Nov mean C = 27.1 |Dec mean C = 26.8 |year mean C = 26.7 |Jan low C = 22.1 |Feb low C = 22.9 |Mar low C = 23.5 |Apr low C = 23.8 |May low C = 23.1 |Jun low C = 22.6 |Jul low C = 21.0 |Aug low C = 22.3 |Sep low C = 22.3 |Oct low C = 22.6 |Nov low C = 22.9 |Dec low C = 22.2 |year low C = 22.6 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 30 |Feb precipitation mm = 58 |Mar precipitation mm = 127 |Apr precipitation mm = 201 |May precipitation mm = 270 |Jun precipitation mm = 367 |Jul precipitation mm = 474 |Aug precipitation mm = 324 |Sep precipitation mm = 457 |Oct precipitation mm = 325 |Nov precipitation mm = 104 |Dec precipitation mm = 31 |year precipitation mm = 2768 |source 1 = Climate-Data.Org<ref name = Climate-Data.Org> {{cite web | url = http://en.climate-data.org/location/513/ | title = Climate: Warri | publisher = [[Climate-Data.org]] | access-date = 29 October 2016}}</ref> }} == Arziki da gine-gine == Akwai Warri Refinery da kuma Petrochemicals a Ekpa, da sauran kamfanonin mai na gida da na kasashen waje a sassa daban daban da ke kusa. Tana daya daga cikin manya manyan tashoshi jiragen ruwa na Najeriya wanda ke nan a Ugbuwangue, Warri. Saboda rikicin da ke faruwa a yankin, musamman na 1999, mafi yawanci kamfanonin sun ruga zuwa babban birnin da kuma sassan gefe-gefe. === Tsaro === Akwai barikin sojoji a garin Amphibious Infantry battalion (Effurun Army Base) wanda ke nan a Effurun. Sojin ruwan Najeriya suna gudanar da harkokinsu a yankin tashar. Sannan har wayau sojin saman Najeria na da bariki a garin (61 Nigerian Air force). === Wasanni === Warri na da filin wasannin kwallon kafa wanda ke da fadin dibar mutane 30,000. Wanda shine filin wasan kungiyar kwallon kafa na gida na [[Warri Wolves]].<ref>[[Warri Wolves F.C.|Warri Wolves F.C]]</ref><ref>[[Warri Township Stadium]]</ref> === Sarrafe-sarrafe === A cikin birin akwai manya manyan matatun man fetur, sannan akwai kamfanin sarrafe karafa watau ''Delta Steel Company'' wanda kenan a yankin Ovwian–Aladja dake karamar hukumar Udu<ref>"20 years after collapse, steel company resumes operations". Vanguard (Nigeria). 5 March 2018. Retrieved 21 March 2018.</ref>. Sanna akwai kamfanin sarrafa gilasai na Beta Glass daga wajen birnin Ughelli, wanda ke da tarin silica da silicates da ake amfani dasu wajen hada gilasai. Sannan har wayau akwai kamfanin rarraba wutar lantarki na Transcorp Power wanda kenan a Ughelli. == Sufuri == === Jirgin kasa === A farkon shekara ta 1991, an fara hada titin jirgin kasan daga kamfanonin sarrafa karafa na [[Ajaokuta]] zuwa tashar jirgin ruwa na Warri wanda ke da nisan kiloitoci 275. Zuwa shekara ta 2006, titin jirgin ya kai kilomita 329 amma har yanzu ba'a kammala sauran kilomita 27 da ya rage zuwa Warri ba. An cigaba da aikin titin a shekara ta 2010. Gwamnati tayi bikin bude titin a watan Satumba shekara ta 2020. === Tituna === Gwamnatin garin ta kara gyara manyan hanyoyin garin don kara wa garin kyawu. === Jirgin Sama === Akwai wuraren saukan helikoptoci a wasu manyan kamfanonin man fetur a garin === Jiragen Ruwa === Sufurin kayayyaki ta ruwa na gudana ne karkashin kulawar Nigerian Ports Authority (Delta Ports) wanda yawanci ya kunshi shigowa da kaya da fitasu daga wasun manyan kamfanoni. == Makarantu == === Jami'oi === Akwai manyan makarantun gaba da sakandare da dama da suka hada da; *College of Education at Edjeba, Warri<ref>{{Cite web|title=Contact Us – College of Education, Warri|url=https://coewarri.edu.ng/contact-us/|access-date=2021-06-25|language=en-US}}</ref> *The Delta State Nursing School, Ogunu, Warri<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-26|title=Delta State Schools of Nursing Admission Form 2020/2021|url=https://www.myschoolgist.com/ng/delta-state-schools-of-nursing-form/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=www.myschoolgist.com|language=en}}</ref> *Eagle Heights University, Omadino, Warri<ref>{{Cite web|title=How Oritsejafor Will Bankroll N2.5 billion Eagle Height University {{!}} Encomium Magazine|url=https://encomium.ng/how-oritsejafor-will-bankroll-n2-5-billion-eagle-height-university/|access-date=2021-06-25|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[Nigeria Maritime University]] Okerenkoko, Warri<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-06-11|title=Homepage|url=https://www.nmu.edu.ng/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=NMU|language=en-US}}</ref> === Makarantun Sakandare === Makarantun Sakandare sun hada da: * Yonwuren Secondary School, Warri * College of Education Demonstration Secondary School, Warri * Twin Fountain Group of Schools * Cambridge International School * Delta Careers College * Federal Government College * [[Hussey College Warri|Hussey College, Warri]] * Nana College, Warri * Dom Domingos College, Warri * [[Delta Secondary School, Warri]] * [[Dore Numa College]], Warri * [[Essi College]], Warri * Uwangue College, Warri * Urhobo College, Effurun * Classical International Schools * Ugborikoko Secondary School * Army Day Secondary School, Effurun * College of Commerce Warri * DSC Technical High School, Ovwian-Aladja * Our Lady's High School, Effurun * Mega Stars Christian School, Udu * Eagles Height School, Ajamhimogha === Makarantun firamare=== Makarantun firamare sun hada da: * Ogiame Primary School, Warri * Ikengbuwa Primary School, Warri * [[Caveginia Primary School]], Warri * Twin Fountain Group of Schools * HillTop * International Unity School (IUS) * [[NNPC]] Staff Primary School * SNAPS * [[Alderstown School for the Deaf]] * Kids Compute Academy == Wuraren bude ido == Akwai wuraren bude ido da dama da mutum zai iya ziyarta a Warri. * Nana Living History Museum<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-07-09|title=100 years of Nanna of Itsekiri's 'Living History'|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/07/100-years-nanna-itsekiris-living-history/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref> * Red Mangrove swamp * Falcorp Mangrove Park / Mini Zoo, Ijala, Behind Warri Refinery.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Opening hours: Falcorp Mangrove Park - Warri Zoo and Nature Park|url=https://opening-hours.com.ng/0645149/Falcorp_Mangrove_Park_-_Warri_Zoo_and_Nature_Park|access-date=2021-06-25|website=opening-hours.com.ng|language=en-NG}}</ref> * [[Warri Township Stadium]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Warri Township Stadium - Football Stadium|url=https://www.football-lineups.com/stadium/4819/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=Football-Lineups}}</ref> * Shell club, Ogunu<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shell Ogunu Golf Club {{!}} All Square Golf|url=https://www.allsquaregolf.com/golf-courses/nigeria/shell-ogunu-golf-club|access-date=2021-06-25|website=www.allsquaregolf.com|language=en}}</ref> ==Shahararrun mutanen== *[[Isaiah Oghenevwegba Ogedegbe|Isaiah Ogedegbe]], faston kuma marubuci<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/iginla-teemac-others-eulogise-tb-joshua-at-posthumous-birthday/|title=Iginla, TeeMac, others eulogise TB Joshua at posthumous birthday|publisher=The Nation Newspaper|access-date=2023-06-20|archive-date=2023-06-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613210715/https://thenationonlineng.net/iginla-teemac-others-eulogise-tb-joshua-at-posthumous-birthday/|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> *[[Paul Eyefian]] *[[Daniel Dikeji Miyerijesu]] shi ne ya kafa ma' aikatar Alheri ta Allah *[[Ifeanyi Palmer]] shi ne ya kafa Gospel Harvest Assembly (Word Arena) ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Warri}} [[Category:Biranen Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Kananan hukumomin jihar Delta]] kj6bgnc2h7t3cin808yhr64hfgsz0he 0 6305 874044 723066 2026-07-01T23:43:21Z Habibah A Jisambo 26434 874044 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Abịa State University Mountain.jpg|thumb|Jami'ar jihar abia.]] [[File:RoughPlay.jpg|thumb|mutanen abia a bukukuwan al'ada.]] [[File:Renovated Abia State House of Assembly.jpg|thumb|Majalissar dokokin jihar abia]] [[File:Abia State coat of arms.jpg|thumb|Tambarin jihar abia]] [[File:Abia state tower.jpg|thumb|Abia]] [[File:Retiring from all village involvement (Igboto mma) in Umuahia, Abia state 10.jpg|thumb|sarakunan gargajiya]] [[File:Retiring from all village involvement (Igboto mma) in Umuahia, Abia state 04.jpg|thumb|Al'adu]] [[File:Man pushing a wheelbarrow - Abia state.jpg|thumb|kasuwanni a wani karni]] '''Jihar Abiya''' [[Jiha]] ce dake yankin Kudu maso Gabashin [[Najeriya|Najeriya,]] wacce ta hada iyaka daga arewa, da kuma arewa maso kudu da jihohin [[Enugu (jiha)|Enugu]] da [[Ebonyi]]; sai kuma yamma da Jihar [[Imo]], Jihar [[Cross River]] daga gabas, [[Akwa Ibom]] daga kudu maso gabas, sai kuma [[Jihar Rivers]] daga kudu. Jihar ta samo asalin sunanta ne daga yankunan da suka fi kowanne yawan jama'a a garin: '''A'''ba, '''B'''ende, '''I'''suikwuato, da kuma '''A'''rochukwu.<ref>"History of Abia State Nigeria". Retrieved 18 September 2021.</ref> Babban birnin jihar itace [[Umuahia]]<ref>Umuahia - Wikipedia </ref>, a yayin da [[Aba]]<ref>Aba, Nigeria - Wikipedia</ref> ta kasance mafi girma kuma cibiyar kasuwancin garin.<ref>"Aba | History & Facts | Britannica". ''www.britannica.com''. Retrieved 12 March 2022.</ref> [[File:Abia State coat of arms.jpg|thumb|Abia_State_coat_of_arms]] Acikin jihohi 36 na [[Najeriya]], [[Abia]] itace ta 32 a fadin kasa kuma na 27 a yawan jama'a da kiyasin mutane akalla '''3,720,000''' a bisa ƙidayar shekara ta [[2016]].<ref>"Figure 1. Map of abia State showing the 17 local government areas". ''ResearchGate''. Retrieved 12 March 2022.</ref> Dangane da yanayin kasa, jihar ta kasu zuwa kashi biyu, Niger Delta swamp forests daga karshen kudancin garin, da kuma busasshen yanayi na Cross–Niger transition forests da yanayi savanna a sauran sassan garin. Sauran muhimman yankunan garin sun hada da Rafukan [[Imo River|Imo]] and [[Aba River (Nigeria)|Aba]] wadanda ke kwarara ta yammaci da kudancin iyakar Abiya. Akwai yaruka da dama da suke zaune a Jihar Abiya a yau, musamman [[Inyamurai]]. A lokacin mulkin [[turawa]], yankin Jihar Abiya ta yau na daga cikin yankin mutanen [[Arochukwu]] na Daular Aro kafin a turawa su ci su da yaki a Yakin [[Yakin Anglo-Aro]] a farkon karni na 1900. Turawa sun mamaye yankin bayan yakin, kuma suka sanya ta cikin Yankin Kudancin Najeriya karkashin kariyar Turawa, wacce daga baya aka hadeta cikin yankin Najeriya ta Mulkin Burtaniya; bayan an hade ta, Jihar Abiya ta zamo cibiyar adawa ga mulkin mallaka turawa wanda ya janyo yakin mata da aka fara a [[Oloko]]. Bayan samun 'yancin a shekarata alif 1960, Jihar Abiya ta yau na daga cikin Yankin Kudancin Najeriya , har zuwa shekarar 1967 lokacin da aka rarraba yankin zuwa yankin Jihar Gabas ta Tsakiya. Kasa da watanni biyu bayan faruwar hakan, tsohuwar yankin na Gashin Najeriya ta jawo yakin basasa na tsawon shekaru uku a Najeriya, tare da Abiya na daga cikin garuruwan tawaye na [[Biyafara]]. Bayan yakin ya kare kuma an sake hade yankunan a Najeriya, an mayar da Jihar Gabas ta Tsakiya har zuwa shekarar 1976 lokacin da [[Murtala Mohammed]] ya samar da sabuwar Jihar [[Imo]] (wacce ta hada da JIhar Abiya a cikin ta). Bayan shekaru sha biyar, an sake raba Jihar Imo inda aka cire gabashin Imo don samar da Jihar Abiya; amma a shekarar 1996, an sake raba jihar Abiya inda aka samar da Jihar [[Ebonyi]] ta yau.<ref>"This is how the 36 states were created". ''Pulse.ng''. Retrieved 15 December 2021.</ref> Ta fuskar tattalin arziki, Jihar Abiya ta ta'allaka a samar da man-fetur da natural gas dadi da noma, musamman na doya, masara, taro, man-ja da rogo. Akwai kamfanoni sarrafe-sarrafe musamman a yankin Aba.<ref>"Abia". ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Retrieved 14 December 2021.</ref> Dangane da saurin habakar ta a fuskar yawan jama'a da masanaantu, Abiya ta shiga na 8 daga cikin jerin cigaban al'umma a Najeriya.<ref>"Human Development Indices". ''Global Data Lab''. Retrieved 15 December 2021.</ref> [[Fayil:Abia State coat of arms.jpg|thumb|Abiya state coat of arm]] Tana da yawan fili kimani na kilomita arabba’i 6,320 da yawan jama’a milyan biyu da dubu dari takwas da talatin da uku da dari tara da tisa'in da tara (kidayar yawan jama'a shekara 2006). Babban birnin tarayyar jahar ita ce [[Umuahia]]. [[Okezie Ikpeazu]] shi ne gwamnan jihar tun zaben shekara ta 2015 har zuwa yau. Mataimakin gwamnan shi ne [[Ude Okochukwu]]. Dattijan jihar sune: [[Eyinnaya Abaribe]], [[Theodore A. Orji]] da kuma [[Mao Ohuabunwa]]<ref>https://www.nigeriagalleria.com/Nigeria/States_Nigeria/Abia/Brief-History-of-Abia-State.html</ref><ref>https://www.familysearch.org/wiki/en/Abia_State,_Nigeria_Genealogy</ref>. == Labarin kasa. == Jihar Abiya wacce ta mamaye fadin kasa kimanin 6,320sqkm, ta hada iyaka daga kudu da kudu maso gabas da jihohin [[Enugu]] da [[Ebonyi]]. Jihar [[Imo]] daga yamma, Jihar [[Cross River]] daga gabas da kuma Jihar [[Akwa Ibom]] daga kudu maso gabas, sai kuma [[Jihar Rivers]] daga kudu. Sashin kudancin garin na fuskantar ruwan sama mai karfi na kimanin 2,400 millimetres (94 in) a duk shekara, kuma yafi karfi a tsakanin watannin Aprelu zuwa Octoba.<ref>"abia". ''www.usafricaonline.com''. Retrieved 29 May 2020.</ref> Rafuka mafi muhimmanci a jihar sune; [[Imo River|Imo]] da Kogin [[Aba River (Nigeria)|Aba]] wanda ke kwarara acikin tekun Atlantic ta jihar Akwa Ibom.<ref>Nigeria, Media (22 March 2018). "Major Rivers In Abia state". ''Media Nigeria''. Retrieved 13 February2022.</ref> == Tarihi da yawan jama'a == Abiya na daga cikin jihohi 36 na Najeriya kuma tana da kananan hukumomi guda 17. An kafa jihar Abiya a ranar 27 ga watan Augustan shekara ta 1991, a lokacin mulkin General [[Ibrahim Babangida]]. Jihar na zaune a yankin kudu maso gabashin Najeriya. An samar da jihar Abiya daga cikin jihar Imo kuma jihohin biyu sun hada iyaka. Jihar Abiya na daga cikin garuruwan Niger Delta. Babba birnin jihar itace Abiya, sannan ana mata lakabi da '''''[[Abiya|GOD’s OWN STATE]]'''.'' Jihar Abiya ta samo asalin sunanta ne daga yankunan ta hudu da sukafi ko ina yawa wato: [[Aba, Abia|Aba]], [[Bende, Nigeria|Bende]], [[Isuikwuato]], da [[Afikpo]].<ref>"History of Abia State Nigeria | AllNigeriaInfo". Retrieved 18 September 2021.</ref><ref>"Abia State history". Abia-union.org. Archived from the original on 3 September 2011. Retrieved 28 October 2012.</ref> Jihar Abiya jiha ce ta Inyamurai kuma da yaren Igbonci ake magana a garin. Inyamurai ne suka cike kusan kaso '''95%''' na yawan mutanen garin.<ref>"Enugu State". Igbofocus.co.uk. 17 January 2012. Archived from the original on 13 November 2009. Retrieved 28 October 2012.</ref> Sannan haka zalika ana amfani da harshen turanci a garin, kuma shine matsayin yaren gwamnati da kuma cinikayya. A jihar Abiya, fiye da mutum miliyan 7 kiristoci ne.<ref>"Abia | state, Nigeria". ''Encyclopedia Britannica''. Retrieved 14 September 2021.</ref> == Tattalin arziki da ababen more rayuwa == Samar da man-fetur da gas sune muhimman tattalin arzikin Jihar Abiya, wanda yake wakiltan kaso 39% na kudaden shiga (GDP) na Jihar.<ref name=":0">Nigeria's 36 States and the FCT, Economic, societal and political profiles, World Bank Report</ref> Amma duk da haka kwararan kamfanonin gida na jihar dangane da shirin Marginal Fields Programme (MFP)- na samun karancin kudade da zai basu damar hakan mai a rijiyoyi kusan 50 dake jihar.<ref>"Channelstv, Nigeria (14 April 2013). "Harnessing Abia's oil and gas potentials". ''channelstv.com''. Retrieved 30 November 2015.</ref> Masana'antun kere-kere na wakiltar kudaden shiga kashi 2% kacal.<ref name=":0" /> Cibiyar masana'antun Jihar Abia na nan a birnin Aba, wanda suka hada da kamfanonin sarrafa magunguna, sabulai, robobi, siminti, takalma da kuma kayan kwalliya.<ref name=":1">Hoiberg, Dale H., ed. (2010). "Abia". ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Vol. I (15th ed.). Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. pp. 32. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-1-59339-837-8|<bdi>978-1-59339-837-8</bdi>]].</ref> Bugu da kari, Jihar Abiya ta samar da wurin taro na kasa da kasa mai daukan mutum akalla 9000 a babban birnin Umuahia. Gwamna [[Theodore Orji|T.A Orji]] ya gina wannan katafaren wuri don bunkasa tattalin arziki ta hanyar tarar baki a tarukan kasa da kasa ko kuma na gida Najeriya da kuma masu yawan bude idanu a Jihar. Noma na wakiltar kaso 27% na kudaden shiga na Jihar (GDP), kuma ta samar da aiki ga kaso 70% na mutanen garin.<ref name=":0" /> Dangane da ruwan sama mai yawa a Jihar, Abiya na da kasar noma mai kyau kuma suna noman doya, masara, dankali shinkafa, kashuw, plantain, taro da kuma rogo.<ref name=":1" /> Kwakwan manja ya kasance muhimmin kayan masarufi na siyarwa a Jihar.<ref name=":1" /> === Hako Man-fetur da Gas === Akwai akalla rijiyoyin mai guda 100 da kuma masarrafu guda uku a jihar Abiya.<ref>"Channelstv, Nigeria (14 April 2013). "Harnessing Abia's oil and gas potentials". ''channelstv.com''. Retrieved 30 November 2015.</ref><ref name=":3">"Vanguard, Nigeria (7 August 2012). "Our problem is poor funding – ASOPADEC Chairman". ''vanguardngr.com''. Retrieved 30 November 2015.</ref> Akwai kuma masarrafar gas na "Abia/NNPC gas plant".<ref name=":3" /> Yi zuwa shekara ta 2012, cibiyar boundary C ta sanar da cewa ta maido da rijiyoyin mai 42 daga Jihar Rivers zuwa Abiya.<ref name=":3" /> Hakan na nufin cewa, Jihar Abiya ta zamo na hudu a samar da man fetur a Najeriya.<ref name=":3" /> Mashahuriyar kamfanin man fetur wato [[Shell Nigeria|Shell]], ke da mallakin mafiya yawan rijiyoyin man da ke Jihar, kuma ta ware kusan guda 50 wanda ake dauka a matsayin mafi muhimmanci. Jihar tana samar da 36,000 barrels na man-fetur a duk rana; "Imoturu na samar da barrel 23,000 a duk rana; a yayin da ita kuma tashar man-fetur na Isimili ke samar da fiye da ganga 8,000 a duk rana.<ref name=":3" /> Akwai rijiyoyin mai guda 4 a yankin mabubbugan Izaku zuwa Obigo. Akalla rijiyoyin mai guda 30 suna kwarara zuwa Umuri sannan kuma akalla rijiyoyin mai guda 8 suna kwarara daga Umurie zuwa Afam" kamar yadda Samuel Okezie Nwogu, Chairman na Abia State Oil Producing Development Area Commission (ASOPADEC). Amma duk da haka, jihar na kukan rashin isasshen kudi daga kudaden da ake samu na man fetur daga Gwamnatin Tarayya.<ref name=":3" /> == Matsalolin Muhalli == === Bola === Kungiyar kula da muhalli wato Municipal solid waste management (MSWM), ke da alhakin kwashe shara da tattara ta, da zubar da ita don tabbatar da cewa bata cutar da mutane ba. Akwai matsaloli da dama da suke jawo tara shara a yankuna birane, wanda suka hada da yanayin samun kudi, yanayin sararin samaniya, birane da kuma habakar tattalin arziki.<ref>Ezechi, Ezerie Henry; Nwabuko, Chima George; Enyinnaya, Ogbonna Chidi; Babington, Chibunna John (September 2017). "Municipal solid waste management in Aba, Nigeria: Challenges and prospects". ''Environmental Engineering Research''. '''22'''(3): 231–236. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:10.4491/eer.2017.100. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]] 1226-1025.</ref> Ma'aikatar MSW a jihar Abiya ta kasu kashi uku; # Sharar gida (shara daga gidaje, wuraren cin abinci, kasuwanni da sauran wuraren cinikayya) # Sharar Masana'antu (wanda suka hada da abubuwa masu cutarwa wanda ke bukatar kulawa ta musamman) # Sharar Ma'aikatu (wannan sun hada da shara daga ma'aikatun gwamnati, makarantu, asibitoci da wuraren shakatawa) == Ma'adanan Jihar Abiya == * [[Zinari|Zinare]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2011-08-21 |title=Mineral Resources |url=https://abiastate.gov.ng/mineral-resources/ |access-date=2022-03-24 |website=Official Website of Abia State Government |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124172412/https://abiastate.gov.ng/mineral-resources/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Zinare|Lead/Zinc]]<ref name=":0" /> * Limestone<ref name=":0" /> * Oil/gas<ref name=":0" /> * [[Salt]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Natural Resources – Welcome To The Embassy of Nigeria|url=https://nigerianembassythehague.nl/about-nigeria/natural-resources/|access-date=2022-02-12|language=en-US}}</ref> * Kaolin<ref name=":0" /> * Limestone<ref name=":0" /> == Jami'oi da Kwalejoji == Akwai jami'oi shida a jihar, akwai na gwamnatin tarayya wato Michael Okpara University of Agriculture a [[Umudike]],<ref>"List of GUU (Gregory University Uturu ) Degree Courses". ''www.myschoolgist.com''. 9 December 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2021.</ref> Abia State University a [[Uturu]], akwai kuma ta 'yan kasuwa Gregory University dake Uturu,<ref>"List of GUU (Gregory University Uturu ) Degree Courses". ''www.myschoolgist.com''. 9 December 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2021.</ref> Rhema University a [[Abia]],<ref>"List of Courses Offered by Rhema University". ''www.myschoolgist.com''. 9 December 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2021.</ref> Spiritan University a Umu Nneochi da kuma Clifford University da ke [[Owerrinta]]. Akwai kuma kwalejin Ilimi na Abiya dake [[Arochukwu]], akwai kuma kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya dake Aba. [[Temple Gate Polytechnic]] dake a Aba, da kuma [[Abia State Polytechnic]].<ref>"List of Courses Offered at Abia State Polytechnic". ''Nigerian Scholars''. 20 March 2018. Retrieved 18 November 2021.</ref> == Sufuri == Tashar jirgin sama mafi kusa a Jihar Abiya itace tashar [[Sam Mbakwe Cargo Airport]] (Tashar Jirgin sama na Owerri), tafiyar sa'a daya na iya kai mutum i zuwa [[Umuahia]], [[Aba, Abia|Aba]] kuma tafiyar sa'a biyu ne zuwa Tashar jirgin saman [[Port Harcourt International Airport]]. Za'a iya ziyartar tashar jirgin sama na [[Akwa Ibom Airport]] (dake [[Akwa Ibom]]). Akwai nisan kimanin kilomita 73.28 (45.53 mi) a tsakanin Birnin Uyo (''Akwa Ibom'') da Birnin [[Umuahia]] (Abia). Har wayau, akwai kuma tashar jirgin kasa wacce ake zirga-zirga ta hanyoyinta, amma ana kan gyaranta a yanzu. Aba ta hade da jihar Porthacourt ta titin jirgin kasa. Birnin Umuahia ta hade da Aba da Enugu ta titin jirgin kasa. Ana iya zirga zirga ta yankunan ruwayen garin akan jirgin ruwa ko kwale-kwale. == Yaruka == A kasa akwai jerin harsuna da ake amfani dasu a Jihar Abiya dangane da kananan hukumominsu:<ref name=e22>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/NG|title=Nigeria|work=Ethnologue|edition=22|access-date=2020-01-10}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! LGA !! Languages |- | Arochukwu || Inyamuranci |- | Ini || Inyamuranci |- | Obi Ngwa || Inyamuranci |- | Umuahia South||Inyamuranci |- | Umuahia North||Inyamuranci |- |Ikwuano||Inyamuranci |- |Isiukwato||Inyamuranci |- |Ukwa West||Inyamuranci |- |Aba South||Inyamuranci |- |Aba North||Inyamuranci |- |Isiala Ngwa North||Inyamuranci |- |Isiala Ngwa South||Inyamuranci |- |Obingwa||Inyamuranci |- |Umunneochi||Inyamuranci |- | Ugwunagbo || Inyamuranci |- | Ukwa East || Inyamuranci |} == Siyasa == Gwamnan jihar shi ke gudanar da harkokin siyasa a jihar tare da taimakon mukarrabansa na majalisar dokokin jihar. Babban birnin Jihar itace [[Umuahia]].<ref>"Umuahia | Location, Facts, & Population | Britannica". ''www.britannica.com''. Retrieved 12 March 2022.</ref> Akwai kananan hukumomi 17 a jihar. A lokacin da ta zamo jiha a 1991, shugaban kasa [[Ibrahim Babangida]] ya nada jagoran yankin wato [[Frank Ajobena]] kafin a zabi [[Ogbonnaya Onu]] a matsayin gwamna a Tarayyar Najeriya ta uku. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, shugabankasa [[Sani Abacha]] ya kawo karshen Tarayyar Najeriya ta Uku (Third Republic) kuma ya tilasta mulkin soja a ko ina. A zamanin mulkin Abacha, an sake nada mutane uku ([[Chinyere Ike Nwosu]], [[Temi Ejoor]], da kuma [[Moses Fasanya]]) har zuwa lokacin da Abacha ya mutu shi kuma [[Abdulsalami Abubakar]] ya cigaba da mulki. Abubakar ya sake nada mai gudanarwa soja [[Anthony Obi]], kafin a fara aiki da dimukradiyya a shekarar 1998. A 1999, [[Najeriya]] ta cigaba da bin tsarin dimukradiyya kuma an zabi [[Orji Uzor Kalu]] a matsayin gwamna a karkashin jam'iyyar PDP. An rantsar dashi a ranar 29 ga watan Mayun 1999. A sabon zabe a shekara ta 2003, Kalu ya sake fitowa takarar gwamna kuma an sake zabar sa har zuwa shekara ta 2007 inda wa'adinsa na wa'adi biyu suka zo karshe. [[Theodore Orji]] ([[Progressive Peoples Alliance|PPA]]) yayi nasarar kayar da [[Onyema Ugochukwu]] (PDP) a zaben gwmanan jihar Abiya a 2007. A zaben shekara ta 2011, Theodore Orji ya fice daga jam'iyyar PPA zuwa jam'iyyar PDP bayan nan a sake zaben shi don komawa wa'adi na biyu a matsayin gwamna. A zaben shekara ta 2015, an zabi [[Okezie Ikpeazu]] (PDP) a matsayin gwamnan jihar Abiya na tara.<ref>INEC Declares Ikpeazu Winner Of Abia Governorship Election</ref> Ya sake yin nasara a zaben shekara ta 2015, inda ya kayar da [[Uchechukwu Sampson Ogah|Uche Ogah]] na jam'iyyar APC da [[Alex Otti]] na jam'iyyar [[All Progressives Grand Alliance|APGA]] kuma an rantsar dashi a ranar 29 ga watan Mayun 2019. == Kananan Hukumomi == Jihar Abia nada [[Kananan Hukumomin Nijeriya|Kananan Hukumomi]] guda goma sha bakwai (17), Sune: #[[Aba ta Arewa]] #[[Aba ta Kudu]] #[[Arochukwu]] #[[Bende, Nijeriya|Bende]] #[[Ikwuano]] #[[Isiala Ngwa ta Arewa]] #[[Isiala Ngwa ta Kudu]] #[[Isuikwuato]] #[[Obi Ngwa]] #[[Ohafia]] #[[Osisioma Ngwa]] #[[Ugwunagbo]] #[[Ukwa ta Gabas]] #[[Ukwa ta Yamma]] #[[Umuahia ta Arewa]] #[[Umuahia ta Kudu]] #[[Umu Nneochi]] == Sarakunan Jihar == {| class="wikitable" style="width:80%;" |- ! Mukami || Ethnic Group || Suna || Class || Karamar Hukuma || Fada |- | ''Enyi'' (''Eze'') na Aba || [[Harshen Ibo|Igbo]] / Eziama Aba || Eze Issac Ikonne || 1 || Aba ta Arewa || Osusu Aba |- | ''Ochiudo 1 na Aba Ukwu'' || [[Harshen Ibo|Igbo]] / [[Aba, Abia|Aba]] || Jonathan U. oguejiofor (JP): Alkalin Zaman Lafiya na Tarayyar Nijeriya, Jihar Abia || || || |- | ''Osimiri III na Aba || [[Harshen Ibo|Igbo]] / [[Aba, Abia|Aba]] || Eze (Barrister) Sunday Emejiaka || 1 || [[Aba ta Kudu]] || Aba |- | ''Eze Aro'' || [[Harshen Ibo|Igbo]] / [[Arochukwu]] || Mazi Ogbonnaya Vincent Okoro (Eze Aro III) || 1 || [[Arochukwu]] || Oro Arochukwu |- | ''Ugwumba 1 na Ndida Ozaar'' || [[Harshen Ibo|Igbo]] / Asa || Eze Samuel Chukwuemeka Agu || || [[Ukwa ta Yamma]] || Umuebulungwu, Ndida Ozaar |- | ''Ike 1 na Ikeisu'' || [[Harshen Ibo|Igbo]] / [[Isu people|Isu]] || Augustine O. Igwe (Ike I) || ? || [[Arochukwu]] || Ikeisu (Utugiyi) |- | ''Ezeala III na Aro Ngwa'' || [[Harshen Ibo|Igbo]] / [[Aro people|Aro Ngwa]] || Eze Edward Enwereji || ? || [[Osisioma Ngwa]] || |- | ''Ugo Oha'' (''Eze'') na Etiti Mgboko Umuanunu || [[Harshen Ibo|Igbo]] / Etiti || Ngozi Ibekwe || 1 || Obi ngwa || ? | |- '' | ''Eze'' 1 na ovukwu abam onyerubi || [[Harshen Ibo|Igbo]] / [[Ndi oji Abam]] || Oriji Ojembe || 1 || [[Isuikwuato]] || ? |- | ''Eze Ukwu 1'' of Ngwa-Ukwu || [[Igbo language|Igbo]] / Ngwa || Benard Enweremadu || 1 ||Isiala Ngwa || Ngwa Ukwu Kingdom. The ancestral home of Ngwa Land. |- | Nya 1 of Nunya || [[Igbo language|Igbo]] / Oguduasaa || M.E. Ihevume || ? || Isuikwuato ||Nunya Autonomous Community |- | ''Ossah-Ibeku'' (''Eze'') of Umuahia<ref name=":2">Chairman of the Abia State Council of Traditional Rulers</ref>|| [[Igbo language|Igbo]] / Osaa ||HRH Nze Hope Onuigbo || X || X || Umuahia Amibo, Nsukwe |- | ''Eze'' of Uturu || [[Igbo language|Igbo]] / [[Uturu]] || A.E. Ude || ? || [[Isuikwuato Local Government Area|Isuikwuato]] || Uturu |- | ''Igbojiakuru'' (Eze) of Alayi || [[Igbo language|Igbo]] / [[Alayi]] || Ukeje Philip || ? || [[Bende, Nigeria|Bende]] || [[Alayi|Ndi Elendu, Amaeke Alayi]] |- | ''Awu'' (''Eze'')of Isuamawu || [[Igbo language|Igbo]] / [[Isuikwuato]] || Surveyor Chris E Aboh,FNIS || ? || [[Isuikwuato Local Government Area|Isuikwuato]] || Eluama Isuama |- Eze of Obun || ? || [[Igbo language|Igbo]] / [[Isuikwuato]] ||Ndubuisi N. Alatta || ? || [[Isuikwuato Local Government Area]] || Eluama |- ''Enyi'' (''Eze'') of Aba || [[Igbo language|Igbo]] / ? || Eze Issac Ikonne || || || |- |- Eze of Obunebere || [[Igbo language|Igbo]] / [[Isuikwuato]] ||Ndubuisi N. Alatta || ? || [[Isuikwuato Local Government Area]] || Eluama |- | ''Enachioken'' Of Abiriba || [[Igbo language|Igbo]] / [[Abiriba]] ||Kalu Kalu Ogbu || 1 || [[Ohafia]] || Abiriba |- | ''Ohanyere I'' Of Ohiya || [[Igbo language|Igbo]] / [[Umuahia]] ||Eze Abel E. Uhuegbue || ? || [[Umuahia South]] || Abia |- | ''Eze Ohanyere I'' Of Ahiaba Ubi || [[Igbo language|Igbo]] / Isiala Ngwa ||Eze D.O. Ogbuisi || ? || [[Isiala Ngwa North]] || Abia |- | ''EZE TOWE 1 of umutowe. || [[Igbo language|Igbo]] / [[Ohiya]] ||Eze G. C Onwuka || ? || [[Umuahia South]] || Abia |- | ''Ome Udo II'' Of Umueze, Ohiya || [[Igbo language|Igbo]] / [[Ohiya]] ||Uche Nwamarah || ? || [[Umuahia South]] || Abia |- | ''Okaa Omee I'' of Amaikwu, Abia || [[Igbo language|Igbo]] / [[Ohiya]] ||Uche Nwamarah || ? || [[Umuahia South]] || Abia |- |"Ehi II" of Ehi na Uguru Auto. Comm, Umuguru || [[Igbo language|Igbo]] / Umuguru ||Eze E. E. Eluwa || 1 || [[Isiala Ngwa South]] || |- |"Ochi 1" of Ochi na Isuochi. Comm, Umunneochi || [[Igbo language|Igbo]] / [[Umu Nneochi]] ||HRM EZEKWESIRI || 1 || [[Umu Nneochi]] || Abia |} == Al'adu da wuraren bude idanu == * [[Arochukwu]] wacce ke da alaka da cinikayyar bayi * Azumini Blue River waterside * The Amakama wooden cave; wani rami a jikin bishiya dake iya daukan mutum 20 * Kogo da ke arewa, sun hada da Umu – Neochi zuwa Arochukwu. * Rawar al'ada da gargajiya * [[National War Museum, Umuahia]] da [[C. Odumegwu Ojukwu|Ojukwu]] Bunker a Umuahia * Wurin tarihin mulkin mallakan turawa na ABiya * Akwete” wuri saqa kaya a karamar hukumar Ukwu ta gabas * Masu rawar yakin [[Ohafia]] * Bikin tunawa da AmaforIsingwu biannual Iza aha * Bikin Akpe Festival a Umuahia == Sanannun mutane == <!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦---> * [[Abai Ikwechegh]] - Jurist * [[Acho Nwakanma]] - Politician, and Former Deputy Governor of Abia State * [[Adaobi Tricia Nwaubani]] – novelist and essayist<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-02-05|title=The Power of a Name, By Adaobi Tricia Nwaubani {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/opinion/154689-power-name-adaobi-tricia-nwaubani.html|access-date=2021-06-29|language=en-GB}}</ref> * [[Adolphus Wabara]] - Former Senate President of Nigeria. * [[Akwaeke Emezi]] – novelist<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-07-21|title=Young Nigerian writers shaping the world|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/young-nigerian-writers-shaping-the-world/|access-date=2021-06-29|website=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Alex Mascot Ikwechegh]], politician, businessman and philanthropist<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigeria Politician and Philanthropist Chief Alex Ikwechegh Marks Birthday, Receives Global Accolades|url=https://www.modernghana.com/nollywood/35839/nigeria-politician-and-philanthropist-chief-alex.html|access-date=2021-06-29|website=Modern Ghana|language=en}}</ref> * [[Alexx Ekubo]], Nollywood actor and Top Model<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-10|title=Where Is Alexx Ekubo From? – Biography And Ethnicity Of The Nollywood Big Boy|url=https://buzznigeria.com/where-is-alexx-ekubo-from-biography-and-ethnicity-of-the-nollywood-big-boy/|access-date=2021-06-29|website=BuzzNigeria - Famous People, Celebrity Bios, Updates and Trendy News|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Alex Otti]] - Former Group Managing Director of Diamond Bank PLC. * [[Alvan Ikoku]], OBE educationist (1900–1971)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chris|date=2021-06-12|title=Abia College Names Library After Alvan Ikoku|url=https://leadership.ng/abia-college-names-library-after-alvan-ikoku/|access-date=2021-06-29|website=Leadership News - Nigeria News, Breaking News, Politics and more|language=en-GB|archive-date=2021-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629140011/https://leadership.ng/abia-college-names-library-after-alvan-ikoku/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[Anthony Eze Enwereuzor]] - Politician Former member of the Abia State House of Assembly * [[Anya Oko Anya]], technocrat and academic<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-11-21|title=The sun awards 2016: …The winners|url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/the-sun-awards-2016-the-winners/|access-date=2021-06-29|website=The Sun Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Ashley Nwosu]] - Former Nigerian Actor * [[Arunma Oteh]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.weforum.org/people/arunma-oteh/|title=Arunma Oteh|website=World Economic Forum|access-date=2020-02-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thecable.ng/after-leaving-world-bank-arunma-oteh-appointed-into-ecobank-board|title=After leaving World Bank, Arunma Oteh appointed into Ecobank board|date=2019-01-18|website=TheCable|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-20}}</ref> – Former World Bank Vice President and Treasurer. * [[Azubuike Ihejirika]] – Lt. General and former Chief of Army Staff<ref>{{Cite web|last=Akinola|first=Wale|date=2021-01-27|title=Buratai, 9 former Nigeria Chief of Army Staff who served between 1999 and 2021|url=https://www.legit.ng/1400012-meet-10-nigeria-chief-army-staff-served-1999-2021.html|access-date=2021-06-29|website=Legit.ng - Nigeria news.|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-27|title=Meet Nigeria Chief of Army Staff since 1999 {{!}} The Nation Nigeria|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/meet-nigeria-chief-of-army-staff-since-1999/|access-date=2021-06-29|website=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Azubuko Udah]] - Former Deputy-Inspector General of the Nigerian Police Force * [[Basketmouth]] – comedian<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-03-11|title=Nigerians blast Basketmouth for defending Buhari|url=https://www.thecable.ng/nigerians-blasts-basketmouth-for-defending-buhari|access-date=2021-06-30|website=TheCable|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ayoola|first=Simbiat|date=2019-08-23|title=Comedian Basketmouth shares adorable photo of his kids as they have fun in US|url=https://www.legit.ng/1255947-comedian-basketmouth-shares-adorable-photo-kids.html|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Legit.ng - Nigeria news.|language=en}}</ref> * [[Benjamin Kalu]] – politician and member of the House of Representatives<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-28|title=Nigeria's security situation 'alarming', we're having sleepless nights - Reps|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/374761-nigerias-security-situation-alarming-were-having-sleepless-nights-reps.html|access-date=2021-06-30|language=en-GB}}</ref> * [[Blessing Nwagba]] - Female Politician * [[Bob Nwannunu]] - Politician * [[Bright Chimezie]] – Highlife Musician<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-15|title=Bright Chimezie, Former Church Instrumentalist Who Originated Zigima|url=https://thenet.ng/bright-chimezie-the-former-church-instrumentalist-who-originated-zigima-music/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Nigerian Entertainment Today|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-09-30|title=People said I was dead after I relocated from Lagos to Igboland - Bright Chimezie|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/09/people-said-i-was-dead-after-i-relocated-from-lagos-to-igboland-bright-chimezie/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Buchi Atuonwu]] - Gospel Artiste * [[Chelsea Eze]] – award-winning Nollywood actress<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-24|title=Chelsea Eze's Biography and The Works That Brought Her To Fame|url=https://buzznigeria.com/chelsea-eze-biography-and-the-works-that-brought-her-to-fame/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=BuzzNigeria - Famous People, Celebrity Bios, Updates and Trendy News|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Chidi Imoh]] - Athlete * [[Chijioke Nwakodo]] - Politician * [[Chika Chukwumerije]] – Olympic Taekwondo Medalist (Beijing 2008); 3-time Olympian; first Black African Olympic Medalist in the Martial Arts.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-08-24 |title=Taekwondo Day 4 Review: Debutants crowned in an eventful day - The Official Website of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games |url=http://en.beijing2008.cn/news/sports/headlines/taekwondo/n214580486.shtml |access-date=2022-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080824143108/http://en.beijing2008.cn/news/sports/headlines/taekwondo/n214580486.shtml |archive-date=24 August 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Taekwondo Olympic Medal Winners List - Men & Women |url=http://olympics.sporting99.com/olympic-records/taekwondo.html |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=olympics.sporting99.com |archive-date=2022-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628193036/https://olympics.sporting99.com/olympic-records/taekwondo.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Chika Okeke-Agulu]] - Art historian. * [[Chinedu Ikedieze]] – award-winning Nollywood actor<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-03|title=The 20 Richest Actors in Nigeria and Their Net Worths|url=https://buzznigeria.com/the-20-richest-actors-in-nigeria-and-their-net-worths/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=BuzzNigeria - Famous People, Celebrity Bios, Updates and Trendy News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ayoola|first=Simbiat|date=2020-01-10|title=Actor Chinedu Ikedieze shares photos of his multi-million naira mansion|url=https://www.legit.ng/1291943-nollywood-actor-chinedu-ikedieze-builds-a-multi-million-naira-mansion-video.html|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Legit.ng - Nigeria news.|language=en}}</ref> * [[Chinedum Enyinnaya Orji]] - Speaker of the Abia State House of Assembly * [[Chinweizu Ibekwe]] - Renowned essayist, poet, and journalist. * [[Chinyere Almona]] – business executive<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ezugwu|first=Obinna|title=Chinyere Almona Emerges New LCCI Director General - Business Hallmark|url=https://hallmarknews.com/56097-2/|access-date=2021-09-14|website=hallmarknews.com|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Chinyere Kalu]] – Nigeria's first female pilot.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-11|title=I'm happy not sacrificing my family for career — Chinyere Kalu|url=https://punchng.com/im-happy-not-sacrificing-my-family-for-career-chinyere-kalu/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-27|title=Captain Chinyere Kalu; Nigeria's first female who flew a plane with water in the engine|url=https://face2faceafrica.com/article/captain-chinyere-kalu-nigerias-first-female-who-flew-a-plane-with-water-in-the-engine|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Face2Face Africa|language=en}}</ref> * [[Chioma Agomo]] - Academician and a Professor of Law. * [[Chioma Onyekwere]] – Nigeria's Discus Champion.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-30|title=Eze Brume wins Long Jump, Onyekwere bags gold in Discuss|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/eze-brume-wins-long-jump-onyekwere-bags-gold-in-discuss/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Chioma Toplis]] - Nollywood Actress. * [[Chisom Chikatara]] - Professional Footballer * [[Christy Ucheibe]] - Female Nigerian Professional Footballer * [[Chuku Wachuku]] – Statesman and former Director-General of Nigeria's NDE: National Directorate of Employment<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-16|title=Abia Gov. inaugurates 23 commissioners {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-east/358044-abia-gov-inaugurates-23-commissioners.html|access-date=2021-06-30|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-06-15|title=Gov. swears in 17 LG chairmen in Abia|url=https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/ikpeazu-gov-swears-in-17-lg-chairmen-in-abia/06phsl2|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Pulse Nigeria|language=en|archive-date=2021-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184521/https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/ikpeazu-gov-swears-in-17-lg-chairmen-in-abia/06phsl2|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[Christopher Kanu]] - Former Nigerian Professional Footballer. * [[Christopher Osondu]] - Former Navy Captain and Military Administrator of Cross River State * [[Chukwuemeka Ngozichineke Wogu]] - Former Minister of Labour and Productivity * [[Clifford Ohiagu]] - Politician * [[Daniel Kanu]] - Nigerian-American Politician. * [[Dike Chukwumerije]] – Award-winning Novelist, Poet, Public Speaker and Spoken-word artiste.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Radio 4 - Writing a New Nigeria - Meet the authors |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/3H7X6d46c9JgnWQH7pMNw2m/meet-the-authors |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref> Listed on 100 most influential Africans.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The NWA Lists Their 100 Most Influential Nigerian Writers Under 40 |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2017/01/nigerian-writers-awards-100-influential-nigerian-writers-list/ |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=brittlepaper.com}}</ref> * [[Ebitu Ukiwe]] – former Military Vice President; Former Governor of Niger and Lagos States.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-04|title=Ukiwe: The Last Original at 80 -|url=https://www.thenewsnigeria.com.ng/2020/11/04/ukiwe-the-last-original-at-80/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=The NEWS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-03-29|title=Kalu, Ukiwe, former MILADs pay tribute to late officer|url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/kalu-ukiwe-former-milads-pay-tribute-to-late-officer/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=The Sun Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Ejike Asiegbu]]- Nollywood Veteran actor<ref><nowiki>https://blueprint.ng/ejike-asiegbu-turner-isuon-where-are-they-now/</nowiki></ref> * [[Ejikeme Ikwunze]] - Sports Journalist * [[Emma Ugolee]] - Media Personality and Author * [[Emmanuel Acho]] - Former American Football Player; Analyst at Fox Sports 1 * [[Emeka Ananaba]] - Former Deputy Governor of Abia State * [[Eni Njoku]] – pioneer Vice Chancellor, [[University of Lagos]] and first black Vice Chancellor, [[University of Nigeria]] Nsukka.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-10-24|title=How crisis in UNILAG accelerated 1966 coup — Ben Nwabueze|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/10/how-crisis-in-unilag-accelerated-1966-coup/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Enyinnaya Abaribe]] – Senator and former Deputy Governor<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-02|title=Ikpeazu replies Adeyemi on 'drunk' taunt, hails Abaribe|url=https://guardian.ng/news/ikpeazu-replies-adeyemi-on-drunk-taunt-hails-abaribe/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-01|title=Abaribe to Buhari: Stop giving excuses for failures|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/abaribe-to-buhari-stop-giving-excuses-for-failures/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Eucharia Oluchi Nwaichi]] - Environmental biochemist, Soil Scientist, and Toxicologist * [[Ezinne Kalu]], Female Basketballer * [[Eziuche Ubani]] - Female Politician * [[Felix Nmecha]] - Professional Football Player * [[Fortunatus Nwachukwu]] - Catholic Prelate * [[Francis Ezeh]] - Professional Football Player * [[Godswill Obioma]] - Former National Examination Council Registrar * [[Ifu Ennada]] - Actress, Fashion Designer, and Former Big Brother Naija Housemate. * [[Iheanacho Obioma]] - Politician * [[IK Ogbonna]], Nollywood Actor and Top Model<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-01-11|title=Sonia celebrates hubby, Ik Ogbonna on his birthday|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/01/sonia-celebrates-hubby-ik-ogbonna-birthday/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-12-01|title=IK Ogbonna Breaks Silence On Alleged Break-up With Wife|url=https://allure.vanguardngr.com/2018/12/ik-ogbonna-breaks-silence-on-alleged-break-up-with-wife/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Vanguard Allure|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Ike Ibeabuchi]], Professional Boxer. * [[Ike Nwachukwu]], military officer, former state governor, diplomat, former senator and former chairman of the governing board of [[Nigerian Institute of International Affairs]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-08|title=Ike Nwachukwu: A bulging past with a long shadow|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/09/ike-nwachukwu-a-bulging-past-with-a-long-shadow/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-03|title=Ike Nwachukwu @ 80 - The Nation Nigeria|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/ike-nwachukwu-80/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Ikechi Uko]]- Renowned travel consultant * [[Ikechukwu Uche]] - Former Nigerian Professional Footballer * [[Ikeogu Oke]] - Author, Journalist, and Award-winning Poet * [[Isaac Nwaobia]] - Anglican Bishop * [[Ivy Uche Okoronkwo]] - First Female Deputy Inspector General of Police<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-04|title=Worthy Sons and Daughters of the Great Arochukwu Kingdom – Past and Present — AbaCityBlog|url=https://abacityblog.com/worthy-sons-and-daughters-of-the-great-arochukwu-kingdom-past-and-present/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=abacityblog.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-01-25|title=Jonathan fires IGP, Abubakar steps in|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/01/jonathan-fires-igp-abubakar-steps-in/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[J. Martins]], Afro-pop artiste<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-08-17|title=J. Martins acquires Rolls Royce Phantom, G-Wagon 550|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/08/j-martins-acquires-rolls-royce-phantom-g-wagon-550/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='My father attempted to kill me thrice for becoming a musician' – J.Martins {{!}} Encomium Magazine|url=https://encomium.ng/my-father-attempted-to-kill-me-thrice-for-becoming-a-musician-j-martins/|access-date=2021-06-30|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Jaja Wachuku]] – First Minister of Foreign Affairs in Nigeria, First indigenous Speaker of the House of Representatives of Nigeria and first Nigerian Permanent representative to the UN.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-01|title=Heroes of the struggle for Nigeria's independence/pioneer political|url=https://guardian.ng/?p=1230220|access-date=2021-06-30|website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-05-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525075901/https://guardian.ng/?p=1230220|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[Joe Irukwu]] - Nigeria's First Professor of Insurance. * [[Joel Kachi Benson]], documentary film maker.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-11|title=My agenda for making Daughters of Chibok –Joel 'Kachi Benson|url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/my-agenda-for-making-daughters-of-chibok-joel-kachi-benson/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=The Sun Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[John Godson]] – Polish lawmaker and philanthropist.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wyborcza.pl|url=https://lodz.wyborcza.pl/lodz/7,35136,21814379,john-godson-wrocil-do-afryki-hoduje-swinie-i-owce-chce-sciagnac.html?disableRedirects=true|access-date=2021-06-30|website=lodz.wyborcza.pl}}</ref> * [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]] – Nigeria's Military Officer and former Head of State.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Department|first=Abia State (Nigeria) Ministry of Information, Culture, and Sports Information|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VARSAQAAMAAJ&q=Johnson+Aguiyi-Ironsi+Abia+-wikipedia|title=Abia State Official Handbook: 1991-1997|date=1997|publisher=the Ministry|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Yakubu|first=Yusufu Abdullahi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j3OPHhQ_HLsC&q=Johnson+Aguiyi-Ironsi+Abia+-wikipedia|title=Nigeria's Foreign Policy: A Basic Text|date=2014|publisher=Ahmadu Bello University Press Limited|isbn=978-978-125-467-3|language=en}}</ref> * [[Josaiah Ndubuisi Wachuku]] - Former Eze of Ngwa land. * [[Joyce Kalu]] - Nollywood Actress * [[Kalu Uche]] - Former Nigerian Professional Footballer * [[Kalu Idika Kalu]] – former Finance Minister and politician<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-12-05|title=Why I joined APC -Idika Kalu|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/why-i-joined-apc-idika-kalu/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-02|title=Kalu Idika's mum dies at 100|url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/kalu-idikas-mum-dies-at-100/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=The Sun Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Kalu Ikeagwu]] - Movie Actor and Writer. * [[Kalu Ndukwe Kalu]] - Political scientist and Distinguished Research Professor of Political Science and National Security Policy at Auburn University * [[Kelechi Emeteole]] - Former Nigerian Professional Footballer * [[Kenneth Omeruo]] - Nigerian Professional Footballer * [[Larry Gaaga]] - Renowned Songwriter and Music Producer * [[Linda Ejiofor]] - Nollywood Actress * [[Lukas Nmecha]] - Professional Football Player * [[Mao Ohuabunwa]], industrialist and politician<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-18|title=Ohuabunwa tasks National Assembly on people's constitution|url=https://guardian.ng/news/ohuabunwa-tasks-national-assembly-on-peoples-constitution/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184248/https://guardian.ng/news/ohuabunwa-tasks-national-assembly-on-peoples-constitution/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[Mary Ikoku]] - Development Consultant * [[Mary Lazarus]] - Nollywood Actress * [[Martins Azubuike]] - Former Speaker of Abia State House of Assembly. * [[Michael Okpara]] – premier of Nigeria's Eastern Region from 1959 to 1966<ref>{{Cite web|last=Report|first=Agency|date=2021-06-02|title=Michael Okpara Centenary Holds Tomorrow|url=https://leadership.ng/michael-okpara-centenary-holds-tomorrow/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Leadership News - Nigeria News, Breaking News, Politics and more|language=en-GB|archive-date=2021-06-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602023213/https://leadership.ng/michael-okpara-centenary-holds-tomorrow/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-05|title=Ogah Eulogises Late Dr. Michael Okpara's Leadership Style|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2021/06/05/ogah-eulogises-late-dr-michael-okparas-leadership-style/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=THISDAYLIVE|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Mr Raw]] – [[Igbo rap]] music pioneer<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-25|title=Where Are They Now - Mr Raw|url=https://thenet.ng/now-mr-raw/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Nigerian Entertainment Today|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-07-11|title=Why I changed my name from 'Nigga Raw' to 'Mr Raw' - Ukeje Edward|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/07/why-i-changed-my-name-from-nigga-raw-to-mr-raw-ukeje-edward/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Nathan Kanu]] - Anglican Bishop * [[Ndubuisi Kanu]] – Former Governor of Lagos State and old Imo State.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Rear Admiral Ndubuisi Kanu life and times|work=BBC News Pidgin|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-55646741|access-date=2021-06-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-13|title=Update: Former Military Administrator of Lagos, Rear Admiral Ndubuisi Kanu is dead|url=https://nairametrics.com/2021/01/13/breaking-former-military-administrator-of-lagos-rear-admiral-ndubuisi-kanu-is-dead/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Nairametrics|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-18|title=Ndubuisi Kanu: Thinker, Soldier, Sailor, Activist|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2021/01/18/ndubuisi-kanu-thinker-soldier-sailor-activist/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=THISDAYLIVE|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[Njoku Nnamdi]] - Former Member of the Abia State House of Assembly *[[Nkechi Blessing Sunday]] - Nollywood actress *[[Nkechi Justina Nwaogu]] – Two Time Senator Abia Central Senatorial District and Immediate Past Pro Chancellor University of Calabar.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Abiola|first=Rahaman|date=2021-05-29|title=Senator Nkechi Nwaogu: Celebrating a mentor and great leader by Onyendi Victor|url=https://www.legit.ng/1417933-opinion-senator-nkechi-nwaogu-celebrating-mother-mentor-great-leader-her-new-age.html|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Legit.ng - Nigeria news.|language=en}}</ref> * [[Nkiru Sylvanus]] - Awarding winning Nollywood actress * [[Nnamdi Kanu]] – founder of the [[Indigenous People of Biafra]] (IPOB), a separatist group.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-01|title=Be prepared to welcome independence of Biafra... - Nnamdi Kanu|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/06/be-prepared-to-welcome-independence-of-biafra-in-no-distance-future-nnamdi-kanu/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sunday|first=Ochogwu|date=2021-06-08|title=I want to sit, talk with Nnamdi Kanu - Abia Gov, Ikpeazu|url=https://dailypost.ng/2021/06/08/i-want-to-sit-talk-with-nnamdi-kanu-abia-gov-ikpeazu/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Daily Post Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Nnamdi Udoh]] - Aeronautical Engineer * [[Ndubuisi Ekekwe]] - Notable Inventor * [[Nnenna Elendu Ukeje]] - Female Politician * [[Nwabueze Nwokolo]] - British Lawyer * [[Nwankwo Kanu]] – Two time African Footballer of the year and [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal FC]] legend.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kanu: The lanky boy who shook the world at Atlanta '96 {{!}} Goal.com|url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/17742/olympics/2016/08/04/26213082/kanu-the-lanky-boy-who-shook-the-world-at-atlanta-96|access-date=2021-06-30|website=www.goal.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-01-13|title=Kanu Nwankwo confirms sale of Papilo FC|url=https://www.thecable.ng/kanu-nwankwo-confirms-selling-papilo-fc|access-date=2021-06-30|website=TheCable|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[OC Ukeje]] – Lagos-based Multiple Award Winning Nollywood actor<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-01|title=The Top 50 Ultimate Nigerian Gentlemen of 2018|url=https://www.withinnigeria.com/2019/03/01/the-top-50-ultimate-nigerian-gentlemen-of-2018/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Within Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Ogbugo Kalu]] - Renowned Army Officer. * [[Oji Umozurike]], professor of law<ref>{{cite web |last1=Umozurike |first1=U.O. |title=The African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights: Suggestions for More Effectiveness |url=https://digitalcommons.law.ggu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1116&context=annlsurvey |website=digitalcommons.law.ggu.edu |publisher=Annual Survey of International & Comparative Law |access-date=19 September 2021}}</ref> * [[Ojo Maduekwe]] - Former Nigerian Politician. * [[Okechukwu Enelamah]] – former Minister for Trade and Investment (2015–2019)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nationalwire.com.ng/nigerian-exporters-must-benefit-from-agoa-before-2025-minister/|title=Nigerian Exporters Must Benefit From AGOA Before 2025—Minister|last=Emmanuel|first=Dayo|date=2018-06-29|website=National Wire|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-02-20|archive-date=2020-02-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220042013/https://nationalwire.com.ng/nigerian-exporters-must-benefit-from-agoa-before-2025-minister/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[Okezie Ikpeazu]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://punchng.com/gov-ikpeazu-gives-recipe-for-national-development/|title=Gov Ikpeazu gives recipe for national development|website=Punch Newspapers|date=6 July 2019|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/371749-breaking-supreme-court-affirms-ikpeazus-election-as-abia-governor.html|title=Supreme Court affirms Ikpeazu's election as Abia governor|date=2020-01-08|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-02-20}}</ref> – Abia State Governor * [[Olu Oguibe]] - Professor of art at the University of Connecticut and senior fellow at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC * [[Oluchi Onweagba]] - International model and first winner of M-Net Face of Africa * [[Onwuka Kalu]] - Business Mogul and co-founder of Fidelity Union Merchant Bank * [[Onyema Ogbuagu]] - Medical Researcher * [[Onyema Ugochukwu]] - First Executive Chairman of the Niger Delta Development Commission(NDDC) * [[Orji Uzor Kalu]] – chairman, [[SLOK Group]]; Former State Governor and one time Founder of [[Progressive Peoples Alliance|Progressive People's Alliance (PPA)]]; Senator of the Federal Republic of Nigeria<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-09|title=Kalu resumes duty at Senate after release from Kuje Correctional Centre|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/06/kalu-resumes-duty-at-senate-after-release-from-kuje-correctional-centre/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Pascal Atuma]] – Canadian-Nigerian actor, screenwriter, film producer, director and CEO/Chairman TABIC Record Label. born in Ikwuano Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-05|title=INTERVIEW: It took two years to produce 'Clash', says Pascal Atuma|url=http://lifestyle.thecable.ng/interview-it-took-two-years-to-produce-clash-says-pascal-atuma/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=TheCable Lifestyle|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-12|title=#EndSARS: Filmmaker Pascal Atuma hails Nigerian youths, pens open letter to Buhari|url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/endsars-filmmaker-pascal-atuma-hails-nigerian-youths-pens-open-letter-to-buhari/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=The Sun Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Pascal Ojigwe]] - Nigerian former professional footballer and Abia State Commissioner of Sports. * [[Paul Agbai Ogwuma]] – former Governor of Nigeria's Central Bank<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5XwuAQAAIAAJ&q=Paul+Agbai+Ogwuma+Abia+-wikipedia|title=Newswatch|date=2008|publisher=Newswatch Communications Limited|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cWEuAQAAIAAJ&q=Paul+Agbai+Ogwuma+Abia+-wikipedia|title=The News|date=1998|publisher=Independent Communications Network Limited|language=en}}</ref> * [[Randy Onuoha]], Professional Footballer. * [[Rosemary Inyama]] - Female Politician * [[Ruggedman]], Afro-Rap artiste.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-29|title=Ruggedman… Conscious vibes of rap apostle|url=https://guardian.ng/life/music/ruggedman-conscious-vibes-of-rap-apostle/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182744/https://guardian.ng/life/music/ruggedman-conscious-vibes-of-rap-apostle/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-17|title=Why I declined being running mate to Abia gov candidate, says Ruggedman|url=https://punchng.com/why-i-declined-being-running-mate-to-abia-gov-candidate-says-ruggedman/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[2Shotz]], AfroRap Artiste<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Alim|first1=H. Samy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9xWOAgAAQBAJ&dq=2Shotz+Abia+-wikipedia&pg=PA120|title=Global Linguistic Flows: Hip Hop Cultures, Youth Identities, and the Politics of Language|last2=Ibrahim|first2=Awad|last3=Pennycook|first3=Alastair|author3-link=Alastair Pennycook|date=October 2008|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-59299-8|language=en}}</ref> * [[Sam Acho]] - ESPN Sports Analyst and Veteran American Football Player. * [[Sam Ohuabunwa]] - Founder of Neimeth Pharmaceutical and Former President of the Pharmaceutical Society of Nigeria * [[Samuel Achilefu]] – Notable Inventor<ref>{{Cite book|last=Holmes|first=Keith|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EoQvforsFZsC&q=Samuel+Achilefu+Abia+-wikipedia|title=Black Inventors: Crafting Over 200 Years of Success|date=May 2012|publisher=Global Black Inventor Resea|isbn=978-0-9799573-1-4|language=en}}</ref> * [[Samuel Chukwueze]] – Nigeria National Team football player<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-05|title=Samuel Chukwueze: Profile, Expert Analysis, Tactical Overview & Video|url=https://www.101greatgoals.com/news/samuel-chukwueze-profile-expert-analysis-tactical-overview-video/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Football (soccer) greatest goals and highlights {{!}} 101 Great Goals|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Adedayo|first=Tolu|date=2021-04-06|title=Top 5 Nigerian Footballers Playing in Europe's finest Leagues|url=https://www.brila.net/top-5-nigerian-footballers-playing-in-europes-finest-leagues/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Latest Sports News In Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Samuel Kalu]] - Nigerian Professional Footballer.<ref><nowiki>https://guardian.ng/samuel-kalu-is-latest-nigerian-in-watford-fc/</nowiki></ref> * [[Sunday Mba]] - Nigerian Professional Footballer *[[Theodore Orji]] – former State Governor and a serving Senator of the Federal Republic of Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-29|title=Senator T.A Orji Emerges Best Performing Lawmaker In the National Assembly — AbaCityBlog|url=https://abacityblog.com/senator-t-a-orji-emerges-best-performing-lawmaker-in-the-national-assembly/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=abacityblog.com|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Uche Jombo]], award-winning Nollywood actress.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-03|title=Uche Jombo Glows @40|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2020/01/04/uche-jombo-glows-40/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=THISDAYLIVE|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Macebuh Chinonyerem]] - Former member of the Abia State House of Assembly * [[Mike Ezuruonye]] – Award-winning Nollywood actor.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-12-10|title=Brother Jekwu: Mike Ezuruonye's first fruit as a producer|url=https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/brother-jekwu-mike-ezuruonyes-first-fruit-as-a-producer/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184252/https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/brother-jekwu-mike-ezuruonyes-first-fruit-as-a-producer/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[Nwakanwa Chimaobi]] - Former member of the Abia State House of Assembly * [[Uche Chukwumerije]] – 3-time Senator of Fed Rep of Nigeria; Former Nigerian Minister of Information and Culture; Former Biafran Minister of Information; Publisher Afriscope Magazine.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-05-22 |title=Uche Chukwumerije (1939-2015) |url=https://guardian.ng/opinion/uche-chukwumerije-1939-2015-2/ |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Uche Elendu]] - Nollywood actress * [[Uche Okechukwu]] – former Nigerian Team footballer<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-02-21|title=Uche Okechukwu, Ifejiagwa launch football academy|url=https://guardian.ng/sport/uche-okechukwu-ifejiagwa-launch-football-academy/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181522/https://guardian.ng/sport/uche-okechukwu-ifejiagwa-launch-football-academy/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[Uchechukwu N. Maduako]] - Former Member of the Abia State House of Assembly * [[Uchechukwu Sampson Ogah]] – Businessman and Politician<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-11-18|title=Why Abians Yearn for Uche Ogah|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2018/11/18/why-abians-yearn-for-uche-ogah-2/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=THISDAYLIVE|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Uchenna Ikonne]] – Academic and Public Administrator<ref>{{Cite web|title=Administration – Abia State University Uturu|url=https://absuu.net/?page_id=78|access-date=2021-09-14|website=absuu.net|archive-date=2021-09-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914103446/https://absuu.net/?page_id=78|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[Uchenna Kanu]] - Female Nigerian Professional Footballer * [[Ude Oko Chukwu]] - Deputy Governor of Abia State * [[Uko Nkole]] - Politician<ref><nowiki>https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uko_Nkole#:~:text=Uko%20Ndukwe%20Nkole%20(born%2020,of%20the%20Nigerian%20National%20Assembly</nowiki>.</ref> * [[Uma Ukpai]] – evangelist.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-07|title=Biafra agitators are mad people, says Uma Ukpai|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/biafra-agitators-are-mad-people-says-uma-ukpai/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Umeh Kalu]] - Former Commissioner of Justice for Abia State. * [[Uzo Asonye]] - Partner at Davis Polk & Wardwell * [[Uzodinma Iweala]] – US-based medical doctor and author of the book ''[[Beasts of No Nation]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Egbedi|first=Hadassah|date=2015-10-16|title=Exclusive interview with Uzodinma Iweala, author, Beasts of No Nation|url=https://venturesafrica.com/exclusive-interview-with-uzodinma-iweala-author-beasts-of-no-nation/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Ventures Africa|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Uzoma Emenike]]- Nigeria's Ambassador to the United States of America. * [[Victoria Inyama]] - Nollywood Actress. * [[Vincent Eze Ogbulafor]] - Former National Chairman of the People's Democratic Party * [[Waconzy]] - Musician * [[Yagazie Emezi]] - Award-winning photojournalist<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-04-19 |title=Yagazie Emezi |url=https://invisible-borders.com/artist/yagazie-emezi/ |access-date=2022-03-24 |website=Invisible Borders |archive-date=2022-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127025157/https://invisible-borders.com/artist/yagazie-emezi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> *[[Yvonne Okoro]] - Ghanaian-Nigerian actress <!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦---> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} {{Jihohin Najeriya}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Abia}} [[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]] 3gqc4sa2gv5w8vjhxy0zr4t2ovjupdl 0 6363 874084 872405 2026-07-02T05:28:29Z Ummeeterh 31568 874084 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Jos nigeria01.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Jos.]] [[File:Bukuru Jos North Mountain.jpg|thumb|Jos North mountain]] [[File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 030 The Jos Ceremony. Procession of a tribe on a soccer field with a grandstand. Women with headscarves. Police on horseback - Jos.jpg|thumb|mutanen Jos]] [[File:Lamigo Dam Jos, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|Jos river]] [[File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 032 The Jos Ceremony. Horsemen with spears and sticks - Jos.jpg|thumb|Al'adun jos]] [[File:Barikin-Ladi Post Office, Jos-Plateau State.jpg|thumb|barikin-ladi post ofis]] [[Fayil:Waterfall in Jos.jpg|thumb|Yanda Ruwa ki zuba a jos]] [[Fayil:Olho de papagaio.jpg|thumb|jos birni ne a jahar Platu steta]] '''Jos,''' birni ne, da ke a [[Plateau (jiha)|jihar Plateau]], a ƙasar [[Nijeriya]].[[Plateau (jiha)|Plateau]] ita ne babban birnin jihar. Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a da akayi a shekara ta (2006) jimillar mutane 873,943, (dubu dari takwas da saba'in da uku da dari tara da arba'in da uku). An kuma gina birnin [[Jos]] a farkon ƙarni na ashirin (20).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.plateaustate.gov.ng/plateau/history |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2020-02-09 |archive-date=2020-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203105104/http://www.plateaustate.gov.ng/plateau/history |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>National Population Commission (NPC). (2006). ''2006 Population and Housing Census of the Federal Republic of Nigeria: National and State Population and Housing Tables: Priority Tables (Volume I)''. Abuja, Nigeria: NPC.</ref><ref>Falola, T., & Heaton, M. M. (2008). ''A History of Nigeria''. Cambridge University Press.</ref> ==Ƙananan hukumomi.== Jihar [[jos]] dake a [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]] tana da ka nanan hukumomi guda goma sha bakwai (17) a cikin jahar *[[Barkin Ladi]] . *[[Bassa]]. *[[Bokkos]]. *[[Jos ta Gabas]]. *[[Jos North]]. *[[Jos South]]. *[[Kanam]]. *[[Kanke]]. *[[Langtang North]]. *[[Langtang South]]. *[[Mangu]]. *[[Mikang]]. *[[Pankshin]]. *[[Qua’an Pan]]. *[[Riyom]]. *[[Shendam]]. *[[Wase]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Local_Government_Areas_in_Plateau_State |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2019-09-03 |archive-date=2019-09-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903182212/https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Local_Government_Areas_in_Plateau_State |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>'''National Bureau of Statistics (NBS). (2010).''' ''Annual Abstract of Statistics.'' Abuja, Nigeria.</ref><ref>www.nipost.gov.ng</ref> ==Yanayi (Climate).== ==Manazarta.== {{DEFAULTSORT:Jos}} [[Category:Biranen Nijeriya]] pu3ybyhtd1kac49akpywtxrddw36knu 0 6536 873722 474481 2026-07-01T17:32:39Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 873722 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Zamfara State Nigeria.png|thumb|Maradun karamar Hukuma a Jihar Zamfara]] '''Maradun''' [[Kananan Hukumomin Nijeriya| karamar hukuma]] ce da ke a [[Jihar Zamfara]], Arewa maso yammacin [[Najeriya]]. == TARIHIN MASARAUTAR maradun == KWAIRANGA. wannan gari ya samo asali ne daga wanda ya kafa shi Watau Malam (1). kwairanga Dan mal.jibir Dan makwayo, kusan karshen mulkin gobirawa, mal. kwairanga ya taso daga garin kadamutsa ta kasar zurmi. A bisa ga umurnin mahaifinsa Mal. jibir dan makwayo Wanda ya gana da Shehu Usman (R.D) a lokacin da shehu ya yi zaman wa`azi a Daura, mal.kwairanga ya yi hijira ya biyo shehu, awannan lokacin ya bar Wannan gari a hannun daya daga cikin diyansa Watau Muhammad Sambo:sauran diyan sune :Umaru dangindau, Muhammad mai fafau, Haruna jatau uban modi mai farar godiya.Umaru dangindau. Dan maliki sambo ya rike sarautar tsibirin kwairanga har ya rasu a shekarar (1848). Ya rasu ya bar 'ya'ya maza biyu Watau Muh'd laddo,da(2) banga.Umar dangindau ya rike masarautar tsibirin kwairanga a zamanin sarkin musulmi Aliyu Babba (1848_1861)Umaru dangindau ya yi tafiyarshi ba a san inda ya tafi ba.Zuri'arsa da yabari ,yabar dansa mai suna Dankogi Dodo.Maza duk ya haifa kamar haka(a) Idi danba sambo (b)Bunun rijiya(c)Ima (d) Dadi Bunun Gobba (e) Haruna shaho.Muh'd labbo dan sambo yagadi Dan Maliki Umaru Dangindau a shekarar (1861)Zuri'ar lado sune:Faru da abdu Gajere Wanda ya kafa garen gera.Bayan rasuwar Dan maliki laddo Uban Gidado Babba Sai aka nada :Haruna (jatau)Uban maifarar Godiya a garin kaurar namoda a zamanin Sarkin musulmi Umaru a(shekara ta 1896) ya rasu a zamanin sarkin musulmii Abdulrahman a shekarar (1896)Masu jiran , sarauta wanan zamani sune:{Gidado Babba dan sarki laddo, liman yaroda,Muh'dNakane Zuri'ar maifafau Dan kwairanga. A wannan lokacin ne turankawa suka kai wanda ake kira Alhaji a matsayin wakilin sarki bisa ga umurnin sarkin musulmi, a lokacin da aka mayar da wannan yanki a karkashin Maradun, Alhaji shi ne ya kai Ahmadu marafa da Umaru sarkin diya da Eku dukansun a matsayin wakilla sarki. WADANDA BA ZURI'AR KWAIRANGABA. 1.Alhaji wakilin sarkin musulmi (1896) 2.Ahmadu Marafa wakilin sarkin musulmi (1898) (Umar sarkin Diya Wakilin sarkin musulmi ,Eku wakili).Tudu Hamma (1904-1921).Tudu Musa (1921-1937).Tudu Bakoshi (1937-1939).Tudu jibo.(1939-1949) Bunu Umaru. (1949-1953) .Tudu judi. (1953-1960).Tudu shehu.(1960-DATE). ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} </noinclude> cy0kvaxfh0esqgjdh7yy76qpe7d2b9z 0 6582 873855 862007 2026-07-01T21:25:28Z Ummeeterh 31568 /* Tarihi */ 873855 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Amina of Zazzau.jpg|thumb|Sarauniya Amina a Zazzau]] '''Zazzau''' [[Zariya]], [[Kaduna (jiha)|Kaduna]] a [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]], '''Zazzau''', wanda kuma aka fi sani da Masarautar Zazzau, daular [[gargajiya]] ce da ke da haɗaka a cikin garin [[Zariya]], [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]], [[Najeriya]]. Sarkin Zazzau na yanzu shi ne [[Ahmed Nuhu Bamalli]] wanda ya gaji tsohon sarki, marigayi Alhaji Dr [[Shehu Idris]].Yariman Zazzau da ya zama madakin Zazzau, sai kuma Hon Abbas Tajudeen Ya zama Iyan Zazzau, Alh Yakubu Ibrahim Omar shine Sarkin Alhazan Zazzau, Hon Samaila Suleiman shine Dujiman Zazzau. ==Tarihi== Babban tushe mafi mahimmanci ga farkon tarihin Zazzau shine tarihin da aka ƙirƙira a farkon ƙarni na ashirin 20 daga al'adun baya. Yana ba da labarin gargajiya ne na kafuwar masarautar ƙasar Hausa daga jarumin al'adu [[Bayajidda]], kuma ya ba da jerin sunayen masu mulki tare da tsawon lokacin da kuma suka yi sarauta. Dangane da wannan tarihin, [[Hausawa|ance asalin masarautar hausa]] ko Haɓe ta fara ne tun daga ƙarni na goma sha daya 11, wanda. Sarki Gunguma ya kafa. <ref>E. J. Arnett, "A Hausa Chronicle" ''Journal of the Royal African Society'' 9 (1910)</ref> Wannan majiyar kuma ta sanya ta zama daya daga cikin jihohin [[Hausa Bakwai|Bakwai.]] Mafi shaharar sarautar [[Zazzau]] ita ce Sarauniya (ko kuma gimbiya) [[Sarauniya Amina|Amina]], wacce ta yi mulki ko dai a tsakiyar karni na goma sha biyar 15 da ta tsakiya ta 16, kuma [[Muhammadu Bello|Muhammed Bello]] ne ya riƙe ta, masanin tarihin Hausa na ƙarni na 19 kuma [[Jerin Sarakunan Musulmin Najeriya|Sarkin Musulmi na]] biyu. shine farkon wanda ya kafa daula a tsakanin [[hausawa]]. <ref name="Bello2008">Muhammad Bello, Infaq 'l-Maysuur, chapter 7, translated Muhammad Shareef,(Sennar, Sudan,2008) http://www.siiasi.org/Chapter%207%20_Infaaq_.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728022618/http://www.siiasi.org/Chapter%207%20_Infaaq_.pdf |date=2011-07-28 }}</ref> Zazzau ta kasance wurin tattara bayi don kai su kasuwannin arewacin [[Masarautar Kano|Kano]] da [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]], inda ake musayar su da gishiri tare da ‘yan kasuwar da ke jigilar su zuwa arewacin [[Sahara]]. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Dangane da [[tarihi]] a cikin littafin, an gabatar da addinin musulunci ga masarautar a wajajen shekara ta 1456, amma ga alama ya bazu a hankali, kuma tsafin arna ya ci gaba har zuwa lokacin da [[Fulani]] suka ci shekara ta 1808. A wasu lokuta a tarihinta, Zazzau ta kasance tana ƙarƙashin ƙasashe makwabta irin su Songhai, [[Daular Kanem-Bornu|Bornu]] da Kwararafa .<ref name="mgsmith">{{Cite web}}</ref> Wannan karin rubutu da aka saka bai daidaitu ba domin a kwai tsallaken zance a dukkanin sakin layin. Duk da cewar tarihin kasar Zazzau na cunkushe da don ran filani. Zazzagawa an same su da addinin Musulunci kuma Shehu Usmanu ya tabbatar da haka. Tun asalin kasar Zazzau ba su da maguzawa. === Masarautan fulani === A watan [[Disamba]] shekara ta 1808 babu Fulani a wadanda Shehu Usmanu ya turo su dan su kifar da ko su fidda Sarkin Zazzau [[Makau|Muhammadu Awwal Makau]] daga kasar Zazzau, illah kinibibin da ya kullu a tsakanin malaman da suke zaune a kasar Zazzau. Wannan ya biyo bayan hijirar da Sarkin Kano Muhammadu Al-wali ya yi bayan kashe shahararren malamin nan malam Dan Zabuwa wanda ya ke shima bafillace ne. Ganin haka Fulani su kai gangami wajen tuntsurar da mulkinsa. Sarkin Kano ya yi kaura zuwa Kasar Zazzau, a lokacin mulkin Sarkin Zazzau Muhammadu Awwal Makau a 1807 amma bai samu hurumin zama ba. Duk da cewar suruki ya ke ga Sarkin [[Kano (jiha)|Kano]] Muhammadu Al-wali. Wannan hijira ta Sarkin Kano Muhammadu Al-wali shi ya kawo ce-kuce a kasar Zazzau inda a karke ya kawo karken mulkin Sarkin Zazzau Muhammadu Awwal Makau. Inda gaurayen kabilun malaman da ke zaune a kasar suka hada kai suka kifar da mulkinsa bayan ya tafi masallacin idi don gabatar da sallah karama. Domin ta wannan hanya ce ta tilasta shi ya bar kasar Zazzau inda ya kafa kasar Abuja kuma a yau aka kafa hedkwatar kasar nan. Kuma masarautar ta juya da sunan sarki Sulaimanu Barau watau Suleja. Kalmar Fulani ya samu ne dalilin Shehu Usmanu. Amma malaman kabilun da ke zaune su ne: kabilar Mande a yau a na kiransu mallawa sai Barebari sai sullubawa sai kuma Katsina wa. === Jihadin Shehu Usman Dan Fodiyo === Ƙasar [[Hausa]] ta fara daga kewayen Gobir har ya zuwa gefen ƙasar Bauchi wanda a da can ake kira da ƙasar Gobir, wanda kuma a ke kira da tsantsan ƙasar Hausa (sune ƙasar Gobir da Zamfara da Kebbi da Katsina da Daura da Rano da Ningi da Kano wanda daga baya aka samu ƙasar Sakkwato) ta faɗa cikin wani irin nau’in hatsin baran addini, watau na hada bori da addinin Musulunci.A cikin wannan hali da ake ciki na bori, Allah Subhanahu Wata’ala ya karfafa zuciyar Mujaddidi Shehu Usman bn Fodiyo da tsaida sunna, kuma ya karfafa shi da samun nasara wajen fahimtar da jama’arsa.Shehu Usman Mujaddadi ya soma kiran jama’a a mahaifarsa Degel. Sai dai kamar yadda bayanai a cikin littattafan tarihi suka nuna cewar, Mujaddadi Shehu Usmanu shi kansa bai fita zuwa yake-yake ba sai a wuri ɗaya, watau ƙasar Gobir da kuma yadda Sakkwato ta samu asali.Littattafan tarihi sun ƙara bayanin haihuwarsa, cewar an haife shi a watan Safar shekara ta 1168 hijiran Manzon Allah, Muhammadu tsira da amincin Allah su tabbata a gare shi. Allah maɗaukakin Sarki ya kaddara samun Mujaddadi cikin Jama’an Annabi wanda ya ƙara tsaida addinin Allah da kafafunsa a zukatan Jama’a bayan karkata ta zo masu (kamar a wannan zamani inda kungiyar Izalatul Bidi’a wa ikamatussunna ta bayyana mana a yau).Yadda al’amari ya kasance kuwa shi ne, inda aka samu ya yi ƙoƙarin kau da ire-iren waɗannan shirkoki da bidi’o’i, duk da wasu sai ƙara harman kunno kai suke yi. Shehu Usmanu bai gaza NS musamman bisa taimakon Allah ta wajen kokartawa har sai da addinin Allah ya daidaitu a zukatan jama’arsa. Lallai Shehu Usmanu ya amsa sunansa Mujaddadi kwarai da gaske. Domin ya tsai da sunna amma kash! mabiyansa sun bijiro da salon son mulki da barna wadda ya fi na baya. Abin ya kai sun kauce wa shari’ar musulunci,na kamanta shi da manzon Allah Muhammadu tsira da amincin Allah su tabbata a gare shi; ko kuma mai da shi abin roko da bautatawa. Haka kuma Fulani sun karkata a kan duk wanda baiyi karatu wajen Shehu ba to karkatacce ne, ko da kuwa a ina ya sami ilminsa. Za mu iya samun wannan bayanai a wurare da dama da kuma nazarin manufofinsu a zahiri. Amma wasu rubuce-rubucensu na da wuyar samu, musamman yadda su ka farga da cewar jama’a na fahimtar barnarsu ta nazarce-nazarce a kan rubuce-rubucensu da kuma nau’in ayyukansu a zahiri. A cikin littattafai da ayyuka wasunsu kuwa nada sauyi domin ba a mai da hankali a kansu ba ballantana A Dakatar da su, kuma an mai da su tamkar addinin Allah. Daga cikin wadannan ayyuka da littafai akwai ziyarar kabari da ire-iren shirkoki da bidi’o’in da ke wakana a wuraren, sai littafin Tarihin Fulani na Wazirin Sakkwato, wanda ya rubuta da harsunan Larabci da Hausa. A cikin nazartan littafin zamu iya fahimta barna tun daga shafi na 8 zuwa shafi na 20 a cikinta. Misali ya yi bayani kamar haka,”Bushara Da Shehu Usmanu, Allah shi Yarda Da Shi:”Hakika bushara an yi da Shehu, Allah shi yarda da shi, tun gabanin samuwatai, ta abku kamar yadda shi kansa ya ambata cikin littafinsa wanda yake maganar gabanin samuwatai, ta abku kamar yadda shi kansa ya ambata cikin littafinsa wanda yake maganar dangantakarsa zuwa ga Annabi, tsira da amincin Allah su tabbata gare shi, inda ya ce:“Hakika Annabi tsira da amincin Allah su tabbata gare shi an yo bushara da shi tun gabanin zakuwatai. Ni kuma na gode ma Allah an yi bushra da ni.” Haka kuma zancansa ga dangantakarsa zuwa ga Mahadi. Ya ce: “Hakika Mahadi amincin Allah ya tabbata bisa gare shi, an yo bushara da samu nai. Ni kuma nai godiya ga Allah an yo bushara da ni...”sauran al’amurra kamar yin masa salati bayan anbaton sunansa kamar yadda ake wa ma’aiki Allah tsira da amincin Allah su tabbata a gare shi, da nau’in tsarkakansa kamar na Manzon Allah (S.A.W) watau cewar shi Ma’asumi ne, duba shafi na 9 sakin layi na karke, da dai sauransu. Kamar yadda tarihi ya nuna Shehu Usmanu ya kaurace wa jama’ansa zuwa Gujuba a dalilin irin yadda suka juya wa al’amarin da’awarsa ya zuwa neman abin duniya. A cikin wannan littafin ya yi bayanai na irin mu’ujizozin da Shehu Usmanu Mujaddidi yake da su, wa’anda sun kamanceceniya da na Manzon Allah tsira da amincin Allah su tabbata a gare shi, ko kuma Mahadi amincin Allah ya tabbata a gare shi.A takaice zantukan na nuni da cewar shi ma aiko shi aka yi kamar yadda aka aiko sauran Annabawa.Wannan ya nuna karara cewar lallai dole su dauka cewar duk wanda baiyi karatu wajen Shehu Usmanu ba to shi kafiri ne. === Rikicin Hausa da Fulani === [[File:Zaria Emir's palace gate.jpg|thumb|267x267px|Gidan sarauta na Sarkin Zazzau]]Tarihi ya nuna cewar lokacin da Shehu Dan Fodio ya taso da da'awarsa a kasar Hausa ya na mai kokarin jaddada addinin Musulunci ne in da ya ga suna da rauni, musammsn tsakanin kasar Gobir da Zamfara da Katsina.Lallai bai kalli kasar Zazzau ba,domin shi kansa yasan kasa ce wadda ta tara masanan addinin Musulinci wuri guda, wanda har gobe masu riko da sunna ne. A wancan lokaci yana fama da }asashen Gobir ta dauri ne.Watau Gobir masomar jihadi, sai dai dalibansa sun fadada jihadin ya zuwa Katsina da Kano da Daura,sai kuma sashen Yarbawa watau Ilorin don bayar da kariya ga Shehu Usmanu a dalilin rashin goyon baya da ba su ba Shehu Usmanu ba. A karshen al’amari,wa]annan sarakuna ba su amince ba a dalilin yanayin ko dai mabiyansa ko kuma yadda suke gudanar da wa’azozinsu, wadanda suka soma nuna alamun son mulki fiye da bayyana da’awar Shehu.Shehu Usmanu ya goyi bayan daukan matakin jihadi kan wa]annnan kasashe bisa shawarar almajiransa da sunan kauce wa kai gudunmuwarsu ga kasar Gobir.Duk da Shehu ya soma yakar kasar Gobir a matsayin sulan yake-yaken jihadin Mujaddidi. Bayani ya nuna a ciki littafin Muhammad Bello “Infakul mansur” wanda yake ]a ne ga Shehu Usmanu, cewar a watan Yuni 1804 Shehu Usman ya aika wa Sarakunan kasar Katsina da Daura da Kano kuma Zazzau takarda kunshe da bayanin yadda ta kasance tsakaninsa da Sarkin Gobir Yumfa. Sarakunan Katsina da na Kano sai suka yaga takardan Shehu Mujaddadi.Amma Sarkin Zazzau na wannan lokaci Malam Isyaku Jatau bai yaga tasa ba, sai ya kira Malaman kasarsa ya yi masu bayanin takardan Shehu cikin sigar ilmi da hikima ya fahimtar ko gamsar da jama’arsa manufa na Shehu Usmanu.Wannan masanan malamai na kasar Zazzau sun gamsu da wannan takarda kuma suka amince da wannan manufa ta Shehu Usmanu.Ba da wani jinkiri ba sarkin Zazzau ya amince da manufar Shehu kuma ya nada wata tawaga wanda ke dauke da sakon sarki na amincewarsa da ya ci gaba da gwagwarmaya tare da irin tasa gudummuwar. Ganin yadda Sarki Isyaku Jatau ya amince da manufarsa Shehu ya kara masa kwarin gwaiwar kaddamar da jihadinsa,kuma ya amince da tutar kasar Zazzau a matsayin tutar Ahlil Sunna.Irin wannan akida har gobe yana nan ga malaman Zage zagi wadanda ba su saka wata dagawa ko nuna shahara kan ilmin addinin Allah ba. Malamai ne wadanda basa hada wani abu da abin bautarsu, ko shigar da wani al’amari ko saka sauran bidi’o’i da suka kunno kai a wannan zamani cikin addinin Muslinci. A wajajen }arshen jihadin Shehu Mujaddadi kuma daidai shugowar Turawa Arewacin kasar nan (1806), Allah ya yi wa Sarkin Zazzau Malam Isyaku Jatau rasuwa, kuma ]ansa Malam Muhammadu Makau (Makka) ya amshi ragamar mulki. A daidai hawan karagan mulkin kasar Zazzau,Sarki Muhammadu Makau ya fuskanci kalubale a wajen masu sha’awar mulkin kasar na wancan zamani (1807).Watau Malaman dake cikin kasar (wadanda suke kiran kansu Fillato Borno) dake zaune a wannan kasa. Wannan ya faru ne bayan dan wani lokaci ka]an kuma bayan cin kasar Kano wanda ya kawo karken sarautar Sarkin Kano Alwali (Malam Al-wali),inda daga nan maya}an Mujaddadi suka nausa ya zuwa kasar Bauchi har ya zuwa kanem watau }asar Borno a yau. Amma game da Sarki Alwali, cikin martabawa da kuma tausayawa Sarkin Zazzau Muhammadu Makau ya nemi ya sauki Sarkin Kano Alwali a asarsa.A sakamakon irin karamci na mutanan Zazzau wanda sukan dauki al’amurra cikin sauki tare da ganin sun saka adalci a rayuwarsu (wannan hali yana nan tare da su har gobe),ya kawo tunanin Fillato Borno da suke cikin }asar Zazzau na kauda Sarkin Zazzau Muhammadu Makau; ta yi masa bore bayan sun kai }azafinsa ga Shehu cewar ya koma cikin shirka, don ganin cewar Sarki Alwali ya bijire wa takardan Shehu Mujaddidi kuma Sarki Muhammadu Makau ya kuduri niyyar saukarsa; duk da bayanin da Sarki Muhammadu Makau ya yi masu cewar kira ya kamata ai masa, ba a kore shi ko kashe shi ba. Wanda ya jagoranci kai wannan }ara shi ne Sarkin Zazzau Yamusa,domin a da can sun kasance manyan Al}alai a }asar Zazzau.A cikin tafiyar da wannan bore a kwai Malam Musa wanda ]alibin Shehu Usmanu ne kuma an ha]o shi da Yamusa ne don ya zo ya tabbatar da gaskiyan zancan Malam Yamusa. Amma a }arke ya juyar da tafiyar ta zamo tasa kuma ya ]are karagar mulki. Wannan bore ya faru a daidai lokacin bukin }aramar Sallah, wato watan Shawwal shekara ta 1807. A lokacin da Sarkin Zazzau Malam Muhammadu Makau ya fita ya zuwa Sallar Idi. Wa]annan masu bore sun rufe {ofar Gari suka hana shi komawa cikinta. A dalilin haka Sarki Muhammadu Makau sai bai ja da su ba, domin a tunaninsa jama’arsa ne kuma bai da bukatar ya}ar }asarsa, amma sai ya juya akalar dokinsa ya nausa cikin }asashen Nufawa da sauran }abilu don bu]e wata daula daban. Kafin barinsa }asar Zazzau ya yi dakace a bayan gari inda ya tattara jama’ansa. Wannan wuri a yau shi ake kira da Dakace (Dakacen Sarki). Ya cimma nasarar yin hakan wajen kafa wuri (wanda a yau ya zama masarauta biyu wa]anda ake kiransu da sunayen }anninsa a halin yanzu wato Sule-ja ( Sulaimanu- sza) da Abu-ja ( Abubakar- sza). Kuma wannan wuri a yau ya zama zucciyar }asar baki daya. Tarihi ya nuna cewar daga baya ya yi yunkurin fadada sabuwar daularsa ta wajen yakar ko kwatar wasu bangarori na kasar Zazzau duk da a lokacin tsufa ta kama shi sai ya umurci danuwasa Sulaimanu Ja da ya koma ya rike sabuwar daularsa gudun kar ta kubuce masu baki daya; inda ya sa shi a matsayin wakilinsa. Bayan rasuwar Sarki Muhammadu Makau sai Malam Sulaimanu ya zama sabon sarki. Wannan wuri daga baya an raba shi biyu inda wadannan }anni na Sarkin Zazzau Muhammadu Makau suka mai da su wuraren masarautunsu kuma aka sanya wa wuraren sunayensu. Dalilin raba wa ‘yan-uwasa wannan wuri zai ta’alla}a a kan samar da zaman lafiya a zuriyarsu kuma su shugabanci wa]annan sabbin dauloli don kauda tunaninsu ga komawa cikin birnin Zazzau. Wannan ba }aramin tunani ne ba, ga shugabanni adalai masanan ya kamata da hangen nesa. Daga wa]annan wurare basu sake tunanin kafa wata daula ko fadada kasa ba. Sai dai tarihin baya na shi Sarki Muhammadu inda ya yi yunkurin kwato wasu yankuna da ke karkashin kasar Zazzau ya zuwa sabuwar masarautarsa kuma wannan yunkuri ya cimma ajalinsa. Shehu ]an Fodio ya yi fama da jama’arsa ko ince mabiyansa a }arken jihadinsa. Domin sun juya al’amarin ya zuwa neman mulki ba wai kokarin da’awa da jaddada addinin Allah; da daukaka addinin Allah ba. Almajiran Shehu sun mai da hankali wajen neman mulkan jama’a ko ta halin ya ya. Manufar Shehu shi ne na kauce wa shirka da kadaita Allah (S.W.A) abin bauta shi ka]ai kuma su maida duk al’amurransu ga Allah shi kadai. Amma‘yan shirkokin da ba a rasa su ba tun daga mabiyansa har ya zuwa ga sauran jama’a. Allah (subhanahub wata ala) ya sa ya cimma nasara ta dagewa a kan akidarsa ba tare da jin tsoro ko shakkun wani abin da zai same shi ba. Duk wadannan nasarori sun samu ta wajen dagewar da Shehu tare da kaninsa Abdullahi da kuma dansa Muhammad Bello, su ka yi bisa yardan Allah. Mahara daga cikin ]aliban Shehu Mujaddadi, wa]anda son mulki ta yaudara, sun nausa ya zuwa kasashen Borno da Yobe da Taraba da kuma Bauchi, inda suka tadda Malam Rabeh Fadel Allah ya yi nisa da shugowa wajan jihadinsa. Wannan za a iya gani tun daga cikin kasar Niger har ya zuwa kasashen da na yi bayani a baya. Kamar yadda tarihi ya nuna mana cewar kafin karken jihadin da gudana a zamanin Shehu Usmanu, ]alibansa sun yi yun}urin kai jihadinsa kasashen gabashin kasashen Arewa wanda bai samu dama ba don tuni addini Musulunci ya yi }arfi sai dai fadan siyasa kawai. A littafi mai suna “ Language Disappearance, case study of Biu Emirate” na Bukar Usman ya yi kokarin bayanin yadda ta kwashe tsakanin Mujaddidi Rabeh Fadel Allah tare da ]ansa Fadarallah da masarautun wa]annan kasashe a tsakanin shekara ta 1755-1809. Rabe ya nausa kasar Borno ]ansa kuma ya nausa }asar Biu har ya zuwa Wuyo wanda ake kira da suna Bayo a halin yanzu cikin kasar Borno. Wannan ya faru ne a tsakanin 1893-1901. A dalilin wannan tashin-tashina na jahadin wadda wa]annan Shehunnai biyu suka yi, ya kawo kai-komon jama’a daga wannan waje zuwa wancan waje, musamman ga jama’ar Biu a wancan karni. Hujjojin wannan bayani an samo su ta wajan zantawa da jama’a dabamdabam, wanda ya nuna cewar jama’a sun taru daga Arewacin masaninbao gabashin Niger da Borno zuwa kudancin wannan kasa. Misali jama’ar Biu sun nuna cewar akwai wurare biyu wanda yake duk asalin wurin mazaunansu ne (wurin zamansu), kamar Yeme da Chad. Bayanin baka ya nuna cewar Tera na daya daga cikin masu neman sarautar Ngazargamu a tsohuwar daular Borno kuma su suke sarautar a janhuriyan Nijar wanda har yanzu suna da kyakkyawar alaka da junarsu. Wasu daga cikin jama’ar Kanuri da suke zaune a Geidam wanda a halin yanzu yake cikin jihar Yobe sun guje wa jihadin Rabeh a cikin shekara ta 1890, wanda ya kai su ga gangarowa ya zuwa Gwara wanda aka fi sani da Gora. Wannan gari na kusa da garin Shani a cikin }asar Borno. Auratayya da kabilan Kanakuru kuma a dalilin haka suka samar da }abilan Komberi, ita ma wannan kabila ta jirga ya zuwa gundumar Tera. Yake-yaken jihadi sun ci gaba kuma jama’a sun ci gaba da hijira daga wannan wuri zuwa wancan wuri har ya zuwa shekara ta 1808 inda Fulani suka kama yammacin Ngazargamu wanda yake shi ne birnin daular Borno. Amma a karke a cikin shekara ta 1809 Sheikh Lamido ya kori Fulani daga daular Borno. Wannan kai-komo ya sa Rabe ya rasa wajen zama inda ya bar Zindar ya nausa ya zuwa gabashin Nijar a cikin shekara ta 1893. Wannan ya zo daidai da Turawan Faransa sun shigo kasar Nijar kuma suka kashe shi a wani gari mai suna Kousseri cikin kasar Kamaru a shekara ta 1900. Haka ma dansa ya faru da shi wanda aka kashe shi a wani gari mai suna Gujba ta hanyan yaudara wanda Turawan Faransa su kai masa a shekara ta 1901. A nan ne kuma Turawan Faransa suka hadu da Turawan Ingila kuma turawan Ingila suka nuna wa Turawan Faransa cewar sun wuce iyaka kasar Faransa, wanda a yanzu suna cikin kasar da ake kira Nijeriya. Haka ya faru a inda Faransawa suka ba Turawan Ingila wuri. [[File:Zazzau_palace_Mosque_01.jpg|thumb|Masallacin fada|314x314px]] === Sarki Makau === Game da rayuwar kasar Zazzau kuwa, Sarkin Zazzau Muhammadu Makau ya samar wa ‘yan-uwansa wurin zama ba tare da sun tsoma kansu cikin rikicin mulki da wasu suka haramta masu don bukatar mulkan} kasarsu ba.Zazzagawan asali,sun mai da martani ga sabuwar masarautar Zazzau a inda suka tare mashigin dake tsakanin kudancin} kasar zuwa kasar Zazzau domin tauye kasuwancin da ke tsakaninsu da jama’an kudancin} kasar nan.Haka kuma sun taimaka wa Turawa wajen cin} kasar Zazzau,domin daidai wannan lokaci ne Turawa suka bullo.Zazzaghawa sun taka babban rawa wajan cin kasar Zazzau a wancan lokaci. A cikin rubuce rucen Hausa Fulani sun so karin yin bayanan} ga jama’an Zazzau ta dauri musamman akan yadda ta kasance da Sarkin Zazzau Muhammadu Makau ta wajen neman kau da gaskiyar al’amurra. Kuma sun hada gabas da yamma wuri guda.Watau wajen dauko tarihi Barebari suka gauraya a cikin tarihin Zazzau ta dauri.Inda suka ]auko tarihin Albarka wanda yake shi ]an Sarkin Kukawa ne can cikin }asar Borno kuma ya zo kasar Zazzau a sanadiyyar rikicin Sarauta.Albarka bai da ninyar zama kasar Zazzau sai dai ya yada zango ya wuce.Wannan ya faru ne a zamanin Sarki Zazzau Alu Dan Sidi. Amma ga al’amarin Sarki sai ya jawo hankalinsa da ya zauna a nan kasar Zazzau.Sarki ya yi masa al}awarin bashi duk bakin inda ya yi jifa ta tsaya kyauta. Hakan kuma ya faru,wannan wuri ya kama tun daga bakin kotu ya yi iyaka da kwarin fadama.A dalilin haka ne wannan wuri ya samu sunarsa (Albarkawa). Malam Usman Katuka Sabulu ]a ne ga Sarkin Kano Al-wali kuma jika ne a gidan Sarautar Zazzagawan dauri (Zazzau),inda Sarki Isyaku Jatau ya dauki ‘yar kaninsa Malam Muhammadu Megamo ya ba da aurenta ga Sarkin Kano Al-wali.Usman Katuka Sabulu ya zo kasar Zazzau wajen kakanninsa don koyon karatu da samun ilmin addinin Muslinci, kuma Allah ya nufa wajen arzikinsa kenan a dalilin goyan bayan da ya ba juyin mulkin Filato Barno da kuma Hausa Fulanin a }asar Zazzau, (domin suna kiran kansu a matsayin Fulani) a lokacin yin ma gidan kakaninsa bore don kaucewa halin da zai iya shiga bayan basu ko kuma a bisa wasu dalilai nasa. A karke Sarkin Zazzaun na farko a daular Hausa-Fulani a kasar Zazzau Malam Mu’sa ya amince da Usman Sabulu kuma ya umurce shi da ya zauna a daya daga cikin gidajen kakanninsa watau na Zage zagi kuma aka ba shi sarautar katukan farko a daular Hausa Fulani.Katuka Usman ya samu tsawon sarakuna biyu a daular Hausa Fulani kafin a tsige shi daga kan sarautar; watau Mu’sa dan Yamusa. === Jerin sarakunan Suleja === 1. Muhammadu Makau 1807-1825. 2. Abubakar Ja (Abuja) 1825-1851. 3. Abubakar Kwaka Dogon Sarki 1851-1877. 4. Ibrahim Iyalai Dogon Gwari 1877-1902. 5. Muhammadu Gani 1902-1917 Ya bar gadon mulki. 6. Musa Angulu 1917-1944. 7. Sulaimanu Barau 1944-1979. 8. Malam Ibrahim Dodo Musa 1979-1993. 9. Awwal Ibrahim 1993-1994 Ya bar gadon mulki. 10. Bashir Sulaimanu Barau 1994-2000. 11. Awwal Ibrahim 2000. === Sarkakiyar sarautar Hausa Fulani === Sarautar Hausa-Fulani a Arewacin Nijeriya na tafe da wasu sarkakiya wa]anda jama’a kan zanta a kansu sau da dama, watau ta yadda suka amshi mulki ko kuma yadda suka rina azabtar da ‘yan uwansu Musulmi; in har ba kai karatu wajen Shehu Mujaddidi ba, ko da kuwa kai Bafillace ne.wadannan misalai kan samu ta wajen nazartar abin da ya faru a sassa dabandaban a arewacin kasar nan.Amma an samu inda adalci ya fito karara a tsakanin kasar Katsina da Daura inda Sarkin Katsina Dikko ya ba Turawa shawarar da su dawo da jama’ar }asar Daura na asali watau Ha~e (A harshen Hausa-Fulani),a cikin shekara ta alif 1906. Kuma Sarkin Katsina ya ci gaba da ba su shawarar yadda za a yi a mai da su a kan karagar sarautar Daura,inda ya ce, “ku dauko jikansu Musa wanda yake zaune a Zangon-Daura a bashi sarautar Daura kuma a ha]a masa Zango da |aure duk a karkashin mulkin Daura.Wannan al’amari ya faru ne a lokacin da Turawa suka shawarci Sarkin Katsina Dikko ta yadda za a dawo da masarauar Daura. Kyakkyawar alaka ta ]ore tsakanin Katsinawa da Daurawa na mutunta juna tun wancan lokaci har ya zuwa yanzu. Domin sun zama abokanin shawarar juna a duk wani abu da ya taso masu,alal misali lokacin da aka taso da zancan larduna Sarki Dikko ya shawarci Sarki Abdurrahman tare da neman alfarma da a ha]a kasar Katsina da Daura a matsayin lardi ]aya.Babu kokanto ko ja Sarkin Daura Abdurrahaman ya amince a dalilin wannan kyakkyawar alaka a wannan dalili ne masarautar Daura ta sa wa }ofar yamma suna Abdurrahman,domin shi ne sarki da ya yi sanadiyyar ha]ewar su da Katsina. kasar Kano ta samu kanta cikin wannan juyin-juya hali da kas ashen Hausa ke ciki.Arewacin kasar Kano ya soma fa]awa hannun Fulani cikin sauki,amma Sarki Alwali ya yi kokarin kare gabashin kasar. Bayan gwbzawa yaki da aka yi a dan Yahaya Fulani sun samu damar kamala kama kasar Kano kuma Sarkin Kano Alwali ya bar kasar.Anan ma an samu rabewar kai tsakanin Fulani kuma ak rasa wanda zai tsaya a matsayi Sarki.A karke sun aika wa Shehu da ya zaban masu shugaba. Shehu ya tambayesu waye fasihi a cikinsu sai suka ba da amsar cewar Sulaimanu bawan shugaban yaki.To anan ne Shehu y ace ma su shi ya kamata ya zama Sarki.Wannan ya faru a cikin shekara ta 1807. Amma a game da kasar Kano da Ningi kuwa ya sha bamban da tsakanin Katsina da Daura.Kafuwar Ningi bai samu ba sai da aka ja batta tsakanin jama’an kasar Ningi da Sarkin Kano Usmanu.Abin da ya faru kuwa shi ne Sarkin Kano Usman ya sa wa jama’ar Ningi haraji,amma daya daga cikin ‘ya’yan Ningi, kuma malami wanda ya shahara a wancan zamani watau malam Hamza bai amince da wannan haraji ba. Kuma kamar yadda tarihi ya nuna cewar shi ma ya yi karatu wajen Shehu amma bai karbo Tuta ba kamar yadda sauran Hausa-Fulani suka kar~o Tuta. A wannan lokaci Dawakin-Kudu na karkashin Galadiman Kano.Malam Hamza ya ci gaba da da’awarsarsa na cewar babu inda aka ce Musulmi ya ba Musulmi jizya ko kudin gandu ko haraji. Wannan ya kai ga har an kai shi gaban Sarki a can Kano. Kamar yadda zancan baka ya nuna cewar ya tafi da Gafakan Alkur’aninsa da ]an buzunsa.A gaban Sarkin Kano ya sake bayyana adawarsa ta bayyana wa Sarki gaba gareshi cewar,’karatu dai mun yi gaban Shehu kuma ba inda Shehu ya ce Musulmi da su biya hukumar Musulmi jizya ko kudin gandu ko haraji ba, ka gani nan ina kan kasar Allah ne ba kasar ka ba’, nan take ya baza buzu ya hau kai. A karke Sarkin Kano ya lallaba wannan malami ya dawo kasarsu Dawaki.Amma bayan majalisan sarkin kano ta ba Sarki shawa kan wannan malami domin a ganinsu zai zame wa Sarki karfen-kafa sai Sarki ya ba da umurnin kamo shi. Ga al’amarin wannan malami kuwa ko da ya ji labarin kama shi, sai ya umurci Al’majiransa masu ]imbin yawa suka bar gari.A wani babin an ce mutanan da suka bishi sun kai gidaje 40 wanda a wancan lokaci gari ne. Abin kulawa kuma a nan babban adawan wannan malami shi ne bai yarda da ya}an jama’a ba illah wa’azi kuma da shi ya musuluntar da dimbin jama’a. amma ga al’amarin Hausa-Fulani a wannan lokaci basu amince da yin haka ba, sai dai su mallaki jama’a ta hanyar yakarsu don su zama masu mulkin mallaka ko ta halin kaka. Malam Hamza ya shiga kasar Bauchi da almajiransa kuma a wannan zamani Sarkin Bauchi Ibrahim, yana sarautar kasar a matsayin Sarki na biyu. Domin a }asar Bauchi daga Yakubu sai Ibrahim a sarautar }asar. Sarkin Bauchi ya sa Sarkin ~ara da ya tunkari wannnan malami. Anan ma wannan malami ya yi fama kwarai da gaske inda ya kai ga sai da Sarkin Bauchi ya taso da kansa yazo }ofar Ningi cikin wani gari mai suna Cafana ya shata fulotai inda ya dasa itatuwan gawo. Wannan abu ya faru wajen shekara 150 ko fiye da haka. Yake-yake ba su yi sauki ba har sai da Alu mai sango ya dau matakin kona duk wani lambunan Rano. Ganin haka aka nemi sulhu kuma aka zauna lafiya. A }asar kebbi wanda yake Fulani ke mulkan kasar kuma a lokacin Muahammadu Fodi ke mulki, amma Fulani sun fa]a ma shi kuma suka kora shi. Ya samu damar kafa garin Argungu a cikin shekara ta 1805 wanda amalam Abdullahi ya jagoranta; wannan shi ne dalilin da ake kira wannan waje Kebbin Argungun. Malam Muhammadu Fodi bai iya daurewa ba sai da ya rin}a kai masu hari akai-akai, wanda ya kawo rasa ransa a shekara ta 1826. Amma duk da faruwan wannan abu magajinsa wanda aka fi sani da suna Karrari ya ci gaba da kai hari kasar Kebbi har zuwan Turawa. Wannan dalilin da yasa ake kiran Sarkin Argungu da ‘Sarkin Kebbi’. Wannan al’amari shi ya jawo hankulan Sarakunan }asar Hadejiya da tai iyaka da Borno suka sakar wa Malam Umar wani daga cikin Fulani da suke zaune a kasar. Haka kuma sauran kasashen kamar su Kazaure da Garun Gabas da Gatarwa da Auyo suka janye daga mulkinsu suka ba Fulani wuri. Sarakunan Katsina da Kano duk sun rasa mulkinsu a shekara ta 1807. Fulani sun kama dukkanin wuraren da ba Fulani ke mulki ba ko kuma Fulanin da basu amshi tuta ba ko da kuwa sun yi karatu wajen Shehu Usmanu. A }asar Katsina bayan Fulani sun amshi }asa sai rikicin mulki ya rincabe tsakaninsu. Wanda ya kai ga an samu gidajen adawa uku, Umaru da Dumyawa Na Alhaji da Umaru Dallaji dukkaninsu na adawar ya amshi tuta daga Shehu Usman. A }arke an samu sau}in al’amari bayan ya cimma nasaran zama Sarki a shekera ta 1807. Amma ga Sarkin Katsina da aka ture sai ya koma da zama a wani wuri da ake kira Mara]i Arewa da kasar Katsina wanda ya kai tsawon kimanin mil hamsin (50miles). Sarkin Katsina da ya koma Mara]i ya ci gaba da kai hari ga duk Fulanin da ya ci karo da su. wannan hari da ake kai ma Fulani ya samu goyon bayan }asashen Zamfara da Agadas. === Sarki Umaru Danlaje === Umaru Danlaje ya yi Sarauta daga shekara ta 1807 zuwa 1835. Kasar Gobir dama ita ce masomin da’awa wanda ya koma jihadi,a shekara ta 1808 Sarki Yunfa ya rasa ransa a yakin Alkalawa wanda ta ke a wajen gundumar masarautar. Jajirtatce ne wajen kare kansa da }asarsa.Irin wannan jaruntaka ya samu amsuwa wajen magajinsa.A dalilin wannan jajircewa na su ya zama dole Fulani suka iya mallakan ka]an daga cikin ƙasar Gobir. A karshe a shekara ta 1808 Fulani suka kafa masarautarsu wanda trake da gundumar mulki,kuma a ka raba wannan wuri gida biyu;arewacin wurin in wanda ke da gunduma a Gwandu aka na]a Abdullahi a matsayin Sarki.Gabashin wurin dake da gunduma a Sakkwato aka nada Muahammad Bello a matsayin Sarki. Shi ko Shehu Usmanu ya koma ga nazarin littafansa domin a karshe ya nuna damuwarsa na ganin ada’awarsa ta koma na neman mulki kuma fadada kasa don sarauta ba ra’ayinsa ne ba. Wadannan al’amurra sun gudana a kasar Zazzau inda Sarkin Zazzau Muhammadu Makau ya nemi zama da Sarkin Kano kuma Surukinsa Al’wali kuma ya nuna ma Malaman da ke adawa da ra’ayinsa cewar “wannan bawan Allah fahimtarwa yake bu}ata dangane da jihadin Shehu Mujeddidi”, amma Hausa-Fulanin dake }asar suka nuna rashin amincewarsu.Daga cikin Malamansu Malam Yamusa ya jagoranci kai Sarkin Zazzau Muhammadu Makau kara wajen Shehu Mujeddidi cewar ya juya wa koyarwar Shehu baya kuma ya koma al’amari na gargajiya. Akan haka Shehu ya soma tambayarsu abin da ya kamata a yi, a nan suka ba da shawarar a yaki }asar Zazzau.Jin kaha sai Shehu Usmanu ya ce da su “A’a sai dai ku yaki Sarkin Zazzau shi ka]ai domin }asar Zazzau akwai malamai masu yawa”. Wannnan al’amari bai samu damar gudana ba sai cikin watan Sallah karama a lokacin da Sarkin Zazzau Muhammadu Makau ya fito yin Sallar Idi, a wananan tsakani masu bore suka kulle kofar gari bayan sun tarwatsa jama’ar Sarki. Ganin haka hankalin Sarki bai tashi ba musamman ganin ya iya tattara jama’arsa wuri guda a wani wuri da ake kira a yau Dakace amma asalin dalilinsa ana nufin dakacen Sarki ne(inda Sarki Muhammadu Makau ya dakata har ya hada jama’ansa).Nan take ya yanke hukuncin barin kasar Zazzau ya kuma nausa kudancin kasar, ba tare da ja in ja da su ba. Shawararsa na barin kasar ya faru a cikin shekara ta 1807 inda ya samar da sabon wuri kuma ya bar wa kaninsa bisa alkawarin kula da wurin domin shi ya dauri ninyan amso wasu bangarori da ke karkashin kasar Zazzau.Wadannan wurare ya yi iyaka da Kajuru. A karke cikin shekara ta 1828 kasar an raba ta biyu inda aka ba Sulaimanu ja kuma aka sa ma wajan suna Suleja, sannan Abububakar ja shi ma ~angarensa ya koma da suna Abuja. Amma ga al’amarin Sarki Muhammadu kuwa ya fita harkan zaman sarauta ya koma ga neman kwato wasu yankuna a cikin kasar Zazzau. Ta wannan al’amari ne ya kai ga rasa ransa. A yau daya daga cikin wadannan wurare mai suna Abuja ya zama abin alfari ga kasar Nijeriya baki daya, inda ta zama abin tun}ahon jama’an Nijeriya a matsayin Gundumar mulkin kasa baki daya.An amshi wnannan wuri (Abuja) a hannun Sarki Sulaimanu Barau a matsayin gundumar mulkin }asa a shekara ta 1976.A nan zamu iya ganin yadda aikin Sarki mai adalci Muhammadu Makau dan Sarki Isyaku jatau ya kai. Wannan ba karamin abin alfahari ne ba. Zazzagawan dauri sun ci gaba da huddansu da Fulani da ke makabtaka da su,da ke da zama aBida. Amma jama’an da ke }asar Zariya sun komo da hu]]a da sabuwar kasar Muhammadu Makau dole a zamanin Sarki Abubakar Kwakwa, cikin shekara ta 1851 zuwa 1877. [[File:Weding ceremony.jpg|thumb|Fadar sarki]]Wannan ya faru a dalilin tsaida duk wani nau’in kasuwanci tsakanin kasar da kudancin Nijeriya. Bayanan abubuwan da ya wakana a tsakanin ma su da’awar karban tuta daga hannun Shehu Usmanu na tattare a gun wadanda abin ya shafa,inda za ka iya samun gaskiyan abinda ya gudana a tsakaninsu.Amma ga al’amarin Hausa-Fulani ba za su tsaya su tsaga gaskiya don kowa ya ganta ba, illa su bayyana cewar sun kori kafurai ko su yi amfani da kalamar maguzanci. Allah mai girma, in muka ce za mu zanta irin nau’in mulkin da suka yi wa jama’a tabbas mutunci da }imansu zai zuba a idon jama’a musamman ‘yan bana-bakwai. Domin in aka fassara kalmar Maguzanci kuma muka bisu daya bayan daya zamu ga irin mummunar zama da aka yi ko ince a ke yi da su, in da hatta su kansu ba su bar junan su ba. Bari mu ga wani abu daga cikin al’amurran da ya faru Yake-yaken jihadi ko son mulki sun ci gaba da gudana kuma jama’a sun ci gaba da hijira daga wannan wuri zuwa wancan wuri har ya zuwa shekara ta 1808 inda Fulani suka kama yammacin Ngazargamu wanda yake shi ne birnin daular Borno. Amma a karshe a cikin shekara ta 1809 Sheikh Lamido ya kori Hausa-Fulani daga daular Borno. == Masarautar Zazzau == [[File:Zazzau palace main gate entrance 02.jpg|thumb|Babbar ƙofar shiga masarautar Zazzau dake Zariya]] [[Zazzau]] ko [[Zariya]] Masarauta ce ta mai dadadden [[Tarihi]] ta [[Hausawa]] wadda take da gidan sarautar ta a birnin [[Zariya]] dake jihar [[Kaduna]] a [[Arewacin Najeriya]] . Alhaji [[Shehu Idris]] Shine Sarkin Zazzau. == Maguzanci == Abu mafi mahimman ci da zamu fara dubawa wajen gane tarihin masarautar Zazzau shine labarun da suka shahara a karni na Ashirin. Wanda yake cewa asalin kafuwar masarautun [[Hausa]] ya fara ne daga kanan [[Bayajidda]],Wato wani Jarumi da ake fada a tarihin [[Hausawa]] wanda shine asalin kafuwar masarautun Hausa da muke da su a wannan zamanin.Kamar yadda masana [[Tarihi]] suke fada cewa a karni na goma sha daya ne aka kafa masarautar zazzau bisa jogorancin Sarkin Zazzau [[Gunguma]].Daga nanne kuma aka kafa masarautar Zazzau Ta zama daya daga cikin masarautun [[Hausawa]] ko Habe na [[Hausa Bakwai]].Fitacciyar wadda tayi iko a masarautar Zazzau itace Sarauniyar Zazzau Amina. Wacce tayi iko kodai tsakiyar karni na sha biyar ko kuma tsakiyar karni na sha shida. Birnin Zazzau ya zama cibiyar harhada bayi inda ake cinikin su zuwa Arewacin [[Najeriya]] kamar birnin [[Kano]] da birnin [[Katsina]] inda ake kasuwancin Bayi ta hanyar kasuwancin ban gishiri na baka kanwa daga nan kuma sai a wuce da Bayin zuwa [[Sahara]].A yadda tarihi yazo [[Musulunci]] ya shiga Masarautar Zazzau ne a wajen shekara ta 1456 Amma kadan daga cikin wasu mutanen naci gaba da Tsafi yayin da wadansu kuma ke Maguzanci Har zuwa lokacin da jihadin Shehu Usman Dan fodiyo ya zo a shekarar 1808 [[Fulani]] conquest of 1808. Ayanzu dai Masarautar Zazzau Masarauta ce da tayi kaurin suna wajen tafiyar da Addinin [[Musulunci]].Akwai manya manyan malamai na Musulunci a Masarautar. '''Sarautar Fulani a Masarautar Zazzau''' A watan Disamba na 1808 Mujahidai karkashin Jahorancin Mujadda Shehu Usman Danfodiyo suka samu nasarar korar Masu rike da sarautar lokacin wadanda Habe ne ko [[Hausawa]].Hakanne yasa su Hausawan suka gudu zuwa yankin [[Abuja]] Suka tare a wajen da ake kira [[Suleja]] a yanzu.Shi yasa har yanzu ake kiran sarautar ko kuma sarkin [[Suleja]] da Sarkin Zazzau. Tarihin Bayajidda wanda a yau masana na kallonsa a kaggen labari domin tambayoyin da ke kansa sun kasa amsuwa. Amma in muka kalli manufa na wannan labari zamu ga cewar an samar da shi ne don samar da zaman lafiya tsakanin kasashen Hausa. In muka kalla ta barayin nazartan harshe zamu ga wannan tarihi baida hurumin ko kusa musamman in muka kalli kalmomi da ke rataye da kasar Zazzau. == Jerin Sarakunan Zazzau == Sarakunan Habe, sun fara ne daga shekarar 1696 zuwa 1701. #Bako Musa 1701 - 1703 #Ishaq 1703 - 1704 #Burema Ashaku 1704 - 1715 #Bako IV Sunkuru 1715 - 1726 #Muham dan Gungum 1726 - 1733 #Uban Ba 1733 - 1734 #Muham Gani 1734 - 1734 #Abu Muham Gani 1734 - 1737 #Dan Ashaku 1737 - 1757 #Muham Abu III 1757 - 1759 #Bawo 1759 - 1764 #Yunusa 1764 - 1767 #Yaqub 1767 - 1773 #Aliyu 1773 - 1779 #Cikkoku 1779 - 1782 #Muham Mai Gam 1782 - 1806 #Ishaq1806 - 1808 #Muham Makau dan Ishaq Ja '''Sarakunan Fulani masu cin gashin kansu.Sun fara sarautar su ne daga 31 ga Disamba na 1808 zuwa 17 Mayu na 1821''' # Malam Musa ibn Suleima Ibn Muhamm Juni 1821 - 1835. #Yamusa i Mallam Kilba 1835 18 Disamba 1846. # Abd al-Karim ibn Abbas 6 Janairu 1847 zuwa 28 Fabrairu 1847. #Hammad ibn Yamu 15 Afrilu 1847 zuwa Afrilu 1854. #Muhamm Sani ibn Yamusa Afrilu 1854 zuwa Disamba 1854. #Sidi Abdul-Qadiri Musa, Janairu 1855 5 zuwa Augusta 1856. #Abd as-Salam ibn Muhammadu Ka'i 21 Satumba 1856 zuwa Augusa ko Nuwamba 1870. #Abd Alla ibn Hammad (karon farko) 22 Nuwamba 1870 Janairu ko Juli. #1873 Abubakar ibn Musa (ya rasu a 1873) Augusta ko Satumba 1873 zuwa Nuwamba ko Disamba 1878. #Abd Alla ibn Hammad (karo na biyu) 26 Disamba 1878 zuwa Janairu 1888. #Muhamm Sambo ib Abd al-Karim Janairu 1888 zuwa 13 Fabrairu 1897. #Usumanu Yero ibn Abd Alla (ya rasu 1897) 17 Afrilu 1897 zuwa Maris 1903. #Muhamm Lawal Kwassau ibn Uthm Yero. == Sarakunan zamanin mulkin mallaka == Sunfara ne daga shekarar alif 1903 (mulkin mallaka) and later rulers Rulers of the independent Fulani emirate:[6] Start End R March 1903 8 April 1903 Sulayma (regent from 11 Sep 190 8 April 1904 9 November 1920 Ali ibn A al-Qadir 1924) 1920 1924 Dallatu i Uthman Yero 1924 1936 Ibrahim Muham Lawal Kwassa (b. c.18 d. 1936 1936 August 1959 Malam J ibn Isha (b. 189 d. 1959 September 1959 4 February 1975 Muham al-Amin Uthman 1908 - 1975) 8 February 1975 20 September 2020 Shehu i Idris (1936 - 2020) Ita dai masarautar Zazzau tana daya daga cikin muhimman masarautun kasar Hausa da ma yankin Afirka ta yamma. [[Fayil:Zazzau-emirate.jpg|thumb|zazzau emirate]] Tarihi irin na kunne ya girmi kaka ya yi nuni cewa, Zazzau wata dadaddiyar masarauta ce, wadda ta samo asali tun daruruwan shekaru da suka gabata, wato daga lokacin jahiliyya ko kuma kafin zuwan addinin musulunci. === Yadda kalmar  ‘Zazzau’ ta samo asali === Tushen wannan kalma ta ‘Zazzau’ yana da rassa biyu, na farko yana da nasaba da yanayin kasar ta Zazzau, wanda daga Katsinanci ke nufin ‘zo-zo’, wato kasa mai laka, ba mai rairayi ba, wadda za a iya yin shuka a kanta, kuma ta tsiro. A wani kaulin kuma ‘Zazzau’ na nufin wani takobi, wanda ja-goran jama’a yakan dauka ya jagoranci jama’a a wajen yaki. Mai daukar wannan takobi ba sarki ake kiransa ba, a wancan lokaci ana kiran sa ne ‘Madau-Zazzau’, wato ‘Mai Dauke da Zazzau’. ==== Asalin Kalmar Zariya ==== Zariya kalma ce da ta samo asali daga sunan Zariya ‘yar Sarki Bakwa Turunku, wadda kanwa ce ga Sarauniya Amina === Bambancin Zazzau da Zariya === Zazzau masarauta ce, wadda ta kunshi dukkan kasashe da garuruwan da ke bin masarautar. Zariya kuwa shi ne babban birnin da sarki yake zaune da hakimai da ’yan majalisarsa ana gudanar da mulki. Sauran hakimai da suke da kasashe suna kawo wa sarki rahoto, su kuma ana aika masu da umarni. A zamanin maguzanci, wato shekaru aru-aru da suka gabata, babu wani addini da ya shigo, sai al’adu  ko rayuwa irin ta maguzanci. Kuma kaura daga wannan waje, a koma wancan waje, ita ce al’adar Bil’Adama, a kokarin a kokarin neman wajen da zai zauna ya sami ingatacciyar rayuwa. Mafi yawan ayyukan da jama’a kan yi a lokacin su ne, noma da kiwo. Wannan lokaci ne kuma masana tarihi ke kira zamanin ‘Zo-zo’, wato zamanin maguzanci, wanda ya kasance tun kafin shigowar addinin musulunci. Lokacin da al’umma suka rika taruwa, suna samun shugabanci, har sarakunan Habe suka fara mulki, aka samu kafuwar Hausa Bakwai, wato zuri’ar Bayajidda da Sarauniya Daurama. Kuma Zazzau na daya daga cikin kasashen da aka ba ’ya’yan Bayajida mulki. Bayanin da aka samo daga bakin Marigayi Malam Habibu Na-Turunku, wani uban gari na Turunku, ya nuna cewa, Gunguma shi ne sarkin Zazzau na farko, kuma ya yi tafiyayya ne daga Daura, ya bi ta Kano da Rano, kuma ya fara yada zango a Kangi. Wadanda suka biyo bayansa sun kafa biranen  mulkinsu ne a Kawari da Rikocci da Wuciciri da kuma Turunku, kafin su je Zariya. Nohir ta auri wani bako, ta haifa masa da namiji, kuma aka sa wa dan suna dan Bakwa Turunku. Daga baya sunansa ya koma Bakwa Turunku, wanda ya gaji sarautar kawunsa Kawanissa a shekarar 1536. Bakwa Turunku ya yi sarauta ne a garin Turunku, kuma har yanzu akwai sauran kufan masarautar ta Turunku a can kasan tsaunukan da suke shimfide  a yankin gabashin Zariya. === Kafuwar birnin Zariya === Kamar yadda aka sami labari daga wajen Marigayi Malam Habibu Na-Turunku, wani uban gari na Turunku, ya nuna cewa, Zariya ‘yar Bakwa Turunku, kuma kanwar Sarauniya Amina ce ta kafa birnin Zariya, don haka ake kiran birnin da sunanta.Hakan kuwa ya biyo bayan yadda hedikwatar mulki ta Zazzau ta yi ta sauya wuri saboda matsalar rashin ruwa, a zamanin mulkin Bakwa Turunku, wato mahaifin Sarauniya Amina da Zariya. Hedikwatar ta tashi daga Bomo zuwa Wucicciri zuwa Ancau zuwa Kargi, ta koma Turunku. A wancan lokaci an ce sai Bakwa ya ga Turunku ta yi wa mutanensa kadan a matsayin hedikwatar mulki, ga matsalar ruwa ana fama da ita. Saboda haka, sai ya koma Zariya a shekarar 1537.  Daga nan ne kuma masarautar Zazzau ta koma Zariya. Amma ba a shiga Zariya kai tsaye ba, sai Bakwa Turunku ya gaya wa ‘yarsa Zariya, cewa ta je wajen kufannin iyayensu, wato Kufena kenan, ta je ta fara zama a wurin, kuma akwai rafi a wajen. Sai dai da Sarauniya Amina, wadda ita ce 'ya a wajen Zariya, ta dawo daga yake-yakenta, sai ta ce wurin ya yi fadi da yawa. Idan aka gina hedikwatar mulki a wurin a wancan zamani na yake-yake, to mahara za su iya kai masu hari. Saboda haka, ta ce a koma kusa da rafin da ake kira Fadamar Bono a cikin gari, wanda daga baya da Fulani suka karbi mulki suka mayar da sunan zuwa Fadamar Sarki. Da aka gama sake shata gari, sai Sarauniya Amina ta sa wa wannan zagayen da’irar da aka yi sunan kanwarta, wato Zariya.  Don ta girmama suna ‘yar uwarta, kuma dalilin sunan garin Zariya kenan. Kuma ta gina gida a cikin gari, inda ya zama fadar Zazzau, inda mahaifinta ya zauna, kuma har yanzu nan ne fadar masarautar Zazzau.  Ana kiran gidan da sunan ‘Gidan Bakwa’. == Manazarta == [[Category:Garuruwan Hausawa]] 3k5zch95c7g5f2dmjsj5p83d19gcxw2 0 6644 873610 873576 2026-07-01T13:08:19Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 873610 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Chief '''Olusegun Matthew Okikiola Ogunboye Aremu Obasanjo''' GCFR <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by Obasanjo to the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/webcast/ga/61/pdfs/nigeria-e.pdf |access-date=23 April 2011}}</ref> ( // ⓘ ; Yoruba {{IPA|yo|ōlúʃɛ́ɡũ̄ ɔ̄básã̄d͡ʒɔ́|}} An haife shi {{Circa}} 5 ga Maris 1937) ɗan siyasa ne na Najeriya, ɗan siyasa, mai kishin ƙasa, kuma tsohon janar na soja wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sojan Najeriya daga alif 1976 zuwa 1979 sannan daga baya ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugabanta]] daga a 1999 zuwa 2007. A ra'ayinsa ɗan kishin ƙasa ne na Najeriya, ya kasance memba na [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP) daga alif 1998 zuwa 2015, kuma tun 2018.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8; Adeolu 2017, p. 4.</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 24 March 2022.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, p. 74.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 16–17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17; Derfler 2011, p. 74</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 29.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 29–30.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 30.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 78.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 45, 48.</ref> An haife shi a ƙauyen Ibogun-Olaogun, dangin sa manoma na reshen Owu na [[Yarbawa]], Obasanjo ya yi karatu sosai a [[Abeokuta]], [[Jihar Ogun]] . Ya shiga [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Rundunar Sojan Najeriya]] kuma ya ƙware a fannin injiniyanci kuma ya yi aiki a Kongo, [[Birtaniya]], da [[Indiya]], inda ya kai matsayin Manjo. A ƙarshen shekarun alif 1960, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaƙi da 'yan awaren [[Biyafara|Biafra]] a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya]], inda ya karɓi miƙa wuyansu alif 1970. A shekara alif 1975, [[1975 juyin mulkin Najeriya|wani juyin mulki na soja]] ya kafa gwamnatin soja tare da Obasanjo a matsayin wani ɓangare na mulkinta na nasara. Bayan an kashe shugaban triumvirate, [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], a a shekara mai zuwa, [[Majalisar Koli ta Soja ta Najeriya (1966 zuw 1979)|Majalisar Koli ta Soja]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council". www.interactioncouncil.org. Retrieved 1 February 2025.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 23; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 24; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 41.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 42; Derfler 2011, p. 79</ref> ta naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. Ci gaba da manufofin Murtala, Obasanjo ya kula da rage kasafin kuɗi da faɗaɗa damar samun ilimin makaranta kyauta. Yana ƙara haɗa Najeriya da Amurka, ya kuma jaddada goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin da ke adawa da mulkin tsirarun fararen fata a kudancin Afirka. Bayan da ya kuduri aniyar dawo da dimokuradiyya, Obasanjo ya jagoranci [[Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na alif 1979|zaben 1979]], bayan haka ya mika ragamar mulkin Najeriya ga sabon shugaban farar hula da aka zaba, [[Shehu Shagari|Shehu Shagari.]]<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 12–13; Derfler 2011, p. 73</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 13.</ref> Daga nan Obasanjo ya yi ritaya zuwa [[Ota, Ogun]], inda ya zama manomi, ya buga littattafai guda hudu, sannan ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa don kawo karshen rikice-rikicen Afirka daban-daban.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 7; Derfler 2011, p. 72</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 72; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 14</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 15.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, pp. 73–74.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 25; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 40.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 45.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 49, 56</ref> A shekara alif 1993, [[Sani Abacha]] ya kwace mulki a wani juyin mulki na soja. Obasanjo ya fito fili ya soki gwamnatin Abacha kuma a shekarar alif 1995 aka kama shi aka kuma same shi da laifin kasancewa cikin wani juyin mulki da aka shirya, duk da cewa bai aikata laifin da ake zargin sa da shi ba. Yayin da yake tsare, ya zama Kirista mai sake haifuwa, tare da ra'ayin raba iko ya yi tasiri sosai kan ra'ayinsa na duniya. An sake shi bayan mutuwar Abacha a al 1998. Obasanjo ya shiga siyasar zabe, inda ya zama dan takarar PDP a zaben shugaban kasa na 1999, wanda ya lashe. A matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, ya cire siyasa daga harkokin soja kuma ya fadada 'yan sanda tare da tattara sojoji don yaki da tashe-tashen hankulan kabilanci, addini, da kuma ballewa. Ya janye [[Yakin basasa na Sierra Leone|sojojin Najeriya daga Sierra Leone]] kuma ya sayar da kamfanoni daban-daban na gwamnati don takaita basussukan kasar da ke karuwa. An sake zabensa a zaben a 2003. Saboda ra'ayoyin [[Pan-Africanism]], ya kasance mai goyon bayan kafa [[Tarayyar Afrika|kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta daga 2004 zuwa 2006. Yunkurin Obasanjo na canza kundin tsarin mulki don kawar da iyakokin wa'adin shugaban kasa bai yi nasara ba kuma ya jawo suka. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin tauhidi daga [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiyar Ƙasa ta Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adegbite |first=Charles Segun |date=16 December 2017 |title=At 80years, Obasanjo bags Ph.D in Theology |url=https://successfulpeoplemagazine.wordpress.com/2017/12/16/at-80years-obasanjo-bags-ph-d-in-theology/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=Successful People's World |language=en}}</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 39</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 20.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 26.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 24.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 26–27.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 27–28.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 28.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 31.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 31–32.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 42; Derfler 2011, p. 80.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 42</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 40; Derfler 2011, p. 79.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 42–43; Derfler 2011, p. 81.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 45; Derfler 2011, p. 82.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 45, 48; Derfler 2011, p. 83.</ref> An bayyana Obasanjo a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane na ƙarni na biyu na shugabannin Afirka bayan mulkin mallaka . Ya sami yabo kan yadda ya jagoranci sauye-sauyen da Najeriya ta yi zuwa ga [[dimokuradiyya ta wakilci]] a shekarun a 1970 da kuma ƙoƙarinsa na ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa a faɗin nahiyar. Masu suka sun dage cewa yana da laifin cin hanci da rashawa, cewa gwamnatocinsa sun kula da take haƙƙin ɗan adam, kuma a matsayinsa na shugaban ƙasa ya fara sha'awar haɗa kai da kuma riƙe ikonsa na kashin kansa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2025 |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} Biography, Age, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 21.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 21–22.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 22.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 25–26.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 41–42.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 82.</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Mahaifin Olusegun Obasanjo Obasanjo Bankole yana ɗaya daga cikin mutanen farko da suka fara zama kuma ubannin da suka kafa ƙauyen Igbogun Olaogun a farkon shekarun a 1920. Duk da cewa manomi ne mai arziki kuma mai sana'ar giyar dabino, ana ɗaukarsa talaka ne saboda ba ya cikin manyan mutane masu ilimi a [[Kasar Yarbawa|ƙasar Yarabawa]] . Bankole ya haɗu da Bernice Ashabi, wani ƙaramin ɗan kasuwa a Igbogun kuma dukansu sun yi aure. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu da suka rage daga cikin shida: Olusegun da Adunni Oluwola, 'yar'uwarsa tilo. {{Sfn|Adeolu|2017}} A cewar fasfo ɗinsa, an haifi Olusegun Obasanjo a ranar 5 ga Maris 1937 duk da cewa babu wani tarihi na zamani kuma kwanan wata kusan kiyasi ne. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}}<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 43.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 43; Derfler 2011, p. 81.</ref> Olusegun ya fito ne daga Masarautar Owu . An rene shi a matsayin Baptist . Daga baya 'yar'uwarsa ta [[Musulunci|musulunta]] domin ta auri wani mutum Musulmi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 44.</ref>Yana da shekara 11, ya shiga makarantar firamare ta ƙauyen, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma bayan shekaru uku, a 1951, ya koma Makarantar Ranar Baptist a unguwar Owu ta [[Abeokuta]] . [ 11 ] A 1952 ya koma [[Baptist Boys' High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta Baptist Boys]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> shi ma a garin. Kuɗaɗen makarantarsa wani ɓangare ne na tallafin gwamnati. [ 13 ] Obasanjo ya yi kyau a fannin ilimi, [ 14 ] kuma a makaranta ya zama ƙwararren ɗan Scout . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Duk da cewa babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa yana da hannu a cikin kowace ƙungiyar siyasa, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} a makarantar sakandare ne Obasanjo ya ƙi sunan farko na "Matthew" a matsayin wani aikin adawa da mulkin mallaka . [ 16 ] A halin yanzu, mahaifin Obasanjo ya yi watsi da matarsa da 'ya'yansa biyu. [ 17 ] Bayan da ya faɗa cikin talauci, mahaifiyar Obasanjo ta yi aiki a fannin kasuwanci don ta rayu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Domin biyan kuɗin makarantarsa, Obasanjo ya yi aiki a gonakin koko da kola, ya yi kamun kifi, ya tattara itacen wuta, sannan ya sayar wa masu gini yashi. A lokacin hutun makaranta, ya kuma yi aiki a makarantar, yana sare ciyawa da sauran ayyukan hannu.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 48; Derfler 2011, p. 83</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 48.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 46; Derfler 2011, p. 83.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 47.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 46–47; Derfler 2011, p. 94.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 94.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 48; Derfler 2011, pp. 84–85.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 49.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 48–49; Derfler 2011, p. 85</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 56.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 51</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 50.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 50; Derfler 2011, p. 85.</ref> A shekarar 1956, Obasanjo ya yi jarrabawar makarantar sakandare, bayan ya ranci kuɗi don biyan kuɗin shiga. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan shekarar, ya fara soyayya da [[Esther Oluremi Obasanjo|Oluremi Akinlawon]], 'yar Owu ga wani babban jami'in tashar jirgin ƙasa. An yi musu alkawari za su yi aure a shekarar 1958. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya koma [[Ibadan]], inda ya yi aikin koyarwa. A can, ya zauna don jarrabawar shiga [[Jami'ar Ibadan|Kwalejin Jami'a ta Ibadan]], amma duk da cewa ya ci nasara, ya ga ba zai iya biyan kuɗin makaranta ba. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan Obasanjo ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a matsayin injiniyan farar hula, kuma don samun damar shiga wannan sana'a, a shekarar 1958 ya amsa wani tallan horar da jami'in sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya. [ 21 ] <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}</ref> == Farkon aikin soja (1958–1966) == === Horar da sojoji: 1958–1959 === A watan Maris na shekarar 1958, Obasanjo ya shiga rundunar sojin Najeriya. [ 23 ] Ya ga hakan a matsayin wata dama ta ci gaba da karatunsa yayin da yake samun albashi; {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} bai sanar da iyalansa nan take ba, yana tsoron cewa iyayensa za su ƙi amincewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan lokacin ne aka mayar da [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|rundunar sojin Najeriya]] zuwa ikon gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Najeriya, a shirye-shiryen samun cikakken 'yancin kai na Najeriya, kuma an yi yunƙurin shigar da ƙarin 'yan asalin Najeriya cikin manyan mukamai na rundunar sojinta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi zuwa Makarantar Horar da Jami'ai ta Kullum da ke [[Teshie]] a [[Ghana]] . [ 23 ] Lokacin da aka tura shi aiki a ƙasashen waje, ya aika wa amaryarsa wasiƙu da kyaututtuka a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Satumba na shekarar 1958, an zaɓe shi don ƙarin horo na watanni shida a Makarantar Cadet ta Mons Officer da ke Aldershot, kudancin [[Ingila]] . Obasanjo bai so hakan a can ba, yana ganin cewa cibiyar ta kasance ta aji da [[wariyar launin fata]], kuma ya ga yana da wahala ya daidaita da yanayin sanyi da danshi na Ingila. [ 26 ] Ya ƙarfafa ra'ayoyinsa marasa kyau game da [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] da kuma 'yancinta na mulkin mallaka a kan mutanen da ta mamaye. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} A ranar Litinin, ya sami kwamiti da takardar shaidar injiniya. Yayin da Obasanjo yake Ingila, mahaifiyarsa ta mutu. Mahaifinsa ya mutu bayan shekara guda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1959, Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya. A can, aka tura shi [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] a matsayin wani soja mai kula da rundunar sojojin ƙasa tare da Bataliyar Biyar. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Lokacin da ya yi a Kaduna shi ne karo na farko da Obasanjo ya zauna a yankin da Musulmai suka fi rinjaye. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da yake can, a watan Oktoban 1960, Najeriya ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> === Rikicin Congo: 1960–1961 === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an aika da Bataliya ta Biyar zuwa Kongo a matsayin wani ɓangare na rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . A can, an kafa bataliya a Lardin Kivu, tare da hedikwatarsu a [[Bukavu]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A Kongo, Obasanjo da wasu suna da alhakin kare fararen hula, gami da ƙabilar tsiraru ta Belgium, daga [[1960 Sojojin Jama'a|sojojin da suka yi tawaye]] ga gwamnatin [[Patrice Lumumba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Fabrairun 1961, masu tawaye sun kama Obasanjo yayin da yake kwashe masu wa'azin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika na Roman]] daga wani tasha kusa da Bukavu. Masu tawaye sun yi tunanin kashe shi amma an umarce su da su sake shi. A watan Mayun 1961, Bataliya ta Biyar ta bar Kongo ta koma Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin rikicin, an naɗa shi kyaftin na wucin gadi. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} Daga baya ya lura cewa lokacin da aka yi a Kongo ya ƙarfafa "zafin Pan-African" na bataliyarsa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Dawowa daga Kongo: 1961–1966 === Da dawowarsa, Obasanjo ya sayi motarsa ta farko, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma an kwantar da shi a asibiti na ɗan lokaci saboda ciwon ciki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da ya warke, aka mayar da shi zuwa Rundunar Injiniyan Sojoji. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1962 aka tura shi aiki a Kwalejin Injiniyan Sojoji ta Royal a Ingila. [ 30 ] A can, ya yi fice kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun ɗalibi na Commonwealth da aka taɓa samu". [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, ya biya Akinlawon don tafiya zuwa Landan inda za ta iya shiga wani kwas na horo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Yunin 1963 a Ofishin Rijistar Kore na Camberwell, suna sanar da iyalansu ne kawai bayan taron. [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, an ba Obasanjo umarnin komawa Najeriya, kodayake matarsa ta ci gaba da zama a Landan na tsawon shekaru uku don kammala karatunta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da zarar ya isa Najeriya, Obasanjo ya karɓi ragamar rundunar Injiniyan Field da ke Kaduna. [ 33 ] A cikin aikin soja, Obasanjo ya ci gaba da samun ci gaba a cikin manyan mukamai, inda ya zama babban jami'i a shekarar 1965. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya yi amfani da kudin shigarsa wajen sayen filaye, a farkon shekarun 1960 yana samun kadarori a Ibadan, Kaduna, da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1965, an tura Obasanjo zuwa Indiya. A kan hanyarsa, ya ziyarci matarsa a Landan. A [[Indiya]], ya yi karatu a [[Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro (DSSC)|Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro]] da ke Wellington sannan ya yi karatu a Makarantar Injiniya da ke [[Pune|Poona]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya yi mamakin yunwar da ya gani a Indiya duk da cewa ya nuna sha'awar al'adun kasar, wani abu da ya karfafa masa gwiwa ya karanta littattafai kan addini mai kama da juna . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya == === Aikin kafin Yaƙin Basasa: 1966–1967 === Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya a watan Janairun 1966 domin ya gano kasar tana tsakiyar [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin soja]] wanda Manjo [[Emmanuel Ifeajuna]] ya jagoranta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo yana cikin wadanda suka yi gargadin cewa lamarin na iya rikidewa zuwa yakin basasa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya bayar da shawarar yin aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani tsakanin masu shirya juyin mulkin da gwamnatin farar hula, wacce ta mika mulki ga Babban Kwamandan Soja [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da juyin mulkin ya gaza, Olusegun ya hadu da Ironsi a Legas. Ba da daɗewa ba Ironsi ya kawo karshen tsarin tarayya a Najeriya ta hanyar dokar hadin kan kasa a watan Mayun 1966, wani abu da ya tayar da rikicin kabilanci. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ƙarshen watan Yuli, [[Juyin Mulki a Najeriya, 1966|an sake yin juyin mulki na biyu]] . A Ibadan, sojoji 'yan asalin arewacin Najeriya sun yi tawaye suka kashe Ironsi, sannan suka kashe sojoji kusan ɗari biyu galibi daga Kudancin Najeriya. Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya karbi mulki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da ake wannan juyin mulki, Obasanjo yana [[Maiduguri]] . Jin labarin, sai ya koma Kaduna da sauri. A can, ya gano cewa sojojin arewa daga Bataliya ta Uku suna tattara sojoji, suna azabtar da su, da kuma kashe su. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[Gwamnan Arewacin Najeriya]], [[Hassan Usman Katsina|Hassan Katsina]], ya fahimci cewa duk da cewa Olusegun ba Igbo ba ne, a matsayinsa na ɗan kudu, har yanzu yana cikin haɗari daga sojojin da suka yi tawaye. Domin kare su, Katsina ta mayar da Olusegun da matarsa Maiduguri na tsawon kwanaki goma, yayin da tashin hankalin ya ragu. Bayan haka, Obasanjo ya aika matarsa zuwa Legas yayin da yake komawa Kaduna da kansa, inda ya zauna har zuwa Janairu 1967. A wannan lokacin shi ne babban jami'in Yarabawa mafi girma a arewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Janairun 1967, an tura Obasanjo aiki zuwa Legas a matsayin Babban Injiniyan Sojoji. [ 40 ] Tashin hankali tsakanin kabilun Igbo da na arewa ya ci gaba da karuwa, kuma a watan Mayu jami'in soja na Igbo [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu|C. Odumegwu Ojukwu]] ya ayyana 'yancin kai ga yankunan da Igbo ke da rinjaye a kudu maso gabas, inda ya kafa [[Biyafara|Jamhuriyar Biafra]] . [ 41 ] A ranar 3 ga Yuli, gwamnatin Najeriya ta tura Obasanjo zuwa Ibadan don yin aiki a matsayin kwamandan [[Jihar Yammacin Najeriya|Jihar Yamma]] . [ 42 ] Fadan da ya barke tsakanin Sojojin Najeriya da 'yan awaren Biafra ya barke a ranar 6 ga Yuli. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 9 ga Yuli, Ojukwu ta aika da rundunar sojojin Biafra a kan gadar Niger a wani yunƙuri na kwace yankin Mid-West, wani wuri da za ta iya kai hari a Lagos. Obasanjo ya nemi toshe hanyoyin da ke kaiwa birnin. Kwamandan Yarbawa Victor Banjo, wanda ke jagorantar rundunar hare-haren Biafra, ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan Obasanjo ya bar su su wuce, amma ya ƙi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Umarnin Yaƙin Basasa: 1967–1970 === [[Fayil:Colonel_Olu_Obasanjo_-_ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_093_New_Nigerian_newspaper_page_7_January_1970._End_of_the_Nigerian_civil_war_with_Biafra_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|"Kanar Olu Obasanjo, Kwamanda, sashe na 3". ''Sabuwar Jaridar Najeriya'', shafi na 7, 12 Janairu 1970. Ƙarshen yaƙin basasar Najeriya da Biafra.]] Daga nan aka naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin kwamandan baya na Rukunin Biyu na [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], wanda ke aiki a Tsakiyar Yamma. Obasanjo da ke zaune a Ibadan ne ke da alhakin tabbatar da cewa an samar da kayayyaki ga Rukunin Biyu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A cikin birnin, Obasanjo ya koyar da wani kwas a fannin kimiyyar soja a Jami'ar Ibadan kuma ya gina abokan hulɗarsa a cikin manyan Yarabawa. A lokacin yaƙin, an sami tashin hankali a cikin jama'a a Jihar Yamma, kuma don guje wa alhakin waɗannan batutuwa, Obasanjo ya yi murabus daga Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Yamma. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da Obasanjo yake nesa da Ibadan a watan Nuwamba na 1968, mazauna ƙauyen da [[Agbekoya|ƙungiyar manoma ta Agbekoya]] ta tattara makamai sun kai hari kan zauren birnin Ibadan. Sojoji sun yi ramuwar gayya, inda suka kashe goma daga cikin masu tayar da zaune tsaye. Lokacin da Obasanjo ya dawo, ya ba da umarnin a gudanar da bincike kan abubuwan da suka faru. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gowon ya yanke shawarar maye gurbin Kanar [[Benjamin Adekunle]], wanda ke jagorantar harin Biafra, amma yana buƙatar wani babban Ba’arabiye. Ya zaɓi Obasanjo, duk da rashin ƙwarewar yaƙi na baya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya isa [[Port Harcourt]] don ɗaukar sabon matsayin a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1969; yanzu yana kula da sojoji tsakanin 35,000 zuwa 40,000. Ya shafe makonni shida na farko yana yaƙi da harin Biafra a [[Aba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya zagaya kowane ɓangare na fagen daga, kuma ya ji rauni yayin da yake yin hakan. Waɗannan ayyukan sun sa ya sami suna na jarumtaka a tsakanin sojojinsa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A watan Disamba, Obasanjo ya ƙaddamar da [[Operation Finishing Touch]], yana ba da umarnin sojojinsa su ci gaba zuwa [[Umuahia]], wanda suka yi a [[Kirsimeti|ranar Kirsimeti]] . Wannan ya rage Biafra gida biyu. A ranar 7 ga Janairu 1970, sai ya ƙaddamar da Operation Tail-Wind, inda ya kama filin jirgin saman Uli a ranar 12 ga Janairu. A wannan lokacin, shugabannin Biafra sun amince su miƙa wuya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 13 ga Janairu, Obasanjo ya gana da kwamandan sojojin Biafra Philip Effiong . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya dage cewa sojojin Biafra su mika makamansu kuma wasu daga cikin shugabannin jihar da ta balle suka tafi Legas suka mika wuya ga Gowon a hukumance. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Washegari, Obasanjo ya yi magana a rediyon yankin, yana kira ga 'yan kasa da su zauna a gidajensu kuma su tabbatar da tsaronsu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yawancin 'yan Biafra da kafofin watsa labarai na kasashen waje sun ji tsoron cewa Sojojin Najeriya za su aikata munanan ayyuka a kan mutanen da aka kayar, kodayake Obasanjo yana son hana hakan. Ya umarci sojojinsa da ke yankin da su ci gaba da zama a cikin barikokinsu, yana mai cewa 'yan sandan yankin ya kamata su dauki alhakin bin doka da oda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[3rd Armoured Division (Nijeriya)|Rundunar Soja ta Uku]], wacce ta fi zama a ware, ta kai hare-haren ramuwar gayya kan mutanen yankin. Obasanjo ya yi tsauri kan wadanda suka aikata laifin satar mutane, sannan ya harbi wadanda suka aikata laifin fyade. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gwamnatin Gowon ta sa Obasanjo ya dauki alhakin sake hada Biafra cikin Najeriya, wanda a wannan matsayi ya sami girmamawa saboda jaddada girman kai. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A matsayinsa na injiniya, ya jaddada dawo da samar da ruwa; zuwa watan Mayu na 1970 dukkan manyan garuruwan yankin sun sake hadewa da samar da ruwa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Matsayin Obasanjo wajen kawo karshen yakin ya sanya shi gwarzon yaki kuma sanannen mutum a kasa baki daya a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} === Aikin bayan Yaƙin Basasa: 1970–1975 === A watan Yunin 1970, Obasanjo ya koma Abeokuta, inda jama'a suka tarbe shi a matsayin gwarzon da ya dawo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi Legas a matsayin Birgediya Janar na jagorantar Rundunar Injiniyoyi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Oktoba, Gowon ya sanar da cewa gwamnatin soja za ta mika iko ga gwamnatin farar hula a shekarar 1976. A halin yanzu, haramcin jam'iyyun siyasa ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rundunar sojoji; Gowon bai yi wani ci gaba ba wajen kafa gwamnatin farar hula. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A karkashin gwamnatin soja, Obasanjo ya zauna a kwamitin sallamar sojoji wanda ya ba da shawarar rage yawan sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1970. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1974 Obasanjo ya tafi Burtaniya don yin kwas a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Royal . [ 57 ] Da dawowarsa, a watan Janairun 1975, Gowon ya nada shi Kwamishinan Ayyuka da Gidaje, mukamin da ya rike na tsawon watanni bakwai, wanda a lokacin yake da alhakin gina barikin soja. [ 58 ] A shekarar 1970, Obasanjo ya sayi wani tsohon kamfani a Ibadan, inda ya ɗauki wani wakili don ya kula da shi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1973 ya yi rijistar wani kasuwanci, Temperance Enterprises Limited, wanda ta hanyarsa zai iya fara harkokin kasuwanci bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya kuma ci gaba da saka hannun jari a kadarori; zuwa 1974 ya mallaki gidaje biyu a Legas da kuma ɗaya a Ibadan da Abeokuta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} An yi ta rade-radin cewa Obasanjo ya shiga cikin cin hanci da rashawa da ke [[Cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya|ƙara yaɗuwa a Najeriya]], kodayake babu wata shaida mai ƙarfi game da hakan da ta bayyana. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Aurensa da Oluremi ya yi tsami yayin da ta ƙi dangantakarsa da wasu mata. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970 aka wargaza aurensu. [ 60 ] A shekarar 1976 ya auri [[Stella Obasanjo|Stella Abebe]] a wani bikin gargajiya na Yarbawa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == A gwamnatin Murtala == === Juyin mulkin 1975 da kuma bayansa === A watan Yulin 1975, juyin mulki karkashin jagorancin Shehu Musa Yar'Adua da Joseph Garba sun kori Gowon, [ 62 ] wanda ya gudu zuwa Birtaniya. [1] Ba su sanar da Obasanjo shirinsu ba domin an san shi da sukar juyin mulki a matsayin kayan aikin sauya gwamnati. [1] Masu shirya juyin mulkin suna son maye gurbin mulkin kama-karya na Gowon da wani rukunin sojoji uku wadanda Majalisar Soja za ta iya kin amincewa da shawarwarinsu. Saboda wannan nasarar, sun shawo kan Janar Murtala Muhammed ya zama shugaban kasa, inda Obasanjo ya zama na biyu a shugabancinsa, da Danjuma a matsayin na uku. [ 65 ] Masanin tarihi John Iliffe ya lura cewa daga cikin wadanda suka yi nasara, Obasanjo shine "dokin aiki da kwakwalwa" kuma shine mafi sha'awar komawa mulkin farar hula. [1] Tare, rundunar sojojin ƙasa ta gabatar da matakan tsuke bakin aljihu don dakile hauhawar farashin kaya, ta kafa Ofishin Bincike na Ayyukan Cin Hanci da Rashawa, ta maye gurbin dukkan gwamnonin soja da sabbin jami'ai waɗanda suka kai rahoto kai tsaye ga Obasanjo a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata, sannan ta ƙaddamar da "Operation Deadwood" inda ta hanyarsu suka kori jami'ai 11,000 daga ma'aikatan gwamnati. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] g3k5h9dl3kkjo9nozc319dpre2e7syh 873611 873610 2026-07-01T13:08:44Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 873611 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Chief '''Olusegun Matthew Okikiola Ogunboye Aremu Obasanjo''' GCFR <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by Obasanjo to the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/webcast/ga/61/pdfs/nigeria-e.pdf |access-date=23 April 2011}}</ref> ( // ⓘ ; Yoruba {{IPA|yo|ōlúʃɛ́ɡũ̄ ɔ̄básã̄d͡ʒɔ́|}} An haife shi {{Circa}} 5 ga Maris 1937) ɗan siyasa ne na Najeriya, ɗan siyasa, mai kishin ƙasa, kuma tsohon janar na soja wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sojan Najeriya daga alif 1976 zuwa 1979 sannan daga baya ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugabanta]] daga a 1999 zuwa 2007. A ra'ayinsa ɗan kishin ƙasa ne na Najeriya, ya kasance memba na [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP) daga alif 1998 zuwa 2015, kuma tun 2018.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8; Adeolu 2017, p. 4.</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 24 March 2022.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, p. 74.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 16–17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17; Derfler 2011, p. 74</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 29.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 29–30.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 30.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 78.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 45, 48.</ref> An haife shi a ƙauyen Ibogun-Olaogun, dangin sa manoma na reshen Owu na [[Yarbawa]], Obasanjo ya yi karatu sosai a [[Abeokuta]], [[Jihar Ogun]] . Ya shiga [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Rundunar Sojan Najeriya]] kuma ya ƙware a fannin injiniyanci kuma ya yi aiki a Kongo, [[Birtaniya]], da [[Indiya]], inda ya kai matsayin Manjo. A ƙarshen shekarun alif 1960, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaƙi da 'yan awaren [[Biyafara|Biafra]] a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya]], inda ya karɓi miƙa wuyansu alif 1970. A shekara alif 1975, [[1975 juyin mulkin Najeriya|wani juyin mulki na soja]] ya kafa gwamnatin soja tare da Obasanjo a matsayin wani ɓangare na mulkinta na nasara. Bayan an kashe shugaban triumvirate, [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], a al shekara mai zuwa, [[Majalisar Koli ta Soja ta Najeriya (1966 zuw 1979)|Majalisar Koli ta Soja]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council". www.interactioncouncil.org. Retrieved 1 February 2025.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 23; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 24; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 41.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 42; Derfler 2011, p. 79</ref> ta naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. Ci gaba da manufofin Murtala, Obasanjo ya kula da rage kasafin kuɗi da faɗaɗa damar samun ilimin makaranta kyauta. Yana ƙara haɗa Najeriya da Amurka, ya kuma jaddada goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin da ke adawa da mulkin tsirarun fararen fata a kudancin Afirka. Bayan da ya kuduri aniyar dawo da dimokuradiyya, Obasanjo ya jagoranci [[Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na alif 1979|zaben 1979]], bayan haka ya mika ragamar mulkin Najeriya ga sabon shugaban farar hula da aka zaba, [[Shehu Shagari|Shehu Shagari.]]<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 12–13; Derfler 2011, p. 73</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 13.</ref> Daga nan Obasanjo ya yi ritaya zuwa [[Ota, Ogun]], inda ya zama manomi, ya buga littattafai guda hudu, sannan ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa don kawo karshen rikice-rikicen Afirka daban-daban.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 7; Derfler 2011, p. 72</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 72; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 14</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 15.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, pp. 73–74.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 25; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 40.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 45.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 49, 56</ref> A shekara alif 1993, [[Sani Abacha]] ya kwace mulki a wani juyin mulki na soja. Obasanjo ya fito fili ya soki gwamnatin Abacha kuma a shekarar alif 1995 aka kama shi aka kuma same shi da laifin kasancewa cikin wani juyin mulki da aka shirya, duk da cewa bai aikata laifin da ake zargin sa da shi ba. Yayin da yake tsare, ya zama Kirista mai sake haifuwa, tare da ra'ayin raba iko ya yi tasiri sosai kan ra'ayinsa na duniya. An sake shi bayan mutuwar Abacha a al 1998. Obasanjo ya shiga siyasar zabe, inda ya zama dan takarar PDP a zaben shugaban kasa na 1999, wanda ya lashe. A matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, ya cire siyasa daga harkokin soja kuma ya fadada 'yan sanda tare da tattara sojoji don yaki da tashe-tashen hankulan kabilanci, addini, da kuma ballewa. Ya janye [[Yakin basasa na Sierra Leone|sojojin Najeriya daga Sierra Leone]] kuma ya sayar da kamfanoni daban-daban na gwamnati don takaita basussukan kasar da ke karuwa. An sake zabensa a zaben a 2003. Saboda ra'ayoyin [[Pan-Africanism]], ya kasance mai goyon bayan kafa [[Tarayyar Afrika|kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta daga 2004 zuwa 2006. Yunkurin Obasanjo na canza kundin tsarin mulki don kawar da iyakokin wa'adin shugaban kasa bai yi nasara ba kuma ya jawo suka. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin tauhidi daga [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiyar Ƙasa ta Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adegbite |first=Charles Segun |date=16 December 2017 |title=At 80years, Obasanjo bags Ph.D in Theology |url=https://successfulpeoplemagazine.wordpress.com/2017/12/16/at-80years-obasanjo-bags-ph-d-in-theology/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=Successful People's World |language=en}}</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 39</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 20.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 26.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 24.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 26–27.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 27–28.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 28.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 31.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 31–32.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 42; Derfler 2011, p. 80.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 42</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 40; Derfler 2011, p. 79.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 42–43; Derfler 2011, p. 81.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 45; Derfler 2011, p. 82.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 45, 48; Derfler 2011, p. 83.</ref> An bayyana Obasanjo a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane na ƙarni na biyu na shugabannin Afirka bayan mulkin mallaka . Ya sami yabo kan yadda ya jagoranci sauye-sauyen da Najeriya ta yi zuwa ga [[dimokuradiyya ta wakilci]] a shekarun a 1970 da kuma ƙoƙarinsa na ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa a faɗin nahiyar. Masu suka sun dage cewa yana da laifin cin hanci da rashawa, cewa gwamnatocinsa sun kula da take haƙƙin ɗan adam, kuma a matsayinsa na shugaban ƙasa ya fara sha'awar haɗa kai da kuma riƙe ikonsa na kashin kansa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2025 |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} Biography, Age, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 21.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 21–22.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 22.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 25–26.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 41–42.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 82.</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Mahaifin Olusegun Obasanjo Obasanjo Bankole yana ɗaya daga cikin mutanen farko da suka fara zama kuma ubannin da suka kafa ƙauyen Igbogun Olaogun a farkon shekarun a 1920. Duk da cewa manomi ne mai arziki kuma mai sana'ar giyar dabino, ana ɗaukarsa talaka ne saboda ba ya cikin manyan mutane masu ilimi a [[Kasar Yarbawa|ƙasar Yarabawa]] . Bankole ya haɗu da Bernice Ashabi, wani ƙaramin ɗan kasuwa a Igbogun kuma dukansu sun yi aure. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu da suka rage daga cikin shida: Olusegun da Adunni Oluwola, 'yar'uwarsa tilo. {{Sfn|Adeolu|2017}} A cewar fasfo ɗinsa, an haifi Olusegun Obasanjo a ranar 5 ga Maris 1937 duk da cewa babu wani tarihi na zamani kuma kwanan wata kusan kiyasi ne. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}}<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 43.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 43; Derfler 2011, p. 81.</ref> Olusegun ya fito ne daga Masarautar Owu . An rene shi a matsayin Baptist . Daga baya 'yar'uwarsa ta [[Musulunci|musulunta]] domin ta auri wani mutum Musulmi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 44.</ref>Yana da shekara 11, ya shiga makarantar firamare ta ƙauyen, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma bayan shekaru uku, a 1951, ya koma Makarantar Ranar Baptist a unguwar Owu ta [[Abeokuta]] . [ 11 ] A 1952 ya koma [[Baptist Boys' High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta Baptist Boys]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> shi ma a garin. Kuɗaɗen makarantarsa wani ɓangare ne na tallafin gwamnati. [ 13 ] Obasanjo ya yi kyau a fannin ilimi, [ 14 ] kuma a makaranta ya zama ƙwararren ɗan Scout . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Duk da cewa babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa yana da hannu a cikin kowace ƙungiyar siyasa, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} a makarantar sakandare ne Obasanjo ya ƙi sunan farko na "Matthew" a matsayin wani aikin adawa da mulkin mallaka . [ 16 ] A halin yanzu, mahaifin Obasanjo ya yi watsi da matarsa da 'ya'yansa biyu. [ 17 ] Bayan da ya faɗa cikin talauci, mahaifiyar Obasanjo ta yi aiki a fannin kasuwanci don ta rayu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Domin biyan kuɗin makarantarsa, Obasanjo ya yi aiki a gonakin koko da kola, ya yi kamun kifi, ya tattara itacen wuta, sannan ya sayar wa masu gini yashi. A lokacin hutun makaranta, ya kuma yi aiki a makarantar, yana sare ciyawa da sauran ayyukan hannu.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 48; Derfler 2011, p. 83</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 48.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 46; Derfler 2011, p. 83.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 47.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 46–47; Derfler 2011, p. 94.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 94.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 48; Derfler 2011, pp. 84–85.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 49.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 48–49; Derfler 2011, p. 85</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 56.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 51</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 50.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 50; Derfler 2011, p. 85.</ref> A shekarar 1956, Obasanjo ya yi jarrabawar makarantar sakandare, bayan ya ranci kuɗi don biyan kuɗin shiga. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan shekarar, ya fara soyayya da [[Esther Oluremi Obasanjo|Oluremi Akinlawon]], 'yar Owu ga wani babban jami'in tashar jirgin ƙasa. An yi musu alkawari za su yi aure a shekarar 1958. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya koma [[Ibadan]], inda ya yi aikin koyarwa. A can, ya zauna don jarrabawar shiga [[Jami'ar Ibadan|Kwalejin Jami'a ta Ibadan]], amma duk da cewa ya ci nasara, ya ga ba zai iya biyan kuɗin makaranta ba. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan Obasanjo ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a matsayin injiniyan farar hula, kuma don samun damar shiga wannan sana'a, a shekarar 1958 ya amsa wani tallan horar da jami'in sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya. [ 21 ] <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}</ref> == Farkon aikin soja (1958–1966) == === Horar da sojoji: 1958–1959 === A watan Maris na shekarar 1958, Obasanjo ya shiga rundunar sojin Najeriya. [ 23 ] Ya ga hakan a matsayin wata dama ta ci gaba da karatunsa yayin da yake samun albashi; {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} bai sanar da iyalansa nan take ba, yana tsoron cewa iyayensa za su ƙi amincewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan lokacin ne aka mayar da [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|rundunar sojin Najeriya]] zuwa ikon gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Najeriya, a shirye-shiryen samun cikakken 'yancin kai na Najeriya, kuma an yi yunƙurin shigar da ƙarin 'yan asalin Najeriya cikin manyan mukamai na rundunar sojinta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi zuwa Makarantar Horar da Jami'ai ta Kullum da ke [[Teshie]] a [[Ghana]] . [ 23 ] Lokacin da aka tura shi aiki a ƙasashen waje, ya aika wa amaryarsa wasiƙu da kyaututtuka a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Satumba na shekarar 1958, an zaɓe shi don ƙarin horo na watanni shida a Makarantar Cadet ta Mons Officer da ke Aldershot, kudancin [[Ingila]] . Obasanjo bai so hakan a can ba, yana ganin cewa cibiyar ta kasance ta aji da [[wariyar launin fata]], kuma ya ga yana da wahala ya daidaita da yanayin sanyi da danshi na Ingila. [ 26 ] Ya ƙarfafa ra'ayoyinsa marasa kyau game da [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] da kuma 'yancinta na mulkin mallaka a kan mutanen da ta mamaye. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} A ranar Litinin, ya sami kwamiti da takardar shaidar injiniya. Yayin da Obasanjo yake Ingila, mahaifiyarsa ta mutu. Mahaifinsa ya mutu bayan shekara guda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1959, Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya. A can, aka tura shi [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] a matsayin wani soja mai kula da rundunar sojojin ƙasa tare da Bataliyar Biyar. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Lokacin da ya yi a Kaduna shi ne karo na farko da Obasanjo ya zauna a yankin da Musulmai suka fi rinjaye. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da yake can, a watan Oktoban 1960, Najeriya ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> === Rikicin Congo: 1960–1961 === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an aika da Bataliya ta Biyar zuwa Kongo a matsayin wani ɓangare na rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . A can, an kafa bataliya a Lardin Kivu, tare da hedikwatarsu a [[Bukavu]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A Kongo, Obasanjo da wasu suna da alhakin kare fararen hula, gami da ƙabilar tsiraru ta Belgium, daga [[1960 Sojojin Jama'a|sojojin da suka yi tawaye]] ga gwamnatin [[Patrice Lumumba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Fabrairun 1961, masu tawaye sun kama Obasanjo yayin da yake kwashe masu wa'azin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika na Roman]] daga wani tasha kusa da Bukavu. Masu tawaye sun yi tunanin kashe shi amma an umarce su da su sake shi. A watan Mayun 1961, Bataliya ta Biyar ta bar Kongo ta koma Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin rikicin, an naɗa shi kyaftin na wucin gadi. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} Daga baya ya lura cewa lokacin da aka yi a Kongo ya ƙarfafa "zafin Pan-African" na bataliyarsa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Dawowa daga Kongo: 1961–1966 === Da dawowarsa, Obasanjo ya sayi motarsa ta farko, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma an kwantar da shi a asibiti na ɗan lokaci saboda ciwon ciki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da ya warke, aka mayar da shi zuwa Rundunar Injiniyan Sojoji. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1962 aka tura shi aiki a Kwalejin Injiniyan Sojoji ta Royal a Ingila. [ 30 ] A can, ya yi fice kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun ɗalibi na Commonwealth da aka taɓa samu". [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, ya biya Akinlawon don tafiya zuwa Landan inda za ta iya shiga wani kwas na horo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Yunin 1963 a Ofishin Rijistar Kore na Camberwell, suna sanar da iyalansu ne kawai bayan taron. [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, an ba Obasanjo umarnin komawa Najeriya, kodayake matarsa ta ci gaba da zama a Landan na tsawon shekaru uku don kammala karatunta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da zarar ya isa Najeriya, Obasanjo ya karɓi ragamar rundunar Injiniyan Field da ke Kaduna. [ 33 ] A cikin aikin soja, Obasanjo ya ci gaba da samun ci gaba a cikin manyan mukamai, inda ya zama babban jami'i a shekarar 1965. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya yi amfani da kudin shigarsa wajen sayen filaye, a farkon shekarun 1960 yana samun kadarori a Ibadan, Kaduna, da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1965, an tura Obasanjo zuwa Indiya. A kan hanyarsa, ya ziyarci matarsa a Landan. A [[Indiya]], ya yi karatu a [[Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro (DSSC)|Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro]] da ke Wellington sannan ya yi karatu a Makarantar Injiniya da ke [[Pune|Poona]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya yi mamakin yunwar da ya gani a Indiya duk da cewa ya nuna sha'awar al'adun kasar, wani abu da ya karfafa masa gwiwa ya karanta littattafai kan addini mai kama da juna . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya == === Aikin kafin Yaƙin Basasa: 1966–1967 === Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya a watan Janairun 1966 domin ya gano kasar tana tsakiyar [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin soja]] wanda Manjo [[Emmanuel Ifeajuna]] ya jagoranta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo yana cikin wadanda suka yi gargadin cewa lamarin na iya rikidewa zuwa yakin basasa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya bayar da shawarar yin aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani tsakanin masu shirya juyin mulkin da gwamnatin farar hula, wacce ta mika mulki ga Babban Kwamandan Soja [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da juyin mulkin ya gaza, Olusegun ya hadu da Ironsi a Legas. Ba da daɗewa ba Ironsi ya kawo karshen tsarin tarayya a Najeriya ta hanyar dokar hadin kan kasa a watan Mayun 1966, wani abu da ya tayar da rikicin kabilanci. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ƙarshen watan Yuli, [[Juyin Mulki a Najeriya, 1966|an sake yin juyin mulki na biyu]] . A Ibadan, sojoji 'yan asalin arewacin Najeriya sun yi tawaye suka kashe Ironsi, sannan suka kashe sojoji kusan ɗari biyu galibi daga Kudancin Najeriya. Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya karbi mulki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da ake wannan juyin mulki, Obasanjo yana [[Maiduguri]] . Jin labarin, sai ya koma Kaduna da sauri. A can, ya gano cewa sojojin arewa daga Bataliya ta Uku suna tattara sojoji, suna azabtar da su, da kuma kashe su. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[Gwamnan Arewacin Najeriya]], [[Hassan Usman Katsina|Hassan Katsina]], ya fahimci cewa duk da cewa Olusegun ba Igbo ba ne, a matsayinsa na ɗan kudu, har yanzu yana cikin haɗari daga sojojin da suka yi tawaye. Domin kare su, Katsina ta mayar da Olusegun da matarsa Maiduguri na tsawon kwanaki goma, yayin da tashin hankalin ya ragu. Bayan haka, Obasanjo ya aika matarsa zuwa Legas yayin da yake komawa Kaduna da kansa, inda ya zauna har zuwa Janairu 1967. A wannan lokacin shi ne babban jami'in Yarabawa mafi girma a arewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Janairun 1967, an tura Obasanjo aiki zuwa Legas a matsayin Babban Injiniyan Sojoji. [ 40 ] Tashin hankali tsakanin kabilun Igbo da na arewa ya ci gaba da karuwa, kuma a watan Mayu jami'in soja na Igbo [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu|C. Odumegwu Ojukwu]] ya ayyana 'yancin kai ga yankunan da Igbo ke da rinjaye a kudu maso gabas, inda ya kafa [[Biyafara|Jamhuriyar Biafra]] . [ 41 ] A ranar 3 ga Yuli, gwamnatin Najeriya ta tura Obasanjo zuwa Ibadan don yin aiki a matsayin kwamandan [[Jihar Yammacin Najeriya|Jihar Yamma]] . [ 42 ] Fadan da ya barke tsakanin Sojojin Najeriya da 'yan awaren Biafra ya barke a ranar 6 ga Yuli. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 9 ga Yuli, Ojukwu ta aika da rundunar sojojin Biafra a kan gadar Niger a wani yunƙuri na kwace yankin Mid-West, wani wuri da za ta iya kai hari a Lagos. Obasanjo ya nemi toshe hanyoyin da ke kaiwa birnin. Kwamandan Yarbawa Victor Banjo, wanda ke jagorantar rundunar hare-haren Biafra, ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan Obasanjo ya bar su su wuce, amma ya ƙi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Umarnin Yaƙin Basasa: 1967–1970 === [[Fayil:Colonel_Olu_Obasanjo_-_ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_093_New_Nigerian_newspaper_page_7_January_1970._End_of_the_Nigerian_civil_war_with_Biafra_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|"Kanar Olu Obasanjo, Kwamanda, sashe na 3". ''Sabuwar Jaridar Najeriya'', shafi na 7, 12 Janairu 1970. Ƙarshen yaƙin basasar Najeriya da Biafra.]] Daga nan aka naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin kwamandan baya na Rukunin Biyu na [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], wanda ke aiki a Tsakiyar Yamma. Obasanjo da ke zaune a Ibadan ne ke da alhakin tabbatar da cewa an samar da kayayyaki ga Rukunin Biyu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A cikin birnin, Obasanjo ya koyar da wani kwas a fannin kimiyyar soja a Jami'ar Ibadan kuma ya gina abokan hulɗarsa a cikin manyan Yarabawa. A lokacin yaƙin, an sami tashin hankali a cikin jama'a a Jihar Yamma, kuma don guje wa alhakin waɗannan batutuwa, Obasanjo ya yi murabus daga Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Yamma. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da Obasanjo yake nesa da Ibadan a watan Nuwamba na 1968, mazauna ƙauyen da [[Agbekoya|ƙungiyar manoma ta Agbekoya]] ta tattara makamai sun kai hari kan zauren birnin Ibadan. Sojoji sun yi ramuwar gayya, inda suka kashe goma daga cikin masu tayar da zaune tsaye. Lokacin da Obasanjo ya dawo, ya ba da umarnin a gudanar da bincike kan abubuwan da suka faru. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gowon ya yanke shawarar maye gurbin Kanar [[Benjamin Adekunle]], wanda ke jagorantar harin Biafra, amma yana buƙatar wani babban Ba’arabiye. Ya zaɓi Obasanjo, duk da rashin ƙwarewar yaƙi na baya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya isa [[Port Harcourt]] don ɗaukar sabon matsayin a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1969; yanzu yana kula da sojoji tsakanin 35,000 zuwa 40,000. Ya shafe makonni shida na farko yana yaƙi da harin Biafra a [[Aba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya zagaya kowane ɓangare na fagen daga, kuma ya ji rauni yayin da yake yin hakan. Waɗannan ayyukan sun sa ya sami suna na jarumtaka a tsakanin sojojinsa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A watan Disamba, Obasanjo ya ƙaddamar da [[Operation Finishing Touch]], yana ba da umarnin sojojinsa su ci gaba zuwa [[Umuahia]], wanda suka yi a [[Kirsimeti|ranar Kirsimeti]] . Wannan ya rage Biafra gida biyu. A ranar 7 ga Janairu 1970, sai ya ƙaddamar da Operation Tail-Wind, inda ya kama filin jirgin saman Uli a ranar 12 ga Janairu. A wannan lokacin, shugabannin Biafra sun amince su miƙa wuya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 13 ga Janairu, Obasanjo ya gana da kwamandan sojojin Biafra Philip Effiong . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya dage cewa sojojin Biafra su mika makamansu kuma wasu daga cikin shugabannin jihar da ta balle suka tafi Legas suka mika wuya ga Gowon a hukumance. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Washegari, Obasanjo ya yi magana a rediyon yankin, yana kira ga 'yan kasa da su zauna a gidajensu kuma su tabbatar da tsaronsu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yawancin 'yan Biafra da kafofin watsa labarai na kasashen waje sun ji tsoron cewa Sojojin Najeriya za su aikata munanan ayyuka a kan mutanen da aka kayar, kodayake Obasanjo yana son hana hakan. Ya umarci sojojinsa da ke yankin da su ci gaba da zama a cikin barikokinsu, yana mai cewa 'yan sandan yankin ya kamata su dauki alhakin bin doka da oda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[3rd Armoured Division (Nijeriya)|Rundunar Soja ta Uku]], wacce ta fi zama a ware, ta kai hare-haren ramuwar gayya kan mutanen yankin. Obasanjo ya yi tsauri kan wadanda suka aikata laifin satar mutane, sannan ya harbi wadanda suka aikata laifin fyade. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gwamnatin Gowon ta sa Obasanjo ya dauki alhakin sake hada Biafra cikin Najeriya, wanda a wannan matsayi ya sami girmamawa saboda jaddada girman kai. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A matsayinsa na injiniya, ya jaddada dawo da samar da ruwa; zuwa watan Mayu na 1970 dukkan manyan garuruwan yankin sun sake hadewa da samar da ruwa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Matsayin Obasanjo wajen kawo karshen yakin ya sanya shi gwarzon yaki kuma sanannen mutum a kasa baki daya a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} === Aikin bayan Yaƙin Basasa: 1970–1975 === A watan Yunin 1970, Obasanjo ya koma Abeokuta, inda jama'a suka tarbe shi a matsayin gwarzon da ya dawo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi Legas a matsayin Birgediya Janar na jagorantar Rundunar Injiniyoyi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Oktoba, Gowon ya sanar da cewa gwamnatin soja za ta mika iko ga gwamnatin farar hula a shekarar 1976. A halin yanzu, haramcin jam'iyyun siyasa ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rundunar sojoji; Gowon bai yi wani ci gaba ba wajen kafa gwamnatin farar hula. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A karkashin gwamnatin soja, Obasanjo ya zauna a kwamitin sallamar sojoji wanda ya ba da shawarar rage yawan sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1970. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1974 Obasanjo ya tafi Burtaniya don yin kwas a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Royal . [ 57 ] Da dawowarsa, a watan Janairun 1975, Gowon ya nada shi Kwamishinan Ayyuka da Gidaje, mukamin da ya rike na tsawon watanni bakwai, wanda a lokacin yake da alhakin gina barikin soja. [ 58 ] A shekarar 1970, Obasanjo ya sayi wani tsohon kamfani a Ibadan, inda ya ɗauki wani wakili don ya kula da shi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1973 ya yi rijistar wani kasuwanci, Temperance Enterprises Limited, wanda ta hanyarsa zai iya fara harkokin kasuwanci bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya kuma ci gaba da saka hannun jari a kadarori; zuwa 1974 ya mallaki gidaje biyu a Legas da kuma ɗaya a Ibadan da Abeokuta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} An yi ta rade-radin cewa Obasanjo ya shiga cikin cin hanci da rashawa da ke [[Cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya|ƙara yaɗuwa a Najeriya]], kodayake babu wata shaida mai ƙarfi game da hakan da ta bayyana. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Aurensa da Oluremi ya yi tsami yayin da ta ƙi dangantakarsa da wasu mata. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970 aka wargaza aurensu. [ 60 ] A shekarar 1976 ya auri [[Stella Obasanjo|Stella Abebe]] a wani bikin gargajiya na Yarbawa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == A gwamnatin Murtala == === Juyin mulkin 1975 da kuma bayansa === A watan Yulin 1975, juyin mulki karkashin jagorancin Shehu Musa Yar'Adua da Joseph Garba sun kori Gowon, [ 62 ] wanda ya gudu zuwa Birtaniya. [1] Ba su sanar da Obasanjo shirinsu ba domin an san shi da sukar juyin mulki a matsayin kayan aikin sauya gwamnati. [1] Masu shirya juyin mulkin suna son maye gurbin mulkin kama-karya na Gowon da wani rukunin sojoji uku wadanda Majalisar Soja za ta iya kin amincewa da shawarwarinsu. Saboda wannan nasarar, sun shawo kan Janar Murtala Muhammed ya zama shugaban kasa, inda Obasanjo ya zama na biyu a shugabancinsa, da Danjuma a matsayin na uku. [ 65 ] Masanin tarihi John Iliffe ya lura cewa daga cikin wadanda suka yi nasara, Obasanjo shine "dokin aiki da kwakwalwa" kuma shine mafi sha'awar komawa mulkin farar hula. [1] Tare, rundunar sojojin ƙasa ta gabatar da matakan tsuke bakin aljihu don dakile hauhawar farashin kaya, ta kafa Ofishin Bincike na Ayyukan Cin Hanci da Rashawa, ta maye gurbin dukkan gwamnonin soja da sabbin jami'ai waɗanda suka kai rahoto kai tsaye ga Obasanjo a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata, sannan ta ƙaddamar da "Operation Deadwood" inda ta hanyarsu suka kori jami'ai 11,000 daga ma'aikatan gwamnati. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] lpqs5wa3ccgvwvjz0odaoavvdr1wn79 873613 873611 2026-07-01T13:09:55Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 873613 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Chief '''Olusegun Matthew Okikiola Ogunboye Aremu Obasanjo''' GCFR <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by Obasanjo to the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/webcast/ga/61/pdfs/nigeria-e.pdf |access-date=23 April 2011}}</ref> ( // ⓘ ; Yoruba {{IPA|yo|ōlúʃɛ́ɡũ̄ ɔ̄básã̄d͡ʒɔ́|}} An haife shi {{Circa}} 5 ga Maris 1937) ɗan siyasa ne na Najeriya, ɗan siyasa, mai kishin ƙasa, kuma tsohon janar na soja wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sojan Najeriya daga alif 1976 zuwa 1979 sannan daga baya ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugabanta]] daga a 1999 zuwa 2007. A ra'ayinsa ɗan kishin ƙasa ne na Najeriya, ya kasance memba na [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP) daga alif 1998 zuwa 2015, kuma tun 2018.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8; Adeolu 2017, p. 4.</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 24 March 2022.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, p. 74.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 16–17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17; Derfler 2011, p. 74</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 29.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 29–30.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 30.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 78.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 45, 48.</ref> An haife shi a ƙauyen Ibogun-Olaogun, dangin sa manoma na reshen Owu na [[Yarbawa]], Obasanjo ya yi karatu sosai a [[Abeokuta]], [[Jihar Ogun]] . Ya shiga [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Rundunar Sojan Najeriya]] kuma ya ƙware a fannin injiniyanci kuma ya yi aiki a Kongo, [[Birtaniya]], da [[Indiya]], inda ya kai matsayin Manjo. A ƙarshen shekarun alif 1960, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaƙi da 'yan awaren [[Biyafara|Biafra]] a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya]], inda ya karɓi miƙa wuyansu alif 1970. A shekara alif 1975, [[1975 juyin mulkin Najeriya|wani juyin mulki na soja]] ya kafa gwamnatin soja tare da Obasanjo a matsayin wani ɓangare na mulkinta na nasara. Bayan an kashe shugaban triumvirate, [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], a al shekara mai zuwa, [[Majalisar Koli ta Soja ta Najeriya (1966 zuw 1979)|Majalisar Koli ta Soja]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council". www.interactioncouncil.org. Retrieved 1 February 2025.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 23; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 24; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 41.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 42; Derfler 2011, p. 79</ref> ta naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. Ci gaba da manufofin Murtala, Obasanjo ya kula da rage kasafin kuɗi da faɗaɗa damar samun ilimin makaranta kyauta. Yana ƙara haɗa Najeriya da Amurka, ya kuma jaddada goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin da ke adawa da mulkin tsirarun fararen fata a kudancin Afirka. Bayan da ya kuduri aniyar dawo da dimokuradiyya, Obasanjo ya jagoranci [[Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na alif 1979|zaben 1979]], bayan haka ya mika ragamar mulkin Najeriya ga sabon shugaban farar hula da aka zaba, [[Shehu Shagari|Shehu Shagari.]]<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 12–13; Derfler 2011, p. 73</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 13.</ref> Daga nan Obasanjo ya yi ritaya zuwa [[Ota, Ogun]], inda ya zama manomi, ya buga littattafai guda hudu, sannan ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa don kawo karshen rikice-rikicen Afirka daban-daban.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 7; Derfler 2011, p. 72</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 72; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 14</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 15.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, pp. 73–74.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 25; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 40.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 45.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 49, 56</ref> A shekara alif 1993, [[Sani Abacha]] ya kwace mulki a wani juyin mulki na soja. Obasanjo ya fito fili ya soki gwamnatin Abacha kuma a shekarar alif 1995 aka kama shi aka kuma same shi da laifin kasancewa cikin wani juyin mulki da aka shirya, duk da cewa bai aikata laifin da ake zargin sa da shi ba. Yayin da yake tsare, ya zama Kirista mai sake haifuwa, tare da ra'ayin raba iko ya yi tasiri sosai kan ra'ayinsa na duniya. An sake shi bayan mutuwar Abacha a ali 1998. Obasanjo ya shiga siyasar zabe, inda ya zama dan takarar PDP a zaben shugaban kasa na 1999, wanda ya lashe. A matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, ya cire siyasa daga harkokin soja kuma ya fadada 'yan sanda tare da tattara sojoji don yaki da tashe-tashen hankulan kabilanci, addini, da kuma ballewa. Ya janye [[Yakin basasa na Sierra Leone|sojojin Najeriya daga Sierra Leone]] kuma ya sayar da kamfanoni daban-daban na gwamnati don takaita basussukan kasar da ke karuwa. An sake zabensa a zaben a 2003. Saboda ra'ayoyin [[Pan-Africanism]], ya kasance mai goyon bayan kafa [[Tarayyar Afrika|kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta daga 2004 zuwa 2006. Yunkurin Obasanjo na canza kundin tsarin mulki don kawar da iyakokin wa'adin shugaban kasa bai yi nasara ba kuma ya jawo suka. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin tauhidi daga [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiyar Ƙasa ta Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adegbite |first=Charles Segun |date=16 December 2017 |title=At 80years, Obasanjo bags Ph.D in Theology |url=https://successfulpeoplemagazine.wordpress.com/2017/12/16/at-80years-obasanjo-bags-ph-d-in-theology/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=Successful People's World |language=en}}</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 39</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 20.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 26.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 24.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 26–27.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 27–28.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 28.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 31.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 31–32.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 42; Derfler 2011, p. 80.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 42</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 40; Derfler 2011, p. 79.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 42–43; Derfler 2011, p. 81.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 45; Derfler 2011, p. 82.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 45, 48; Derfler 2011, p. 83.</ref> An bayyana Obasanjo a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane na ƙarni na biyu na shugabannin Afirka bayan mulkin mallaka . Ya sami yabo kan yadda ya jagoranci sauye-sauyen da Najeriya ta yi zuwa ga [[dimokuradiyya ta wakilci]] a shekarun a 1970 da kuma ƙoƙarinsa na ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa a faɗin nahiyar. Masu suka sun dage cewa yana da laifin cin hanci da rashawa, cewa gwamnatocinsa sun kula da take haƙƙin ɗan adam, kuma a matsayinsa na shugaban ƙasa ya fara sha'awar haɗa kai da kuma riƙe ikonsa na kashin kansa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2025 |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} Biography, Age, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 21.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 21–22.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 22.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 25–26.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 41–42.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 82.</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Mahaifin Olusegun Obasanjo Obasanjo Bankole yana ɗaya daga cikin mutanen farko da suka fara zama kuma ubannin da suka kafa ƙauyen Igbogun Olaogun a farkon shekarun a 1920. Duk da cewa manomi ne mai arziki kuma mai sana'ar giyar dabino, ana ɗaukarsa talaka ne saboda ba ya cikin manyan mutane masu ilimi a [[Kasar Yarbawa|ƙasar Yarabawa]] . Bankole ya haɗu da Bernice Ashabi, wani ƙaramin ɗan kasuwa a Igbogun kuma dukansu sun yi aure. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu da suka rage daga cikin shida: Olusegun da Adunni Oluwola, 'yar'uwarsa tilo. {{Sfn|Adeolu|2017}} A cewar fasfo ɗinsa, an haifi Olusegun Obasanjo a ranar 5 ga Maris 1937 duk da cewa babu wani tarihi na zamani kuma kwanan wata kusan kiyasi ne. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}}<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 43.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 43; Derfler 2011, p. 81.</ref> Olusegun ya fito ne daga Masarautar Owu . An rene shi a matsayin Baptist . Daga baya 'yar'uwarsa ta [[Musulunci|musulunta]] domin ta auri wani mutum Musulmi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 44.</ref>Yana da shekara 11, ya shiga makarantar firamare ta ƙauyen, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma bayan shekaru uku, a 1951, ya koma Makarantar Ranar Baptist a unguwar Owu ta [[Abeokuta]] . [ 11 ] A 1952 ya koma [[Baptist Boys' High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta Baptist Boys]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> shi ma a garin. Kuɗaɗen makarantarsa wani ɓangare ne na tallafin gwamnati. [ 13 ] Obasanjo ya yi kyau a fannin ilimi, [ 14 ] kuma a makaranta ya zama ƙwararren ɗan Scout . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Duk da cewa babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa yana da hannu a cikin kowace ƙungiyar siyasa, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} a makarantar sakandare ne Obasanjo ya ƙi sunan farko na "Matthew" a matsayin wani aikin adawa da mulkin mallaka . [ 16 ] A halin yanzu, mahaifin Obasanjo ya yi watsi da matarsa da 'ya'yansa biyu. [ 17 ] Bayan da ya faɗa cikin talauci, mahaifiyar Obasanjo ta yi aiki a fannin kasuwanci don ta rayu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Domin biyan kuɗin makarantarsa, Obasanjo ya yi aiki a gonakin koko da kola, ya yi kamun kifi, ya tattara itacen wuta, sannan ya sayar wa masu gini yashi. A lokacin hutun makaranta, ya kuma yi aiki a makarantar, yana sare ciyawa da sauran ayyukan hannu.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 48; Derfler 2011, p. 83</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 48.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 46; Derfler 2011, p. 83.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 47.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 46–47; Derfler 2011, p. 94.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 94.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 48; Derfler 2011, pp. 84–85.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 49.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 48–49; Derfler 2011, p. 85</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 56.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 51</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 50.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 50; Derfler 2011, p. 85.</ref> A shekarar 1956, Obasanjo ya yi jarrabawar makarantar sakandare, bayan ya ranci kuɗi don biyan kuɗin shiga. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan shekarar, ya fara soyayya da [[Esther Oluremi Obasanjo|Oluremi Akinlawon]], 'yar Owu ga wani babban jami'in tashar jirgin ƙasa. An yi musu alkawari za su yi aure a shekarar 1958. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya koma [[Ibadan]], inda ya yi aikin koyarwa. A can, ya zauna don jarrabawar shiga [[Jami'ar Ibadan|Kwalejin Jami'a ta Ibadan]], amma duk da cewa ya ci nasara, ya ga ba zai iya biyan kuɗin makaranta ba. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan Obasanjo ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a matsayin injiniyan farar hula, kuma don samun damar shiga wannan sana'a, a shekarar 1958 ya amsa wani tallan horar da jami'in sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya. [ 21 ] <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}</ref> == Farkon aikin soja (1958–1966) == === Horar da sojoji: 1958–1959 === A watan Maris na shekarar 1958, Obasanjo ya shiga rundunar sojin Najeriya. [ 23 ] Ya ga hakan a matsayin wata dama ta ci gaba da karatunsa yayin da yake samun albashi; {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} bai sanar da iyalansa nan take ba, yana tsoron cewa iyayensa za su ƙi amincewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan lokacin ne aka mayar da [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|rundunar sojin Najeriya]] zuwa ikon gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Najeriya, a shirye-shiryen samun cikakken 'yancin kai na Najeriya, kuma an yi yunƙurin shigar da ƙarin 'yan asalin Najeriya cikin manyan mukamai na rundunar sojinta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi zuwa Makarantar Horar da Jami'ai ta Kullum da ke [[Teshie]] a [[Ghana]] . [ 23 ] Lokacin da aka tura shi aiki a ƙasashen waje, ya aika wa amaryarsa wasiƙu da kyaututtuka a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Satumba na shekarar 1958, an zaɓe shi don ƙarin horo na watanni shida a Makarantar Cadet ta Mons Officer da ke Aldershot, kudancin [[Ingila]] . Obasanjo bai so hakan a can ba, yana ganin cewa cibiyar ta kasance ta aji da [[wariyar launin fata]], kuma ya ga yana da wahala ya daidaita da yanayin sanyi da danshi na Ingila. [ 26 ] Ya ƙarfafa ra'ayoyinsa marasa kyau game da [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] da kuma 'yancinta na mulkin mallaka a kan mutanen da ta mamaye. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} A ranar Litinin, ya sami kwamiti da takardar shaidar injiniya. Yayin da Obasanjo yake Ingila, mahaifiyarsa ta mutu. Mahaifinsa ya mutu bayan shekara guda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1959, Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya. A can, aka tura shi [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] a matsayin wani soja mai kula da rundunar sojojin ƙasa tare da Bataliyar Biyar. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Lokacin da ya yi a Kaduna shi ne karo na farko da Obasanjo ya zauna a yankin da Musulmai suka fi rinjaye. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da yake can, a watan Oktoban 1960, Najeriya ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> === Rikicin Congo: 1960–1961 === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an aika da Bataliya ta Biyar zuwa Kongo a matsayin wani ɓangare na rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . A can, an kafa bataliya a Lardin Kivu, tare da hedikwatarsu a [[Bukavu]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A Kongo, Obasanjo da wasu suna da alhakin kare fararen hula, gami da ƙabilar tsiraru ta Belgium, daga [[1960 Sojojin Jama'a|sojojin da suka yi tawaye]] ga gwamnatin [[Patrice Lumumba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Fabrairun 1961, masu tawaye sun kama Obasanjo yayin da yake kwashe masu wa'azin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika na Roman]] daga wani tasha kusa da Bukavu. Masu tawaye sun yi tunanin kashe shi amma an umarce su da su sake shi. A watan Mayun 1961, Bataliya ta Biyar ta bar Kongo ta koma Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin rikicin, an naɗa shi kyaftin na wucin gadi. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} Daga baya ya lura cewa lokacin da aka yi a Kongo ya ƙarfafa "zafin Pan-African" na bataliyarsa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Dawowa daga Kongo: 1961–1966 === Da dawowarsa, Obasanjo ya sayi motarsa ta farko, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma an kwantar da shi a asibiti na ɗan lokaci saboda ciwon ciki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da ya warke, aka mayar da shi zuwa Rundunar Injiniyan Sojoji. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1962 aka tura shi aiki a Kwalejin Injiniyan Sojoji ta Royal a Ingila. [ 30 ] A can, ya yi fice kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun ɗalibi na Commonwealth da aka taɓa samu". [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, ya biya Akinlawon don tafiya zuwa Landan inda za ta iya shiga wani kwas na horo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Yunin 1963 a Ofishin Rijistar Kore na Camberwell, suna sanar da iyalansu ne kawai bayan taron. [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, an ba Obasanjo umarnin komawa Najeriya, kodayake matarsa ta ci gaba da zama a Landan na tsawon shekaru uku don kammala karatunta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da zarar ya isa Najeriya, Obasanjo ya karɓi ragamar rundunar Injiniyan Field da ke Kaduna. [ 33 ] A cikin aikin soja, Obasanjo ya ci gaba da samun ci gaba a cikin manyan mukamai, inda ya zama babban jami'i a shekarar 1965. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya yi amfani da kudin shigarsa wajen sayen filaye, a farkon shekarun 1960 yana samun kadarori a Ibadan, Kaduna, da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1965, an tura Obasanjo zuwa Indiya. A kan hanyarsa, ya ziyarci matarsa a Landan. A [[Indiya]], ya yi karatu a [[Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro (DSSC)|Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro]] da ke Wellington sannan ya yi karatu a Makarantar Injiniya da ke [[Pune|Poona]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya yi mamakin yunwar da ya gani a Indiya duk da cewa ya nuna sha'awar al'adun kasar, wani abu da ya karfafa masa gwiwa ya karanta littattafai kan addini mai kama da juna . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya == === Aikin kafin Yaƙin Basasa: 1966–1967 === Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya a watan Janairun 1966 domin ya gano kasar tana tsakiyar [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin soja]] wanda Manjo [[Emmanuel Ifeajuna]] ya jagoranta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo yana cikin wadanda suka yi gargadin cewa lamarin na iya rikidewa zuwa yakin basasa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya bayar da shawarar yin aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani tsakanin masu shirya juyin mulkin da gwamnatin farar hula, wacce ta mika mulki ga Babban Kwamandan Soja [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da juyin mulkin ya gaza, Olusegun ya hadu da Ironsi a Legas. Ba da daɗewa ba Ironsi ya kawo karshen tsarin tarayya a Najeriya ta hanyar dokar hadin kan kasa a watan Mayun 1966, wani abu da ya tayar da rikicin kabilanci. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ƙarshen watan Yuli, [[Juyin Mulki a Najeriya, 1966|an sake yin juyin mulki na biyu]] . A Ibadan, sojoji 'yan asalin arewacin Najeriya sun yi tawaye suka kashe Ironsi, sannan suka kashe sojoji kusan ɗari biyu galibi daga Kudancin Najeriya. Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya karbi mulki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da ake wannan juyin mulki, Obasanjo yana [[Maiduguri]] . Jin labarin, sai ya koma Kaduna da sauri. A can, ya gano cewa sojojin arewa daga Bataliya ta Uku suna tattara sojoji, suna azabtar da su, da kuma kashe su. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[Gwamnan Arewacin Najeriya]], [[Hassan Usman Katsina|Hassan Katsina]], ya fahimci cewa duk da cewa Olusegun ba Igbo ba ne, a matsayinsa na ɗan kudu, har yanzu yana cikin haɗari daga sojojin da suka yi tawaye. Domin kare su, Katsina ta mayar da Olusegun da matarsa Maiduguri na tsawon kwanaki goma, yayin da tashin hankalin ya ragu. Bayan haka, Obasanjo ya aika matarsa zuwa Legas yayin da yake komawa Kaduna da kansa, inda ya zauna har zuwa Janairu 1967. A wannan lokacin shi ne babban jami'in Yarabawa mafi girma a arewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Janairun 1967, an tura Obasanjo aiki zuwa Legas a matsayin Babban Injiniyan Sojoji. [ 40 ] Tashin hankali tsakanin kabilun Igbo da na arewa ya ci gaba da karuwa, kuma a watan Mayu jami'in soja na Igbo [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu|C. Odumegwu Ojukwu]] ya ayyana 'yancin kai ga yankunan da Igbo ke da rinjaye a kudu maso gabas, inda ya kafa [[Biyafara|Jamhuriyar Biafra]] . [ 41 ] A ranar 3 ga Yuli, gwamnatin Najeriya ta tura Obasanjo zuwa Ibadan don yin aiki a matsayin kwamandan [[Jihar Yammacin Najeriya|Jihar Yamma]] . [ 42 ] Fadan da ya barke tsakanin Sojojin Najeriya da 'yan awaren Biafra ya barke a ranar 6 ga Yuli. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 9 ga Yuli, Ojukwu ta aika da rundunar sojojin Biafra a kan gadar Niger a wani yunƙuri na kwace yankin Mid-West, wani wuri da za ta iya kai hari a Lagos. Obasanjo ya nemi toshe hanyoyin da ke kaiwa birnin. Kwamandan Yarbawa Victor Banjo, wanda ke jagorantar rundunar hare-haren Biafra, ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan Obasanjo ya bar su su wuce, amma ya ƙi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Umarnin Yaƙin Basasa: 1967–1970 === [[Fayil:Colonel_Olu_Obasanjo_-_ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_093_New_Nigerian_newspaper_page_7_January_1970._End_of_the_Nigerian_civil_war_with_Biafra_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|"Kanar Olu Obasanjo, Kwamanda, sashe na 3". ''Sabuwar Jaridar Najeriya'', shafi na 7, 12 Janairu 1970. Ƙarshen yaƙin basasar Najeriya da Biafra.]] Daga nan aka naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin kwamandan baya na Rukunin Biyu na [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], wanda ke aiki a Tsakiyar Yamma. Obasanjo da ke zaune a Ibadan ne ke da alhakin tabbatar da cewa an samar da kayayyaki ga Rukunin Biyu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A cikin birnin, Obasanjo ya koyar da wani kwas a fannin kimiyyar soja a Jami'ar Ibadan kuma ya gina abokan hulɗarsa a cikin manyan Yarabawa. A lokacin yaƙin, an sami tashin hankali a cikin jama'a a Jihar Yamma, kuma don guje wa alhakin waɗannan batutuwa, Obasanjo ya yi murabus daga Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Yamma. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da Obasanjo yake nesa da Ibadan a watan Nuwamba na 1968, mazauna ƙauyen da [[Agbekoya|ƙungiyar manoma ta Agbekoya]] ta tattara makamai sun kai hari kan zauren birnin Ibadan. Sojoji sun yi ramuwar gayya, inda suka kashe goma daga cikin masu tayar da zaune tsaye. Lokacin da Obasanjo ya dawo, ya ba da umarnin a gudanar da bincike kan abubuwan da suka faru. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gowon ya yanke shawarar maye gurbin Kanar [[Benjamin Adekunle]], wanda ke jagorantar harin Biafra, amma yana buƙatar wani babban Ba’arabiye. Ya zaɓi Obasanjo, duk da rashin ƙwarewar yaƙi na baya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya isa [[Port Harcourt]] don ɗaukar sabon matsayin a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1969; yanzu yana kula da sojoji tsakanin 35,000 zuwa 40,000. Ya shafe makonni shida na farko yana yaƙi da harin Biafra a [[Aba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya zagaya kowane ɓangare na fagen daga, kuma ya ji rauni yayin da yake yin hakan. Waɗannan ayyukan sun sa ya sami suna na jarumtaka a tsakanin sojojinsa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A watan Disamba, Obasanjo ya ƙaddamar da [[Operation Finishing Touch]], yana ba da umarnin sojojinsa su ci gaba zuwa [[Umuahia]], wanda suka yi a [[Kirsimeti|ranar Kirsimeti]] . Wannan ya rage Biafra gida biyu. A ranar 7 ga Janairu 1970, sai ya ƙaddamar da Operation Tail-Wind, inda ya kama filin jirgin saman Uli a ranar 12 ga Janairu. A wannan lokacin, shugabannin Biafra sun amince su miƙa wuya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 13 ga Janairu, Obasanjo ya gana da kwamandan sojojin Biafra Philip Effiong . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya dage cewa sojojin Biafra su mika makamansu kuma wasu daga cikin shugabannin jihar da ta balle suka tafi Legas suka mika wuya ga Gowon a hukumance. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Washegari, Obasanjo ya yi magana a rediyon yankin, yana kira ga 'yan kasa da su zauna a gidajensu kuma su tabbatar da tsaronsu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yawancin 'yan Biafra da kafofin watsa labarai na kasashen waje sun ji tsoron cewa Sojojin Najeriya za su aikata munanan ayyuka a kan mutanen da aka kayar, kodayake Obasanjo yana son hana hakan. Ya umarci sojojinsa da ke yankin da su ci gaba da zama a cikin barikokinsu, yana mai cewa 'yan sandan yankin ya kamata su dauki alhakin bin doka da oda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[3rd Armoured Division (Nijeriya)|Rundunar Soja ta Uku]], wacce ta fi zama a ware, ta kai hare-haren ramuwar gayya kan mutanen yankin. Obasanjo ya yi tsauri kan wadanda suka aikata laifin satar mutane, sannan ya harbi wadanda suka aikata laifin fyade. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gwamnatin Gowon ta sa Obasanjo ya dauki alhakin sake hada Biafra cikin Najeriya, wanda a wannan matsayi ya sami girmamawa saboda jaddada girman kai. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A matsayinsa na injiniya, ya jaddada dawo da samar da ruwa; zuwa watan Mayu na 1970 dukkan manyan garuruwan yankin sun sake hadewa da samar da ruwa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Matsayin Obasanjo wajen kawo karshen yakin ya sanya shi gwarzon yaki kuma sanannen mutum a kasa baki daya a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} === Aikin bayan Yaƙin Basasa: 1970–1975 === A watan Yunin 1970, Obasanjo ya koma Abeokuta, inda jama'a suka tarbe shi a matsayin gwarzon da ya dawo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi Legas a matsayin Birgediya Janar na jagorantar Rundunar Injiniyoyi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Oktoba, Gowon ya sanar da cewa gwamnatin soja za ta mika iko ga gwamnatin farar hula a shekarar 1976. A halin yanzu, haramcin jam'iyyun siyasa ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rundunar sojoji; Gowon bai yi wani ci gaba ba wajen kafa gwamnatin farar hula. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A karkashin gwamnatin soja, Obasanjo ya zauna a kwamitin sallamar sojoji wanda ya ba da shawarar rage yawan sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1970. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1974 Obasanjo ya tafi Burtaniya don yin kwas a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Royal . [ 57 ] Da dawowarsa, a watan Janairun 1975, Gowon ya nada shi Kwamishinan Ayyuka da Gidaje, mukamin da ya rike na tsawon watanni bakwai, wanda a lokacin yake da alhakin gina barikin soja. [ 58 ] A shekarar 1970, Obasanjo ya sayi wani tsohon kamfani a Ibadan, inda ya ɗauki wani wakili don ya kula da shi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1973 ya yi rijistar wani kasuwanci, Temperance Enterprises Limited, wanda ta hanyarsa zai iya fara harkokin kasuwanci bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya kuma ci gaba da saka hannun jari a kadarori; zuwa 1974 ya mallaki gidaje biyu a Legas da kuma ɗaya a Ibadan da Abeokuta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} An yi ta rade-radin cewa Obasanjo ya shiga cikin cin hanci da rashawa da ke [[Cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya|ƙara yaɗuwa a Najeriya]], kodayake babu wata shaida mai ƙarfi game da hakan da ta bayyana. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Aurensa da Oluremi ya yi tsami yayin da ta ƙi dangantakarsa da wasu mata. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970 aka wargaza aurensu. [ 60 ] A shekarar 1976 ya auri [[Stella Obasanjo|Stella Abebe]] a wani bikin gargajiya na Yarbawa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == A gwamnatin Murtala == === Juyin mulkin 1975 da kuma bayansa === A watan Yulin 1975, juyin mulki karkashin jagorancin Shehu Musa Yar'Adua da Joseph Garba sun kori Gowon, [ 62 ] wanda ya gudu zuwa Birtaniya. [1] Ba su sanar da Obasanjo shirinsu ba domin an san shi da sukar juyin mulki a matsayin kayan aikin sauya gwamnati. [1] Masu shirya juyin mulkin suna son maye gurbin mulkin kama-karya na Gowon da wani rukunin sojoji uku wadanda Majalisar Soja za ta iya kin amincewa da shawarwarinsu. Saboda wannan nasarar, sun shawo kan Janar Murtala Muhammed ya zama shugaban kasa, inda Obasanjo ya zama na biyu a shugabancinsa, da Danjuma a matsayin na uku. [ 65 ] Masanin tarihi John Iliffe ya lura cewa daga cikin wadanda suka yi nasara, Obasanjo shine "dokin aiki da kwakwalwa" kuma shine mafi sha'awar komawa mulkin farar hula. [1] Tare, rundunar sojojin ƙasa ta gabatar da matakan tsuke bakin aljihu don dakile hauhawar farashin kaya, ta kafa Ofishin Bincike na Ayyukan Cin Hanci da Rashawa, ta maye gurbin dukkan gwamnonin soja da sabbin jami'ai waɗanda suka kai rahoto kai tsaye ga Obasanjo a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata, sannan ta ƙaddamar da "Operation Deadwood" inda ta hanyarsu suka kori jami'ai 11,000 daga ma'aikatan gwamnati. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] s22w56s64blcmmg8f4ivtykon8wchqs 873615 873613 2026-07-01T13:10:58Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 873615 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Chief '''Olusegun Matthew Okikiola Ogunboye Aremu Obasanjo''' GCFR <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by Obasanjo to the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/webcast/ga/61/pdfs/nigeria-e.pdf |access-date=23 April 2011}}</ref> ( // ⓘ ; Yoruba {{IPA|yo|ōlúʃɛ́ɡũ̄ ɔ̄básã̄d͡ʒɔ́|}} An haife shi {{Circa}} 5 ga Maris 1937) ɗan siyasa ne na Najeriya, ɗan siyasa, mai kishin ƙasa, kuma tsohon janar na soja wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sojan Najeriya daga alif 1976 zuwa 1979 sannan daga baya ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugabanta]] daga a 1999 zuwa 2007. A ra'ayinsa ɗan kishin ƙasa ne na Najeriya, ya kasance memba na [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP) daga alif 1998 zuwa 2015, kuma tun 2018.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8; Adeolu 2017, p. 4.</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 24 March 2022.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, p. 74.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 16–17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17; Derfler 2011, p. 74</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 29.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 29–30.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 30.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 78.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 45, 48.</ref> An haife shi a ƙauyen Ibogun-Olaogun, dangin sa manoma na reshen Owu na [[Yarbawa]], Obasanjo ya yi karatu sosai a [[Abeokuta]], [[Jihar Ogun]] . Ya shiga [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Rundunar Sojan Najeriya]] kuma ya ƙware a fannin injiniyanci kuma ya yi aiki a Kongo, [[Birtaniya]], da [[Indiya]], inda ya kai matsayin Manjo. A ƙarshen shekarun alif 1960, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaƙi da 'yan awaren [[Biyafara|Biafra]] a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya]], inda ya karɓi miƙa wuyansu alif 1970. A shekara alif 1975, [[1975 juyin mulkin Najeriya|wani juyin mulki na soja]] ya kafa gwamnatin soja tare da Obasanjo a matsayin wani ɓangare na mulkinta na nasara. Bayan an kashe shugaban triumvirate, [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], a al shekara mai zuwa, [[Majalisar Koli ta Soja ta Najeriya (1966 zuw 1979)|Majalisar Koli ta Soja]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council". www.interactioncouncil.org. Retrieved 1 February 2025.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 23; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 24; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 41.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 42; Derfler 2011, p. 79</ref> ta naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. Ci gaba da manufofin Murtala, Obasanjo ya kula da rage kasafin kuɗi da faɗaɗa damar samun ilimin makaranta kyauta. Yana ƙara haɗa Najeriya da Amurka, ya kuma jaddada goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin da ke adawa da mulkin tsirarun fararen fata a kudancin Afirka. Bayan da ya kuduri aniyar dawo da dimokuradiyya, Obasanjo ya jagoranci [[Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na alif 1979|zaben 1979]], bayan haka ya mika ragamar mulkin Najeriya ga sabon shugaban farar hula da aka zaba, [[Shehu Shagari|Shehu Shagari.]]<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 12–13; Derfler 2011, p. 73</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 13.</ref> Daga nan Obasanjo ya yi ritaya zuwa [[Ota, Ogun]], inda ya zama manomi, ya buga littattafai guda hudu, sannan ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa don kawo karshen rikice-rikicen Afirka daban-daban.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 7; Derfler 2011, p. 72</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 72; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 14</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 15.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, pp. 73–74.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 25; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 40.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 45.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 49, 56</ref> A shekara alif 1993, [[Sani Abacha]] ya kwace mulki a wani juyin mulki na soja. Obasanjo ya fito fili ya soki gwamnatin Abacha kuma a shekarar alif 1995 aka kama shi aka kuma same shi da laifin kasancewa cikin wani juyin mulki da aka shirya, duk da cewa bai aikata laifin da ake zargin sa da shi ba. Yayin da yake tsare, ya zama Kirista mai sake haifuwa, tare da ra'ayin raba iko ya yi tasiri sosai kan ra'ayinsa na duniya. An sake shi bayan mutuwar Abacha a alif 1998. Obasanjo ya shiga siyasar zabe, inda ya zama dan takarar PDP a zaben shugaban kasa na 1999, wanda ya lashe. A matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, ya cire siyasa daga harkokin soja kuma ya fadada 'yan sanda tare da tattara sojoji don yaki da tashe-tashen hankulan kabilanci, addini, da kuma ballewa. Ya janye [[Yakin basasa na Sierra Leone|sojojin Najeriya daga Sierra Leone]] kuma ya sayar da kamfanoni daban-daban na gwamnati don takaita basussukan kasar da ke karuwa. An sake zabensa a zaben a 2003. Saboda ra'ayoyin [[Pan-Africanism]], ya kasance mai goyon bayan kafa [[Tarayyar Afrika|kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta daga 2004 zuwa 2006. Yunkurin Obasanjo na canza kundin tsarin mulki don kawar da iyakokin wa'adin shugaban kasa bai yi nasara ba kuma ya jawo suka. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin tauhidi daga [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiyar Ƙasa ta Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adegbite |first=Charles Segun |date=16 December 2017 |title=At 80years, Obasanjo bags Ph.D in Theology |url=https://successfulpeoplemagazine.wordpress.com/2017/12/16/at-80years-obasanjo-bags-ph-d-in-theology/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=Successful People's World |language=en}}</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 39</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 20.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 26.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 24.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 26–27.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 27–28.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 28.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 31.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 31–32.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 42; Derfler 2011, p. 80.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 42</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 40; Derfler 2011, p. 79.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 42–43; Derfler 2011, p. 81.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 45; Derfler 2011, p. 82.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 45, 48; Derfler 2011, p. 83.</ref> An bayyana Obasanjo a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane na ƙarni na biyu na shugabannin Afirka bayan mulkin mallaka . Ya sami yabo kan yadda ya jagoranci sauye-sauyen da Najeriya ta yi zuwa ga [[dimokuradiyya ta wakilci]] a shekarun a 1970 da kuma ƙoƙarinsa na ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa a faɗin nahiyar. Masu suka sun dage cewa yana da laifin cin hanci da rashawa, cewa gwamnatocinsa sun kula da take haƙƙin ɗan adam, kuma a matsayinsa na shugaban ƙasa ya fara sha'awar haɗa kai da kuma riƙe ikonsa na kashin kansa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2025 |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} Biography, Age, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 21.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 21–22.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 22.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 25–26.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 41–42.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 82.</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Mahaifin Olusegun Obasanjo Obasanjo Bankole yana ɗaya daga cikin mutanen farko da suka fara zama kuma ubannin da suka kafa ƙauyen Igbogun Olaogun a farkon shekarun a 1920. Duk da cewa manomi ne mai arziki kuma mai sana'ar giyar dabino, ana ɗaukarsa talaka ne saboda ba ya cikin manyan mutane masu ilimi a [[Kasar Yarbawa|ƙasar Yarabawa]] . Bankole ya haɗu da Bernice Ashabi, wani ƙaramin ɗan kasuwa a Igbogun kuma dukansu sun yi aure. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu da suka rage daga cikin shida: Olusegun da Adunni Oluwola, 'yar'uwarsa tilo. {{Sfn|Adeolu|2017}} A cewar fasfo ɗinsa, an haifi Olusegun Obasanjo a ranar 5 ga Maris 1937 duk da cewa babu wani tarihi na zamani kuma kwanan wata kusan kiyasi ne. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}}<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 43.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 43; Derfler 2011, p. 81.</ref> Olusegun ya fito ne daga Masarautar Owu . An rene shi a matsayin Baptist . Daga baya 'yar'uwarsa ta [[Musulunci|musulunta]] domin ta auri wani mutum Musulmi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 44.</ref>Yana da shekara 11, ya shiga makarantar firamare ta ƙauyen, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma bayan shekaru uku, a 1951, ya koma Makarantar Ranar Baptist a unguwar Owu ta [[Abeokuta]] . [ 11 ] A 1952 ya koma [[Baptist Boys' High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta Baptist Boys]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> shi ma a garin. Kuɗaɗen makarantarsa wani ɓangare ne na tallafin gwamnati. [ 13 ] Obasanjo ya yi kyau a fannin ilimi, [ 14 ] kuma a makaranta ya zama ƙwararren ɗan Scout . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Duk da cewa babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa yana da hannu a cikin kowace ƙungiyar siyasa, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} a makarantar sakandare ne Obasanjo ya ƙi sunan farko na "Matthew" a matsayin wani aikin adawa da mulkin mallaka . [ 16 ] A halin yanzu, mahaifin Obasanjo ya yi watsi da matarsa da 'ya'yansa biyu. [ 17 ] Bayan da ya faɗa cikin talauci, mahaifiyar Obasanjo ta yi aiki a fannin kasuwanci don ta rayu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Domin biyan kuɗin makarantarsa, Obasanjo ya yi aiki a gonakin koko da kola, ya yi kamun kifi, ya tattara itacen wuta, sannan ya sayar wa masu gini yashi. A lokacin hutun makaranta, ya kuma yi aiki a makarantar, yana sare ciyawa da sauran ayyukan hannu.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 48; Derfler 2011, p. 83</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 48.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 46; Derfler 2011, p. 83.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 47.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 46–47; Derfler 2011, p. 94.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 94.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 48; Derfler 2011, pp. 84–85.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 49.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 48–49; Derfler 2011, p. 85</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 56.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 51</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 50.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 50; Derfler 2011, p. 85.</ref> A shekarar 1956, Obasanjo ya yi jarrabawar makarantar sakandare, bayan ya ranci kuɗi don biyan kuɗin shiga. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan shekarar, ya fara soyayya da [[Esther Oluremi Obasanjo|Oluremi Akinlawon]], 'yar Owu ga wani babban jami'in tashar jirgin ƙasa. An yi musu alkawari za su yi aure a shekarar 1958. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya koma [[Ibadan]], inda ya yi aikin koyarwa. A can, ya zauna don jarrabawar shiga [[Jami'ar Ibadan|Kwalejin Jami'a ta Ibadan]], amma duk da cewa ya ci nasara, ya ga ba zai iya biyan kuɗin makaranta ba. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan Obasanjo ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a matsayin injiniyan farar hula, kuma don samun damar shiga wannan sana'a, a shekarar 1958 ya amsa wani tallan horar da jami'in sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya. [ 21 ] <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}</ref> == Farkon aikin soja (1958–1966) == === Horar da sojoji: 1958–1959 === A watan Maris na shekarar 1958, Obasanjo ya shiga rundunar sojin Najeriya. [ 23 ] Ya ga hakan a matsayin wata dama ta ci gaba da karatunsa yayin da yake samun albashi; {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} bai sanar da iyalansa nan take ba, yana tsoron cewa iyayensa za su ƙi amincewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan lokacin ne aka mayar da [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|rundunar sojin Najeriya]] zuwa ikon gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Najeriya, a shirye-shiryen samun cikakken 'yancin kai na Najeriya, kuma an yi yunƙurin shigar da ƙarin 'yan asalin Najeriya cikin manyan mukamai na rundunar sojinta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi zuwa Makarantar Horar da Jami'ai ta Kullum da ke [[Teshie]] a [[Ghana]] . [ 23 ] Lokacin da aka tura shi aiki a ƙasashen waje, ya aika wa amaryarsa wasiƙu da kyaututtuka a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Satumba na shekarar 1958, an zaɓe shi don ƙarin horo na watanni shida a Makarantar Cadet ta Mons Officer da ke Aldershot, kudancin [[Ingila]] . Obasanjo bai so hakan a can ba, yana ganin cewa cibiyar ta kasance ta aji da [[wariyar launin fata]], kuma ya ga yana da wahala ya daidaita da yanayin sanyi da danshi na Ingila. [ 26 ] Ya ƙarfafa ra'ayoyinsa marasa kyau game da [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] da kuma 'yancinta na mulkin mallaka a kan mutanen da ta mamaye. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} A ranar Litinin, ya sami kwamiti da takardar shaidar injiniya. Yayin da Obasanjo yake Ingila, mahaifiyarsa ta mutu. Mahaifinsa ya mutu bayan shekara guda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1959, Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya. A can, aka tura shi [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] a matsayin wani soja mai kula da rundunar sojojin ƙasa tare da Bataliyar Biyar. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Lokacin da ya yi a Kaduna shi ne karo na farko da Obasanjo ya zauna a yankin da Musulmai suka fi rinjaye. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da yake can, a watan Oktoban 1960, Najeriya ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> === Rikicin Congo: 1960–1961 === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an aika da Bataliya ta Biyar zuwa Kongo a matsayin wani ɓangare na rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . A can, an kafa bataliya a Lardin Kivu, tare da hedikwatarsu a [[Bukavu]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A Kongo, Obasanjo da wasu suna da alhakin kare fararen hula, gami da ƙabilar tsiraru ta Belgium, daga [[1960 Sojojin Jama'a|sojojin da suka yi tawaye]] ga gwamnatin [[Patrice Lumumba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Fabrairun 1961, masu tawaye sun kama Obasanjo yayin da yake kwashe masu wa'azin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika na Roman]] daga wani tasha kusa da Bukavu. Masu tawaye sun yi tunanin kashe shi amma an umarce su da su sake shi. A watan Mayun 1961, Bataliya ta Biyar ta bar Kongo ta koma Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin rikicin, an naɗa shi kyaftin na wucin gadi. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} Daga baya ya lura cewa lokacin da aka yi a Kongo ya ƙarfafa "zafin Pan-African" na bataliyarsa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Dawowa daga Kongo: 1961–1966 === Da dawowarsa, Obasanjo ya sayi motarsa ta farko, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma an kwantar da shi a asibiti na ɗan lokaci saboda ciwon ciki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da ya warke, aka mayar da shi zuwa Rundunar Injiniyan Sojoji. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1962 aka tura shi aiki a Kwalejin Injiniyan Sojoji ta Royal a Ingila. [ 30 ] A can, ya yi fice kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun ɗalibi na Commonwealth da aka taɓa samu". [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, ya biya Akinlawon don tafiya zuwa Landan inda za ta iya shiga wani kwas na horo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Yunin 1963 a Ofishin Rijistar Kore na Camberwell, suna sanar da iyalansu ne kawai bayan taron. [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, an ba Obasanjo umarnin komawa Najeriya, kodayake matarsa ta ci gaba da zama a Landan na tsawon shekaru uku don kammala karatunta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da zarar ya isa Najeriya, Obasanjo ya karɓi ragamar rundunar Injiniyan Field da ke Kaduna. [ 33 ] A cikin aikin soja, Obasanjo ya ci gaba da samun ci gaba a cikin manyan mukamai, inda ya zama babban jami'i a shekarar 1965. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya yi amfani da kudin shigarsa wajen sayen filaye, a farkon shekarun 1960 yana samun kadarori a Ibadan, Kaduna, da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1965, an tura Obasanjo zuwa Indiya. A kan hanyarsa, ya ziyarci matarsa a Landan. A [[Indiya]], ya yi karatu a [[Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro (DSSC)|Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro]] da ke Wellington sannan ya yi karatu a Makarantar Injiniya da ke [[Pune|Poona]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya yi mamakin yunwar da ya gani a Indiya duk da cewa ya nuna sha'awar al'adun kasar, wani abu da ya karfafa masa gwiwa ya karanta littattafai kan addini mai kama da juna . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya == === Aikin kafin Yaƙin Basasa: 1966–1967 === Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya a watan Janairun 1966 domin ya gano kasar tana tsakiyar [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin soja]] wanda Manjo [[Emmanuel Ifeajuna]] ya jagoranta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo yana cikin wadanda suka yi gargadin cewa lamarin na iya rikidewa zuwa yakin basasa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya bayar da shawarar yin aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani tsakanin masu shirya juyin mulkin da gwamnatin farar hula, wacce ta mika mulki ga Babban Kwamandan Soja [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da juyin mulkin ya gaza, Olusegun ya hadu da Ironsi a Legas. Ba da daɗewa ba Ironsi ya kawo karshen tsarin tarayya a Najeriya ta hanyar dokar hadin kan kasa a watan Mayun 1966, wani abu da ya tayar da rikicin kabilanci. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ƙarshen watan Yuli, [[Juyin Mulki a Najeriya, 1966|an sake yin juyin mulki na biyu]] . A Ibadan, sojoji 'yan asalin arewacin Najeriya sun yi tawaye suka kashe Ironsi, sannan suka kashe sojoji kusan ɗari biyu galibi daga Kudancin Najeriya. Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya karbi mulki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da ake wannan juyin mulki, Obasanjo yana [[Maiduguri]] . Jin labarin, sai ya koma Kaduna da sauri. A can, ya gano cewa sojojin arewa daga Bataliya ta Uku suna tattara sojoji, suna azabtar da su, da kuma kashe su. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[Gwamnan Arewacin Najeriya]], [[Hassan Usman Katsina|Hassan Katsina]], ya fahimci cewa duk da cewa Olusegun ba Igbo ba ne, a matsayinsa na ɗan kudu, har yanzu yana cikin haɗari daga sojojin da suka yi tawaye. Domin kare su, Katsina ta mayar da Olusegun da matarsa Maiduguri na tsawon kwanaki goma, yayin da tashin hankalin ya ragu. Bayan haka, Obasanjo ya aika matarsa zuwa Legas yayin da yake komawa Kaduna da kansa, inda ya zauna har zuwa Janairu 1967. A wannan lokacin shi ne babban jami'in Yarabawa mafi girma a arewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Janairun 1967, an tura Obasanjo aiki zuwa Legas a matsayin Babban Injiniyan Sojoji. [ 40 ] Tashin hankali tsakanin kabilun Igbo da na arewa ya ci gaba da karuwa, kuma a watan Mayu jami'in soja na Igbo [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu|C. Odumegwu Ojukwu]] ya ayyana 'yancin kai ga yankunan da Igbo ke da rinjaye a kudu maso gabas, inda ya kafa [[Biyafara|Jamhuriyar Biafra]] . [ 41 ] A ranar 3 ga Yuli, gwamnatin Najeriya ta tura Obasanjo zuwa Ibadan don yin aiki a matsayin kwamandan [[Jihar Yammacin Najeriya|Jihar Yamma]] . [ 42 ] Fadan da ya barke tsakanin Sojojin Najeriya da 'yan awaren Biafra ya barke a ranar 6 ga Yuli. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 9 ga Yuli, Ojukwu ta aika da rundunar sojojin Biafra a kan gadar Niger a wani yunƙuri na kwace yankin Mid-West, wani wuri da za ta iya kai hari a Lagos. Obasanjo ya nemi toshe hanyoyin da ke kaiwa birnin. Kwamandan Yarbawa Victor Banjo, wanda ke jagorantar rundunar hare-haren Biafra, ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan Obasanjo ya bar su su wuce, amma ya ƙi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Umarnin Yaƙin Basasa: 1967–1970 === [[Fayil:Colonel_Olu_Obasanjo_-_ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_093_New_Nigerian_newspaper_page_7_January_1970._End_of_the_Nigerian_civil_war_with_Biafra_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|"Kanar Olu Obasanjo, Kwamanda, sashe na 3". ''Sabuwar Jaridar Najeriya'', shafi na 7, 12 Janairu 1970. Ƙarshen yaƙin basasar Najeriya da Biafra.]] Daga nan aka naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin kwamandan baya na Rukunin Biyu na [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], wanda ke aiki a Tsakiyar Yamma. Obasanjo da ke zaune a Ibadan ne ke da alhakin tabbatar da cewa an samar da kayayyaki ga Rukunin Biyu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A cikin birnin, Obasanjo ya koyar da wani kwas a fannin kimiyyar soja a Jami'ar Ibadan kuma ya gina abokan hulɗarsa a cikin manyan Yarabawa. A lokacin yaƙin, an sami tashin hankali a cikin jama'a a Jihar Yamma, kuma don guje wa alhakin waɗannan batutuwa, Obasanjo ya yi murabus daga Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Yamma. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da Obasanjo yake nesa da Ibadan a watan Nuwamba na 1968, mazauna ƙauyen da [[Agbekoya|ƙungiyar manoma ta Agbekoya]] ta tattara makamai sun kai hari kan zauren birnin Ibadan. Sojoji sun yi ramuwar gayya, inda suka kashe goma daga cikin masu tayar da zaune tsaye. Lokacin da Obasanjo ya dawo, ya ba da umarnin a gudanar da bincike kan abubuwan da suka faru. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gowon ya yanke shawarar maye gurbin Kanar [[Benjamin Adekunle]], wanda ke jagorantar harin Biafra, amma yana buƙatar wani babban Ba’arabiye. Ya zaɓi Obasanjo, duk da rashin ƙwarewar yaƙi na baya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya isa [[Port Harcourt]] don ɗaukar sabon matsayin a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1969; yanzu yana kula da sojoji tsakanin 35,000 zuwa 40,000. Ya shafe makonni shida na farko yana yaƙi da harin Biafra a [[Aba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya zagaya kowane ɓangare na fagen daga, kuma ya ji rauni yayin da yake yin hakan. Waɗannan ayyukan sun sa ya sami suna na jarumtaka a tsakanin sojojinsa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A watan Disamba, Obasanjo ya ƙaddamar da [[Operation Finishing Touch]], yana ba da umarnin sojojinsa su ci gaba zuwa [[Umuahia]], wanda suka yi a [[Kirsimeti|ranar Kirsimeti]] . Wannan ya rage Biafra gida biyu. A ranar 7 ga Janairu 1970, sai ya ƙaddamar da Operation Tail-Wind, inda ya kama filin jirgin saman Uli a ranar 12 ga Janairu. A wannan lokacin, shugabannin Biafra sun amince su miƙa wuya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 13 ga Janairu, Obasanjo ya gana da kwamandan sojojin Biafra Philip Effiong . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya dage cewa sojojin Biafra su mika makamansu kuma wasu daga cikin shugabannin jihar da ta balle suka tafi Legas suka mika wuya ga Gowon a hukumance. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Washegari, Obasanjo ya yi magana a rediyon yankin, yana kira ga 'yan kasa da su zauna a gidajensu kuma su tabbatar da tsaronsu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yawancin 'yan Biafra da kafofin watsa labarai na kasashen waje sun ji tsoron cewa Sojojin Najeriya za su aikata munanan ayyuka a kan mutanen da aka kayar, kodayake Obasanjo yana son hana hakan. Ya umarci sojojinsa da ke yankin da su ci gaba da zama a cikin barikokinsu, yana mai cewa 'yan sandan yankin ya kamata su dauki alhakin bin doka da oda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[3rd Armoured Division (Nijeriya)|Rundunar Soja ta Uku]], wacce ta fi zama a ware, ta kai hare-haren ramuwar gayya kan mutanen yankin. Obasanjo ya yi tsauri kan wadanda suka aikata laifin satar mutane, sannan ya harbi wadanda suka aikata laifin fyade. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gwamnatin Gowon ta sa Obasanjo ya dauki alhakin sake hada Biafra cikin Najeriya, wanda a wannan matsayi ya sami girmamawa saboda jaddada girman kai. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A matsayinsa na injiniya, ya jaddada dawo da samar da ruwa; zuwa watan Mayu na 1970 dukkan manyan garuruwan yankin sun sake hadewa da samar da ruwa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Matsayin Obasanjo wajen kawo karshen yakin ya sanya shi gwarzon yaki kuma sanannen mutum a kasa baki daya a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} === Aikin bayan Yaƙin Basasa: 1970–1975 === A watan Yunin 1970, Obasanjo ya koma Abeokuta, inda jama'a suka tarbe shi a matsayin gwarzon da ya dawo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi Legas a matsayin Birgediya Janar na jagorantar Rundunar Injiniyoyi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Oktoba, Gowon ya sanar da cewa gwamnatin soja za ta mika iko ga gwamnatin farar hula a shekarar 1976. A halin yanzu, haramcin jam'iyyun siyasa ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rundunar sojoji; Gowon bai yi wani ci gaba ba wajen kafa gwamnatin farar hula. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A karkashin gwamnatin soja, Obasanjo ya zauna a kwamitin sallamar sojoji wanda ya ba da shawarar rage yawan sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1970. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1974 Obasanjo ya tafi Burtaniya don yin kwas a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Royal . [ 57 ] Da dawowarsa, a watan Janairun 1975, Gowon ya nada shi Kwamishinan Ayyuka da Gidaje, mukamin da ya rike na tsawon watanni bakwai, wanda a lokacin yake da alhakin gina barikin soja. [ 58 ] A shekarar 1970, Obasanjo ya sayi wani tsohon kamfani a Ibadan, inda ya ɗauki wani wakili don ya kula da shi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1973 ya yi rijistar wani kasuwanci, Temperance Enterprises Limited, wanda ta hanyarsa zai iya fara harkokin kasuwanci bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya kuma ci gaba da saka hannun jari a kadarori; zuwa 1974 ya mallaki gidaje biyu a Legas da kuma ɗaya a Ibadan da Abeokuta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} An yi ta rade-radin cewa Obasanjo ya shiga cikin cin hanci da rashawa da ke [[Cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya|ƙara yaɗuwa a Najeriya]], kodayake babu wata shaida mai ƙarfi game da hakan da ta bayyana. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Aurensa da Oluremi ya yi tsami yayin da ta ƙi dangantakarsa da wasu mata. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970 aka wargaza aurensu. [ 60 ] A shekarar 1976 ya auri [[Stella Obasanjo|Stella Abebe]] a wani bikin gargajiya na Yarbawa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == A gwamnatin Murtala == === Juyin mulkin 1975 da kuma bayansa === A watan Yulin 1975, juyin mulki karkashin jagorancin Shehu Musa Yar'Adua da Joseph Garba sun kori Gowon, [ 62 ] wanda ya gudu zuwa Birtaniya. [1] Ba su sanar da Obasanjo shirinsu ba domin an san shi da sukar juyin mulki a matsayin kayan aikin sauya gwamnati. [1] Masu shirya juyin mulkin suna son maye gurbin mulkin kama-karya na Gowon da wani rukunin sojoji uku wadanda Majalisar Soja za ta iya kin amincewa da shawarwarinsu. Saboda wannan nasarar, sun shawo kan Janar Murtala Muhammed ya zama shugaban kasa, inda Obasanjo ya zama na biyu a shugabancinsa, da Danjuma a matsayin na uku. [ 65 ] Masanin tarihi John Iliffe ya lura cewa daga cikin wadanda suka yi nasara, Obasanjo shine "dokin aiki da kwakwalwa" kuma shine mafi sha'awar komawa mulkin farar hula. [1] Tare, rundunar sojojin ƙasa ta gabatar da matakan tsuke bakin aljihu don dakile hauhawar farashin kaya, ta kafa Ofishin Bincike na Ayyukan Cin Hanci da Rashawa, ta maye gurbin dukkan gwamnonin soja da sabbin jami'ai waɗanda suka kai rahoto kai tsaye ga Obasanjo a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata, sannan ta ƙaddamar da "Operation Deadwood" inda ta hanyarsu suka kori jami'ai 11,000 daga ma'aikatan gwamnati. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mgg33bx0w2xc9edaorxi75xwl3nw0ys 873617 873615 2026-07-01T13:12:47Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 873617 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Chief '''Olusegun Matthew Okikiola Ogunboye Aremu Obasanjo''' GCFR <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by Obasanjo to the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/webcast/ga/61/pdfs/nigeria-e.pdf |access-date=23 April 2011}}</ref> ( // ⓘ ; Yoruba {{IPA|yo|ōlúʃɛ́ɡũ̄ ɔ̄básã̄d͡ʒɔ́|}} An haife shi {{Circa}} 5 ga Maris 1937) ɗan siyasa ne na Najeriya, ɗan siyasa, mai kishin ƙasa, kuma tsohon janar na soja wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sojan Najeriya daga alif 1976 zuwa 1979 sannan daga baya ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugabanta]] daga a 1999 zuwa 2007. A ra'ayinsa ɗan kishin ƙasa ne na Najeriya, ya kasance memba na [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP) daga alif 1998 zuwa 2015, kuma tun 2018.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8; Adeolu 2017, p. 4.</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 24 March 2022.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, p. 74.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 16–17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17; Derfler 2011, p. 74</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 29.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 29–30.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 30.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 78.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 45, 48.</ref> An haife shi a ƙauyen Ibogun-Olaogun, dangin sa manoma na reshen Owu na [[Yarbawa]], Obasanjo ya yi karatu sosai a [[Abeokuta]], [[Jihar Ogun]] . Ya shiga [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Rundunar Sojan Najeriya]] kuma ya ƙware a fannin injiniyanci kuma ya yi aiki a Kongo, [[Birtaniya]], da [[Indiya]], inda ya kai matsayin Manjo. A ƙarshen shekarun alif 1960, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaƙi da 'yan awaren [[Biyafara|Biafra]] a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya]], inda ya karɓi miƙa wuyansu alif 1970. A shekara alif 1975, [[1975 juyin mulkin Najeriya|wani juyin mulki na soja]] ya kafa gwamnatin soja tare da Obasanjo a matsayin wani ɓangare na mulkinta na nasara. Bayan an kashe shugaban triumvirate, [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], a al shekara mai zuwa, [[Majalisar Koli ta Soja ta Najeriya (1966 zuw 1979)|Majalisar Koli ta Soja]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council". www.interactioncouncil.org. Retrieved 1 February 2025.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 23; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 24; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 41.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 42; Derfler 2011, p. 79</ref> ta naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. Ci gaba da manufofin Murtala, Obasanjo ya kula da rage kasafin kuɗi da faɗaɗa damar samun ilimin makaranta kyauta. Yana ƙara haɗa Najeriya da Amurka, ya kuma jaddada goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin da ke adawa da mulkin tsirarun fararen fata a kudancin Afirka. Bayan da ya kuduri aniyar dawo da dimokuradiyya, Obasanjo ya jagoranci [[Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na alif 1979|zaben 1979]], bayan haka ya mika ragamar mulkin Najeriya ga sabon shugaban farar hula da aka zaba, [[Shehu Shagari|Shehu Shagari.]]<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 12–13; Derfler 2011, p. 73</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 13.</ref> Daga nan Obasanjo ya yi ritaya zuwa [[Ota, Ogun]], inda ya zama manomi, ya buga littattafai guda hudu, sannan ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa don kawo karshen rikice-rikicen Afirka daban-daban.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 7; Derfler 2011, p. 72</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 72; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 14</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 15.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, pp. 73–74.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 25; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 40.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 45.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 49, 56</ref> A shekara alif 1993, [[Sani Abacha]] ya kwace mulki a wani juyin mulki na soja. Obasanjo ya fito fili ya soki gwamnatin Abacha kuma a shekarar alif 1995 aka kama shi aka kuma same shi da laifin kasancewa cikin wani juyin mulki da aka shirya, duk da cewa bai aikata laifin da ake zargin sa da shi ba. Yayin da yake tsare, ya zama Kirista mai sake haifuwa, tare da ra'ayin raba iko ya yi tasiri sosai kan ra'ayinsa na duniya. An sake shi bayan mutuwar Abacha a alif 1998. Obasanjo ya shiga siyasar zabe, inda ya zama dan takarar PDP a zaben shugaban kasa na 1999, wanda ya lashe. A matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, ya cire siyasa daga harkokin soja kuma ya fadada 'yan sanda tare da tattara sojoji don yaki da tashe-tashen hankulan kabilanci, addini, da kuma ballewa. Ya janye [[Yakin basasa na Sierra Leone|sojojin Najeriya daga Sierra Leone]] kuma ya sayar da kamfanoni daban-daban na gwamnati don takaita basussukan kasar da ke karuwa. An sake zabensa a zaben alif 2003. Saboda ra'ayoyin [[Pan-Africanism]], ya kasance mai goyon bayan kafa [[Tarayyar Afrika|kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta daga 2004 zuwa 2006. Yunkurin Obasanjo na canza kundin tsarin mulki don kawar da iyakokin wa'adin shugaban kasa bai yi nasara ba kuma ya jawo suka. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin tauhidi daga [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiyar Ƙasa ta Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adegbite |first=Charles Segun |date=16 December 2017 |title=At 80years, Obasanjo bags Ph.D in Theology |url=https://successfulpeoplemagazine.wordpress.com/2017/12/16/at-80years-obasanjo-bags-ph-d-in-theology/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=Successful People's World |language=en}}</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 39</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 20.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 26.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 24.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 26–27.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 27–28.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 28.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 31.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 31–32.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 42; Derfler 2011, p. 80.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 42</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 40; Derfler 2011, p. 79.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 42–43; Derfler 2011, p. 81.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 45; Derfler 2011, p. 82.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 45, 48; Derfler 2011, p. 83.</ref> An bayyana Obasanjo a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane na ƙarni na biyu na shugabannin Afirka bayan mulkin mallaka . Ya sami yabo kan yadda ya jagoranci sauye-sauyen da Najeriya ta yi zuwa ga [[dimokuradiyya ta wakilci]] a shekarun a 1970 da kuma ƙoƙarinsa na ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa a faɗin nahiyar. Masu suka sun dage cewa yana da laifin cin hanci da rashawa, cewa gwamnatocinsa sun kula da take haƙƙin ɗan adam, kuma a matsayinsa na shugaban ƙasa ya fara sha'awar haɗa kai da kuma riƙe ikonsa na kashin kansa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2025 |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} Biography, Age, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 21.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 21–22.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 22.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 25–26.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 41–42.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 82.</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Mahaifin Olusegun Obasanjo Obasanjo Bankole yana ɗaya daga cikin mutanen farko da suka fara zama kuma ubannin da suka kafa ƙauyen Igbogun Olaogun a farkon shekarun a 1920. Duk da cewa manomi ne mai arziki kuma mai sana'ar giyar dabino, ana ɗaukarsa talaka ne saboda ba ya cikin manyan mutane masu ilimi a [[Kasar Yarbawa|ƙasar Yarabawa]] . Bankole ya haɗu da Bernice Ashabi, wani ƙaramin ɗan kasuwa a Igbogun kuma dukansu sun yi aure. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu da suka rage daga cikin shida: Olusegun da Adunni Oluwola, 'yar'uwarsa tilo. {{Sfn|Adeolu|2017}} A cewar fasfo ɗinsa, an haifi Olusegun Obasanjo a ranar 5 ga Maris 1937 duk da cewa babu wani tarihi na zamani kuma kwanan wata kusan kiyasi ne. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}}<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 43.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 43; Derfler 2011, p. 81.</ref> Olusegun ya fito ne daga Masarautar Owu . An rene shi a matsayin Baptist . Daga baya 'yar'uwarsa ta [[Musulunci|musulunta]] domin ta auri wani mutum Musulmi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 44.</ref>Yana da shekara 11, ya shiga makarantar firamare ta ƙauyen, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma bayan shekaru uku, a 1951, ya koma Makarantar Ranar Baptist a unguwar Owu ta [[Abeokuta]] . [ 11 ] A 1952 ya koma [[Baptist Boys' High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta Baptist Boys]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> shi ma a garin. Kuɗaɗen makarantarsa wani ɓangare ne na tallafin gwamnati. [ 13 ] Obasanjo ya yi kyau a fannin ilimi, [ 14 ] kuma a makaranta ya zama ƙwararren ɗan Scout . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Duk da cewa babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa yana da hannu a cikin kowace ƙungiyar siyasa, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} a makarantar sakandare ne Obasanjo ya ƙi sunan farko na "Matthew" a matsayin wani aikin adawa da mulkin mallaka . [ 16 ] A halin yanzu, mahaifin Obasanjo ya yi watsi da matarsa da 'ya'yansa biyu. [ 17 ] Bayan da ya faɗa cikin talauci, mahaifiyar Obasanjo ta yi aiki a fannin kasuwanci don ta rayu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Domin biyan kuɗin makarantarsa, Obasanjo ya yi aiki a gonakin koko da kola, ya yi kamun kifi, ya tattara itacen wuta, sannan ya sayar wa masu gini yashi. A lokacin hutun makaranta, ya kuma yi aiki a makarantar, yana sare ciyawa da sauran ayyukan hannu.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 48; Derfler 2011, p. 83</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 48.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 46; Derfler 2011, p. 83.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 47.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 46–47; Derfler 2011, p. 94.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 94.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 48; Derfler 2011, pp. 84–85.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 49.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 48–49; Derfler 2011, p. 85</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 56.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 51</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 50.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 50; Derfler 2011, p. 85.</ref> A shekarar 1956, Obasanjo ya yi jarrabawar makarantar sakandare, bayan ya ranci kuɗi don biyan kuɗin shiga. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan shekarar, ya fara soyayya da [[Esther Oluremi Obasanjo|Oluremi Akinlawon]], 'yar Owu ga wani babban jami'in tashar jirgin ƙasa. An yi musu alkawari za su yi aure a shekarar 1958. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya koma [[Ibadan]], inda ya yi aikin koyarwa. A can, ya zauna don jarrabawar shiga [[Jami'ar Ibadan|Kwalejin Jami'a ta Ibadan]], amma duk da cewa ya ci nasara, ya ga ba zai iya biyan kuɗin makaranta ba. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan Obasanjo ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a matsayin injiniyan farar hula, kuma don samun damar shiga wannan sana'a, a shekarar 1958 ya amsa wani tallan horar da jami'in sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya. [ 21 ] <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}</ref> == Farkon aikin soja (1958–1966) == === Horar da sojoji: 1958–1959 === A watan Maris na shekarar 1958, Obasanjo ya shiga rundunar sojin Najeriya. [ 23 ] Ya ga hakan a matsayin wata dama ta ci gaba da karatunsa yayin da yake samun albashi; {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} bai sanar da iyalansa nan take ba, yana tsoron cewa iyayensa za su ƙi amincewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan lokacin ne aka mayar da [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|rundunar sojin Najeriya]] zuwa ikon gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Najeriya, a shirye-shiryen samun cikakken 'yancin kai na Najeriya, kuma an yi yunƙurin shigar da ƙarin 'yan asalin Najeriya cikin manyan mukamai na rundunar sojinta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi zuwa Makarantar Horar da Jami'ai ta Kullum da ke [[Teshie]] a [[Ghana]] . [ 23 ] Lokacin da aka tura shi aiki a ƙasashen waje, ya aika wa amaryarsa wasiƙu da kyaututtuka a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Satumba na shekarar 1958, an zaɓe shi don ƙarin horo na watanni shida a Makarantar Cadet ta Mons Officer da ke Aldershot, kudancin [[Ingila]] . Obasanjo bai so hakan a can ba, yana ganin cewa cibiyar ta kasance ta aji da [[wariyar launin fata]], kuma ya ga yana da wahala ya daidaita da yanayin sanyi da danshi na Ingila. [ 26 ] Ya ƙarfafa ra'ayoyinsa marasa kyau game da [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] da kuma 'yancinta na mulkin mallaka a kan mutanen da ta mamaye. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} A ranar Litinin, ya sami kwamiti da takardar shaidar injiniya. Yayin da Obasanjo yake Ingila, mahaifiyarsa ta mutu. Mahaifinsa ya mutu bayan shekara guda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1959, Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya. A can, aka tura shi [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] a matsayin wani soja mai kula da rundunar sojojin ƙasa tare da Bataliyar Biyar. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Lokacin da ya yi a Kaduna shi ne karo na farko da Obasanjo ya zauna a yankin da Musulmai suka fi rinjaye. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da yake can, a watan Oktoban 1960, Najeriya ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> === Rikicin Congo: 1960–1961 === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an aika da Bataliya ta Biyar zuwa Kongo a matsayin wani ɓangare na rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . A can, an kafa bataliya a Lardin Kivu, tare da hedikwatarsu a [[Bukavu]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A Kongo, Obasanjo da wasu suna da alhakin kare fararen hula, gami da ƙabilar tsiraru ta Belgium, daga [[1960 Sojojin Jama'a|sojojin da suka yi tawaye]] ga gwamnatin [[Patrice Lumumba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Fabrairun 1961, masu tawaye sun kama Obasanjo yayin da yake kwashe masu wa'azin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika na Roman]] daga wani tasha kusa da Bukavu. Masu tawaye sun yi tunanin kashe shi amma an umarce su da su sake shi. A watan Mayun 1961, Bataliya ta Biyar ta bar Kongo ta koma Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin rikicin, an naɗa shi kyaftin na wucin gadi. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} Daga baya ya lura cewa lokacin da aka yi a Kongo ya ƙarfafa "zafin Pan-African" na bataliyarsa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Dawowa daga Kongo: 1961–1966 === Da dawowarsa, Obasanjo ya sayi motarsa ta farko, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma an kwantar da shi a asibiti na ɗan lokaci saboda ciwon ciki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da ya warke, aka mayar da shi zuwa Rundunar Injiniyan Sojoji. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1962 aka tura shi aiki a Kwalejin Injiniyan Sojoji ta Royal a Ingila. [ 30 ] A can, ya yi fice kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun ɗalibi na Commonwealth da aka taɓa samu". [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, ya biya Akinlawon don tafiya zuwa Landan inda za ta iya shiga wani kwas na horo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Yunin 1963 a Ofishin Rijistar Kore na Camberwell, suna sanar da iyalansu ne kawai bayan taron. [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, an ba Obasanjo umarnin komawa Najeriya, kodayake matarsa ta ci gaba da zama a Landan na tsawon shekaru uku don kammala karatunta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da zarar ya isa Najeriya, Obasanjo ya karɓi ragamar rundunar Injiniyan Field da ke Kaduna. [ 33 ] A cikin aikin soja, Obasanjo ya ci gaba da samun ci gaba a cikin manyan mukamai, inda ya zama babban jami'i a shekarar 1965. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya yi amfani da kudin shigarsa wajen sayen filaye, a farkon shekarun 1960 yana samun kadarori a Ibadan, Kaduna, da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1965, an tura Obasanjo zuwa Indiya. A kan hanyarsa, ya ziyarci matarsa a Landan. A [[Indiya]], ya yi karatu a [[Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro (DSSC)|Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro]] da ke Wellington sannan ya yi karatu a Makarantar Injiniya da ke [[Pune|Poona]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya yi mamakin yunwar da ya gani a Indiya duk da cewa ya nuna sha'awar al'adun kasar, wani abu da ya karfafa masa gwiwa ya karanta littattafai kan addini mai kama da juna . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya == === Aikin kafin Yaƙin Basasa: 1966–1967 === Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya a watan Janairun 1966 domin ya gano kasar tana tsakiyar [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin soja]] wanda Manjo [[Emmanuel Ifeajuna]] ya jagoranta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo yana cikin wadanda suka yi gargadin cewa lamarin na iya rikidewa zuwa yakin basasa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya bayar da shawarar yin aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani tsakanin masu shirya juyin mulkin da gwamnatin farar hula, wacce ta mika mulki ga Babban Kwamandan Soja [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da juyin mulkin ya gaza, Olusegun ya hadu da Ironsi a Legas. Ba da daɗewa ba Ironsi ya kawo karshen tsarin tarayya a Najeriya ta hanyar dokar hadin kan kasa a watan Mayun 1966, wani abu da ya tayar da rikicin kabilanci. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ƙarshen watan Yuli, [[Juyin Mulki a Najeriya, 1966|an sake yin juyin mulki na biyu]] . A Ibadan, sojoji 'yan asalin arewacin Najeriya sun yi tawaye suka kashe Ironsi, sannan suka kashe sojoji kusan ɗari biyu galibi daga Kudancin Najeriya. Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya karbi mulki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da ake wannan juyin mulki, Obasanjo yana [[Maiduguri]] . Jin labarin, sai ya koma Kaduna da sauri. A can, ya gano cewa sojojin arewa daga Bataliya ta Uku suna tattara sojoji, suna azabtar da su, da kuma kashe su. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[Gwamnan Arewacin Najeriya]], [[Hassan Usman Katsina|Hassan Katsina]], ya fahimci cewa duk da cewa Olusegun ba Igbo ba ne, a matsayinsa na ɗan kudu, har yanzu yana cikin haɗari daga sojojin da suka yi tawaye. Domin kare su, Katsina ta mayar da Olusegun da matarsa Maiduguri na tsawon kwanaki goma, yayin da tashin hankalin ya ragu. Bayan haka, Obasanjo ya aika matarsa zuwa Legas yayin da yake komawa Kaduna da kansa, inda ya zauna har zuwa Janairu 1967. A wannan lokacin shi ne babban jami'in Yarabawa mafi girma a arewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Janairun 1967, an tura Obasanjo aiki zuwa Legas a matsayin Babban Injiniyan Sojoji. [ 40 ] Tashin hankali tsakanin kabilun Igbo da na arewa ya ci gaba da karuwa, kuma a watan Mayu jami'in soja na Igbo [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu|C. Odumegwu Ojukwu]] ya ayyana 'yancin kai ga yankunan da Igbo ke da rinjaye a kudu maso gabas, inda ya kafa [[Biyafara|Jamhuriyar Biafra]] . [ 41 ] A ranar 3 ga Yuli, gwamnatin Najeriya ta tura Obasanjo zuwa Ibadan don yin aiki a matsayin kwamandan [[Jihar Yammacin Najeriya|Jihar Yamma]] . [ 42 ] Fadan da ya barke tsakanin Sojojin Najeriya da 'yan awaren Biafra ya barke a ranar 6 ga Yuli. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 9 ga Yuli, Ojukwu ta aika da rundunar sojojin Biafra a kan gadar Niger a wani yunƙuri na kwace yankin Mid-West, wani wuri da za ta iya kai hari a Lagos. Obasanjo ya nemi toshe hanyoyin da ke kaiwa birnin. Kwamandan Yarbawa Victor Banjo, wanda ke jagorantar rundunar hare-haren Biafra, ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan Obasanjo ya bar su su wuce, amma ya ƙi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Umarnin Yaƙin Basasa: 1967–1970 === [[Fayil:Colonel_Olu_Obasanjo_-_ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_093_New_Nigerian_newspaper_page_7_January_1970._End_of_the_Nigerian_civil_war_with_Biafra_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|"Kanar Olu Obasanjo, Kwamanda, sashe na 3". ''Sabuwar Jaridar Najeriya'', shafi na 7, 12 Janairu 1970. Ƙarshen yaƙin basasar Najeriya da Biafra.]] Daga nan aka naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin kwamandan baya na Rukunin Biyu na [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], wanda ke aiki a Tsakiyar Yamma. Obasanjo da ke zaune a Ibadan ne ke da alhakin tabbatar da cewa an samar da kayayyaki ga Rukunin Biyu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A cikin birnin, Obasanjo ya koyar da wani kwas a fannin kimiyyar soja a Jami'ar Ibadan kuma ya gina abokan hulɗarsa a cikin manyan Yarabawa. A lokacin yaƙin, an sami tashin hankali a cikin jama'a a Jihar Yamma, kuma don guje wa alhakin waɗannan batutuwa, Obasanjo ya yi murabus daga Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Yamma. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da Obasanjo yake nesa da Ibadan a watan Nuwamba na 1968, mazauna ƙauyen da [[Agbekoya|ƙungiyar manoma ta Agbekoya]] ta tattara makamai sun kai hari kan zauren birnin Ibadan. Sojoji sun yi ramuwar gayya, inda suka kashe goma daga cikin masu tayar da zaune tsaye. Lokacin da Obasanjo ya dawo, ya ba da umarnin a gudanar da bincike kan abubuwan da suka faru. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gowon ya yanke shawarar maye gurbin Kanar [[Benjamin Adekunle]], wanda ke jagorantar harin Biafra, amma yana buƙatar wani babban Ba’arabiye. Ya zaɓi Obasanjo, duk da rashin ƙwarewar yaƙi na baya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya isa [[Port Harcourt]] don ɗaukar sabon matsayin a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1969; yanzu yana kula da sojoji tsakanin 35,000 zuwa 40,000. Ya shafe makonni shida na farko yana yaƙi da harin Biafra a [[Aba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya zagaya kowane ɓangare na fagen daga, kuma ya ji rauni yayin da yake yin hakan. Waɗannan ayyukan sun sa ya sami suna na jarumtaka a tsakanin sojojinsa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A watan Disamba, Obasanjo ya ƙaddamar da [[Operation Finishing Touch]], yana ba da umarnin sojojinsa su ci gaba zuwa [[Umuahia]], wanda suka yi a [[Kirsimeti|ranar Kirsimeti]] . Wannan ya rage Biafra gida biyu. A ranar 7 ga Janairu 1970, sai ya ƙaddamar da Operation Tail-Wind, inda ya kama filin jirgin saman Uli a ranar 12 ga Janairu. A wannan lokacin, shugabannin Biafra sun amince su miƙa wuya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 13 ga Janairu, Obasanjo ya gana da kwamandan sojojin Biafra Philip Effiong . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya dage cewa sojojin Biafra su mika makamansu kuma wasu daga cikin shugabannin jihar da ta balle suka tafi Legas suka mika wuya ga Gowon a hukumance. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Washegari, Obasanjo ya yi magana a rediyon yankin, yana kira ga 'yan kasa da su zauna a gidajensu kuma su tabbatar da tsaronsu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yawancin 'yan Biafra da kafofin watsa labarai na kasashen waje sun ji tsoron cewa Sojojin Najeriya za su aikata munanan ayyuka a kan mutanen da aka kayar, kodayake Obasanjo yana son hana hakan. Ya umarci sojojinsa da ke yankin da su ci gaba da zama a cikin barikokinsu, yana mai cewa 'yan sandan yankin ya kamata su dauki alhakin bin doka da oda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[3rd Armoured Division (Nijeriya)|Rundunar Soja ta Uku]], wacce ta fi zama a ware, ta kai hare-haren ramuwar gayya kan mutanen yankin. Obasanjo ya yi tsauri kan wadanda suka aikata laifin satar mutane, sannan ya harbi wadanda suka aikata laifin fyade. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gwamnatin Gowon ta sa Obasanjo ya dauki alhakin sake hada Biafra cikin Najeriya, wanda a wannan matsayi ya sami girmamawa saboda jaddada girman kai. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A matsayinsa na injiniya, ya jaddada dawo da samar da ruwa; zuwa watan Mayu na 1970 dukkan manyan garuruwan yankin sun sake hadewa da samar da ruwa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Matsayin Obasanjo wajen kawo karshen yakin ya sanya shi gwarzon yaki kuma sanannen mutum a kasa baki daya a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} === Aikin bayan Yaƙin Basasa: 1970–1975 === A watan Yunin 1970, Obasanjo ya koma Abeokuta, inda jama'a suka tarbe shi a matsayin gwarzon da ya dawo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi Legas a matsayin Birgediya Janar na jagorantar Rundunar Injiniyoyi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Oktoba, Gowon ya sanar da cewa gwamnatin soja za ta mika iko ga gwamnatin farar hula a shekarar 1976. A halin yanzu, haramcin jam'iyyun siyasa ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rundunar sojoji; Gowon bai yi wani ci gaba ba wajen kafa gwamnatin farar hula. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A karkashin gwamnatin soja, Obasanjo ya zauna a kwamitin sallamar sojoji wanda ya ba da shawarar rage yawan sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1970. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1974 Obasanjo ya tafi Burtaniya don yin kwas a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Royal . [ 57 ] Da dawowarsa, a watan Janairun 1975, Gowon ya nada shi Kwamishinan Ayyuka da Gidaje, mukamin da ya rike na tsawon watanni bakwai, wanda a lokacin yake da alhakin gina barikin soja. [ 58 ] A shekarar 1970, Obasanjo ya sayi wani tsohon kamfani a Ibadan, inda ya ɗauki wani wakili don ya kula da shi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1973 ya yi rijistar wani kasuwanci, Temperance Enterprises Limited, wanda ta hanyarsa zai iya fara harkokin kasuwanci bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya kuma ci gaba da saka hannun jari a kadarori; zuwa 1974 ya mallaki gidaje biyu a Legas da kuma ɗaya a Ibadan da Abeokuta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} An yi ta rade-radin cewa Obasanjo ya shiga cikin cin hanci da rashawa da ke [[Cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya|ƙara yaɗuwa a Najeriya]], kodayake babu wata shaida mai ƙarfi game da hakan da ta bayyana. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Aurensa da Oluremi ya yi tsami yayin da ta ƙi dangantakarsa da wasu mata. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970 aka wargaza aurensu. [ 60 ] A shekarar 1976 ya auri [[Stella Obasanjo|Stella Abebe]] a wani bikin gargajiya na Yarbawa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == A gwamnatin Murtala == === Juyin mulkin 1975 da kuma bayansa === A watan Yulin 1975, juyin mulki karkashin jagorancin Shehu Musa Yar'Adua da Joseph Garba sun kori Gowon, [ 62 ] wanda ya gudu zuwa Birtaniya. [1] Ba su sanar da Obasanjo shirinsu ba domin an san shi da sukar juyin mulki a matsayin kayan aikin sauya gwamnati. [1] Masu shirya juyin mulkin suna son maye gurbin mulkin kama-karya na Gowon da wani rukunin sojoji uku wadanda Majalisar Soja za ta iya kin amincewa da shawarwarinsu. Saboda wannan nasarar, sun shawo kan Janar Murtala Muhammed ya zama shugaban kasa, inda Obasanjo ya zama na biyu a shugabancinsa, da Danjuma a matsayin na uku. [ 65 ] Masanin tarihi John Iliffe ya lura cewa daga cikin wadanda suka yi nasara, Obasanjo shine "dokin aiki da kwakwalwa" kuma shine mafi sha'awar komawa mulkin farar hula. [1] Tare, rundunar sojojin ƙasa ta gabatar da matakan tsuke bakin aljihu don dakile hauhawar farashin kaya, ta kafa Ofishin Bincike na Ayyukan Cin Hanci da Rashawa, ta maye gurbin dukkan gwamnonin soja da sabbin jami'ai waɗanda suka kai rahoto kai tsaye ga Obasanjo a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata, sannan ta ƙaddamar da "Operation Deadwood" inda ta hanyarsu suka kori jami'ai 11,000 daga ma'aikatan gwamnati. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ttx0ezevwvqk7vobdgslaobe0j161tn 873618 873617 2026-07-01T13:13:21Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 873618 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Chief '''Olusegun Matthew Okikiola Ogunboye Aremu Obasanjo''' GCFR <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by Obasanjo to the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/webcast/ga/61/pdfs/nigeria-e.pdf |access-date=23 April 2011}}</ref> ( // ⓘ ; Yoruba {{IPA|yo|ōlúʃɛ́ɡũ̄ ɔ̄básã̄d͡ʒɔ́|}} An haife shi {{Circa}} 5 ga Maris 1937) ɗan siyasa ne na Najeriya, ɗan siyasa, mai kishin ƙasa, kuma tsohon janar na soja wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sojan Najeriya daga alif 1976 zuwa 1979 sannan daga baya ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugabanta]] daga a 1999 zuwa 2007. A ra'ayinsa ɗan kishin ƙasa ne na Najeriya, ya kasance memba na [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP) daga alif 1998 zuwa 2015, kuma tun 2018.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8; Adeolu 2017, p. 4.</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 24 March 2022.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, p. 74.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 16–17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17; Derfler 2011, p. 74</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 29.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 29–30.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 30.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 78.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 45, 48.</ref> An haife shi a ƙauyen Ibogun-Olaogun, dangin sa manoma na reshen Owu na [[Yarbawa]], Obasanjo ya yi karatu sosai a [[Abeokuta]], [[Jihar Ogun]] . Ya shiga [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Rundunar Sojan Najeriya]] kuma ya ƙware a fannin injiniyanci kuma ya yi aiki a Kongo, [[Birtaniya]], da [[Indiya]], inda ya kai matsayin Manjo. A ƙarshen shekarun alif 1960, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaƙi da 'yan awaren [[Biyafara|Biafra]] a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya]], inda ya karɓi miƙa wuyansu alif 1970. A shekara alif 1975, [[1975 juyin mulkin Najeriya|wani juyin mulki na soja]] ya kafa gwamnatin soja tare da Obasanjo a matsayin wani ɓangare na mulkinta na nasara. Bayan an kashe shugaban triumvirate, [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], a al shekara mai zuwa, [[Majalisar Koli ta Soja ta Najeriya (1966 zuw 1979)|Majalisar Koli ta Soja]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council". www.interactioncouncil.org. Retrieved 1 February 2025.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 23; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 24; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 41.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 42; Derfler 2011, p. 79</ref> ta naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. Ci gaba da manufofin Murtala, Obasanjo ya kula da rage kasafin kuɗi da faɗaɗa damar samun ilimin makaranta kyauta. Yana ƙara haɗa Najeriya da Amurka, ya kuma jaddada goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin da ke adawa da mulkin tsirarun fararen fata a kudancin Afirka. Bayan da ya kuduri aniyar dawo da dimokuradiyya, Obasanjo ya jagoranci [[Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na alif 1979|zaben 1979]], bayan haka ya mika ragamar mulkin Najeriya ga sabon shugaban farar hula da aka zaba, [[Shehu Shagari|Shehu Shagari.]]<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 12–13; Derfler 2011, p. 73</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 13.</ref> Daga nan Obasanjo ya yi ritaya zuwa [[Ota, Ogun]], inda ya zama manomi, ya buga littattafai guda hudu, sannan ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa don kawo karshen rikice-rikicen Afirka daban-daban.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 7; Derfler 2011, p. 72</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 72; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 14</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 15.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, pp. 73–74.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 25; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 40.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 45.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 49, 56</ref> A shekara alif 1993, [[Sani Abacha]] ya kwace mulki a wani juyin mulki na soja. Obasanjo ya fito fili ya soki gwamnatin Abacha kuma a shekarar alif 1995 aka kama shi aka kuma same shi da laifin kasancewa cikin wani juyin mulki da aka shirya, duk da cewa bai aikata laifin da ake zargin sa da shi ba. Yayin da yake tsare, ya zama Kirista mai sake haifuwa, tare da ra'ayin raba iko ya yi tasiri sosai kan ra'ayinsa na duniya. An sake shi bayan mutuwar Abacha a alif 1998. Obasanjo ya shiga siyasar zabe, inda ya zama dan takarar PDP a zaben shugaban kasa na a 1999, wanda ya lashe. A matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, ya cire siyasa daga harkokin soja kuma ya fadada 'yan sanda tare da tattara sojoji don yaki da tashe-tashen hankulan kabilanci, addini, da kuma ballewa. Ya janye [[Yakin basasa na Sierra Leone|sojojin Najeriya daga Sierra Leone]] kuma ya sayar da kamfanoni daban-daban na gwamnati don takaita basussukan kasar da ke karuwa. An sake zabensa a zaben alif 2003. Saboda ra'ayoyin [[Pan-Africanism]], ya kasance mai goyon bayan kafa [[Tarayyar Afrika|kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta daga 2004 zuwa 2006. Yunkurin Obasanjo na canza kundin tsarin mulki don kawar da iyakokin wa'adin shugaban kasa bai yi nasara ba kuma ya jawo suka. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin tauhidi daga [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiyar Ƙasa ta Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adegbite |first=Charles Segun |date=16 December 2017 |title=At 80years, Obasanjo bags Ph.D in Theology |url=https://successfulpeoplemagazine.wordpress.com/2017/12/16/at-80years-obasanjo-bags-ph-d-in-theology/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=Successful People's World |language=en}}</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 39</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 20.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 26.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 24.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 26–27.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 27–28.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 28.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 31.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 31–32.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 42; Derfler 2011, p. 80.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 42</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 40; Derfler 2011, p. 79.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 42–43; Derfler 2011, p. 81.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 45; Derfler 2011, p. 82.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 45, 48; Derfler 2011, p. 83.</ref> An bayyana Obasanjo a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane na ƙarni na biyu na shugabannin Afirka bayan mulkin mallaka . Ya sami yabo kan yadda ya jagoranci sauye-sauyen da Najeriya ta yi zuwa ga [[dimokuradiyya ta wakilci]] a shekarun a 1970 da kuma ƙoƙarinsa na ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa a faɗin nahiyar. Masu suka sun dage cewa yana da laifin cin hanci da rashawa, cewa gwamnatocinsa sun kula da take haƙƙin ɗan adam, kuma a matsayinsa na shugaban ƙasa ya fara sha'awar haɗa kai da kuma riƙe ikonsa na kashin kansa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2025 |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} Biography, Age, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 21.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 21–22.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 22.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 25–26.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 41–42.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 82.</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Mahaifin Olusegun Obasanjo Obasanjo Bankole yana ɗaya daga cikin mutanen farko da suka fara zama kuma ubannin da suka kafa ƙauyen Igbogun Olaogun a farkon shekarun a 1920. Duk da cewa manomi ne mai arziki kuma mai sana'ar giyar dabino, ana ɗaukarsa talaka ne saboda ba ya cikin manyan mutane masu ilimi a [[Kasar Yarbawa|ƙasar Yarabawa]] . Bankole ya haɗu da Bernice Ashabi, wani ƙaramin ɗan kasuwa a Igbogun kuma dukansu sun yi aure. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu da suka rage daga cikin shida: Olusegun da Adunni Oluwola, 'yar'uwarsa tilo. {{Sfn|Adeolu|2017}} A cewar fasfo ɗinsa, an haifi Olusegun Obasanjo a ranar 5 ga Maris 1937 duk da cewa babu wani tarihi na zamani kuma kwanan wata kusan kiyasi ne. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}}<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 43.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 43; Derfler 2011, p. 81.</ref> Olusegun ya fito ne daga Masarautar Owu . An rene shi a matsayin Baptist . Daga baya 'yar'uwarsa ta [[Musulunci|musulunta]] domin ta auri wani mutum Musulmi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 44.</ref>Yana da shekara 11, ya shiga makarantar firamare ta ƙauyen, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma bayan shekaru uku, a 1951, ya koma Makarantar Ranar Baptist a unguwar Owu ta [[Abeokuta]] . [ 11 ] A 1952 ya koma [[Baptist Boys' High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta Baptist Boys]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> shi ma a garin. Kuɗaɗen makarantarsa wani ɓangare ne na tallafin gwamnati. [ 13 ] Obasanjo ya yi kyau a fannin ilimi, [ 14 ] kuma a makaranta ya zama ƙwararren ɗan Scout . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Duk da cewa babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa yana da hannu a cikin kowace ƙungiyar siyasa, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} a makarantar sakandare ne Obasanjo ya ƙi sunan farko na "Matthew" a matsayin wani aikin adawa da mulkin mallaka . [ 16 ] A halin yanzu, mahaifin Obasanjo ya yi watsi da matarsa da 'ya'yansa biyu. [ 17 ] Bayan da ya faɗa cikin talauci, mahaifiyar Obasanjo ta yi aiki a fannin kasuwanci don ta rayu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Domin biyan kuɗin makarantarsa, Obasanjo ya yi aiki a gonakin koko da kola, ya yi kamun kifi, ya tattara itacen wuta, sannan ya sayar wa masu gini yashi. A lokacin hutun makaranta, ya kuma yi aiki a makarantar, yana sare ciyawa da sauran ayyukan hannu.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 48; Derfler 2011, p. 83</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 48.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 46; Derfler 2011, p. 83.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 47.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 46–47; Derfler 2011, p. 94.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 94.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 48; Derfler 2011, pp. 84–85.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 49.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 48–49; Derfler 2011, p. 85</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 56.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 51</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 50.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 50; Derfler 2011, p. 85.</ref> A shekarar 1956, Obasanjo ya yi jarrabawar makarantar sakandare, bayan ya ranci kuɗi don biyan kuɗin shiga. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan shekarar, ya fara soyayya da [[Esther Oluremi Obasanjo|Oluremi Akinlawon]], 'yar Owu ga wani babban jami'in tashar jirgin ƙasa. An yi musu alkawari za su yi aure a shekarar 1958. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya koma [[Ibadan]], inda ya yi aikin koyarwa. A can, ya zauna don jarrabawar shiga [[Jami'ar Ibadan|Kwalejin Jami'a ta Ibadan]], amma duk da cewa ya ci nasara, ya ga ba zai iya biyan kuɗin makaranta ba. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan Obasanjo ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a matsayin injiniyan farar hula, kuma don samun damar shiga wannan sana'a, a shekarar 1958 ya amsa wani tallan horar da jami'in sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya. [ 21 ] <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}</ref> == Farkon aikin soja (1958–1966) == === Horar da sojoji: 1958–1959 === A watan Maris na shekarar 1958, Obasanjo ya shiga rundunar sojin Najeriya. [ 23 ] Ya ga hakan a matsayin wata dama ta ci gaba da karatunsa yayin da yake samun albashi; {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} bai sanar da iyalansa nan take ba, yana tsoron cewa iyayensa za su ƙi amincewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan lokacin ne aka mayar da [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|rundunar sojin Najeriya]] zuwa ikon gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Najeriya, a shirye-shiryen samun cikakken 'yancin kai na Najeriya, kuma an yi yunƙurin shigar da ƙarin 'yan asalin Najeriya cikin manyan mukamai na rundunar sojinta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi zuwa Makarantar Horar da Jami'ai ta Kullum da ke [[Teshie]] a [[Ghana]] . [ 23 ] Lokacin da aka tura shi aiki a ƙasashen waje, ya aika wa amaryarsa wasiƙu da kyaututtuka a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Satumba na shekarar 1958, an zaɓe shi don ƙarin horo na watanni shida a Makarantar Cadet ta Mons Officer da ke Aldershot, kudancin [[Ingila]] . Obasanjo bai so hakan a can ba, yana ganin cewa cibiyar ta kasance ta aji da [[wariyar launin fata]], kuma ya ga yana da wahala ya daidaita da yanayin sanyi da danshi na Ingila. [ 26 ] Ya ƙarfafa ra'ayoyinsa marasa kyau game da [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] da kuma 'yancinta na mulkin mallaka a kan mutanen da ta mamaye. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} A ranar Litinin, ya sami kwamiti da takardar shaidar injiniya. Yayin da Obasanjo yake Ingila, mahaifiyarsa ta mutu. Mahaifinsa ya mutu bayan shekara guda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1959, Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya. A can, aka tura shi [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] a matsayin wani soja mai kula da rundunar sojojin ƙasa tare da Bataliyar Biyar. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Lokacin da ya yi a Kaduna shi ne karo na farko da Obasanjo ya zauna a yankin da Musulmai suka fi rinjaye. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da yake can, a watan Oktoban 1960, Najeriya ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> === Rikicin Congo: 1960–1961 === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an aika da Bataliya ta Biyar zuwa Kongo a matsayin wani ɓangare na rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . A can, an kafa bataliya a Lardin Kivu, tare da hedikwatarsu a [[Bukavu]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A Kongo, Obasanjo da wasu suna da alhakin kare fararen hula, gami da ƙabilar tsiraru ta Belgium, daga [[1960 Sojojin Jama'a|sojojin da suka yi tawaye]] ga gwamnatin [[Patrice Lumumba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Fabrairun 1961, masu tawaye sun kama Obasanjo yayin da yake kwashe masu wa'azin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika na Roman]] daga wani tasha kusa da Bukavu. Masu tawaye sun yi tunanin kashe shi amma an umarce su da su sake shi. A watan Mayun 1961, Bataliya ta Biyar ta bar Kongo ta koma Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin rikicin, an naɗa shi kyaftin na wucin gadi. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} Daga baya ya lura cewa lokacin da aka yi a Kongo ya ƙarfafa "zafin Pan-African" na bataliyarsa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Dawowa daga Kongo: 1961–1966 === Da dawowarsa, Obasanjo ya sayi motarsa ta farko, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma an kwantar da shi a asibiti na ɗan lokaci saboda ciwon ciki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da ya warke, aka mayar da shi zuwa Rundunar Injiniyan Sojoji. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1962 aka tura shi aiki a Kwalejin Injiniyan Sojoji ta Royal a Ingila. [ 30 ] A can, ya yi fice kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun ɗalibi na Commonwealth da aka taɓa samu". [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, ya biya Akinlawon don tafiya zuwa Landan inda za ta iya shiga wani kwas na horo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Yunin 1963 a Ofishin Rijistar Kore na Camberwell, suna sanar da iyalansu ne kawai bayan taron. [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, an ba Obasanjo umarnin komawa Najeriya, kodayake matarsa ta ci gaba da zama a Landan na tsawon shekaru uku don kammala karatunta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da zarar ya isa Najeriya, Obasanjo ya karɓi ragamar rundunar Injiniyan Field da ke Kaduna. [ 33 ] A cikin aikin soja, Obasanjo ya ci gaba da samun ci gaba a cikin manyan mukamai, inda ya zama babban jami'i a shekarar 1965. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya yi amfani da kudin shigarsa wajen sayen filaye, a farkon shekarun 1960 yana samun kadarori a Ibadan, Kaduna, da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1965, an tura Obasanjo zuwa Indiya. A kan hanyarsa, ya ziyarci matarsa a Landan. A [[Indiya]], ya yi karatu a [[Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro (DSSC)|Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro]] da ke Wellington sannan ya yi karatu a Makarantar Injiniya da ke [[Pune|Poona]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya yi mamakin yunwar da ya gani a Indiya duk da cewa ya nuna sha'awar al'adun kasar, wani abu da ya karfafa masa gwiwa ya karanta littattafai kan addini mai kama da juna . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya == === Aikin kafin Yaƙin Basasa: 1966–1967 === Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya a watan Janairun 1966 domin ya gano kasar tana tsakiyar [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin soja]] wanda Manjo [[Emmanuel Ifeajuna]] ya jagoranta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo yana cikin wadanda suka yi gargadin cewa lamarin na iya rikidewa zuwa yakin basasa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya bayar da shawarar yin aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani tsakanin masu shirya juyin mulkin da gwamnatin farar hula, wacce ta mika mulki ga Babban Kwamandan Soja [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da juyin mulkin ya gaza, Olusegun ya hadu da Ironsi a Legas. Ba da daɗewa ba Ironsi ya kawo karshen tsarin tarayya a Najeriya ta hanyar dokar hadin kan kasa a watan Mayun 1966, wani abu da ya tayar da rikicin kabilanci. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ƙarshen watan Yuli, [[Juyin Mulki a Najeriya, 1966|an sake yin juyin mulki na biyu]] . A Ibadan, sojoji 'yan asalin arewacin Najeriya sun yi tawaye suka kashe Ironsi, sannan suka kashe sojoji kusan ɗari biyu galibi daga Kudancin Najeriya. Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya karbi mulki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da ake wannan juyin mulki, Obasanjo yana [[Maiduguri]] . Jin labarin, sai ya koma Kaduna da sauri. A can, ya gano cewa sojojin arewa daga Bataliya ta Uku suna tattara sojoji, suna azabtar da su, da kuma kashe su. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[Gwamnan Arewacin Najeriya]], [[Hassan Usman Katsina|Hassan Katsina]], ya fahimci cewa duk da cewa Olusegun ba Igbo ba ne, a matsayinsa na ɗan kudu, har yanzu yana cikin haɗari daga sojojin da suka yi tawaye. Domin kare su, Katsina ta mayar da Olusegun da matarsa Maiduguri na tsawon kwanaki goma, yayin da tashin hankalin ya ragu. Bayan haka, Obasanjo ya aika matarsa zuwa Legas yayin da yake komawa Kaduna da kansa, inda ya zauna har zuwa Janairu 1967. A wannan lokacin shi ne babban jami'in Yarabawa mafi girma a arewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Janairun 1967, an tura Obasanjo aiki zuwa Legas a matsayin Babban Injiniyan Sojoji. [ 40 ] Tashin hankali tsakanin kabilun Igbo da na arewa ya ci gaba da karuwa, kuma a watan Mayu jami'in soja na Igbo [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu|C. Odumegwu Ojukwu]] ya ayyana 'yancin kai ga yankunan da Igbo ke da rinjaye a kudu maso gabas, inda ya kafa [[Biyafara|Jamhuriyar Biafra]] . [ 41 ] A ranar 3 ga Yuli, gwamnatin Najeriya ta tura Obasanjo zuwa Ibadan don yin aiki a matsayin kwamandan [[Jihar Yammacin Najeriya|Jihar Yamma]] . [ 42 ] Fadan da ya barke tsakanin Sojojin Najeriya da 'yan awaren Biafra ya barke a ranar 6 ga Yuli. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 9 ga Yuli, Ojukwu ta aika da rundunar sojojin Biafra a kan gadar Niger a wani yunƙuri na kwace yankin Mid-West, wani wuri da za ta iya kai hari a Lagos. Obasanjo ya nemi toshe hanyoyin da ke kaiwa birnin. Kwamandan Yarbawa Victor Banjo, wanda ke jagorantar rundunar hare-haren Biafra, ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan Obasanjo ya bar su su wuce, amma ya ƙi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Umarnin Yaƙin Basasa: 1967–1970 === [[Fayil:Colonel_Olu_Obasanjo_-_ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_093_New_Nigerian_newspaper_page_7_January_1970._End_of_the_Nigerian_civil_war_with_Biafra_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|"Kanar Olu Obasanjo, Kwamanda, sashe na 3". ''Sabuwar Jaridar Najeriya'', shafi na 7, 12 Janairu 1970. Ƙarshen yaƙin basasar Najeriya da Biafra.]] Daga nan aka naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin kwamandan baya na Rukunin Biyu na [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], wanda ke aiki a Tsakiyar Yamma. Obasanjo da ke zaune a Ibadan ne ke da alhakin tabbatar da cewa an samar da kayayyaki ga Rukunin Biyu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A cikin birnin, Obasanjo ya koyar da wani kwas a fannin kimiyyar soja a Jami'ar Ibadan kuma ya gina abokan hulɗarsa a cikin manyan Yarabawa. A lokacin yaƙin, an sami tashin hankali a cikin jama'a a Jihar Yamma, kuma don guje wa alhakin waɗannan batutuwa, Obasanjo ya yi murabus daga Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Yamma. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da Obasanjo yake nesa da Ibadan a watan Nuwamba na 1968, mazauna ƙauyen da [[Agbekoya|ƙungiyar manoma ta Agbekoya]] ta tattara makamai sun kai hari kan zauren birnin Ibadan. Sojoji sun yi ramuwar gayya, inda suka kashe goma daga cikin masu tayar da zaune tsaye. Lokacin da Obasanjo ya dawo, ya ba da umarnin a gudanar da bincike kan abubuwan da suka faru. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gowon ya yanke shawarar maye gurbin Kanar [[Benjamin Adekunle]], wanda ke jagorantar harin Biafra, amma yana buƙatar wani babban Ba’arabiye. Ya zaɓi Obasanjo, duk da rashin ƙwarewar yaƙi na baya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya isa [[Port Harcourt]] don ɗaukar sabon matsayin a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1969; yanzu yana kula da sojoji tsakanin 35,000 zuwa 40,000. Ya shafe makonni shida na farko yana yaƙi da harin Biafra a [[Aba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya zagaya kowane ɓangare na fagen daga, kuma ya ji rauni yayin da yake yin hakan. Waɗannan ayyukan sun sa ya sami suna na jarumtaka a tsakanin sojojinsa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A watan Disamba, Obasanjo ya ƙaddamar da [[Operation Finishing Touch]], yana ba da umarnin sojojinsa su ci gaba zuwa [[Umuahia]], wanda suka yi a [[Kirsimeti|ranar Kirsimeti]] . Wannan ya rage Biafra gida biyu. A ranar 7 ga Janairu 1970, sai ya ƙaddamar da Operation Tail-Wind, inda ya kama filin jirgin saman Uli a ranar 12 ga Janairu. A wannan lokacin, shugabannin Biafra sun amince su miƙa wuya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 13 ga Janairu, Obasanjo ya gana da kwamandan sojojin Biafra Philip Effiong . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya dage cewa sojojin Biafra su mika makamansu kuma wasu daga cikin shugabannin jihar da ta balle suka tafi Legas suka mika wuya ga Gowon a hukumance. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Washegari, Obasanjo ya yi magana a rediyon yankin, yana kira ga 'yan kasa da su zauna a gidajensu kuma su tabbatar da tsaronsu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yawancin 'yan Biafra da kafofin watsa labarai na kasashen waje sun ji tsoron cewa Sojojin Najeriya za su aikata munanan ayyuka a kan mutanen da aka kayar, kodayake Obasanjo yana son hana hakan. Ya umarci sojojinsa da ke yankin da su ci gaba da zama a cikin barikokinsu, yana mai cewa 'yan sandan yankin ya kamata su dauki alhakin bin doka da oda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[3rd Armoured Division (Nijeriya)|Rundunar Soja ta Uku]], wacce ta fi zama a ware, ta kai hare-haren ramuwar gayya kan mutanen yankin. Obasanjo ya yi tsauri kan wadanda suka aikata laifin satar mutane, sannan ya harbi wadanda suka aikata laifin fyade. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gwamnatin Gowon ta sa Obasanjo ya dauki alhakin sake hada Biafra cikin Najeriya, wanda a wannan matsayi ya sami girmamawa saboda jaddada girman kai. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A matsayinsa na injiniya, ya jaddada dawo da samar da ruwa; zuwa watan Mayu na 1970 dukkan manyan garuruwan yankin sun sake hadewa da samar da ruwa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Matsayin Obasanjo wajen kawo karshen yakin ya sanya shi gwarzon yaki kuma sanannen mutum a kasa baki daya a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} === Aikin bayan Yaƙin Basasa: 1970–1975 === A watan Yunin 1970, Obasanjo ya koma Abeokuta, inda jama'a suka tarbe shi a matsayin gwarzon da ya dawo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi Legas a matsayin Birgediya Janar na jagorantar Rundunar Injiniyoyi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Oktoba, Gowon ya sanar da cewa gwamnatin soja za ta mika iko ga gwamnatin farar hula a shekarar 1976. A halin yanzu, haramcin jam'iyyun siyasa ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rundunar sojoji; Gowon bai yi wani ci gaba ba wajen kafa gwamnatin farar hula. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A karkashin gwamnatin soja, Obasanjo ya zauna a kwamitin sallamar sojoji wanda ya ba da shawarar rage yawan sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1970. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1974 Obasanjo ya tafi Burtaniya don yin kwas a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Royal . [ 57 ] Da dawowarsa, a watan Janairun 1975, Gowon ya nada shi Kwamishinan Ayyuka da Gidaje, mukamin da ya rike na tsawon watanni bakwai, wanda a lokacin yake da alhakin gina barikin soja. [ 58 ] A shekarar 1970, Obasanjo ya sayi wani tsohon kamfani a Ibadan, inda ya ɗauki wani wakili don ya kula da shi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1973 ya yi rijistar wani kasuwanci, Temperance Enterprises Limited, wanda ta hanyarsa zai iya fara harkokin kasuwanci bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya kuma ci gaba da saka hannun jari a kadarori; zuwa 1974 ya mallaki gidaje biyu a Legas da kuma ɗaya a Ibadan da Abeokuta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} An yi ta rade-radin cewa Obasanjo ya shiga cikin cin hanci da rashawa da ke [[Cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya|ƙara yaɗuwa a Najeriya]], kodayake babu wata shaida mai ƙarfi game da hakan da ta bayyana. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Aurensa da Oluremi ya yi tsami yayin da ta ƙi dangantakarsa da wasu mata. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970 aka wargaza aurensu. [ 60 ] A shekarar 1976 ya auri [[Stella Obasanjo|Stella Abebe]] a wani bikin gargajiya na Yarbawa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == A gwamnatin Murtala == === Juyin mulkin 1975 da kuma bayansa === A watan Yulin 1975, juyin mulki karkashin jagorancin Shehu Musa Yar'Adua da Joseph Garba sun kori Gowon, [ 62 ] wanda ya gudu zuwa Birtaniya. [1] Ba su sanar da Obasanjo shirinsu ba domin an san shi da sukar juyin mulki a matsayin kayan aikin sauya gwamnati. [1] Masu shirya juyin mulkin suna son maye gurbin mulkin kama-karya na Gowon da wani rukunin sojoji uku wadanda Majalisar Soja za ta iya kin amincewa da shawarwarinsu. Saboda wannan nasarar, sun shawo kan Janar Murtala Muhammed ya zama shugaban kasa, inda Obasanjo ya zama na biyu a shugabancinsa, da Danjuma a matsayin na uku. [ 65 ] Masanin tarihi John Iliffe ya lura cewa daga cikin wadanda suka yi nasara, Obasanjo shine "dokin aiki da kwakwalwa" kuma shine mafi sha'awar komawa mulkin farar hula. [1] Tare, rundunar sojojin ƙasa ta gabatar da matakan tsuke bakin aljihu don dakile hauhawar farashin kaya, ta kafa Ofishin Bincike na Ayyukan Cin Hanci da Rashawa, ta maye gurbin dukkan gwamnonin soja da sabbin jami'ai waɗanda suka kai rahoto kai tsaye ga Obasanjo a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata, sannan ta ƙaddamar da "Operation Deadwood" inda ta hanyarsu suka kori jami'ai 11,000 daga ma'aikatan gwamnati. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2bs5fs6b4d9gufzwt0zdoe0rgs2mioe 873623 873618 2026-07-01T13:15:07Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 873623 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Chief '''Olusegun Matthew Okikiola Ogunboye Aremu Obasanjo''' GCFR <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by Obasanjo to the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/webcast/ga/61/pdfs/nigeria-e.pdf |access-date=23 April 2011}}</ref> ( // ⓘ ; Yoruba {{IPA|yo|ōlúʃɛ́ɡũ̄ ɔ̄básã̄d͡ʒɔ́|}} An haife shi {{Circa}} 5 ga Maris 1937) ɗan siyasa ne na Najeriya, ɗan siyasa, mai kishin ƙasa, kuma tsohon janar na soja wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sojan Najeriya daga alif 1976 zuwa 1979 sannan daga baya ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugabanta]] daga a 1999 zuwa 2007. A ra'ayinsa ɗan kishin ƙasa ne na Najeriya, ya kasance memba na [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP) daga alif 1998 zuwa 2015, kuma tun 2018.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8; Adeolu 2017, p. 4.</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 24 March 2022.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, p. 74.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 16–17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17; Derfler 2011, p. 74</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 29.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 29–30.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 30.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 78.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 45, 48.</ref> An haife shi a ƙauyen Ibogun-Olaogun, dangin sa manoma na reshen Owu na [[Yarbawa]], Obasanjo ya yi karatu sosai a [[Abeokuta]], [[Jihar Ogun]] . Ya shiga [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Rundunar Sojan Najeriya]] kuma ya ƙware a fannin injiniyanci kuma ya yi aiki a Kongo, [[Birtaniya]], da [[Indiya]], inda ya kai matsayin Manjo. A ƙarshen shekarun alif 1960, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaƙi da 'yan awaren [[Biyafara|Biafra]] a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya]], inda ya karɓi miƙa wuyansu alif 1970. A shekara alif 1975, [[1975 juyin mulkin Najeriya|wani juyin mulki na soja]] ya kafa gwamnatin soja tare da Obasanjo a matsayin wani ɓangare na mulkinta na nasara. Bayan an kashe shugaban triumvirate, [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], a al shekara mai zuwa, [[Majalisar Koli ta Soja ta Najeriya (1966 zuw 1979)|Majalisar Koli ta Soja]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council". www.interactioncouncil.org. Retrieved 1 February 2025.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 23; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 24; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 41.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 42; Derfler 2011, p. 79</ref> ta naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. Ci gaba da manufofin Murtala, Obasanjo ya kula da rage kasafin kuɗi da faɗaɗa damar samun ilimin makaranta kyauta. Yana ƙara haɗa Najeriya da Amurka, ya kuma jaddada goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin da ke adawa da mulkin tsirarun fararen fata a kudancin Afirka. Bayan da ya kuduri aniyar dawo da dimokuradiyya, Obasanjo ya jagoranci [[Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na alif 1979|zaben 1979]], bayan haka ya mika ragamar mulkin Najeriya ga sabon shugaban farar hula da aka zaba, [[Shehu Shagari|Shehu Shagari.]]<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 12–13; Derfler 2011, p. 73</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 13.</ref> Daga nan Obasanjo ya yi ritaya zuwa [[Ota, Ogun]], inda ya zama manomi, ya buga littattafai guda hudu, sannan ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa don kawo karshen rikice-rikicen Afirka daban-daban.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 7; Derfler 2011, p. 72</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 72; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 14</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 15.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, pp. 73–74.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 25; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 40.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 45.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 49, 56</ref> A shekara alif 1993, [[Sani Abacha]] ya kwace mulki a wani juyin mulki na soja. Obasanjo ya fito fili ya soki gwamnatin Abacha kuma a shekarar alif 1995 aka kama shi aka kuma same shi da laifin kasancewa cikin wani juyin mulki da aka shirya, duk da cewa bai aikata laifin da ake zargin sa da shi ba. Yayin da yake tsare, ya zama Kirista mai sake haifuwa, tare da ra'ayin raba iko ya yi tasiri sosai kan ra'ayinsa na duniya. An sake shi bayan mutuwar Abacha a alif 1998. Obasanjo ya shiga siyasar zabe, inda ya zama dan takarar PDP a zaben shugaban kasa na a 1999, wanda ya lashe. A matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, ya cire siyasa daga harkokin soja kuma ya fadada 'yan sanda tare da tattara sojoji don yaki da tashe-tashen hankulan kabilanci, addini, da kuma ballewa. Ya janye [[Yakin basasa na Sierra Leone|sojojin Najeriya daga Sierra Leone]] kuma ya sayar da kamfanoni daban-daban na gwamnati don takaita basussukan kasar da ke karuwa. An sake zabensa a zaben alif 2003. Saboda ra'ayoyin [[Pan-Africanism]], ya kasance mai goyon bayan kafa [[Tarayyar Afrika|kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta daga 2004 zuwa 2006. Yunkurin Obasanjo na canza kundin tsarin mulki don kawar da iyakokin wa'adin shugaban kasa bai yi nasara ba kuma ya jawo suka. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin tauhidi daga [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiyar Ƙasa ta Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adegbite |first=Charles Segun |date=16 December 2017 |title=At 80years, Obasanjo bags Ph.D in Theology |url=https://successfulpeoplemagazine.wordpress.com/2017/12/16/at-80years-obasanjo-bags-ph-d-in-theology/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=Successful People's World |language=en}}</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 39</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 20.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 26.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 24.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 26–27.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 27–28.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 28.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 31.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 31–32.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 42; Derfler 2011, p. 80.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 42</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 40; Derfler 2011, p. 79.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 42–43; Derfler 2011, p. 81.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 45; Derfler 2011, p. 82.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 45, 48; Derfler 2011, p. 83.</ref> An bayyana Obasanjo a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane na ƙarni na biyu na shugabannin Afirka bayan mulkin mallaka . Ya sami yabo kan yadda ya jagoranci sauye-sauyen da Najeriya ta yi zuwa ga [[dimokuradiyya ta wakilci]] a shekarun alof 1970 da kuma ƙoƙarinsa na ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa a faɗin nahiyar. Masu suka sun dage cewa yana da laifin cin hanci da rashawa, cewa gwamnatocinsa sun kula da take haƙƙin ɗan adam, kuma a matsayinsa na shugaban ƙasa ya fara sha'awar haɗa kai da kuma riƙe ikonsa na kashin kansa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2025 |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} Biography, Age, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 21.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 21–22.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 22.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 25–26.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 41–42.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 82.</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Mahaifin Olusegun Obasanjo Obasanjo Bankole yana ɗaya daga cikin mutanen farko da suka fara zama kuma ubannin da suka kafa ƙauyen Igbogun Olaogun a farkon shekarun a 1920. Duk da cewa manomi ne mai arziki kuma mai sana'ar giyar dabino, ana ɗaukarsa talaka ne saboda ba ya cikin manyan mutane masu ilimi a [[Kasar Yarbawa|ƙasar Yarabawa]] . Bankole ya haɗu da Bernice Ashabi, wani ƙaramin ɗan kasuwa a Igbogun kuma dukansu sun yi aure. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu da suka rage daga cikin shida: Olusegun da Adunni Oluwola, 'yar'uwarsa tilo. {{Sfn|Adeolu|2017}} A cewar fasfo ɗinsa, an haifi Olusegun Obasanjo a ranar 5 ga Maris 1937 duk da cewa babu wani tarihi na zamani kuma kwanan wata kusan kiyasi ne. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}}<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 43.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 43; Derfler 2011, p. 81.</ref> Olusegun ya fito ne daga Masarautar Owu . An rene shi a matsayin Baptist . Daga baya 'yar'uwarsa ta [[Musulunci|musulunta]] domin ta auri wani mutum Musulmi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 44.</ref>Yana da shekara 11, ya shiga makarantar firamare ta ƙauyen, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma bayan shekaru uku, a 1951, ya koma Makarantar Ranar Baptist a unguwar Owu ta [[Abeokuta]] . [ 11 ] A 1952 ya koma [[Baptist Boys' High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta Baptist Boys]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> shi ma a garin. Kuɗaɗen makarantarsa wani ɓangare ne na tallafin gwamnati. [ 13 ] Obasanjo ya yi kyau a fannin ilimi, [ 14 ] kuma a makaranta ya zama ƙwararren ɗan Scout . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Duk da cewa babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa yana da hannu a cikin kowace ƙungiyar siyasa, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} a makarantar sakandare ne Obasanjo ya ƙi sunan farko na "Matthew" a matsayin wani aikin adawa da mulkin mallaka . [ 16 ] A halin yanzu, mahaifin Obasanjo ya yi watsi da matarsa da 'ya'yansa biyu. [ 17 ] Bayan da ya faɗa cikin talauci, mahaifiyar Obasanjo ta yi aiki a fannin kasuwanci don ta rayu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Domin biyan kuɗin makarantarsa, Obasanjo ya yi aiki a gonakin koko da kola, ya yi kamun kifi, ya tattara itacen wuta, sannan ya sayar wa masu gini yashi. A lokacin hutun makaranta, ya kuma yi aiki a makarantar, yana sare ciyawa da sauran ayyukan hannu.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 48; Derfler 2011, p. 83</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 48.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 46; Derfler 2011, p. 83.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 47.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 46–47; Derfler 2011, p. 94.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 94.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 48; Derfler 2011, pp. 84–85.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 49.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 48–49; Derfler 2011, p. 85</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 56.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 51</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 50.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 50; Derfler 2011, p. 85.</ref> A shekarar 1956, Obasanjo ya yi jarrabawar makarantar sakandare, bayan ya ranci kuɗi don biyan kuɗin shiga. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan shekarar, ya fara soyayya da [[Esther Oluremi Obasanjo|Oluremi Akinlawon]], 'yar Owu ga wani babban jami'in tashar jirgin ƙasa. An yi musu alkawari za su yi aure a shekarar 1958. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya koma [[Ibadan]], inda ya yi aikin koyarwa. A can, ya zauna don jarrabawar shiga [[Jami'ar Ibadan|Kwalejin Jami'a ta Ibadan]], amma duk da cewa ya ci nasara, ya ga ba zai iya biyan kuɗin makaranta ba. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan Obasanjo ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a matsayin injiniyan farar hula, kuma don samun damar shiga wannan sana'a, a shekarar 1958 ya amsa wani tallan horar da jami'in sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya. [ 21 ] <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}</ref> == Farkon aikin soja (1958–1966) == === Horar da sojoji: 1958–1959 === A watan Maris na shekarar 1958, Obasanjo ya shiga rundunar sojin Najeriya. [ 23 ] Ya ga hakan a matsayin wata dama ta ci gaba da karatunsa yayin da yake samun albashi; {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} bai sanar da iyalansa nan take ba, yana tsoron cewa iyayensa za su ƙi amincewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan lokacin ne aka mayar da [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|rundunar sojin Najeriya]] zuwa ikon gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Najeriya, a shirye-shiryen samun cikakken 'yancin kai na Najeriya, kuma an yi yunƙurin shigar da ƙarin 'yan asalin Najeriya cikin manyan mukamai na rundunar sojinta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi zuwa Makarantar Horar da Jami'ai ta Kullum da ke [[Teshie]] a [[Ghana]] . [ 23 ] Lokacin da aka tura shi aiki a ƙasashen waje, ya aika wa amaryarsa wasiƙu da kyaututtuka a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Satumba na shekarar 1958, an zaɓe shi don ƙarin horo na watanni shida a Makarantar Cadet ta Mons Officer da ke Aldershot, kudancin [[Ingila]] . Obasanjo bai so hakan a can ba, yana ganin cewa cibiyar ta kasance ta aji da [[wariyar launin fata]], kuma ya ga yana da wahala ya daidaita da yanayin sanyi da danshi na Ingila. [ 26 ] Ya ƙarfafa ra'ayoyinsa marasa kyau game da [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] da kuma 'yancinta na mulkin mallaka a kan mutanen da ta mamaye. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} A ranar Litinin, ya sami kwamiti da takardar shaidar injiniya. Yayin da Obasanjo yake Ingila, mahaifiyarsa ta mutu. Mahaifinsa ya mutu bayan shekara guda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1959, Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya. A can, aka tura shi [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] a matsayin wani soja mai kula da rundunar sojojin ƙasa tare da Bataliyar Biyar. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Lokacin da ya yi a Kaduna shi ne karo na farko da Obasanjo ya zauna a yankin da Musulmai suka fi rinjaye. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da yake can, a watan Oktoban 1960, Najeriya ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> === Rikicin Congo: 1960–1961 === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an aika da Bataliya ta Biyar zuwa Kongo a matsayin wani ɓangare na rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . A can, an kafa bataliya a Lardin Kivu, tare da hedikwatarsu a [[Bukavu]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A Kongo, Obasanjo da wasu suna da alhakin kare fararen hula, gami da ƙabilar tsiraru ta Belgium, daga [[1960 Sojojin Jama'a|sojojin da suka yi tawaye]] ga gwamnatin [[Patrice Lumumba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Fabrairun 1961, masu tawaye sun kama Obasanjo yayin da yake kwashe masu wa'azin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika na Roman]] daga wani tasha kusa da Bukavu. Masu tawaye sun yi tunanin kashe shi amma an umarce su da su sake shi. A watan Mayun 1961, Bataliya ta Biyar ta bar Kongo ta koma Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin rikicin, an naɗa shi kyaftin na wucin gadi. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} Daga baya ya lura cewa lokacin da aka yi a Kongo ya ƙarfafa "zafin Pan-African" na bataliyarsa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Dawowa daga Kongo: 1961–1966 === Da dawowarsa, Obasanjo ya sayi motarsa ta farko, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma an kwantar da shi a asibiti na ɗan lokaci saboda ciwon ciki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da ya warke, aka mayar da shi zuwa Rundunar Injiniyan Sojoji. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1962 aka tura shi aiki a Kwalejin Injiniyan Sojoji ta Royal a Ingila. [ 30 ] A can, ya yi fice kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun ɗalibi na Commonwealth da aka taɓa samu". [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, ya biya Akinlawon don tafiya zuwa Landan inda za ta iya shiga wani kwas na horo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Yunin 1963 a Ofishin Rijistar Kore na Camberwell, suna sanar da iyalansu ne kawai bayan taron. [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, an ba Obasanjo umarnin komawa Najeriya, kodayake matarsa ta ci gaba da zama a Landan na tsawon shekaru uku don kammala karatunta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da zarar ya isa Najeriya, Obasanjo ya karɓi ragamar rundunar Injiniyan Field da ke Kaduna. [ 33 ] A cikin aikin soja, Obasanjo ya ci gaba da samun ci gaba a cikin manyan mukamai, inda ya zama babban jami'i a shekarar 1965. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya yi amfani da kudin shigarsa wajen sayen filaye, a farkon shekarun 1960 yana samun kadarori a Ibadan, Kaduna, da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1965, an tura Obasanjo zuwa Indiya. A kan hanyarsa, ya ziyarci matarsa a Landan. A [[Indiya]], ya yi karatu a [[Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro (DSSC)|Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro]] da ke Wellington sannan ya yi karatu a Makarantar Injiniya da ke [[Pune|Poona]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya yi mamakin yunwar da ya gani a Indiya duk da cewa ya nuna sha'awar al'adun kasar, wani abu da ya karfafa masa gwiwa ya karanta littattafai kan addini mai kama da juna . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya == === Aikin kafin Yaƙin Basasa: 1966–1967 === Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya a watan Janairun 1966 domin ya gano kasar tana tsakiyar [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin soja]] wanda Manjo [[Emmanuel Ifeajuna]] ya jagoranta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo yana cikin wadanda suka yi gargadin cewa lamarin na iya rikidewa zuwa yakin basasa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya bayar da shawarar yin aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani tsakanin masu shirya juyin mulkin da gwamnatin farar hula, wacce ta mika mulki ga Babban Kwamandan Soja [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da juyin mulkin ya gaza, Olusegun ya hadu da Ironsi a Legas. Ba da daɗewa ba Ironsi ya kawo karshen tsarin tarayya a Najeriya ta hanyar dokar hadin kan kasa a watan Mayun 1966, wani abu da ya tayar da rikicin kabilanci. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ƙarshen watan Yuli, [[Juyin Mulki a Najeriya, 1966|an sake yin juyin mulki na biyu]] . A Ibadan, sojoji 'yan asalin arewacin Najeriya sun yi tawaye suka kashe Ironsi, sannan suka kashe sojoji kusan ɗari biyu galibi daga Kudancin Najeriya. Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya karbi mulki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da ake wannan juyin mulki, Obasanjo yana [[Maiduguri]] . Jin labarin, sai ya koma Kaduna da sauri. A can, ya gano cewa sojojin arewa daga Bataliya ta Uku suna tattara sojoji, suna azabtar da su, da kuma kashe su. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[Gwamnan Arewacin Najeriya]], [[Hassan Usman Katsina|Hassan Katsina]], ya fahimci cewa duk da cewa Olusegun ba Igbo ba ne, a matsayinsa na ɗan kudu, har yanzu yana cikin haɗari daga sojojin da suka yi tawaye. Domin kare su, Katsina ta mayar da Olusegun da matarsa Maiduguri na tsawon kwanaki goma, yayin da tashin hankalin ya ragu. Bayan haka, Obasanjo ya aika matarsa zuwa Legas yayin da yake komawa Kaduna da kansa, inda ya zauna har zuwa Janairu 1967. A wannan lokacin shi ne babban jami'in Yarabawa mafi girma a arewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Janairun 1967, an tura Obasanjo aiki zuwa Legas a matsayin Babban Injiniyan Sojoji. [ 40 ] Tashin hankali tsakanin kabilun Igbo da na arewa ya ci gaba da karuwa, kuma a watan Mayu jami'in soja na Igbo [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu|C. Odumegwu Ojukwu]] ya ayyana 'yancin kai ga yankunan da Igbo ke da rinjaye a kudu maso gabas, inda ya kafa [[Biyafara|Jamhuriyar Biafra]] . [ 41 ] A ranar 3 ga Yuli, gwamnatin Najeriya ta tura Obasanjo zuwa Ibadan don yin aiki a matsayin kwamandan [[Jihar Yammacin Najeriya|Jihar Yamma]] . [ 42 ] Fadan da ya barke tsakanin Sojojin Najeriya da 'yan awaren Biafra ya barke a ranar 6 ga Yuli. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 9 ga Yuli, Ojukwu ta aika da rundunar sojojin Biafra a kan gadar Niger a wani yunƙuri na kwace yankin Mid-West, wani wuri da za ta iya kai hari a Lagos. Obasanjo ya nemi toshe hanyoyin da ke kaiwa birnin. Kwamandan Yarbawa Victor Banjo, wanda ke jagorantar rundunar hare-haren Biafra, ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan Obasanjo ya bar su su wuce, amma ya ƙi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Umarnin Yaƙin Basasa: 1967–1970 === [[Fayil:Colonel_Olu_Obasanjo_-_ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_093_New_Nigerian_newspaper_page_7_January_1970._End_of_the_Nigerian_civil_war_with_Biafra_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|"Kanar Olu Obasanjo, Kwamanda, sashe na 3". ''Sabuwar Jaridar Najeriya'', shafi na 7, 12 Janairu 1970. Ƙarshen yaƙin basasar Najeriya da Biafra.]] Daga nan aka naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin kwamandan baya na Rukunin Biyu na [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], wanda ke aiki a Tsakiyar Yamma. Obasanjo da ke zaune a Ibadan ne ke da alhakin tabbatar da cewa an samar da kayayyaki ga Rukunin Biyu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A cikin birnin, Obasanjo ya koyar da wani kwas a fannin kimiyyar soja a Jami'ar Ibadan kuma ya gina abokan hulɗarsa a cikin manyan Yarabawa. A lokacin yaƙin, an sami tashin hankali a cikin jama'a a Jihar Yamma, kuma don guje wa alhakin waɗannan batutuwa, Obasanjo ya yi murabus daga Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Yamma. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da Obasanjo yake nesa da Ibadan a watan Nuwamba na 1968, mazauna ƙauyen da [[Agbekoya|ƙungiyar manoma ta Agbekoya]] ta tattara makamai sun kai hari kan zauren birnin Ibadan. Sojoji sun yi ramuwar gayya, inda suka kashe goma daga cikin masu tayar da zaune tsaye. Lokacin da Obasanjo ya dawo, ya ba da umarnin a gudanar da bincike kan abubuwan da suka faru. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gowon ya yanke shawarar maye gurbin Kanar [[Benjamin Adekunle]], wanda ke jagorantar harin Biafra, amma yana buƙatar wani babban Ba’arabiye. Ya zaɓi Obasanjo, duk da rashin ƙwarewar yaƙi na baya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya isa [[Port Harcourt]] don ɗaukar sabon matsayin a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1969; yanzu yana kula da sojoji tsakanin 35,000 zuwa 40,000. Ya shafe makonni shida na farko yana yaƙi da harin Biafra a [[Aba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya zagaya kowane ɓangare na fagen daga, kuma ya ji rauni yayin da yake yin hakan. Waɗannan ayyukan sun sa ya sami suna na jarumtaka a tsakanin sojojinsa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A watan Disamba, Obasanjo ya ƙaddamar da [[Operation Finishing Touch]], yana ba da umarnin sojojinsa su ci gaba zuwa [[Umuahia]], wanda suka yi a [[Kirsimeti|ranar Kirsimeti]] . Wannan ya rage Biafra gida biyu. A ranar 7 ga Janairu 1970, sai ya ƙaddamar da Operation Tail-Wind, inda ya kama filin jirgin saman Uli a ranar 12 ga Janairu. A wannan lokacin, shugabannin Biafra sun amince su miƙa wuya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 13 ga Janairu, Obasanjo ya gana da kwamandan sojojin Biafra Philip Effiong . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya dage cewa sojojin Biafra su mika makamansu kuma wasu daga cikin shugabannin jihar da ta balle suka tafi Legas suka mika wuya ga Gowon a hukumance. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Washegari, Obasanjo ya yi magana a rediyon yankin, yana kira ga 'yan kasa da su zauna a gidajensu kuma su tabbatar da tsaronsu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yawancin 'yan Biafra da kafofin watsa labarai na kasashen waje sun ji tsoron cewa Sojojin Najeriya za su aikata munanan ayyuka a kan mutanen da aka kayar, kodayake Obasanjo yana son hana hakan. Ya umarci sojojinsa da ke yankin da su ci gaba da zama a cikin barikokinsu, yana mai cewa 'yan sandan yankin ya kamata su dauki alhakin bin doka da oda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[3rd Armoured Division (Nijeriya)|Rundunar Soja ta Uku]], wacce ta fi zama a ware, ta kai hare-haren ramuwar gayya kan mutanen yankin. Obasanjo ya yi tsauri kan wadanda suka aikata laifin satar mutane, sannan ya harbi wadanda suka aikata laifin fyade. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gwamnatin Gowon ta sa Obasanjo ya dauki alhakin sake hada Biafra cikin Najeriya, wanda a wannan matsayi ya sami girmamawa saboda jaddada girman kai. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A matsayinsa na injiniya, ya jaddada dawo da samar da ruwa; zuwa watan Mayu na 1970 dukkan manyan garuruwan yankin sun sake hadewa da samar da ruwa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Matsayin Obasanjo wajen kawo karshen yakin ya sanya shi gwarzon yaki kuma sanannen mutum a kasa baki daya a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} === Aikin bayan Yaƙin Basasa: 1970–1975 === A watan Yunin 1970, Obasanjo ya koma Abeokuta, inda jama'a suka tarbe shi a matsayin gwarzon da ya dawo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi Legas a matsayin Birgediya Janar na jagorantar Rundunar Injiniyoyi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Oktoba, Gowon ya sanar da cewa gwamnatin soja za ta mika iko ga gwamnatin farar hula a shekarar 1976. A halin yanzu, haramcin jam'iyyun siyasa ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rundunar sojoji; Gowon bai yi wani ci gaba ba wajen kafa gwamnatin farar hula. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A karkashin gwamnatin soja, Obasanjo ya zauna a kwamitin sallamar sojoji wanda ya ba da shawarar rage yawan sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1970. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1974 Obasanjo ya tafi Burtaniya don yin kwas a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Royal . [ 57 ] Da dawowarsa, a watan Janairun 1975, Gowon ya nada shi Kwamishinan Ayyuka da Gidaje, mukamin da ya rike na tsawon watanni bakwai, wanda a lokacin yake da alhakin gina barikin soja. [ 58 ] A shekarar 1970, Obasanjo ya sayi wani tsohon kamfani a Ibadan, inda ya ɗauki wani wakili don ya kula da shi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1973 ya yi rijistar wani kasuwanci, Temperance Enterprises Limited, wanda ta hanyarsa zai iya fara harkokin kasuwanci bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya kuma ci gaba da saka hannun jari a kadarori; zuwa 1974 ya mallaki gidaje biyu a Legas da kuma ɗaya a Ibadan da Abeokuta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} An yi ta rade-radin cewa Obasanjo ya shiga cikin cin hanci da rashawa da ke [[Cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya|ƙara yaɗuwa a Najeriya]], kodayake babu wata shaida mai ƙarfi game da hakan da ta bayyana. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Aurensa da Oluremi ya yi tsami yayin da ta ƙi dangantakarsa da wasu mata. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970 aka wargaza aurensu. [ 60 ] A shekarar 1976 ya auri [[Stella Obasanjo|Stella Abebe]] a wani bikin gargajiya na Yarbawa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == A gwamnatin Murtala == === Juyin mulkin 1975 da kuma bayansa === A watan Yulin 1975, juyin mulki karkashin jagorancin Shehu Musa Yar'Adua da Joseph Garba sun kori Gowon, [ 62 ] wanda ya gudu zuwa Birtaniya. [1] Ba su sanar da Obasanjo shirinsu ba domin an san shi da sukar juyin mulki a matsayin kayan aikin sauya gwamnati. [1] Masu shirya juyin mulkin suna son maye gurbin mulkin kama-karya na Gowon da wani rukunin sojoji uku wadanda Majalisar Soja za ta iya kin amincewa da shawarwarinsu. Saboda wannan nasarar, sun shawo kan Janar Murtala Muhammed ya zama shugaban kasa, inda Obasanjo ya zama na biyu a shugabancinsa, da Danjuma a matsayin na uku. [ 65 ] Masanin tarihi John Iliffe ya lura cewa daga cikin wadanda suka yi nasara, Obasanjo shine "dokin aiki da kwakwalwa" kuma shine mafi sha'awar komawa mulkin farar hula. [1] Tare, rundunar sojojin ƙasa ta gabatar da matakan tsuke bakin aljihu don dakile hauhawar farashin kaya, ta kafa Ofishin Bincike na Ayyukan Cin Hanci da Rashawa, ta maye gurbin dukkan gwamnonin soja da sabbin jami'ai waɗanda suka kai rahoto kai tsaye ga Obasanjo a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata, sannan ta ƙaddamar da "Operation Deadwood" inda ta hanyarsu suka kori jami'ai 11,000 daga ma'aikatan gwamnati. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] l3mh2k5b0yhtez3kfbwfm67hvn6pq91 873626 873623 2026-07-01T13:18:07Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 873626 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Chief '''Olusegun Matthew Okikiola Ogunboye Aremu Obasanjo''' GCFR <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by Obasanjo to the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/webcast/ga/61/pdfs/nigeria-e.pdf |access-date=23 April 2011}}</ref> ( // ⓘ ; Yoruba {{IPA|yo|ōlúʃɛ́ɡũ̄ ɔ̄básã̄d͡ʒɔ́|}} An haife shi {{Circa}} 5 ga Maris 1937) ɗan siyasa ne na Najeriya, ɗan siyasa, mai kishin ƙasa, kuma tsohon janar na soja wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sojan Najeriya daga alif 1976 zuwa 1979 sannan daga baya ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugabanta]] daga a 1999 zuwa 2007. A ra'ayinsa ɗan kishin ƙasa ne na Najeriya, ya kasance memba na [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP) daga alif 1998 zuwa 2015, kuma tun 2018.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8; Adeolu 2017, p. 4.</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 24 March 2022.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, p. 74.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 16–17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17; Derfler 2011, p. 74</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 29.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 29–30.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 30.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 78.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 45, 48.</ref> An haife shi a ƙauyen Ibogun-Olaogun, dangin sa manoma na reshen Owu na [[Yarbawa]], Obasanjo ya yi karatu sosai a [[Abeokuta]], [[Jihar Ogun]] . Ya shiga [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Rundunar Sojan Najeriya]] kuma ya ƙware a fannin injiniyanci kuma ya yi aiki a Kongo, [[Birtaniya]], da [[Indiya]], inda ya kai matsayin Manjo. A ƙarshen shekarun alif 1960, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaƙi da 'yan awaren [[Biyafara|Biafra]] a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya]], inda ya karɓi miƙa wuyansu alif 1970. A shekara alif 1975, [[1975 juyin mulkin Najeriya|wani juyin mulki na soja]] ya kafa gwamnatin soja tare da Obasanjo a matsayin wani ɓangare na mulkinta na nasara. Bayan an kashe shugaban triumvirate, [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], a al shekara mai zuwa, [[Majalisar Koli ta Soja ta Najeriya (1966 zuw 1979)|Majalisar Koli ta Soja]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council". www.interactioncouncil.org. Retrieved 1 February 2025.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 23; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 24; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 41.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 42; Derfler 2011, p. 79</ref> ta naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. Ci gaba da manufofin Murtala, Obasanjo ya kula da rage kasafin kuɗi da faɗaɗa damar samun ilimin makaranta kyauta. Yana ƙara haɗa Najeriya da Amurka, ya kuma jaddada goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin da ke adawa da mulkin tsirarun fararen fata a kudancin Afirka. Bayan da ya kuduri aniyar dawo da dimokuradiyya, Obasanjo ya jagoranci [[Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na alif 1979|zaben 1979]], bayan haka ya mika ragamar mulkin Najeriya ga sabon shugaban farar hula da aka zaba, [[Shehu Shagari|Shehu Shagari.]]<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 12–13; Derfler 2011, p. 73</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 13.</ref> Daga nan Obasanjo ya yi ritaya zuwa [[Ota, Ogun]], inda ya zama manomi, ya buga littattafai guda hudu, sannan ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa don kawo karshen rikice-rikicen Afirka daban-daban.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 7; Derfler 2011, p. 72</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 72; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 14</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 15.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, pp. 73–74.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 25; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 40.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 45.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 49, 56</ref> A shekara alif 1993, [[Sani Abacha]] ya kwace mulki a wani juyin mulki na soja. Obasanjo ya fito fili ya soki gwamnatin Abacha kuma a shekarar alif 1995 aka kama shi aka kuma same shi da laifin kasancewa cikin wani juyin mulki da aka shirya, duk da cewa bai aikata laifin da ake zargin sa da shi ba. Yayin da yake tsare, ya zama Kirista mai sake haifuwa, tare da ra'ayin raba iko ya yi tasiri sosai kan ra'ayinsa na duniya. An sake shi bayan mutuwar Abacha a alif 1998. Obasanjo ya shiga siyasar zabe, inda ya zama dan takarar PDP a zaben shugaban kasa na a 1999, wanda ya lashe. A matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, ya cire siyasa daga harkokin soja kuma ya fadada 'yan sanda tare da tattara sojoji don yaki da tashe-tashen hankulan kabilanci, addini, da kuma ballewa. Ya janye [[Yakin basasa na Sierra Leone|sojojin Najeriya daga Sierra Leone]] kuma ya sayar da kamfanoni daban-daban na gwamnati don takaita basussukan kasar da ke karuwa. An sake zabensa a zaben alif 2003. Saboda ra'ayoyin [[Pan-Africanism]], ya kasance mai goyon bayan kafa [[Tarayyar Afrika|kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta daga 2004 zuwa 2006. Yunkurin Obasanjo na canza kundin tsarin mulki don kawar da iyakokin wa'adin shugaban kasa bai yi nasara ba kuma ya jawo suka. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin tauhidi daga [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiyar Ƙasa ta Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adegbite |first=Charles Segun |date=16 December 2017 |title=At 80years, Obasanjo bags Ph.D in Theology |url=https://successfulpeoplemagazine.wordpress.com/2017/12/16/at-80years-obasanjo-bags-ph-d-in-theology/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=Successful People's World |language=en}}</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 39</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 20.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 26.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 24.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 26–27.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 27–28.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 28.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 31.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 31–32.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 42; Derfler 2011, p. 80.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 42</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 40; Derfler 2011, p. 79.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 42–43; Derfler 2011, p. 81.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 45; Derfler 2011, p. 82.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 45, 48; Derfler 2011, p. 83.</ref> An bayyana Obasanjo a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane na ƙarni na biyu na shugabannin Afirka bayan mulkin mallaka . Ya sami yabo kan yadda ya jagoranci sauye-sauyen da Najeriya ta yi zuwa ga [[dimokuradiyya ta wakilci]] a shekarun alof 1970 da kuma ƙoƙarinsa na ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa a faɗin nahiyar. Masu suka sun dage cewa yana da laifin cin hanci da rashawa, cewa gwamnatocinsa sun kula da take haƙƙin ɗan adam, kuma a matsayinsa na shugaban ƙasa ya fara sha'awar haɗa kai da kuma riƙe ikonsa na kashin kansa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2025 |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} Biography, Age, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 21.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 21–22.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 22.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 25–26.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 41–42.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 82.</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Mahaifin Olusegun Obasanjo Obasanjo Bankole yana ɗaya daga cikin mutanen farko da suka fara zama kuma ubannin da suka kafa ƙauyen Igbogun Olaogun a farkon shekarun a 1920. Duk da cewa manomi ne mai arziki kuma mai sana'ar giyar dabino, ana ɗaukarsa talaka ne saboda ba ya cikin manyan mutane masu ilimi a [[Kasar Yarbawa|ƙasar Yarabawa]] . Bankole ya haɗu da Bernice Ashabi, wani ƙaramin ɗan kasuwa a Igbogun kuma dukansu sun yi aure. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu da suka rage daga cikin shida: Olusegun da Adunni Oluwola, 'yar'uwarsa tilo. {{Sfn|Adeolu|2017}} A cewar fasfo ɗinsa, an haifi Olusegun Obasanjo a ranar 5 ga Maris 1937 duk da cewa babu wani tarihi na zamani kuma kwanan wata kusan kiyasi ne. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}}<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 43.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 43; Derfler 2011, p. 81.</ref> Olusegun ya fito ne daga Masarautar Owu . An rene shi a matsayin Baptist . Daga baya 'yar'uwarsa ta [[Musulunci|musulunta]] domin ta auri wani mutum Musulmi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 44.</ref>Yana da shekara goma ya shiga makarantar firamare ta ƙauyen, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma bayan shekaru uku, a 1951, ya koma Makarantar Ranar Baptist a unguwar Owu ta [[Abeokuta]] . [ 11 ] A 1952 ya koma [[Baptist Boys' High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta Baptist Boys]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> shi ma a garin. Kuɗaɗen makarantarsa wani ɓangare ne na tallafin gwamnati. [ 13 ] Obasanjo ya yi kyau a fannin ilimi, [ 14 ] kuma a makaranta ya zama ƙwararren ɗan Scout . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Duk da cewa babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa yana da hannu a cikin kowace ƙungiyar siyasa, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} a makarantar sakandare ne Obasanjo ya ƙi sunan farko na "Matthew" a matsayin wani aikin adawa da mulkin mallaka . [ 16 ] A halin yanzu, mahaifin Obasanjo ya yi watsi da matarsa da 'ya'yansa biyu. [ 17 ] Bayan da ya faɗa cikin talauci, mahaifiyar Obasanjo ta yi aiki a fannin kasuwanci don ta rayu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Domin biyan kuɗin makarantarsa, Obasanjo ya yi aiki a gonakin koko da kola, ya yi kamun kifi, ya tattara itacen wuta, sannan ya sayar wa masu gini yashi. A lokacin hutun makaranta, ya kuma yi aiki a makarantar, yana sare ciyawa da sauran ayyukan hannu.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 48; Derfler 2011, p. 83</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 48.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 46; Derfler 2011, p. 83.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 47.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 46–47; Derfler 2011, p. 94.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 94.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 48; Derfler 2011, pp. 84–85.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 49.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 48–49; Derfler 2011, p. 85</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 56.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 51</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 50.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 50; Derfler 2011, p. 85.</ref> A shekarar 1956, Obasanjo ya yi jarrabawar makarantar sakandare, bayan ya ranci kuɗi don biyan kuɗin shiga. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan shekarar, ya fara soyayya da [[Esther Oluremi Obasanjo|Oluremi Akinlawon]], 'yar Owu ga wani babban jami'in tashar jirgin ƙasa. An yi musu alkawari za su yi aure a shekarar 1958. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya koma [[Ibadan]], inda ya yi aikin koyarwa. A can, ya zauna don jarrabawar shiga [[Jami'ar Ibadan|Kwalejin Jami'a ta Ibadan]], amma duk da cewa ya ci nasara, ya ga ba zai iya biyan kuɗin makaranta ba. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan Obasanjo ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a matsayin injiniyan farar hula, kuma don samun damar shiga wannan sana'a, a shekarar 1958 ya amsa wani tallan horar da jami'in sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya. [ 21 ] <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}</ref> == Farkon aikin soja (1958–1966) == === Horar da sojoji: 1958–1959 === A watan Maris na shekarar 1958, Obasanjo ya shiga rundunar sojin Najeriya. [ 23 ] Ya ga hakan a matsayin wata dama ta ci gaba da karatunsa yayin da yake samun albashi; {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} bai sanar da iyalansa nan take ba, yana tsoron cewa iyayensa za su ƙi amincewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan lokacin ne aka mayar da [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|rundunar sojin Najeriya]] zuwa ikon gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Najeriya, a shirye-shiryen samun cikakken 'yancin kai na Najeriya, kuma an yi yunƙurin shigar da ƙarin 'yan asalin Najeriya cikin manyan mukamai na rundunar sojinta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi zuwa Makarantar Horar da Jami'ai ta Kullum da ke [[Teshie]] a [[Ghana]] . [ 23 ] Lokacin da aka tura shi aiki a ƙasashen waje, ya aika wa amaryarsa wasiƙu da kyaututtuka a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Satumba na shekarar 1958, an zaɓe shi don ƙarin horo na watanni shida a Makarantar Cadet ta Mons Officer da ke Aldershot, kudancin [[Ingila]] . Obasanjo bai so hakan a can ba, yana ganin cewa cibiyar ta kasance ta aji da [[wariyar launin fata]], kuma ya ga yana da wahala ya daidaita da yanayin sanyi da danshi na Ingila. [ 26 ] Ya ƙarfafa ra'ayoyinsa marasa kyau game da [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] da kuma 'yancinta na mulkin mallaka a kan mutanen da ta mamaye. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} A ranar Litinin, ya sami kwamiti da takardar shaidar injiniya. Yayin da Obasanjo yake Ingila, mahaifiyarsa ta mutu. Mahaifinsa ya mutu bayan shekara guda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1959, Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya. A can, aka tura shi [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] a matsayin wani soja mai kula da rundunar sojojin ƙasa tare da Bataliyar Biyar. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Lokacin da ya yi a Kaduna shi ne karo na farko da Obasanjo ya zauna a yankin da Musulmai suka fi rinjaye. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da yake can, a watan Oktoban 1960, Najeriya ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> === Rikicin Congo: 1960–1961 === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an aika da Bataliya ta Biyar zuwa Kongo a matsayin wani ɓangare na rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . A can, an kafa bataliya a Lardin Kivu, tare da hedikwatarsu a [[Bukavu]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A Kongo, Obasanjo da wasu suna da alhakin kare fararen hula, gami da ƙabilar tsiraru ta Belgium, daga [[1960 Sojojin Jama'a|sojojin da suka yi tawaye]] ga gwamnatin [[Patrice Lumumba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Fabrairun 1961, masu tawaye sun kama Obasanjo yayin da yake kwashe masu wa'azin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika na Roman]] daga wani tasha kusa da Bukavu. Masu tawaye sun yi tunanin kashe shi amma an umarce su da su sake shi. A watan Mayun 1961, Bataliya ta Biyar ta bar Kongo ta koma Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin rikicin, an naɗa shi kyaftin na wucin gadi. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} Daga baya ya lura cewa lokacin da aka yi a Kongo ya ƙarfafa "zafin Pan-African" na bataliyarsa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Dawowa daga Kongo: 1961–1966 === Da dawowarsa, Obasanjo ya sayi motarsa ta farko, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma an kwantar da shi a asibiti na ɗan lokaci saboda ciwon ciki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da ya warke, aka mayar da shi zuwa Rundunar Injiniyan Sojoji. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1962 aka tura shi aiki a Kwalejin Injiniyan Sojoji ta Royal a Ingila. [ 30 ] A can, ya yi fice kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun ɗalibi na Commonwealth da aka taɓa samu". [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, ya biya Akinlawon don tafiya zuwa Landan inda za ta iya shiga wani kwas na horo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Yunin 1963 a Ofishin Rijistar Kore na Camberwell, suna sanar da iyalansu ne kawai bayan taron. [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, an ba Obasanjo umarnin komawa Najeriya, kodayake matarsa ta ci gaba da zama a Landan na tsawon shekaru uku don kammala karatunta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da zarar ya isa Najeriya, Obasanjo ya karɓi ragamar rundunar Injiniyan Field da ke Kaduna. [ 33 ] A cikin aikin soja, Obasanjo ya ci gaba da samun ci gaba a cikin manyan mukamai, inda ya zama babban jami'i a shekarar 1965. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya yi amfani da kudin shigarsa wajen sayen filaye, a farkon shekarun 1960 yana samun kadarori a Ibadan, Kaduna, da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1965, an tura Obasanjo zuwa Indiya. A kan hanyarsa, ya ziyarci matarsa a Landan. A [[Indiya]], ya yi karatu a [[Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro (DSSC)|Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro]] da ke Wellington sannan ya yi karatu a Makarantar Injiniya da ke [[Pune|Poona]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya yi mamakin yunwar da ya gani a Indiya duk da cewa ya nuna sha'awar al'adun kasar, wani abu da ya karfafa masa gwiwa ya karanta littattafai kan addini mai kama da juna . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya == === Aikin kafin Yaƙin Basasa: 1966–1967 === Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya a watan Janairun 1966 domin ya gano kasar tana tsakiyar [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin soja]] wanda Manjo [[Emmanuel Ifeajuna]] ya jagoranta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo yana cikin wadanda suka yi gargadin cewa lamarin na iya rikidewa zuwa yakin basasa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya bayar da shawarar yin aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani tsakanin masu shirya juyin mulkin da gwamnatin farar hula, wacce ta mika mulki ga Babban Kwamandan Soja [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da juyin mulkin ya gaza, Olusegun ya hadu da Ironsi a Legas. Ba da daɗewa ba Ironsi ya kawo karshen tsarin tarayya a Najeriya ta hanyar dokar hadin kan kasa a watan Mayun 1966, wani abu da ya tayar da rikicin kabilanci. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ƙarshen watan Yuli, [[Juyin Mulki a Najeriya, 1966|an sake yin juyin mulki na biyu]] . A Ibadan, sojoji 'yan asalin arewacin Najeriya sun yi tawaye suka kashe Ironsi, sannan suka kashe sojoji kusan ɗari biyu galibi daga Kudancin Najeriya. Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya karbi mulki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da ake wannan juyin mulki, Obasanjo yana [[Maiduguri]] . Jin labarin, sai ya koma Kaduna da sauri. A can, ya gano cewa sojojin arewa daga Bataliya ta Uku suna tattara sojoji, suna azabtar da su, da kuma kashe su. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[Gwamnan Arewacin Najeriya]], [[Hassan Usman Katsina|Hassan Katsina]], ya fahimci cewa duk da cewa Olusegun ba Igbo ba ne, a matsayinsa na ɗan kudu, har yanzu yana cikin haɗari daga sojojin da suka yi tawaye. Domin kare su, Katsina ta mayar da Olusegun da matarsa Maiduguri na tsawon kwanaki goma, yayin da tashin hankalin ya ragu. Bayan haka, Obasanjo ya aika matarsa zuwa Legas yayin da yake komawa Kaduna da kansa, inda ya zauna har zuwa Janairu 1967. A wannan lokacin shi ne babban jami'in Yarabawa mafi girma a arewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Janairun 1967, an tura Obasanjo aiki zuwa Legas a matsayin Babban Injiniyan Sojoji. [ 40 ] Tashin hankali tsakanin kabilun Igbo da na arewa ya ci gaba da karuwa, kuma a watan Mayu jami'in soja na Igbo [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu|C. Odumegwu Ojukwu]] ya ayyana 'yancin kai ga yankunan da Igbo ke da rinjaye a kudu maso gabas, inda ya kafa [[Biyafara|Jamhuriyar Biafra]] . [ 41 ] A ranar 3 ga Yuli, gwamnatin Najeriya ta tura Obasanjo zuwa Ibadan don yin aiki a matsayin kwamandan [[Jihar Yammacin Najeriya|Jihar Yamma]] . [ 42 ] Fadan da ya barke tsakanin Sojojin Najeriya da 'yan awaren Biafra ya barke a ranar 6 ga Yuli. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 9 ga Yuli, Ojukwu ta aika da rundunar sojojin Biafra a kan gadar Niger a wani yunƙuri na kwace yankin Mid-West, wani wuri da za ta iya kai hari a Lagos. Obasanjo ya nemi toshe hanyoyin da ke kaiwa birnin. Kwamandan Yarbawa Victor Banjo, wanda ke jagorantar rundunar hare-haren Biafra, ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan Obasanjo ya bar su su wuce, amma ya ƙi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Umarnin Yaƙin Basasa: 1967–1970 === [[Fayil:Colonel_Olu_Obasanjo_-_ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_093_New_Nigerian_newspaper_page_7_January_1970._End_of_the_Nigerian_civil_war_with_Biafra_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|"Kanar Olu Obasanjo, Kwamanda, sashe na 3". ''Sabuwar Jaridar Najeriya'', shafi na 7, 12 Janairu 1970. Ƙarshen yaƙin basasar Najeriya da Biafra.]] Daga nan aka naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin kwamandan baya na Rukunin Biyu na [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], wanda ke aiki a Tsakiyar Yamma. Obasanjo da ke zaune a Ibadan ne ke da alhakin tabbatar da cewa an samar da kayayyaki ga Rukunin Biyu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A cikin birnin, Obasanjo ya koyar da wani kwas a fannin kimiyyar soja a Jami'ar Ibadan kuma ya gina abokan hulɗarsa a cikin manyan Yarabawa. A lokacin yaƙin, an sami tashin hankali a cikin jama'a a Jihar Yamma, kuma don guje wa alhakin waɗannan batutuwa, Obasanjo ya yi murabus daga Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Yamma. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da Obasanjo yake nesa da Ibadan a watan Nuwamba na 1968, mazauna ƙauyen da [[Agbekoya|ƙungiyar manoma ta Agbekoya]] ta tattara makamai sun kai hari kan zauren birnin Ibadan. Sojoji sun yi ramuwar gayya, inda suka kashe goma daga cikin masu tayar da zaune tsaye. Lokacin da Obasanjo ya dawo, ya ba da umarnin a gudanar da bincike kan abubuwan da suka faru. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gowon ya yanke shawarar maye gurbin Kanar [[Benjamin Adekunle]], wanda ke jagorantar harin Biafra, amma yana buƙatar wani babban Ba’arabiye. Ya zaɓi Obasanjo, duk da rashin ƙwarewar yaƙi na baya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya isa [[Port Harcourt]] don ɗaukar sabon matsayin a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1969; yanzu yana kula da sojoji tsakanin 35,000 zuwa 40,000. Ya shafe makonni shida na farko yana yaƙi da harin Biafra a [[Aba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya zagaya kowane ɓangare na fagen daga, kuma ya ji rauni yayin da yake yin hakan. Waɗannan ayyukan sun sa ya sami suna na jarumtaka a tsakanin sojojinsa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A watan Disamba, Obasanjo ya ƙaddamar da [[Operation Finishing Touch]], yana ba da umarnin sojojinsa su ci gaba zuwa [[Umuahia]], wanda suka yi a [[Kirsimeti|ranar Kirsimeti]] . Wannan ya rage Biafra gida biyu. A ranar 7 ga Janairu 1970, sai ya ƙaddamar da Operation Tail-Wind, inda ya kama filin jirgin saman Uli a ranar 12 ga Janairu. A wannan lokacin, shugabannin Biafra sun amince su miƙa wuya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 13 ga Janairu, Obasanjo ya gana da kwamandan sojojin Biafra Philip Effiong . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya dage cewa sojojin Biafra su mika makamansu kuma wasu daga cikin shugabannin jihar da ta balle suka tafi Legas suka mika wuya ga Gowon a hukumance. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Washegari, Obasanjo ya yi magana a rediyon yankin, yana kira ga 'yan kasa da su zauna a gidajensu kuma su tabbatar da tsaronsu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yawancin 'yan Biafra da kafofin watsa labarai na kasashen waje sun ji tsoron cewa Sojojin Najeriya za su aikata munanan ayyuka a kan mutanen da aka kayar, kodayake Obasanjo yana son hana hakan. Ya umarci sojojinsa da ke yankin da su ci gaba da zama a cikin barikokinsu, yana mai cewa 'yan sandan yankin ya kamata su dauki alhakin bin doka da oda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[3rd Armoured Division (Nijeriya)|Rundunar Soja ta Uku]], wacce ta fi zama a ware, ta kai hare-haren ramuwar gayya kan mutanen yankin. Obasanjo ya yi tsauri kan wadanda suka aikata laifin satar mutane, sannan ya harbi wadanda suka aikata laifin fyade. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gwamnatin Gowon ta sa Obasanjo ya dauki alhakin sake hada Biafra cikin Najeriya, wanda a wannan matsayi ya sami girmamawa saboda jaddada girman kai. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A matsayinsa na injiniya, ya jaddada dawo da samar da ruwa; zuwa watan Mayu na 1970 dukkan manyan garuruwan yankin sun sake hadewa da samar da ruwa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Matsayin Obasanjo wajen kawo karshen yakin ya sanya shi gwarzon yaki kuma sanannen mutum a kasa baki daya a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} === Aikin bayan Yaƙin Basasa: 1970–1975 === A watan Yunin 1970, Obasanjo ya koma Abeokuta, inda jama'a suka tarbe shi a matsayin gwarzon da ya dawo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi Legas a matsayin Birgediya Janar na jagorantar Rundunar Injiniyoyi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Oktoba, Gowon ya sanar da cewa gwamnatin soja za ta mika iko ga gwamnatin farar hula a shekarar 1976. A halin yanzu, haramcin jam'iyyun siyasa ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rundunar sojoji; Gowon bai yi wani ci gaba ba wajen kafa gwamnatin farar hula. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A karkashin gwamnatin soja, Obasanjo ya zauna a kwamitin sallamar sojoji wanda ya ba da shawarar rage yawan sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1970. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1974 Obasanjo ya tafi Burtaniya don yin kwas a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Royal . [ 57 ] Da dawowarsa, a watan Janairun 1975, Gowon ya nada shi Kwamishinan Ayyuka da Gidaje, mukamin da ya rike na tsawon watanni bakwai, wanda a lokacin yake da alhakin gina barikin soja. [ 58 ] A shekarar 1970, Obasanjo ya sayi wani tsohon kamfani a Ibadan, inda ya ɗauki wani wakili don ya kula da shi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1973 ya yi rijistar wani kasuwanci, Temperance Enterprises Limited, wanda ta hanyarsa zai iya fara harkokin kasuwanci bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya kuma ci gaba da saka hannun jari a kadarori; zuwa 1974 ya mallaki gidaje biyu a Legas da kuma ɗaya a Ibadan da Abeokuta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} An yi ta rade-radin cewa Obasanjo ya shiga cikin cin hanci da rashawa da ke [[Cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya|ƙara yaɗuwa a Najeriya]], kodayake babu wata shaida mai ƙarfi game da hakan da ta bayyana. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Aurensa da Oluremi ya yi tsami yayin da ta ƙi dangantakarsa da wasu mata. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970 aka wargaza aurensu. [ 60 ] A shekarar 1976 ya auri [[Stella Obasanjo|Stella Abebe]] a wani bikin gargajiya na Yarbawa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == A gwamnatin Murtala == === Juyin mulkin 1975 da kuma bayansa === A watan Yulin 1975, juyin mulki karkashin jagorancin Shehu Musa Yar'Adua da Joseph Garba sun kori Gowon, [ 62 ] wanda ya gudu zuwa Birtaniya. [1] Ba su sanar da Obasanjo shirinsu ba domin an san shi da sukar juyin mulki a matsayin kayan aikin sauya gwamnati. [1] Masu shirya juyin mulkin suna son maye gurbin mulkin kama-karya na Gowon da wani rukunin sojoji uku wadanda Majalisar Soja za ta iya kin amincewa da shawarwarinsu. Saboda wannan nasarar, sun shawo kan Janar Murtala Muhammed ya zama shugaban kasa, inda Obasanjo ya zama na biyu a shugabancinsa, da Danjuma a matsayin na uku. [ 65 ] Masanin tarihi John Iliffe ya lura cewa daga cikin wadanda suka yi nasara, Obasanjo shine "dokin aiki da kwakwalwa" kuma shine mafi sha'awar komawa mulkin farar hula. [1] Tare, rundunar sojojin ƙasa ta gabatar da matakan tsuke bakin aljihu don dakile hauhawar farashin kaya, ta kafa Ofishin Bincike na Ayyukan Cin Hanci da Rashawa, ta maye gurbin dukkan gwamnonin soja da sabbin jami'ai waɗanda suka kai rahoto kai tsaye ga Obasanjo a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata, sannan ta ƙaddamar da "Operation Deadwood" inda ta hanyarsu suka kori jami'ai 11,000 daga ma'aikatan gwamnati. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] evtlhsib7favzxfyuphvdjrkht3pn42 873627 873626 2026-07-01T13:18:48Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 873627 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Chief '''Olusegun Matthew Okikiola Ogunboye Aremu Obasanjo''' GCFR <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by Obasanjo to the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/webcast/ga/61/pdfs/nigeria-e.pdf |access-date=23 April 2011}}</ref> ( // ⓘ ; Yoruba {{IPA|yo|ōlúʃɛ́ɡũ̄ ɔ̄básã̄d͡ʒɔ́|}} An haife shi {{Circa}} 5 ga Maris 1937) ɗan siyasa ne na Najeriya, ɗan siyasa, mai kishin ƙasa, kuma tsohon janar na soja wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sojan Najeriya daga alif 1976 zuwa 1979 sannan daga baya ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugabanta]] daga a 1999 zuwa 2007. A ra'ayinsa ɗan kishin ƙasa ne na Najeriya, ya kasance memba na [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP) daga alif 1998 zuwa 2015, kuma tun 2018.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8; Adeolu 2017, p. 4.</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 24 March 2022.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, p. 74.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 16–17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17; Derfler 2011, p. 74</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 29.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 29–30.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 30.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 78.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 45, 48.</ref> An haife shi a ƙauyen Ibogun-Olaogun, dangin sa manoma na reshen Owu na [[Yarbawa]], Obasanjo ya yi karatu sosai a [[Abeokuta]], [[Jihar Ogun]] . Ya shiga [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Rundunar Sojan Najeriya]] kuma ya ƙware a fannin injiniyanci kuma ya yi aiki a Kongo, [[Birtaniya]], da [[Indiya]], inda ya kai matsayin Manjo. A ƙarshen shekarun alif 1960, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaƙi da 'yan awaren [[Biyafara|Biafra]] a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya]], inda ya karɓi miƙa wuyansu alif 1970. A shekara alif 1975, [[1975 juyin mulkin Najeriya|wani juyin mulki na soja]] ya kafa gwamnatin soja tare da Obasanjo a matsayin wani ɓangare na mulkinta na nasara. Bayan an kashe shugaban triumvirate, [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], a al shekara mai zuwa, [[Majalisar Koli ta Soja ta Najeriya (1966 zuw 1979)|Majalisar Koli ta Soja]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council". www.interactioncouncil.org. Retrieved 1 February 2025.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 23; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 24; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 41.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 42; Derfler 2011, p. 79</ref> ta naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. Ci gaba da manufofin Murtala, Obasanjo ya kula da rage kasafin kuɗi da faɗaɗa damar samun ilimin makaranta kyauta. Yana ƙara haɗa Najeriya da Amurka, ya kuma jaddada goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin da ke adawa da mulkin tsirarun fararen fata a kudancin Afirka. Bayan da ya kuduri aniyar dawo da dimokuradiyya, Obasanjo ya jagoranci [[Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na alif 1979|zaben 1979]], bayan haka ya mika ragamar mulkin Najeriya ga sabon shugaban farar hula da aka zaba, [[Shehu Shagari|Shehu Shagari.]]<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 12–13; Derfler 2011, p. 73</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 13.</ref> Daga nan Obasanjo ya yi ritaya zuwa [[Ota, Ogun]], inda ya zama manomi, ya buga littattafai guda hudu, sannan ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa don kawo karshen rikice-rikicen Afirka daban-daban.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 7; Derfler 2011, p. 72</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 72; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 14</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 15.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, pp. 73–74.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 25; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 40.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 45.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 49, 56</ref> A shekara alif 1993, [[Sani Abacha]] ya kwace mulki a wani juyin mulki na soja. Obasanjo ya fito fili ya soki gwamnatin Abacha kuma a shekarar alif 1995 aka kama shi aka kuma same shi da laifin kasancewa cikin wani juyin mulki da aka shirya, duk da cewa bai aikata laifin da ake zargin sa da shi ba. Yayin da yake tsare, ya zama Kirista mai sake haifuwa, tare da ra'ayin raba iko ya yi tasiri sosai kan ra'ayinsa na duniya. An sake shi bayan mutuwar Abacha a alif 1998. Obasanjo ya shiga siyasar zabe, inda ya zama dan takarar PDP a zaben shugaban kasa na a 1999, wanda ya lashe. A matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, ya cire siyasa daga harkokin soja kuma ya fadada 'yan sanda tare da tattara sojoji don yaki da tashe-tashen hankulan kabilanci, addini, da kuma ballewa. Ya janye [[Yakin basasa na Sierra Leone|sojojin Najeriya daga Sierra Leone]] kuma ya sayar da kamfanoni daban-daban na gwamnati don takaita basussukan kasar da ke karuwa. An sake zabensa a zaben alif 2003. Saboda ra'ayoyin [[Pan-Africanism]], ya kasance mai goyon bayan kafa [[Tarayyar Afrika|kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta daga 2004 zuwa 2006. Yunkurin Obasanjo na canza kundin tsarin mulki don kawar da iyakokin wa'adin shugaban kasa bai yi nasara ba kuma ya jawo suka. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin tauhidi daga [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiyar Ƙasa ta Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adegbite |first=Charles Segun |date=16 December 2017 |title=At 80years, Obasanjo bags Ph.D in Theology |url=https://successfulpeoplemagazine.wordpress.com/2017/12/16/at-80years-obasanjo-bags-ph-d-in-theology/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=Successful People's World |language=en}}</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 39</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 20.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 26.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 24.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 26–27.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 27–28.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 28.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 31.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 31–32.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 42; Derfler 2011, p. 80.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 42</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 40; Derfler 2011, p. 79.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 42–43; Derfler 2011, p. 81.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 45; Derfler 2011, p. 82.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 45, 48; Derfler 2011, p. 83.</ref> An bayyana Obasanjo a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane na ƙarni na biyu na shugabannin Afirka bayan mulkin mallaka . Ya sami yabo kan yadda ya jagoranci sauye-sauyen da Najeriya ta yi zuwa ga [[dimokuradiyya ta wakilci]] a shekarun alof 1970 da kuma ƙoƙarinsa na ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa a faɗin nahiyar. Masu suka sun dage cewa yana da laifin cin hanci da rashawa, cewa gwamnatocinsa sun kula da take haƙƙin ɗan adam, kuma a matsayinsa na shugaban ƙasa ya fara sha'awar haɗa kai da kuma riƙe ikonsa na kashin kansa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2025 |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} Biography, Age, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 21.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 21–22.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 22.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 25–26.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 41–42.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 82.</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Mahaifin Olusegun Obasanjo Obasanjo Bankole yana ɗaya daga cikin mutanen farko da suka fara zama kuma ubannin da suka kafa ƙauyen Igbogun Olaogun a farkon shekarun a 1920. Duk da cewa manomi ne mai arziki kuma mai sana'ar giyar dabino, ana ɗaukarsa talaka ne saboda ba ya cikin manyan mutane masu ilimi a [[Kasar Yarbawa|ƙasar Yarabawa]] . Bankole ya haɗu da Bernice Ashabi, wani ƙaramin ɗan kasuwa a Igbogun kuma dukansu sun yi aure. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu da suka rage daga cikin shida: Olusegun da Adunni Oluwola, 'yar'uwarsa tilo. {{Sfn|Adeolu|2017}} A cewar fasfo ɗinsa, an haifi Olusegun Obasanjo a ranar 5 ga Maris 1937 duk da cewa babu wani tarihi na zamani kuma kwanan wata kusan kiyasi ne. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}}<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 43.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 43; Derfler 2011, p. 81.</ref> Olusegun ya fito ne daga Masarautar Owu . An rene shi a matsayin Baptist . Daga baya 'yar'uwarsa ta [[Musulunci|musulunta]] domin ta auri wani mutum Musulmi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 44.</ref>Yana da shekara goma s ya shiga makarantar firamare ta ƙauyen, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma bayan shekaru uku, a 1951, ya koma Makarantar Ranar Baptist a unguwar Owu ta [[Abeokuta]] . [ 11 ] A 1952 ya koma [[Baptist Boys' High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta Baptist Boys]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> shi ma a garin. Kuɗaɗen makarantarsa wani ɓangare ne na tallafin gwamnati. [ 13 ] Obasanjo ya yi kyau a fannin ilimi, [ 14 ] kuma a makaranta ya zama ƙwararren ɗan Scout . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Duk da cewa babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa yana da hannu a cikin kowace ƙungiyar siyasa, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} a makarantar sakandare ne Obasanjo ya ƙi sunan farko na "Matthew" a matsayin wani aikin adawa da mulkin mallaka . [ 16 ] A halin yanzu, mahaifin Obasanjo ya yi watsi da matarsa da 'ya'yansa biyu. [ 17 ] Bayan da ya faɗa cikin talauci, mahaifiyar Obasanjo ta yi aiki a fannin kasuwanci don ta rayu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Domin biyan kuɗin makarantarsa, Obasanjo ya yi aiki a gonakin koko da kola, ya yi kamun kifi, ya tattara itacen wuta, sannan ya sayar wa masu gini yashi. A lokacin hutun makaranta, ya kuma yi aiki a makarantar, yana sare ciyawa da sauran ayyukan hannu.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 48; Derfler 2011, p. 83</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 48.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 46; Derfler 2011, p. 83.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 47.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 46–47; Derfler 2011, p. 94.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 94.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 48; Derfler 2011, pp. 84–85.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 49.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 48–49; Derfler 2011, p. 85</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 56.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 51</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 50.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 50; Derfler 2011, p. 85.</ref> A shekarar 1956, Obasanjo ya yi jarrabawar makarantar sakandare, bayan ya ranci kuɗi don biyan kuɗin shiga. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan shekarar, ya fara soyayya da [[Esther Oluremi Obasanjo|Oluremi Akinlawon]], 'yar Owu ga wani babban jami'in tashar jirgin ƙasa. An yi musu alkawari za su yi aure a shekarar 1958. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya koma [[Ibadan]], inda ya yi aikin koyarwa. A can, ya zauna don jarrabawar shiga [[Jami'ar Ibadan|Kwalejin Jami'a ta Ibadan]], amma duk da cewa ya ci nasara, ya ga ba zai iya biyan kuɗin makaranta ba. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan Obasanjo ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a matsayin injiniyan farar hula, kuma don samun damar shiga wannan sana'a, a shekarar 1958 ya amsa wani tallan horar da jami'in sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya. [ 21 ] <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}</ref> == Farkon aikin soja (1958–1966) == === Horar da sojoji: 1958–1959 === A watan Maris na shekarar 1958, Obasanjo ya shiga rundunar sojin Najeriya. [ 23 ] Ya ga hakan a matsayin wata dama ta ci gaba da karatunsa yayin da yake samun albashi; {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} bai sanar da iyalansa nan take ba, yana tsoron cewa iyayensa za su ƙi amincewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan lokacin ne aka mayar da [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|rundunar sojin Najeriya]] zuwa ikon gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Najeriya, a shirye-shiryen samun cikakken 'yancin kai na Najeriya, kuma an yi yunƙurin shigar da ƙarin 'yan asalin Najeriya cikin manyan mukamai na rundunar sojinta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi zuwa Makarantar Horar da Jami'ai ta Kullum da ke [[Teshie]] a [[Ghana]] . [ 23 ] Lokacin da aka tura shi aiki a ƙasashen waje, ya aika wa amaryarsa wasiƙu da kyaututtuka a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Satumba na shekarar 1958, an zaɓe shi don ƙarin horo na watanni shida a Makarantar Cadet ta Mons Officer da ke Aldershot, kudancin [[Ingila]] . Obasanjo bai so hakan a can ba, yana ganin cewa cibiyar ta kasance ta aji da [[wariyar launin fata]], kuma ya ga yana da wahala ya daidaita da yanayin sanyi da danshi na Ingila. [ 26 ] Ya ƙarfafa ra'ayoyinsa marasa kyau game da [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] da kuma 'yancinta na mulkin mallaka a kan mutanen da ta mamaye. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} A ranar Litinin, ya sami kwamiti da takardar shaidar injiniya. Yayin da Obasanjo yake Ingila, mahaifiyarsa ta mutu. Mahaifinsa ya mutu bayan shekara guda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1959, Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya. A can, aka tura shi [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] a matsayin wani soja mai kula da rundunar sojojin ƙasa tare da Bataliyar Biyar. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Lokacin da ya yi a Kaduna shi ne karo na farko da Obasanjo ya zauna a yankin da Musulmai suka fi rinjaye. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da yake can, a watan Oktoban 1960, Najeriya ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> === Rikicin Congo: 1960–1961 === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an aika da Bataliya ta Biyar zuwa Kongo a matsayin wani ɓangare na rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . A can, an kafa bataliya a Lardin Kivu, tare da hedikwatarsu a [[Bukavu]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A Kongo, Obasanjo da wasu suna da alhakin kare fararen hula, gami da ƙabilar tsiraru ta Belgium, daga [[1960 Sojojin Jama'a|sojojin da suka yi tawaye]] ga gwamnatin [[Patrice Lumumba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Fabrairun 1961, masu tawaye sun kama Obasanjo yayin da yake kwashe masu wa'azin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika na Roman]] daga wani tasha kusa da Bukavu. Masu tawaye sun yi tunanin kashe shi amma an umarce su da su sake shi. A watan Mayun 1961, Bataliya ta Biyar ta bar Kongo ta koma Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin rikicin, an naɗa shi kyaftin na wucin gadi. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} Daga baya ya lura cewa lokacin da aka yi a Kongo ya ƙarfafa "zafin Pan-African" na bataliyarsa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Dawowa daga Kongo: 1961–1966 === Da dawowarsa, Obasanjo ya sayi motarsa ta farko, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma an kwantar da shi a asibiti na ɗan lokaci saboda ciwon ciki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da ya warke, aka mayar da shi zuwa Rundunar Injiniyan Sojoji. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1962 aka tura shi aiki a Kwalejin Injiniyan Sojoji ta Royal a Ingila. [ 30 ] A can, ya yi fice kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun ɗalibi na Commonwealth da aka taɓa samu". [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, ya biya Akinlawon don tafiya zuwa Landan inda za ta iya shiga wani kwas na horo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Yunin 1963 a Ofishin Rijistar Kore na Camberwell, suna sanar da iyalansu ne kawai bayan taron. [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, an ba Obasanjo umarnin komawa Najeriya, kodayake matarsa ta ci gaba da zama a Landan na tsawon shekaru uku don kammala karatunta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da zarar ya isa Najeriya, Obasanjo ya karɓi ragamar rundunar Injiniyan Field da ke Kaduna. [ 33 ] A cikin aikin soja, Obasanjo ya ci gaba da samun ci gaba a cikin manyan mukamai, inda ya zama babban jami'i a shekarar 1965. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya yi amfani da kudin shigarsa wajen sayen filaye, a farkon shekarun 1960 yana samun kadarori a Ibadan, Kaduna, da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1965, an tura Obasanjo zuwa Indiya. A kan hanyarsa, ya ziyarci matarsa a Landan. A [[Indiya]], ya yi karatu a [[Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro (DSSC)|Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro]] da ke Wellington sannan ya yi karatu a Makarantar Injiniya da ke [[Pune|Poona]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya yi mamakin yunwar da ya gani a Indiya duk da cewa ya nuna sha'awar al'adun kasar, wani abu da ya karfafa masa gwiwa ya karanta littattafai kan addini mai kama da juna . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya == === Aikin kafin Yaƙin Basasa: 1966–1967 === Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya a watan Janairun 1966 domin ya gano kasar tana tsakiyar [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin soja]] wanda Manjo [[Emmanuel Ifeajuna]] ya jagoranta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo yana cikin wadanda suka yi gargadin cewa lamarin na iya rikidewa zuwa yakin basasa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya bayar da shawarar yin aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani tsakanin masu shirya juyin mulkin da gwamnatin farar hula, wacce ta mika mulki ga Babban Kwamandan Soja [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da juyin mulkin ya gaza, Olusegun ya hadu da Ironsi a Legas. Ba da daɗewa ba Ironsi ya kawo karshen tsarin tarayya a Najeriya ta hanyar dokar hadin kan kasa a watan Mayun 1966, wani abu da ya tayar da rikicin kabilanci. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ƙarshen watan Yuli, [[Juyin Mulki a Najeriya, 1966|an sake yin juyin mulki na biyu]] . A Ibadan, sojoji 'yan asalin arewacin Najeriya sun yi tawaye suka kashe Ironsi, sannan suka kashe sojoji kusan ɗari biyu galibi daga Kudancin Najeriya. Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya karbi mulki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da ake wannan juyin mulki, Obasanjo yana [[Maiduguri]] . Jin labarin, sai ya koma Kaduna da sauri. A can, ya gano cewa sojojin arewa daga Bataliya ta Uku suna tattara sojoji, suna azabtar da su, da kuma kashe su. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[Gwamnan Arewacin Najeriya]], [[Hassan Usman Katsina|Hassan Katsina]], ya fahimci cewa duk da cewa Olusegun ba Igbo ba ne, a matsayinsa na ɗan kudu, har yanzu yana cikin haɗari daga sojojin da suka yi tawaye. Domin kare su, Katsina ta mayar da Olusegun da matarsa Maiduguri na tsawon kwanaki goma, yayin da tashin hankalin ya ragu. Bayan haka, Obasanjo ya aika matarsa zuwa Legas yayin da yake komawa Kaduna da kansa, inda ya zauna har zuwa Janairu 1967. A wannan lokacin shi ne babban jami'in Yarabawa mafi girma a arewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Janairun 1967, an tura Obasanjo aiki zuwa Legas a matsayin Babban Injiniyan Sojoji. [ 40 ] Tashin hankali tsakanin kabilun Igbo da na arewa ya ci gaba da karuwa, kuma a watan Mayu jami'in soja na Igbo [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu|C. Odumegwu Ojukwu]] ya ayyana 'yancin kai ga yankunan da Igbo ke da rinjaye a kudu maso gabas, inda ya kafa [[Biyafara|Jamhuriyar Biafra]] . [ 41 ] A ranar 3 ga Yuli, gwamnatin Najeriya ta tura Obasanjo zuwa Ibadan don yin aiki a matsayin kwamandan [[Jihar Yammacin Najeriya|Jihar Yamma]] . [ 42 ] Fadan da ya barke tsakanin Sojojin Najeriya da 'yan awaren Biafra ya barke a ranar 6 ga Yuli. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 9 ga Yuli, Ojukwu ta aika da rundunar sojojin Biafra a kan gadar Niger a wani yunƙuri na kwace yankin Mid-West, wani wuri da za ta iya kai hari a Lagos. Obasanjo ya nemi toshe hanyoyin da ke kaiwa birnin. Kwamandan Yarbawa Victor Banjo, wanda ke jagorantar rundunar hare-haren Biafra, ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan Obasanjo ya bar su su wuce, amma ya ƙi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Umarnin Yaƙin Basasa: 1967–1970 === [[Fayil:Colonel_Olu_Obasanjo_-_ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_093_New_Nigerian_newspaper_page_7_January_1970._End_of_the_Nigerian_civil_war_with_Biafra_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|"Kanar Olu Obasanjo, Kwamanda, sashe na 3". ''Sabuwar Jaridar Najeriya'', shafi na 7, 12 Janairu 1970. Ƙarshen yaƙin basasar Najeriya da Biafra.]] Daga nan aka naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin kwamandan baya na Rukunin Biyu na [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], wanda ke aiki a Tsakiyar Yamma. Obasanjo da ke zaune a Ibadan ne ke da alhakin tabbatar da cewa an samar da kayayyaki ga Rukunin Biyu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A cikin birnin, Obasanjo ya koyar da wani kwas a fannin kimiyyar soja a Jami'ar Ibadan kuma ya gina abokan hulɗarsa a cikin manyan Yarabawa. A lokacin yaƙin, an sami tashin hankali a cikin jama'a a Jihar Yamma, kuma don guje wa alhakin waɗannan batutuwa, Obasanjo ya yi murabus daga Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Yamma. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da Obasanjo yake nesa da Ibadan a watan Nuwamba na 1968, mazauna ƙauyen da [[Agbekoya|ƙungiyar manoma ta Agbekoya]] ta tattara makamai sun kai hari kan zauren birnin Ibadan. Sojoji sun yi ramuwar gayya, inda suka kashe goma daga cikin masu tayar da zaune tsaye. Lokacin da Obasanjo ya dawo, ya ba da umarnin a gudanar da bincike kan abubuwan da suka faru. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gowon ya yanke shawarar maye gurbin Kanar [[Benjamin Adekunle]], wanda ke jagorantar harin Biafra, amma yana buƙatar wani babban Ba’arabiye. Ya zaɓi Obasanjo, duk da rashin ƙwarewar yaƙi na baya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya isa [[Port Harcourt]] don ɗaukar sabon matsayin a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1969; yanzu yana kula da sojoji tsakanin 35,000 zuwa 40,000. Ya shafe makonni shida na farko yana yaƙi da harin Biafra a [[Aba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya zagaya kowane ɓangare na fagen daga, kuma ya ji rauni yayin da yake yin hakan. Waɗannan ayyukan sun sa ya sami suna na jarumtaka a tsakanin sojojinsa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A watan Disamba, Obasanjo ya ƙaddamar da [[Operation Finishing Touch]], yana ba da umarnin sojojinsa su ci gaba zuwa [[Umuahia]], wanda suka yi a [[Kirsimeti|ranar Kirsimeti]] . Wannan ya rage Biafra gida biyu. A ranar 7 ga Janairu 1970, sai ya ƙaddamar da Operation Tail-Wind, inda ya kama filin jirgin saman Uli a ranar 12 ga Janairu. A wannan lokacin, shugabannin Biafra sun amince su miƙa wuya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 13 ga Janairu, Obasanjo ya gana da kwamandan sojojin Biafra Philip Effiong . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya dage cewa sojojin Biafra su mika makamansu kuma wasu daga cikin shugabannin jihar da ta balle suka tafi Legas suka mika wuya ga Gowon a hukumance. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Washegari, Obasanjo ya yi magana a rediyon yankin, yana kira ga 'yan kasa da su zauna a gidajensu kuma su tabbatar da tsaronsu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yawancin 'yan Biafra da kafofin watsa labarai na kasashen waje sun ji tsoron cewa Sojojin Najeriya za su aikata munanan ayyuka a kan mutanen da aka kayar, kodayake Obasanjo yana son hana hakan. Ya umarci sojojinsa da ke yankin da su ci gaba da zama a cikin barikokinsu, yana mai cewa 'yan sandan yankin ya kamata su dauki alhakin bin doka da oda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[3rd Armoured Division (Nijeriya)|Rundunar Soja ta Uku]], wacce ta fi zama a ware, ta kai hare-haren ramuwar gayya kan mutanen yankin. Obasanjo ya yi tsauri kan wadanda suka aikata laifin satar mutane, sannan ya harbi wadanda suka aikata laifin fyade. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gwamnatin Gowon ta sa Obasanjo ya dauki alhakin sake hada Biafra cikin Najeriya, wanda a wannan matsayi ya sami girmamawa saboda jaddada girman kai. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A matsayinsa na injiniya, ya jaddada dawo da samar da ruwa; zuwa watan Mayu na 1970 dukkan manyan garuruwan yankin sun sake hadewa da samar da ruwa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Matsayin Obasanjo wajen kawo karshen yakin ya sanya shi gwarzon yaki kuma sanannen mutum a kasa baki daya a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} === Aikin bayan Yaƙin Basasa: 1970–1975 === A watan Yunin 1970, Obasanjo ya koma Abeokuta, inda jama'a suka tarbe shi a matsayin gwarzon da ya dawo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi Legas a matsayin Birgediya Janar na jagorantar Rundunar Injiniyoyi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Oktoba, Gowon ya sanar da cewa gwamnatin soja za ta mika iko ga gwamnatin farar hula a shekarar 1976. A halin yanzu, haramcin jam'iyyun siyasa ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rundunar sojoji; Gowon bai yi wani ci gaba ba wajen kafa gwamnatin farar hula. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A karkashin gwamnatin soja, Obasanjo ya zauna a kwamitin sallamar sojoji wanda ya ba da shawarar rage yawan sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1970. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1974 Obasanjo ya tafi Burtaniya don yin kwas a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Royal . [ 57 ] Da dawowarsa, a watan Janairun 1975, Gowon ya nada shi Kwamishinan Ayyuka da Gidaje, mukamin da ya rike na tsawon watanni bakwai, wanda a lokacin yake da alhakin gina barikin soja. [ 58 ] A shekarar 1970, Obasanjo ya sayi wani tsohon kamfani a Ibadan, inda ya ɗauki wani wakili don ya kula da shi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1973 ya yi rijistar wani kasuwanci, Temperance Enterprises Limited, wanda ta hanyarsa zai iya fara harkokin kasuwanci bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya kuma ci gaba da saka hannun jari a kadarori; zuwa 1974 ya mallaki gidaje biyu a Legas da kuma ɗaya a Ibadan da Abeokuta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} An yi ta rade-radin cewa Obasanjo ya shiga cikin cin hanci da rashawa da ke [[Cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya|ƙara yaɗuwa a Najeriya]], kodayake babu wata shaida mai ƙarfi game da hakan da ta bayyana. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Aurensa da Oluremi ya yi tsami yayin da ta ƙi dangantakarsa da wasu mata. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970 aka wargaza aurensu. [ 60 ] A shekarar 1976 ya auri [[Stella Obasanjo|Stella Abebe]] a wani bikin gargajiya na Yarbawa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == A gwamnatin Murtala == === Juyin mulkin 1975 da kuma bayansa === A watan Yulin 1975, juyin mulki karkashin jagorancin Shehu Musa Yar'Adua da Joseph Garba sun kori Gowon, [ 62 ] wanda ya gudu zuwa Birtaniya. [1] Ba su sanar da Obasanjo shirinsu ba domin an san shi da sukar juyin mulki a matsayin kayan aikin sauya gwamnati. [1] Masu shirya juyin mulkin suna son maye gurbin mulkin kama-karya na Gowon da wani rukunin sojoji uku wadanda Majalisar Soja za ta iya kin amincewa da shawarwarinsu. Saboda wannan nasarar, sun shawo kan Janar Murtala Muhammed ya zama shugaban kasa, inda Obasanjo ya zama na biyu a shugabancinsa, da Danjuma a matsayin na uku. [ 65 ] Masanin tarihi John Iliffe ya lura cewa daga cikin wadanda suka yi nasara, Obasanjo shine "dokin aiki da kwakwalwa" kuma shine mafi sha'awar komawa mulkin farar hula. [1] Tare, rundunar sojojin ƙasa ta gabatar da matakan tsuke bakin aljihu don dakile hauhawar farashin kaya, ta kafa Ofishin Bincike na Ayyukan Cin Hanci da Rashawa, ta maye gurbin dukkan gwamnonin soja da sabbin jami'ai waɗanda suka kai rahoto kai tsaye ga Obasanjo a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata, sannan ta ƙaddamar da "Operation Deadwood" inda ta hanyarsu suka kori jami'ai 11,000 daga ma'aikatan gwamnati. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] bkd9wh5pn9cx2ni6x7qly3uvcihlo2q 873629 873627 2026-07-01T13:19:44Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 873629 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Chief '''Olusegun Matthew Okikiola Ogunboye Aremu Obasanjo''' GCFR <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by Obasanjo to the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/webcast/ga/61/pdfs/nigeria-e.pdf |access-date=23 April 2011}}</ref> ( // ⓘ ; Yoruba {{IPA|yo|ōlúʃɛ́ɡũ̄ ɔ̄básã̄d͡ʒɔ́|}} An haife shi {{Circa}} 5 ga Maris 1937) ɗan siyasa ne na Najeriya, ɗan siyasa, mai kishin ƙasa, kuma tsohon janar na soja wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sojan Najeriya daga alif 1976 zuwa 1979 sannan daga baya ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugabanta]] daga a 1999 zuwa 2007. A ra'ayinsa ɗan kishin ƙasa ne na Najeriya, ya kasance memba na [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP) daga alif 1998 zuwa 2015, kuma tun 2018.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8; Adeolu 2017, p. 4.</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 24 March 2022.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, p. 74.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 16–17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17; Derfler 2011, p. 74</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 29.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 29–30.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 30.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 78.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 45, 48.</ref> An haife shi a ƙauyen Ibogun-Olaogun, dangin sa manoma na reshen Owu na [[Yarbawa]], Obasanjo ya yi karatu sosai a [[Abeokuta]], [[Jihar Ogun]] . Ya shiga [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Rundunar Sojan Najeriya]] kuma ya ƙware a fannin injiniyanci kuma ya yi aiki a Kongo, [[Birtaniya]], da [[Indiya]], inda ya kai matsayin Manjo. A ƙarshen shekarun alif 1960, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaƙi da 'yan awaren [[Biyafara|Biafra]] a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya]], inda ya karɓi miƙa wuyansu alif 1970. A shekara alif 1975, [[1975 juyin mulkin Najeriya|wani juyin mulki na soja]] ya kafa gwamnatin soja tare da Obasanjo a matsayin wani ɓangare na mulkinta na nasara. Bayan an kashe shugaban triumvirate, [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], a al shekara mai zuwa, [[Majalisar Koli ta Soja ta Najeriya (alif 1966 zuwa 1979)|Majalisar Koli ta Soja]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council". www.interactioncouncil.org. Retrieved 1 February 2025.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 23; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 24; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 41.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 42; Derfler 2011, p. 79</ref> ta naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. Ci gaba da manufofin Murtala, Obasanjo ya kula da rage kasafin kuɗi da faɗaɗa damar samun ilimin makaranta kyauta. Yana ƙara haɗa Najeriya da Amurka, ya kuma jaddada goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin da ke adawa da mulkin tsirarun fararen fata a kudancin Afirka. Bayan da ya kuduri aniyar dawo da dimokuradiyya, Obasanjo ya jagoranci [[Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na alif 1979|zaben 1979]], bayan haka ya mika ragamar mulkin Najeriya ga sabon shugaban farar hula da aka zaba, [[Shehu Shagari|Shehu Shagari.]]<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 12–13; Derfler 2011, p. 73</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 13.</ref> Daga nan Obasanjo ya yi ritaya zuwa [[Ota, Ogun]], inda ya zama manomi, ya buga littattafai guda hudu, sannan ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa don kawo karshen rikice-rikicen Afirka daban-daban.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 7; Derfler 2011, p. 72</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 72; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 14</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 15.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, pp. 73–74.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 25; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 40.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 45.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 49, 56</ref> A shekara alif 1993, [[Sani Abacha]] ya kwace mulki a wani juyin mulki na soja. Obasanjo ya fito fili ya soki gwamnatin Abacha kuma a shekarar alif 1995 aka kama shi aka kuma same shi da laifin kasancewa cikin wani juyin mulki da aka shirya, duk da cewa bai aikata laifin da ake zargin sa da shi ba. Yayin da yake tsare, ya zama Kirista mai sake haifuwa, tare da ra'ayin raba iko ya yi tasiri sosai kan ra'ayinsa na duniya. An sake shi bayan mutuwar Abacha a alif 1998. Obasanjo ya shiga siyasar zabe, inda ya zama dan takarar PDP a zaben shugaban kasa na a 1999, wanda ya lashe. A matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, ya cire siyasa daga harkokin soja kuma ya fadada 'yan sanda tare da tattara sojoji don yaki da tashe-tashen hankulan kabilanci, addini, da kuma ballewa. Ya janye [[Yakin basasa na Sierra Leone|sojojin Najeriya daga Sierra Leone]] kuma ya sayar da kamfanoni daban-daban na gwamnati don takaita basussukan kasar da ke karuwa. An sake zabensa a zaben alif 2003. Saboda ra'ayoyin [[Pan-Africanism]], ya kasance mai goyon bayan kafa [[Tarayyar Afrika|kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta daga 2004 zuwa 2006. Yunkurin Obasanjo na canza kundin tsarin mulki don kawar da iyakokin wa'adin shugaban kasa bai yi nasara ba kuma ya jawo suka. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin tauhidi daga [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiyar Ƙasa ta Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adegbite |first=Charles Segun |date=16 December 2017 |title=At 80years, Obasanjo bags Ph.D in Theology |url=https://successfulpeoplemagazine.wordpress.com/2017/12/16/at-80years-obasanjo-bags-ph-d-in-theology/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=Successful People's World |language=en}}</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 39</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 20.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 26.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 24.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 26–27.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 27–28.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 28.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 31.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 31–32.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 42; Derfler 2011, p. 80.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 42</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 40; Derfler 2011, p. 79.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 42–43; Derfler 2011, p. 81.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 45; Derfler 2011, p. 82.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 45, 48; Derfler 2011, p. 83.</ref> An bayyana Obasanjo a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane na ƙarni na biyu na shugabannin Afirka bayan mulkin mallaka . Ya sami yabo kan yadda ya jagoranci sauye-sauyen da Najeriya ta yi zuwa ga [[dimokuradiyya ta wakilci]] a shekarun alof 1970 da kuma ƙoƙarinsa na ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa a faɗin nahiyar. Masu suka sun dage cewa yana da laifin cin hanci da rashawa, cewa gwamnatocinsa sun kula da take haƙƙin ɗan adam, kuma a matsayinsa na shugaban ƙasa ya fara sha'awar haɗa kai da kuma riƙe ikonsa na kashin kansa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2025 |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} Biography, Age, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 21.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 21–22.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 22.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 25–26.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 41–42.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 82.</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Mahaifin Olusegun Obasanjo Obasanjo Bankole yana ɗaya daga cikin mutanen farko da suka fara zama kuma ubannin da suka kafa ƙauyen Igbogun Olaogun a farkon shekarun a 1920. Duk da cewa manomi ne mai arziki kuma mai sana'ar giyar dabino, ana ɗaukarsa talaka ne saboda ba ya cikin manyan mutane masu ilimi a [[Kasar Yarbawa|ƙasar Yarabawa]] . Bankole ya haɗu da Bernice Ashabi, wani ƙaramin ɗan kasuwa a Igbogun kuma dukansu sun yi aure. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu da suka rage daga cikin shida: Olusegun da Adunni Oluwola, 'yar'uwarsa tilo. {{Sfn|Adeolu|2017}} A cewar fasfo ɗinsa, an haifi Olusegun Obasanjo a ranar 5 ga Maris 1937 duk da cewa babu wani tarihi na zamani kuma kwanan wata kusan kiyasi ne. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}}<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 43.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 43; Derfler 2011, p. 81.</ref> Olusegun ya fito ne daga Masarautar Owu . An rene shi a matsayin Baptist . Daga baya 'yar'uwarsa ta [[Musulunci|musulunta]] domin ta auri wani mutum Musulmi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 44.</ref>Yana da shekara goma s ya shiga makarantar firamare ta ƙauyen, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma bayan shekaru uku, a 1951, ya koma Makarantar Ranar Baptist a unguwar Owu ta [[Abeokuta]] . [ 11 ] A 1952 ya koma [[Baptist Boys' High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta Baptist Boys]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> shi ma a garin. Kuɗaɗen makarantarsa wani ɓangare ne na tallafin gwamnati. [ 13 ] Obasanjo ya yi kyau a fannin ilimi, [ 14 ] kuma a makaranta ya zama ƙwararren ɗan Scout . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Duk da cewa babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa yana da hannu a cikin kowace ƙungiyar siyasa, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} a makarantar sakandare ne Obasanjo ya ƙi sunan farko na "Matthew" a matsayin wani aikin adawa da mulkin mallaka . [ 16 ] A halin yanzu, mahaifin Obasanjo ya yi watsi da matarsa da 'ya'yansa biyu. [ 17 ] Bayan da ya faɗa cikin talauci, mahaifiyar Obasanjo ta yi aiki a fannin kasuwanci don ta rayu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Domin biyan kuɗin makarantarsa, Obasanjo ya yi aiki a gonakin koko da kola, ya yi kamun kifi, ya tattara itacen wuta, sannan ya sayar wa masu gini yashi. A lokacin hutun makaranta, ya kuma yi aiki a makarantar, yana sare ciyawa da sauran ayyukan hannu.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 48; Derfler 2011, p. 83</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 48.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 46; Derfler 2011, p. 83.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 47.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 46–47; Derfler 2011, p. 94.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 94.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 48; Derfler 2011, pp. 84–85.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 49.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 48–49; Derfler 2011, p. 85</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 56.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 51</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 50.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 50; Derfler 2011, p. 85.</ref> A shekarar 1956, Obasanjo ya yi jarrabawar makarantar sakandare, bayan ya ranci kuɗi don biyan kuɗin shiga. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan shekarar, ya fara soyayya da [[Esther Oluremi Obasanjo|Oluremi Akinlawon]], 'yar Owu ga wani babban jami'in tashar jirgin ƙasa. An yi musu alkawari za su yi aure a shekarar 1958. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya koma [[Ibadan]], inda ya yi aikin koyarwa. A can, ya zauna don jarrabawar shiga [[Jami'ar Ibadan|Kwalejin Jami'a ta Ibadan]], amma duk da cewa ya ci nasara, ya ga ba zai iya biyan kuɗin makaranta ba. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan Obasanjo ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a matsayin injiniyan farar hula, kuma don samun damar shiga wannan sana'a, a shekarar 1958 ya amsa wani tallan horar da jami'in sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya. [ 21 ] <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}</ref> == Farkon aikin soja (1958–1966) == === Horar da sojoji: 1958–1959 === A watan Maris na shekarar 1958, Obasanjo ya shiga rundunar sojin Najeriya. [ 23 ] Ya ga hakan a matsayin wata dama ta ci gaba da karatunsa yayin da yake samun albashi; {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} bai sanar da iyalansa nan take ba, yana tsoron cewa iyayensa za su ƙi amincewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan lokacin ne aka mayar da [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|rundunar sojin Najeriya]] zuwa ikon gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Najeriya, a shirye-shiryen samun cikakken 'yancin kai na Najeriya, kuma an yi yunƙurin shigar da ƙarin 'yan asalin Najeriya cikin manyan mukamai na rundunar sojinta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi zuwa Makarantar Horar da Jami'ai ta Kullum da ke [[Teshie]] a [[Ghana]] . [ 23 ] Lokacin da aka tura shi aiki a ƙasashen waje, ya aika wa amaryarsa wasiƙu da kyaututtuka a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Satumba na shekarar 1958, an zaɓe shi don ƙarin horo na watanni shida a Makarantar Cadet ta Mons Officer da ke Aldershot, kudancin [[Ingila]] . Obasanjo bai so hakan a can ba, yana ganin cewa cibiyar ta kasance ta aji da [[wariyar launin fata]], kuma ya ga yana da wahala ya daidaita da yanayin sanyi da danshi na Ingila. [ 26 ] Ya ƙarfafa ra'ayoyinsa marasa kyau game da [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] da kuma 'yancinta na mulkin mallaka a kan mutanen da ta mamaye. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} A ranar Litinin, ya sami kwamiti da takardar shaidar injiniya. Yayin da Obasanjo yake Ingila, mahaifiyarsa ta mutu. Mahaifinsa ya mutu bayan shekara guda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1959, Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya. A can, aka tura shi [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] a matsayin wani soja mai kula da rundunar sojojin ƙasa tare da Bataliyar Biyar. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Lokacin da ya yi a Kaduna shi ne karo na farko da Obasanjo ya zauna a yankin da Musulmai suka fi rinjaye. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da yake can, a watan Oktoban 1960, Najeriya ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> === Rikicin Congo: 1960–1961 === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an aika da Bataliya ta Biyar zuwa Kongo a matsayin wani ɓangare na rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . A can, an kafa bataliya a Lardin Kivu, tare da hedikwatarsu a [[Bukavu]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A Kongo, Obasanjo da wasu suna da alhakin kare fararen hula, gami da ƙabilar tsiraru ta Belgium, daga [[1960 Sojojin Jama'a|sojojin da suka yi tawaye]] ga gwamnatin [[Patrice Lumumba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Fabrairun 1961, masu tawaye sun kama Obasanjo yayin da yake kwashe masu wa'azin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika na Roman]] daga wani tasha kusa da Bukavu. Masu tawaye sun yi tunanin kashe shi amma an umarce su da su sake shi. A watan Mayun 1961, Bataliya ta Biyar ta bar Kongo ta koma Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin rikicin, an naɗa shi kyaftin na wucin gadi. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} Daga baya ya lura cewa lokacin da aka yi a Kongo ya ƙarfafa "zafin Pan-African" na bataliyarsa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Dawowa daga Kongo: 1961–1966 === Da dawowarsa, Obasanjo ya sayi motarsa ta farko, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma an kwantar da shi a asibiti na ɗan lokaci saboda ciwon ciki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da ya warke, aka mayar da shi zuwa Rundunar Injiniyan Sojoji. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1962 aka tura shi aiki a Kwalejin Injiniyan Sojoji ta Royal a Ingila. [ 30 ] A can, ya yi fice kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun ɗalibi na Commonwealth da aka taɓa samu". [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, ya biya Akinlawon don tafiya zuwa Landan inda za ta iya shiga wani kwas na horo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Yunin 1963 a Ofishin Rijistar Kore na Camberwell, suna sanar da iyalansu ne kawai bayan taron. [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, an ba Obasanjo umarnin komawa Najeriya, kodayake matarsa ta ci gaba da zama a Landan na tsawon shekaru uku don kammala karatunta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da zarar ya isa Najeriya, Obasanjo ya karɓi ragamar rundunar Injiniyan Field da ke Kaduna. [ 33 ] A cikin aikin soja, Obasanjo ya ci gaba da samun ci gaba a cikin manyan mukamai, inda ya zama babban jami'i a shekarar 1965. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya yi amfani da kudin shigarsa wajen sayen filaye, a farkon shekarun 1960 yana samun kadarori a Ibadan, Kaduna, da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1965, an tura Obasanjo zuwa Indiya. A kan hanyarsa, ya ziyarci matarsa a Landan. A [[Indiya]], ya yi karatu a [[Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro (DSSC)|Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro]] da ke Wellington sannan ya yi karatu a Makarantar Injiniya da ke [[Pune|Poona]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya yi mamakin yunwar da ya gani a Indiya duk da cewa ya nuna sha'awar al'adun kasar, wani abu da ya karfafa masa gwiwa ya karanta littattafai kan addini mai kama da juna . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya == === Aikin kafin Yaƙin Basasa: 1966–1967 === Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya a watan Janairun 1966 domin ya gano kasar tana tsakiyar [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin soja]] wanda Manjo [[Emmanuel Ifeajuna]] ya jagoranta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo yana cikin wadanda suka yi gargadin cewa lamarin na iya rikidewa zuwa yakin basasa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya bayar da shawarar yin aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani tsakanin masu shirya juyin mulkin da gwamnatin farar hula, wacce ta mika mulki ga Babban Kwamandan Soja [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da juyin mulkin ya gaza, Olusegun ya hadu da Ironsi a Legas. Ba da daɗewa ba Ironsi ya kawo karshen tsarin tarayya a Najeriya ta hanyar dokar hadin kan kasa a watan Mayun 1966, wani abu da ya tayar da rikicin kabilanci. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ƙarshen watan Yuli, [[Juyin Mulki a Najeriya, 1966|an sake yin juyin mulki na biyu]] . A Ibadan, sojoji 'yan asalin arewacin Najeriya sun yi tawaye suka kashe Ironsi, sannan suka kashe sojoji kusan ɗari biyu galibi daga Kudancin Najeriya. Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya karbi mulki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da ake wannan juyin mulki, Obasanjo yana [[Maiduguri]] . Jin labarin, sai ya koma Kaduna da sauri. A can, ya gano cewa sojojin arewa daga Bataliya ta Uku suna tattara sojoji, suna azabtar da su, da kuma kashe su. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[Gwamnan Arewacin Najeriya]], [[Hassan Usman Katsina|Hassan Katsina]], ya fahimci cewa duk da cewa Olusegun ba Igbo ba ne, a matsayinsa na ɗan kudu, har yanzu yana cikin haɗari daga sojojin da suka yi tawaye. Domin kare su, Katsina ta mayar da Olusegun da matarsa Maiduguri na tsawon kwanaki goma, yayin da tashin hankalin ya ragu. Bayan haka, Obasanjo ya aika matarsa zuwa Legas yayin da yake komawa Kaduna da kansa, inda ya zauna har zuwa Janairu 1967. A wannan lokacin shi ne babban jami'in Yarabawa mafi girma a arewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Janairun 1967, an tura Obasanjo aiki zuwa Legas a matsayin Babban Injiniyan Sojoji. [ 40 ] Tashin hankali tsakanin kabilun Igbo da na arewa ya ci gaba da karuwa, kuma a watan Mayu jami'in soja na Igbo [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu|C. Odumegwu Ojukwu]] ya ayyana 'yancin kai ga yankunan da Igbo ke da rinjaye a kudu maso gabas, inda ya kafa [[Biyafara|Jamhuriyar Biafra]] . [ 41 ] A ranar 3 ga Yuli, gwamnatin Najeriya ta tura Obasanjo zuwa Ibadan don yin aiki a matsayin kwamandan [[Jihar Yammacin Najeriya|Jihar Yamma]] . [ 42 ] Fadan da ya barke tsakanin Sojojin Najeriya da 'yan awaren Biafra ya barke a ranar 6 ga Yuli. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 9 ga Yuli, Ojukwu ta aika da rundunar sojojin Biafra a kan gadar Niger a wani yunƙuri na kwace yankin Mid-West, wani wuri da za ta iya kai hari a Lagos. Obasanjo ya nemi toshe hanyoyin da ke kaiwa birnin. Kwamandan Yarbawa Victor Banjo, wanda ke jagorantar rundunar hare-haren Biafra, ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan Obasanjo ya bar su su wuce, amma ya ƙi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Umarnin Yaƙin Basasa: 1967–1970 === [[Fayil:Colonel_Olu_Obasanjo_-_ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_093_New_Nigerian_newspaper_page_7_January_1970._End_of_the_Nigerian_civil_war_with_Biafra_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|"Kanar Olu Obasanjo, Kwamanda, sashe na 3". ''Sabuwar Jaridar Najeriya'', shafi na 7, 12 Janairu 1970. Ƙarshen yaƙin basasar Najeriya da Biafra.]] Daga nan aka naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin kwamandan baya na Rukunin Biyu na [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], wanda ke aiki a Tsakiyar Yamma. Obasanjo da ke zaune a Ibadan ne ke da alhakin tabbatar da cewa an samar da kayayyaki ga Rukunin Biyu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A cikin birnin, Obasanjo ya koyar da wani kwas a fannin kimiyyar soja a Jami'ar Ibadan kuma ya gina abokan hulɗarsa a cikin manyan Yarabawa. A lokacin yaƙin, an sami tashin hankali a cikin jama'a a Jihar Yamma, kuma don guje wa alhakin waɗannan batutuwa, Obasanjo ya yi murabus daga Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Yamma. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da Obasanjo yake nesa da Ibadan a watan Nuwamba na 1968, mazauna ƙauyen da [[Agbekoya|ƙungiyar manoma ta Agbekoya]] ta tattara makamai sun kai hari kan zauren birnin Ibadan. Sojoji sun yi ramuwar gayya, inda suka kashe goma daga cikin masu tayar da zaune tsaye. Lokacin da Obasanjo ya dawo, ya ba da umarnin a gudanar da bincike kan abubuwan da suka faru. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gowon ya yanke shawarar maye gurbin Kanar [[Benjamin Adekunle]], wanda ke jagorantar harin Biafra, amma yana buƙatar wani babban Ba’arabiye. Ya zaɓi Obasanjo, duk da rashin ƙwarewar yaƙi na baya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya isa [[Port Harcourt]] don ɗaukar sabon matsayin a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1969; yanzu yana kula da sojoji tsakanin 35,000 zuwa 40,000. Ya shafe makonni shida na farko yana yaƙi da harin Biafra a [[Aba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya zagaya kowane ɓangare na fagen daga, kuma ya ji rauni yayin da yake yin hakan. Waɗannan ayyukan sun sa ya sami suna na jarumtaka a tsakanin sojojinsa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A watan Disamba, Obasanjo ya ƙaddamar da [[Operation Finishing Touch]], yana ba da umarnin sojojinsa su ci gaba zuwa [[Umuahia]], wanda suka yi a [[Kirsimeti|ranar Kirsimeti]] . Wannan ya rage Biafra gida biyu. A ranar 7 ga Janairu 1970, sai ya ƙaddamar da Operation Tail-Wind, inda ya kama filin jirgin saman Uli a ranar 12 ga Janairu. A wannan lokacin, shugabannin Biafra sun amince su miƙa wuya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 13 ga Janairu, Obasanjo ya gana da kwamandan sojojin Biafra Philip Effiong . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya dage cewa sojojin Biafra su mika makamansu kuma wasu daga cikin shugabannin jihar da ta balle suka tafi Legas suka mika wuya ga Gowon a hukumance. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Washegari, Obasanjo ya yi magana a rediyon yankin, yana kira ga 'yan kasa da su zauna a gidajensu kuma su tabbatar da tsaronsu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yawancin 'yan Biafra da kafofin watsa labarai na kasashen waje sun ji tsoron cewa Sojojin Najeriya za su aikata munanan ayyuka a kan mutanen da aka kayar, kodayake Obasanjo yana son hana hakan. Ya umarci sojojinsa da ke yankin da su ci gaba da zama a cikin barikokinsu, yana mai cewa 'yan sandan yankin ya kamata su dauki alhakin bin doka da oda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[3rd Armoured Division (Nijeriya)|Rundunar Soja ta Uku]], wacce ta fi zama a ware, ta kai hare-haren ramuwar gayya kan mutanen yankin. Obasanjo ya yi tsauri kan wadanda suka aikata laifin satar mutane, sannan ya harbi wadanda suka aikata laifin fyade. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gwamnatin Gowon ta sa Obasanjo ya dauki alhakin sake hada Biafra cikin Najeriya, wanda a wannan matsayi ya sami girmamawa saboda jaddada girman kai. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A matsayinsa na injiniya, ya jaddada dawo da samar da ruwa; zuwa watan Mayu na 1970 dukkan manyan garuruwan yankin sun sake hadewa da samar da ruwa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Matsayin Obasanjo wajen kawo karshen yakin ya sanya shi gwarzon yaki kuma sanannen mutum a kasa baki daya a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} === Aikin bayan Yaƙin Basasa: 1970–1975 === A watan Yunin 1970, Obasanjo ya koma Abeokuta, inda jama'a suka tarbe shi a matsayin gwarzon da ya dawo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi Legas a matsayin Birgediya Janar na jagorantar Rundunar Injiniyoyi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Oktoba, Gowon ya sanar da cewa gwamnatin soja za ta mika iko ga gwamnatin farar hula a shekarar 1976. A halin yanzu, haramcin jam'iyyun siyasa ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rundunar sojoji; Gowon bai yi wani ci gaba ba wajen kafa gwamnatin farar hula. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A karkashin gwamnatin soja, Obasanjo ya zauna a kwamitin sallamar sojoji wanda ya ba da shawarar rage yawan sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1970. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1974 Obasanjo ya tafi Burtaniya don yin kwas a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Royal . [ 57 ] Da dawowarsa, a watan Janairun 1975, Gowon ya nada shi Kwamishinan Ayyuka da Gidaje, mukamin da ya rike na tsawon watanni bakwai, wanda a lokacin yake da alhakin gina barikin soja. [ 58 ] A shekarar 1970, Obasanjo ya sayi wani tsohon kamfani a Ibadan, inda ya ɗauki wani wakili don ya kula da shi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1973 ya yi rijistar wani kasuwanci, Temperance Enterprises Limited, wanda ta hanyarsa zai iya fara harkokin kasuwanci bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya kuma ci gaba da saka hannun jari a kadarori; zuwa 1974 ya mallaki gidaje biyu a Legas da kuma ɗaya a Ibadan da Abeokuta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} An yi ta rade-radin cewa Obasanjo ya shiga cikin cin hanci da rashawa da ke [[Cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya|ƙara yaɗuwa a Najeriya]], kodayake babu wata shaida mai ƙarfi game da hakan da ta bayyana. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Aurensa da Oluremi ya yi tsami yayin da ta ƙi dangantakarsa da wasu mata. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970 aka wargaza aurensu. [ 60 ] A shekarar 1976 ya auri [[Stella Obasanjo|Stella Abebe]] a wani bikin gargajiya na Yarbawa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == A gwamnatin Murtala == === Juyin mulkin 1975 da kuma bayansa === A watan Yulin 1975, juyin mulki karkashin jagorancin Shehu Musa Yar'Adua da Joseph Garba sun kori Gowon, [ 62 ] wanda ya gudu zuwa Birtaniya. [1] Ba su sanar da Obasanjo shirinsu ba domin an san shi da sukar juyin mulki a matsayin kayan aikin sauya gwamnati. [1] Masu shirya juyin mulkin suna son maye gurbin mulkin kama-karya na Gowon da wani rukunin sojoji uku wadanda Majalisar Soja za ta iya kin amincewa da shawarwarinsu. Saboda wannan nasarar, sun shawo kan Janar Murtala Muhammed ya zama shugaban kasa, inda Obasanjo ya zama na biyu a shugabancinsa, da Danjuma a matsayin na uku. [ 65 ] Masanin tarihi John Iliffe ya lura cewa daga cikin wadanda suka yi nasara, Obasanjo shine "dokin aiki da kwakwalwa" kuma shine mafi sha'awar komawa mulkin farar hula. [1] Tare, rundunar sojojin ƙasa ta gabatar da matakan tsuke bakin aljihu don dakile hauhawar farashin kaya, ta kafa Ofishin Bincike na Ayyukan Cin Hanci da Rashawa, ta maye gurbin dukkan gwamnonin soja da sabbin jami'ai waɗanda suka kai rahoto kai tsaye ga Obasanjo a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata, sannan ta ƙaddamar da "Operation Deadwood" inda ta hanyarsu suka kori jami'ai 11,000 daga ma'aikatan gwamnati. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3xyetw47x1eutf5sm66lpn0mlwiwh4f 873630 873629 2026-07-01T13:20:22Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 873630 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Chief '''Olusegun Matthew Okikiola Ogunboye Aremu Obasanjo''' GCFR <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by Obasanjo to the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/webcast/ga/61/pdfs/nigeria-e.pdf |access-date=23 April 2011}}</ref> ( // ⓘ ; Yoruba {{IPA|yo|ōlúʃɛ́ɡũ̄ ɔ̄básã̄d͡ʒɔ́|}} An haife shi {{Circa}} 5 ga Maris 1937) ɗan siyasa ne na Najeriya, ɗan siyasa, mai kishin ƙasa, kuma tsohon janar na soja wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sojan Najeriya daga alif 1976 zuwa 1979 sannan daga baya ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugabanta]] daga a 1999 zuwa 2007. A ra'ayinsa ɗan kishin ƙasa ne na Najeriya, ya kasance memba na [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP) daga alif 1998 zuwa 2015, kuma tun 2018.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8; Adeolu 2017, p. 4.</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 24 March 2022.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, p. 74.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 16–17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17; Derfler 2011, p. 74</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 29.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 29–30.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 30.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 78.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 45, 48.</ref> An haife shi a ƙauyen Ibogun-Olaogun, dangin sa manoma na reshen Owu na [[Yarbawa]], Obasanjo ya yi karatu sosai a [[Abeokuta]], [[Jihar Ogun]] . Ya shiga [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Rundunar Sojan Najeriya]] kuma ya ƙware a fannin injiniyanci kuma ya yi aiki a Kongo, [[Birtaniya]], da [[Indiya]], inda ya kai matsayin Manjo. A ƙarshen shekarun alif 1960, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaƙi da 'yan awaren [[Biyafara|Biafra]] a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya]], inda ya karɓi miƙa wuyansu alif 1970. A shekara alif 1975, [[1975 juyin mulkin Najeriya|wani juyin mulki na soja]] ya kafa gwamnatin soja tare da Obasanjo a matsayin wani ɓangare na mulkinta na nasara. Bayan an kashe shugaban triumvirate, [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], a al shekara mai zuwa, [[Majalisar Koli ta Soja ta Najeriya (alif 1966 zuwa 1979)|Majalisar Koli ta Soja]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council". www.interactioncouncil.org. Retrieved 1 February 2025.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 23; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 24; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 41.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 42; Derfler 2011, p. 79</ref> ta naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. Ci gaba da manufofin Murtala, Obasanjo ya kula da rage kasafin kuɗi da faɗaɗa damar samun ilimin makaranta kyauta. Yana ƙara haɗa Najeriya da Amurka, ya kuma jaddada goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin da ke adawa da mulkin tsirarun fararen fata a kudancin Afirka. Bayan da ya kuduri aniyar dawo da dimokuradiyya, Obasanjo ya jagoranci [[Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na alif 1979|zaben 1979]], bayan haka ya mika ragamar mulkin Najeriya ga sabon shugaban farar hula da aka zaba, [[Shehu Shagari|Shehu Shagari.]]<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 12–13; Derfler 2011, p. 73</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 13.</ref> Daga nan Obasanjo ya yi ritaya zuwa [[Ota, Ogun]], inda ya zama manomi, ya buga littattafai guda hudu, sannan ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa don kawo karshen rikice-rikicen Afirka daban-daban.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 7; Derfler 2011, p. 72</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 72; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 14</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 15.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, pp. 73–74.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 25; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 40.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 45.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 49, 56</ref> A shekara alif 1993, [[Sani Abacha]] ya kwace mulki a wani juyin mulki na soja. Obasanjo ya fito fili ya soki gwamnatin Abacha kuma a shekarar alif 1995 aka kama shi aka kuma same shi da laifin kasancewa cikin wani juyin mulki da aka shirya, duk da cewa bai aikata laifin da ake zargin sa da shi ba. Yayin da yake tsare, ya zama Kirista mai sake haifuwa, tare da ra'ayin raba iko ya yi tasiri sosai kan ra'ayinsa na duniya. An sake shi bayan mutuwar Abacha a alif 1998. Obasanjo ya shiga siyasar zabe, inda ya zama dan takarar PDP a zaben shugaban kasa na a 1999, wanda ya lashe. A matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, ya cire siyasa daga harkokin soja kuma ya fadada 'yan sanda tare da tattara sojoji don yaki da tashe-tashen hankulan kabilanci, addini, da kuma ballewa. Ya janye [[Yakin basasa na Sierra Leone|sojojin Najeriya daga Sierra Leone]] kuma ya sayar da kamfanoni daban-daban na gwamnati don takaita basussukan kasar da ke karuwa. An sake zabensa a zaben alif 2003. Saboda ra'ayoyin [[Pan-Africanism]], ya kasance mai goyon bayan kafa [[Tarayyar Afrika|kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta daga 2004 zuwa 2006. Yunkurin Obasanjo na canza kundin tsarin mulki don kawar da iyakokin wa'adin shugaban kasa bai yi nasara ba kuma ya jawo suka. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin tauhidi daga [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiyar Ƙasa ta Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adegbite |first=Charles Segun |date=16 December 2017 |title=At 80years, Obasanjo bags Ph.D in Theology |url=https://successfulpeoplemagazine.wordpress.com/2017/12/16/at-80years-obasanjo-bags-ph-d-in-theology/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=Successful People's World |language=en}}</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 39</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 20.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 26.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 24.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 26–27.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 27–28.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 28.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 31.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 31–32.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 42; Derfler 2011, p. 80.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 42</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 40; Derfler 2011, p. 79.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 42–43; Derfler 2011, p. 81.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 45; Derfler 2011, p. 82.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 45, 48; Derfler 2011, p. 83.</ref> An bayyana Obasanjo a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane na ƙarni na biyu na shugabannin Afirka bayan mulkin mallaka . Ya sami yabo kan yadda ya jagoranci sauye-sauyen da Najeriya ta yi zuwa ga [[dimokuradiyya ta wakilci]] a shekarun alof 1970 da kuma ƙoƙarinsa na ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa a faɗin nahiyar. Masu suka sun dage cewa yana da laifin cin hanci da rashawa, cewa gwamnatocinsa sun kula da take haƙƙin ɗan adam, kuma a matsayinsa na shugaban ƙasa ya fara sha'awar haɗa kai da kuma riƙe ikonsa na kashin kansa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2025 |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} Biography, Age, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 21.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 21–22.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 22.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 25–26.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 41–42.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 82.</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Mahaifin Olusegun Obasanjo Obasanjo Bankole yana ɗaya daga cikin mutanen farko da suka fara zama kuma ubannin da suka kafa ƙauyen Igbogun Olaogun a farkon shekarun al 1920. Duk da cewa manomi ne mai arziki kuma mai sana'ar giyar dabino, ana ɗaukarsa talaka ne saboda ba ya cikin manyan mutane masu ilimi a [[Kasar Yarbawa|ƙasar Yarabawa]] . Bankole ya haɗu da Bernice Ashabi, wani ƙaramin ɗan kasuwa a Igbogun kuma dukansu sun yi aure. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu da suka rage daga cikin shida: Olusegun da Adunni Oluwola, 'yar'uwarsa tilo. {{Sfn|Adeolu|2017}} A cewar fasfo ɗinsa, an haifi Olusegun Obasanjo a ranar 5 ga Maris 1937 duk da cewa babu wani tarihi na zamani kuma kwanan wata kusan kiyasi ne. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}}<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 43.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 43; Derfler 2011, p. 81.</ref> Olusegun ya fito ne daga Masarautar Owu . An rene shi a matsayin Baptist . Daga baya 'yar'uwarsa ta [[Musulunci|musulunta]] domin ta auri wani mutum Musulmi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 44.</ref>Yana da shekara goma s ya shiga makarantar firamare ta ƙauyen, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma bayan shekaru uku, a 1951, ya koma Makarantar Ranar Baptist a unguwar Owu ta [[Abeokuta]] . [ 11 ] A 1952 ya koma [[Baptist Boys' High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta Baptist Boys]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> shi ma a garin. Kuɗaɗen makarantarsa wani ɓangare ne na tallafin gwamnati. [ 13 ] Obasanjo ya yi kyau a fannin ilimi, [ 14 ] kuma a makaranta ya zama ƙwararren ɗan Scout . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Duk da cewa babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa yana da hannu a cikin kowace ƙungiyar siyasa, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} a makarantar sakandare ne Obasanjo ya ƙi sunan farko na "Matthew" a matsayin wani aikin adawa da mulkin mallaka . [ 16 ] A halin yanzu, mahaifin Obasanjo ya yi watsi da matarsa da 'ya'yansa biyu. [ 17 ] Bayan da ya faɗa cikin talauci, mahaifiyar Obasanjo ta yi aiki a fannin kasuwanci don ta rayu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Domin biyan kuɗin makarantarsa, Obasanjo ya yi aiki a gonakin koko da kola, ya yi kamun kifi, ya tattara itacen wuta, sannan ya sayar wa masu gini yashi. A lokacin hutun makaranta, ya kuma yi aiki a makarantar, yana sare ciyawa da sauran ayyukan hannu.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 48; Derfler 2011, p. 83</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 48.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 46; Derfler 2011, p. 83.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 47.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 46–47; Derfler 2011, p. 94.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 94.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 48; Derfler 2011, pp. 84–85.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 49.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 48–49; Derfler 2011, p. 85</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 56.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 51</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 50.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 50; Derfler 2011, p. 85.</ref> A shekarar 1956, Obasanjo ya yi jarrabawar makarantar sakandare, bayan ya ranci kuɗi don biyan kuɗin shiga. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan shekarar, ya fara soyayya da [[Esther Oluremi Obasanjo|Oluremi Akinlawon]], 'yar Owu ga wani babban jami'in tashar jirgin ƙasa. An yi musu alkawari za su yi aure a shekarar 1958. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya koma [[Ibadan]], inda ya yi aikin koyarwa. A can, ya zauna don jarrabawar shiga [[Jami'ar Ibadan|Kwalejin Jami'a ta Ibadan]], amma duk da cewa ya ci nasara, ya ga ba zai iya biyan kuɗin makaranta ba. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan Obasanjo ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a matsayin injiniyan farar hula, kuma don samun damar shiga wannan sana'a, a shekarar 1958 ya amsa wani tallan horar da jami'in sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya. [ 21 ] <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}</ref> == Farkon aikin soja (1958–1966) == === Horar da sojoji: 1958–1959 === A watan Maris na shekarar 1958, Obasanjo ya shiga rundunar sojin Najeriya. [ 23 ] Ya ga hakan a matsayin wata dama ta ci gaba da karatunsa yayin da yake samun albashi; {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} bai sanar da iyalansa nan take ba, yana tsoron cewa iyayensa za su ƙi amincewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan lokacin ne aka mayar da [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|rundunar sojin Najeriya]] zuwa ikon gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Najeriya, a shirye-shiryen samun cikakken 'yancin kai na Najeriya, kuma an yi yunƙurin shigar da ƙarin 'yan asalin Najeriya cikin manyan mukamai na rundunar sojinta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi zuwa Makarantar Horar da Jami'ai ta Kullum da ke [[Teshie]] a [[Ghana]] . [ 23 ] Lokacin da aka tura shi aiki a ƙasashen waje, ya aika wa amaryarsa wasiƙu da kyaututtuka a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Satumba na shekarar 1958, an zaɓe shi don ƙarin horo na watanni shida a Makarantar Cadet ta Mons Officer da ke Aldershot, kudancin [[Ingila]] . Obasanjo bai so hakan a can ba, yana ganin cewa cibiyar ta kasance ta aji da [[wariyar launin fata]], kuma ya ga yana da wahala ya daidaita da yanayin sanyi da danshi na Ingila. [ 26 ] Ya ƙarfafa ra'ayoyinsa marasa kyau game da [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] da kuma 'yancinta na mulkin mallaka a kan mutanen da ta mamaye. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} A ranar Litinin, ya sami kwamiti da takardar shaidar injiniya. Yayin da Obasanjo yake Ingila, mahaifiyarsa ta mutu. Mahaifinsa ya mutu bayan shekara guda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1959, Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya. A can, aka tura shi [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] a matsayin wani soja mai kula da rundunar sojojin ƙasa tare da Bataliyar Biyar. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Lokacin da ya yi a Kaduna shi ne karo na farko da Obasanjo ya zauna a yankin da Musulmai suka fi rinjaye. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da yake can, a watan Oktoban 1960, Najeriya ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> === Rikicin Congo: 1960–1961 === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an aika da Bataliya ta Biyar zuwa Kongo a matsayin wani ɓangare na rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . A can, an kafa bataliya a Lardin Kivu, tare da hedikwatarsu a [[Bukavu]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A Kongo, Obasanjo da wasu suna da alhakin kare fararen hula, gami da ƙabilar tsiraru ta Belgium, daga [[1960 Sojojin Jama'a|sojojin da suka yi tawaye]] ga gwamnatin [[Patrice Lumumba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Fabrairun 1961, masu tawaye sun kama Obasanjo yayin da yake kwashe masu wa'azin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika na Roman]] daga wani tasha kusa da Bukavu. Masu tawaye sun yi tunanin kashe shi amma an umarce su da su sake shi. A watan Mayun 1961, Bataliya ta Biyar ta bar Kongo ta koma Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin rikicin, an naɗa shi kyaftin na wucin gadi. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} Daga baya ya lura cewa lokacin da aka yi a Kongo ya ƙarfafa "zafin Pan-African" na bataliyarsa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Dawowa daga Kongo: 1961–1966 === Da dawowarsa, Obasanjo ya sayi motarsa ta farko, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma an kwantar da shi a asibiti na ɗan lokaci saboda ciwon ciki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da ya warke, aka mayar da shi zuwa Rundunar Injiniyan Sojoji. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1962 aka tura shi aiki a Kwalejin Injiniyan Sojoji ta Royal a Ingila. [ 30 ] A can, ya yi fice kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun ɗalibi na Commonwealth da aka taɓa samu". [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, ya biya Akinlawon don tafiya zuwa Landan inda za ta iya shiga wani kwas na horo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Yunin 1963 a Ofishin Rijistar Kore na Camberwell, suna sanar da iyalansu ne kawai bayan taron. [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, an ba Obasanjo umarnin komawa Najeriya, kodayake matarsa ta ci gaba da zama a Landan na tsawon shekaru uku don kammala karatunta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da zarar ya isa Najeriya, Obasanjo ya karɓi ragamar rundunar Injiniyan Field da ke Kaduna. [ 33 ] A cikin aikin soja, Obasanjo ya ci gaba da samun ci gaba a cikin manyan mukamai, inda ya zama babban jami'i a shekarar 1965. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya yi amfani da kudin shigarsa wajen sayen filaye, a farkon shekarun 1960 yana samun kadarori a Ibadan, Kaduna, da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1965, an tura Obasanjo zuwa Indiya. A kan hanyarsa, ya ziyarci matarsa a Landan. A [[Indiya]], ya yi karatu a [[Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro (DSSC)|Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro]] da ke Wellington sannan ya yi karatu a Makarantar Injiniya da ke [[Pune|Poona]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya yi mamakin yunwar da ya gani a Indiya duk da cewa ya nuna sha'awar al'adun kasar, wani abu da ya karfafa masa gwiwa ya karanta littattafai kan addini mai kama da juna . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya == === Aikin kafin Yaƙin Basasa: 1966–1967 === Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya a watan Janairun 1966 domin ya gano kasar tana tsakiyar [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin soja]] wanda Manjo [[Emmanuel Ifeajuna]] ya jagoranta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo yana cikin wadanda suka yi gargadin cewa lamarin na iya rikidewa zuwa yakin basasa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya bayar da shawarar yin aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani tsakanin masu shirya juyin mulkin da gwamnatin farar hula, wacce ta mika mulki ga Babban Kwamandan Soja [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da juyin mulkin ya gaza, Olusegun ya hadu da Ironsi a Legas. Ba da daɗewa ba Ironsi ya kawo karshen tsarin tarayya a Najeriya ta hanyar dokar hadin kan kasa a watan Mayun 1966, wani abu da ya tayar da rikicin kabilanci. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ƙarshen watan Yuli, [[Juyin Mulki a Najeriya, 1966|an sake yin juyin mulki na biyu]] . A Ibadan, sojoji 'yan asalin arewacin Najeriya sun yi tawaye suka kashe Ironsi, sannan suka kashe sojoji kusan ɗari biyu galibi daga Kudancin Najeriya. Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya karbi mulki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da ake wannan juyin mulki, Obasanjo yana [[Maiduguri]] . Jin labarin, sai ya koma Kaduna da sauri. A can, ya gano cewa sojojin arewa daga Bataliya ta Uku suna tattara sojoji, suna azabtar da su, da kuma kashe su. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[Gwamnan Arewacin Najeriya]], [[Hassan Usman Katsina|Hassan Katsina]], ya fahimci cewa duk da cewa Olusegun ba Igbo ba ne, a matsayinsa na ɗan kudu, har yanzu yana cikin haɗari daga sojojin da suka yi tawaye. Domin kare su, Katsina ta mayar da Olusegun da matarsa Maiduguri na tsawon kwanaki goma, yayin da tashin hankalin ya ragu. Bayan haka, Obasanjo ya aika matarsa zuwa Legas yayin da yake komawa Kaduna da kansa, inda ya zauna har zuwa Janairu 1967. A wannan lokacin shi ne babban jami'in Yarabawa mafi girma a arewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Janairun 1967, an tura Obasanjo aiki zuwa Legas a matsayin Babban Injiniyan Sojoji. [ 40 ] Tashin hankali tsakanin kabilun Igbo da na arewa ya ci gaba da karuwa, kuma a watan Mayu jami'in soja na Igbo [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu|C. Odumegwu Ojukwu]] ya ayyana 'yancin kai ga yankunan da Igbo ke da rinjaye a kudu maso gabas, inda ya kafa [[Biyafara|Jamhuriyar Biafra]] . [ 41 ] A ranar 3 ga Yuli, gwamnatin Najeriya ta tura Obasanjo zuwa Ibadan don yin aiki a matsayin kwamandan [[Jihar Yammacin Najeriya|Jihar Yamma]] . [ 42 ] Fadan da ya barke tsakanin Sojojin Najeriya da 'yan awaren Biafra ya barke a ranar 6 ga Yuli. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 9 ga Yuli, Ojukwu ta aika da rundunar sojojin Biafra a kan gadar Niger a wani yunƙuri na kwace yankin Mid-West, wani wuri da za ta iya kai hari a Lagos. Obasanjo ya nemi toshe hanyoyin da ke kaiwa birnin. Kwamandan Yarbawa Victor Banjo, wanda ke jagorantar rundunar hare-haren Biafra, ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan Obasanjo ya bar su su wuce, amma ya ƙi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Umarnin Yaƙin Basasa: 1967–1970 === [[Fayil:Colonel_Olu_Obasanjo_-_ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_093_New_Nigerian_newspaper_page_7_January_1970._End_of_the_Nigerian_civil_war_with_Biafra_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|"Kanar Olu Obasanjo, Kwamanda, sashe na 3". ''Sabuwar Jaridar Najeriya'', shafi na 7, 12 Janairu 1970. Ƙarshen yaƙin basasar Najeriya da Biafra.]] Daga nan aka naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin kwamandan baya na Rukunin Biyu na [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], wanda ke aiki a Tsakiyar Yamma. Obasanjo da ke zaune a Ibadan ne ke da alhakin tabbatar da cewa an samar da kayayyaki ga Rukunin Biyu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A cikin birnin, Obasanjo ya koyar da wani kwas a fannin kimiyyar soja a Jami'ar Ibadan kuma ya gina abokan hulɗarsa a cikin manyan Yarabawa. A lokacin yaƙin, an sami tashin hankali a cikin jama'a a Jihar Yamma, kuma don guje wa alhakin waɗannan batutuwa, Obasanjo ya yi murabus daga Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Yamma. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da Obasanjo yake nesa da Ibadan a watan Nuwamba na 1968, mazauna ƙauyen da [[Agbekoya|ƙungiyar manoma ta Agbekoya]] ta tattara makamai sun kai hari kan zauren birnin Ibadan. Sojoji sun yi ramuwar gayya, inda suka kashe goma daga cikin masu tayar da zaune tsaye. Lokacin da Obasanjo ya dawo, ya ba da umarnin a gudanar da bincike kan abubuwan da suka faru. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gowon ya yanke shawarar maye gurbin Kanar [[Benjamin Adekunle]], wanda ke jagorantar harin Biafra, amma yana buƙatar wani babban Ba’arabiye. Ya zaɓi Obasanjo, duk da rashin ƙwarewar yaƙi na baya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya isa [[Port Harcourt]] don ɗaukar sabon matsayin a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1969; yanzu yana kula da sojoji tsakanin 35,000 zuwa 40,000. Ya shafe makonni shida na farko yana yaƙi da harin Biafra a [[Aba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya zagaya kowane ɓangare na fagen daga, kuma ya ji rauni yayin da yake yin hakan. Waɗannan ayyukan sun sa ya sami suna na jarumtaka a tsakanin sojojinsa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A watan Disamba, Obasanjo ya ƙaddamar da [[Operation Finishing Touch]], yana ba da umarnin sojojinsa su ci gaba zuwa [[Umuahia]], wanda suka yi a [[Kirsimeti|ranar Kirsimeti]] . Wannan ya rage Biafra gida biyu. A ranar 7 ga Janairu 1970, sai ya ƙaddamar da Operation Tail-Wind, inda ya kama filin jirgin saman Uli a ranar 12 ga Janairu. A wannan lokacin, shugabannin Biafra sun amince su miƙa wuya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 13 ga Janairu, Obasanjo ya gana da kwamandan sojojin Biafra Philip Effiong . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya dage cewa sojojin Biafra su mika makamansu kuma wasu daga cikin shugabannin jihar da ta balle suka tafi Legas suka mika wuya ga Gowon a hukumance. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Washegari, Obasanjo ya yi magana a rediyon yankin, yana kira ga 'yan kasa da su zauna a gidajensu kuma su tabbatar da tsaronsu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yawancin 'yan Biafra da kafofin watsa labarai na kasashen waje sun ji tsoron cewa Sojojin Najeriya za su aikata munanan ayyuka a kan mutanen da aka kayar, kodayake Obasanjo yana son hana hakan. Ya umarci sojojinsa da ke yankin da su ci gaba da zama a cikin barikokinsu, yana mai cewa 'yan sandan yankin ya kamata su dauki alhakin bin doka da oda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[3rd Armoured Division (Nijeriya)|Rundunar Soja ta Uku]], wacce ta fi zama a ware, ta kai hare-haren ramuwar gayya kan mutanen yankin. Obasanjo ya yi tsauri kan wadanda suka aikata laifin satar mutane, sannan ya harbi wadanda suka aikata laifin fyade. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gwamnatin Gowon ta sa Obasanjo ya dauki alhakin sake hada Biafra cikin Najeriya, wanda a wannan matsayi ya sami girmamawa saboda jaddada girman kai. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A matsayinsa na injiniya, ya jaddada dawo da samar da ruwa; zuwa watan Mayu na 1970 dukkan manyan garuruwan yankin sun sake hadewa da samar da ruwa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Matsayin Obasanjo wajen kawo karshen yakin ya sanya shi gwarzon yaki kuma sanannen mutum a kasa baki daya a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} === Aikin bayan Yaƙin Basasa: 1970–1975 === A watan Yunin 1970, Obasanjo ya koma Abeokuta, inda jama'a suka tarbe shi a matsayin gwarzon da ya dawo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi Legas a matsayin Birgediya Janar na jagorantar Rundunar Injiniyoyi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Oktoba, Gowon ya sanar da cewa gwamnatin soja za ta mika iko ga gwamnatin farar hula a shekarar 1976. A halin yanzu, haramcin jam'iyyun siyasa ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rundunar sojoji; Gowon bai yi wani ci gaba ba wajen kafa gwamnatin farar hula. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A karkashin gwamnatin soja, Obasanjo ya zauna a kwamitin sallamar sojoji wanda ya ba da shawarar rage yawan sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1970. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1974 Obasanjo ya tafi Burtaniya don yin kwas a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Royal . [ 57 ] Da dawowarsa, a watan Janairun 1975, Gowon ya nada shi Kwamishinan Ayyuka da Gidaje, mukamin da ya rike na tsawon watanni bakwai, wanda a lokacin yake da alhakin gina barikin soja. [ 58 ] A shekarar 1970, Obasanjo ya sayi wani tsohon kamfani a Ibadan, inda ya ɗauki wani wakili don ya kula da shi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1973 ya yi rijistar wani kasuwanci, Temperance Enterprises Limited, wanda ta hanyarsa zai iya fara harkokin kasuwanci bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya kuma ci gaba da saka hannun jari a kadarori; zuwa 1974 ya mallaki gidaje biyu a Legas da kuma ɗaya a Ibadan da Abeokuta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} An yi ta rade-radin cewa Obasanjo ya shiga cikin cin hanci da rashawa da ke [[Cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya|ƙara yaɗuwa a Najeriya]], kodayake babu wata shaida mai ƙarfi game da hakan da ta bayyana. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Aurensa da Oluremi ya yi tsami yayin da ta ƙi dangantakarsa da wasu mata. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970 aka wargaza aurensu. [ 60 ] A shekarar 1976 ya auri [[Stella Obasanjo|Stella Abebe]] a wani bikin gargajiya na Yarbawa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == A gwamnatin Murtala == === Juyin mulkin 1975 da kuma bayansa === A watan Yulin 1975, juyin mulki karkashin jagorancin Shehu Musa Yar'Adua da Joseph Garba sun kori Gowon, [ 62 ] wanda ya gudu zuwa Birtaniya. [1] Ba su sanar da Obasanjo shirinsu ba domin an san shi da sukar juyin mulki a matsayin kayan aikin sauya gwamnati. [1] Masu shirya juyin mulkin suna son maye gurbin mulkin kama-karya na Gowon da wani rukunin sojoji uku wadanda Majalisar Soja za ta iya kin amincewa da shawarwarinsu. Saboda wannan nasarar, sun shawo kan Janar Murtala Muhammed ya zama shugaban kasa, inda Obasanjo ya zama na biyu a shugabancinsa, da Danjuma a matsayin na uku. [ 65 ] Masanin tarihi John Iliffe ya lura cewa daga cikin wadanda suka yi nasara, Obasanjo shine "dokin aiki da kwakwalwa" kuma shine mafi sha'awar komawa mulkin farar hula. [1] Tare, rundunar sojojin ƙasa ta gabatar da matakan tsuke bakin aljihu don dakile hauhawar farashin kaya, ta kafa Ofishin Bincike na Ayyukan Cin Hanci da Rashawa, ta maye gurbin dukkan gwamnonin soja da sabbin jami'ai waɗanda suka kai rahoto kai tsaye ga Obasanjo a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata, sannan ta ƙaddamar da "Operation Deadwood" inda ta hanyarsu suka kori jami'ai 11,000 daga ma'aikatan gwamnati. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rxwayrhw5ik6j91wjw4up6dncql028x 873631 873630 2026-07-01T13:20:50Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 873631 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Chief '''Olusegun Matthew Okikiola Ogunboye Aremu Obasanjo''' GCFR <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by Obasanjo to the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/webcast/ga/61/pdfs/nigeria-e.pdf |access-date=23 April 2011}}</ref> ( // ⓘ ; Yoruba {{IPA|yo|ōlúʃɛ́ɡũ̄ ɔ̄básã̄d͡ʒɔ́|}} An haife shi {{Circa}} 5 ga Maris 1937) ɗan siyasa ne na Najeriya, ɗan siyasa, mai kishin ƙasa, kuma tsohon janar na soja wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sojan Najeriya daga alif 1976 zuwa 1979 sannan daga baya ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugabanta]] daga a 1999 zuwa 2007. A ra'ayinsa ɗan kishin ƙasa ne na Najeriya, ya kasance memba na [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP) daga alif 1998 zuwa 2015, kuma tun 2018.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8; Adeolu 2017, p. 4.</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 24 March 2022.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, p. 74.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 16–17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17; Derfler 2011, p. 74</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 29.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 29–30.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 30.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 78.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 45, 48.</ref> An haife shi a ƙauyen Ibogun-Olaogun, dangin sa manoma na reshen Owu na [[Yarbawa]], Obasanjo ya yi karatu sosai a [[Abeokuta]], [[Jihar Ogun]] . Ya shiga [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Rundunar Sojan Najeriya]] kuma ya ƙware a fannin injiniyanci kuma ya yi aiki a Kongo, [[Birtaniya]], da [[Indiya]], inda ya kai matsayin Manjo. A ƙarshen shekarun alif 1960, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaƙi da 'yan awaren [[Biyafara|Biafra]] a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya]], inda ya karɓi miƙa wuyansu alif 1970. A shekara alif 1975, [[1975 juyin mulkin Najeriya|wani juyin mulki na soja]] ya kafa gwamnatin soja tare da Obasanjo a matsayin wani ɓangare na mulkinta na nasara. Bayan an kashe shugaban triumvirate, [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], a al shekara mai zuwa, [[Majalisar Koli ta Soja ta Najeriya (alif 1966 zuwa 1979)|Majalisar Koli ta Soja]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council". www.interactioncouncil.org. Retrieved 1 February 2025.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 23; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 24; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 41.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 42; Derfler 2011, p. 79</ref> ta naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. Ci gaba da manufofin Murtala, Obasanjo ya kula da rage kasafin kuɗi da faɗaɗa damar samun ilimin makaranta kyauta. Yana ƙara haɗa Najeriya da Amurka, ya kuma jaddada goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin da ke adawa da mulkin tsirarun fararen fata a kudancin Afirka. Bayan da ya kuduri aniyar dawo da dimokuradiyya, Obasanjo ya jagoranci [[Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na alif 1979|zaben 1979]], bayan haka ya mika ragamar mulkin Najeriya ga sabon shugaban farar hula da aka zaba, [[Shehu Shagari|Shehu Shagari.]]<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 12–13; Derfler 2011, p. 73</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 13.</ref> Daga nan Obasanjo ya yi ritaya zuwa [[Ota, Ogun]], inda ya zama manomi, ya buga littattafai guda hudu, sannan ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa don kawo karshen rikice-rikicen Afirka daban-daban.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 7; Derfler 2011, p. 72</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 72; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 14</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 15.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, pp. 73–74.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 25; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 40.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 45.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 49, 56</ref> A shekara alif 1993, [[Sani Abacha]] ya kwace mulki a wani juyin mulki na soja. Obasanjo ya fito fili ya soki gwamnatin Abacha kuma a shekarar alif 1995 aka kama shi aka kuma same shi da laifin kasancewa cikin wani juyin mulki da aka shirya, duk da cewa bai aikata laifin da ake zargin sa da shi ba. Yayin da yake tsare, ya zama Kirista mai sake haifuwa, tare da ra'ayin raba iko ya yi tasiri sosai kan ra'ayinsa na duniya. An sake shi bayan mutuwar Abacha a alif 1998. Obasanjo ya shiga siyasar zabe, inda ya zama dan takarar PDP a zaben shugaban kasa na a 1999, wanda ya lashe. A matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, ya cire siyasa daga harkokin soja kuma ya fadada 'yan sanda tare da tattara sojoji don yaki da tashe-tashen hankulan kabilanci, addini, da kuma ballewa. Ya janye [[Yakin basasa na Sierra Leone|sojojin Najeriya daga Sierra Leone]] kuma ya sayar da kamfanoni daban-daban na gwamnati don takaita basussukan kasar da ke karuwa. An sake zabensa a zaben alif 2003. Saboda ra'ayoyin [[Pan-Africanism]], ya kasance mai goyon bayan kafa [[Tarayyar Afrika|kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta daga 2004 zuwa 2006. Yunkurin Obasanjo na canza kundin tsarin mulki don kawar da iyakokin wa'adin shugaban kasa bai yi nasara ba kuma ya jawo suka. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin tauhidi daga [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiyar Ƙasa ta Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adegbite |first=Charles Segun |date=16 December 2017 |title=At 80years, Obasanjo bags Ph.D in Theology |url=https://successfulpeoplemagazine.wordpress.com/2017/12/16/at-80years-obasanjo-bags-ph-d-in-theology/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=Successful People's World |language=en}}</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 39</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 20.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 26.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 24.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 26–27.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 27–28.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 28.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 31.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 31–32.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 42; Derfler 2011, p. 80.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 42</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 40; Derfler 2011, p. 79.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 42–43; Derfler 2011, p. 81.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 45; Derfler 2011, p. 82.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 45, 48; Derfler 2011, p. 83.</ref> An bayyana Obasanjo a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane na ƙarni na biyu na shugabannin Afirka bayan mulkin mallaka . Ya sami yabo kan yadda ya jagoranci sauye-sauyen da Najeriya ta yi zuwa ga [[dimokuradiyya ta wakilci]] a shekarun alof 1970 da kuma ƙoƙarinsa na ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa a faɗin nahiyar. Masu suka sun dage cewa yana da laifin cin hanci da rashawa, cewa gwamnatocinsa sun kula da take haƙƙin ɗan adam, kuma a matsayinsa na shugaban ƙasa ya fara sha'awar haɗa kai da kuma riƙe ikonsa na kashin kansa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2025 |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} Biography, Age, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 21.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 21–22.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 22.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 25–26.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 41–42.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 82.</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Mahaifin Olusegun Obasanjo Obasanjo Bankole yana ɗaya daga cikin mutanen farko da suka fara zama kuma ubannin da suka kafa ƙauyen Igbogun Olaogun a farkon shekarun ali 1920. Duk da cewa manomi ne mai arziki kuma mai sana'ar giyar dabino, ana ɗaukarsa talaka ne saboda ba ya cikin manyan mutane masu ilimi a [[Kasar Yarbawa|ƙasar Yarabawa]] . Bankole ya haɗu da Bernice Ashabi, wani ƙaramin ɗan kasuwa a Igbogun kuma dukansu sun yi aure. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu da suka rage daga cikin shida: Olusegun da Adunni Oluwola, 'yar'uwarsa tilo. {{Sfn|Adeolu|2017}} A cewar fasfo ɗinsa, an haifi Olusegun Obasanjo a ranar 5 ga Maris 1937 duk da cewa babu wani tarihi na zamani kuma kwanan wata kusan kiyasi ne. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}}<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 43.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 43; Derfler 2011, p. 81.</ref> Olusegun ya fito ne daga Masarautar Owu . An rene shi a matsayin Baptist . Daga baya 'yar'uwarsa ta [[Musulunci|musulunta]] domin ta auri wani mutum Musulmi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 44.</ref>Yana da shekara goma s ya shiga makarantar firamare ta ƙauyen, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma bayan shekaru uku, a 1951, ya koma Makarantar Ranar Baptist a unguwar Owu ta [[Abeokuta]] . [ 11 ] A 1952 ya koma [[Baptist Boys' High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta Baptist Boys]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> shi ma a garin. Kuɗaɗen makarantarsa wani ɓangare ne na tallafin gwamnati. [ 13 ] Obasanjo ya yi kyau a fannin ilimi, [ 14 ] kuma a makaranta ya zama ƙwararren ɗan Scout . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Duk da cewa babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa yana da hannu a cikin kowace ƙungiyar siyasa, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} a makarantar sakandare ne Obasanjo ya ƙi sunan farko na "Matthew" a matsayin wani aikin adawa da mulkin mallaka . [ 16 ] A halin yanzu, mahaifin Obasanjo ya yi watsi da matarsa da 'ya'yansa biyu. [ 17 ] Bayan da ya faɗa cikin talauci, mahaifiyar Obasanjo ta yi aiki a fannin kasuwanci don ta rayu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Domin biyan kuɗin makarantarsa, Obasanjo ya yi aiki a gonakin koko da kola, ya yi kamun kifi, ya tattara itacen wuta, sannan ya sayar wa masu gini yashi. A lokacin hutun makaranta, ya kuma yi aiki a makarantar, yana sare ciyawa da sauran ayyukan hannu.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 48; Derfler 2011, p. 83</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 48.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 46; Derfler 2011, p. 83.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 47.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 46–47; Derfler 2011, p. 94.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 94.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 48; Derfler 2011, pp. 84–85.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 49.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 48–49; Derfler 2011, p. 85</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 56.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 51</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 50.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 50; Derfler 2011, p. 85.</ref> A shekarar 1956, Obasanjo ya yi jarrabawar makarantar sakandare, bayan ya ranci kuɗi don biyan kuɗin shiga. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan shekarar, ya fara soyayya da [[Esther Oluremi Obasanjo|Oluremi Akinlawon]], 'yar Owu ga wani babban jami'in tashar jirgin ƙasa. An yi musu alkawari za su yi aure a shekarar 1958. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya koma [[Ibadan]], inda ya yi aikin koyarwa. A can, ya zauna don jarrabawar shiga [[Jami'ar Ibadan|Kwalejin Jami'a ta Ibadan]], amma duk da cewa ya ci nasara, ya ga ba zai iya biyan kuɗin makaranta ba. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan Obasanjo ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a matsayin injiniyan farar hula, kuma don samun damar shiga wannan sana'a, a shekarar 1958 ya amsa wani tallan horar da jami'in sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya. [ 21 ] <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}</ref> == Farkon aikin soja (1958–1966) == === Horar da sojoji: 1958–1959 === A watan Maris na shekarar 1958, Obasanjo ya shiga rundunar sojin Najeriya. [ 23 ] Ya ga hakan a matsayin wata dama ta ci gaba da karatunsa yayin da yake samun albashi; {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} bai sanar da iyalansa nan take ba, yana tsoron cewa iyayensa za su ƙi amincewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan lokacin ne aka mayar da [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|rundunar sojin Najeriya]] zuwa ikon gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Najeriya, a shirye-shiryen samun cikakken 'yancin kai na Najeriya, kuma an yi yunƙurin shigar da ƙarin 'yan asalin Najeriya cikin manyan mukamai na rundunar sojinta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi zuwa Makarantar Horar da Jami'ai ta Kullum da ke [[Teshie]] a [[Ghana]] . [ 23 ] Lokacin da aka tura shi aiki a ƙasashen waje, ya aika wa amaryarsa wasiƙu da kyaututtuka a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Satumba na shekarar 1958, an zaɓe shi don ƙarin horo na watanni shida a Makarantar Cadet ta Mons Officer da ke Aldershot, kudancin [[Ingila]] . Obasanjo bai so hakan a can ba, yana ganin cewa cibiyar ta kasance ta aji da [[wariyar launin fata]], kuma ya ga yana da wahala ya daidaita da yanayin sanyi da danshi na Ingila. [ 26 ] Ya ƙarfafa ra'ayoyinsa marasa kyau game da [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] da kuma 'yancinta na mulkin mallaka a kan mutanen da ta mamaye. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} A ranar Litinin, ya sami kwamiti da takardar shaidar injiniya. Yayin da Obasanjo yake Ingila, mahaifiyarsa ta mutu. Mahaifinsa ya mutu bayan shekara guda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1959, Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya. A can, aka tura shi [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] a matsayin wani soja mai kula da rundunar sojojin ƙasa tare da Bataliyar Biyar. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Lokacin da ya yi a Kaduna shi ne karo na farko da Obasanjo ya zauna a yankin da Musulmai suka fi rinjaye. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da yake can, a watan Oktoban 1960, Najeriya ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> === Rikicin Congo: 1960–1961 === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an aika da Bataliya ta Biyar zuwa Kongo a matsayin wani ɓangare na rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . A can, an kafa bataliya a Lardin Kivu, tare da hedikwatarsu a [[Bukavu]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A Kongo, Obasanjo da wasu suna da alhakin kare fararen hula, gami da ƙabilar tsiraru ta Belgium, daga [[1960 Sojojin Jama'a|sojojin da suka yi tawaye]] ga gwamnatin [[Patrice Lumumba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Fabrairun 1961, masu tawaye sun kama Obasanjo yayin da yake kwashe masu wa'azin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika na Roman]] daga wani tasha kusa da Bukavu. Masu tawaye sun yi tunanin kashe shi amma an umarce su da su sake shi. A watan Mayun 1961, Bataliya ta Biyar ta bar Kongo ta koma Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin rikicin, an naɗa shi kyaftin na wucin gadi. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} Daga baya ya lura cewa lokacin da aka yi a Kongo ya ƙarfafa "zafin Pan-African" na bataliyarsa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Dawowa daga Kongo: 1961–1966 === Da dawowarsa, Obasanjo ya sayi motarsa ta farko, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma an kwantar da shi a asibiti na ɗan lokaci saboda ciwon ciki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da ya warke, aka mayar da shi zuwa Rundunar Injiniyan Sojoji. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1962 aka tura shi aiki a Kwalejin Injiniyan Sojoji ta Royal a Ingila. [ 30 ] A can, ya yi fice kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun ɗalibi na Commonwealth da aka taɓa samu". [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, ya biya Akinlawon don tafiya zuwa Landan inda za ta iya shiga wani kwas na horo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Yunin 1963 a Ofishin Rijistar Kore na Camberwell, suna sanar da iyalansu ne kawai bayan taron. [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, an ba Obasanjo umarnin komawa Najeriya, kodayake matarsa ta ci gaba da zama a Landan na tsawon shekaru uku don kammala karatunta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da zarar ya isa Najeriya, Obasanjo ya karɓi ragamar rundunar Injiniyan Field da ke Kaduna. [ 33 ] A cikin aikin soja, Obasanjo ya ci gaba da samun ci gaba a cikin manyan mukamai, inda ya zama babban jami'i a shekarar 1965. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya yi amfani da kudin shigarsa wajen sayen filaye, a farkon shekarun 1960 yana samun kadarori a Ibadan, Kaduna, da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1965, an tura Obasanjo zuwa Indiya. A kan hanyarsa, ya ziyarci matarsa a Landan. A [[Indiya]], ya yi karatu a [[Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro (DSSC)|Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro]] da ke Wellington sannan ya yi karatu a Makarantar Injiniya da ke [[Pune|Poona]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya yi mamakin yunwar da ya gani a Indiya duk da cewa ya nuna sha'awar al'adun kasar, wani abu da ya karfafa masa gwiwa ya karanta littattafai kan addini mai kama da juna . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya == === Aikin kafin Yaƙin Basasa: 1966–1967 === Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya a watan Janairun 1966 domin ya gano kasar tana tsakiyar [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin soja]] wanda Manjo [[Emmanuel Ifeajuna]] ya jagoranta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo yana cikin wadanda suka yi gargadin cewa lamarin na iya rikidewa zuwa yakin basasa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya bayar da shawarar yin aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani tsakanin masu shirya juyin mulkin da gwamnatin farar hula, wacce ta mika mulki ga Babban Kwamandan Soja [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da juyin mulkin ya gaza, Olusegun ya hadu da Ironsi a Legas. Ba da daɗewa ba Ironsi ya kawo karshen tsarin tarayya a Najeriya ta hanyar dokar hadin kan kasa a watan Mayun 1966, wani abu da ya tayar da rikicin kabilanci. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ƙarshen watan Yuli, [[Juyin Mulki a Najeriya, 1966|an sake yin juyin mulki na biyu]] . A Ibadan, sojoji 'yan asalin arewacin Najeriya sun yi tawaye suka kashe Ironsi, sannan suka kashe sojoji kusan ɗari biyu galibi daga Kudancin Najeriya. Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya karbi mulki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da ake wannan juyin mulki, Obasanjo yana [[Maiduguri]] . Jin labarin, sai ya koma Kaduna da sauri. A can, ya gano cewa sojojin arewa daga Bataliya ta Uku suna tattara sojoji, suna azabtar da su, da kuma kashe su. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[Gwamnan Arewacin Najeriya]], [[Hassan Usman Katsina|Hassan Katsina]], ya fahimci cewa duk da cewa Olusegun ba Igbo ba ne, a matsayinsa na ɗan kudu, har yanzu yana cikin haɗari daga sojojin da suka yi tawaye. Domin kare su, Katsina ta mayar da Olusegun da matarsa Maiduguri na tsawon kwanaki goma, yayin da tashin hankalin ya ragu. Bayan haka, Obasanjo ya aika matarsa zuwa Legas yayin da yake komawa Kaduna da kansa, inda ya zauna har zuwa Janairu 1967. A wannan lokacin shi ne babban jami'in Yarabawa mafi girma a arewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Janairun 1967, an tura Obasanjo aiki zuwa Legas a matsayin Babban Injiniyan Sojoji. [ 40 ] Tashin hankali tsakanin kabilun Igbo da na arewa ya ci gaba da karuwa, kuma a watan Mayu jami'in soja na Igbo [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu|C. Odumegwu Ojukwu]] ya ayyana 'yancin kai ga yankunan da Igbo ke da rinjaye a kudu maso gabas, inda ya kafa [[Biyafara|Jamhuriyar Biafra]] . [ 41 ] A ranar 3 ga Yuli, gwamnatin Najeriya ta tura Obasanjo zuwa Ibadan don yin aiki a matsayin kwamandan [[Jihar Yammacin Najeriya|Jihar Yamma]] . [ 42 ] Fadan da ya barke tsakanin Sojojin Najeriya da 'yan awaren Biafra ya barke a ranar 6 ga Yuli. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 9 ga Yuli, Ojukwu ta aika da rundunar sojojin Biafra a kan gadar Niger a wani yunƙuri na kwace yankin Mid-West, wani wuri da za ta iya kai hari a Lagos. Obasanjo ya nemi toshe hanyoyin da ke kaiwa birnin. Kwamandan Yarbawa Victor Banjo, wanda ke jagorantar rundunar hare-haren Biafra, ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan Obasanjo ya bar su su wuce, amma ya ƙi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Umarnin Yaƙin Basasa: 1967–1970 === [[Fayil:Colonel_Olu_Obasanjo_-_ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_093_New_Nigerian_newspaper_page_7_January_1970._End_of_the_Nigerian_civil_war_with_Biafra_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|"Kanar Olu Obasanjo, Kwamanda, sashe na 3". ''Sabuwar Jaridar Najeriya'', shafi na 7, 12 Janairu 1970. Ƙarshen yaƙin basasar Najeriya da Biafra.]] Daga nan aka naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin kwamandan baya na Rukunin Biyu na [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], wanda ke aiki a Tsakiyar Yamma. Obasanjo da ke zaune a Ibadan ne ke da alhakin tabbatar da cewa an samar da kayayyaki ga Rukunin Biyu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A cikin birnin, Obasanjo ya koyar da wani kwas a fannin kimiyyar soja a Jami'ar Ibadan kuma ya gina abokan hulɗarsa a cikin manyan Yarabawa. A lokacin yaƙin, an sami tashin hankali a cikin jama'a a Jihar Yamma, kuma don guje wa alhakin waɗannan batutuwa, Obasanjo ya yi murabus daga Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Yamma. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da Obasanjo yake nesa da Ibadan a watan Nuwamba na 1968, mazauna ƙauyen da [[Agbekoya|ƙungiyar manoma ta Agbekoya]] ta tattara makamai sun kai hari kan zauren birnin Ibadan. Sojoji sun yi ramuwar gayya, inda suka kashe goma daga cikin masu tayar da zaune tsaye. Lokacin da Obasanjo ya dawo, ya ba da umarnin a gudanar da bincike kan abubuwan da suka faru. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gowon ya yanke shawarar maye gurbin Kanar [[Benjamin Adekunle]], wanda ke jagorantar harin Biafra, amma yana buƙatar wani babban Ba’arabiye. Ya zaɓi Obasanjo, duk da rashin ƙwarewar yaƙi na baya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya isa [[Port Harcourt]] don ɗaukar sabon matsayin a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1969; yanzu yana kula da sojoji tsakanin 35,000 zuwa 40,000. Ya shafe makonni shida na farko yana yaƙi da harin Biafra a [[Aba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya zagaya kowane ɓangare na fagen daga, kuma ya ji rauni yayin da yake yin hakan. Waɗannan ayyukan sun sa ya sami suna na jarumtaka a tsakanin sojojinsa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A watan Disamba, Obasanjo ya ƙaddamar da [[Operation Finishing Touch]], yana ba da umarnin sojojinsa su ci gaba zuwa [[Umuahia]], wanda suka yi a [[Kirsimeti|ranar Kirsimeti]] . Wannan ya rage Biafra gida biyu. A ranar 7 ga Janairu 1970, sai ya ƙaddamar da Operation Tail-Wind, inda ya kama filin jirgin saman Uli a ranar 12 ga Janairu. A wannan lokacin, shugabannin Biafra sun amince su miƙa wuya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 13 ga Janairu, Obasanjo ya gana da kwamandan sojojin Biafra Philip Effiong . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya dage cewa sojojin Biafra su mika makamansu kuma wasu daga cikin shugabannin jihar da ta balle suka tafi Legas suka mika wuya ga Gowon a hukumance. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Washegari, Obasanjo ya yi magana a rediyon yankin, yana kira ga 'yan kasa da su zauna a gidajensu kuma su tabbatar da tsaronsu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yawancin 'yan Biafra da kafofin watsa labarai na kasashen waje sun ji tsoron cewa Sojojin Najeriya za su aikata munanan ayyuka a kan mutanen da aka kayar, kodayake Obasanjo yana son hana hakan. Ya umarci sojojinsa da ke yankin da su ci gaba da zama a cikin barikokinsu, yana mai cewa 'yan sandan yankin ya kamata su dauki alhakin bin doka da oda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[3rd Armoured Division (Nijeriya)|Rundunar Soja ta Uku]], wacce ta fi zama a ware, ta kai hare-haren ramuwar gayya kan mutanen yankin. Obasanjo ya yi tsauri kan wadanda suka aikata laifin satar mutane, sannan ya harbi wadanda suka aikata laifin fyade. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gwamnatin Gowon ta sa Obasanjo ya dauki alhakin sake hada Biafra cikin Najeriya, wanda a wannan matsayi ya sami girmamawa saboda jaddada girman kai. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A matsayinsa na injiniya, ya jaddada dawo da samar da ruwa; zuwa watan Mayu na 1970 dukkan manyan garuruwan yankin sun sake hadewa da samar da ruwa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Matsayin Obasanjo wajen kawo karshen yakin ya sanya shi gwarzon yaki kuma sanannen mutum a kasa baki daya a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} === Aikin bayan Yaƙin Basasa: 1970–1975 === A watan Yunin 1970, Obasanjo ya koma Abeokuta, inda jama'a suka tarbe shi a matsayin gwarzon da ya dawo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi Legas a matsayin Birgediya Janar na jagorantar Rundunar Injiniyoyi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Oktoba, Gowon ya sanar da cewa gwamnatin soja za ta mika iko ga gwamnatin farar hula a shekarar 1976. A halin yanzu, haramcin jam'iyyun siyasa ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rundunar sojoji; Gowon bai yi wani ci gaba ba wajen kafa gwamnatin farar hula. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A karkashin gwamnatin soja, Obasanjo ya zauna a kwamitin sallamar sojoji wanda ya ba da shawarar rage yawan sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1970. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1974 Obasanjo ya tafi Burtaniya don yin kwas a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Royal . [ 57 ] Da dawowarsa, a watan Janairun 1975, Gowon ya nada shi Kwamishinan Ayyuka da Gidaje, mukamin da ya rike na tsawon watanni bakwai, wanda a lokacin yake da alhakin gina barikin soja. [ 58 ] A shekarar 1970, Obasanjo ya sayi wani tsohon kamfani a Ibadan, inda ya ɗauki wani wakili don ya kula da shi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1973 ya yi rijistar wani kasuwanci, Temperance Enterprises Limited, wanda ta hanyarsa zai iya fara harkokin kasuwanci bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya kuma ci gaba da saka hannun jari a kadarori; zuwa 1974 ya mallaki gidaje biyu a Legas da kuma ɗaya a Ibadan da Abeokuta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} An yi ta rade-radin cewa Obasanjo ya shiga cikin cin hanci da rashawa da ke [[Cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya|ƙara yaɗuwa a Najeriya]], kodayake babu wata shaida mai ƙarfi game da hakan da ta bayyana. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Aurensa da Oluremi ya yi tsami yayin da ta ƙi dangantakarsa da wasu mata. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970 aka wargaza aurensu. [ 60 ] A shekarar 1976 ya auri [[Stella Obasanjo|Stella Abebe]] a wani bikin gargajiya na Yarbawa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == A gwamnatin Murtala == === Juyin mulkin 1975 da kuma bayansa === A watan Yulin 1975, juyin mulki karkashin jagorancin Shehu Musa Yar'Adua da Joseph Garba sun kori Gowon, [ 62 ] wanda ya gudu zuwa Birtaniya. [1] Ba su sanar da Obasanjo shirinsu ba domin an san shi da sukar juyin mulki a matsayin kayan aikin sauya gwamnati. [1] Masu shirya juyin mulkin suna son maye gurbin mulkin kama-karya na Gowon da wani rukunin sojoji uku wadanda Majalisar Soja za ta iya kin amincewa da shawarwarinsu. Saboda wannan nasarar, sun shawo kan Janar Murtala Muhammed ya zama shugaban kasa, inda Obasanjo ya zama na biyu a shugabancinsa, da Danjuma a matsayin na uku. [ 65 ] Masanin tarihi John Iliffe ya lura cewa daga cikin wadanda suka yi nasara, Obasanjo shine "dokin aiki da kwakwalwa" kuma shine mafi sha'awar komawa mulkin farar hula. [1] Tare, rundunar sojojin ƙasa ta gabatar da matakan tsuke bakin aljihu don dakile hauhawar farashin kaya, ta kafa Ofishin Bincike na Ayyukan Cin Hanci da Rashawa, ta maye gurbin dukkan gwamnonin soja da sabbin jami'ai waɗanda suka kai rahoto kai tsaye ga Obasanjo a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata, sannan ta ƙaddamar da "Operation Deadwood" inda ta hanyarsu suka kori jami'ai 11,000 daga ma'aikatan gwamnati. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 609cym3prkf27mwl3tg9e9g8vow2t86 873632 873631 2026-07-01T13:21:28Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 873632 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Chief '''Olusegun Matthew Okikiola Ogunboye Aremu Obasanjo''' GCFR <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by Obasanjo to the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/webcast/ga/61/pdfs/nigeria-e.pdf |access-date=23 April 2011}}</ref> ( // ⓘ ; Yoruba {{IPA|yo|ōlúʃɛ́ɡũ̄ ɔ̄básã̄d͡ʒɔ́|}} An haife shi {{Circa}} 5 ga Maris 1937) ɗan siyasa ne na Najeriya, ɗan siyasa, mai kishin ƙasa, kuma tsohon janar na soja wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sojan Najeriya daga alif 1976 zuwa 1979 sannan daga baya ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugabanta]] daga a 1999 zuwa 2007. A ra'ayinsa ɗan kishin ƙasa ne na Najeriya, ya kasance memba na [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP) daga alif 1998 zuwa 2015, kuma tun 2018.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8; Adeolu 2017, p. 4.</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 24 March 2022.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, p. 74.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 16–17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17; Derfler 2011, p. 74</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 29.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 29–30.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 30.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 78.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 45, 48.</ref> An haife shi a ƙauyen Ibogun-Olaogun, dangin sa manoma na reshen Owu na [[Yarbawa]], Obasanjo ya yi karatu sosai a [[Abeokuta]], [[Jihar Ogun]] . Ya shiga [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Rundunar Sojan Najeriya]] kuma ya ƙware a fannin injiniyanci kuma ya yi aiki a Kongo, [[Birtaniya]], da [[Indiya]], inda ya kai matsayin Manjo. A ƙarshen shekarun alif 1960, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaƙi da 'yan awaren [[Biyafara|Biafra]] a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya]], inda ya karɓi miƙa wuyansu alif 1970. A shekara alif 1975, [[1975 juyin mulkin Najeriya|wani juyin mulki na soja]] ya kafa gwamnatin soja tare da Obasanjo a matsayin wani ɓangare na mulkinta na nasara. Bayan an kashe shugaban triumvirate, [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], a al shekara mai zuwa, [[Majalisar Koli ta Soja ta Najeriya (alif 1966 zuwa 1979)|Majalisar Koli ta Soja]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council". www.interactioncouncil.org. Retrieved 1 February 2025.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 23; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 24; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 41.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 42; Derfler 2011, p. 79</ref> ta naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. Ci gaba da manufofin Murtala, Obasanjo ya kula da rage kasafin kuɗi da faɗaɗa damar samun ilimin makaranta kyauta. Yana ƙara haɗa Najeriya da Amurka, ya kuma jaddada goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin da ke adawa da mulkin tsirarun fararen fata a kudancin Afirka. Bayan da ya kuduri aniyar dawo da dimokuradiyya, Obasanjo ya jagoranci [[Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na alif 1979|zaben 1979]], bayan haka ya mika ragamar mulkin Najeriya ga sabon shugaban farar hula da aka zaba, [[Shehu Shagari|Shehu Shagari.]]<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 12–13; Derfler 2011, p. 73</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 13.</ref> Daga nan Obasanjo ya yi ritaya zuwa [[Ota, Ogun]], inda ya zama manomi, ya buga littattafai guda hudu, sannan ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa don kawo karshen rikice-rikicen Afirka daban-daban.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 7; Derfler 2011, p. 72</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 72; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 14</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 15.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, pp. 73–74.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 25; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 40.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 45.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 49, 56</ref> A shekara alif 1993, [[Sani Abacha]] ya kwace mulki a wani juyin mulki na soja. Obasanjo ya fito fili ya soki gwamnatin Abacha kuma a shekarar alif 1995 aka kama shi aka kuma same shi da laifin kasancewa cikin wani juyin mulki da aka shirya, duk da cewa bai aikata laifin da ake zargin sa da shi ba. Yayin da yake tsare, ya zama Kirista mai sake haifuwa, tare da ra'ayin raba iko ya yi tasiri sosai kan ra'ayinsa na duniya. An sake shi bayan mutuwar Abacha a alif 1998. Obasanjo ya shiga siyasar zabe, inda ya zama dan takarar PDP a zaben shugaban kasa na a 1999, wanda ya lashe. A matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, ya cire siyasa daga harkokin soja kuma ya fadada 'yan sanda tare da tattara sojoji don yaki da tashe-tashen hankulan kabilanci, addini, da kuma ballewa. Ya janye [[Yakin basasa na Sierra Leone|sojojin Najeriya daga Sierra Leone]] kuma ya sayar da kamfanoni daban-daban na gwamnati don takaita basussukan kasar da ke karuwa. An sake zabensa a zaben alif 2003. Saboda ra'ayoyin [[Pan-Africanism]], ya kasance mai goyon bayan kafa [[Tarayyar Afrika|kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta daga 2004 zuwa 2006. Yunkurin Obasanjo na canza kundin tsarin mulki don kawar da iyakokin wa'adin shugaban kasa bai yi nasara ba kuma ya jawo suka. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin tauhidi daga [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiyar Ƙasa ta Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adegbite |first=Charles Segun |date=16 December 2017 |title=At 80years, Obasanjo bags Ph.D in Theology |url=https://successfulpeoplemagazine.wordpress.com/2017/12/16/at-80years-obasanjo-bags-ph-d-in-theology/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=Successful People's World |language=en}}</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 39</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 20.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 26.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 24.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 26–27.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 27–28.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 28.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 31.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 31–32.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 42; Derfler 2011, p. 80.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 42</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 40; Derfler 2011, p. 79.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 42–43; Derfler 2011, p. 81.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 45; Derfler 2011, p. 82.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 45, 48; Derfler 2011, p. 83.</ref> An bayyana Obasanjo a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane na ƙarni na biyu na shugabannin Afirka bayan mulkin mallaka . Ya sami yabo kan yadda ya jagoranci sauye-sauyen da Najeriya ta yi zuwa ga [[dimokuradiyya ta wakilci]] a shekarun alof 1970 da kuma ƙoƙarinsa na ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa a faɗin nahiyar. Masu suka sun dage cewa yana da laifin cin hanci da rashawa, cewa gwamnatocinsa sun kula da take haƙƙin ɗan adam, kuma a matsayinsa na shugaban ƙasa ya fara sha'awar haɗa kai da kuma riƙe ikonsa na kashin kansa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2025 |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} Biography, Age, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 21.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 21–22.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 22.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 25–26.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 41–42.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 82.</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Mahaifin Olusegun Obasanjo Obasanjo Bankole yana ɗaya daga cikin mutanen farko da suka fara zama kuma ubannin da suka kafa ƙauyen Igbogun Olaogun a farkon shekarun alif 1920. Duk da cewa manomi ne mai arziki kuma mai sana'ar giyar dabino, ana ɗaukarsa talaka ne saboda ba ya cikin manyan mutane masu ilimi a [[Kasar Yarbawa|ƙasar Yarabawa]] . Bankole ya haɗu da Bernice Ashabi, wani ƙaramin ɗan kasuwa a Igbogun kuma dukansu sun yi aure. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu da suka rage daga cikin shida: Olusegun da Adunni Oluwola, 'yar'uwarsa tilo. {{Sfn|Adeolu|2017}} A cewar fasfo ɗinsa, an haifi Olusegun Obasanjo a ranar 5 ga Maris 1937 duk da cewa babu wani tarihi na zamani kuma kwanan wata kusan kiyasi ne. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}}<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 43.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 43; Derfler 2011, p. 81.</ref> Olusegun ya fito ne daga Masarautar Owu . An rene shi a matsayin Baptist . Daga baya 'yar'uwarsa ta [[Musulunci|musulunta]] domin ta auri wani mutum Musulmi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 44.</ref>Yana da shekara goma s ya shiga makarantar firamare ta ƙauyen, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma bayan shekaru uku, a 1951, ya koma Makarantar Ranar Baptist a unguwar Owu ta [[Abeokuta]] . [ 11 ] A 1952 ya koma [[Baptist Boys' High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta Baptist Boys]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> shi ma a garin. Kuɗaɗen makarantarsa wani ɓangare ne na tallafin gwamnati. [ 13 ] Obasanjo ya yi kyau a fannin ilimi, [ 14 ] kuma a makaranta ya zama ƙwararren ɗan Scout . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Duk da cewa babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa yana da hannu a cikin kowace ƙungiyar siyasa, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} a makarantar sakandare ne Obasanjo ya ƙi sunan farko na "Matthew" a matsayin wani aikin adawa da mulkin mallaka . [ 16 ] A halin yanzu, mahaifin Obasanjo ya yi watsi da matarsa da 'ya'yansa biyu. [ 17 ] Bayan da ya faɗa cikin talauci, mahaifiyar Obasanjo ta yi aiki a fannin kasuwanci don ta rayu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Domin biyan kuɗin makarantarsa, Obasanjo ya yi aiki a gonakin koko da kola, ya yi kamun kifi, ya tattara itacen wuta, sannan ya sayar wa masu gini yashi. A lokacin hutun makaranta, ya kuma yi aiki a makarantar, yana sare ciyawa da sauran ayyukan hannu.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 48; Derfler 2011, p. 83</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 48.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 46; Derfler 2011, p. 83.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 47.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 46–47; Derfler 2011, p. 94.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 94.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 48; Derfler 2011, pp. 84–85.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 49.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 48–49; Derfler 2011, p. 85</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 56.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 51</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 50.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 50; Derfler 2011, p. 85.</ref> A shekarar 1956, Obasanjo ya yi jarrabawar makarantar sakandare, bayan ya ranci kuɗi don biyan kuɗin shiga. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan shekarar, ya fara soyayya da [[Esther Oluremi Obasanjo|Oluremi Akinlawon]], 'yar Owu ga wani babban jami'in tashar jirgin ƙasa. An yi musu alkawari za su yi aure a shekarar 1958. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya koma [[Ibadan]], inda ya yi aikin koyarwa. A can, ya zauna don jarrabawar shiga [[Jami'ar Ibadan|Kwalejin Jami'a ta Ibadan]], amma duk da cewa ya ci nasara, ya ga ba zai iya biyan kuɗin makaranta ba. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan Obasanjo ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a matsayin injiniyan farar hula, kuma don samun damar shiga wannan sana'a, a shekarar 1958 ya amsa wani tallan horar da jami'in sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya. [ 21 ] <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}</ref> == Farkon aikin soja (1958–1966) == === Horar da sojoji: 1958–1959 === A watan Maris na shekarar 1958, Obasanjo ya shiga rundunar sojin Najeriya. [ 23 ] Ya ga hakan a matsayin wata dama ta ci gaba da karatunsa yayin da yake samun albashi; {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} bai sanar da iyalansa nan take ba, yana tsoron cewa iyayensa za su ƙi amincewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan lokacin ne aka mayar da [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|rundunar sojin Najeriya]] zuwa ikon gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Najeriya, a shirye-shiryen samun cikakken 'yancin kai na Najeriya, kuma an yi yunƙurin shigar da ƙarin 'yan asalin Najeriya cikin manyan mukamai na rundunar sojinta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi zuwa Makarantar Horar da Jami'ai ta Kullum da ke [[Teshie]] a [[Ghana]] . [ 23 ] Lokacin da aka tura shi aiki a ƙasashen waje, ya aika wa amaryarsa wasiƙu da kyaututtuka a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Satumba na shekarar 1958, an zaɓe shi don ƙarin horo na watanni shida a Makarantar Cadet ta Mons Officer da ke Aldershot, kudancin [[Ingila]] . Obasanjo bai so hakan a can ba, yana ganin cewa cibiyar ta kasance ta aji da [[wariyar launin fata]], kuma ya ga yana da wahala ya daidaita da yanayin sanyi da danshi na Ingila. [ 26 ] Ya ƙarfafa ra'ayoyinsa marasa kyau game da [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] da kuma 'yancinta na mulkin mallaka a kan mutanen da ta mamaye. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} A ranar Litinin, ya sami kwamiti da takardar shaidar injiniya. Yayin da Obasanjo yake Ingila, mahaifiyarsa ta mutu. Mahaifinsa ya mutu bayan shekara guda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1959, Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya. A can, aka tura shi [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] a matsayin wani soja mai kula da rundunar sojojin ƙasa tare da Bataliyar Biyar. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Lokacin da ya yi a Kaduna shi ne karo na farko da Obasanjo ya zauna a yankin da Musulmai suka fi rinjaye. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da yake can, a watan Oktoban 1960, Najeriya ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> === Rikicin Congo: 1960–1961 === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an aika da Bataliya ta Biyar zuwa Kongo a matsayin wani ɓangare na rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . A can, an kafa bataliya a Lardin Kivu, tare da hedikwatarsu a [[Bukavu]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A Kongo, Obasanjo da wasu suna da alhakin kare fararen hula, gami da ƙabilar tsiraru ta Belgium, daga [[1960 Sojojin Jama'a|sojojin da suka yi tawaye]] ga gwamnatin [[Patrice Lumumba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Fabrairun 1961, masu tawaye sun kama Obasanjo yayin da yake kwashe masu wa'azin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika na Roman]] daga wani tasha kusa da Bukavu. Masu tawaye sun yi tunanin kashe shi amma an umarce su da su sake shi. A watan Mayun 1961, Bataliya ta Biyar ta bar Kongo ta koma Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin rikicin, an naɗa shi kyaftin na wucin gadi. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} Daga baya ya lura cewa lokacin da aka yi a Kongo ya ƙarfafa "zafin Pan-African" na bataliyarsa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Dawowa daga Kongo: 1961–1966 === Da dawowarsa, Obasanjo ya sayi motarsa ta farko, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma an kwantar da shi a asibiti na ɗan lokaci saboda ciwon ciki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da ya warke, aka mayar da shi zuwa Rundunar Injiniyan Sojoji. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1962 aka tura shi aiki a Kwalejin Injiniyan Sojoji ta Royal a Ingila. [ 30 ] A can, ya yi fice kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun ɗalibi na Commonwealth da aka taɓa samu". [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, ya biya Akinlawon don tafiya zuwa Landan inda za ta iya shiga wani kwas na horo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Yunin 1963 a Ofishin Rijistar Kore na Camberwell, suna sanar da iyalansu ne kawai bayan taron. [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, an ba Obasanjo umarnin komawa Najeriya, kodayake matarsa ta ci gaba da zama a Landan na tsawon shekaru uku don kammala karatunta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da zarar ya isa Najeriya, Obasanjo ya karɓi ragamar rundunar Injiniyan Field da ke Kaduna. [ 33 ] A cikin aikin soja, Obasanjo ya ci gaba da samun ci gaba a cikin manyan mukamai, inda ya zama babban jami'i a shekarar 1965. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya yi amfani da kudin shigarsa wajen sayen filaye, a farkon shekarun 1960 yana samun kadarori a Ibadan, Kaduna, da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1965, an tura Obasanjo zuwa Indiya. A kan hanyarsa, ya ziyarci matarsa a Landan. A [[Indiya]], ya yi karatu a [[Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro (DSSC)|Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro]] da ke Wellington sannan ya yi karatu a Makarantar Injiniya da ke [[Pune|Poona]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya yi mamakin yunwar da ya gani a Indiya duk da cewa ya nuna sha'awar al'adun kasar, wani abu da ya karfafa masa gwiwa ya karanta littattafai kan addini mai kama da juna . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya == === Aikin kafin Yaƙin Basasa: 1966–1967 === Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya a watan Janairun 1966 domin ya gano kasar tana tsakiyar [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin soja]] wanda Manjo [[Emmanuel Ifeajuna]] ya jagoranta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo yana cikin wadanda suka yi gargadin cewa lamarin na iya rikidewa zuwa yakin basasa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya bayar da shawarar yin aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani tsakanin masu shirya juyin mulkin da gwamnatin farar hula, wacce ta mika mulki ga Babban Kwamandan Soja [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da juyin mulkin ya gaza, Olusegun ya hadu da Ironsi a Legas. Ba da daɗewa ba Ironsi ya kawo karshen tsarin tarayya a Najeriya ta hanyar dokar hadin kan kasa a watan Mayun 1966, wani abu da ya tayar da rikicin kabilanci. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ƙarshen watan Yuli, [[Juyin Mulki a Najeriya, 1966|an sake yin juyin mulki na biyu]] . A Ibadan, sojoji 'yan asalin arewacin Najeriya sun yi tawaye suka kashe Ironsi, sannan suka kashe sojoji kusan ɗari biyu galibi daga Kudancin Najeriya. Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya karbi mulki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da ake wannan juyin mulki, Obasanjo yana [[Maiduguri]] . Jin labarin, sai ya koma Kaduna da sauri. A can, ya gano cewa sojojin arewa daga Bataliya ta Uku suna tattara sojoji, suna azabtar da su, da kuma kashe su. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[Gwamnan Arewacin Najeriya]], [[Hassan Usman Katsina|Hassan Katsina]], ya fahimci cewa duk da cewa Olusegun ba Igbo ba ne, a matsayinsa na ɗan kudu, har yanzu yana cikin haɗari daga sojojin da suka yi tawaye. Domin kare su, Katsina ta mayar da Olusegun da matarsa Maiduguri na tsawon kwanaki goma, yayin da tashin hankalin ya ragu. Bayan haka, Obasanjo ya aika matarsa zuwa Legas yayin da yake komawa Kaduna da kansa, inda ya zauna har zuwa Janairu 1967. A wannan lokacin shi ne babban jami'in Yarabawa mafi girma a arewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Janairun 1967, an tura Obasanjo aiki zuwa Legas a matsayin Babban Injiniyan Sojoji. [ 40 ] Tashin hankali tsakanin kabilun Igbo da na arewa ya ci gaba da karuwa, kuma a watan Mayu jami'in soja na Igbo [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu|C. Odumegwu Ojukwu]] ya ayyana 'yancin kai ga yankunan da Igbo ke da rinjaye a kudu maso gabas, inda ya kafa [[Biyafara|Jamhuriyar Biafra]] . [ 41 ] A ranar 3 ga Yuli, gwamnatin Najeriya ta tura Obasanjo zuwa Ibadan don yin aiki a matsayin kwamandan [[Jihar Yammacin Najeriya|Jihar Yamma]] . [ 42 ] Fadan da ya barke tsakanin Sojojin Najeriya da 'yan awaren Biafra ya barke a ranar 6 ga Yuli. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 9 ga Yuli, Ojukwu ta aika da rundunar sojojin Biafra a kan gadar Niger a wani yunƙuri na kwace yankin Mid-West, wani wuri da za ta iya kai hari a Lagos. Obasanjo ya nemi toshe hanyoyin da ke kaiwa birnin. Kwamandan Yarbawa Victor Banjo, wanda ke jagorantar rundunar hare-haren Biafra, ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan Obasanjo ya bar su su wuce, amma ya ƙi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Umarnin Yaƙin Basasa: 1967–1970 === [[Fayil:Colonel_Olu_Obasanjo_-_ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_093_New_Nigerian_newspaper_page_7_January_1970._End_of_the_Nigerian_civil_war_with_Biafra_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|"Kanar Olu Obasanjo, Kwamanda, sashe na 3". ''Sabuwar Jaridar Najeriya'', shafi na 7, 12 Janairu 1970. Ƙarshen yaƙin basasar Najeriya da Biafra.]] Daga nan aka naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin kwamandan baya na Rukunin Biyu na [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], wanda ke aiki a Tsakiyar Yamma. Obasanjo da ke zaune a Ibadan ne ke da alhakin tabbatar da cewa an samar da kayayyaki ga Rukunin Biyu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A cikin birnin, Obasanjo ya koyar da wani kwas a fannin kimiyyar soja a Jami'ar Ibadan kuma ya gina abokan hulɗarsa a cikin manyan Yarabawa. A lokacin yaƙin, an sami tashin hankali a cikin jama'a a Jihar Yamma, kuma don guje wa alhakin waɗannan batutuwa, Obasanjo ya yi murabus daga Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Yamma. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da Obasanjo yake nesa da Ibadan a watan Nuwamba na 1968, mazauna ƙauyen da [[Agbekoya|ƙungiyar manoma ta Agbekoya]] ta tattara makamai sun kai hari kan zauren birnin Ibadan. Sojoji sun yi ramuwar gayya, inda suka kashe goma daga cikin masu tayar da zaune tsaye. Lokacin da Obasanjo ya dawo, ya ba da umarnin a gudanar da bincike kan abubuwan da suka faru. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gowon ya yanke shawarar maye gurbin Kanar [[Benjamin Adekunle]], wanda ke jagorantar harin Biafra, amma yana buƙatar wani babban Ba’arabiye. Ya zaɓi Obasanjo, duk da rashin ƙwarewar yaƙi na baya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya isa [[Port Harcourt]] don ɗaukar sabon matsayin a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1969; yanzu yana kula da sojoji tsakanin 35,000 zuwa 40,000. Ya shafe makonni shida na farko yana yaƙi da harin Biafra a [[Aba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya zagaya kowane ɓangare na fagen daga, kuma ya ji rauni yayin da yake yin hakan. Waɗannan ayyukan sun sa ya sami suna na jarumtaka a tsakanin sojojinsa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A watan Disamba, Obasanjo ya ƙaddamar da [[Operation Finishing Touch]], yana ba da umarnin sojojinsa su ci gaba zuwa [[Umuahia]], wanda suka yi a [[Kirsimeti|ranar Kirsimeti]] . Wannan ya rage Biafra gida biyu. A ranar 7 ga Janairu 1970, sai ya ƙaddamar da Operation Tail-Wind, inda ya kama filin jirgin saman Uli a ranar 12 ga Janairu. A wannan lokacin, shugabannin Biafra sun amince su miƙa wuya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 13 ga Janairu, Obasanjo ya gana da kwamandan sojojin Biafra Philip Effiong . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya dage cewa sojojin Biafra su mika makamansu kuma wasu daga cikin shugabannin jihar da ta balle suka tafi Legas suka mika wuya ga Gowon a hukumance. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Washegari, Obasanjo ya yi magana a rediyon yankin, yana kira ga 'yan kasa da su zauna a gidajensu kuma su tabbatar da tsaronsu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yawancin 'yan Biafra da kafofin watsa labarai na kasashen waje sun ji tsoron cewa Sojojin Najeriya za su aikata munanan ayyuka a kan mutanen da aka kayar, kodayake Obasanjo yana son hana hakan. Ya umarci sojojinsa da ke yankin da su ci gaba da zama a cikin barikokinsu, yana mai cewa 'yan sandan yankin ya kamata su dauki alhakin bin doka da oda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[3rd Armoured Division (Nijeriya)|Rundunar Soja ta Uku]], wacce ta fi zama a ware, ta kai hare-haren ramuwar gayya kan mutanen yankin. Obasanjo ya yi tsauri kan wadanda suka aikata laifin satar mutane, sannan ya harbi wadanda suka aikata laifin fyade. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gwamnatin Gowon ta sa Obasanjo ya dauki alhakin sake hada Biafra cikin Najeriya, wanda a wannan matsayi ya sami girmamawa saboda jaddada girman kai. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A matsayinsa na injiniya, ya jaddada dawo da samar da ruwa; zuwa watan Mayu na 1970 dukkan manyan garuruwan yankin sun sake hadewa da samar da ruwa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Matsayin Obasanjo wajen kawo karshen yakin ya sanya shi gwarzon yaki kuma sanannen mutum a kasa baki daya a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} === Aikin bayan Yaƙin Basasa: 1970–1975 === A watan Yunin 1970, Obasanjo ya koma Abeokuta, inda jama'a suka tarbe shi a matsayin gwarzon da ya dawo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi Legas a matsayin Birgediya Janar na jagorantar Rundunar Injiniyoyi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Oktoba, Gowon ya sanar da cewa gwamnatin soja za ta mika iko ga gwamnatin farar hula a shekarar 1976. A halin yanzu, haramcin jam'iyyun siyasa ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rundunar sojoji; Gowon bai yi wani ci gaba ba wajen kafa gwamnatin farar hula. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A karkashin gwamnatin soja, Obasanjo ya zauna a kwamitin sallamar sojoji wanda ya ba da shawarar rage yawan sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1970. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1974 Obasanjo ya tafi Burtaniya don yin kwas a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Royal . [ 57 ] Da dawowarsa, a watan Janairun 1975, Gowon ya nada shi Kwamishinan Ayyuka da Gidaje, mukamin da ya rike na tsawon watanni bakwai, wanda a lokacin yake da alhakin gina barikin soja. [ 58 ] A shekarar 1970, Obasanjo ya sayi wani tsohon kamfani a Ibadan, inda ya ɗauki wani wakili don ya kula da shi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1973 ya yi rijistar wani kasuwanci, Temperance Enterprises Limited, wanda ta hanyarsa zai iya fara harkokin kasuwanci bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya kuma ci gaba da saka hannun jari a kadarori; zuwa 1974 ya mallaki gidaje biyu a Legas da kuma ɗaya a Ibadan da Abeokuta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} An yi ta rade-radin cewa Obasanjo ya shiga cikin cin hanci da rashawa da ke [[Cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya|ƙara yaɗuwa a Najeriya]], kodayake babu wata shaida mai ƙarfi game da hakan da ta bayyana. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Aurensa da Oluremi ya yi tsami yayin da ta ƙi dangantakarsa da wasu mata. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970 aka wargaza aurensu. [ 60 ] A shekarar 1976 ya auri [[Stella Obasanjo|Stella Abebe]] a wani bikin gargajiya na Yarbawa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == A gwamnatin Murtala == === Juyin mulkin 1975 da kuma bayansa === A watan Yulin 1975, juyin mulki karkashin jagorancin Shehu Musa Yar'Adua da Joseph Garba sun kori Gowon, [ 62 ] wanda ya gudu zuwa Birtaniya. [1] Ba su sanar da Obasanjo shirinsu ba domin an san shi da sukar juyin mulki a matsayin kayan aikin sauya gwamnati. [1] Masu shirya juyin mulkin suna son maye gurbin mulkin kama-karya na Gowon da wani rukunin sojoji uku wadanda Majalisar Soja za ta iya kin amincewa da shawarwarinsu. Saboda wannan nasarar, sun shawo kan Janar Murtala Muhammed ya zama shugaban kasa, inda Obasanjo ya zama na biyu a shugabancinsa, da Danjuma a matsayin na uku. [ 65 ] Masanin tarihi John Iliffe ya lura cewa daga cikin wadanda suka yi nasara, Obasanjo shine "dokin aiki da kwakwalwa" kuma shine mafi sha'awar komawa mulkin farar hula. [1] Tare, rundunar sojojin ƙasa ta gabatar da matakan tsuke bakin aljihu don dakile hauhawar farashin kaya, ta kafa Ofishin Bincike na Ayyukan Cin Hanci da Rashawa, ta maye gurbin dukkan gwamnonin soja da sabbin jami'ai waɗanda suka kai rahoto kai tsaye ga Obasanjo a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata, sannan ta ƙaddamar da "Operation Deadwood" inda ta hanyarsu suka kori jami'ai 11,000 daga ma'aikatan gwamnati. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qv8k3p0zzy187myq0d2fujgvdt0hm6s 873633 873632 2026-07-01T13:22:20Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 873633 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Chief '''Olusegun Matthew Okikiola Ogunboye Aremu Obasanjo''' GCFR <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by Obasanjo to the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/webcast/ga/61/pdfs/nigeria-e.pdf |access-date=23 April 2011}}</ref> ( // ⓘ ; Yoruba {{IPA|yo|ōlúʃɛ́ɡũ̄ ɔ̄básã̄d͡ʒɔ́|}} An haife shi {{Circa}} 5 ga Maris 1937) ɗan siyasa ne na Najeriya, ɗan siyasa, mai kishin ƙasa, kuma tsohon janar na soja wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sojan Najeriya daga alif 1976 zuwa 1979 sannan daga baya ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugabanta]] daga a 1999 zuwa 2007. A ra'ayinsa ɗan kishin ƙasa ne na Najeriya, ya kasance memba na [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP) daga alif 1998 zuwa 2015, kuma tun 2018.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8; Adeolu 2017, p. 4.</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 24 March 2022.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, p. 74.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 16–17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17; Derfler 2011, p. 74</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 29.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 29–30.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 30.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 78.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 45, 48.</ref> An haife shi a ƙauyen Ibogun-Olaogun, dangin sa manoma na reshen Owu na [[Yarbawa]], Obasanjo ya yi karatu sosai a [[Abeokuta]], [[Jihar Ogun]] . Ya shiga [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Rundunar Sojan Najeriya]] kuma ya ƙware a fannin injiniyanci kuma ya yi aiki a Kongo, [[Birtaniya]], da [[Indiya]], inda ya kai matsayin Manjo. A ƙarshen shekarun alif 1960, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaƙi da 'yan awaren [[Biyafara|Biafra]] a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya]], inda ya karɓi miƙa wuyansu alif 1970. A shekara alif 1975, [[1975 juyin mulkin Najeriya|wani juyin mulki na soja]] ya kafa gwamnatin soja tare da Obasanjo a matsayin wani ɓangare na mulkinta na nasara. Bayan an kashe shugaban triumvirate, [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], a al shekara mai zuwa, [[Majalisar Koli ta Soja ta Najeriya (alif 1966 zuwa 1979)|Majalisar Koli ta Soja]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council". www.interactioncouncil.org. Retrieved 1 February 2025.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 23; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 24; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 41.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 42; Derfler 2011, p. 79</ref> ta naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. Ci gaba da manufofin Murtala, Obasanjo ya kula da rage kasafin kuɗi da faɗaɗa damar samun ilimin makaranta kyauta. Yana ƙara haɗa Najeriya da Amurka, ya kuma jaddada goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin da ke adawa da mulkin tsirarun fararen fata a kudancin Afirka. Bayan da ya kuduri aniyar dawo da dimokuradiyya, Obasanjo ya jagoranci [[Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na alif 1979|zaben 1979]], bayan haka ya mika ragamar mulkin Najeriya ga sabon shugaban farar hula da aka zaba, [[Shehu Shagari|Shehu Shagari.]]<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 12–13; Derfler 2011, p. 73</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 13.</ref> Daga nan Obasanjo ya yi ritaya zuwa [[Ota, Ogun]], inda ya zama manomi, ya buga littattafai guda hudu, sannan ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa don kawo karshen rikice-rikicen Afirka daban-daban.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 7; Derfler 2011, p. 72</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 72; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 14</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 15.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, pp. 73–74.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 25; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 40.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 45.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 49, 56</ref> A shekara alif 1993, [[Sani Abacha]] ya kwace mulki a wani juyin mulki na soja. Obasanjo ya fito fili ya soki gwamnatin Abacha kuma a shekarar alif 1995 aka kama shi aka kuma same shi da laifin kasancewa cikin wani juyin mulki da aka shirya, duk da cewa bai aikata laifin da ake zargin sa da shi ba. Yayin da yake tsare, ya zama Kirista mai sake haifuwa, tare da ra'ayin raba iko ya yi tasiri sosai kan ra'ayinsa na duniya. An sake shi bayan mutuwar Abacha a alif 1998. Obasanjo ya shiga siyasar zabe, inda ya zama dan takarar PDP a zaben shugaban kasa na a 1999, wanda ya lashe. A matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, ya cire siyasa daga harkokin soja kuma ya fadada 'yan sanda tare da tattara sojoji don yaki da tashe-tashen hankulan kabilanci, addini, da kuma ballewa. Ya janye [[Yakin basasa na Sierra Leone|sojojin Najeriya daga Sierra Leone]] kuma ya sayar da kamfanoni daban-daban na gwamnati don takaita basussukan kasar da ke karuwa. An sake zabensa a zaben alif 2003. Saboda ra'ayoyin [[Pan-Africanism]], ya kasance mai goyon bayan kafa [[Tarayyar Afrika|kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta daga 2004 zuwa 2006. Yunkurin Obasanjo na canza kundin tsarin mulki don kawar da iyakokin wa'adin shugaban kasa bai yi nasara ba kuma ya jawo suka. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin tauhidi daga [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiyar Ƙasa ta Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adegbite |first=Charles Segun |date=16 December 2017 |title=At 80years, Obasanjo bags Ph.D in Theology |url=https://successfulpeoplemagazine.wordpress.com/2017/12/16/at-80years-obasanjo-bags-ph-d-in-theology/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=Successful People's World |language=en}}</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 39</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 20.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 26.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 24.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 26–27.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 27–28.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 28.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 31.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 31–32.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 42; Derfler 2011, p. 80.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 42</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 40; Derfler 2011, p. 79.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 42–43; Derfler 2011, p. 81.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 45; Derfler 2011, p. 82.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 45, 48; Derfler 2011, p. 83.</ref> An bayyana Obasanjo a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane na ƙarni na biyu na shugabannin Afirka bayan mulkin mallaka . Ya sami yabo kan yadda ya jagoranci sauye-sauyen da Najeriya ta yi zuwa ga [[dimokuradiyya ta wakilci]] a shekarun alof 1970 da kuma ƙoƙarinsa na ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa a faɗin nahiyar. Masu suka sun dage cewa yana da laifin cin hanci da rashawa, cewa gwamnatocinsa sun kula da take haƙƙin ɗan adam, kuma a matsayinsa na shugaban ƙasa ya fara sha'awar haɗa kai da kuma riƙe ikonsa na kashin kansa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2025 |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} Biography, Age, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 21.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 21–22.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 22.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 25–26.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 41–42.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 82.</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Mahaifin Olusegun Obasanjo Obasanjo Bankole yana ɗaya daga cikin mutanen farko da suka fara zama kuma ubannin da suka kafa ƙauyen Igbogun Olaogun a farkon shekarun alif 1920. Duk da cewa manomi ne mai arziki kuma mai sana'ar giyar dabino, ana ɗaukarsa talaka ne saboda ba ya cikin manyan mutane masu ilimi a [[Kasar Yarbawa|ƙasar Yarabawa]] . Bankole ya haɗu da Bernice Ashabi, wani ƙaramin ɗan kasuwa a Igbogun kuma dukansu sun yi aure. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu da suka rage daga cikin shida: Olusegun da Adunni Oluwola, 'yar'uwarsa tilo. {{Sfn|Adeolu|2017}} A cewar fasfo ɗinsa, an haifi Olusegun Obasanjo a ranar 5 ga Maris 1937 duk da cewa babu wani tarihi na zamani kuma kwanan wata kusan kiyasi ne. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}}<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 43.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 43; Derfler 2011, p. 81.</ref> Olusegun ya fito ne daga Masarautar Owu . An rene shi a matsayin Baptist . Daga baya 'yar'uwarsa ta [[Musulunci|musulunta]] domin ta auri wani mutum Musulmi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 44.</ref>Yana da shekara goma s ya shiga makarantar firamare ta ƙauyen, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma bayan shekaru uku, a al1951, ya koma Makarantar Ranar Baptist a unguwar Owu ta [[Abeokuta]] . [ 11 ] A 1952 ya koma [[Baptist Boys' High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta Baptist Boys]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> shi ma a garin. Kuɗaɗen makarantarsa wani ɓangare ne na tallafin gwamnati. [ 13 ] Obasanjo ya yi kyau a fannin ilimi, [ 14 ] kuma a makaranta ya zama ƙwararren ɗan Scout . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Duk da cewa babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa yana da hannu a cikin kowace ƙungiyar siyasa, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} a makarantar sakandare ne Obasanjo ya ƙi sunan farko na "Matthew" a matsayin wani aikin adawa da mulkin mallaka . [ 16 ] A halin yanzu, mahaifin Obasanjo ya yi watsi da matarsa da 'ya'yansa biyu. [ 17 ] Bayan da ya faɗa cikin talauci, mahaifiyar Obasanjo ta yi aiki a fannin kasuwanci don ta rayu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Domin biyan kuɗin makarantarsa, Obasanjo ya yi aiki a gonakin koko da kola, ya yi kamun kifi, ya tattara itacen wuta, sannan ya sayar wa masu gini yashi. A lokacin hutun makaranta, ya kuma yi aiki a makarantar, yana sare ciyawa da sauran ayyukan hannu.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 48; Derfler 2011, p. 83</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 48.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 46; Derfler 2011, p. 83.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 47.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 46–47; Derfler 2011, p. 94.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 94.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 48; Derfler 2011, pp. 84–85.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 49.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 48–49; Derfler 2011, p. 85</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 56.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 51</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 50.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 50; Derfler 2011, p. 85.</ref> A shekarar 1956, Obasanjo ya yi jarrabawar makarantar sakandare, bayan ya ranci kuɗi don biyan kuɗin shiga. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan shekarar, ya fara soyayya da [[Esther Oluremi Obasanjo|Oluremi Akinlawon]], 'yar Owu ga wani babban jami'in tashar jirgin ƙasa. An yi musu alkawari za su yi aure a shekarar 1958. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya koma [[Ibadan]], inda ya yi aikin koyarwa. A can, ya zauna don jarrabawar shiga [[Jami'ar Ibadan|Kwalejin Jami'a ta Ibadan]], amma duk da cewa ya ci nasara, ya ga ba zai iya biyan kuɗin makaranta ba. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan Obasanjo ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a matsayin injiniyan farar hula, kuma don samun damar shiga wannan sana'a, a shekarar 1958 ya amsa wani tallan horar da jami'in sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya. [ 21 ] <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}</ref> == Farkon aikin soja (1958–1966) == === Horar da sojoji: 1958–1959 === A watan Maris na shekarar 1958, Obasanjo ya shiga rundunar sojin Najeriya. [ 23 ] Ya ga hakan a matsayin wata dama ta ci gaba da karatunsa yayin da yake samun albashi; {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} bai sanar da iyalansa nan take ba, yana tsoron cewa iyayensa za su ƙi amincewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan lokacin ne aka mayar da [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|rundunar sojin Najeriya]] zuwa ikon gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Najeriya, a shirye-shiryen samun cikakken 'yancin kai na Najeriya, kuma an yi yunƙurin shigar da ƙarin 'yan asalin Najeriya cikin manyan mukamai na rundunar sojinta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi zuwa Makarantar Horar da Jami'ai ta Kullum da ke [[Teshie]] a [[Ghana]] . [ 23 ] Lokacin da aka tura shi aiki a ƙasashen waje, ya aika wa amaryarsa wasiƙu da kyaututtuka a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Satumba na shekarar 1958, an zaɓe shi don ƙarin horo na watanni shida a Makarantar Cadet ta Mons Officer da ke Aldershot, kudancin [[Ingila]] . Obasanjo bai so hakan a can ba, yana ganin cewa cibiyar ta kasance ta aji da [[wariyar launin fata]], kuma ya ga yana da wahala ya daidaita da yanayin sanyi da danshi na Ingila. [ 26 ] Ya ƙarfafa ra'ayoyinsa marasa kyau game da [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] da kuma 'yancinta na mulkin mallaka a kan mutanen da ta mamaye. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} A ranar Litinin, ya sami kwamiti da takardar shaidar injiniya. Yayin da Obasanjo yake Ingila, mahaifiyarsa ta mutu. Mahaifinsa ya mutu bayan shekara guda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1959, Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya. A can, aka tura shi [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] a matsayin wani soja mai kula da rundunar sojojin ƙasa tare da Bataliyar Biyar. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Lokacin da ya yi a Kaduna shi ne karo na farko da Obasanjo ya zauna a yankin da Musulmai suka fi rinjaye. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da yake can, a watan Oktoban 1960, Najeriya ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> === Rikicin Congo: 1960–1961 === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an aika da Bataliya ta Biyar zuwa Kongo a matsayin wani ɓangare na rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . A can, an kafa bataliya a Lardin Kivu, tare da hedikwatarsu a [[Bukavu]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A Kongo, Obasanjo da wasu suna da alhakin kare fararen hula, gami da ƙabilar tsiraru ta Belgium, daga [[1960 Sojojin Jama'a|sojojin da suka yi tawaye]] ga gwamnatin [[Patrice Lumumba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Fabrairun 1961, masu tawaye sun kama Obasanjo yayin da yake kwashe masu wa'azin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika na Roman]] daga wani tasha kusa da Bukavu. Masu tawaye sun yi tunanin kashe shi amma an umarce su da su sake shi. A watan Mayun 1961, Bataliya ta Biyar ta bar Kongo ta koma Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin rikicin, an naɗa shi kyaftin na wucin gadi. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} Daga baya ya lura cewa lokacin da aka yi a Kongo ya ƙarfafa "zafin Pan-African" na bataliyarsa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Dawowa daga Kongo: 1961–1966 === Da dawowarsa, Obasanjo ya sayi motarsa ta farko, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma an kwantar da shi a asibiti na ɗan lokaci saboda ciwon ciki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da ya warke, aka mayar da shi zuwa Rundunar Injiniyan Sojoji. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1962 aka tura shi aiki a Kwalejin Injiniyan Sojoji ta Royal a Ingila. [ 30 ] A can, ya yi fice kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun ɗalibi na Commonwealth da aka taɓa samu". [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, ya biya Akinlawon don tafiya zuwa Landan inda za ta iya shiga wani kwas na horo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Yunin 1963 a Ofishin Rijistar Kore na Camberwell, suna sanar da iyalansu ne kawai bayan taron. [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, an ba Obasanjo umarnin komawa Najeriya, kodayake matarsa ta ci gaba da zama a Landan na tsawon shekaru uku don kammala karatunta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da zarar ya isa Najeriya, Obasanjo ya karɓi ragamar rundunar Injiniyan Field da ke Kaduna. [ 33 ] A cikin aikin soja, Obasanjo ya ci gaba da samun ci gaba a cikin manyan mukamai, inda ya zama babban jami'i a shekarar 1965. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya yi amfani da kudin shigarsa wajen sayen filaye, a farkon shekarun 1960 yana samun kadarori a Ibadan, Kaduna, da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1965, an tura Obasanjo zuwa Indiya. A kan hanyarsa, ya ziyarci matarsa a Landan. A [[Indiya]], ya yi karatu a [[Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro (DSSC)|Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro]] da ke Wellington sannan ya yi karatu a Makarantar Injiniya da ke [[Pune|Poona]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya yi mamakin yunwar da ya gani a Indiya duk da cewa ya nuna sha'awar al'adun kasar, wani abu da ya karfafa masa gwiwa ya karanta littattafai kan addini mai kama da juna . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya == === Aikin kafin Yaƙin Basasa: 1966–1967 === Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya a watan Janairun 1966 domin ya gano kasar tana tsakiyar [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin soja]] wanda Manjo [[Emmanuel Ifeajuna]] ya jagoranta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo yana cikin wadanda suka yi gargadin cewa lamarin na iya rikidewa zuwa yakin basasa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya bayar da shawarar yin aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani tsakanin masu shirya juyin mulkin da gwamnatin farar hula, wacce ta mika mulki ga Babban Kwamandan Soja [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da juyin mulkin ya gaza, Olusegun ya hadu da Ironsi a Legas. Ba da daɗewa ba Ironsi ya kawo karshen tsarin tarayya a Najeriya ta hanyar dokar hadin kan kasa a watan Mayun 1966, wani abu da ya tayar da rikicin kabilanci. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ƙarshen watan Yuli, [[Juyin Mulki a Najeriya, 1966|an sake yin juyin mulki na biyu]] . A Ibadan, sojoji 'yan asalin arewacin Najeriya sun yi tawaye suka kashe Ironsi, sannan suka kashe sojoji kusan ɗari biyu galibi daga Kudancin Najeriya. Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya karbi mulki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da ake wannan juyin mulki, Obasanjo yana [[Maiduguri]] . Jin labarin, sai ya koma Kaduna da sauri. A can, ya gano cewa sojojin arewa daga Bataliya ta Uku suna tattara sojoji, suna azabtar da su, da kuma kashe su. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[Gwamnan Arewacin Najeriya]], [[Hassan Usman Katsina|Hassan Katsina]], ya fahimci cewa duk da cewa Olusegun ba Igbo ba ne, a matsayinsa na ɗan kudu, har yanzu yana cikin haɗari daga sojojin da suka yi tawaye. Domin kare su, Katsina ta mayar da Olusegun da matarsa Maiduguri na tsawon kwanaki goma, yayin da tashin hankalin ya ragu. Bayan haka, Obasanjo ya aika matarsa zuwa Legas yayin da yake komawa Kaduna da kansa, inda ya zauna har zuwa Janairu 1967. A wannan lokacin shi ne babban jami'in Yarabawa mafi girma a arewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Janairun 1967, an tura Obasanjo aiki zuwa Legas a matsayin Babban Injiniyan Sojoji. [ 40 ] Tashin hankali tsakanin kabilun Igbo da na arewa ya ci gaba da karuwa, kuma a watan Mayu jami'in soja na Igbo [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu|C. Odumegwu Ojukwu]] ya ayyana 'yancin kai ga yankunan da Igbo ke da rinjaye a kudu maso gabas, inda ya kafa [[Biyafara|Jamhuriyar Biafra]] . [ 41 ] A ranar 3 ga Yuli, gwamnatin Najeriya ta tura Obasanjo zuwa Ibadan don yin aiki a matsayin kwamandan [[Jihar Yammacin Najeriya|Jihar Yamma]] . [ 42 ] Fadan da ya barke tsakanin Sojojin Najeriya da 'yan awaren Biafra ya barke a ranar 6 ga Yuli. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 9 ga Yuli, Ojukwu ta aika da rundunar sojojin Biafra a kan gadar Niger a wani yunƙuri na kwace yankin Mid-West, wani wuri da za ta iya kai hari a Lagos. Obasanjo ya nemi toshe hanyoyin da ke kaiwa birnin. Kwamandan Yarbawa Victor Banjo, wanda ke jagorantar rundunar hare-haren Biafra, ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan Obasanjo ya bar su su wuce, amma ya ƙi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Umarnin Yaƙin Basasa: 1967–1970 === [[Fayil:Colonel_Olu_Obasanjo_-_ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_093_New_Nigerian_newspaper_page_7_January_1970._End_of_the_Nigerian_civil_war_with_Biafra_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|"Kanar Olu Obasanjo, Kwamanda, sashe na 3". ''Sabuwar Jaridar Najeriya'', shafi na 7, 12 Janairu 1970. Ƙarshen yaƙin basasar Najeriya da Biafra.]] Daga nan aka naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin kwamandan baya na Rukunin Biyu na [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], wanda ke aiki a Tsakiyar Yamma. Obasanjo da ke zaune a Ibadan ne ke da alhakin tabbatar da cewa an samar da kayayyaki ga Rukunin Biyu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A cikin birnin, Obasanjo ya koyar da wani kwas a fannin kimiyyar soja a Jami'ar Ibadan kuma ya gina abokan hulɗarsa a cikin manyan Yarabawa. A lokacin yaƙin, an sami tashin hankali a cikin jama'a a Jihar Yamma, kuma don guje wa alhakin waɗannan batutuwa, Obasanjo ya yi murabus daga Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Yamma. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da Obasanjo yake nesa da Ibadan a watan Nuwamba na 1968, mazauna ƙauyen da [[Agbekoya|ƙungiyar manoma ta Agbekoya]] ta tattara makamai sun kai hari kan zauren birnin Ibadan. Sojoji sun yi ramuwar gayya, inda suka kashe goma daga cikin masu tayar da zaune tsaye. Lokacin da Obasanjo ya dawo, ya ba da umarnin a gudanar da bincike kan abubuwan da suka faru. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gowon ya yanke shawarar maye gurbin Kanar [[Benjamin Adekunle]], wanda ke jagorantar harin Biafra, amma yana buƙatar wani babban Ba’arabiye. Ya zaɓi Obasanjo, duk da rashin ƙwarewar yaƙi na baya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya isa [[Port Harcourt]] don ɗaukar sabon matsayin a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1969; yanzu yana kula da sojoji tsakanin 35,000 zuwa 40,000. Ya shafe makonni shida na farko yana yaƙi da harin Biafra a [[Aba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya zagaya kowane ɓangare na fagen daga, kuma ya ji rauni yayin da yake yin hakan. Waɗannan ayyukan sun sa ya sami suna na jarumtaka a tsakanin sojojinsa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A watan Disamba, Obasanjo ya ƙaddamar da [[Operation Finishing Touch]], yana ba da umarnin sojojinsa su ci gaba zuwa [[Umuahia]], wanda suka yi a [[Kirsimeti|ranar Kirsimeti]] . Wannan ya rage Biafra gida biyu. A ranar 7 ga Janairu 1970, sai ya ƙaddamar da Operation Tail-Wind, inda ya kama filin jirgin saman Uli a ranar 12 ga Janairu. A wannan lokacin, shugabannin Biafra sun amince su miƙa wuya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 13 ga Janairu, Obasanjo ya gana da kwamandan sojojin Biafra Philip Effiong . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya dage cewa sojojin Biafra su mika makamansu kuma wasu daga cikin shugabannin jihar da ta balle suka tafi Legas suka mika wuya ga Gowon a hukumance. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Washegari, Obasanjo ya yi magana a rediyon yankin, yana kira ga 'yan kasa da su zauna a gidajensu kuma su tabbatar da tsaronsu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yawancin 'yan Biafra da kafofin watsa labarai na kasashen waje sun ji tsoron cewa Sojojin Najeriya za su aikata munanan ayyuka a kan mutanen da aka kayar, kodayake Obasanjo yana son hana hakan. Ya umarci sojojinsa da ke yankin da su ci gaba da zama a cikin barikokinsu, yana mai cewa 'yan sandan yankin ya kamata su dauki alhakin bin doka da oda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[3rd Armoured Division (Nijeriya)|Rundunar Soja ta Uku]], wacce ta fi zama a ware, ta kai hare-haren ramuwar gayya kan mutanen yankin. Obasanjo ya yi tsauri kan wadanda suka aikata laifin satar mutane, sannan ya harbi wadanda suka aikata laifin fyade. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gwamnatin Gowon ta sa Obasanjo ya dauki alhakin sake hada Biafra cikin Najeriya, wanda a wannan matsayi ya sami girmamawa saboda jaddada girman kai. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A matsayinsa na injiniya, ya jaddada dawo da samar da ruwa; zuwa watan Mayu na 1970 dukkan manyan garuruwan yankin sun sake hadewa da samar da ruwa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Matsayin Obasanjo wajen kawo karshen yakin ya sanya shi gwarzon yaki kuma sanannen mutum a kasa baki daya a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} === Aikin bayan Yaƙin Basasa: 1970–1975 === A watan Yunin 1970, Obasanjo ya koma Abeokuta, inda jama'a suka tarbe shi a matsayin gwarzon da ya dawo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi Legas a matsayin Birgediya Janar na jagorantar Rundunar Injiniyoyi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Oktoba, Gowon ya sanar da cewa gwamnatin soja za ta mika iko ga gwamnatin farar hula a shekarar 1976. A halin yanzu, haramcin jam'iyyun siyasa ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rundunar sojoji; Gowon bai yi wani ci gaba ba wajen kafa gwamnatin farar hula. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A karkashin gwamnatin soja, Obasanjo ya zauna a kwamitin sallamar sojoji wanda ya ba da shawarar rage yawan sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1970. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1974 Obasanjo ya tafi Burtaniya don yin kwas a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Royal . [ 57 ] Da dawowarsa, a watan Janairun 1975, Gowon ya nada shi Kwamishinan Ayyuka da Gidaje, mukamin da ya rike na tsawon watanni bakwai, wanda a lokacin yake da alhakin gina barikin soja. [ 58 ] A shekarar 1970, Obasanjo ya sayi wani tsohon kamfani a Ibadan, inda ya ɗauki wani wakili don ya kula da shi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1973 ya yi rijistar wani kasuwanci, Temperance Enterprises Limited, wanda ta hanyarsa zai iya fara harkokin kasuwanci bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya kuma ci gaba da saka hannun jari a kadarori; zuwa 1974 ya mallaki gidaje biyu a Legas da kuma ɗaya a Ibadan da Abeokuta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} An yi ta rade-radin cewa Obasanjo ya shiga cikin cin hanci da rashawa da ke [[Cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya|ƙara yaɗuwa a Najeriya]], kodayake babu wata shaida mai ƙarfi game da hakan da ta bayyana. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Aurensa da Oluremi ya yi tsami yayin da ta ƙi dangantakarsa da wasu mata. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970 aka wargaza aurensu. [ 60 ] A shekarar 1976 ya auri [[Stella Obasanjo|Stella Abebe]] a wani bikin gargajiya na Yarbawa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == A gwamnatin Murtala == === Juyin mulkin 1975 da kuma bayansa === A watan Yulin 1975, juyin mulki karkashin jagorancin Shehu Musa Yar'Adua da Joseph Garba sun kori Gowon, [ 62 ] wanda ya gudu zuwa Birtaniya. [1] Ba su sanar da Obasanjo shirinsu ba domin an san shi da sukar juyin mulki a matsayin kayan aikin sauya gwamnati. [1] Masu shirya juyin mulkin suna son maye gurbin mulkin kama-karya na Gowon da wani rukunin sojoji uku wadanda Majalisar Soja za ta iya kin amincewa da shawarwarinsu. Saboda wannan nasarar, sun shawo kan Janar Murtala Muhammed ya zama shugaban kasa, inda Obasanjo ya zama na biyu a shugabancinsa, da Danjuma a matsayin na uku. [ 65 ] Masanin tarihi John Iliffe ya lura cewa daga cikin wadanda suka yi nasara, Obasanjo shine "dokin aiki da kwakwalwa" kuma shine mafi sha'awar komawa mulkin farar hula. [1] Tare, rundunar sojojin ƙasa ta gabatar da matakan tsuke bakin aljihu don dakile hauhawar farashin kaya, ta kafa Ofishin Bincike na Ayyukan Cin Hanci da Rashawa, ta maye gurbin dukkan gwamnonin soja da sabbin jami'ai waɗanda suka kai rahoto kai tsaye ga Obasanjo a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata, sannan ta ƙaddamar da "Operation Deadwood" inda ta hanyarsu suka kori jami'ai 11,000 daga ma'aikatan gwamnati. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] lyd6x2uc8c6tm297k8mxn5ps34t0z5n 873634 873633 2026-07-01T13:22:59Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 873634 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Chief '''Olusegun Matthew Okikiola Ogunboye Aremu Obasanjo''' GCFR <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by Obasanjo to the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/webcast/ga/61/pdfs/nigeria-e.pdf |access-date=23 April 2011}}</ref> ( // ⓘ ; Yoruba {{IPA|yo|ōlúʃɛ́ɡũ̄ ɔ̄básã̄d͡ʒɔ́|}} An haife shi {{Circa}} 5 ga Maris 1937) ɗan siyasa ne na Najeriya, ɗan siyasa, mai kishin ƙasa, kuma tsohon janar na soja wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sojan Najeriya daga alif 1976 zuwa 1979 sannan daga baya ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugabanta]] daga a 1999 zuwa 2007. A ra'ayinsa ɗan kishin ƙasa ne na Najeriya, ya kasance memba na [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP) daga alif 1998 zuwa 2015, kuma tun 2018.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8; Adeolu 2017, p. 4.</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 24 March 2022.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, p. 74.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 16–17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17; Derfler 2011, p. 74</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 29.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 29–30.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 30.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 78.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 45, 48.</ref> An haife shi a ƙauyen Ibogun-Olaogun, dangin sa manoma na reshen Owu na [[Yarbawa]], Obasanjo ya yi karatu sosai a [[Abeokuta]], [[Jihar Ogun]] . Ya shiga [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Rundunar Sojan Najeriya]] kuma ya ƙware a fannin injiniyanci kuma ya yi aiki a Kongo, [[Birtaniya]], da [[Indiya]], inda ya kai matsayin Manjo. A ƙarshen shekarun alif 1960, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaƙi da 'yan awaren [[Biyafara|Biafra]] a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya]], inda ya karɓi miƙa wuyansu alif 1970. A shekara alif 1975, [[1975 juyin mulkin Najeriya|wani juyin mulki na soja]] ya kafa gwamnatin soja tare da Obasanjo a matsayin wani ɓangare na mulkinta na nasara. Bayan an kashe shugaban triumvirate, [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], a al shekara mai zuwa, [[Majalisar Koli ta Soja ta Najeriya (alif 1966 zuwa 1979)|Majalisar Koli ta Soja]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council". www.interactioncouncil.org. Retrieved 1 February 2025.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 23; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 24; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 41.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 42; Derfler 2011, p. 79</ref> ta naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. Ci gaba da manufofin Murtala, Obasanjo ya kula da rage kasafin kuɗi da faɗaɗa damar samun ilimin makaranta kyauta. Yana ƙara haɗa Najeriya da Amurka, ya kuma jaddada goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin da ke adawa da mulkin tsirarun fararen fata a kudancin Afirka. Bayan da ya kuduri aniyar dawo da dimokuradiyya, Obasanjo ya jagoranci [[Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na alif 1979|zaben 1979]], bayan haka ya mika ragamar mulkin Najeriya ga sabon shugaban farar hula da aka zaba, [[Shehu Shagari|Shehu Shagari.]]<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 12–13; Derfler 2011, p. 73</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 13.</ref> Daga nan Obasanjo ya yi ritaya zuwa [[Ota, Ogun]], inda ya zama manomi, ya buga littattafai guda hudu, sannan ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa don kawo karshen rikice-rikicen Afirka daban-daban.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 7; Derfler 2011, p. 72</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 72; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 14</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 15.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, pp. 73–74.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 25; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 40.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 45.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 49, 56</ref> A shekara alif 1993, [[Sani Abacha]] ya kwace mulki a wani juyin mulki na soja. Obasanjo ya fito fili ya soki gwamnatin Abacha kuma a shekarar alif 1995 aka kama shi aka kuma same shi da laifin kasancewa cikin wani juyin mulki da aka shirya, duk da cewa bai aikata laifin da ake zargin sa da shi ba. Yayin da yake tsare, ya zama Kirista mai sake haifuwa, tare da ra'ayin raba iko ya yi tasiri sosai kan ra'ayinsa na duniya. An sake shi bayan mutuwar Abacha a alif 1998. Obasanjo ya shiga siyasar zabe, inda ya zama dan takarar PDP a zaben shugaban kasa na a 1999, wanda ya lashe. A matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, ya cire siyasa daga harkokin soja kuma ya fadada 'yan sanda tare da tattara sojoji don yaki da tashe-tashen hankulan kabilanci, addini, da kuma ballewa. Ya janye [[Yakin basasa na Sierra Leone|sojojin Najeriya daga Sierra Leone]] kuma ya sayar da kamfanoni daban-daban na gwamnati don takaita basussukan kasar da ke karuwa. An sake zabensa a zaben alif 2003. Saboda ra'ayoyin [[Pan-Africanism]], ya kasance mai goyon bayan kafa [[Tarayyar Afrika|kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta daga 2004 zuwa 2006. Yunkurin Obasanjo na canza kundin tsarin mulki don kawar da iyakokin wa'adin shugaban kasa bai yi nasara ba kuma ya jawo suka. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin tauhidi daga [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiyar Ƙasa ta Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adegbite |first=Charles Segun |date=16 December 2017 |title=At 80years, Obasanjo bags Ph.D in Theology |url=https://successfulpeoplemagazine.wordpress.com/2017/12/16/at-80years-obasanjo-bags-ph-d-in-theology/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=Successful People's World |language=en}}</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 39</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 20.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 26.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 24.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 26–27.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 27–28.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 28.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 31.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 31–32.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 42; Derfler 2011, p. 80.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 42</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 40; Derfler 2011, p. 79.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 42–43; Derfler 2011, p. 81.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 45; Derfler 2011, p. 82.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 45, 48; Derfler 2011, p. 83.</ref> An bayyana Obasanjo a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane na ƙarni na biyu na shugabannin Afirka bayan mulkin mallaka . Ya sami yabo kan yadda ya jagoranci sauye-sauyen da Najeriya ta yi zuwa ga [[dimokuradiyya ta wakilci]] a shekarun alof 1970 da kuma ƙoƙarinsa na ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa a faɗin nahiyar. Masu suka sun dage cewa yana da laifin cin hanci da rashawa, cewa gwamnatocinsa sun kula da take haƙƙin ɗan adam, kuma a matsayinsa na shugaban ƙasa ya fara sha'awar haɗa kai da kuma riƙe ikonsa na kashin kansa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2025 |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} Biography, Age, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 21.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 21–22.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 22.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 25–26.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 41–42.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 82.</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Mahaifin Olusegun Obasanjo Obasanjo Bankole yana ɗaya daga cikin mutanen farko da suka fara zama kuma ubannin da suka kafa ƙauyen Igbogun Olaogun a farkon shekarun alif 1920. Duk da cewa manomi ne mai arziki kuma mai sana'ar giyar dabino, ana ɗaukarsa talaka ne saboda ba ya cikin manyan mutane masu ilimi a [[Kasar Yarbawa|ƙasar Yarabawa]] . Bankole ya haɗu da Bernice Ashabi, wani ƙaramin ɗan kasuwa a Igbogun kuma dukansu sun yi aure. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu da suka rage daga cikin shida: Olusegun da Adunni Oluwola, 'yar'uwarsa tilo. {{Sfn|Adeolu|2017}} A cewar fasfo ɗinsa, an haifi Olusegun Obasanjo a ranar 5 ga Maris 1937 duk da cewa babu wani tarihi na zamani kuma kwanan wata kusan kiyasi ne. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}}<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 43.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 43; Derfler 2011, p. 81.</ref> Olusegun ya fito ne daga Masarautar Owu . An rene shi a matsayin Baptist . Daga baya 'yar'uwarsa ta [[Musulunci|musulunta]] domin ta auri wani mutum Musulmi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 44.</ref>Yana da shekara goma s ya shiga makarantar firamare ta ƙauyen, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma bayan shekaru uku, a ali 1951, ya koma Makarantar Ranar Baptist a unguwar Owu ta [[Abeokuta]] . [ 11 ] A 1952 ya koma [[Baptist Boys' High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta Baptist Boys]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> shi ma a garin. Kuɗaɗen makarantarsa wani ɓangare ne na tallafin gwamnati. [ 13 ] Obasanjo ya yi kyau a fannin ilimi, [ 14 ] kuma a makaranta ya zama ƙwararren ɗan Scout . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Duk da cewa babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa yana da hannu a cikin kowace ƙungiyar siyasa, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} a makarantar sakandare ne Obasanjo ya ƙi sunan farko na "Matthew" a matsayin wani aikin adawa da mulkin mallaka . [ 16 ] A halin yanzu, mahaifin Obasanjo ya yi watsi da matarsa da 'ya'yansa biyu. [ 17 ] Bayan da ya faɗa cikin talauci, mahaifiyar Obasanjo ta yi aiki a fannin kasuwanci don ta rayu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Domin biyan kuɗin makarantarsa, Obasanjo ya yi aiki a gonakin koko da kola, ya yi kamun kifi, ya tattara itacen wuta, sannan ya sayar wa masu gini yashi. A lokacin hutun makaranta, ya kuma yi aiki a makarantar, yana sare ciyawa da sauran ayyukan hannu.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 48; Derfler 2011, p. 83</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 48.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 46; Derfler 2011, p. 83.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 47.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 46–47; Derfler 2011, p. 94.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 94.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 48; Derfler 2011, pp. 84–85.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 49.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 48–49; Derfler 2011, p. 85</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 56.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 51</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 50.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 50; Derfler 2011, p. 85.</ref> A shekarar 1956, Obasanjo ya yi jarrabawar makarantar sakandare, bayan ya ranci kuɗi don biyan kuɗin shiga. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan shekarar, ya fara soyayya da [[Esther Oluremi Obasanjo|Oluremi Akinlawon]], 'yar Owu ga wani babban jami'in tashar jirgin ƙasa. An yi musu alkawari za su yi aure a shekarar 1958. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya koma [[Ibadan]], inda ya yi aikin koyarwa. A can, ya zauna don jarrabawar shiga [[Jami'ar Ibadan|Kwalejin Jami'a ta Ibadan]], amma duk da cewa ya ci nasara, ya ga ba zai iya biyan kuɗin makaranta ba. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan Obasanjo ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a matsayin injiniyan farar hula, kuma don samun damar shiga wannan sana'a, a shekarar 1958 ya amsa wani tallan horar da jami'in sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya. [ 21 ] <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}</ref> == Farkon aikin soja (1958–1966) == === Horar da sojoji: 1958–1959 === A watan Maris na shekarar 1958, Obasanjo ya shiga rundunar sojin Najeriya. [ 23 ] Ya ga hakan a matsayin wata dama ta ci gaba da karatunsa yayin da yake samun albashi; {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} bai sanar da iyalansa nan take ba, yana tsoron cewa iyayensa za su ƙi amincewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan lokacin ne aka mayar da [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|rundunar sojin Najeriya]] zuwa ikon gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Najeriya, a shirye-shiryen samun cikakken 'yancin kai na Najeriya, kuma an yi yunƙurin shigar da ƙarin 'yan asalin Najeriya cikin manyan mukamai na rundunar sojinta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi zuwa Makarantar Horar da Jami'ai ta Kullum da ke [[Teshie]] a [[Ghana]] . [ 23 ] Lokacin da aka tura shi aiki a ƙasashen waje, ya aika wa amaryarsa wasiƙu da kyaututtuka a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Satumba na shekarar 1958, an zaɓe shi don ƙarin horo na watanni shida a Makarantar Cadet ta Mons Officer da ke Aldershot, kudancin [[Ingila]] . Obasanjo bai so hakan a can ba, yana ganin cewa cibiyar ta kasance ta aji da [[wariyar launin fata]], kuma ya ga yana da wahala ya daidaita da yanayin sanyi da danshi na Ingila. [ 26 ] Ya ƙarfafa ra'ayoyinsa marasa kyau game da [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] da kuma 'yancinta na mulkin mallaka a kan mutanen da ta mamaye. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} A ranar Litinin, ya sami kwamiti da takardar shaidar injiniya. Yayin da Obasanjo yake Ingila, mahaifiyarsa ta mutu. Mahaifinsa ya mutu bayan shekara guda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1959, Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya. A can, aka tura shi [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] a matsayin wani soja mai kula da rundunar sojojin ƙasa tare da Bataliyar Biyar. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Lokacin da ya yi a Kaduna shi ne karo na farko da Obasanjo ya zauna a yankin da Musulmai suka fi rinjaye. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da yake can, a watan Oktoban 1960, Najeriya ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> === Rikicin Congo: 1960–1961 === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an aika da Bataliya ta Biyar zuwa Kongo a matsayin wani ɓangare na rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . A can, an kafa bataliya a Lardin Kivu, tare da hedikwatarsu a [[Bukavu]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A Kongo, Obasanjo da wasu suna da alhakin kare fararen hula, gami da ƙabilar tsiraru ta Belgium, daga [[1960 Sojojin Jama'a|sojojin da suka yi tawaye]] ga gwamnatin [[Patrice Lumumba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Fabrairun 1961, masu tawaye sun kama Obasanjo yayin da yake kwashe masu wa'azin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika na Roman]] daga wani tasha kusa da Bukavu. Masu tawaye sun yi tunanin kashe shi amma an umarce su da su sake shi. A watan Mayun 1961, Bataliya ta Biyar ta bar Kongo ta koma Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin rikicin, an naɗa shi kyaftin na wucin gadi. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} Daga baya ya lura cewa lokacin da aka yi a Kongo ya ƙarfafa "zafin Pan-African" na bataliyarsa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Dawowa daga Kongo: 1961–1966 === Da dawowarsa, Obasanjo ya sayi motarsa ta farko, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma an kwantar da shi a asibiti na ɗan lokaci saboda ciwon ciki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da ya warke, aka mayar da shi zuwa Rundunar Injiniyan Sojoji. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1962 aka tura shi aiki a Kwalejin Injiniyan Sojoji ta Royal a Ingila. [ 30 ] A can, ya yi fice kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun ɗalibi na Commonwealth da aka taɓa samu". [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, ya biya Akinlawon don tafiya zuwa Landan inda za ta iya shiga wani kwas na horo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Yunin 1963 a Ofishin Rijistar Kore na Camberwell, suna sanar da iyalansu ne kawai bayan taron. [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, an ba Obasanjo umarnin komawa Najeriya, kodayake matarsa ta ci gaba da zama a Landan na tsawon shekaru uku don kammala karatunta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da zarar ya isa Najeriya, Obasanjo ya karɓi ragamar rundunar Injiniyan Field da ke Kaduna. [ 33 ] A cikin aikin soja, Obasanjo ya ci gaba da samun ci gaba a cikin manyan mukamai, inda ya zama babban jami'i a shekarar 1965. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya yi amfani da kudin shigarsa wajen sayen filaye, a farkon shekarun 1960 yana samun kadarori a Ibadan, Kaduna, da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1965, an tura Obasanjo zuwa Indiya. A kan hanyarsa, ya ziyarci matarsa a Landan. A [[Indiya]], ya yi karatu a [[Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro (DSSC)|Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro]] da ke Wellington sannan ya yi karatu a Makarantar Injiniya da ke [[Pune|Poona]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya yi mamakin yunwar da ya gani a Indiya duk da cewa ya nuna sha'awar al'adun kasar, wani abu da ya karfafa masa gwiwa ya karanta littattafai kan addini mai kama da juna . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya == === Aikin kafin Yaƙin Basasa: 1966–1967 === Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya a watan Janairun 1966 domin ya gano kasar tana tsakiyar [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin soja]] wanda Manjo [[Emmanuel Ifeajuna]] ya jagoranta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo yana cikin wadanda suka yi gargadin cewa lamarin na iya rikidewa zuwa yakin basasa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya bayar da shawarar yin aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani tsakanin masu shirya juyin mulkin da gwamnatin farar hula, wacce ta mika mulki ga Babban Kwamandan Soja [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da juyin mulkin ya gaza, Olusegun ya hadu da Ironsi a Legas. Ba da daɗewa ba Ironsi ya kawo karshen tsarin tarayya a Najeriya ta hanyar dokar hadin kan kasa a watan Mayun 1966, wani abu da ya tayar da rikicin kabilanci. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ƙarshen watan Yuli, [[Juyin Mulki a Najeriya, 1966|an sake yin juyin mulki na biyu]] . A Ibadan, sojoji 'yan asalin arewacin Najeriya sun yi tawaye suka kashe Ironsi, sannan suka kashe sojoji kusan ɗari biyu galibi daga Kudancin Najeriya. Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya karbi mulki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da ake wannan juyin mulki, Obasanjo yana [[Maiduguri]] . Jin labarin, sai ya koma Kaduna da sauri. A can, ya gano cewa sojojin arewa daga Bataliya ta Uku suna tattara sojoji, suna azabtar da su, da kuma kashe su. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[Gwamnan Arewacin Najeriya]], [[Hassan Usman Katsina|Hassan Katsina]], ya fahimci cewa duk da cewa Olusegun ba Igbo ba ne, a matsayinsa na ɗan kudu, har yanzu yana cikin haɗari daga sojojin da suka yi tawaye. Domin kare su, Katsina ta mayar da Olusegun da matarsa Maiduguri na tsawon kwanaki goma, yayin da tashin hankalin ya ragu. Bayan haka, Obasanjo ya aika matarsa zuwa Legas yayin da yake komawa Kaduna da kansa, inda ya zauna har zuwa Janairu 1967. A wannan lokacin shi ne babban jami'in Yarabawa mafi girma a arewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Janairun 1967, an tura Obasanjo aiki zuwa Legas a matsayin Babban Injiniyan Sojoji. [ 40 ] Tashin hankali tsakanin kabilun Igbo da na arewa ya ci gaba da karuwa, kuma a watan Mayu jami'in soja na Igbo [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu|C. Odumegwu Ojukwu]] ya ayyana 'yancin kai ga yankunan da Igbo ke da rinjaye a kudu maso gabas, inda ya kafa [[Biyafara|Jamhuriyar Biafra]] . [ 41 ] A ranar 3 ga Yuli, gwamnatin Najeriya ta tura Obasanjo zuwa Ibadan don yin aiki a matsayin kwamandan [[Jihar Yammacin Najeriya|Jihar Yamma]] . [ 42 ] Fadan da ya barke tsakanin Sojojin Najeriya da 'yan awaren Biafra ya barke a ranar 6 ga Yuli. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 9 ga Yuli, Ojukwu ta aika da rundunar sojojin Biafra a kan gadar Niger a wani yunƙuri na kwace yankin Mid-West, wani wuri da za ta iya kai hari a Lagos. Obasanjo ya nemi toshe hanyoyin da ke kaiwa birnin. Kwamandan Yarbawa Victor Banjo, wanda ke jagorantar rundunar hare-haren Biafra, ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan Obasanjo ya bar su su wuce, amma ya ƙi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Umarnin Yaƙin Basasa: 1967–1970 === [[Fayil:Colonel_Olu_Obasanjo_-_ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_093_New_Nigerian_newspaper_page_7_January_1970._End_of_the_Nigerian_civil_war_with_Biafra_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|"Kanar Olu Obasanjo, Kwamanda, sashe na 3". ''Sabuwar Jaridar Najeriya'', shafi na 7, 12 Janairu 1970. Ƙarshen yaƙin basasar Najeriya da Biafra.]] Daga nan aka naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin kwamandan baya na Rukunin Biyu na [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], wanda ke aiki a Tsakiyar Yamma. Obasanjo da ke zaune a Ibadan ne ke da alhakin tabbatar da cewa an samar da kayayyaki ga Rukunin Biyu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A cikin birnin, Obasanjo ya koyar da wani kwas a fannin kimiyyar soja a Jami'ar Ibadan kuma ya gina abokan hulɗarsa a cikin manyan Yarabawa. A lokacin yaƙin, an sami tashin hankali a cikin jama'a a Jihar Yamma, kuma don guje wa alhakin waɗannan batutuwa, Obasanjo ya yi murabus daga Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Yamma. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da Obasanjo yake nesa da Ibadan a watan Nuwamba na 1968, mazauna ƙauyen da [[Agbekoya|ƙungiyar manoma ta Agbekoya]] ta tattara makamai sun kai hari kan zauren birnin Ibadan. Sojoji sun yi ramuwar gayya, inda suka kashe goma daga cikin masu tayar da zaune tsaye. Lokacin da Obasanjo ya dawo, ya ba da umarnin a gudanar da bincike kan abubuwan da suka faru. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gowon ya yanke shawarar maye gurbin Kanar [[Benjamin Adekunle]], wanda ke jagorantar harin Biafra, amma yana buƙatar wani babban Ba’arabiye. Ya zaɓi Obasanjo, duk da rashin ƙwarewar yaƙi na baya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya isa [[Port Harcourt]] don ɗaukar sabon matsayin a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1969; yanzu yana kula da sojoji tsakanin 35,000 zuwa 40,000. Ya shafe makonni shida na farko yana yaƙi da harin Biafra a [[Aba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya zagaya kowane ɓangare na fagen daga, kuma ya ji rauni yayin da yake yin hakan. Waɗannan ayyukan sun sa ya sami suna na jarumtaka a tsakanin sojojinsa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A watan Disamba, Obasanjo ya ƙaddamar da [[Operation Finishing Touch]], yana ba da umarnin sojojinsa su ci gaba zuwa [[Umuahia]], wanda suka yi a [[Kirsimeti|ranar Kirsimeti]] . Wannan ya rage Biafra gida biyu. A ranar 7 ga Janairu 1970, sai ya ƙaddamar da Operation Tail-Wind, inda ya kama filin jirgin saman Uli a ranar 12 ga Janairu. A wannan lokacin, shugabannin Biafra sun amince su miƙa wuya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 13 ga Janairu, Obasanjo ya gana da kwamandan sojojin Biafra Philip Effiong . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya dage cewa sojojin Biafra su mika makamansu kuma wasu daga cikin shugabannin jihar da ta balle suka tafi Legas suka mika wuya ga Gowon a hukumance. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Washegari, Obasanjo ya yi magana a rediyon yankin, yana kira ga 'yan kasa da su zauna a gidajensu kuma su tabbatar da tsaronsu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yawancin 'yan Biafra da kafofin watsa labarai na kasashen waje sun ji tsoron cewa Sojojin Najeriya za su aikata munanan ayyuka a kan mutanen da aka kayar, kodayake Obasanjo yana son hana hakan. Ya umarci sojojinsa da ke yankin da su ci gaba da zama a cikin barikokinsu, yana mai cewa 'yan sandan yankin ya kamata su dauki alhakin bin doka da oda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[3rd Armoured Division (Nijeriya)|Rundunar Soja ta Uku]], wacce ta fi zama a ware, ta kai hare-haren ramuwar gayya kan mutanen yankin. Obasanjo ya yi tsauri kan wadanda suka aikata laifin satar mutane, sannan ya harbi wadanda suka aikata laifin fyade. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gwamnatin Gowon ta sa Obasanjo ya dauki alhakin sake hada Biafra cikin Najeriya, wanda a wannan matsayi ya sami girmamawa saboda jaddada girman kai. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A matsayinsa na injiniya, ya jaddada dawo da samar da ruwa; zuwa watan Mayu na 1970 dukkan manyan garuruwan yankin sun sake hadewa da samar da ruwa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Matsayin Obasanjo wajen kawo karshen yakin ya sanya shi gwarzon yaki kuma sanannen mutum a kasa baki daya a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} === Aikin bayan Yaƙin Basasa: 1970–1975 === A watan Yunin 1970, Obasanjo ya koma Abeokuta, inda jama'a suka tarbe shi a matsayin gwarzon da ya dawo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi Legas a matsayin Birgediya Janar na jagorantar Rundunar Injiniyoyi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Oktoba, Gowon ya sanar da cewa gwamnatin soja za ta mika iko ga gwamnatin farar hula a shekarar 1976. A halin yanzu, haramcin jam'iyyun siyasa ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rundunar sojoji; Gowon bai yi wani ci gaba ba wajen kafa gwamnatin farar hula. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A karkashin gwamnatin soja, Obasanjo ya zauna a kwamitin sallamar sojoji wanda ya ba da shawarar rage yawan sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1970. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1974 Obasanjo ya tafi Burtaniya don yin kwas a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Royal . [ 57 ] Da dawowarsa, a watan Janairun 1975, Gowon ya nada shi Kwamishinan Ayyuka da Gidaje, mukamin da ya rike na tsawon watanni bakwai, wanda a lokacin yake da alhakin gina barikin soja. [ 58 ] A shekarar 1970, Obasanjo ya sayi wani tsohon kamfani a Ibadan, inda ya ɗauki wani wakili don ya kula da shi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1973 ya yi rijistar wani kasuwanci, Temperance Enterprises Limited, wanda ta hanyarsa zai iya fara harkokin kasuwanci bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya kuma ci gaba da saka hannun jari a kadarori; zuwa 1974 ya mallaki gidaje biyu a Legas da kuma ɗaya a Ibadan da Abeokuta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} An yi ta rade-radin cewa Obasanjo ya shiga cikin cin hanci da rashawa da ke [[Cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya|ƙara yaɗuwa a Najeriya]], kodayake babu wata shaida mai ƙarfi game da hakan da ta bayyana. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Aurensa da Oluremi ya yi tsami yayin da ta ƙi dangantakarsa da wasu mata. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970 aka wargaza aurensu. [ 60 ] A shekarar 1976 ya auri [[Stella Obasanjo|Stella Abebe]] a wani bikin gargajiya na Yarbawa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == A gwamnatin Murtala == === Juyin mulkin 1975 da kuma bayansa === A watan Yulin 1975, juyin mulki karkashin jagorancin Shehu Musa Yar'Adua da Joseph Garba sun kori Gowon, [ 62 ] wanda ya gudu zuwa Birtaniya. [1] Ba su sanar da Obasanjo shirinsu ba domin an san shi da sukar juyin mulki a matsayin kayan aikin sauya gwamnati. [1] Masu shirya juyin mulkin suna son maye gurbin mulkin kama-karya na Gowon da wani rukunin sojoji uku wadanda Majalisar Soja za ta iya kin amincewa da shawarwarinsu. Saboda wannan nasarar, sun shawo kan Janar Murtala Muhammed ya zama shugaban kasa, inda Obasanjo ya zama na biyu a shugabancinsa, da Danjuma a matsayin na uku. [ 65 ] Masanin tarihi John Iliffe ya lura cewa daga cikin wadanda suka yi nasara, Obasanjo shine "dokin aiki da kwakwalwa" kuma shine mafi sha'awar komawa mulkin farar hula. [1] Tare, rundunar sojojin ƙasa ta gabatar da matakan tsuke bakin aljihu don dakile hauhawar farashin kaya, ta kafa Ofishin Bincike na Ayyukan Cin Hanci da Rashawa, ta maye gurbin dukkan gwamnonin soja da sabbin jami'ai waɗanda suka kai rahoto kai tsaye ga Obasanjo a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata, sannan ta ƙaddamar da "Operation Deadwood" inda ta hanyarsu suka kori jami'ai 11,000 daga ma'aikatan gwamnati. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ecba9wyba6rdyybhle58bfk1msw2vcc 873635 873634 2026-07-01T13:23:48Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 873635 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Chief '''Olusegun Matthew Okikiola Ogunboye Aremu Obasanjo''' GCFR <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by Obasanjo to the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/webcast/ga/61/pdfs/nigeria-e.pdf |access-date=23 April 2011}}</ref> ( // ⓘ ; Yoruba {{IPA|yo|ōlúʃɛ́ɡũ̄ ɔ̄básã̄d͡ʒɔ́|}} An haife shi {{Circa}} 5 ga Maris 1937) ɗan siyasa ne na Najeriya, ɗan siyasa, mai kishin ƙasa, kuma tsohon janar na soja wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sojan Najeriya daga alif 1976 zuwa 1979 sannan daga baya ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugabanta]] daga a 1999 zuwa 2007. A ra'ayinsa ɗan kishin ƙasa ne na Najeriya, ya kasance memba na [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP) daga alif 1998 zuwa 2015, kuma tun 2018.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8; Adeolu 2017, p. 4.</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 24 March 2022.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, p. 74.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 16–17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17; Derfler 2011, p. 74</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 29.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 29–30.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 30.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 78.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 45, 48.</ref> An haife shi a ƙauyen Ibogun-Olaogun, dangin sa manoma na reshen Owu na [[Yarbawa]], Obasanjo ya yi karatu sosai a [[Abeokuta]], [[Jihar Ogun]] . Ya shiga [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Rundunar Sojan Najeriya]] kuma ya ƙware a fannin injiniyanci kuma ya yi aiki a Kongo, [[Birtaniya]], da [[Indiya]], inda ya kai matsayin Manjo. A ƙarshen shekarun alif 1960, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaƙi da 'yan awaren [[Biyafara|Biafra]] a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya]], inda ya karɓi miƙa wuyansu alif 1970. A shekara alif 1975, [[1975 juyin mulkin Najeriya|wani juyin mulki na soja]] ya kafa gwamnatin soja tare da Obasanjo a matsayin wani ɓangare na mulkinta na nasara. Bayan an kashe shugaban triumvirate, [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], a al shekara mai zuwa, [[Majalisar Koli ta Soja ta Najeriya (alif 1966 zuwa 1979)|Majalisar Koli ta Soja]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council". www.interactioncouncil.org. Retrieved 1 February 2025.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 23; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 24; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 41.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 42; Derfler 2011, p. 79</ref> ta naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. Ci gaba da manufofin Murtala, Obasanjo ya kula da rage kasafin kuɗi da faɗaɗa damar samun ilimin makaranta kyauta. Yana ƙara haɗa Najeriya da Amurka, ya kuma jaddada goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin da ke adawa da mulkin tsirarun fararen fata a kudancin Afirka. Bayan da ya kuduri aniyar dawo da dimokuradiyya, Obasanjo ya jagoranci [[Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na alif 1979|zaben 1979]], bayan haka ya mika ragamar mulkin Najeriya ga sabon shugaban farar hula da aka zaba, [[Shehu Shagari|Shehu Shagari.]]<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 12–13; Derfler 2011, p. 73</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 13.</ref> Daga nan Obasanjo ya yi ritaya zuwa [[Ota, Ogun]], inda ya zama manomi, ya buga littattafai guda hudu, sannan ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa don kawo karshen rikice-rikicen Afirka daban-daban.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 7; Derfler 2011, p. 72</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 72; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 14</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 15.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, pp. 73–74.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 25; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 40.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 45.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 49, 56</ref> A shekara alif 1993, [[Sani Abacha]] ya kwace mulki a wani juyin mulki na soja. Obasanjo ya fito fili ya soki gwamnatin Abacha kuma a shekarar alif 1995 aka kama shi aka kuma same shi da laifin kasancewa cikin wani juyin mulki da aka shirya, duk da cewa bai aikata laifin da ake zargin sa da shi ba. Yayin da yake tsare, ya zama Kirista mai sake haifuwa, tare da ra'ayin raba iko ya yi tasiri sosai kan ra'ayinsa na duniya. An sake shi bayan mutuwar Abacha a alif 1998. Obasanjo ya shiga siyasar zabe, inda ya zama dan takarar PDP a zaben shugaban kasa na a 1999, wanda ya lashe. A matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, ya cire siyasa daga harkokin soja kuma ya fadada 'yan sanda tare da tattara sojoji don yaki da tashe-tashen hankulan kabilanci, addini, da kuma ballewa. Ya janye [[Yakin basasa na Sierra Leone|sojojin Najeriya daga Sierra Leone]] kuma ya sayar da kamfanoni daban-daban na gwamnati don takaita basussukan kasar da ke karuwa. An sake zabensa a zaben alif 2003. Saboda ra'ayoyin [[Pan-Africanism]], ya kasance mai goyon bayan kafa [[Tarayyar Afrika|kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta daga 2004 zuwa 2006. Yunkurin Obasanjo na canza kundin tsarin mulki don kawar da iyakokin wa'adin shugaban kasa bai yi nasara ba kuma ya jawo suka. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin tauhidi daga [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiyar Ƙasa ta Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adegbite |first=Charles Segun |date=16 December 2017 |title=At 80years, Obasanjo bags Ph.D in Theology |url=https://successfulpeoplemagazine.wordpress.com/2017/12/16/at-80years-obasanjo-bags-ph-d-in-theology/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=Successful People's World |language=en}}</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 39</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 20.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 26.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 24.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 26–27.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 27–28.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 28.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 31.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 31–32.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 42; Derfler 2011, p. 80.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 42</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 40; Derfler 2011, p. 79.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 42–43; Derfler 2011, p. 81.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 45; Derfler 2011, p. 82.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 45, 48; Derfler 2011, p. 83.</ref> An bayyana Obasanjo a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane na ƙarni na biyu na shugabannin Afirka bayan mulkin mallaka . Ya sami yabo kan yadda ya jagoranci sauye-sauyen da Najeriya ta yi zuwa ga [[dimokuradiyya ta wakilci]] a shekarun alof 1970 da kuma ƙoƙarinsa na ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa a faɗin nahiyar. Masu suka sun dage cewa yana da laifin cin hanci da rashawa, cewa gwamnatocinsa sun kula da take haƙƙin ɗan adam, kuma a matsayinsa na shugaban ƙasa ya fara sha'awar haɗa kai da kuma riƙe ikonsa na kashin kansa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2025 |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} Biography, Age, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 21.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 21–22.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 22.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 25–26.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 41–42.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 82.</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Mahaifin Olusegun Obasanjo Obasanjo Bankole yana ɗaya daga cikin mutanen farko da suka fara zama kuma ubannin da suka kafa ƙauyen Igbogun Olaogun a farkon shekarun alif 1920. Duk da cewa manomi ne mai arziki kuma mai sana'ar giyar dabino, ana ɗaukarsa talaka ne saboda ba ya cikin manyan mutane masu ilimi a [[Kasar Yarbawa|ƙasar Yarabawa]] . Bankole ya haɗu da Bernice Ashabi, wani ƙaramin ɗan kasuwa a Igbogun kuma dukansu sun yi aure. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu da suka rage daga cikin shida: Olusegun da Adunni Oluwola, 'yar'uwarsa tilo. {{Sfn|Adeolu|2017}} A cewar fasfo ɗinsa, an haifi Olusegun Obasanjo a ranar 5 ga Maris 1937 duk da cewa babu wani tarihi na zamani kuma kwanan wata kusan kiyasi ne. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}}<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 43.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 43; Derfler 2011, p. 81.</ref> Olusegun ya fito ne daga Masarautar Owu . An rene shi a matsayin Baptist . Daga baya 'yar'uwarsa ta [[Musulunci|musulunta]] domin ta auri wani mutum Musulmi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 44.</ref>Yana da shekara goma s ya shiga makarantar firamare ta ƙauyen, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma bayan shekaru uku, a alif 1951, ya koma Makarantar Ranar Baptist a unguwar Owu ta [[Abeokuta]] . [ 11 ] A 1952 ya koma [[Baptist Boys' High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta Baptist Boys]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> shi ma a garin. Kuɗaɗen makarantarsa wani ɓangare ne na tallafin gwamnati. [ 13 ] Obasanjo ya yi kyau a fannin ilimi, [ 14 ] kuma a makaranta ya zama ƙwararren ɗan Scout . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Duk da cewa babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa yana da hannu a cikin kowace ƙungiyar siyasa, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} a makarantar sakandare ne Obasanjo ya ƙi sunan farko na "Matthew" a matsayin wani aikin adawa da mulkin mallaka . [ 16 ] A halin yanzu, mahaifin Obasanjo ya yi watsi da matarsa da 'ya'yansa biyu. [ 17 ] Bayan da ya faɗa cikin talauci, mahaifiyar Obasanjo ta yi aiki a fannin kasuwanci don ta rayu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Domin biyan kuɗin makarantarsa, Obasanjo ya yi aiki a gonakin koko da kola, ya yi kamun kifi, ya tattara itacen wuta, sannan ya sayar wa masu gini yashi. A lokacin hutun makaranta, ya kuma yi aiki a makarantar, yana sare ciyawa da sauran ayyukan hannu.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 48; Derfler 2011, p. 83</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 48.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 46; Derfler 2011, p. 83.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 47.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 46–47; Derfler 2011, p. 94.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 94.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 48; Derfler 2011, pp. 84–85.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 49.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 48–49; Derfler 2011, p. 85</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 56.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 51</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 50.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 50; Derfler 2011, p. 85.</ref> A shekarar 1956, Obasanjo ya yi jarrabawar makarantar sakandare, bayan ya ranci kuɗi don biyan kuɗin shiga. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan shekarar, ya fara soyayya da [[Esther Oluremi Obasanjo|Oluremi Akinlawon]], 'yar Owu ga wani babban jami'in tashar jirgin ƙasa. An yi musu alkawari za su yi aure a shekarar 1958. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya koma [[Ibadan]], inda ya yi aikin koyarwa. A can, ya zauna don jarrabawar shiga [[Jami'ar Ibadan|Kwalejin Jami'a ta Ibadan]], amma duk da cewa ya ci nasara, ya ga ba zai iya biyan kuɗin makaranta ba. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan Obasanjo ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a matsayin injiniyan farar hula, kuma don samun damar shiga wannan sana'a, a shekarar 1958 ya amsa wani tallan horar da jami'in sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya. [ 21 ] <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}</ref> == Farkon aikin soja (1958–1966) == === Horar da sojoji: 1958–1959 === A watan Maris na shekarar 1958, Obasanjo ya shiga rundunar sojin Najeriya. [ 23 ] Ya ga hakan a matsayin wata dama ta ci gaba da karatunsa yayin da yake samun albashi; {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} bai sanar da iyalansa nan take ba, yana tsoron cewa iyayensa za su ƙi amincewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan lokacin ne aka mayar da [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|rundunar sojin Najeriya]] zuwa ikon gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Najeriya, a shirye-shiryen samun cikakken 'yancin kai na Najeriya, kuma an yi yunƙurin shigar da ƙarin 'yan asalin Najeriya cikin manyan mukamai na rundunar sojinta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi zuwa Makarantar Horar da Jami'ai ta Kullum da ke [[Teshie]] a [[Ghana]] . [ 23 ] Lokacin da aka tura shi aiki a ƙasashen waje, ya aika wa amaryarsa wasiƙu da kyaututtuka a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Satumba na shekarar 1958, an zaɓe shi don ƙarin horo na watanni shida a Makarantar Cadet ta Mons Officer da ke Aldershot, kudancin [[Ingila]] . Obasanjo bai so hakan a can ba, yana ganin cewa cibiyar ta kasance ta aji da [[wariyar launin fata]], kuma ya ga yana da wahala ya daidaita da yanayin sanyi da danshi na Ingila. [ 26 ] Ya ƙarfafa ra'ayoyinsa marasa kyau game da [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] da kuma 'yancinta na mulkin mallaka a kan mutanen da ta mamaye. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} A ranar Litinin, ya sami kwamiti da takardar shaidar injiniya. Yayin da Obasanjo yake Ingila, mahaifiyarsa ta mutu. Mahaifinsa ya mutu bayan shekara guda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1959, Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya. A can, aka tura shi [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] a matsayin wani soja mai kula da rundunar sojojin ƙasa tare da Bataliyar Biyar. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Lokacin da ya yi a Kaduna shi ne karo na farko da Obasanjo ya zauna a yankin da Musulmai suka fi rinjaye. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da yake can, a watan Oktoban 1960, Najeriya ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> === Rikicin Congo: 1960–1961 === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an aika da Bataliya ta Biyar zuwa Kongo a matsayin wani ɓangare na rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . A can, an kafa bataliya a Lardin Kivu, tare da hedikwatarsu a [[Bukavu]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A Kongo, Obasanjo da wasu suna da alhakin kare fararen hula, gami da ƙabilar tsiraru ta Belgium, daga [[1960 Sojojin Jama'a|sojojin da suka yi tawaye]] ga gwamnatin [[Patrice Lumumba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Fabrairun 1961, masu tawaye sun kama Obasanjo yayin da yake kwashe masu wa'azin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika na Roman]] daga wani tasha kusa da Bukavu. Masu tawaye sun yi tunanin kashe shi amma an umarce su da su sake shi. A watan Mayun 1961, Bataliya ta Biyar ta bar Kongo ta koma Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin rikicin, an naɗa shi kyaftin na wucin gadi. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} Daga baya ya lura cewa lokacin da aka yi a Kongo ya ƙarfafa "zafin Pan-African" na bataliyarsa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Dawowa daga Kongo: 1961–1966 === Da dawowarsa, Obasanjo ya sayi motarsa ta farko, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma an kwantar da shi a asibiti na ɗan lokaci saboda ciwon ciki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da ya warke, aka mayar da shi zuwa Rundunar Injiniyan Sojoji. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1962 aka tura shi aiki a Kwalejin Injiniyan Sojoji ta Royal a Ingila. [ 30 ] A can, ya yi fice kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun ɗalibi na Commonwealth da aka taɓa samu". [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, ya biya Akinlawon don tafiya zuwa Landan inda za ta iya shiga wani kwas na horo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Yunin 1963 a Ofishin Rijistar Kore na Camberwell, suna sanar da iyalansu ne kawai bayan taron. [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, an ba Obasanjo umarnin komawa Najeriya, kodayake matarsa ta ci gaba da zama a Landan na tsawon shekaru uku don kammala karatunta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da zarar ya isa Najeriya, Obasanjo ya karɓi ragamar rundunar Injiniyan Field da ke Kaduna. [ 33 ] A cikin aikin soja, Obasanjo ya ci gaba da samun ci gaba a cikin manyan mukamai, inda ya zama babban jami'i a shekarar 1965. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya yi amfani da kudin shigarsa wajen sayen filaye, a farkon shekarun 1960 yana samun kadarori a Ibadan, Kaduna, da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1965, an tura Obasanjo zuwa Indiya. A kan hanyarsa, ya ziyarci matarsa a Landan. A [[Indiya]], ya yi karatu a [[Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro (DSSC)|Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro]] da ke Wellington sannan ya yi karatu a Makarantar Injiniya da ke [[Pune|Poona]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya yi mamakin yunwar da ya gani a Indiya duk da cewa ya nuna sha'awar al'adun kasar, wani abu da ya karfafa masa gwiwa ya karanta littattafai kan addini mai kama da juna . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya == === Aikin kafin Yaƙin Basasa: 1966–1967 === Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya a watan Janairun 1966 domin ya gano kasar tana tsakiyar [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin soja]] wanda Manjo [[Emmanuel Ifeajuna]] ya jagoranta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo yana cikin wadanda suka yi gargadin cewa lamarin na iya rikidewa zuwa yakin basasa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya bayar da shawarar yin aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani tsakanin masu shirya juyin mulkin da gwamnatin farar hula, wacce ta mika mulki ga Babban Kwamandan Soja [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da juyin mulkin ya gaza, Olusegun ya hadu da Ironsi a Legas. Ba da daɗewa ba Ironsi ya kawo karshen tsarin tarayya a Najeriya ta hanyar dokar hadin kan kasa a watan Mayun 1966, wani abu da ya tayar da rikicin kabilanci. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ƙarshen watan Yuli, [[Juyin Mulki a Najeriya, 1966|an sake yin juyin mulki na biyu]] . A Ibadan, sojoji 'yan asalin arewacin Najeriya sun yi tawaye suka kashe Ironsi, sannan suka kashe sojoji kusan ɗari biyu galibi daga Kudancin Najeriya. Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya karbi mulki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da ake wannan juyin mulki, Obasanjo yana [[Maiduguri]] . Jin labarin, sai ya koma Kaduna da sauri. A can, ya gano cewa sojojin arewa daga Bataliya ta Uku suna tattara sojoji, suna azabtar da su, da kuma kashe su. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[Gwamnan Arewacin Najeriya]], [[Hassan Usman Katsina|Hassan Katsina]], ya fahimci cewa duk da cewa Olusegun ba Igbo ba ne, a matsayinsa na ɗan kudu, har yanzu yana cikin haɗari daga sojojin da suka yi tawaye. Domin kare su, Katsina ta mayar da Olusegun da matarsa Maiduguri na tsawon kwanaki goma, yayin da tashin hankalin ya ragu. Bayan haka, Obasanjo ya aika matarsa zuwa Legas yayin da yake komawa Kaduna da kansa, inda ya zauna har zuwa Janairu 1967. A wannan lokacin shi ne babban jami'in Yarabawa mafi girma a arewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Janairun 1967, an tura Obasanjo aiki zuwa Legas a matsayin Babban Injiniyan Sojoji. [ 40 ] Tashin hankali tsakanin kabilun Igbo da na arewa ya ci gaba da karuwa, kuma a watan Mayu jami'in soja na Igbo [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu|C. Odumegwu Ojukwu]] ya ayyana 'yancin kai ga yankunan da Igbo ke da rinjaye a kudu maso gabas, inda ya kafa [[Biyafara|Jamhuriyar Biafra]] . [ 41 ] A ranar 3 ga Yuli, gwamnatin Najeriya ta tura Obasanjo zuwa Ibadan don yin aiki a matsayin kwamandan [[Jihar Yammacin Najeriya|Jihar Yamma]] . [ 42 ] Fadan da ya barke tsakanin Sojojin Najeriya da 'yan awaren Biafra ya barke a ranar 6 ga Yuli. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 9 ga Yuli, Ojukwu ta aika da rundunar sojojin Biafra a kan gadar Niger a wani yunƙuri na kwace yankin Mid-West, wani wuri da za ta iya kai hari a Lagos. Obasanjo ya nemi toshe hanyoyin da ke kaiwa birnin. Kwamandan Yarbawa Victor Banjo, wanda ke jagorantar rundunar hare-haren Biafra, ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan Obasanjo ya bar su su wuce, amma ya ƙi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Umarnin Yaƙin Basasa: 1967–1970 === [[Fayil:Colonel_Olu_Obasanjo_-_ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_093_New_Nigerian_newspaper_page_7_January_1970._End_of_the_Nigerian_civil_war_with_Biafra_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|"Kanar Olu Obasanjo, Kwamanda, sashe na 3". ''Sabuwar Jaridar Najeriya'', shafi na 7, 12 Janairu 1970. Ƙarshen yaƙin basasar Najeriya da Biafra.]] Daga nan aka naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin kwamandan baya na Rukunin Biyu na [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], wanda ke aiki a Tsakiyar Yamma. Obasanjo da ke zaune a Ibadan ne ke da alhakin tabbatar da cewa an samar da kayayyaki ga Rukunin Biyu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A cikin birnin, Obasanjo ya koyar da wani kwas a fannin kimiyyar soja a Jami'ar Ibadan kuma ya gina abokan hulɗarsa a cikin manyan Yarabawa. A lokacin yaƙin, an sami tashin hankali a cikin jama'a a Jihar Yamma, kuma don guje wa alhakin waɗannan batutuwa, Obasanjo ya yi murabus daga Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Yamma. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da Obasanjo yake nesa da Ibadan a watan Nuwamba na 1968, mazauna ƙauyen da [[Agbekoya|ƙungiyar manoma ta Agbekoya]] ta tattara makamai sun kai hari kan zauren birnin Ibadan. Sojoji sun yi ramuwar gayya, inda suka kashe goma daga cikin masu tayar da zaune tsaye. Lokacin da Obasanjo ya dawo, ya ba da umarnin a gudanar da bincike kan abubuwan da suka faru. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gowon ya yanke shawarar maye gurbin Kanar [[Benjamin Adekunle]], wanda ke jagorantar harin Biafra, amma yana buƙatar wani babban Ba’arabiye. Ya zaɓi Obasanjo, duk da rashin ƙwarewar yaƙi na baya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya isa [[Port Harcourt]] don ɗaukar sabon matsayin a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1969; yanzu yana kula da sojoji tsakanin 35,000 zuwa 40,000. Ya shafe makonni shida na farko yana yaƙi da harin Biafra a [[Aba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya zagaya kowane ɓangare na fagen daga, kuma ya ji rauni yayin da yake yin hakan. Waɗannan ayyukan sun sa ya sami suna na jarumtaka a tsakanin sojojinsa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A watan Disamba, Obasanjo ya ƙaddamar da [[Operation Finishing Touch]], yana ba da umarnin sojojinsa su ci gaba zuwa [[Umuahia]], wanda suka yi a [[Kirsimeti|ranar Kirsimeti]] . Wannan ya rage Biafra gida biyu. A ranar 7 ga Janairu 1970, sai ya ƙaddamar da Operation Tail-Wind, inda ya kama filin jirgin saman Uli a ranar 12 ga Janairu. A wannan lokacin, shugabannin Biafra sun amince su miƙa wuya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 13 ga Janairu, Obasanjo ya gana da kwamandan sojojin Biafra Philip Effiong . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya dage cewa sojojin Biafra su mika makamansu kuma wasu daga cikin shugabannin jihar da ta balle suka tafi Legas suka mika wuya ga Gowon a hukumance. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Washegari, Obasanjo ya yi magana a rediyon yankin, yana kira ga 'yan kasa da su zauna a gidajensu kuma su tabbatar da tsaronsu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yawancin 'yan Biafra da kafofin watsa labarai na kasashen waje sun ji tsoron cewa Sojojin Najeriya za su aikata munanan ayyuka a kan mutanen da aka kayar, kodayake Obasanjo yana son hana hakan. Ya umarci sojojinsa da ke yankin da su ci gaba da zama a cikin barikokinsu, yana mai cewa 'yan sandan yankin ya kamata su dauki alhakin bin doka da oda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[3rd Armoured Division (Nijeriya)|Rundunar Soja ta Uku]], wacce ta fi zama a ware, ta kai hare-haren ramuwar gayya kan mutanen yankin. Obasanjo ya yi tsauri kan wadanda suka aikata laifin satar mutane, sannan ya harbi wadanda suka aikata laifin fyade. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gwamnatin Gowon ta sa Obasanjo ya dauki alhakin sake hada Biafra cikin Najeriya, wanda a wannan matsayi ya sami girmamawa saboda jaddada girman kai. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A matsayinsa na injiniya, ya jaddada dawo da samar da ruwa; zuwa watan Mayu na 1970 dukkan manyan garuruwan yankin sun sake hadewa da samar da ruwa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Matsayin Obasanjo wajen kawo karshen yakin ya sanya shi gwarzon yaki kuma sanannen mutum a kasa baki daya a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} === Aikin bayan Yaƙin Basasa: 1970–1975 === A watan Yunin 1970, Obasanjo ya koma Abeokuta, inda jama'a suka tarbe shi a matsayin gwarzon da ya dawo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi Legas a matsayin Birgediya Janar na jagorantar Rundunar Injiniyoyi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Oktoba, Gowon ya sanar da cewa gwamnatin soja za ta mika iko ga gwamnatin farar hula a shekarar 1976. A halin yanzu, haramcin jam'iyyun siyasa ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rundunar sojoji; Gowon bai yi wani ci gaba ba wajen kafa gwamnatin farar hula. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A karkashin gwamnatin soja, Obasanjo ya zauna a kwamitin sallamar sojoji wanda ya ba da shawarar rage yawan sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1970. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1974 Obasanjo ya tafi Burtaniya don yin kwas a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Royal . [ 57 ] Da dawowarsa, a watan Janairun 1975, Gowon ya nada shi Kwamishinan Ayyuka da Gidaje, mukamin da ya rike na tsawon watanni bakwai, wanda a lokacin yake da alhakin gina barikin soja. [ 58 ] A shekarar 1970, Obasanjo ya sayi wani tsohon kamfani a Ibadan, inda ya ɗauki wani wakili don ya kula da shi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1973 ya yi rijistar wani kasuwanci, Temperance Enterprises Limited, wanda ta hanyarsa zai iya fara harkokin kasuwanci bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya kuma ci gaba da saka hannun jari a kadarori; zuwa 1974 ya mallaki gidaje biyu a Legas da kuma ɗaya a Ibadan da Abeokuta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} An yi ta rade-radin cewa Obasanjo ya shiga cikin cin hanci da rashawa da ke [[Cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya|ƙara yaɗuwa a Najeriya]], kodayake babu wata shaida mai ƙarfi game da hakan da ta bayyana. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Aurensa da Oluremi ya yi tsami yayin da ta ƙi dangantakarsa da wasu mata. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970 aka wargaza aurensu. [ 60 ] A shekarar 1976 ya auri [[Stella Obasanjo|Stella Abebe]] a wani bikin gargajiya na Yarbawa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == A gwamnatin Murtala == === Juyin mulkin 1975 da kuma bayansa === A watan Yulin 1975, juyin mulki karkashin jagorancin Shehu Musa Yar'Adua da Joseph Garba sun kori Gowon, [ 62 ] wanda ya gudu zuwa Birtaniya. [1] Ba su sanar da Obasanjo shirinsu ba domin an san shi da sukar juyin mulki a matsayin kayan aikin sauya gwamnati. [1] Masu shirya juyin mulkin suna son maye gurbin mulkin kama-karya na Gowon da wani rukunin sojoji uku wadanda Majalisar Soja za ta iya kin amincewa da shawarwarinsu. Saboda wannan nasarar, sun shawo kan Janar Murtala Muhammed ya zama shugaban kasa, inda Obasanjo ya zama na biyu a shugabancinsa, da Danjuma a matsayin na uku. [ 65 ] Masanin tarihi John Iliffe ya lura cewa daga cikin wadanda suka yi nasara, Obasanjo shine "dokin aiki da kwakwalwa" kuma shine mafi sha'awar komawa mulkin farar hula. [1] Tare, rundunar sojojin ƙasa ta gabatar da matakan tsuke bakin aljihu don dakile hauhawar farashin kaya, ta kafa Ofishin Bincike na Ayyukan Cin Hanci da Rashawa, ta maye gurbin dukkan gwamnonin soja da sabbin jami'ai waɗanda suka kai rahoto kai tsaye ga Obasanjo a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata, sannan ta ƙaddamar da "Operation Deadwood" inda ta hanyarsu suka kori jami'ai 11,000 daga ma'aikatan gwamnati. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pvdeiuar9it47umngmhrkr57w8et5ck 873636 873635 2026-07-01T13:25:34Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 873636 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Chief '''Olusegun Matthew Okikiola Ogunboye Aremu Obasanjo''' GCFR <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by Obasanjo to the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/webcast/ga/61/pdfs/nigeria-e.pdf |access-date=23 April 2011}}</ref> ( // ⓘ ; Yoruba {{IPA|yo|ōlúʃɛ́ɡũ̄ ɔ̄básã̄d͡ʒɔ́|}} An haife shi {{Circa}} 5 ga Maris 1937) ɗan siyasa ne na Najeriya, ɗan siyasa, mai kishin ƙasa, kuma tsohon janar na soja wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sojan Najeriya daga alif 1976 zuwa 1979 sannan daga baya ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugabanta]] daga a 1999 zuwa 2007. A ra'ayinsa ɗan kishin ƙasa ne na Najeriya, ya kasance memba na [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP) daga alif 1998 zuwa 2015, kuma tun 2018.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8; Adeolu 2017, p. 4.</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 24 March 2022.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, p. 74.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 16–17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17; Derfler 2011, p. 74</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 29.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 29–30.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 30.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 78.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 45, 48.</ref> An haife shi a ƙauyen Ibogun-Olaogun, dangin sa manoma na reshen Owu na [[Yarbawa]], Obasanjo ya yi karatu sosai a [[Abeokuta]], [[Jihar Ogun]] . Ya shiga [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Rundunar Sojan Najeriya]] kuma ya ƙware a fannin injiniyanci kuma ya yi aiki a Kongo, [[Birtaniya]], da [[Indiya]], inda ya kai matsayin Manjo. A ƙarshen shekarun alif 1960, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaƙi da 'yan awaren [[Biyafara|Biafra]] a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya]], inda ya karɓi miƙa wuyansu alif 1970. A shekara alif 1975, [[1975 juyin mulkin Najeriya|wani juyin mulki na soja]] ya kafa gwamnatin soja tare da Obasanjo a matsayin wani ɓangare na mulkinta na nasara. Bayan an kashe shugaban triumvirate, [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], a al shekara mai zuwa, [[Majalisar Koli ta Soja ta Najeriya (alif 1966 zuwa 1979)|Majalisar Koli ta Soja]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council". www.interactioncouncil.org. Retrieved 1 February 2025.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 23; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 24; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 41.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 42; Derfler 2011, p. 79</ref> ta naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. Ci gaba da manufofin Murtala, Obasanjo ya kula da rage kasafin kuɗi da faɗaɗa damar samun ilimin makaranta kyauta. Yana ƙara haɗa Najeriya da Amurka, ya kuma jaddada goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin da ke adawa da mulkin tsirarun fararen fata a kudancin Afirka. Bayan da ya kuduri aniyar dawo da dimokuradiyya, Obasanjo ya jagoranci [[Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na alif 1979|zaben 1979]], bayan haka ya mika ragamar mulkin Najeriya ga sabon shugaban farar hula da aka zaba, [[Shehu Shagari|Shehu Shagari.]]<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 12–13; Derfler 2011, p. 73</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 13.</ref> Daga nan Obasanjo ya yi ritaya zuwa [[Ota, Ogun]], inda ya zama manomi, ya buga littattafai guda hudu, sannan ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa don kawo karshen rikice-rikicen Afirka daban-daban.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 7; Derfler 2011, p. 72</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 72; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 14</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 15.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, pp. 73–74.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 25; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 40.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 45.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 49, 56</ref> A shekara alif 1993, [[Sani Abacha]] ya kwace mulki a wani juyin mulki na soja. Obasanjo ya fito fili ya soki gwamnatin Abacha kuma a shekarar alif 1995 aka kama shi aka kuma same shi da laifin kasancewa cikin wani juyin mulki da aka shirya, duk da cewa bai aikata laifin da ake zargin sa da shi ba. Yayin da yake tsare, ya zama Kirista mai sake haifuwa, tare da ra'ayin raba iko ya yi tasiri sosai kan ra'ayinsa na duniya. An sake shi bayan mutuwar Abacha a alif 1998. Obasanjo ya shiga siyasar zabe, inda ya zama dan takarar PDP a zaben shugaban kasa na a 1999, wanda ya lashe. A matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, ya cire siyasa daga harkokin soja kuma ya fadada 'yan sanda tare da tattara sojoji don yaki da tashe-tashen hankulan kabilanci, addini, da kuma ballewa. Ya janye [[Yakin basasa na Sierra Leone|sojojin Najeriya daga Sierra Leone]] kuma ya sayar da kamfanoni daban-daban na gwamnati don takaita basussukan kasar da ke karuwa. An sake zabensa a zaben alif 2003. Saboda ra'ayoyin [[Pan-Africanism]], ya kasance mai goyon bayan kafa [[Tarayyar Afrika|kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta daga 2004 zuwa 2006. Yunkurin Obasanjo na canza kundin tsarin mulki don kawar da iyakokin wa'adin shugaban kasa bai yi nasara ba kuma ya jawo suka. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin tauhidi daga [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiyar Ƙasa ta Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adegbite |first=Charles Segun |date=16 December 2017 |title=At 80years, Obasanjo bags Ph.D in Theology |url=https://successfulpeoplemagazine.wordpress.com/2017/12/16/at-80years-obasanjo-bags-ph-d-in-theology/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=Successful People's World |language=en}}</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 39</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 20.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 26.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 24.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 26–27.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 27–28.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 28.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 31.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 31–32.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 42; Derfler 2011, p. 80.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 42</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 40; Derfler 2011, p. 79.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 42–43; Derfler 2011, p. 81.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 45; Derfler 2011, p. 82.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 45, 48; Derfler 2011, p. 83.</ref> An bayyana Obasanjo a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane na ƙarni na biyu na shugabannin Afirka bayan mulkin mallaka . Ya sami yabo kan yadda ya jagoranci sauye-sauyen da Najeriya ta yi zuwa ga [[dimokuradiyya ta wakilci]] a shekarun alof 1970 da kuma ƙoƙarinsa na ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa a faɗin nahiyar. Masu suka sun dage cewa yana da laifin cin hanci da rashawa, cewa gwamnatocinsa sun kula da take haƙƙin ɗan adam, kuma a matsayinsa na shugaban ƙasa ya fara sha'awar haɗa kai da kuma riƙe ikonsa na kashin kansa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2025 |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} Biography, Age, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 21.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 21–22.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 22.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 25–26.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 41–42.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 82.</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Mahaifin Olusegun Obasanjo Obasanjo Bankole yana ɗaya daga cikin mutanen farko da suka fara zama kuma ubannin da suka kafa ƙauyen Igbogun Olaogun a farkon shekarun alif 1920. Duk da cewa manomi ne mai arziki kuma mai sana'ar giyar dabino, ana ɗaukarsa talaka ne saboda ba ya cikin manyan mutane masu ilimi a [[Kasar Yarbawa|ƙasar Yarabawa]] . Bankole ya haɗu da Bernice Ashabi, wani ƙaramin ɗan kasuwa a Igbogun kuma dukansu sun yi aure. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu da suka rage daga cikin shida: Olusegun da Adunni Oluwola, 'yar'uwarsa tilo. {{Sfn|Adeolu|2017}} A cewar fasfo ɗinsa, an haifi Olusegun Obasanjo a ranar 5 ga Maris 1937 duk da cewa babu wani tarihi na zamani kuma kwanan wata kusan kiyasi ne. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}}<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 43.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 43; Derfler 2011, p. 81.</ref> Olusegun ya fito ne daga Masarautar Owu . An rene shi a matsayin Baptist . Daga baya 'yar'uwarsa ta [[Musulunci|musulunta]] domin ta auri wani mutum Musulmi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 44.</ref>Yana da shekara goma s ya shiga makarantar firamare ta ƙauyen, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma bayan shekaru uku, a alif 1951, ya koma Makarantar Ranar Baptist a unguwar Owu ta [[Abeokuta]] . [ 11 ] A 1952 ya koma [[Baptist Boys' High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta Baptist Boys]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> shi ma a garin. Kuɗaɗen makarantarsa wani ɓangare ne na tallafin gwamnati. [ 13 ] Obasanjo ya yi kyau a fannin ilimi, [ 14 ] kuma a makaranta ya zama ƙwararren ɗan Scout . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Duk da cewa babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa yana da hannu a cikin kowace ƙungiyar siyasa, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} a makarantar sakandare ne Obasanjo ya ƙi sunan farko na "Matthew" a matsayin wani aikin adawa da mulkin mallaka . [ 16 ] A halin yanzu, mahaifin Obasanjo ya yi watsi da matarsa da 'ya'yansa biyu. [ 17 ] Bayan da ya faɗa cikin talauci, mahaifiyar Obasanjo ta yi aiki a fannin kasuwanci don ta rayu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Domin biyan kuɗin makarantarsa, Obasanjo ya yi aiki a gonakin koko da kola, ya yi kamun kifi, ya tattara itacen wuta, sannan ya sayar wa masu gini yashi. A lokacin hutun makaranta, ya kuma yi aiki a makarantar, yana sare ciyawa da sauran ayyukan hannu.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 48; Derfler 2011, p. 83</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 48.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 46; Derfler 2011, p. 83.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 47.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 46–47; Derfler 2011, p. 94.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 94.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 48; Derfler 2011, pp. 84–85.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 49.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 48–49; Derfler 2011, p. 85</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 56.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 51</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 50.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 50; Derfler 2011, p. 85.</ref> A shekarar a 1956, Obasanjo ya yi jarrabawar makarantar sakandare, bayan ya ranci kuɗi don biyan kuɗin shiga. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan shekarar, ya fara soyayya da [[Esther Oluremi Obasanjo|Oluremi Akinlawon]], 'yar Owu ga wani babban jami'in tashar jirgin ƙasa. An yi musu alkawari za su yi aure a shekarar 1958. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya koma [[Ibadan]], inda ya yi aikin koyarwa. A can, ya zauna don jarrabawar shiga [[Jami'ar Ibadan|Kwalejin Jami'a ta Ibadan]], amma duk da cewa ya ci nasara, ya ga ba zai iya biyan kuɗin makaranta ba. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan Obasanjo ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a matsayin injiniyan farar hula, kuma don samun damar shiga wannan sana'a, a shekarar 1958 ya amsa wani tallan horar da jami'in sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya. [ 21 ] <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}</ref> == Farkon aikin soja (1958–1966) == === Horar da sojoji: 1958–1959 === A watan Maris na shekarar 1958, Obasanjo ya shiga rundunar sojin Najeriya. [ 23 ] Ya ga hakan a matsayin wata dama ta ci gaba da karatunsa yayin da yake samun albashi; {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} bai sanar da iyalansa nan take ba, yana tsoron cewa iyayensa za su ƙi amincewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan lokacin ne aka mayar da [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|rundunar sojin Najeriya]] zuwa ikon gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Najeriya, a shirye-shiryen samun cikakken 'yancin kai na Najeriya, kuma an yi yunƙurin shigar da ƙarin 'yan asalin Najeriya cikin manyan mukamai na rundunar sojinta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi zuwa Makarantar Horar da Jami'ai ta Kullum da ke [[Teshie]] a [[Ghana]] . [ 23 ] Lokacin da aka tura shi aiki a ƙasashen waje, ya aika wa amaryarsa wasiƙu da kyaututtuka a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Satumba na shekarar 1958, an zaɓe shi don ƙarin horo na watanni shida a Makarantar Cadet ta Mons Officer da ke Aldershot, kudancin [[Ingila]] . Obasanjo bai so hakan a can ba, yana ganin cewa cibiyar ta kasance ta aji da [[wariyar launin fata]], kuma ya ga yana da wahala ya daidaita da yanayin sanyi da danshi na Ingila. [ 26 ] Ya ƙarfafa ra'ayoyinsa marasa kyau game da [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] da kuma 'yancinta na mulkin mallaka a kan mutanen da ta mamaye. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} A ranar Litinin, ya sami kwamiti da takardar shaidar injiniya. Yayin da Obasanjo yake Ingila, mahaifiyarsa ta mutu. Mahaifinsa ya mutu bayan shekara guda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1959, Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya. A can, aka tura shi [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] a matsayin wani soja mai kula da rundunar sojojin ƙasa tare da Bataliyar Biyar. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Lokacin da ya yi a Kaduna shi ne karo na farko da Obasanjo ya zauna a yankin da Musulmai suka fi rinjaye. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da yake can, a watan Oktoban 1960, Najeriya ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> === Rikicin Congo: 1960–1961 === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an aika da Bataliya ta Biyar zuwa Kongo a matsayin wani ɓangare na rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . A can, an kafa bataliya a Lardin Kivu, tare da hedikwatarsu a [[Bukavu]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A Kongo, Obasanjo da wasu suna da alhakin kare fararen hula, gami da ƙabilar tsiraru ta Belgium, daga [[1960 Sojojin Jama'a|sojojin da suka yi tawaye]] ga gwamnatin [[Patrice Lumumba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Fabrairun 1961, masu tawaye sun kama Obasanjo yayin da yake kwashe masu wa'azin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika na Roman]] daga wani tasha kusa da Bukavu. Masu tawaye sun yi tunanin kashe shi amma an umarce su da su sake shi. A watan Mayun 1961, Bataliya ta Biyar ta bar Kongo ta koma Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin rikicin, an naɗa shi kyaftin na wucin gadi. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} Daga baya ya lura cewa lokacin da aka yi a Kongo ya ƙarfafa "zafin Pan-African" na bataliyarsa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Dawowa daga Kongo: 1961–1966 === Da dawowarsa, Obasanjo ya sayi motarsa ta farko, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma an kwantar da shi a asibiti na ɗan lokaci saboda ciwon ciki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da ya warke, aka mayar da shi zuwa Rundunar Injiniyan Sojoji. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1962 aka tura shi aiki a Kwalejin Injiniyan Sojoji ta Royal a Ingila. [ 30 ] A can, ya yi fice kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun ɗalibi na Commonwealth da aka taɓa samu". [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, ya biya Akinlawon don tafiya zuwa Landan inda za ta iya shiga wani kwas na horo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Yunin 1963 a Ofishin Rijistar Kore na Camberwell, suna sanar da iyalansu ne kawai bayan taron. [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, an ba Obasanjo umarnin komawa Najeriya, kodayake matarsa ta ci gaba da zama a Landan na tsawon shekaru uku don kammala karatunta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da zarar ya isa Najeriya, Obasanjo ya karɓi ragamar rundunar Injiniyan Field da ke Kaduna. [ 33 ] A cikin aikin soja, Obasanjo ya ci gaba da samun ci gaba a cikin manyan mukamai, inda ya zama babban jami'i a shekarar 1965. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya yi amfani da kudin shigarsa wajen sayen filaye, a farkon shekarun 1960 yana samun kadarori a Ibadan, Kaduna, da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1965, an tura Obasanjo zuwa Indiya. A kan hanyarsa, ya ziyarci matarsa a Landan. A [[Indiya]], ya yi karatu a [[Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro (DSSC)|Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro]] da ke Wellington sannan ya yi karatu a Makarantar Injiniya da ke [[Pune|Poona]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya yi mamakin yunwar da ya gani a Indiya duk da cewa ya nuna sha'awar al'adun kasar, wani abu da ya karfafa masa gwiwa ya karanta littattafai kan addini mai kama da juna . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya == === Aikin kafin Yaƙin Basasa: 1966–1967 === Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya a watan Janairun 1966 domin ya gano kasar tana tsakiyar [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin soja]] wanda Manjo [[Emmanuel Ifeajuna]] ya jagoranta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo yana cikin wadanda suka yi gargadin cewa lamarin na iya rikidewa zuwa yakin basasa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya bayar da shawarar yin aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani tsakanin masu shirya juyin mulkin da gwamnatin farar hula, wacce ta mika mulki ga Babban Kwamandan Soja [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da juyin mulkin ya gaza, Olusegun ya hadu da Ironsi a Legas. Ba da daɗewa ba Ironsi ya kawo karshen tsarin tarayya a Najeriya ta hanyar dokar hadin kan kasa a watan Mayun 1966, wani abu da ya tayar da rikicin kabilanci. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ƙarshen watan Yuli, [[Juyin Mulki a Najeriya, 1966|an sake yin juyin mulki na biyu]] . A Ibadan, sojoji 'yan asalin arewacin Najeriya sun yi tawaye suka kashe Ironsi, sannan suka kashe sojoji kusan ɗari biyu galibi daga Kudancin Najeriya. Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya karbi mulki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da ake wannan juyin mulki, Obasanjo yana [[Maiduguri]] . Jin labarin, sai ya koma Kaduna da sauri. A can, ya gano cewa sojojin arewa daga Bataliya ta Uku suna tattara sojoji, suna azabtar da su, da kuma kashe su. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[Gwamnan Arewacin Najeriya]], [[Hassan Usman Katsina|Hassan Katsina]], ya fahimci cewa duk da cewa Olusegun ba Igbo ba ne, a matsayinsa na ɗan kudu, har yanzu yana cikin haɗari daga sojojin da suka yi tawaye. Domin kare su, Katsina ta mayar da Olusegun da matarsa Maiduguri na tsawon kwanaki goma, yayin da tashin hankalin ya ragu. Bayan haka, Obasanjo ya aika matarsa zuwa Legas yayin da yake komawa Kaduna da kansa, inda ya zauna har zuwa Janairu 1967. A wannan lokacin shi ne babban jami'in Yarabawa mafi girma a arewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Janairunali 1967, an tura Obasanjo aiki zuwa Legas a matsayin Babban Injiniyan Sojoji. [ 40 ] Tashin hankali tsakanin kabilun Igbo da na arewa ya ci gaba da karuwa, kuma a watan Mayu jami'in soja na Igbo [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu|C. Odumegwu Ojukwu]] ya ayyana 'yancin kai ga yankunan da Igbo ke da rinjaye a kudu maso gabas, inda ya kafa [[Biyafara|Jamhuriyar Biafra]] . [ 41 ] A ranar 3 ga Yuli, gwamnatin Najeriya ta tura Obasanjo zuwa Ibadan don yin aiki a matsayin kwamandan [[Jihar Yammacin Najeriya|Jihar Yamma]] . [ 42 ] Fadan da ya barke tsakanin Sojojin Najeriya da 'yan awaren Biafra ya barke a ranar 6 ga Yuli. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 9 ga Yuli, Ojukwu ta aika da rundunar sojojin Biafra a kan gadar Niger a wani yunƙuri na kwace yankin Mid-West, wani wuri da za ta iya kai hari a Lagos. Obasanjo ya nemi toshe hanyoyin da ke kaiwa birnin. Kwamandan Yarbawa Victor Banjo, wanda ke jagorantar rundunar hare-haren Biafra, ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan Obasanjo ya bar su su wuce, amma ya ƙi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Umarnin Yaƙin Basasa: 1967–1970 === [[Fayil:Colonel_Olu_Obasanjo_-_ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_093_New_Nigerian_newspaper_page_7_January_1970._End_of_the_Nigerian_civil_war_with_Biafra_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|"Kanar Olu Obasanjo, Kwamanda, sashe na 3". ''Sabuwar Jaridar Najeriya'', shafi na 7, 12 Janairu 1970. Ƙarshen yaƙin basasar Najeriya da Biafra.]] Daga nan aka naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin kwamandan baya na Rukunin Biyu na [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], wanda ke aiki a Tsakiyar Yamma. Obasanjo da ke zaune a Ibadan ne ke da alhakin tabbatar da cewa an samar da kayayyaki ga Rukunin Biyu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A cikin birnin, Obasanjo ya koyar da wani kwas a fannin kimiyyar soja a Jami'ar Ibadan kuma ya gina abokan hulɗarsa a cikin manyan Yarabawa. A lokacin yaƙin, an sami tashin hankali a cikin jama'a a Jihar Yamma, kuma don guje wa alhakin waɗannan batutuwa, Obasanjo ya yi murabus daga Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Yamma. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da Obasanjo yake nesa da Ibadan a watan Nuwamba na 1968, mazauna ƙauyen da [[Agbekoya|ƙungiyar manoma ta Agbekoya]] ta tattara makamai sun kai hari kan zauren birnin Ibadan. Sojoji sun yi ramuwar gayya, inda suka kashe goma daga cikin masu tayar da zaune tsaye. Lokacin da Obasanjo ya dawo, ya ba da umarnin a gudanar da bincike kan abubuwan da suka faru. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gowon ya yanke shawarar maye gurbin Kanar [[Benjamin Adekunle]], wanda ke jagorantar harin Biafra, amma yana buƙatar wani babban Ba’arabiye. Ya zaɓi Obasanjo, duk da rashin ƙwarewar yaƙi na baya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya isa [[Port Harcourt]] don ɗaukar sabon matsayin a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1969; yanzu yana kula da sojoji tsakanin 35,000 zuwa 40,000. Ya shafe makonni shida na farko yana yaƙi da harin Biafra a [[Aba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya zagaya kowane ɓangare na fagen daga, kuma ya ji rauni yayin da yake yin hakan. Waɗannan ayyukan sun sa ya sami suna na jarumtaka a tsakanin sojojinsa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A watan Disamba, Obasanjo ya ƙaddamar da [[Operation Finishing Touch]], yana ba da umarnin sojojinsa su ci gaba zuwa [[Umuahia]], wanda suka yi a [[Kirsimeti|ranar Kirsimeti]] . Wannan ya rage Biafra gida biyu. A ranar 7 ga Janairu 1970, sai ya ƙaddamar da Operation Tail-Wind, inda ya kama filin jirgin saman Uli a ranar 12 ga Janairu. A wannan lokacin, shugabannin Biafra sun amince su miƙa wuya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 13 ga Janairu, Obasanjo ya gana da kwamandan sojojin Biafra Philip Effiong . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya dage cewa sojojin Biafra su mika makamansu kuma wasu daga cikin shugabannin jihar da ta balle suka tafi Legas suka mika wuya ga Gowon a hukumance. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Washegari, Obasanjo ya yi magana a rediyon yankin, yana kira ga 'yan kasa da su zauna a gidajensu kuma su tabbatar da tsaronsu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yawancin 'yan Biafra da kafofin watsa labarai na kasashen waje sun ji tsoron cewa Sojojin Najeriya za su aikata munanan ayyuka a kan mutanen da aka kayar, kodayake Obasanjo yana son hana hakan. Ya umarci sojojinsa da ke yankin da su ci gaba da zama a cikin barikokinsu, yana mai cewa 'yan sandan yankin ya kamata su dauki alhakin bin doka da oda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[3rd Armoured Division (Nijeriya)|Rundunar Soja ta Uku]], wacce ta fi zama a ware, ta kai hare-haren ramuwar gayya kan mutanen yankin. Obasanjo ya yi tsauri kan wadanda suka aikata laifin satar mutane, sannan ya harbi wadanda suka aikata laifin fyade. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gwamnatin Gowon ta sa Obasanjo ya dauki alhakin sake hada Biafra cikin Najeriya, wanda a wannan matsayi ya sami girmamawa saboda jaddada girman kai. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A matsayinsa na injiniya, ya jaddada dawo da samar da ruwa; zuwa watan Mayu na 1970 dukkan manyan garuruwan yankin sun sake hadewa da samar da ruwa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Matsayin Obasanjo wajen kawo karshen yakin ya sanya shi gwarzon yaki kuma sanannen mutum a kasa baki daya a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} === Aikin bayan Yaƙin Basasa: 1970–1975 === A watan Yunin 1970, Obasanjo ya koma Abeokuta, inda jama'a suka tarbe shi a matsayin gwarzon da ya dawo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi Legas a matsayin Birgediya Janar na jagorantar Rundunar Injiniyoyi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Oktoba, Gowon ya sanar da cewa gwamnatin soja za ta mika iko ga gwamnatin farar hula a shekarar 1976. A halin yanzu, haramcin jam'iyyun siyasa ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rundunar sojoji; Gowon bai yi wani ci gaba ba wajen kafa gwamnatin farar hula. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A karkashin gwamnatin soja, Obasanjo ya zauna a kwamitin sallamar sojoji wanda ya ba da shawarar rage yawan sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1970. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1974 Obasanjo ya tafi Burtaniya don yin kwas a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Royal . [ 57 ] Da dawowarsa, a watan Janairun 1975, Gowon ya nada shi Kwamishinan Ayyuka da Gidaje, mukamin da ya rike na tsawon watanni bakwai, wanda a lokacin yake da alhakin gina barikin soja. [ 58 ] A shekarar 1970, Obasanjo ya sayi wani tsohon kamfani a Ibadan, inda ya ɗauki wani wakili don ya kula da shi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1973 ya yi rijistar wani kasuwanci, Temperance Enterprises Limited, wanda ta hanyarsa zai iya fara harkokin kasuwanci bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya kuma ci gaba da saka hannun jari a kadarori; zuwa 1974 ya mallaki gidaje biyu a Legas da kuma ɗaya a Ibadan da Abeokuta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} An yi ta rade-radin cewa Obasanjo ya shiga cikin cin hanci da rashawa da ke [[Cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya|ƙara yaɗuwa a Najeriya]], kodayake babu wata shaida mai ƙarfi game da hakan da ta bayyana. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Aurensa da Oluremi ya yi tsami yayin da ta ƙi dangantakarsa da wasu mata. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970 aka wargaza aurensu. [ 60 ] A shekarar 1976 ya auri [[Stella Obasanjo|Stella Abebe]] a wani bikin gargajiya na Yarbawa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == A gwamnatin Murtala == === Juyin mulkin 1975 da kuma bayansa === A watan Yulin 1975, juyin mulki karkashin jagorancin Shehu Musa Yar'Adua da Joseph Garba sun kori Gowon, [ 62 ] wanda ya gudu zuwa Birtaniya. [1] Ba su sanar da Obasanjo shirinsu ba domin an san shi da sukar juyin mulki a matsayin kayan aikin sauya gwamnati. [1] Masu shirya juyin mulkin suna son maye gurbin mulkin kama-karya na Gowon da wani rukunin sojoji uku wadanda Majalisar Soja za ta iya kin amincewa da shawarwarinsu. Saboda wannan nasarar, sun shawo kan Janar Murtala Muhammed ya zama shugaban kasa, inda Obasanjo ya zama na biyu a shugabancinsa, da Danjuma a matsayin na uku. [ 65 ] Masanin tarihi John Iliffe ya lura cewa daga cikin wadanda suka yi nasara, Obasanjo shine "dokin aiki da kwakwalwa" kuma shine mafi sha'awar komawa mulkin farar hula. [1] Tare, rundunar sojojin ƙasa ta gabatar da matakan tsuke bakin aljihu don dakile hauhawar farashin kaya, ta kafa Ofishin Bincike na Ayyukan Cin Hanci da Rashawa, ta maye gurbin dukkan gwamnonin soja da sabbin jami'ai waɗanda suka kai rahoto kai tsaye ga Obasanjo a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata, sannan ta ƙaddamar da "Operation Deadwood" inda ta hanyarsu suka kori jami'ai 11,000 daga ma'aikatan gwamnati. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7a8qi75mlih7ytixy74dvfkjyy009lh 0 6697 873688 738195 2026-07-01T16:08:54Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 873688 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Zainab_Ahmed_%26_Adebola_Williams_-_2023_World_Economic_Forum_(52693458040).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Zainab Ahmed tare da Adebola Williams - Dandalin Tattalin Arzikin Duniya 2023]] [[File:Zainab Ahmed & Adebola Williams - 2023 World Economic Forum (52692493232).jpg|thumb]] '''Zainab Shamsuna Ahmed''' lafazin magana CON (an haife ta a ranar 16 ga watan Yuni, shekara ta alif dubu daya da ɗari tara da sittin 1960).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-14|title='Minister's approval of TAT rule at variance with enabling Act'|url=https://guardian.ng/news/ministers-approval-of-tat-rule-at-variance-with-enabling-act/|access-date=2022-02-22|website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/347812-breaking-buhari-assigns-portfolios-to-new-ministers.html|title=Buhari assigns portfolios to new ministers|last=Ayitogo|first=Nasir|date=21 August 2019|access-date=2 September 2019}}</ref> Ta kasance accountant din [[Najeriya]] ne, wacce ta yi ministan kudi, kasafin kuɗi da tsare-tsare na ƙasa tun daga shekarar 2019 zuwa shekarar 2023. Ta taba rike mukamin ministar [[Kuɗi|kudi]] daga shekarar 2018 zuwa shekarar 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2015/11/13/the-cvs-of-buharis-ministers-at-a-glance/|title=The CVs of Buhari's ministers at a glance|website=PM News|access-date=12 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://naijalitz.com/nigeria-is-the-hub-of-stolen-cars-finance-minister-ahmed-zainab/|title=Nigeria is the hub of stolen cars – Finance Minister, Ahmed Zainab|website=Naijalitz|date=13 August 2021|access-date=13 August 2021}}</ref> A lokacin shekarar 2019, shugaban kasa [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya kawo ma’aikatun biyu a karkashinta a matsayin ministar tattalin arziki.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2022}}<ref name="premiumtimesng.com">{{Cite web |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/284007-profile-zainab-ahmed-the-official-overseeing-nigerias-finance-ministry.html |url-status=live |archive-date=Sep 17, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917092209/https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/284007-profile-zainab-ahmed-the-official-overseeing-nigerias-finance-ministry.html |author=Oladeinde Olawoyin |date=September 17, 2018 |website=[[Premium Times]] |language=en |access-date=9 August 2023 |title=Zainab Ahmed: The official overseeing Nigeria's finance ministry}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Zainab Ahmed |url=https://live.worldbank.org/en/experts/z/zainab-ahmed |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=World Bank Live |language=en}}</ref> Accountant ce a sana'an tayi digirin farko a fannin [[lissafi]] a ABU [[Zariya|Zaria]] sannan kuma ta yi digiri na biyu a fannin kasuwanci (MBA), Ahmed Zainab an nada ta a matsayin ministan kudi bayan murabus din tsohuwar ministar kudi [[Kemi Adeosun]] a ranar 14 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2018. A shekarar 2015 ne shugaba Buhari ya nada ta a matsayin karamar ministar kasafi da tsare-tsare ta kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thecable.ng/breaking-buhari-accepts-adeosuns-resignation-names-zainab-ahmed-replacement |title=Buhari accepts Adeosun resignation, names Zainab Ahmed as replacement |website=Cable |date=14 September 2018 |access-date=14 September 2018}}</ref> == Labarin farko da ilimi == An haifi Ahmed Zainab a [[Kaduna (jiha)|jihar Kaduna]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.fellowpress.com/news/55872/finance-minister-zainab-ahmeds-profile/|title=Finance Minister Zainab Ahmed's profile – Fellow Press|last=Press|first=Fellow|date=17 September 2018|work=Fellow Press|access-date=17 September 2018|archive-date=17 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917143314/https://www.fellowpress.com/news/55872/finance-minister-zainab-ahmeds-profile/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ta yi karatun sakandare a Kwalejin Queen Amina da ke Kaduna, sannan ta ci gaba da karatun A'Level a Zariya. Ta samu digiri na farko a fannin Accounting a [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello|Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello]] a shekarar 1981, inda daga nan ta wuce Jami’ar Olabisi Onabanjo don yin MBA.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2015/11/13/the-cvs-of-buharis-ministers-at-a-glance/ |title=The CVs Of Buhari's Ministers At A Glance |website=PM News |access-date=14 October 2017}}</ref> Ahmed Zainab ta samu MBA a watan Agusta shekarar 2004 daga Jami'ar [[Ogun|Jihar Ogun]], Ago Iwoye; yayin da ta samu BSc Accounting (1981) daga [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello|Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello]] (ABU), Zariya; IJMB 'A' Levels (1979) daga SBS/ABU Zaria; da WASC 'O' Level a shekarar (1977) daga Queen Amina College Kaduna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zainab Ahmed: The official overseeing Nigeria's finance ministry |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/284007-profile-zainab-ahmed-the-official-overseeing-nigerias-finance-ministry.html |access-date=2023-09-09 |website=www.premiumtimesng.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=NBET |url=https://nbet.com.ng/bodahmed.html |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=nbet.com.ng}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Zainab Shamsuna Ahmed |url=https://eiti.org/people/zainab-shamsuna-ahmed |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=EITI |language=en}}</ref> == Aikin Siyasa == Ahmed Zainab ita ce ministan kudi, kasafin kudi da tsare-tsare na kasa na Tarayyar Najeriya. Aikin da ya sa ta zama minista mafi tasiri a ƙasar. A wannan matsayi, tana neman bunkasa kudaden shiga na gwamnati, tare da shirye-shiryen kara yawan harajin da aka kara da ita tare da tauye bashin jama'a wanda a yanzu an kiyasta fiye da dala biliyan 80.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-01|title=Zainab Ahmed|url=https://live.worldbank.org/experts/zainab-ahmed|access-date=2021-04-24|website=World Bank Live|language=en}}</ref> Ahmed Zainab ta kasance tsohuwar sakataren zartarwa na kasa kuma coordinator kungiyar fayyace masana'antu ta Najeriya (NEITI). Ta kuma kasance memba a kwamitin NEITI guda biyu na ƙarshe, wanda tayi aiki a NEITI da na duniya EITI.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.africanews.com/2019/08/21/nigeria-s-new-cabinet-inaugurated-president-remain-petroleum-minister/|title=Nigeria's new cabinet inaugurated, president remains Petroleum minister|last=AfricaNews|date=21 August 2019|website=Africanews|access-date=2 September 2019}}</ref> Bayan kammala karatunta, Ahmed Zainab ta samu aiki a shekarar 1982 a matsayin Accountant II a babban asusu na ma’aikatar kudi ta jihar Kaduna, sannan aka kara mata girma zuwa Accountant I a watan Maris shekarar 1984, amma a shekarar 1985 ta yi murabus ta koma NITEL. Tun da farko ta yi hidimar matasa ta kasa a jihar Kaduna a shekarar 1981 zuwa shekarar 1982 inda aka tura ta aikin farko zuwa Messrs. Egunjobi Suleiman & Co. Chartered Accountants, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mai horas da Audit.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-13 |title=Zainab Ahmed |url=https://live.worldbank.org/experts/zainab-ahmed |access-date=2023-09-20 |website=live.worldbank.org |language=en}}</ref> Ahmed Zainab ta yi wa al’ummar [[Najeriya]] aiki a manyan mukamai daban-daban, ciki har da matsayin manajan darakta na kamfanin saka jari na jihar Kaduna, da kuma babban jami’ar kudi na kamfanin sadarwa ta wayar salula ta Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=TVCN |date=2018-09-24 |title=Zainab Ahmed fit for office of finance minister – GOGAN - Trending News |url=https://www.tvcnews.tv/2018/09/zainab-ahmed-fit-for-office-of-finance-minister-gogan/,%20https://www.tvcnews.tv/2018/09/zainab-ahmed-fit-for-office-of-finance-minister-gogan/ |access-date=2023-09-09 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> An sake nada Zainab kuma aka rantsar da ita a matsayin ministar kudi a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta, shekarar 2019 daga shugaban kasa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/fashola-gets-works-as-ngige-amaechi-lai-retain-portfolios/|title=Fashola gets Works as Ngige, Amaechi, Lai retain portfolios|date=22 August 2019|website=The Nation Newspaper|access-date=24 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=100Women {{!}} Avance Media {{!}} Zainab Shamsuna Ahmed |url=https://100women.avancemedia.org/zainabshamsunaahmed/ |access-date=2024-01-22 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122213321/https://100women.avancemedia.org/zainabshamsunaahmed/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Sauran ayyukan == * Africa Development Bank (AfDB), tsohon memba na kwamitin gwamnoni (tun 2018)<ref>[https://www.afdb.org/en/documents/annual-report-2019 2019 Annual Report] [[African Development Bank]] (AfDB).</ref> * Bankin ECOWAS don Zuba Jari da Ci Gaba (EBID), Tsohon Mamba na Hukumar Gwamnoni (tun a shekarar 2018) * Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya (IMF), tsohon memba na kwamitin gwamnoni (tun a shekarar 2018) * Islamic Development Bank, Tsohon Shugaban Hukumar Gwamnoni (tun a shekarar 2018) * [[Bankin Duniya|world Bank]], Tsohon Jami'in Hukumar Gwamnoni (tun a shekarar 2018) == Kyauta == A watan Oktoban shekarar 2022, shugaban kasa [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya ba ta lambar girma ta kasa ta [[Najeriya]] [[Order of the Niger|mai suna Command of the Order of the Niger]] (CON). == Duba kuma == * [[Majalisar ministocin Najeriya]] * [[Ministan Albarkatun kasa|Ministan Kudi na Najeriya]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Finance Ministers of Nigeria}} [[Category:Haihuwan 1960]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Articles with hAudio microformats]] [[Category:Mata]] [[Category:Mutane daga jihar kaduna]] apvp4wofhugb1hjl5dzerhdb4ut0sdn 0 7059 873726 871294 2026-07-01T17:37:05Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 873726 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Roundabout_in_Gusau.jpg|thumb| Zagaye a garin Gusau]] Garin '''Gusau''' dake Arewa maso Yammacin [[Najeriya]] babban birnin [[Zamfara|jihar Zamfara]] ne . Haka kuma sunan [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|ƙaramar hukumar jiha (LGA)]] mai faɗin ƙasa 3,364 . ² da yawan jama'a 383,162 kamar na ƙidayar shekara ta 2006.<ref>"Post Offices- with map of LGA". NIPOST. Archived from the original on 2012-11-26. Retrieved 2009-10-20.</ref><ref>nigerianleaders (2024-10-10). "List Of Local Government Areas In Zamfara State, And Their Chairmen". Nigerian Leaders. Retrieved 2024-12-24.</ref> == Geography == [[File:Mountain_Kwatarkwashi_1.jpg|thumb| Dutsen Kwatarkwashi, kusa da Gusau]] Gusau tana Arewa da layin da aka ja daga [[Kebbe]] zuwa [[Kano (Birni)|Kano]] a [[Najeriya]]. <ref>"The World Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01. Retrieved 2010-02-20.</ref> [[Hausawa]], ƴan asalin garin Gusau [[Hausawa]] ne da kuma jihar [[Zamfara]] [[File:Locator_Map_Gusau-Nigeria.png|alt=Image of the location of Gusau|thumb| wurin da '''Gusau take a taswira''']] Gundumar Gusau na ɗaya daga cikin Gundumomin da suka kunno kai bayan yunƙurin jihadi na ƙarni na sha tara a ƙasar [[Hausa]], ƙarƙashin jagorancin fitaccen malamin nan Sheikh [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Usmanu Danfodiyo]] . Malam Muhammadu Sambo Ɗan Ashafa, almajirin Sheikh Usumanu Danfodio ne ya kafa ta a shekara ta alif 1799. Gundumar Gusau ta yi fice ne bayan faɗuwar Yandoto a 1806. Tun daga lokacin da garin Gusau ya samu zama muhimmin matsuguni a cikin [[Daular Sokoto|Daular Sakkwato]], garin Gusau ya ja hankalin jama'a a matsayin muhimmiyar cibiyar noma da [[kasuwanci]]. Ko ta yaya, garin da kewaye ya jawo hankalin masu noma da yawa haka; manoma da masu kiwon dabbobi, musamman ma Fulani makiyaya kuma garin Gusau nada gunduma guda goma shadaya 11 wanda tahada ,mayana,sabon garin,Madawaki da galadima , Tudun Wada,wadannan sune cikin garin Gusau, su'uran guda shida 6 kewayan garin na Gusau wanda suka hada da mada,Wonaka da Ruwan Baure, Rijiya, wanke da magami,w adanan sune gunduma goma shadaya. Gusau kafin lokacin mulkin mallaka, al’ummar ta manoma ne, noma shi ne ƙashin bayan tattalin arziƙin Gusau, harkokin tattalin arƙikin al’umma a wannan zamani sun ƙunshi noma da sauran kananan sana’o’i, Ko da yake, kamar sauran noman garin Hausa ya ragu. Babban aiki a wurin akwai magina, ƙwarangwal, mahauta, [[Ƙira|maƙera]], ganguna, mawaƙan yabo, da dai sauransu.<ref>"Klimatafel von Gusau / Nigeria" (PDF). Baseline climate means (1961-1990) from stations all over the world (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Retrieved 10 August 2016.</ref> Gusau da yankin da aka bai wa Mallam Sambo Ɗan Ashafa ya kasance a cikin babban birnin daular halifanci. A Gusau bayan da Mallam Sambo da hedkwatarsu da ke Gusau ya samu a ƙarƙashin yankunan Wonaka, Ruwan Ɓore, Mada, Yandoto, Samri, Magami, Marabu, Mareri, Mutunji, Kwaren Ganuwa, Wanke da wasu gungun ƙauyuka dake kewayen Gusau, kamar sauran sassan jihar. ==Halifanci== A ɓangaren mulki baya ga masu riƙe da muƙamai da ke bayan gari, an watse garin zuwa unguwanni biyar da suka haɗa da Shiyar Magaji, Madawaki, Galadima, Mayana da Sarkin [[Fada]]. Su ne muhimman alaƙar da ke tsakanin al’ummar unguwanninsu da Sarkin Gusau (Sarkin Gusau). Ido ne da kunnuwa na Sarki. [[Gusau]] kamar sauran sassa na Halifanci yana aika kaso na kuɗaɗen shiga ga Sarkin Musulmi. Zuwan mulkin mallaka ya haifar da wasu ci gaba da sauyi na al'umma a Gusau. Kayayyakin aikin mulkin mallaka kamar titunan kwalta, titin jirgin ƙasa, shagunan zamani, kasuwanci da masana'antu na zamani duk an kawo su garin. Hakazalika, an ƙara wa garin gidaje na zamani da ofisoshi da makarantu da asibitoci waɗanda suka taimaka tare da ƙara inganta shi, da faɗaɗa shi da sabunta shi. Sai dai akwai manufofin mulkin mallaka da gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta ɓullo da su waɗanda suka canza tsarin tafiyar da harkokin siyasa. Yankin Gusau wani abu ne na rashin gaskiya. Ba rarrabuwa ba ce, amma ana kula da haka ta kowane fanni na siyasa, wanda a cikinsa yana da matsayin wurin yawon shaƙatawa. A lokacin mulkin mallaka 1907, sun gabatar da harajin shanu (Jangali). A lokacin mulkin mallaka noma ya kasance babban aikin tattalin arziƙi na Gusau, tare da ƙarfin tattalin [[arziƙi]] sannan kuma al'ummar noma ce mafi rinjaye, [[noma]] a matsayin jigon tattalin arziƙi kuma an fi gudanar da shi a Damina tare da noman manyan amfanin gona. Gusau tana da faɗin ƙasa kusan kilomita murabba'i 3469. Wurin da Gusau ke ciki ya katse shi da ƴan ƴaƴan ɓangarorin dutse, kamar Tudun Mareri da Dokau. Gusau tana jin daɗin yanayi na wurare masu zafi waɗanda talakawa biyu ke sarrafa su, wato na wurare masu zafi da kuma na ruwa.<ref>"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 2 August 2023.</ref> == Masaurautar gusau == Garin Gusau yanzu haka yana da Sarkin Katsina mai daraja ta ɗaya, HRH Alh Abdulƙadir Ibrahim Bello [[Sarkin Katsinan Gusau]] wanda [[Gwamna]] Dauda Lawal ya yi masa sarauta bayan rasuwar Mahaifinsa Dr. Ibrahim Bello a shekarar 2025. Biyo bayan mamakon ruwan sama da aka yi a yammacin Lahadi, wata mummunar ambaliyar ruwa ta lalata gidaje da dama a Gusau, babban birnin jihar Zamfara. == Yanayi == A Gusau, lokacin noman rani wani bangare ne na hazo da zafi duk tsawon shekara, yayin da damina na zalunci da kuma gajimare. Matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara-shekara yana daga 58 zuwa 100 Fahrenheit, da wuya ya faɗi ƙasa da 54 ko haɓaka sama da 105. Mafi girman lokacin ziyarar Gusau na shekara don ayyukan yanayin zafi, bisa ga kimar rairayin bakin teku, daga ƙarshen Oktoba zuwa tsakiyar Maris. Gusau tana da yanayi mai zafi na savanna ( Köppen weather classification ''Aw'' ).{{Weather box}} == Duba kuma == * [[Madatsar Ruwa ta Gusau|Gusau Dam]] * [[Filin Jirgin Sama na Gusau|Filin Jirgin Sama Gusau]] * [[Tashoshin Jiragen Ƙasa a Najeriya|Tashoshin jirgin kasa a Najeriya]] * [[Federal Medical Centre, Gusau|Federal Medical Center, Gusau]] == Manazarta == <references responsive="1"></references> [[Category:Gari]] [[Category:Gine]] [[Category:Kananan hukumomin Najeriya]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 34nosm08ietth8p50g9xwsgeyebuyzk 0 7158 873736 856029 2026-07-01T18:03:36Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 873736 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{hujja}} [[File:Fulani woman West Africa.jpg|thumb|tsohuwar (Nayejo) fulani ɗauke da ƙwaryar nono]] [[File:Washing 01.jpg|thumb|wata matar Fulani tare da Yaran ta sun kewaye ta, tana wanke-wanke]] [[Fayil:Fulani display.jpg|thumb|Fulani]] [[Fayil:SAN 7773 05 (Fulani Settlement).jpg|thumb|Rugar fulani]] [[Fayil:A Fulani girl in 1911.png|thumb|kalan shigar fulani]] [[Fayil:Fulani dancers.jpg|thumb|Rawan fulani]] [[Fayil:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Een kudde runderen van de Fulani TMnr 20010695.jpg|thumb|sun dugara dakiwun shano]] [[Fayil:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Groepsportret van een Fulani familie voor hun huis in de regio Ouargaye TMnr 20010032.jpg|thumb|rugan fulani]] '''Fulani''' ko '''Fulata''' (tilo: '''Bafulatani''' ko '''Bafillace''') <ref>Fula: Fulɓe, 𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫; French: Peul; Hausa: Fulani or Hilani; Kanuri: Fillata; Portuguese: Fula; Wolof: Pël; Bambara: Fulaw; Tyap: A̱fa̱taa</ref>[[Mutane]] ne da ke a Yamma Maso Arewacin [[Afrika]] tun a tsawon lokaci. Mafi shaharar sana'ar Fulani ita ce [[kiwo]]n [[dabbobi musammanma shanu ]] da kuma sayar da nono<ref>[https://www.rumbunilimi.com.ng/KasarHausaKiwo.html#gsc.tab=0 sanar kiwohttps://www.rumbunilimi.com.ng/KasarHausaKiwo.html#gsc.tab=0]</ref>, kuma suna tatsan [[Fura|nonon]] dabbobinsu domin <ref>Richard M. Juang (2008). Africa and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History. ABC-CLIO. p. 492. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-85109-441-7</nowiki>.</ref>sayarwa, [[Fulani]] wasu [[mutane]] ne da ke da kyakkyawar fahimta, da zamantakewar su sukan zauna da kowace ƙabilu lafiya kuma har su ƙulla aure a tsakaninsu.<ref>Felicity Crowe (2010). Modern Muslim Societies. Marshall Cavendish. p. 262. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7614-7927-7</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Steven L. Danver (2015). Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues. Routledge. pp. 31–32. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-317-46400-6</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Fulbe". homepage.univie.ac.at (in German). Archived from the original on 24 November 2021. Retrieved 30 August 2020.</ref> Kiɗiddiga ta nuna cewa akwai Fulani aƙalla miliyan talatin da biyar a [[Najeriya]].<ref>Clark, Andrew F. (1996). "The Fulbe of Bundu (Senegambia): From Theocracy to Secularization". The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 29 (1): 1–23. doi:10.2307/221416. JSTOR 221416.</ref> [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Fulani mannen en vrouwen met hun vee bij een centrale drinkplaats TMnr 20017341.jpg|thumb|Fulani da shanun su.]] [[File:Fulani Nomads.jpg|thumb|Fulani suna tashi sun ɗora yaransu a kan jaki.]] ==Harshin fullani== [[Harshen Hausa|Harshe]] ko yaren da kuma [[Fulani]] suke [[magana]] da shi sunansa [[Fulfulde]]. <ref>The homonym Fulani is also used by the Manding peoples, being the diminutive form of the word Fula in their language (with suffix -ni), essentially meaning 'little Fula'.</ref>Haka ake kiran sa a ƙasashen [[Najeriya]] da [[Nijar]] da [[Sudan]] da [[Kamaru]], amma a tushen inda suka fito, watau kamar ƙasashen [[Senegal]] da [[Mauritaniya]] da [[Gini]] da sauransu. <ref>The letter ɓ is an implosive b sound, which does not exist in English, so is replaced by b. In the orthography for languages of Guinea (pre-1985), this sound was represented by bh, so one would have written Fulbhe instead of Fulɓe.</ref>Ana kiran harshen da '''Pulaar''' ko '''Fula''.<ref>https://afrigo.org/articles/people-group-fulani/</ref> [[File:Fullani hause village area.jpg|thumb]] === ASALIN KALMAR FULANI === Da farko dai masanin ya faɗa cewar tabbataccen tarihi shi ne wanda ya zo a Alƙur'ani da Hadisai, amma duk wani abu wanda ba shi ba kan iya zamowa gurɓatacce, don haka bai doru a kan cewa wajibin duk abinda ya faɗa shi ne na gaskiya ba.<ref>Fulani: A brief walk into the origin and lifestyle of this beautiful people". Pulse Nigeria. 2022-07-06. Retrieved 2023-09-18.</ref> [[Fayil:SAN 7773 05 (Fulani Settlement).jpg|thumb|gidan fulani]] A cewar sa asalin sunan Fulani shi ne Tuta (Futa Toro), kuma suna cikin tsofaffin ƙabilun duniya ne. Shi sunan Futa ɗin sun samo shi ne daga kakansu/uban su da ake kira Futa, kuma shi jika ne ga Annabi Nuhu. Ta wajensa aka samar da Samudawa da Adawa, don haka faɗin Allah Ta Ala a Alkurani (IRAMA ZA TUL IMAAD) da ƙabilar su yake, domin an samu cewa an taɓa kiran su da suna Iramawa.<ref>Saeed, Asma’u G. (2017). "The Mahdiyya in Adamawa Emirate : the poem on the battle of Danki (1892) by Shaykh Hayāt b. Sa'īd". Journal for Islamic Studies. 36 (1): 61. ISSN 2957-9163.</ref><ref>"Hello Bello: How 'Bello' became Nigeria's most ecumenical name - Daily Trust". dailytrust.com. 2017-08-12. Retrieved 2024-11-02.</ref> Daga bisanin saboda yawaitar su ga yaƙe-yaƙe, sai aka dinga kiransu da suna Fatah, ma'ana Jarumai. Sannu a hankali kuma aka koma ambaton su da suna Futa. Yanayin zaman su a wurare kuwa shi ne silar sauyawar sunayen su, ta yadda ake kiran wasu Futa Toro, ma'ana Futawa mazaunan Toro, da Futa Masina da Futa Jallo da Futa Falgo da sauran su A cewar masanin, shi wannan sunan na FULANI, ya samo asali ne a Yammacin Afirka, sanda suka haɗu da ƙabilar MANDINKA wajen zama, waɗanda su ma kusan Fulani ne a halaye da dabi'u. Malam Ahmad ya tafi a kan cewa Fulani ƙabilar farko ce da suka soma zaman Afirka, kuma su ne suka zo da addini Yammacin Afirka. Don haka idan Fulanin sun tara 'ya'yansu, su kan sanar musu da cewa 'Ana Hulbe (Fulbe) Allah'. Ma'ana mu masu tsoron Allah ne, kada kuyi abinda Mandinkawa abokan zamanmu suke aikatawa. Daga nan sai mandinkawa masu zuwa ganin su suka rinka kiransu da suna Fulah, kafin daga bisani sunan ya rinka sauyawa zuwa Fullata, da Fulbe. ASALIN BAFILLATANI MAHANGA TA ƊAYA Malam Ahmad ya sanar mana da cewa Bafillatani ya samu ne daga Annabi Nuhu A S. Asalin zuriyarsa kuma a yankin Ɗurisinin dake da zama. A nan ne har Annabi Musa A.S ya riske su a zamaninsa lokacin da aka saukar masa da Attaurah. A lokacin suna masu bautar shanu, don haka sai ya kira iya ƙabilar sa Bani Israila zuwa bautar Allah makaɗaici. Shi ya sa sai Bani Isra'ila suka yi kwaɗayin a sanya musu abin bauta kamar yadda Futawa suke yi, har kuma Musa Samiri ya shagaltar da su tare da sanya musu ɗan maraƙi a matsayin abin bautar Annabi Musa A .S. Sai daga baya Annabin Allah Musa ya gane lamarin, sannan ya kira shugabansu mai suna Tori ya ƙarbi addini, shi ne har aka yi bikin karɓarsa ranar Asabar a jikin dutsen durisina. Fulani na kiran bikin 'Larki'. Har kuma sukan ce "RaduTori Sinin", watau ga Inda Tori ya musulunta wajen nuni da Ɗurisinin. A wannan zamanin, sai ƙabilar Futah ta kasu. Wasu suka karɓi addinin Annabi Musa bisa biyayya da shugaban su Tori, wasu kuma suka bijere, inda suka yi Hijira zuwa Afirka ta Kudu, daga jikinsu ƙabilun Chusi da ake kira Totsi yanzu suka fita, da sauran ƙabilun da suka mamaye yankunan. ASALIN BAFILLATANI MAHANGA TA BIYU Aka ce asalin Fulani tare da Yahudawa suke da zama. Don haka kusancin su ke sanyawa ake kiransu da sunan Yahudawa. Kuma su mayaƙa ne marasa tsoro, waɗanda ba sa rabo da makami, sannan suna matuƙar ɗaukaka ranar Asabar sama da sauran ranaku saboda tarayyar su da Yahudawa. Sannu a hankali suka famtsama yankin Afirka ta Yamma. ASALIN FULANI MAHANGA TA UKU Wannan mahangar kuma ta nuna cewa Fulani tsatso ne daga zuriyar Annabi Ayyuba A.S.. Aka ce a lokacin da ya zama dattijo yana wa'azi a gefen tekun Indiya, sai aka ba shi wata mace aure wadda ba ta son sa. Don hakan idan dare ya yi sai ta guje masa zuwa bayan daki, a can kuma sai sheɗan ya rinƙa zuwar mata yana tarawa da ita. A haka har ta samu rabon yaro namiji wanda baya magana da kowa. Aka yi magana a kan yadda ta samu wannan yaro dube da rashin tarayyar ta da maigidanta, amma Annabi Nuhu ya ce a kyale ta a matsayin matarsa, daga bisani hakan ya cigaba da faruwa har ta sake haifar yarinya mace. Don haka waɗannan mace da namijin da suka girma su ne suka fara amfani da yarensu sabo na Fulatanci. ==Tarihi== Fulani dai sunfito daga dangin yaren NIGER-CONGO == Arziki == == Wasanni == == Fannin tsarotsaro == == Kimiya da Fasaha == == Sifiri == === Sifirin Jirgin Sama === === Sifirin Jirgin Kasa === == Al'adu == === Mutane === === Abinci === Daga cikin muhimman abincin Fulani akwai [[Fura]]. === Tufafi === == Ilimi == == Addinai == === Musulunci === == Hotuna == === Maza === <gallery> File:Fulani Dress.jpg|Bafullatani da Bafillatana. File:Fulani herdsman.jpg|Yawancin Fulani makiyayan shanu ne. File:FULANI LOVE.jpg|Ma'aurata biyu, Miji da Mata a Fulani. File:Fulani man.jpg|Bafullatani da zane a fuskarsa. File:The Fulani traditional marriage requirements which is flogging of the Groom.jpg|Mazan Fulani suna yin shaɗi. File:The fulani rural settlement. Mostly called Rugan Fulani is a common type of settlement the fulani people within wesr african countries have. Houses are built with muds and roofing dome with straws or grasses.jpg|Ƙauyen Fulani, ko kuma Rigar Fulani. </gallery> === Mata === <gallery> File:Wiki fulani girl.jpg|Bahillatana da zane a fuskarta. File:Fulani Woman.jpg|Kayan Fulani File:Fulani Woman from Niger.jpg|Matan Fulani suna da gashi sosai a kan su. File:Nathaniel Ajibola Fulani Woman Nigeria.JPG|Bafullatana mai tallan nono. File:Fulani dancers from Northern Nigeria.jpg|Fulani na rawar al'ada. File:Fulani herdsman.jpg|Yawancin Fulani makiyayan shanu ne. </gallery> ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Category:Al'ummomin Nijeriya]] kdw763ttek5ynzgkztt8zgqh1rnvqu9 0 8698 873756 872935 2026-07-01T18:54:19Z Adamu Sani Muhammad 20906 873756 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Infobox religious biography | name = Usman Ɗan fodiyo<br>عُثْمَانْ طَࢽْ ࢻُودِیُواْ (Hausa)<br>عثمان بن فوديُ (Larabci) | title = [[Sarkin Musulmi]], [[Amir al-Mu'minin]], [[Shehu]] | image = Usman Ibn Fodiyo Calligraphy 02.png | reign = | coronation = | Predecessor =[[None]] | successor =''([[Mohammad Bello]])'':<br /> [[Muhammed Bello]], Yaro.<br />''Gabashi ([[Gwandu]])'':<br /> [[Abdullahi dan Fodio]], Dan uwa. | spouse = | spouse 1 = | spouse 2 = | spouse 3 = | spouse 4 = | issue = | dynasty = Masarautar Sokoto | royal house = | father = Mallam Muhammadu Fodio | mother = Maimuna | birth_date = 15 December 1754 | birth_place = [[Marratta, Niger Republic]] | death_date = 20 April 1817 | death_place = [[Sokoto]] | place of burial= Hubbare, Sokoto |module= |religion=[[Islam]] |denomination = [[Sunna]] |creed = Athari<ref>{{cite book|title=Islam and the Problem of Black Suffering|first=Sherman A.|last=Jackson|isbn=978-0195382068|page=81|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|date=2009}}</ref> |Maddhab = [[Malikiyya]] |Sufi_order = [[Ƙadiriya]]<ref>[http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Articles_Gen/Uthm_Fodiyo.html University of Pennsylvania African Studies Center: "An Interview on usman dan Fodiyo" by Shireen Ahmed] 22 June 1995</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Islamic Reform and Political Change in Northern Nigeria|last=Loimeier|first=Roman|isbn=978-0810128101|date=2011|page=21|publisher=Northwestern University Press}}</ref> |founder=Ƙasar Musulunci|honorific prefix=Shehu Usumanu|children=*[[Nana Asma'u]] *[[Muhammadu Bello]]|native_name=عثمان بن فودي|jurisprudence=[[Malikiyya]]}} [[Fayil:مقدمة نانا أسماء بنت عثمان فودي.png|thumb]] [[Fayil:The tomb of Usman dan Fodiyo.png|thumb|Gidan usman dan fodiyao]] [[Fayil:Usman Ibn Fodiyo Calligraphy 02.png|thumb|Hoton Zanen sunan Usman Dan Fodiyo]] [[Fayil:مقدمة نانا أسماء بنت عثمان فودي.png|thumb|muqaddimar yar usman dan fodio]] Shehu '''Usman Dan Fodiyo:''' An haife shi ne a ranar Lahadi ta karshen watan Safar, 15 ga watan Disamba shekara ta (1754) a garin [[Marratta]], [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marratta, a yankin Madawa, ta Jamhurriyar Nijar.]{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Ya rasu a ranar 20, ga watan [https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/april Afrilu] shekara ta (1817 ) a cikin garin [[Sokoto]] Dake arewa maso yammacin kasar Nigeria. Sunan shehin malamin Usman bin Fodiyo da {{Lang-ar|عثمان بن فودي}} ) Fodiyo kalmar fullatanci ce wato Mujaddadi. Sunan mahaifin sa Malam Muhammadu fodiyo, mahaifiyar sa Hauwa'u. Yana da yara sama da (27) da matan da ya aura hudu (4) da kuyanga daya (1)ba a samu bayanin yadda ya auri mata sama da hudu ba. Ƴaƴayen sa biyu, wadanda aka fi sani sune: ɗan sa namiji mai suna [[Muhammadu Bello|Muhammadu Bello,]] da kuma ƴarsa mai suna [[Nana Asma'u]].<ref>Hunwick, John O. 1995. "Arabic Literature in Africa: the Writings of Central Sudanic Africa (pp.</ref> <ref>Hunwick, John O. 1995. "Arabic Literature in Africa: the Writings of Central Sudanic Africa </ref> Ana masa laƙabi da Mujaddadi ko Shehu. Shi ne kuma jagoran jihadi na jaddada addinin [[Musulunci]] a ƙasar [[Hausa]], tunda ya taso yaga an daɗe da [[musulunci]] a wajen sama da shekar, 400 kafin a haife shi amma a daidai wannan lokacin al'ummar kasar hausa suna sukar addinin [[musulunci]] da gargajiya. Domin karin bayanin ka karanta littafinsa na [[Wasikatul Ikhwan]]. Shehu Usman Dan Fodiyo Malamin addinin [[Musulunci]] ne, [[Marubuci]], kuma wanda ya kafa daular [[Musulunci]] cikin ƙasar Hausa a Sakkwato.Ya kasance malamin [[Fulani]], malamin addini, mai son kawo sauyi, kuma shi ne ya kafa Daular [[Daular Sokoto|Khalifancin Sokoto]].<ref>I. Suleiman, ''The African Caliphate: The Life, Works and Teachings of Shaykh Usman Dan Fodiyo (1757-1817)'' (2009)</ref>. Dan Fodio ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin wayayyun mutane a cikin [[Fulani]] na farko. Shehu Usman Ɗan fodiyo malamin [[Sunnah]] ne mabiyin koyarwa akan tsarin Babban Malamin nan wato [[Malik Ibn Anas|Imam Malik]] wanda ake ƙira da Maliki. Yayi duk rayuwarsa ne a ƙasar [[Najeriya]]. Ana masa laƙabi da Amir-al-mumin<ref>citation needed</ref> Usman Ɗan Fodiyo kuma jagoran Daular Usmaniyya [[Sakkwato|da afrika gaba daya]] . A matsayin sa na malamin addinin [[musulunci]] kuma mai karantarwa akan [[Malikiyya|Mazhabar Malikiyya]] ya rayu a garin [[Gobir]] har zuwa shekara ta (1802) ya zama Sarkin Gobir Bawa Jangwarzo ya riƙe shi tamkar ɗan da ya haifa.<ref>I.Suleiman, ''The African Caliphate: The Life, Works and Teachings of Shaykh Usman Dan Fodiyo (1757-1817)'' (2009).</ref>. <ref>https://religiondocbox.com/Islam/68196378-University-of-maiduguri-centre-for-distance-learning.html{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo yayi yaki a tsakanin shekara ta (1804) har zuwa shekara ta (1812) ya fito ne daga ƙabilar Toronkawa na fulani.<ref>Miles, William F. S. (1994). ''Hausaland divided: colonialism and independence in Nigeria and Niger''.p.46</ref> [[Shehu Usman Dan Fodiyo]] ya kasance daga zuriyar ɗaya daga cikin dangin (Toronkawa) na ƙabilar [[Fulani|Fulanin]] dake zaune a cikin [[Hausa Bakwai|Masarautun Hausa]] tun daga farkon shekara ta (1400). <ref>{{Cite book|title=a Short history of WEST AFRICA A.D 1000-1800|last=T. A. Osae & S. N. Nwabara|publisher=Hodder and Stoughton|year=1968|isbn=0-340-07771-9|location=Great Britain|pages=80}}</ref> A yankin da ke [[Arewacin Najeriya|arewacin]] [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]] a yanzu, ya kasance yana bin karantarwar [[Malikiyya]] makaranta ta [[Fiƙihu|fiƙhu]] (Islamic fikihu) da kuma nuni wajen bin tsarin Musulunci haka nan kuma yana bin [[ɗarikar ƙadiriyya]] a ɗarikun sufaye. Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya rubuta littattafai sama da ɗari waɗanda suka shafi [[addini|addini musulunci]], [[Gwamnati|mulki]], [[Al'ada|al'adu]], da kuma zamantakewar al'umma. Bayan haka Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya ci gaba da sukar manyan musulman Afirika da ke akwai saboda abin da ya gani a matsayin son zuciyarsu da maguzanci da keta [[Shari'a|dokokin Shari'a]] da amfani da haraji mai yawa.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}}. Ya ƙarfafa karatu ga mata har da maza, saboda haka 'ya'yansa mata da yawa sun zama malamai marubuta. An ci gaba da kawo rubuce-rubucensa Usman Dan Fodiyo ne da kuma maganganunsa a yau. Wasu mabiyan suna daukar Usman Ɗan Fodiyo a matsayin [[Mujaddidi|mujaddadi]] mai wahayi daga Allah "mai gyara addinin Islama" har suna neman kai shi matsayi kamar wani annabi da Allah ya aiko saboda jahilci.<ref>John O. Hunwick. African And Islamic Revival in Sudanic Africa: A Journal of Historical Sources : #6 (1995).</ref> Tashin cigaban Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo yayi wani yunkuri ne da aka bayyana a matsayin masu jahadi na Fulani a ƙarni na goma sha bakwai (17) da sha takwas (18) har zuwa na sha tara. Ya biyo bayan jahadi cikin nasara da akayi a Futa Bundu, Futa Tooro da kuma Futa Djallon a tsakanin shekarar alif (1650) zuwa alif (1750) wanda ya haifar da ƙirƙirar waɗannan ƙasashe guda uku na Islama. A nasa bangaren Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya yi wa wasu da dama daga cikin jahadin Afirika ta yamma wanda daga baya, ciki har da na Shehu Ahmadu, wanda ya kafa daular Massina da Umar Sa'idu Tall, wanda ya kafa daular Toucouleur wanda ya auri ɗaya daga cikin jikokin ɗan Fodiyo da kuma Modibbo Adama wanda ya kafa ta, a masarautar Adamawa cikin Najeriya. [ana bukatar hujja]. == Farkon rayuwa: == An haifi Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ne a cikin garin Maratta a (garin gobir) a ranar lahadi 29 ga watan [[Safar]] a shekarar alif 1168 H.J wanda yayi dai-dai da ranar 15 ga watan [[Disamba|Disamban]] shekarar alif 1754, kuma ya fito ne daga cikin tsatson Fulanin Jakolo ne.<ref name=":0">Reserch and Documentation Directors Government House, [[Kano]]. [[Kano]] Millennium,100 years in History. p38</ref> Ya kasance Fikihu ne kuma Ɗan ɗariƙa ne a farkon rayuwarsa, Bayan haka kuma yana bin mazahaban [[malikiyya]] ne a fannin [[ilmi|ilimi]] na [[addini]] da [[Faqihi|Fikihu]]. == Ilimi: == Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya haddace Qur'ani yana da ƙananan shekaru a rayuwarsa a ƙarƙashin kulawar mahaifinsa.<ref name=":1" />Ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin malamai irinsu: Shaykh Jibril B.Umar, Shaykh Uthman Biddur ibn Al-amin, Shaykh Ahmad ibn Muhammad da kuma Shaykh Al-Hajj Muhammad Raj.<ref name=":1">Reserch and Documentation Directors Government House, [[Kano]]. Millennium:100 years in History. p39</ref>Ɗan Fodiyo ya fara karantarwa ne yana da kimanin shekara 20 a rayuwarsa.<ref name=":1" /> Ɗan Fodiyo yana bin ɗarikancin Shaykh [[Abdulƙadir Gilani|Abd-al-Qadir Al-jaylani]], wanda shi ne ya samar da ɗarikar [[Ƙadiriya]]. == Jihadin Shehu Dan Fodiyo: == Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya yi jihadi ne ta hanyar ƙira zuwa ga [[Musulunci]], da kuma yaƙan sarakunan [[Haɓe]], bayan Sarkin [[Gobir]] mai suna [[Yumfa]] ya yi masa barazanar kawar da shi saboda da'awar da yake yi zuwa ga '''[[Musulunci]]''', hakan ne ya tirsasa Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo yayi hijira zuwa wani guri, Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya yi yaƙi da Yumfa Sarkin Gobir na wancan lokacin a shekarar alif 1804 a watan (Yuli miladiya) wanda [[Abdullahi]] ne ya kasan ce kwamandan yaƙin, an karya mulkin Yumfa ne a ranar 3 ga watan Oktobar alif 1808, inda aka ci garin da yaki aka kuma ƙwace garin [[Alƙalawa]], wanda a lokacin garin Alƙalawa shi ne babban birnin Gobir. Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya yaƙi garin Gobir a dalilin tabbatar da addinin [[Musulunci]] a shekarar alif 1804.<sup>(p249)</sup> Bayan shekara takwas, yawancin ƙasashen Hausa Fulani sun cisu da yaƙi. Masu sarauta ƴan Haɓe Fulani sun karɓa mulki daga gurinsu. An yaƙi Gobirawa ne a tafkin kwatto, shi yasa ake kiran yaƙin da yaƙin kwato ko kwatto.<ref>Furniss, Graham. (1996). ''Poetry, prose and popular culture in Hausa''.p.349</ref><ref>Miles, William F. S. (1994). ''Hausaland divided : colonialism and independence in Nigeria and Niger''.p.249</ref><ref>Reserch and Documentation Directors Government House, [[Kano]]. Millennium:100 years in History. p.p, 44-45.</ref>. === [[Kano|Kano:]] === Fulanin Kano sun wakilta Ɗan Zabuwa na ƙabilar [[Fulani]] na Daneji. Da yaje [[Sakkwato]] ya karɓo tuta, an bashi tuta amman ba a wakilta sarki ba. A wannan lokacin sarkin Haɓe na [[Kano]] mai suna Alwali an yaƙe shi a Ɗan Yahaiya, wani gari ne mil 25 arewa dake garin kano, sai Alwali ya gudu [[Zaria]], da yaga bai samu matsugunni ba sai ya gudu Burum, a inda aka kai masa farmaki aka kashe shi. Mallam Jemo ne ya hallaka shi, bayan mutanenshi ƙabilar [[Fulani]] suka je gurin Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo suka buƙace shi da ya naɗa sarki a [[Kano]], sai Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya naɗa musu Suleiman Ɗan Modibawa a matsayin sarki a shekara alif 1809. Bayan rasuwar sa ne aka naɗa Mallam Jemo, wanda sananne ne kuma mayaƙi, wanda yake da ɗa mai suna Ibrahim Dabo.<ref>Being a tradition letters found in the house of waziri of sokoto,Bohari,in 1703, Edited by H.F Backwell.p.4</ref> A ƙarni na goma 10th wasu mafarauta sun zauna  a [[Dutsen Dala]], [[Gwauron Dutse]], Magwan da Fanisau.<ref>Reserch and Documentation Directors Government House, [[Kano]]. Millennium:100 years in History.p.73.[[ISBN]]: [tel:978-881-0958-6 978-881-0958-6]</ref> Waɗannan mutanen suna yin tsafi ne da kuma bautawa aljana ko gunki mai suna [[Tsunburbura]], [[Barbushe]] shi ne babban malamin wannan bauta. Duk farkon shekaran kalandan Hijira, [[Barbushe]] yana shiga cikin wannan gidan tsafin yazo ma mutane da sabon saƙo, inda jama’a suke taruwa kewaye da gidan suna jiran saƙo, idan aka gaya musu saƙon, sai suyi yanke-yanke na akuyoyi da karnika ga Tsunburbura. Wata rana sai [[Barbushe]] ya fito yace ma jama’a za ayi wani lokaci da wani zai yaƙe mu yaci garinmu da yaƙi ya gina masallatai ya kawo [[Musulunci]].<ref>Reserch and Documentation Directors Government House, [[Kano]]. Millennium:100 years in History.p.74. [[ISBN]]: [tel:978-881-0958-6 978-881-0958-6]</ref> === [[Katsina (jiha)|Katsina]]: === '''A Katsina''' kuma sai Shehu ya naɗa [[Ummarun Dallaje]] shugaban [[Fulani]] a matsayin mariƙin tutar [[Musulunci]] kuma sarki. [[Magaji Halidu]] shine sarkin Haɓe na ƙarshe, wanda Malam Ummaru Dallaje ya amsa garin [[Katsina]] a gurinshi a shekarar alif 1807. Bayan rasuwar Ummaru a shekarar alif 1835, wani ɗan tsatsan ƙabilar [[Haɓe]] mai suna Ɗan Mari ya haɗa kai da [[Rumawa]], domin ƙwace garin [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]], inda ya kafa tantinsa a [[Matazu]], ammah an yaƙe shi.<ref>Being a tradition letters found in the house of waziri of [[sokoto]], Bohari, in 1703, Edited by H.F Backwell.p.4</ref> === [[Daura]]: === Sarkin Daura [[Gwari Abdu]] sarki ne na [[Haɓe]] a shekarar alif 1800 a masarautar Daura, a shekarar alif 1805 har zuwa Shekarar alif 1807, sarkin [[Daura]] [[Gwari]] Abdu ya gudu ya bar [[Daura]] saboda samame da Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya kawo a [[Daura]]. Hakan yasa aka samu sabon sarki mai suna [[Ishi'aku|Malam Ishi'aku]], Abdu Gwari ya gudu ne tare da tawagarsa, inda ya ɓoye a cikin Ƙasar [[Hausa]], da niyyar zai dawo ya ƙwace ƙasar [[Daura]] daga hannun [[Fulani]].<ref>Miles, William F. S. (1994). ''Hausaland divided : colonialism and independence in Nigeria and Niger''.p.70</ref> Daga baya sai ya zauna a Yekuwa.<ref>Miles, William F. S. (1994). ''Hausaland divided : colonialism and independence in Nigeria and Niger''.p.72</ref> == Mulki: == == Iyali da dangi; == Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo tsatson [[Musa Jakolo]] ne.<ref>Reserch and Documentation Directors Government House, [[Kano]].Kano Millennium:100 years in History.p. 38. [[ISBN]]: [tel:978-881-0958-6 978-881-0958-6]</ref>. An bayyana cewa Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya wuce ƙafa shida tsawo, ya yi kama da mahaifiyarsa Sayyda Hauwa Hisan, dan uwansa [[Abdullahi dan Fodiyo|Abdullahi Ɗan Fodiyo]] (a shekara ta alif 1761 zuwa shekarar a1829) shi ma ya wuce ƙafa shida a tsayi kuma an bayyana shi da kamannin mahaifinsu Muhammad Fodiyo, tare da launin fata mai duhu da kuma kyakkyawar ma'amala a rayuwarsa. A cikin Rawd al-Janaan (Makiyayan Aljanna), Waziri Gidado Ɗan Laima (a shekara ta alif 1777 zuwa shekarar 1851) ya lissafa matan Ɗan Fodiyo kamar haka: Ta farko Maimuna wacce ta haifa masa yara 11, ciki har da Aliyu (1770s-1790s) da tagwayen Hasan (a shekara ta alif, 1793 zuwa Nuwamban shekarar 1817) da [[Nana Asma'u]] (a shekara ta 1793 zuwa shekarar 1864). Maimuna ta rasu wani lokaci bayan haihuwar ƙaramar yarta. '''Aisha ƴar Muhammad Sa'ad ;An''' kuma san ta da suna "Gaabdo" (Farin Ciki a Fulfulde) da kuma "Iyya Garka" (Uwar gida). Iyya Garka ta shahara ne saboda ilimin addinin Musulunci da kasancewarta 'yar dangi. Ta haifi 'ya'ya da yawa. Daga cikin wasu, ita ce mahaifiyar: * Muhammad Sa'ad (1777-kafin 1804). Babban ɗan Shehu ɗan Fodiyo da ya rage, an san shi da neman ilimi. * Khadija (c.1778-1856). Mai kula da yar' uwarta Asma'u da Aisha al-Kammu, matar ɗan uwanta [[Muhammadu Bello|Muhammad]] Bello. Ta auri Malam Mustafa (c.1770-1855), babban sakataren Shaykh Usman ɗan Fodiyo. Itace mahaifiyar Sheikh Abdul Qadir ɗan Tafa (1803-1864), Sufi, malamin addinin Musulunci kuma masanin tarihi. * Muhammad Sambo (c.1780-1826). Babban malamin Ɗarikar Sufanci na Kadiriyya, Sambo shi ne na farko da yayi mubaya'a ga ƙanensa Bello lokacin da ya zama Khalifa a shekarar 1817. * Muhammad Buhari (a shekara ta 1785 zuwa shekarar 1840). Buhari ya kasance masani kuma Laftana ga Sarakunan Sakkwato. Ya kasance Sarkin hamayyar [[Tambuwal]], kuma ya shahara da kamfen a Nupe tare da Sarakunan Gwandu. Muhammad Buhari shine kakan Sarkin Musulmi [[Ibrahim Dasuki]]. '''Hauwa: wacce''' aka fi sani da "Inna Garka" (Uwar Gida a Hausance) da Bikaraga. An bayyana ta a matsayin mai saukin kai ga ina [[Zuhudu]]. Daga cikin ‘ya’yanta akwai: * [[Muhammadu Bello|Muhammad Bello]] (a shekara ta a a alif 1781 zuwa shekarar 1837) Sarkin Musulmi na biyu. Mawallafin littafin tarihin Jihadin Fulani (Infaq al-Maysur) kuma shahararren malami. * [[Abubakar Atiku|Abu Bakr Atiku]] (1783-1842), Sarkin Musulmi na uku. An san Atiku saboda ya gaji yawancin sirrin mahaifinsa. Ya yi mulki tsakanin 1837 da 1842 kuma ya mutu biyo bayan haɗari a tsibiri. * Fatima (1787-1838), wacce aka fi sani da "Mo 'Inna" ('yar Inna, don rarrabe ta da wata Fatima). Ta auri Sarkin Yaƙi Aliyu Jedo, janar na sojojin Sokoto '''Hajjo''', wanda mahaifinsa ne ya yi wa Abdulqadir (1807-1836) wanda aka fi sani da ɗaya daga cikin fitattun mawaqan Sakkwato'''.''' AbdulQadir ya mutu ne sakamakon raunin da ya samu a lokacin yaƙin neman zaɓen Sultan Bello, a Zamfara. An binne shi a Baraya Zaki. '''Shatura''', wanda ya kasance shi ne mahaifin [[Ahmadu Rufai|Ahmadu Rufa'i]] (a shekara ta 1812 zuwa shekarar 1873). Rufa'i shi ne Sarkin [[Silame]] sannan daga baya ya zama Sarkin Musulmi (a shekara ta 1867 zuwa shekarar 1873). Ta wurin ƙwaraƙwaran sa Mariyatu, Sheykh Ɗan Fodiyo ya haifi: * Amina. * Ibrahim Dasuki. * Hajara. * ''Uwar Deji'' Maryam (c.1808- fl. 1880s). Maryam ƴan Shehu malama ce kamar 'yar uwarta Khadija, Fatima da Asma'u. Bayan rasuwar waɗannan, ta jagoranci kungiyar 'Yan Taru wacce ta bunƙasa ilimin mata. An fara aurenta da Muhammad Adde ɗan Waziri Gidado, wanda ta haifa masa 'ya'ya mata biyu. Bayan rasuwar marigayin, ta auri Sarkin Kano Ibrahim Dabo (r. 1819-1846). Ba ta da yara a cikin ƙungiyarta ta biyu. Maryam tayi tasiri sosai bayan dawowarta Sokoto a cikin shekarun 1840s. Ta kasance mai ba da shawara mai tasiri ga ƴaƴanta wadanda suka zama Sarakuna, kuma galibi tana aiki a matsayin mai tuntuɓar mu'amala da Kano. A shekarun 1880 lokacin mulkin Sarkin Musulmi Umar ɗan Ali dan Bello (alif,18811892), ta rubuta wasiƙa zuwa ga ɗan uwantaSarkin Kano Muhammad Bello (a 1883-1893) na Kano, tana mai yin tir da abin da ɗan uwanta Hayatu ya yi, ɗan Sai'd ɗan Sultan Bello (a shekara ta 1840 zuwa shekarar 1898), wanda ke tallata yawan kaura zuwa Adamawa, a matsayin "amil" na Sudan din [[Muhammad Ahmad|Muhammad Muhammad Ahmad]]. * Malam Isa (1817-c.17070), wanda ya kasance ɗan ƙarami kuma ɗan Shaykh Ɗan Fodiyo.Tare da Asma'u, ya fassara cikin harsunan Hausa da Larabci, yawancin ayyukan mahaifinsa waɗanda aka rubuta da Fulfulde. Shi ma Malam Isa ya kasance ɗan uwansa Sultan Bello ya sanya masa suna Yammah. Ya mutu wani lokaci a lokacin mulkin Sultan Rufa'i (a shekara alif 1867 zuwa shekara 1873). == Ayyuka: == Shehu Usman Ɗan fodiyo ya wallafa littatafai da yawa, musamman domin karantar da mutane haƙiƙanin addinin musulunci. Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya rubuta littatafai da yawa kuma ya umurci mutanensa da su rubuta littatafai, akan addini da kuma tarihinsu. Daular Usman Ɗan Fodiyo tayi mulki ne na tsawon shekara Ɗari (100), daga shekarar alif 1804 zuwa shekarar alif 1903, bayan Zuwan turawan mulkin mallaka.<ref>Furniss, Graham. (1996).''Poetry,prose and popular culture in Hausa.p.349''</ref> A garin Alƙalawa dake masarautar Gobir ne inda Usman yake zuwa domin ganin Bawa.<ref name=":5">Furniss, Graham (1996).''Poetry,prose and popular culture in Hausa.p.372''</ref> Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya rubuta littatafai da yawa, kuma yana umurtar mutanen sa da su rubuta littatafai.<ref name=":5" /> A ƙarni na 20 musulman ƙasar Hausa sun samu tsaiko da naƙasu a kan ilmantar da mata, bayan Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo a ƙarni na 19 ya nuna muhimmancin bama mata ilimi, a inda ya fara kira ga neman ilimi.<ref name=":6">Furniss, Graham. (1996).''Poetry,prose and popular culture in Hausa.p.373''</ref> Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo yana cewa, “shaidancin Illar barin mata a cikin jahilci, ba tare da sun samu ilimi akan kawunansu ba har ma ya zamana cewa basu san addini kwata-kwata ba, yafi girman munin shaiɗanci fiye da cakuɗasu tare da maza.”<ref name=":6" /> Shuehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo yana da littatafai kimanin 73.<ref>Bobboyi,H.,Yakubu Mahmood. 1st Ed, p.385-387</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+ !s/n !Suna |- |1 |Al-madkhal<ref name=":1" /> |- |2 |Wathiqat ahl al-|Wathiqat ahl al-Sudan |- |3 |Al-farq<ref>Bobboyi, H.,Yakubu Mahmood. 1st Ed, p.351 </ref> |- |4 |Bayan Wujub al-Hijra |- |5 |Ihya' us Sunnah wa Ikhmad al-Bid'ah |}{{s-start}} {{succession box|before=Babu kowa|title=[[Sarkin Musulmi]] na Farko|years=1804–1815|after=[[Muhammed Bello]]}} {{s-end}}. == Karatu: == {{refbegin}} * Writings of Usman dan Fodiyo, in The Human Record: Sources of Global History, Fourth Edition/ Volume II: Since 1500, {{ISBN|978-12858702-43}} (page:233-236) * Asma'u, Nana. ''Collected Works of Nana Asma'u''.Jean Boyd and Beverly B. Mack,eds. East Lansing, Michigan: University of Michigan Press, 1997. * Omipidan Teslim [https://oldnaija.wordpress.com/2016/02/04/usman-dan-fodiyo-1754-1817/ Usman Dan Fodiyo (1754–1817)]{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} OldNaija * Mervyn Hiskett. The Sword of Truth: The Life and Times of the Shehu Usuman Dan Fodiyo. Northwestern Univ Pr; 1973, Reprint edition (March 1994). {{ISBN|0-8101-1115-2}} * Ibraheem Sulaiman. The Islamic State and the Challenge of History: Ideals, Policies, and Operation of the Sokoto Caliphate. Mansell (1987). {{ISBN|0-7201-1857-3}} * Ibraheem Sulaiman. A Revolution in History: The Jihad of Usman dan Fodiyo. * Isam Ghanem. The Causes and Motives of the Jihad in Northern Nigeria. in Man, New Series, Vol. 10, No. 4 (Dec., 1975), pp.&nbsp;623–624 * Usman 6 Bugaje. ''The Tradition of Tajdeed in West Africa: An Overview''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webstar.co.uk/~ubugaje/tradtajdid.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2007-12-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121114859/http://www.webstar.co.uk/~ubugaje/tradtajdid.html |archive-date=21 January 2008 }} </ref> International Seminar on Intellectual Tradition in the Sokoto Caliphate & Borno. Center for Islamic Studies, University of Sokoto (June 1987) * Usman Muhammad Bugaje. The Contents, Methods and Impact of Shehu Usman Dan Fodio's Teachings (1774–1804)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.webstar.co.uk/~ubugaje/udfcontmethimpact.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=28 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928083049/http://www.webstar.co.uk/~ubugaje/udfcontmethimpact.pdf |archive-date=28 September 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * Usman Muhammad Bugaje. ''The Jihad of Shaykh Usman Dan Fodiyo and its Impact Beyond the Sokoto Caliphate''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webstar.co.uk/~ubugaje/beyond.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2007-12-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121114841/http://www.webstar.co.uk/~ubugaje/beyond.html |archive-date=21 January 2008}}</ref> A Paper read at a Symposium in Honour of Shaykh Usman Dan Fodiyo at [[International University of Africa]], Khartoum, Sudan, from 19 to 21 November 1995. * Usman Muhammad Bugaje. ''Shaykh Uthman Ibn Fodiyo and the Revival of Islam in Hausaland'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webstar.co.uk/~ubugaje/shyri.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2007-12-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121114850/http://www.webstar.co.uk/~ubugaje/shyri.html |archive-date=21 January 2008}}</ref> (1996). * Helen Chapin Metz, ed. Nigeria: A Country Study.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.country-studies.com/nigeria/usman-dan-fodiyo-and-the-sokoto-caliphate.html|title=Nigeria Usman Dan Fodiyo and the Sokoto Caliphate|access-date=8 October 2014}}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1991. * B. G. Martin. Muslim Brotherhoods in Nineteenth-Century Africa. 1978. * Jean Boyd. The Caliph's Sister, Nana Asma'u, 1793–1865: Teacher, Poet and Islamic Leader. *Lapidus, Ira M. A History of Islamic Societies. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2014. pg 469–472 * Nikki R. Keddie. The Revolt of Islam, 1700 to 1993: Comparative Considerations & Relations to Imperialism. in Comparative Studies in Society & History, Vol. 36, No. 3 (Jul., 1994), pp.&nbsp;463–487 * R. A. Adeleye. Power and Diplomacy in Northern Nigeria 1804–1906. 1972. * Hugh A.S. Johnston . Fulani Empire of Sokoto. Oxford: 1967. {{ISBN|0-19-215428-1}}. * S. J. Hogben and [[A. H. M. Kirk-Greene]], ''The Emirates of Northern Nigeria'', Oxford: 1966. * J. S. Trimgham, ''Islam in West Africa'', Oxford, 1959. * 'Umar al-Nagar. The Asanid of Shehu Dan Fodiyo: How Far are they a Contribution to his Biography?, Sudanic Africa, Volume 13, 2002 (pp.&nbsp;101–110). * Paul E. Lovejoy. Transformations in Slavery – A History of Slavery in Africa. No 36 in the African Studies series, Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|0-521-78430-1}}. * Paul E. Lovejoy. Fugitive Slaves: Resistance to Slavery in the Sokoto Caliphate, In Resistance: Studies in African, Caribbean, & Afro-American History University of Massachusetts. (1986). * Paul E. Lovejoy, Mariza C. Soares (Eds). Muslim Encounters With Slavery in Brazil. Markus Wiener Pub ( 2007) {{ISBN|1-55876-378-3}}. * F. H. El-Masri, "The life of Uthman b. Foduye before the Jihad", Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria (1963), pp.&nbsp;435–48. * M. A. Al-Hajj, "The Writings of Shehu Uthman Dan Fodiyo", Kano Studies,Nigeria (1), 2(1974/77). * David Robinson. "Revolutions in the Western Sudan," in [[Levtzion, Nehemia]] and Randall L.Pouwels (eds).The History of Islam in Africa Oxford: James Currey Ltd, 2000. * ''Bunza''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.arewahouseabung.org/Bunza.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2009-06-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100714082345/http://www.arewahouseabung.org/Bunza.pdf |archive-date=14 July 2010}}</ref> {{refend}}. == Mutuwarsa == A shekarar alif, 1815, Usman ya koma [[Sokoto (Birni)|Sokoto]], inda Bello ya gina masa gida a yankunan yamma. Daga lokacin Usman ɗan Fodio zuwa [[Tarihin mulkin mallaka na Arewacin Najeriya|Nasarar Burtaniya]] a farkon karni na 20 akwai Khalifofi goma sha biyu. == Bibiliyo == * Bobboyi, H., Yakubu, Mahmud.(2006). The Sokoto Caliphate: history and legacies, 1804-2004, 1st Ed. Kaduna, Nigeria:Arewa House. [[ISBN]] [tel:978-135-166-7 978-135-166-7] * Hamman, Mahmoud, 1950- (2007). ''The Middle Benue region and the Sokoto Jihad, 1812-1869 : the impact of the establishment of the Emirate of Muri''. Kaduna: Arewa House, Ahmadu Bello University. <nowiki>ISBN 978-125-085-2</nowiki>. OCLC 238787986. *Asma'u, Nana, 1793-1865. (1999). ''The collected works of Nana Asma'u, daughter of Usman ɗan Fodiyo, (1793-1864)''. Boyd, Jean., Mack, Beverly B. (Beverly Blow), 1952- (Nigerian ed ed.). Ibadan, Nigeria: Sam Bookman Publishers. <nowiki>ISBN 978-2165-84-0</nowiki>. OCLC 316802318. *Staudinger, Paul. (1990). ''In the heart of the Hausa states''. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Center for International Studies. <nowiki>ISBN 0-89680-160-8</nowiki>. OCLC 21559544. * Writings of Usman ɗan Fodiyo, in The Human Record: Sources of Global History, Fourth Edition/ Volume II: Since 1500, <nowiki>ISBN 978-12858702-43</nowiki> (page:233-236) * Asma'u, Nana. ''Collected Works of Nana Asma'u''. Jean Boyd and Beverly B. Mack, eds. East Lansing, Michigan: University of Michigan Press, 1997. * Omipidan Teslim Usman Ɗan Fodiyo (1754-1817) OldNaija. * Mervyn Hiskett. The Sword of Truth: The Life and Times of the Shehu Usuman Ɗan Fodiyo. Northwestern Univ Pr; 1973, Reprint edition (March 1994). <nowiki>ISBN 0-8101-1115-2</nowiki> * Ibraheem Sulaiman. The Islamic State and the Challenge of History: Ideals, Policies, and Operation of the Sokoto Caliphate. Mansell (1987). <nowiki>ISBN 0-7201-1857-3</nowiki> * Ibraheem Sulaiman. A Revolution in History: The Jihad of Usman ɗan Fodio. * Isam Ghanem. The Causes and Motives of the Jihad in Northern Nigeria. in Man, New Series, Vol. 10, No. 4 (Dec., 1975), pp. 623–624 * Usman Muhammad Bugaje. ''The Tradition of Tajdeed in West Africa: An Overview'' International Seminar on Intellectual Tradition in the Sokoto Caliphate & Borno. Center for Islamic Studies, University of Sokoto (June 1987) * Usman Muhammad Bugaje. The Contents, Methods and Impact of Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo's Teachings (1774-1804) * Usman Muhammad Bugaje. ''The Jihad of Shaykh Usman Ɗan Fodiyo and its Impact Beyond the Sokoto Caliphate''. A Paper read at a Symposium in Honour of Shaykh Usman Dan Fodiyo at International University of Africa, Khartoum, Sudan, from 19 to 21 November 1995. * Usman Muhammad Bugaje. ''Shaykh Uthman Ibn Fodiyo and the Revival of Islam in Hausaland'', (1996). * Helen Chapin Metz, ed. Nigeria: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1991. * B. G. Martin. Muslim Brotherhoods in Nineteenth-Century Africa. 1978. * Jean Boyd. The Caliph's Sister, Nana Asma'u, 1793–1865: Teacher, Poet and Islamic Leader. * Lapidus, Ira M. A History of Islamic Societies. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2014. pg 469-472 * Nikki R. Keddie. The Revolt of Islam, 1700 to 1993: Comparative Considerations & Relations to Imperialism. in Comparative Studies in Society & History, Vol. 36, No. 3 (Jul., 1994), pp. 463–487 * R. A. Adeleye. Power and Diplomacy in Northern Nigeria 1804–1906. 1972. * Hugh A.S. Johnston . Fulani Empire of Sokoto. Oxford: 1967. <nowiki>ISBN 0-19-215428-1</nowiki>. * S. J. Hogben and A. H. M. Kirk-Greene, ''The Emirates of Northern Nigeria'', Oxford: 1966. * J. S. Trimgham, ''Islam in West Africa'', Oxford, 1959. * 'Umar al-Nagar. The Asanid of Shehu Ɗan Fodiyo: How Far are they a Contribution to his Biography?, Sudanic Africa, Volume 13, 2002 (pp. 101–110). * Paul E. Lovejoy. Transformations in Slavery - A History of Slavery in Africa. No 36 in the African Studies series, Cambridge University Press, <nowiki>ISBN 0-521-78430-1</nowiki>. * Paul E. Lovejoy. Fugitive Slaves: Resistance to Slavery in the Sokoto Caliphate, In Resistance: Studies in African, Caribbean, & Afro-American History. University of Massachusetts. (1986). * Paul E. Lovejoy, Mariza C. Soares (Eds). Muslim Encounters With Slavery in Brazil. Markus Wiener Pub ( 2007) <nowiki>ISBN 1-55876-378-3</nowiki> * F. H. El-Masri, "The life of Uthman b. Foduye before the Jihad", Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria (1963), pp. 435–48. * M. A. Al-Hajj, "The Writings of Shehu Uthman Dan Fodiyo", Kano Studies, Nigeria (1), 2(1974/77). * David Robinson. "Revolutions in the Western Sudan," in Levtzion, Nehemia and Randall L. Pouwels (eds). The History of Islam in Africa. Oxford: James Currey Ltd, 2000. * ''Bunza''<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20100714082345/http://www.arewahouseabung.org/Bunza.pdf</ref> *Lapidus, Ira M.(2014) A History of Islamic Societies. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. *Reserch and Documentation Directors Government House, [[Kano]].Kano Millennium:100 years in History. [[ISBN]]: [tel:978-881-0958-6 978-881-0958-6] *Miles, William F. S. (1994). ''Hausaland divided : colonialism and independence in Nigeria and Niger''. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-8014-7010-3</nowiki>. OCLC 624196914. *·''Warfare in the Sokoto Caliphate : historical and sociological perspectivesISBN0-521-21069-0OCLC2371710.'' *·''The Sokoto Caliphate : history and legacies, 1804-2004''. Bobboyi, H., Yakubu, Mahmood. (1st ed ed.). Kaduna, Nigeria: Arewa House. 2006. <nowiki>ISBN 978-135-166-7</nowiki>. OCLC 156890366. * == Diddigin bayanai == * [http://www.africanlegends.info African Legends] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201140357/http://www.africanlegends.info/ |date=2018-12-01 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140514005248/http://siiasi.org/?page_id=21 SIIASI Uthman Dan Fodiyo] * [http://www.webpulaaku.net/ubf/index.html WebPulaaku] * [http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/SIV_SOU/SOKOTO.html Sokoto Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028181919/http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/SIV_SOU/SOKOTO.html |date=2011-10-28 }} * [[Arewa House]] == Hadin waje: == * [http://www.africanlegends.info/ African Legends] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201140357/http://www.africanlegends.info/ |date=2018-12-01 }}. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140514005248/http://siiasi.org/?page_id=21 SIIASI Uthman Dan Fodiyo] * [http://www.webpulaaku.net/ubf/index.html WebPulaaku] * [http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/SIV_SOU/SOKOTO.html Sokoto Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028181919/http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/SIV_SOU/SOKOTO.html |date=2011-10-28 }} == Manazarta: == {{Reflist|4}} {{Authority control}} {{Sarakunan Sokoto}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Dan Fodiyo}} [[category:Haifaffun 1754]] [[category:Mutuwan 1817]] [[Category:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Category:Sarakunan Hausawa]] [[Category:Sarakuna]] [[Category:Sarakunan Sakkwato]] [[Category:Hausa Fulani]] [[Category:Mutane]] [[Category:Marubuta]] [[Category:Khalifa]] lrncaj64l1fv1myq4u8atx1v6gzqlyh 0 8699 873901 784705 2026-07-01T21:59:56Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 873901 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Hausa language map.png|thumb]] [[Fayil:Flag of the Hausa people.svg|thumb|[[Fayil:Hausa Group.jpg|thumb|yanda hausawa ke yin hawan sallah]]tutar hausawa kenam Wanda [[Ahmadu Bello|sardaunan sokoto Ahmadu Bello]] ya sa Wanda wannan alamun carbinsa ne]] [[Fayil:Kayan kida na gargajiya.jpg|thumb|Kayan gargajiyan hausawa]] [[Fayil:Hausa cap (ƙube) 02.jpg|thumb|Hulan Hausa]] '''Harshen Hausa,''' na ɗaya daga cikin rukunin Harsunan Chadic, kuma a ƙungiyar Harsunan Chadic kan, wanda ke cikin iyalin harshen [[Afrasia Bank Zimbabwe Limited|Afroasia]]. [[File:MaganarHannu.jpg|thumb|Wani mutum da yake magana da hannu]] Harshen [[Hausa]] ɗaya ne daga cikin harsunan [[Najeriya]]. Shi ne yare mafii girma a ƙasar [[Najeriya]]. Masu magana da harshen [[Hausa]] a [[Najeriya]] sun kai kashi hamsin da biyar (55%). na al'ummar ƙasar.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Wolff|first=H. Ekkehard|title=Hausa language|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hausa-language|access-date=2020-10-14|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Spread of the Hausa Language|url=https://worldmapper.org/maps/spread-of-the-hausa-language-2005/|access-date=2020-10-14|website=Worldmapper|language=en}}</ref> Harshen [[Hausa]] yana yaďuwa ne ta hanyar [[Yar Kasuwa|ƴan-kasuwa]]. Wato yan kasuwan da suke tafiya daga ƙasar Hausa zuwa wasu ƙasashe da Nufin yin kasuwanci, hakan ya ƙara daukaka harshen. Hausa da Hausawa a fadin duniya. Idan aka ce Hausa ana nufin duk wani abu da yake da alaƙa da Hausawa ko kuma ƙasashensu, da harshen su.<ref>{{Cite web|last=chayes|title=The Hausa Language|url=https://www.iaaw.hu-berlin.de/en/africa/linguistik-und-sprachen/african-languages/hausa|access-date=2022-02-15|website=Website des Institutes für Asien- und Afrikawissenschaften der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin|language=en}}</ref> Hausawa nada asali a Kasar [[Najeriya]] da kasar Habasha wato ([[Ethiopia|nijer]]), wanda ya yaɗu a duk fadin duniya. Ana kuma kiran masu amfani da harshen da suna Hausawa, ƙasar Hausa tana da tarihi mai yawa, tun kafin zuwan [[Turawa]] da [[Larabawa|Larabarawa]] kasar Hausa, Hausawa suna da sarakuna da sutturu da sana'oi masu tarin yawa. Misalan [[Sarakunan Gargajiya na Najeriya|sarakuna sarkin Gobir, sarkin Kano, Sarkin Zazzau, Sarkin Katsina, Sarkin Daura, Sarkin Gombe da sauran su.]] Misalan sutura babbar riga, kwado da linzami, yar shara da sauran su. Misalan sana’oi [[fawa]], [[noma]], [[kiwo]], [[saka]], [[farauta]], [[kira]] da sauran su. Akwai yardar cewa yaren Hausa ya samo asali ne daga [[Bayajidda]] tasuniya ne, wanda [[Balarabe]] ne, ya zo kasar Hausa [[Daura|a garin Daura]] domin kasuwanci. Amma Kuma wannan magana ta tarihin Bayajidda akwai maganganu a kanta. ==Boko== {| aji="wikitable" samfari="kalmomi-align: center;" ! A a || B b || [[Ɓ|Ɓ ɓ]] || C c || D d || [[Ɗ|Ɗ ɗ]] || E e || F f || G g || H h || I i || J j || K k || [[Ƙ|Ƙ ƙ]]|| L l |- | {{IPA|/a/}} || {{IPA|/b/}} || {{IPA|ɓ}} || {{IPA|/tʃ/}} || {{IPA|/d/}} || {{IPA|ɗ}} || {{IPA|/e/}} || {{IPA|ɸ}} || {{IPA|/ɡ/}} || {{IPA|/h/}} || {{IPA|/i/}} || {{IPA|/(d)ʒ/}} || {{IPA|/k/}} || {{IPA|/kʼ/}} || {{IPA|/l/}} |- ! M m || N n || O o || R r || (R̃ r̃) || S s || [[Sh (digraph)|Sh sh]]|| T t || [[Ts (digraph)|Ts ts]]|| U u || W w || Y y || ([[Ƴ|Ƴ ƴ]]) || Z z || [[Apostrophe|ʼ]] |- | {{IPA|/m/}} || {{IPA|/n/}} || {{IPA|/o/}} || {{IPA|ɽ}} || {{IPA|r}} || {{IPA|/s/}} || {{IPA|/ʃ/}} || {{IPA|/t/}} || {{IPA|/(t)sʼ/}} || {{IPA|/u/}} || {{IPA|/w/}} || {{IPA|/j/}} || {{IPA|/ʔʲ/}} || {{IPA|/z/}} || |} == kalmomin aro == Hausa yare ne da ya samu raino daga yaruka guda biyu na [[Duniyoyi|duniya]], a fari larabawa suka fara shigowa kasar Hausa . Sai turawa kuma daga baya; hakan ya sanya wasu daga cikin kalmomin da hausawa ke amfani da su sun samo asali ne daga larabci (wato [[ajami]]) ko kuma turanci (wato boko). misali; albasa - wacce ta samo asali daga kalmar larabci albasl. ko kuma kalmar bula wacce ta samo asali daga turanci ko boko wato blue.<ref name=":0">Sani, M. A. Z. (1999). ''Tsarin sauti da nahawun Hausa''. Ibadan [Nigeria]: University Press. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>978-978-030-535-2</bdi>. OCLC&nbsp;48668741.</ref> == misalin wasu daga cikin kalmomin aro sun haɗa da; == {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" |+wasu kalmomin da aka aro daga turanci !s/n !Turanci !Hausa |- |1. |blue |bula |- |2. |plan |pilan |- |3. |spring |sifirin |- |4. |clear |kiliya |- |5. |grease |girisi |- |6. |rod |rodi |- |7. |bandage |bandeji |- |8. |court |kotu |- |9. |bail |beli |- |10. |bank |banki |- |12. | | |} {| class="wikitable" |+wasu daga cikin kalmomin da aka aro daga larabci !s/n !Larabci !Hausa |- |1. |adab |adabi |- |2. |zaman |zamani |- |3. |dalil |dalili |- |4. |sanad |sanadi |- |5. |balid |balid |- |6. |ziná |zina |- |7. |shirk |shirka |- |8. |sarq |sata |- |9. |haram |haramun |- |10. |wajib |wajibi |- |11. | | |} == Ka'iddar Rubutu == Hausa na bin tsarin rubutun larabci wato ajami daga farko, amma daga baya sun koma amfani da tsarin rubutun zamani wato boko. == Tsarin rubutun boko: == Rubutun Zamani wato ''boko'' yana da harrufan ''Latin'' wanda Ķungiyar turawa suka kirkiro a shekarun 1930.<ref name=":0" /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" !A a !B b ![[:en:Ɓ|Ɓ ɓ]] !C c !D d ![[:en:Ɗ|Ɗ ɗ]] !E e !F f !G g !H h !I i !J j !K k ![[:en:Ƙ|Ƙ ƙ]] !L l |- |{{IPA|/a/}} |{{IPA|/b/}} |/[[:en:Ɓ|ɓ]]/ |{{IPA|/tʃ/}} |{{IPA|/d/}} |/[[:en:Ɗ|ɗ]]/ |{{IPA|/e/}} |/ǿ/ |{{IPA|/ɡ/}} |{{IPA|/h/}} |{{IPA|/i/}} |{{IPA|/(d)ʒ/}} |{{IPA|/k/}} |{{IPA|/kʼ/}} |{{IPA|/l/}} |- !M m !N n !O o !R r !(R̃ r̃) !S s ![[:en:Sh_(digraph)|Sh sh]] !T t ![[:en:Ts_(digraph)|Ts ts]] !U u !W w !Y y !([[:en:Ƴ|Ƴ ƴ]]) !Z z !’ |- |{{IPA|/m/}} |{{IPA|/n/}} |{{IPA|/o/}} |/ɽ/ |/r/ |{{IPA|/s/}} |{{IPA|/ʃ/}} |{{IPA|/t/}} |{{IPA|/(t)sʼ/}} |{{IPA|/u/}} |{{IPA|/w/}} |{{IPA|/j/}} |{{IPA|/ʔʲ/}} |{{IPA|/z/}} |{{IPA|/ʔ/}} |} Ana amfani da harafin ''[[:en:Ƴ|ƴ]]'' (y mai lanƙwasa a dama) a Ƙasar Nijer Kawai, ana rubuta shi a ''ʼy a Najeriya''. Ba'a bambamce tsawon sauti ko amo a cikin rubutu, misali a daga - daagaa - daga duka ana rubuta su a kalmar daga sai dai a bambamtasu wajen fada. == Tsarin Rubutun Ajami == A da can baya, an rubuta yaren Hausa da ajami watau haruffan larabci tun a karni na 17. Rubutu na farko da aka fara yi da ajami shi ne wallafi na Riwayar Nabi Musa by Abdullahi Suka a karni na 17. kaman ko wane harshe larabci na da ka'idojin rubutunsa inda ake amfani da wasula a kan bakake wadanda akan iya karatun larabci ko babu wasula kuma an fi amfani da wasula a cikin Al-Qurani.<ref><nowiki>''</nowiki>Verde, Tom (October 2011). "From Africa, in Ajami". ''Saudi Aramco World''. Archived from the original on 2014-11-30. Retrieved [tel:2021-057-12 2021-057-12].</ref> In the following table, short and long ''e'' are shown along with the Arabic letter for ''t'' ({{lang|ar|ت}}). {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:120%" !<span style="font-size:83.5%">Latin</span> !<span style="font-size:83.5%">[[:en:Help:IPA|IPA]]</span> !<span style="font-size:83.5%">Arabic ''ajami''</span> |- |a |/a/ |&nbsp; ء |- |a |/a:/ |&nbsp; ݴ |- |b |/b/ |&nbsp; ب |- |ɓ |/ɓ/ |&nbsp; ٻ <span style="font-size:83.5%">(ba'a amfani dashi a larabci)</span> |- |c |/tʃ/ |&nbsp; ث |- |d |/d/ |&nbsp; د |- |ɗ |/ɗ/ |&nbsp; <span style="font-size:83.5%">ط</span> <span style="font-size:83.5%">(a</span><span style="font-size:83.5%">kanyi amfani dashi a wajen</span> <span style="font-size:83.5%">ts)</span> |- |e |/e/ |&nbsp; ݑ <span style="font-size:83.5%">(ba'a amfani dashi a larabci)</span> |- |e |/e:/ |&nbsp; ݑ<span style="font-size:83.5%">(ba'a amfani dashi a larabci)</span> |- |f | {| class="wikitable" |/ɸ/ |} |&nbsp;ف |- |g |/g/ |&nbsp; غ |- |h |/h/ |&nbsp; ه |- |i |/i/ |&nbsp; ئ |- |i |/i:/ |&nbsp; ئ |- |j |{{IPA|/(d)ʒ/}} |&nbsp; ج |- |k |/k/ |&nbsp; ك |- |ƙ |/kʼ/ |&nbsp; <span style="font-size:83.5%">(akanyi amfani da ك ),</span> ق |- |l |/l/ |&nbsp; ل |- |m |/m/ |&nbsp; م |- |n |/n/ |&nbsp; ن |- |o |/o/ |&nbsp; ـُ &nbsp;<span style="font-size:83.5%">(yana kama da harafin u)</span> |- |o |/oː/ |&nbsp; ـُو‎ &nbsp;<span style="font-size:83.5%">(yana kama da harafin u)</span> |- |r |/r/, /ɽ/ |&nbsp; ر |- |s |/s/ |&nbsp; س |- |sh |/ʃ/ |&nbsp; ش |- |t |/t/ |&nbsp; ت |- |ts |{{IPA|/(t)sʼ/}} |&nbsp;ط <span style="font-size:83.5%">(yana nuna <span style="letter-spacing:2pt">ɗ</span>), ڟ</span> <span style="font-size:83.5%">(ba'a amfani dashi a larabci)</span> |- |u |/u/ | |- |u |/u:/ |&nbsp; <span style="font-size:140%">[[ـُو]]</span> &nbsp;<span style="font-size:83.5%">(same as o)</span> |- |w |/w/ |&nbsp; <span style="font-size:140%">[[و]]</span> |- |y |/y/ |&nbsp; <span style="font-size:140%">[[ی]]</span> |- |z |/z/ |&nbsp; <span style="font-size:140%">[[ز]]</span> &nbsp; &nbsp; <span style="font-size:140%">[[ذ]]</span> |- |ʼ |/'/ |&nbsp; <span style="font-size:140%">[[ع]]</span> |} == Other systems == ==Duba kuma== *[[Ranar Hausa]] *[[Harsunan Najeriya]] ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} == Hanyoyin Hadin Waje == *[http://hausadictionary.com/Main_Page HausaDictionary.com] - Ƙamusun Hausa da Turanci (wiki) *[http://maguzawa.dyndns.ws/ Ƙamusun Hausa-Turanci] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721032458/http://maguzawa.dyndns.ws/ |date=2011-07-21 }} (Bargery 1931) *[http://www.koshigaya.bunkyo.ac.jp/hslaiman Ƙamusun Hausa-Turanci] (Bargery 1931) - Jami'ar Bunkyo a Koshigaya *[http://adammanvell.info/sites/default/files/pdfs/Manvell%20%282012%29%20A%20Preliminary%20Hausa%20Bird%20Lexicon.pdf Preliminary Hausa Bird Lexicon] * [http://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Datei:Nigeria_linguistic_1979.jpg&filetimestamp=20060628234948 - ''mapo''] * [http://www.univie.ac.at/Hausa/oracle/KofarHausa1.html KofarHausa] * [http://www.humnet.ucla.edu/humnet/aflang/Hausa/hausa.html Hausa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050301214145/http://www.humnet.ucla.edu/humnet/aflang/Hausa/hausa.html |date=2005-03-01 }} * [http://www.jamtan.com/jamtan/fulani.cfm?chap=4&linksPage=356 Hausa-Fulani] * [http://www.reise-know-how.de/hausa-wort-fuer-wort-p-275.html?osCsid=59edaa87ca6650e6a80c4040e5a0ca58 Hausa – Wort für Wort Hausa – Wort für Wort, Vögele, Hannelore ISBN 978-3-89416-271-9 S. 160] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928062630/http://www.reise-know-how.de/hausa-wort-fuer-wort-p-275.html?osCsid=ce64dbc700fcf4d852b1b941d3536c5c |date=2011-09-28 }} [[Category:Hausa]] [[Category:Harsunan Nijeriya]] [[Category:Harsunan Chadic]] b00cy6ngkvc01aitiuqprwxrbqqgkbx 0 8844 874303 792470 2026-07-02T11:27:30Z Halima Waziri 29451 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1309485389|Salinity]]" 874303 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /> [[Fayil:WOA09_sea-surf_SAL_AYool.png|right|thumb|'''Matsakaicin gishirin''' saman teku na shekara-shekara ga Tekun Duniya . Bayanai daga Atlas na Tekun Duniya na 2009. ]] [[Fayil:IAPSO_Standard_Seawater.jpg|right|thumb|Ƙungiyar Kimiyyar Jiki ta Duniya (IAPSO) ta daidaitaccen ruwan teku.]] '''Gishiri''' / / səˈlɪnɪti / ) shine gishirin ko adadin gishirin da ke narkewa a cikin [[ruwa]], wanda ake kira ruwan gishiri (duba kuma gishirin ƙasa ). Yawanci ana auna shi da g/L ko g/kg (grams na gishiri a kowace lita/kilogram na ruwa; na ƙarshen ba shi da girma kuma daidai yake da ‰ ). Gishiri muhimmin abu ne wajen tantance fannoni da dama na [[Kimiyya|sinadaran]] ruwan halitta da kuma hanyoyin [[Biology|halittu]] da ke cikinsa, kuma wani nau'in yanayin zafi ne wanda, tare da [[Temperature|zafin jiki]] da matsin lamba, ke tafiyar da halaye na zahiri kamar yawan ruwa da ƙarfin zafi . Waɗannan kuma suna da mahimmanci don fahimtar kwararar ruwa da musayar zafi da yanayi. Layin da ke nuna gishirin da ke ci gaba ana kiransa ''isohaline'', ko kuma wani lokacin ''isohale'' . == Ma'anoni == Gishirin da ke cikin koguna, tafkuna, da teku abu ne mai sauƙi a fahimta, amma a zahiri yana da wahala a fayyace shi da kuma auna shi daidai. A zahiri, gishirin shine adadin gishirin da ke narkewa a cikin ruwan. Gishiri mahaɗan abubuwa ne kamar sodium chloride, magnesium sulfate, potassium nitrate, da sodium bicarbonate waɗanda ke narkewa zuwa ions. Yawan ions na chloride da aka narkar wani lokaci ana kiransa chlorinity. A aikace, ana bayyana abu da aka narkar a matsayin wanda zai iya ratsa ta cikin matattarar mai kyau (a tarihi, matattarar mai girman rami na 0.45 μm, amma daga baya). yawanci 0.2 μm). [1] Ana iya bayyana gishirin a cikin nau'in juzu'i na taro, watau nauyin kayan da aka narkar a cikin naúrar taro na bayani. Ruwan teku yawanci yana da gishirin da ya kai kimanin g 35/kg, kodayake ƙananan ƙima galibi suna kusa da bakin teku inda koguna ke shiga teku. Koguna da tafkuna na iya samun gishiri iri-iri, daga ƙasa da 0.01 g/kg <ref name="dilute">{{Cite journal |last=Eilers |first=J. M. |last2=Sullivan |first2=T. J. |last3=Hurley |first3=K. C. |year=1990 |title=The most dilute lake in the world? |journal=Hydrobiologia |volume=199 |issue=1 |pages=1–6 |bibcode=1990HyBio.199....1E |doi=10.1007/BF00007827 |s2cid=30279782}}</ref> zuwa ƴan g/kg, kodayake akwai wurare da yawa inda ake samun gishiri mafi girma. Tekun Matattu yana da gishirin da ya wuce 200 g/kg. <ref name="anati">{{Cite journal |last=Anati |first=D. A. |year=1999 |title=The salinity of hypersaline brines: concepts and misconceptions |journal=Int. J. Salt Lake. Res. |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=55–70 |bibcode=1999IJSLR...8...55A |doi=10.1007/bf02442137}}</ref> Ruwan sama yawanci yana da TDS na 20 mg/kg ko ƙasa da haka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Learn about salinity and water quality |url=http://www.salinitymanagement.org/Salinity%20Management%20Guide/ls/ls_3d.html |access-date=21 July 2018}}</ref> Ko da kuwa girman ramin da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin ma'anar, ƙimar gishirin da aka samu na samfurin ruwan halitta ba zai bambanta da fiye da kashi ƴan kaɗan ba (%). Duk da haka, masu nazarin teku na zahiri waɗanda ke aiki a cikin teku mai zurfi, galibi suna damuwa da daidaito da haɗin gwiwar ma'auni ta hanyar masu bincike daban-daban, a lokuta daban-daban, zuwa kusan lambobi biyar masu mahimmanci . Masana kimiyyar teku suna amfani da samfurin ruwan teku mai kwalba wanda aka sani da IAPSO Standard Seawater don daidaita ma'aunin su da isasshen daidaito don biyan wannan buƙata. === Tsarin aiki === Matsalolin aunawa da ma'ana suna tasowa ne saboda ruwan halitta yana ɗauke da cakuda abubuwa daban-daban da yawa daga tushe daban-daban (ba duka daga gishirin da aka narkar ba) a cikin nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta daban-daban. Halayen sinadarai na wasu daga cikin waɗannan siffofi sun dogara ne akan zafin jiki da matsin lamba. Yawancin waɗannan siffofi suna da wahalar aunawa da babban daidaito, kuma a kowane hali cikakken nazarin sinadarai ba shi da amfani lokacin nazarin samfura da yawa. Ma'anoni daban-daban na amfani na gishiri suna faruwa ne daga yunƙurin daban-daban don magance waɗannan matsalolin, zuwa matakai daban-daban na daidaito, yayin da har yanzu yana da sauƙin amfani. Saboda dalilai na zahiri, gishiri yawanci yana da alaƙa da jimlar taro na wani ɓangare na waɗannan sinadarai da aka narkar (abin da ake kira ''gishirin mafita'' ), maimakon ga yawan gishirin da ba a sani ba wanda ya haifar da wannan abun da ke ciki (banda shine lokacin da aka ƙirƙiri ruwan teku na wucin gadi ). Don dalilai da yawa, wannan adadin za a iya iyakance shi zuwa saitin manyan ions takwas a cikin ruwan halitta, <ref name="limteos">{{Cite journal |last=Pawlowicz |first=R. |last2=Feistel |first2=R. |year=2012 |title=Limnological applications of the Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater 2010 (TEOS-10) |journal=Limnology and Oceanography: Methods |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=853–867 |bibcode=2012LimOM..10..853P |doi=10.4319/lom.2012.10.853 |s2cid=93210746 |doi-access=free}}</ref> kodayake ga ruwan teku a mafi daidaito, an haɗa ƙarin ƙananan ions bakwai. Manyan ions suna mamaye abun da ba shi da tsari na yawancin (amma ba duka ba) ruwan halitta. Banda sun haɗa da wasu [[Cenote|tafkuna]] da ruwa daga wasu maɓuɓɓugan ruwa na hydrothermal . Ba a cika haɗa yawan iskar gas da aka narkar kamar iskar oxygen da nitrogen a cikin bayanin gishirin ba. <ref name="key">{{Cite journal |last=Pawlowicz |first=R. |year=2013 |title=Key Physical Variables in the Ocean: Temperature, Salinity, and Density |url=https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/key-physical-variables-in-the-ocean-temperature-102805293 |journal=Nature Education Knowledge |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=13}}</ref> Duk da haka, iskar [[carbon dioxide]], wadda idan ta narke sai a canza ta zuwa carbonates da bicarbonates, sau da yawa ana haɗa ta. Silicon a cikin nau'in silicic acid, wanda yawanci yakan bayyana a matsayin kwayar halitta mai tsaka-tsaki a cikin kewayon pH na yawancin ruwan halitta, ana iya haɗa ta don wasu dalilai (misali, lokacin da ake binciken alaƙar gishiri/yawan ruwa). === Ruwan teku === [[Fayil:Aquarius_flat_2048x1024.ogv|thumb| [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5xQP_B18vMw <sup>Bidiyon NASA mai tsawon mintuna 3 Fabrairu 27, 2013</sup>] An ƙera na'urar NASA Aquarius da ke cikin tauraron ɗan adam na SAC-D na Argentina don auna gishirin saman teku na duniya. Wannan fim ɗin yana nuna yanayin gishirin kamar yadda Aquarius ya auna daga Disamba 2011 zuwa Disamba 2012. Launuka ja suna wakiltar yankunan da gishirin ya yi yawa, yayin da launukan shuɗi ke wakiltar yankunan da gishirin ya yi ƙasa.]] Kalmar ''gishiri'', ga masu nazarin teku, yawanci tana da alaƙa da ɗaya daga cikin takamaiman dabarun aunawa. Yayin da dabarun da suka fi rinjaye ke tasowa, haka nan ma bayanai daban-daban na gishiri ke faruwa. An auna gishiri ta amfani da dabarun da aka dogara da titration kafin shekarun 1980. Ana iya amfani da titration da azurfa nitrate don tantance yawan ions halide (galibi chlorine da bromine ) don samar da chlorinity . Daga nan aka ninka chlorinity ɗin da wani abu don la'akari da duk sauran abubuwan da ke cikinsa. Sakamakon 'Knudsen gishiri' ana bayyana shi a cikin raka'a na sassa a kowace dubu (ppt ko ‰ ). Amfani da ma'aunin wutar lantarki don kimanta abun ciki na ionic na ruwan teku ya haifar da ci gaban sikelin da ake kira ''sikelin gishirin aiki na 1978'' (PSS-78). Gishirin da aka auna ta amfani da PSS-78 ba su da raka'a. Wani lokaci ana ƙara ƙarin '''psu''' ko '''PSU''' (wanda ke nuna ''sashin gishirin aiki'' ) zuwa ƙimar auna PSS-78. <ref name="rant">{{Cite journal |last=Millero |first=F. J. |year=1993 |title=What is PSU? |journal=Oceanography |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=67}}</ref> Ƙara PSU a matsayin raka'a bayan ƙimar "ba daidai ba ne kuma an hana shi sosai". <ref name="key">{{Cite journal |last=Pawlowicz |first=R. |year=2013 |title=Key Physical Variables in the Ocean: Temperature, Salinity, and Density |url=https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/key-physical-variables-in-the-ocean-temperature-102805293 |journal=Nature Education Knowledge |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=13}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPawlowicz2013">Pawlowicz, R. (2013). [https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/key-physical-variables-in-the-ocean-temperature-102805293 "Key Physical Variables in the Ocean: Temperature, Salinity, and Density"]. ''Nature Education Knowledge''. '''4''' (4): 13.</cite></ref> A shekarar 2010, an gabatar da wani sabon ma'auni na halayen ruwan teku mai suna ''thermodynamic equation of the sea water 2010'' ( TEOS-10 ), wanda ke ba da shawarar cikakken gishiri a matsayin maye gurbin gishirin da ake amfani da shi, da kuma yanayin zafi mai tsauri a matsayin maye gurbin zafin jiki mai yuwuwa . Wannan ma'auni ya haɗa da sabon sikelin da ake kira ''ma'aunin gishirin da aka yi amfani da shi'' . Ana bayyana cikakken gishirin da ke kan wannan sikelin a matsayin ƙaramin taro, a cikin gram a kowace kilogiram na ruwan. Ana ƙayyade gishirin da ke kan wannan sikelin ta hanyar haɗa ma'aunin wutar lantarki tare da wasu bayanai waɗanda ke ba da la'akari da canje-canjen yanki a cikin ruwan teku. Hakanan ana iya tantance su ta hanyar yin ma'aunin yawa kai tsaye. Samfurin ruwan teku daga mafi yawan wurare tare da sinadarin chlorinity na 19.37&nbsp;ppt zai sami gishirin Knudsen na 35.00&nbsp;ppt, gishirin PSS-78 mai amfani kusan 35.0, da kuma gishirin TEOS-10 mai cikakken bayani kusan 35.2&nbsp;g/kg. Tsarin wutar lantarki na wannan ruwan a zafin jiki na 15&nbsp;°C shine 42.9 mS/cm. <ref name="culk">{{Cite journal |last=Culkin |first=F. |last2=Smith |first2=N. D. |year=1980 |title=Determination of the Concentration of Potassium Chloride Solution Having the Same Electrical Conductivity, at 15C and Infinite Frequency, as Standard Seawater of Salinity 35.0000‰ (Chlorinity 19.37394‰) |journal=IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering |volume=OE-5 |issue=1 |pages=22–23 |bibcode=1980IJOE....5...22C |doi=10.1109/JOE.1980.1145443}}</ref> A duniya baki ɗaya, [[Canjin yanayi|sauyin yanayi]] da ɗan adam ya haifar ya taimaka wajen ganin an ga canje-canje a cikin gishirin saman ƙasa da ƙasa tun daga shekarun 1950. Hasashen canje-canjen gishirin saman ƙasa a cikin ƙarni na 21 ya nuna cewa yankunan teku masu sabo za su ci gaba da zama sabo kuma yankunan gishiri za su ci gaba da zama gishiri. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Fox-Kemper |first=B. |last2=Hewitt |first2=H.T. |author-link2=Helene Hewitt |last3=Xiao |first3=C. |last4=Aðalgeirsdóttir |first4=G. |last5=Drijfhout |first5=S.S. |last6=Edwards |first6=T.L. |last7=Golledge |first7=N.R. |last8=Hemer |first8=M. |last9=Kopp |first9=R.E. |last10=Krinner |first10=G. |last11=Mix |first11=A. |date=2021 |editor-last=Masson-Delmotte |editor-first=V. |editor2-last=Zhai |editor2-first=P. |editor3-last=Pirani |editor3-first=A. |editor4-last=Connors |editor4-first=S.L. |editor5-last=Péan |editor5-first=C. |editor6-last=Berger |editor6-first=S. |editor7-last=Caud |editor7-first=N. |editor8-last=Chen |editor8-first=Y. |editor9-last=Goldfarb |editor9-first=L. |title=Ocean, Cryosphere and Sea Level Change |url=https://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/84/371584.pdf |journal=Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |publisher=Cambridge University Press |publication-place=Cambridge, UK and New York, New York, US |volume=2021 |pages=1211–1362 |bibcode=<!-- not 2021AGUFM.U13B..09F --> |doi=10.1017/9781009157896.011 |isbn=9781009157896}}</ref> Gishirin yana aiki a matsayin abin da ke nuna nau'ikan ruwa daban-daban. Ana jawo ruwan saman don maye gurbin ruwan da ke nutsewa, wanda daga ƙarshe ya zama sanyi da gishiri har ya nutse. Rarraba gishirin yana taimakawa wajen tsara zagayawar ruwa a teku. === Tafkuna da koguna === Masana kimiyyar sinadarai da masana kimiyyar sinadarai galibi suna bayyana gishirin gwargwadon nauyin gishirin kowace juzu'i, wanda aka bayyana a cikin raka'o'in mg/L ko g/L. Ana nuna cewa, kodayake sau da yawa ba a faɗi ba, cewa wannan ƙimar tana aiki daidai ne kawai a wani zafin jiki na tunani saboda girman ruwan ya bambanta da zafin jiki. Ƙimar da aka gabatar ta wannan hanyar yawanci daidai ne da tsarin 1%. Masana kimiyyar sinadarai kuma suna amfani da wutar lantarki, ko "mai nuna wutar lantarki", a matsayin wakili don gishirin. Ana iya gyara wannan ma'aunin don tasirin zafin jiki, kuma yawanci ana bayyana shi a cikin raka'o'in μS/cm . Kogi ko ruwan tafki mai gishirin kusan 70&nbsp;A zahiri, mg/L zai kasance yana da takamaiman ikon watsawa a 25 °C tsakanin 80 zuwa 130 μS/cm. Matsakaicin rabo ya dogara da ions ɗin da ke akwai. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=van Niekerk |first=Harold |last2=Silberbauer |first2=Michael |last3=Maluleke |first3=Mmaphefo |date=2014 |title=Geographical differences in the relationship between total dissolved solids and electrical conductivity in South African rivers |journal=Water SA |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=133 |bibcode=2014WatSA..40..133V |doi=10.4314/wsa.v40i1.16 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ainihin ikon watsawa yawanci yana canzawa da kusan 2% a kowace digiri Celsius, don haka ikon watsawa da aka auna a 5 °C na iya kasancewa ne kawai a cikin kewayon 50-80 μS/cm. Ana kuma amfani da ma'aunin yawan gishiri kai tsaye don kimanta yawan gishiri, musamman a cikin [[Tafkin gishiri|tafkuna masu yawan gishiri]] . <ref name="anati">{{Cite journal |last=Anati |first=D. A. |year=1999 |title=The salinity of hypersaline brines: concepts and misconceptions |journal=Int. J. Salt Lake. Res. |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=55–70 |bibcode=1999IJSLR...8...55A |doi=10.1007/bf02442137}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAnati1999">Anati, D. A. (1999). "The salinity of hypersaline brines: concepts and misconceptions". ''Int. J. Salt Lake. Res''. '''8''' (1): <span class="nowrap">55–</span>70. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999IJSLR...8...55A 1999IJSLR...8...55A]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/bf02442137|10.1007/bf02442137]].</cite></ref> Wani lokaci ana amfani da yawan gishiri a wani takamaiman zafin jiki azaman wakili don gishiri. A wasu lokutan ana amfani da alaƙar gishiri/yawan gishiri da aka haɓaka don wani takamaiman jikin ruwa don kimanta yawan gishirin samfuran daga yawan da aka auna. {| style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;" ! colspan="4" style="background:#B8E0F6" |Gishirin ruwa |- style="background:#87CEFA" ! [[Ruwan Daɗi|Ruwa mai daɗi]] ! Ruwa mai kauri ! Ruwan gishiri ! Gishiri mai gishiri |- style="background:#00BFFF" ! <0.05% ! 0.05 – 3% ! 3 – 5% ! > 5% |- style="background:#00BFFF" ! < 0.5 ‰ ! 0.5 – 30 ‰ ! 30 – 50 ‰ ! > 50 ‰ |} == Rarraba jikunan ruwa bisa ga gishirin da ke cikinsu == {| align="right" style="text-align:center; margin-right:auto;" | bgcolor="lightgrey" |'''Jerin Thalassic''' |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" width="150px" | > 300 ‰ |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" | hyperhaline |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" | 60–80 ‰ |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" | metahaline |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" | 40 ‰ |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" | mixoeuhaline |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" | 30 ‰ |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" | polyhaline |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" | 18 ‰ |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" | mesohaline |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" | 5 ‰ |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" | oligohaline |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" | 0.5 ‰ |} Ruwan teku su ne na teku, wani lokaci kuma ana kiransa ''tekuna euhaline'' . Gishirin tekuna euhaline yana tsakanin 30 zuwa 35. ''Tekuna ko ruwa masu kauri'' suna da gishiri tsakanin 0.5 zuwa 29 ‰ da kuma ''tekuna metahaline'' daga 36 zuwa 40 ‰. Ana ɗaukar waɗannan ruwan a matsayin ''thalassic'' saboda gishirinsu ya fito ne daga teku kuma an ayyana shi a matsayin ''homoiohaline'' idan gishirin bai bambanta sosai akan lokaci ba (wanda yake dawwama). Teburin da ke gefen dama, wanda aka gyara daga Por (1972), <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Por |first=F. D. |year=1972 |title=Hydrobiological notes on the high-salinity waters of the Sinai Peninsula |journal=Marine Biology |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=111–119 |bibcode=1972MarBi..14..111P |doi=10.1007/BF00373210 |s2cid=86601297}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Salinity {{!}} Freshwater Inflows |url=https://www.freshwaterinflow.org/salinity |access-date=2020-10-25 |website=www.freshwaterinflow.org}}</ref> yana bin "tsarin Venice" (1959). Sabanin muhallin homoiohaline akwai wasu muhallin ''poikilohaline'' (wanda kuma zai iya zama ''thalassic'' ) inda bambancin gishirin yake da mahimmanci a fannin ilmin halitta. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dahl, E. |year=1956 |title=Ecological salinity boundaries in poikilohaline waters |journal=Oikos |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=1–21 |bibcode=1956Oikos...7....1D |doi=10.2307/3564981 |jstor=3564981}}</ref> Gishirin ruwan ''Poikilohaline'' na iya kasancewa daga 0.5 zuwa sama da 300 ‰. Muhimmin halayyar ita ce waɗannan ruwan suna da bambancin gishirin a kan wasu yanayi masu ma'ana na ilimin halitta a kowane lokaci ko kuma a wani lokaci makamancin haka. A taƙaice, waɗannan jikunan ruwa ne masu bambancin gishirin. Ana kiran ruwan gishiri mai yawan gishiri, wanda gishiri ke fitowa daga ciki (ko kuma zai yi), da ruwan gishiri . == Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli == Gishiri wani abu ne mai matuƙar muhimmanci a muhalli, wanda ke shafar nau'ikan halittu da ke rayuwa a cikin ruwa. Haka kuma, gishiri yana shafar nau'ikan [[Shuka|tsire-tsire]] da za su girma ko dai a cikin ruwa, ko kuma a ƙasar da ruwa ke ciyarwa (ko kuma ta [[Ruwa na kasa|ƙarƙashin ƙasa]] ). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kalcic, Maria |first=Turowski, Mark; Hall, Callie |date=2010-12-22 |title=Stennis Space Center Salinity Drifter Project. A Collaborative Project with Hancock High School, Kiln, MS |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20110008620 |access-date=2011-06-16 |website=Stennis Space Center Salinity Drifter Project |publisher=NTRS}}</ref> Shuke-shuken da ya dace da yanayin gishiri ana kiransa halophyte . Halophyte wanda ke jure wa ragowar sodium carbonate gishiri ana kiransa glasswort ko saltwort ko shuke-shuken barilla . Halittu (galibi ƙwayoyin cuta) waɗanda za su iya rayuwa a cikin yanayi mai gishiri ana rarraba su a matsayin extremophiles, ko halophiles musamman. Halittu da za ta iya jure wa nau'ikan gishiri iri-iri shine euryhaline . Gishiri yana da tsada a cire shi daga ruwa, kuma yawan gishiri muhimmin abu ne wajen amfani da ruwa, wanda ke haifar da [[Ruwan sha|wadatar ruwa]] da kuma dacewa da [[ban ruwa]] . An lura da karuwar gishiri a tafkuna da koguna a Amurka, saboda yawan gishirin hanya da sauran abubuwan da ke lalata gishiri a cikin ruwan. <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 January 2018 |title=Hopes To Hold The Salt, And Instead Break Out Beet Juice And Beer To Keep Roads Clear |url=https://www.wbur.org/news/2018/01/29/road-salt-environmental-dangers |website=www.wbur.org}}</ref> Matsayin gishiri a cikin tekuna shine abin da ke haifar da [[Juyawar thermohaline|zagayawar teku a duniya]], inda yawan ruwa ke canzawa saboda canjin gishiri da canjin zafin jiki a saman teku yana haifar da canje-canje a cikin ruwa, wanda ke haifar da nutsewa da hauhawar yawan ruwa. Ana tsammanin canje-canje a cikin gishirin tekuna suna taimakawa ga canje-canje a duniya a cikin carbon dioxide yayin da ruwan gishiri da yawa ba sa narkewa sosai ga carbon dioxide. Bugu da ƙari, a lokacin ƙanƙara, hydrograph ɗin ruwa yana da yuwuwar haifar da raguwar zagayawar ruwa shine samar da tekuna masu rarrabuwa. A irin waɗannan yanayi, yana da wahala a rage ruwa ta hanyar zagayawar thermohaline. Ba wai kawai gishirin ruwa ne ke haifar da zagayawar teku ba, amma canje-canje a zagayawar teku kuma yana shafar gishirin, musamman a yankin Arewacin Tekun Atlantika mai zurfi inda daga 1990 zuwa 2010 aka rage yawan gudummawar ruwan narkewar Greenland ta hanyar karuwar jigilar ruwan gishirin Atlantika zuwa arewa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Fox-Kemper |first=B. |last2=Hewitt |first2=H.T. |author-link2=Helene Hewitt |last3=Xiao |first3=C. |last4=Aðalgeirsdóttir |first4=G. |last5=Drijfhout |first5=S.S. |last6=Edwards |first6=T.L. |last7=Golledge |first7=N.R. |last8=Hemer |first8=M. |last9=Kopp |first9=R.E. |last10=Krinner |first10=G. |last11=Mix |first11=A. |date=2021 |editor-last=Masson-Delmotte |editor-first=V. |editor2-last=Zhai |editor2-first=P. |editor3-last=Pirani |editor3-first=A. |editor4-last=Connors |editor4-first=S.L. |editor5-last=Péan |editor5-first=C. |editor6-last=Berger |editor6-first=S. |editor7-last=Caud |editor7-first=N. |editor8-last=Chen |editor8-first=Y. |editor9-last=Goldfarb |editor9-first=L. |title=Ocean, Cryosphere and Sea Level Change |url=https://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/84/371584.pdf |journal=Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |publisher=Cambridge University Press |publication-place=Cambridge, UK and New York, New York, US |volume=2021 |pages=1211–1362 |bibcode=<!-- not 2021AGUFM.U13B..09F --> |doi=10.1017/9781009157896.011 |isbn=9781009157896}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFFox-KemperHewittXiaoAðalgeirsdóttir2021">Fox-Kemper, B.; [[Helene Hewitt|Hewitt, H.T.]]; Xiao, C.; Aðalgeirsdóttir, G.; Drijfhout, S.S.; Edwards, T.L.; Golledge, N.R.; Hemer, M.; Kopp, R.E.; Krinner, G.; Mix, A. (2021). Masson-Delmotte, V.; Zhai, P.; Pirani, A.; Connors, S.L.; Péan, C.; Berger, S.; Caud, N.; Chen, Y.; Goldfarb, L. (eds.). [https://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/84/371584.pdf "Ocean, Cryosphere and Sea Level Change"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change''. '''2021'''. Cambridge, UK and New York, New York, US: Cambridge University Press: <span class="nowrap">1211–</span>1362. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/9781009157896.011|10.1017/9781009157896.011]]. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781009157896|<bdi>9781009157896</bdi>]].</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dukhovskoy |first=D.S. |last2=Myers |first2=P.G. |last3=Platov |first3=G. |last4=Timmermans |first4=M.L. |last5=Curry |first5=B. |last6=Proshutinsky |first6=A. |last7=Bamber |first7=J.L. |last8=Chassignet |first8=E. |last9=Hu |first9=X. |last10=Lee |first10=C.M. |last11=Somavilla |first11=R. |date=2016 |title=Greenland freshwater pathways in the sub-Arctic Seas from model experiments with passive tracers |url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2015JC011290 |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans |volume=121 |issue=1 |pages=877–907 |bibcode=2016JGRC..121..877D |doi=10.1002/2015JC011290 |s2cid=603982 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dukhovskoy |first=D.S. |last2=Yashayaev |first2=I. |last3=Proshutinsky |first3=A. |last4=Bamber |first4=J.L. |last5=Bashmachnikov |first5=I.L. |last6=Chassignet |first6=E.P. |last7=Lee |first7=M. |last8=Tedstone |first8=A.J. |date=2019 |title=Role of Greenland freshwater anomaly in the recent freshening of the subpolar North Atlantic |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans |volume=124 |issue=5 |pages=3333–3360 |bibcode=2019JGRC..124.3333D |doi=10.1029/2018JC014686 |pmc=6618073 |pmid=31341755}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stendardo |first=I. |last2=Rhein |first2=M. |last3=Steinfeldt |first3=R. |date=2020 |title=The North Atlantic Current and its volume and freshwater transports in the subpolar North Atlantic, time period 1993–2016 |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans |volume=125 |issue=9 |bibcode=2020JGRC..12516065S |doi=10.1029/2020JC016065 |s2cid=225238073 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Duk da haka, ruwan Arewacin Atlantika ya zama sabo tun tsakiyar shekarun 2010 saboda karuwar kwararar ruwan narkewar Greenland. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Holliday |first=N. Penny |last2=Bersch |first2=Manfred |last3=Berx |first3=Barbara |last4=Chafik |first4=Léon |last5=Cunningham |first5=Stuart |last6=Florindo-López |first6=Cristian |last7=Hátún |first7=Hjálmar |last8=Johns |first8=William |last9=Josey |first9=Simon A. |last10=Larsen |first10=Karin Margretha H. |last11=Mulet |first11=Sandrine |date=2020-01-29 |title=Ocean circulation causes the largest freshening event for 120 years in eastern subpolar North Atlantic |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=585 |bibcode=2020NatCo..11..585H |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-14474-y |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=6989661 |pmid=31996687}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Narkewar gishiri don dalilai na tattalin arziki ** [[Tsarkakewa|Tsaftace]] ruwa ** Tsaftace ƙasa: sarrafa gishirin ƙasa ** Rabon shaye-shayen sodium * Auna gishirin ** Salinometer * Gishiri ta hanyar mahallin halittu ** A cikin kwayoyin halitta gabaɗaya, musamman ma kula da lafiyar ɗan adam *** Electrolytes *** Daidaiton ruwa *** Hypernatremia *** Hyponatremia *** Gubar Gishiri ** A cikin tsire-tsire *** Amsoshin <nowiki><i id="mwAXY">Arabidopsis thaliana</i></nowiki> ga gishiri ** A cikin kifi *** Kifin Stenohaline *** Kifin Euryhaline * Gishiri ta hanyar mahallin ƙasa ** [[Ruwan Daɗi|Ruwa mai daɗi]] ** Ruwan teku ** Gishirin ƙasa ** [[Juyawar thermohaline|Tsarin zagayawar Thermohaline]] ** Paleosality ** Bayanan CORA kan gishirin tekuna na duniya * Yawancin lokuta na yawan sinadarin solute ** Osmotic maida hankali ** Tonicity == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Ƙarin karatu == * {{Cite journal |last=Lewis |first=Edward Lyn |date=1982 |title=The practical salinity scale of 1978 and its antecedents |url=https://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/29440.pdf |journal=Marine Geodesy |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=350–357 |bibcode=1982MarGe...5..350L |doi=10.1080/15210608209379432 |access-date=2024-08-25}} * {{Cite journal |last=Mantyla |first=Arnold W. |date=April 1987 |title=Standard Seawater Comparisons updated |journal=[[Journal of Physical Oceanography]] |type=reprinted from its original publication in ''IEEE Journal of Oceanic engineering'', vol. OE5, n° 1, Jan. 1980 |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=543–548 |bibcode=1987JPO....17..543M |doi=10.1175/1520-0485(1987)017<0543:sscu>2.0.co;2 |doi-access=free}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Cite web |title=Thermophysical properties of seawater |url=https://web.mit.edu/seawater/ |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=web.mit.edu |type=[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] page on seawater properties, with [[MATLAB|Matlab]], [[Engineering Equation Solver|EES]] and [[Excel VBA]] library routines}} * {{Cite web |title=Early Determination of Salinity: from Ancient Concepts to Challenger Results |url=https://salinometry.com/early-determination-of-salinity-from-ancient-concepts-to-challenger-results |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=salinometry.com |type=History of the salinity determination}} * {{Cite web |title=Practical Salinity Scale — 1978 |url=https://www.salinometry.com/pss-78 |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=salinometry.com}} * {{Cite web |title=Practical salinity calculator |url=https://salinometry.com/ctd-salinity-calculator/ |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=salinometry.com}} * {{Cite web |title=Algorithms on sea water |url=http://www.code10.info/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=54&Itemid=79 |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=code10.info |type=equations and algorithms to calculate fundamental properties of sea water}} * {{Cite web |title=Equations and algorithms to calculate salinity of inland waters |url=http://www.eos.ubc.ca/~rich/#LIM |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=eos.ubc.ca}} (dead link) {{Wastewater}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fzt4oyg747v1qe74t6utgieswdvn2nf 874305 874303 2026-07-02T11:28:41Z Halima Waziri 29451 Saka databox 874305 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /> [[Fayil:WOA09_sea-surf_SAL_AYool.png|right|thumb|'''Matsakaicin gishirin''' saman teku na shekara-shekara ga Tekun Duniya . Bayanai daga Atlas na Tekun Duniya na 2009. ]] [[Fayil:IAPSO_Standard_Seawater.jpg|right|thumb|Ƙungiyar Kimiyyar Jiki ta Duniya (IAPSO) ta daidaitaccen ruwan teku.]] '''Gishiri''' / / səˈlɪnɪti / ) shine gishirin ko adadin gishirin da ke narkewa a cikin [[ruwa]], wanda ake kira ruwan gishiri (duba kuma gishirin ƙasa ). Yawanci ana auna shi da g/L ko g/kg (grams na gishiri a kowace lita/kilogram na ruwa; na ƙarshen ba shi da girma kuma daidai yake da ‰ ). Gishiri muhimmin abu ne wajen tantance fannoni da dama na [[Kimiyya|sinadaran]] ruwan halitta da kuma hanyoyin [[Biology|halittu]] da ke cikinsa, kuma wani nau'in yanayin zafi ne wanda, tare da [[Temperature|zafin jiki]] da matsin lamba, ke tafiyar da halaye na zahiri kamar yawan ruwa da ƙarfin zafi . Waɗannan kuma suna da mahimmanci don fahimtar kwararar ruwa da musayar zafi da yanayi. Layin da ke nuna gishirin da ke ci gaba ana kiransa ''isohaline'', ko kuma wani lokacin ''isohale'' . == Ma'anoni == Gishirin da ke cikin koguna, tafkuna, da teku abu ne mai sauƙi a fahimta, amma a zahiri yana da wahala a fayyace shi da kuma auna shi daidai. A zahiri, gishirin shine adadin gishirin da ke narkewa a cikin ruwan. Gishiri mahaɗan abubuwa ne kamar sodium chloride, magnesium sulfate, potassium nitrate, da sodium bicarbonate waɗanda ke narkewa zuwa ions. Yawan ions na chloride da aka narkar wani lokaci ana kiransa chlorinity. A aikace, ana bayyana abu da aka narkar a matsayin wanda zai iya ratsa ta cikin matattarar mai kyau (a tarihi, matattarar mai girman rami na 0.45 μm, amma daga baya). yawanci 0.2 μm). [1] Ana iya bayyana gishirin a cikin nau'in juzu'i na taro, watau nauyin kayan da aka narkar a cikin naúrar taro na bayani. Ruwan teku yawanci yana da gishirin da ya kai kimanin g 35/kg, kodayake ƙananan ƙima galibi suna kusa da bakin teku inda koguna ke shiga teku. Koguna da tafkuna na iya samun gishiri iri-iri, daga ƙasa da 0.01 g/kg <ref name="dilute">{{Cite journal |last=Eilers |first=J. M. |last2=Sullivan |first2=T. J. |last3=Hurley |first3=K. C. |year=1990 |title=The most dilute lake in the world? |journal=Hydrobiologia |volume=199 |issue=1 |pages=1–6 |bibcode=1990HyBio.199....1E |doi=10.1007/BF00007827 |s2cid=30279782}}</ref> zuwa ƴan g/kg, kodayake akwai wurare da yawa inda ake samun gishiri mafi girma. Tekun Matattu yana da gishirin da ya wuce 200 g/kg. <ref name="anati">{{Cite journal |last=Anati |first=D. A. |year=1999 |title=The salinity of hypersaline brines: concepts and misconceptions |journal=Int. J. Salt Lake. Res. |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=55–70 |bibcode=1999IJSLR...8...55A |doi=10.1007/bf02442137}}</ref> Ruwan sama yawanci yana da TDS na 20 mg/kg ko ƙasa da haka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Learn about salinity and water quality |url=http://www.salinitymanagement.org/Salinity%20Management%20Guide/ls/ls_3d.html |access-date=21 July 2018}}</ref> Ko da kuwa girman ramin da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin ma'anar, ƙimar gishirin da aka samu na samfurin ruwan halitta ba zai bambanta da fiye da kashi ƴan kaɗan ba (%). Duk da haka, masu nazarin teku na zahiri waɗanda ke aiki a cikin teku mai zurfi, galibi suna damuwa da daidaito da haɗin gwiwar ma'auni ta hanyar masu bincike daban-daban, a lokuta daban-daban, zuwa kusan lambobi biyar masu mahimmanci . Masana kimiyyar teku suna amfani da samfurin ruwan teku mai kwalba wanda aka sani da IAPSO Standard Seawater don daidaita ma'aunin su da isasshen daidaito don biyan wannan buƙata. === Tsarin aiki === Matsalolin aunawa da ma'ana suna tasowa ne saboda ruwan halitta yana ɗauke da cakuda abubuwa daban-daban da yawa daga tushe daban-daban (ba duka daga gishirin da aka narkar ba) a cikin nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta daban-daban. Halayen sinadarai na wasu daga cikin waɗannan siffofi sun dogara ne akan zafin jiki da matsin lamba. Yawancin waɗannan siffofi suna da wahalar aunawa da babban daidaito, kuma a kowane hali cikakken nazarin sinadarai ba shi da amfani lokacin nazarin samfura da yawa. Ma'anoni daban-daban na amfani na gishiri suna faruwa ne daga yunƙurin daban-daban don magance waɗannan matsalolin, zuwa matakai daban-daban na daidaito, yayin da har yanzu yana da sauƙin amfani. Saboda dalilai na zahiri, gishiri yawanci yana da alaƙa da jimlar taro na wani ɓangare na waɗannan sinadarai da aka narkar (abin da ake kira ''gishirin mafita'' ), maimakon ga yawan gishirin da ba a sani ba wanda ya haifar da wannan abun da ke ciki (banda shine lokacin da aka ƙirƙiri ruwan teku na wucin gadi ). Don dalilai da yawa, wannan adadin za a iya iyakance shi zuwa saitin manyan ions takwas a cikin ruwan halitta, <ref name="limteos">{{Cite journal |last=Pawlowicz |first=R. |last2=Feistel |first2=R. |year=2012 |title=Limnological applications of the Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater 2010 (TEOS-10) |journal=Limnology and Oceanography: Methods |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=853–867 |bibcode=2012LimOM..10..853P |doi=10.4319/lom.2012.10.853 |s2cid=93210746 |doi-access=free}}</ref> kodayake ga ruwan teku a mafi daidaito, an haɗa ƙarin ƙananan ions bakwai. Manyan ions suna mamaye abun da ba shi da tsari na yawancin (amma ba duka ba) ruwan halitta. Banda sun haɗa da wasu [[Cenote|tafkuna]] da ruwa daga wasu maɓuɓɓugan ruwa na hydrothermal . Ba a cika haɗa yawan iskar gas da aka narkar kamar iskar oxygen da nitrogen a cikin bayanin gishirin ba. <ref name="key">{{Cite journal |last=Pawlowicz |first=R. |year=2013 |title=Key Physical Variables in the Ocean: Temperature, Salinity, and Density |url=https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/key-physical-variables-in-the-ocean-temperature-102805293 |journal=Nature Education Knowledge |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=13}}</ref> Duk da haka, iskar [[carbon dioxide]], wadda idan ta narke sai a canza ta zuwa carbonates da bicarbonates, sau da yawa ana haɗa ta. Silicon a cikin nau'in silicic acid, wanda yawanci yakan bayyana a matsayin kwayar halitta mai tsaka-tsaki a cikin kewayon pH na yawancin ruwan halitta, ana iya haɗa ta don wasu dalilai (misali, lokacin da ake binciken alaƙar gishiri/yawan ruwa). === Ruwan teku === [[Fayil:Aquarius_flat_2048x1024.ogv|thumb| [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5xQP_B18vMw <sup>Bidiyon NASA mai tsawon mintuna 3 Fabrairu 27, 2013</sup>] An ƙera na'urar NASA Aquarius da ke cikin tauraron ɗan adam na SAC-D na Argentina don auna gishirin saman teku na duniya. Wannan fim ɗin yana nuna yanayin gishirin kamar yadda Aquarius ya auna daga Disamba 2011 zuwa Disamba 2012. Launuka ja suna wakiltar yankunan da gishirin ya yi yawa, yayin da launukan shuɗi ke wakiltar yankunan da gishirin ya yi ƙasa.]] Kalmar ''gishiri'', ga masu nazarin teku, yawanci tana da alaƙa da ɗaya daga cikin takamaiman dabarun aunawa. Yayin da dabarun da suka fi rinjaye ke tasowa, haka nan ma bayanai daban-daban na gishiri ke faruwa. An auna gishiri ta amfani da dabarun da aka dogara da titration kafin shekarun 1980. Ana iya amfani da titration da azurfa nitrate don tantance yawan ions halide (galibi chlorine da bromine ) don samar da chlorinity . Daga nan aka ninka chlorinity ɗin da wani abu don la'akari da duk sauran abubuwan da ke cikinsa. Sakamakon 'Knudsen gishiri' ana bayyana shi a cikin raka'a na sassa a kowace dubu (ppt ko ‰ ). Amfani da ma'aunin wutar lantarki don kimanta abun ciki na ionic na ruwan teku ya haifar da ci gaban sikelin da ake kira ''sikelin gishirin aiki na 1978'' (PSS-78). Gishirin da aka auna ta amfani da PSS-78 ba su da raka'a. Wani lokaci ana ƙara ƙarin '''psu''' ko '''PSU''' (wanda ke nuna ''sashin gishirin aiki'' ) zuwa ƙimar auna PSS-78. <ref name="rant">{{Cite journal |last=Millero |first=F. J. |year=1993 |title=What is PSU? |journal=Oceanography |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=67}}</ref> Ƙara PSU a matsayin raka'a bayan ƙimar "ba daidai ba ne kuma an hana shi sosai". <ref name="key">{{Cite journal |last=Pawlowicz |first=R. |year=2013 |title=Key Physical Variables in the Ocean: Temperature, Salinity, and Density |url=https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/key-physical-variables-in-the-ocean-temperature-102805293 |journal=Nature Education Knowledge |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=13}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPawlowicz2013">Pawlowicz, R. (2013). [https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/key-physical-variables-in-the-ocean-temperature-102805293 "Key Physical Variables in the Ocean: Temperature, Salinity, and Density"]. ''Nature Education Knowledge''. '''4''' (4): 13.</cite></ref> A shekarar 2010, an gabatar da wani sabon ma'auni na halayen ruwan teku mai suna ''thermodynamic equation of the sea water 2010'' ( TEOS-10 ), wanda ke ba da shawarar cikakken gishiri a matsayin maye gurbin gishirin da ake amfani da shi, da kuma yanayin zafi mai tsauri a matsayin maye gurbin zafin jiki mai yuwuwa . Wannan ma'auni ya haɗa da sabon sikelin da ake kira ''ma'aunin gishirin da aka yi amfani da shi'' . Ana bayyana cikakken gishirin da ke kan wannan sikelin a matsayin ƙaramin taro, a cikin gram a kowace kilogiram na ruwan. Ana ƙayyade gishirin da ke kan wannan sikelin ta hanyar haɗa ma'aunin wutar lantarki tare da wasu bayanai waɗanda ke ba da la'akari da canje-canjen yanki a cikin ruwan teku. Hakanan ana iya tantance su ta hanyar yin ma'aunin yawa kai tsaye. Samfurin ruwan teku daga mafi yawan wurare tare da sinadarin chlorinity na 19.37&nbsp;ppt zai sami gishirin Knudsen na 35.00&nbsp;ppt, gishirin PSS-78 mai amfani kusan 35.0, da kuma gishirin TEOS-10 mai cikakken bayani kusan 35.2&nbsp;g/kg. Tsarin wutar lantarki na wannan ruwan a zafin jiki na 15&nbsp;°C shine 42.9 mS/cm. <ref name="culk">{{Cite journal |last=Culkin |first=F. |last2=Smith |first2=N. D. |year=1980 |title=Determination of the Concentration of Potassium Chloride Solution Having the Same Electrical Conductivity, at 15C and Infinite Frequency, as Standard Seawater of Salinity 35.0000‰ (Chlorinity 19.37394‰) |journal=IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering |volume=OE-5 |issue=1 |pages=22–23 |bibcode=1980IJOE....5...22C |doi=10.1109/JOE.1980.1145443}}</ref> A duniya baki ɗaya, [[Canjin yanayi|sauyin yanayi]] da ɗan adam ya haifar ya taimaka wajen ganin an ga canje-canje a cikin gishirin saman ƙasa da ƙasa tun daga shekarun 1950. Hasashen canje-canjen gishirin saman ƙasa a cikin ƙarni na 21 ya nuna cewa yankunan teku masu sabo za su ci gaba da zama sabo kuma yankunan gishiri za su ci gaba da zama gishiri. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Fox-Kemper |first=B. |last2=Hewitt |first2=H.T. |author-link2=Helene Hewitt |last3=Xiao |first3=C. |last4=Aðalgeirsdóttir |first4=G. |last5=Drijfhout |first5=S.S. |last6=Edwards |first6=T.L. |last7=Golledge |first7=N.R. |last8=Hemer |first8=M. |last9=Kopp |first9=R.E. |last10=Krinner |first10=G. |last11=Mix |first11=A. |date=2021 |editor-last=Masson-Delmotte |editor-first=V. |editor2-last=Zhai |editor2-first=P. |editor3-last=Pirani |editor3-first=A. |editor4-last=Connors |editor4-first=S.L. |editor5-last=Péan |editor5-first=C. |editor6-last=Berger |editor6-first=S. |editor7-last=Caud |editor7-first=N. |editor8-last=Chen |editor8-first=Y. |editor9-last=Goldfarb |editor9-first=L. |title=Ocean, Cryosphere and Sea Level Change |url=https://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/84/371584.pdf |journal=Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |publisher=Cambridge University Press |publication-place=Cambridge, UK and New York, New York, US |volume=2021 |pages=1211–1362 |bibcode=<!-- not 2021AGUFM.U13B..09F --> |doi=10.1017/9781009157896.011 |isbn=9781009157896}}</ref> Gishirin yana aiki a matsayin abin da ke nuna nau'ikan ruwa daban-daban. Ana jawo ruwan saman don maye gurbin ruwan da ke nutsewa, wanda daga ƙarshe ya zama sanyi da gishiri har ya nutse. Rarraba gishirin yana taimakawa wajen tsara zagayawar ruwa a teku. === Tafkuna da koguna === Masana kimiyyar sinadarai da masana kimiyyar sinadarai galibi suna bayyana gishirin gwargwadon nauyin gishirin kowace juzu'i, wanda aka bayyana a cikin raka'o'in mg/L ko g/L. Ana nuna cewa, kodayake sau da yawa ba a faɗi ba, cewa wannan ƙimar tana aiki daidai ne kawai a wani zafin jiki na tunani saboda girman ruwan ya bambanta da zafin jiki. Ƙimar da aka gabatar ta wannan hanyar yawanci daidai ne da tsarin 1%. Masana kimiyyar sinadarai kuma suna amfani da wutar lantarki, ko "mai nuna wutar lantarki", a matsayin wakili don gishirin. Ana iya gyara wannan ma'aunin don tasirin zafin jiki, kuma yawanci ana bayyana shi a cikin raka'o'in μS/cm . Kogi ko ruwan tafki mai gishirin kusan 70&nbsp;A zahiri, mg/L zai kasance yana da takamaiman ikon watsawa a 25 °C tsakanin 80 zuwa 130 μS/cm. Matsakaicin rabo ya dogara da ions ɗin da ke akwai. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=van Niekerk |first=Harold |last2=Silberbauer |first2=Michael |last3=Maluleke |first3=Mmaphefo |date=2014 |title=Geographical differences in the relationship between total dissolved solids and electrical conductivity in South African rivers |journal=Water SA |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=133 |bibcode=2014WatSA..40..133V |doi=10.4314/wsa.v40i1.16 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ainihin ikon watsawa yawanci yana canzawa da kusan 2% a kowace digiri Celsius, don haka ikon watsawa da aka auna a 5 °C na iya kasancewa ne kawai a cikin kewayon 50-80 μS/cm. Ana kuma amfani da ma'aunin yawan gishiri kai tsaye don kimanta yawan gishiri, musamman a cikin [[Tafkin gishiri|tafkuna masu yawan gishiri]] . <ref name="anati">{{Cite journal |last=Anati |first=D. A. |year=1999 |title=The salinity of hypersaline brines: concepts and misconceptions |journal=Int. J. Salt Lake. Res. |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=55–70 |bibcode=1999IJSLR...8...55A |doi=10.1007/bf02442137}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAnati1999">Anati, D. A. (1999). "The salinity of hypersaline brines: concepts and misconceptions". ''Int. J. Salt Lake. Res''. '''8''' (1): <span class="nowrap">55–</span>70. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999IJSLR...8...55A 1999IJSLR...8...55A]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/bf02442137|10.1007/bf02442137]].</cite></ref> Wani lokaci ana amfani da yawan gishiri a wani takamaiman zafin jiki azaman wakili don gishiri. A wasu lokutan ana amfani da alaƙar gishiri/yawan gishiri da aka haɓaka don wani takamaiman jikin ruwa don kimanta yawan gishirin samfuran daga yawan da aka auna. {| style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;" ! colspan="4" style="background:#B8E0F6" |Gishirin ruwa |- style="background:#87CEFA" ! [[Ruwan Daɗi|Ruwa mai daɗi]] ! Ruwa mai kauri ! Ruwan gishiri ! Gishiri mai gishiri |- style="background:#00BFFF" ! <0.05% ! 0.05 – 3% ! 3 – 5% ! > 5% |- style="background:#00BFFF" ! < 0.5 ‰ ! 0.5 – 30 ‰ ! 30 – 50 ‰ ! > 50 ‰ |} == Rarraba jikunan ruwa bisa ga gishirin da ke cikinsu == {| align="right" style="text-align:center; margin-right:auto;" | bgcolor="lightgrey" |'''Jerin Thalassic''' |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" width="150px" | > 300 ‰ |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" | hyperhaline |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" | 60–80 ‰ |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" | metahaline |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" | 40 ‰ |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" | mixoeuhaline |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" | 30 ‰ |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" | polyhaline |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" | 18 ‰ |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" | mesohaline |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" | 5 ‰ |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" | oligohaline |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" | 0.5 ‰ |} Ruwan teku su ne na teku, wani lokaci kuma ana kiransa ''tekuna euhaline'' . Gishirin tekuna euhaline yana tsakanin 30 zuwa 35. ''Tekuna ko ruwa masu kauri'' suna da gishiri tsakanin 0.5 zuwa 29 ‰ da kuma ''tekuna metahaline'' daga 36 zuwa 40 ‰. Ana ɗaukar waɗannan ruwan a matsayin ''thalassic'' saboda gishirinsu ya fito ne daga teku kuma an ayyana shi a matsayin ''homoiohaline'' idan gishirin bai bambanta sosai akan lokaci ba (wanda yake dawwama). Teburin da ke gefen dama, wanda aka gyara daga Por (1972), <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Por |first=F. D. |year=1972 |title=Hydrobiological notes on the high-salinity waters of the Sinai Peninsula |journal=Marine Biology |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=111–119 |bibcode=1972MarBi..14..111P |doi=10.1007/BF00373210 |s2cid=86601297}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Salinity {{!}} Freshwater Inflows |url=https://www.freshwaterinflow.org/salinity |access-date=2020-10-25 |website=www.freshwaterinflow.org}}</ref> yana bin "tsarin Venice" (1959). Sabanin muhallin homoiohaline akwai wasu muhallin ''poikilohaline'' (wanda kuma zai iya zama ''thalassic'' ) inda bambancin gishirin yake da mahimmanci a fannin ilmin halitta. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dahl, E. |year=1956 |title=Ecological salinity boundaries in poikilohaline waters |journal=Oikos |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=1–21 |bibcode=1956Oikos...7....1D |doi=10.2307/3564981 |jstor=3564981}}</ref> Gishirin ruwan ''Poikilohaline'' na iya kasancewa daga 0.5 zuwa sama da 300 ‰. Muhimmin halayyar ita ce waɗannan ruwan suna da bambancin gishirin a kan wasu yanayi masu ma'ana na ilimin halitta a kowane lokaci ko kuma a wani lokaci makamancin haka. A taƙaice, waɗannan jikunan ruwa ne masu bambancin gishirin. Ana kiran ruwan gishiri mai yawan gishiri, wanda gishiri ke fitowa daga ciki (ko kuma zai yi), da ruwan gishiri . == Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli == Gishiri wani abu ne mai matuƙar muhimmanci a muhalli, wanda ke shafar nau'ikan halittu da ke rayuwa a cikin ruwa. Haka kuma, gishiri yana shafar nau'ikan [[Shuka|tsire-tsire]] da za su girma ko dai a cikin ruwa, ko kuma a ƙasar da ruwa ke ciyarwa (ko kuma ta [[Ruwa na kasa|ƙarƙashin ƙasa]] ). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kalcic, Maria |first=Turowski, Mark; Hall, Callie |date=2010-12-22 |title=Stennis Space Center Salinity Drifter Project. A Collaborative Project with Hancock High School, Kiln, MS |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20110008620 |access-date=2011-06-16 |website=Stennis Space Center Salinity Drifter Project |publisher=NTRS}}</ref> Shuke-shuken da ya dace da yanayin gishiri ana kiransa halophyte . Halophyte wanda ke jure wa ragowar sodium carbonate gishiri ana kiransa glasswort ko saltwort ko shuke-shuken barilla . Halittu (galibi ƙwayoyin cuta) waɗanda za su iya rayuwa a cikin yanayi mai gishiri ana rarraba su a matsayin extremophiles, ko halophiles musamman. Halittu da za ta iya jure wa nau'ikan gishiri iri-iri shine euryhaline . Gishiri yana da tsada a cire shi daga ruwa, kuma yawan gishiri muhimmin abu ne wajen amfani da ruwa, wanda ke haifar da [[Ruwan sha|wadatar ruwa]] da kuma dacewa da [[ban ruwa]] . An lura da karuwar gishiri a tafkuna da koguna a Amurka, saboda yawan gishirin hanya da sauran abubuwan da ke lalata gishiri a cikin ruwan. <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 January 2018 |title=Hopes To Hold The Salt, And Instead Break Out Beet Juice And Beer To Keep Roads Clear |url=https://www.wbur.org/news/2018/01/29/road-salt-environmental-dangers |website=www.wbur.org}}</ref> Matsayin gishiri a cikin tekuna shine abin da ke haifar da [[Juyawar thermohaline|zagayawar teku a duniya]], inda yawan ruwa ke canzawa saboda canjin gishiri da canjin zafin jiki a saman teku yana haifar da canje-canje a cikin ruwa, wanda ke haifar da nutsewa da hauhawar yawan ruwa. Ana tsammanin canje-canje a cikin gishirin tekuna suna taimakawa ga canje-canje a duniya a cikin carbon dioxide yayin da ruwan gishiri da yawa ba sa narkewa sosai ga carbon dioxide. Bugu da ƙari, a lokacin ƙanƙara, hydrograph ɗin ruwa yana da yuwuwar haifar da raguwar zagayawar ruwa shine samar da tekuna masu rarrabuwa. A irin waɗannan yanayi, yana da wahala a rage ruwa ta hanyar zagayawar thermohaline. Ba wai kawai gishirin ruwa ne ke haifar da zagayawar teku ba, amma canje-canje a zagayawar teku kuma yana shafar gishirin, musamman a yankin Arewacin Tekun Atlantika mai zurfi inda daga 1990 zuwa 2010 aka rage yawan gudummawar ruwan narkewar Greenland ta hanyar karuwar jigilar ruwan gishirin Atlantika zuwa arewa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Fox-Kemper |first=B. |last2=Hewitt |first2=H.T. |author-link2=Helene Hewitt |last3=Xiao |first3=C. |last4=Aðalgeirsdóttir |first4=G. |last5=Drijfhout |first5=S.S. |last6=Edwards |first6=T.L. |last7=Golledge |first7=N.R. |last8=Hemer |first8=M. |last9=Kopp |first9=R.E. |last10=Krinner |first10=G. |last11=Mix |first11=A. |date=2021 |editor-last=Masson-Delmotte |editor-first=V. |editor2-last=Zhai |editor2-first=P. |editor3-last=Pirani |editor3-first=A. |editor4-last=Connors |editor4-first=S.L. |editor5-last=Péan |editor5-first=C. |editor6-last=Berger |editor6-first=S. |editor7-last=Caud |editor7-first=N. |editor8-last=Chen |editor8-first=Y. |editor9-last=Goldfarb |editor9-first=L. |title=Ocean, Cryosphere and Sea Level Change |url=https://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/84/371584.pdf |journal=Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |publisher=Cambridge University Press |publication-place=Cambridge, UK and New York, New York, US |volume=2021 |pages=1211–1362 |bibcode=<!-- not 2021AGUFM.U13B..09F --> |doi=10.1017/9781009157896.011 |isbn=9781009157896}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFFox-KemperHewittXiaoAðalgeirsdóttir2021">Fox-Kemper, B.; [[Helene Hewitt|Hewitt, H.T.]]; Xiao, C.; Aðalgeirsdóttir, G.; Drijfhout, S.S.; Edwards, T.L.; Golledge, N.R.; Hemer, M.; Kopp, R.E.; Krinner, G.; Mix, A. (2021). Masson-Delmotte, V.; Zhai, P.; Pirani, A.; Connors, S.L.; Péan, C.; Berger, S.; Caud, N.; Chen, Y.; Goldfarb, L. (eds.). [https://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/84/371584.pdf "Ocean, Cryosphere and Sea Level Change"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change''. '''2021'''. Cambridge, UK and New York, New York, US: Cambridge University Press: <span class="nowrap">1211–</span>1362. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/9781009157896.011|10.1017/9781009157896.011]]. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781009157896|<bdi>9781009157896</bdi>]].</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dukhovskoy |first=D.S. |last2=Myers |first2=P.G. |last3=Platov |first3=G. |last4=Timmermans |first4=M.L. |last5=Curry |first5=B. |last6=Proshutinsky |first6=A. |last7=Bamber |first7=J.L. |last8=Chassignet |first8=E. |last9=Hu |first9=X. |last10=Lee |first10=C.M. |last11=Somavilla |first11=R. |date=2016 |title=Greenland freshwater pathways in the sub-Arctic Seas from model experiments with passive tracers |url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2015JC011290 |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans |volume=121 |issue=1 |pages=877–907 |bibcode=2016JGRC..121..877D |doi=10.1002/2015JC011290 |s2cid=603982 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dukhovskoy |first=D.S. |last2=Yashayaev |first2=I. |last3=Proshutinsky |first3=A. |last4=Bamber |first4=J.L. |last5=Bashmachnikov |first5=I.L. |last6=Chassignet |first6=E.P. |last7=Lee |first7=M. |last8=Tedstone |first8=A.J. |date=2019 |title=Role of Greenland freshwater anomaly in the recent freshening of the subpolar North Atlantic |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans |volume=124 |issue=5 |pages=3333–3360 |bibcode=2019JGRC..124.3333D |doi=10.1029/2018JC014686 |pmc=6618073 |pmid=31341755}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stendardo |first=I. |last2=Rhein |first2=M. |last3=Steinfeldt |first3=R. |date=2020 |title=The North Atlantic Current and its volume and freshwater transports in the subpolar North Atlantic, time period 1993–2016 |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans |volume=125 |issue=9 |bibcode=2020JGRC..12516065S |doi=10.1029/2020JC016065 |s2cid=225238073 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Duk da haka, ruwan Arewacin Atlantika ya zama sabo tun tsakiyar shekarun 2010 saboda karuwar kwararar ruwan narkewar Greenland. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Holliday |first=N. Penny |last2=Bersch |first2=Manfred |last3=Berx |first3=Barbara |last4=Chafik |first4=Léon |last5=Cunningham |first5=Stuart |last6=Florindo-López |first6=Cristian |last7=Hátún |first7=Hjálmar |last8=Johns |first8=William |last9=Josey |first9=Simon A. |last10=Larsen |first10=Karin Margretha H. |last11=Mulet |first11=Sandrine |date=2020-01-29 |title=Ocean circulation causes the largest freshening event for 120 years in eastern subpolar North Atlantic |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=585 |bibcode=2020NatCo..11..585H |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-14474-y |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=6989661 |pmid=31996687}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Narkewar gishiri don dalilai na tattalin arziki ** [[Tsarkakewa|Tsaftace]] ruwa ** Tsaftace ƙasa: sarrafa gishirin ƙasa ** Rabon shaye-shayen sodium * Auna gishirin ** Salinometer * Gishiri ta hanyar mahallin halittu ** A cikin kwayoyin halitta gabaɗaya, musamman ma kula da lafiyar ɗan adam *** Electrolytes *** Daidaiton ruwa *** Hypernatremia *** Hyponatremia *** Gubar Gishiri ** A cikin tsire-tsire *** Amsoshin <nowiki><i id="mwAXY">Arabidopsis thaliana</i></nowiki> ga gishiri ** A cikin kifi *** Kifin Stenohaline *** Kifin Euryhaline * Gishiri ta hanyar mahallin ƙasa ** [[Ruwan Daɗi|Ruwa mai daɗi]] ** Ruwan teku ** Gishirin ƙasa ** [[Juyawar thermohaline|Tsarin zagayawar Thermohaline]] ** Paleosality ** Bayanan CORA kan gishirin tekuna na duniya * Yawancin lokuta na yawan sinadarin solute ** Osmotic maida hankali ** Tonicity == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Ƙarin karatu == * {{Cite journal |last=Lewis |first=Edward Lyn |date=1982 |title=The practical salinity scale of 1978 and its antecedents |url=https://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/29440.pdf |journal=Marine Geodesy |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=350–357 |bibcode=1982MarGe...5..350L |doi=10.1080/15210608209379432 |access-date=2024-08-25}} * {{Cite journal |last=Mantyla |first=Arnold W. |date=April 1987 |title=Standard Seawater Comparisons updated |journal=[[Journal of Physical Oceanography]] |type=reprinted from its original publication in ''IEEE Journal of Oceanic engineering'', vol. OE5, n° 1, Jan. 1980 |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=543–548 |bibcode=1987JPO....17..543M |doi=10.1175/1520-0485(1987)017<0543:sscu>2.0.co;2 |doi-access=free}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Cite web |title=Thermophysical properties of seawater |url=https://web.mit.edu/seawater/ |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=web.mit.edu |type=[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] page on seawater properties, with [[MATLAB|Matlab]], [[Engineering Equation Solver|EES]] and [[Excel VBA]] library routines}} * {{Cite web |title=Early Determination of Salinity: from Ancient Concepts to Challenger Results |url=https://salinometry.com/early-determination-of-salinity-from-ancient-concepts-to-challenger-results |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=salinometry.com |type=History of the salinity determination}} * {{Cite web |title=Practical Salinity Scale — 1978 |url=https://www.salinometry.com/pss-78 |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=salinometry.com}} * {{Cite web |title=Practical salinity calculator |url=https://salinometry.com/ctd-salinity-calculator/ |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=salinometry.com}} * {{Cite web |title=Algorithms on sea water |url=http://www.code10.info/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=54&Itemid=79 |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=code10.info |type=equations and algorithms to calculate fundamental properties of sea water}} * {{Cite web |title=Equations and algorithms to calculate salinity of inland waters |url=http://www.eos.ubc.ca/~rich/#LIM |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=eos.ubc.ca}} (dead link) {{Wastewater}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ptpuspwz9lgowvkohoki4iuncyfsip3 0 8923 874038 793925 2026-07-01T23:34:55Z Habibah A Jisambo 26434 874038 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ibrahim''' na iya kasancewa: Sunane da ake amfani dashi * Ibrahim (Sunan) , gami da jerin mutanen da ke da sunan ** [[Annabi Ibrahim|Ibrahim a cikin Islama]] * [[Ibrahim (surah)]] , surah na Alkur'ani * Ibrahim (wasan kwaikwayo) ko Ibrahim The Illustrious Bassa, wani bala'i na 1676 na Elkanah Settle, wanda ya samo asali ne daga wani littafi na 1641 na Madeleine de Scudéry * Kyautar Ibrahim don Nasarar Shugabancin Afirka. == Dubi kuma. == a3t97h97c94e1c8feircmqrdb0n0acz 0 9053 873737 872961 2026-07-01T18:04:59Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 873737 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Funtua Post Office, No. 2 Zaria road Funtua-Katsina State.jpg|thumb]]{{databox}} [[File:Funtua town view from Funtua Rock.jpg|thumb|Funtuwa]] [[File:Wiktionary Funtuajpg12.jpg|thumb|Members na wikipidia a garin funtuwa]][[File:Bakori Post Office Funtua road- Katsina State.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Funtua town view from Funtua Rock.jpg|thumb|Funtuwa karamar hukumace]] [[Fayil:Dutsen Funtua.jpg|thumb|Dutsen funtua]][[File:Christianity in Northern Nigeria 02.jpg|thumb]] '''Funtua''' Ƙaramar [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|hukuma]] ce a kudancin Najeriya a [[Katsina (jiha)|Jihar]] Katsina. Hedikwatarsa tana cikin garin Funtua akan [[Babban titin A126 (Najeriya)|babbar hanyar A126]]. Tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan Ƙananan Hukumomin dake Najeriya da aka samar tun bayan gyaran tsarin ƙananan hukumomi da akayi a shekarar (1976). Ita ce kuma hedikwatar mazaɓar Katsina ta Kudu, wadda ta kunshi ƙananan hukumomi har guda goma sha daya (11) waɗanda suka haɗa da: Bakori, Danja, Dandume, Faskari, Sabuwa, Kankara, Malumfashi, Kafur, [[Musawa]], Matazu da ita kuma kanta Funtua. Funtua tana da yanayi mai kyau yayin da take kan latitude da longitude 11°32′N da 7°19′E bi da bi. Garin yana da matsakaicin zafin jiki na 320C da zafi na 44%. Tana da girman murabba'i 448&nbsp;km² da yawan jama'a (225,571 a bisa ƙidayar 2006) sannan kuma mutum 570,110 bisa ga ƙiyasin (2016). Shugaban shine shugaban ƙaramar hukuma a hukumance. Mazauna karamar hukumar hausa Fulani ne akasarinsu, sana’o’insu shine kasuwanci, noma da kiwon dabbobi.<ref>"Funtua Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark". weatherspark.com. Retrieved 24 August 2024.</ref> Funtua tana cikin iyakar kudancin jihar Katsina. Shi ne birni na biyu mafi girma a jihar bayan Katsina. Tana iyaka da ƙaramar hukumar Giwa ta jihar Kaduna a kudu, Bakori daga gabas, Danja a kudu maso gabas, Faskari a arewa maso yamma da Dandume a yamma. Lambar ofishin sakonni na yankin ita ce 830.<ref>"Post Offices- with map of LGA". NIPOST. Archived from the original on 2009-10-07. Retrieved 2009-10-20.</ref> Tushen kogin [[Sokoto (kogi)|Sokoto]] yana kusa da Funtuwa.<ref>"Funtua Local Government Area". www.manpower.com.ng. Retrieved 30 July 2024</ref> [[File:Funtua_town_view_from_Funtua_Rock.jpg|thumb| Duba garin Funtua daga Dutsen Funtua]] == Kasuwanci da Masana'antu. == Funtua cibiyar masana'antu da kasuwanci ce tun zamanin mulkin mallaka, a halin yanzu tana da yawancin masana'antu a cikin jihar<ref>"Nigerian-Made Funtua Fabric Aims to Rebuild a Struggling Industry". PROTOCHIC. 23 January 2017. Retrieved 30 July 2024.</ref>. Viz: Funtua Textiles Limited, <ref>Adefolurin, Adeyinka M. "Alh. Babangida Jargaba (Nigeria) Limited". savycon.com. Retrieved 30 July 2024.</ref>Jargaba Agric Processing Company wanda ya shahara a masana'antar mai, abincin dabbobi, Diaries Arewa, Funtua Burnt Bricks, Funtua Fertiliser Blending Company, West African Cotton Company,<ref>Ilelaboye, Jare (2 July 2000). "Nigeria: Katsina Set to Privatise Bricks Firm". All Africa.</ref> Lumus Cotton Ginnery, Integrated Flour Mills, Funtua Bottling Company. Salama Rice Mills da dai sauransu.<ref>A HISTORY OF THE INTRODUCTION, GROWTH AND DECLINE OF RAILWAY IN FUNTUA TOWN, 1927 – 1992 HISTORY & INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Project Topics". eduproject.com.ng. Retrieved 30 July 2024</ref><ref>"Climate Change Funtua". meteoblue. Retrieved 24 October 2023.</ref> ==Zargazirga == Funtua tana da tashar jirgin ƙasa a reshen yammacin layin dogo na ƙasa da manyan titunan tarayya guda 4: Titin Funtua-Birnin Gwari-Lagos, Funtua-Zamfara-Sokoto-Kebbi Road, Funtua-Yashe Road, da Funtua-. [[Zariya|Zaria]] Road, Funtua-Bakori-malunfashi-Dayi Road<ref>"Educational Institutions in Funtua L.G.A, Katsina State | Nigeria Directory, A List of Nigerian Businesses, Organisations, Firms and Companies | Nigeria Yellow Pages". www.directory.org.ng. Retrieved 30 July 2024</ref><ref>"Educational Institutions in Funtua, Katsina State". www.manpower.com.ng. Retrieved 30 July 2024.</ref> == Cibiyoyin Ilimi == A halin yanzu Funtua tana da manyan makarantu da ke ɗaukar ɗalibai daga ko’ina a faɗin ƙasar nan, ɗaya ita ce makarantar gyaran jiki da aka fi sani da Ahmadu Bello University School of Basic and Remedial Studies (SBRS), Funtua, wacce ke ɗaukar ɗalibai daga dukkan jihohi Sha tara (19) na Arewacin Najeriya. na biyu kuma tana da kwalejojin fasahar kiwon lafiya guda huɗu (4) da aka fi sani da Muslim Community College of Health Science & Technology Funtua, College of Health and Environmental Sciences Funtua, Umar bin Khattab School of health and Technology Funtua da Funtua Community College of Health Sciences and Technology Sannan Kuma Akwai wata Sabuwa Mai Suna Funtua Community College Of Health and Technology. Wata cibiyar bayar da shaidar difloma ita ce Abdullahi Aminchi College of Advanced Studies Funtua wacce ta yi rijistar bayar da shaidar difloma kamar yadda ta ke da alaka da ABU Zaria, inda a yanzu suka bude sashin bayar da shaidar digiri Wanda sukayi rijista da Jami'ar tarayya dake Dutsen ma wato FUDMA, Kwalejin Ilimi ta Imam Sa’idu, wadda ke ba da NCE da Isma’ila Isah College of Advanced Studies ita ma ta na ba da shaidar difloma. Takaddun shaida tare da haɗin gwiwar Haicas Tsafe. Funtua ta samu shahararriyar cibiyar bayar da takardar shedar a yanzu haka tana shirin fara bayar da Diploma da aka fi sani da College of Administration, Funtua. A kwanannan Kuma Allah ya kawo ma garin Funtua wani ci gaba na samun babbar jami'ar tarayya ta kiwon lapia, wadda Mai girma gwamnan jihar Katsina Malam Dikko Umar Radda PhD ya rattaba hannu tare da aminceewar ayi ta Funtua. == Wutar Lantarki da Ruwa == Funtua tana da tashar watsa wutar lantarki ta ƙasa mai ƙarfin 132KV na National Grid da ke zuwa daga Mando tasha ta Zariya daga nan ta wuce [[Gusau]] ta tsaya a Talata Mafara. Yana da kyau a lura cewa tashar watsa wutar lantarki mai karfin 132kv/33kv da ke Funtua tana gudanar da ayyukan kananan hukumomi 9 daga cikin kananan hukumomi 11 da suka kunshi Gundumar shiyyar Funtua. Yayin da rashin wutar lantarki ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a fadin kasar, Funtua ba ta da irin wannan matsalar saboda garin na samun wutar lantarki na tsawon sa'o'i 8-10 a kullum. Don haka duk mai sha'awar zuba jari zai iya zuwa ya saka hannun jari.<ref>Carmen (17 September 2021). "Funtua - Zaria Line, Nigeria". Power Technology. Retrieved 30 July 2024.</ref><ref>Salawu, Abdulazeez Ozomari (May 2014). "THE REMAINING STORAGE AND RATE OF SILTATION OF MAIRUWA DAM IN FUNTUA, NORTH CENTRAL NIGERIA". <nowiki>{{cite journal}}</nowiki>: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)</ref><ref>"Funtua, Katsina, Nigeria Climate". Weather and Climate. Retrieved 28 August 2023</ref> Dangane da samar da ruwa, Allah ya albarkaci Funtua da madatsun ruwa guda biyu 2, wato; Mairuwa da Gwaigwaye da suka yi hidimar birnin da wasu sassa na majalisar Faskari da yankin Bakori. Za a iya amfani da runfunan ruwa guda 2 don wasu abubuwa kamar ban ruwa da samar da wutar lantarki. Har ila yau kuma, akwai gonar Songhai da ake amfani da ita don horarwa da noman wasu kayayyakin gona.<ref>Olarinoye, Ajibola (11 January 2018). "$70m dam construction: Katsina partners Indian firm". Infrastructure News. Retrieved 30 July 2024.</ref><ref>"Songhai Farm initiative suffers neglect in states". Daily Trust. 21 April 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2024</ref> == Funtua Inland Dry Port == Bayan matakin da gwamnatin tarayya ta ɗauka na rage cunkoso a tashoshin jiragen ruwanmu, gwamnatin Obasanjo ta kafa tashoshi 6 na busasshen ruwa a ƙasar nan a shekarar 2006, inda Funtua na cikin masu karɓar bakuncin.<ref>Rapheal (2 August 2022). "How inland dry port projects'll boost FG's revenue, trade flows –Minister". The Sun. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 22 October 2023.</ref> A halin yanzu aikin yana ci gaba da gudana a wurin kuma idan an kammala aikin busashen zai samar da guraben ayyukan yi da kuma samun kuɗaɗen shiga ga gwamnati.<ref>Ports, Ships & (10 May 2024). "Tinubu commissions Funtua Inland Dry Port to support economic diversification". Ships & Ports. Retrieved 30 July 2024.</ref><ref>"Climate Change Funtua". meteoblue. Retrieved 24 October 2023.</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Tashoshin Jiragen Ƙasa a Najeriya|Tashoshin jirgin kasa a Najeriya]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20151002023736/http://sbrs.abu.edu.ng/ Makarantar Koyon Ilimi da Gyaran Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello (SBRS), Funtua] == Wasu garuruwa da kauyuka a Funtua == Dukke, Maigamji, Maska, Tudun Iya, Gardawa, Unguwar Hamida, Gwaigwaye, Dan Fili, Goya, 'Yar Randa, Unguwar Fadi, Unguwar Nuhu, Gwauruwa, Rafin Dinya, Kaliyawa, Zamfarawa, Bakin Dutse, Unguwar Kankura, Unguwar Kwando, Cibauna, Lasanawa, Dukawa, Unguwar Biri, Kofar Yamma, Sabon Gari, Danlayi, Unguwar Tofa. Wasu daga cikin unguwannin Funtua sun hada da; BCJA, Jabiri, Unguwar Wanzamai, Bakori Road, Mai ruwa road, Danja Road, Tafoki Road, Goya road, GRA, Tudun Wada, Unguwan Magajin Makera, Sabon Layi, Bagari, Dan Daji, Unguwar mata, Nasarawa, Low-cost Yan Wanki, Dandaji, Unguwar Mata, Zaria Road, Karofi, Sabuwar Abuja, Dutsen Rimi da sauransu. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] msuqms5rruwa6e6v5fhmew1wymck2ys 0 9115 874053 657318 2026-07-02T01:09:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 874053 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bursari''' Karamar hukuma ce dake a [[Jihar Yobe]]n, [[Nijeriya]]. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nipc.gov.ng/nigeria-states/yobe-state/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-10-23 |archive-date=2024-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240421030942/https://www.nipc.gov.ng/nigeria-states/yobe-state/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>Lambar akwatin gidan wayarta ita ce 620.<ref>{{cite web|title=Post Offices- with map of LGA |publisher=NIPOST |url=http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |accessdate=2009-10-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |archivedate=2009-10-07 }}</ref> Yaren Bade shi ne yaren da ake amfani da shi a karamar hukumar Bursari.<ref>{{Cite web | title = Bade | work = Ethnologue | accessdate = 2014-05-25 | url = http://www.ethnologue.com/language/bde }}</ref> karamar hukumar Bursari tananan a jihar Yobe, an samo ta ne a cikin yankin gabashin Najeriya. Yankin yana kunshe da wasu garuruwa da kauyuka da suka hada da Gumsa, Dapchi da Bodairi. tare da hedikwatar Cibiyar Karamar hukumar ta a cikin garin Dapchi. An kiyasta yawan al'ummar Karamar hukumar Bursari a matsayin dubu dari da sha daya, da dari bakwai da talatin da biyu (111,732)<ref>[https://www.manpower.com.ng/places/lga/782/bursari Bursari Local Government Area]</ref> tare da mafi yawansu suna daga cikin kabilun Bade, Hausa da Fulani. Ana yawan jin yaren Fufulde, Bade, da Hausa a Karkarar Bursari yayin da addinin da aka fi bi a wannan yanki shine addinin Musulunci. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Category: Kananan hukumomin jihar Yobe]] 6u3sel497dbdsv40vegha5mk6x02oyh 0 9293 873801 735000 2026-07-01T20:43:07Z Ibnjafarmahuta12 46515 873801 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Jpg2.Dandume.jpg|thumb]][[File:Jpg4.Dandume.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Dandume.ogg|thumb|Sautin dandume]] '''Dandume''' (ko '''Dandume''' ) karamar hukuma ce a cikin [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|jihar]] [[Katsina (jiha)|Katsina]], [[Najeriya]]. Hedikwatarta kuma tana cikin garin Dandume da ke yammacin yankin. a{{Coord|11|27|30|N|7|07|37|E|region:NG_type:city}}. Tana da yanki na kimanin murabba'in kilomita (422), da yawan jama'a (145,739) a ƙidayar shekara ta 2006. Sannan kuma mutanen karamar hukumar dandume suna gudanar da ayyukan noma, kiwo dakuma kasuwanci. Mutanen karamar Dandume mutane ne masu al’adu iri ɗaya. Kuma Allah ya albarkacesu da masu ilimi boko da na zamani. Kama daga mahaddata Al Qur'ani Mai girma, karatun littattafai na Hadithi, Fikihu, larabci da sauransu. Haka bangaren karatun boko ma ba'a barsu a baya ba inda suke da masu Difloma, NCE, Digiri, Mastas, PhD har da Professor. Lambar gidan waya na yankin ita ce 830.<ref>{{cite web|title=Post Offices- with map of LGA |publisher=NIPOST |url=http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |accessdate=2009-10-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |archivedate=2009-10-07 }}</ref> Karamar Hukumar [[Dandume]] ta jahar [[Katsina]] tana da Mazaɓu guda goma sha ɗaya (11) a karkashin ta (11). Ga jerin sunayen su kamar haka;<ref>https://nigeriadecide.org/polling_unit_category.php?state=Katsina&lga=Dandume</ref> # Dandume A # Dandume B # Dantankari # Magaji wando A # Magaji wando B # Mahuta A # Mahuta B # Mahuta C # Nasarawa # Tumburkai A # Tumburkai B By Yusuf Sahabi Badole == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Katsina (jiha)]] hipxi907svubb6mzzsje8f7568rabwk 0 10340 873809 368478 2026-07-01T20:51:14Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 873809 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Nau'ukan siril daban-daban da abubuwan da aka hada daga gare su. '''Siril''' itace duk wani abinci nadaga cikin [[sirri (botanically, wani nau'in [[kayan ice]], da ake kira da [[caryopsis]]) wanda ake noma a [[Poaceae|ciyawa]], ya haɗa da [[endosperm]], [[cereal germ|germ]], da kuma [[bran]]. [[Hatsin abinci|Hatsin abinci]] ana kuma shuka su da yawa dan samar da abinci da dama domin samun karfi ga jama'a ako'ina dake duniya fiye da kowane irin kayan abinci<ref>cite web|url=https://www.idrc.ca/en|title=IDRC{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} - International Development Research Centre|website=|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609075145/https://www.idrc.ca/en%7Carchivedate%3D9 June 2016|df=dmy-all</ref> kuma sun kasance [[staple food|staple crops]]. Edible grains from other plant families, such as [[buckwheat]] ([[Polygonaceae]]), [[quinoa]] ([[Amaranthaceae]]) and [[Salvia hispanica|chia]] ([[Lamiaceae]]), are referred to as [[pseudocereal]]s. In their natural, unprocessed, ''[[whole grain]]'' form, cereals are a rich source of [[vitamin]]s, [[Dietary mineral|minerals]], [[carbohydrate]]s, [[fat]]s, oils, and [[protein (nutrient)|protein]]. When processed by the removal of the bran, and germ, the remaining [[endosperm]] is mostly [[carbohydrate]]. In some [[Developing country|developing countries]], grain in the form of [[rice]], [[wheat]], [[millet]], or [[maize]] constitutes a majority of daily sustenance. In [[Developed country|developed countries]], cereal consumption is moderate and varied but still substantial. ==Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Category:Siril|*]] durrk69wr8kahk1gcj35z3uifowyruo 0 10350 873669 450049 2026-07-01T14:26:59Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 873669 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother portrait.jpg|thumb|Sarauniyar Ingila Elizabeth]] [[File:The Sin of Martha Queed (1921) - 3.jpg|thumb|Sarauniyar Martha]] '''Sarauniya na kan-Karaga''' (jam'i, Sarauniyoyi na kan-karagu) ita ce masarauciya [[mace]] mai mulki, wato mace mai mukami dai-dai dana [[Sarki|Sarki]], wanda ke mulki akan ikon ta, ba a ma'anar [[Matar sarki]] ba,<ref> {{cite book |title= Wonderful Things – A History of Egyptology – Volume 2 – The Golden Age: 1881–1914 |author= Jason Thompson |year= 2015 |publisher= American University in Cairo Press |page= 16 }} </ref><ref> {{cite journal |journal= Journal of Woman in Culture Arts |volume= 1 |number= 2 |id= 148774 |date= February 2010 |title= The Author's Attitude of the Book 'Tarikh-i-Shahi' on Women Kings |author= Parvin Torkamany Azar }} </ref> wanda ke nufin mata ga Sarki mai sarauta, ko kuma [[regent|queen regent]], wanda ita ce mai-kula da Sarki yaro, wanda ke mulki na dan lokaci a yarintar sa. '''empress regnant''' ita ce sarauniya ko masarauciya mace dake mulki akan yancin ta da kuma iko a [[Daula]]. Sarauniya dake kan-karaga Mulki nada karfi da iko datake gudanar da mulkinta, amma Matar Sarki ita kuma tana amfani ne da lakabi, karfi na daga cikin wanda mijinta ke dashi, amma bata amfani da ikon mulki kamar yadda mijinta ke dashi. Mijin sarauniyar dake mulki, shi bai iya amfani da irin iko da karfi na matarsa ko lakabinta. Sai dai kawai amatsayin sa na [[Mijin Sarauniya]]. Amma sarauniya dowager itace Matar Sarkin da yarasu. [[Mahaifiyar Sarauniya]] itace queen dowager (mai babban daki) itace mahaifiyar mai mulki na kan-karaga. == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sarauniya}} [[Category:Siyasa]] [[Category:Sarki]] [[Category:Sarauta]] mcgzx5b8e97mvk9zu0mpri22r27dhyx 0 10494 873686 873326 2026-07-01T16:03:39Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 873686 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Hadiza Aliyu on Dandalina.jpg|thumb|hadiza a dandalina]] [[Fayil:Ha-Hadiza Aliyu.ogg|thumb|Hadiza Aliyu]] [[Fayil:Hadiza Gabon Kannywood actress.jpg|thumb|Hoton hadiza gabon]] '''Hadiza Aliyu''' wacce akafi sani da '''Hadiza [[Gabon]]''' (An haife ta a ranar daya 1 ga watan Yuni, shekarar alif dari tara da tamanin da tara miladiyya 1989) a kasar Gabon,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hadiza Aliyu|url=http://www.hadizaaliyu.com/about/}}</ref> Hadiza Aliyu ta Kasance Shahararriyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce a [[Hausa]] film a [[Najeriya]], a ƙarƙashin masana'antar film ta Hausa wato kannydwood.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20200810145350/https://www.nasconplc.com/2019/07/16/brand-ambassador-market-tour/</ref> ==Lavarin Rayuwa. == An haifi Hadiza Aliyu [[Gabon]] ne a ƙasar [[Libreville]] da ke ƙasar [[Gabon]], ta dawo ƙasar mahaifiyar ta [[Najeriya]] daga bisani domin wasu dalilai, inda tayo karatu, sannan ta fara harkan fim, Haifaffiyar garin [[Libreville]], [[Gabon|Jamhuriyar Gabon]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312300834.html|title=Nigeria: I Had to Learn Hausa to Feature in Kannywood - Hadiza Gabon|author=All Africa|publisher=Amina Alhassan and Mulikat Mukaila|accessdate=28 December 2013}}</ref> Hadiza Aliyu ‘yar gidan Malam Aliyu ne wanda dattijo ne. A bangaren mahaifinta, Hadiza 'yar asalin ƙasar Gabon ce, kuma a bangaren mahaifiyarta, asalin ta Fulani ce daga [[Adamawa|jihar Adamawa]], [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]].<ref>{{cite web|title=I want to settle down – Gabon - Blueprint|url=http://www.blueprint.ng/2014/10/06/i-want-to-settle-down-gabon/|access-date=2015-03-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402131520/http://www.blueprint.ng/2014/10/06/i-want-to-settle-down-gabon/|archive-date=2015-04-02|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ilimi == Hadiza Aliyu Gabon ta halarci makarantun firamare da sakandire a kasar haihuwarta inda ta rubuta jarabawarta ta A-Level tare da burin zama lauya sannan daga baya ta zabi Lauya a matsayin kwas din da ta fi so. Ta fara karatun jami'a a matsayinta na daliba, amma dole ta daina zuwa makaranta saboda wasu matsaloli da suka dabaibaye karatun nata. Karatun nata ya tsaya a lokacin kuma hakan ya ba ta damar halartar shirin difloma a cikin Harshen Faransanci kuma daga baya ta zama malama mai koyar da Faransanci a wata makarantar sirri.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gabonofficial.com/|title=Gabon Official|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324024235/http://www.gabonofficial.com/#!/biography/|archive-date=2015-03-24|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> == Shahara == Tana daya daga cikin manyan jarumai mata a masana'antar fim ta kannywood, dake arewacin Nigeria. Tana da masoya da dama , tayi fina finai shaharrru a masana'antar. Ta fito a fim mai dogon zango na tashar Arewa 24 mai suna GIDAN BADAMASI, kuma ta fito a shahararren fim mai dogon zango MANYAN MATA. A halin yanzu ta buɗe wani filin tattaunawa da manyan mutane Sannan nu mai suna GABONS ROOM TALK. ==Fim== Hadiza Aliyu ta shiga [[Kannywood]] ba da dadewa ba bayan ta shigo daga [[Gabon]] zuwa [[Adamawa|jihar Adamawa]], [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]] . Ta tashi daga [[Adamawa]] zuwa [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] yayin da take sha'awar shiga masana'antar fim ta [[kannywood]] tare da dan uwan ta. Ta samu damar ganawa da [[Ali Nuhu]] kuma ta nemi taimakonsa don kaddamar da ita a matsayin 'yar fim. Hadiza ta fara fitowa ne a shekara ta 2009, inda aka sanya ta a Artabu, ta samu shiga masana'antar fim ta [[kannywood]] a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan jarumai mata tare da taimakon [[Ali Nuhu]] da kuma jagorancin Aminu Shariff . Ta kasance shahararriyar 'yar wasan Hausa ce. Mutane da dama na gani da daukan ta a matsayin jarumar 'yar wasan [[Kannywood]] kuma abar koyi musamman yadda take fitowa cikin sutura na al'ada da kyau, tana fitowa a wasannin barkwanci na ban dariya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hadiza Gabon - HausaFilms.tv|url=http://www.hausafilms.tv/actress/hadiza_gabon}}</ref> Hadiza ta kasance ita ce jakadiyar da ta daga cikin kamfanin sadarwa na Najeriya MTN Nigeria da kuma kamfanin abincin Indomie, ta karbi kyautar Best Actress Jury Award a 2nd Kannywood Award wanda kamfanin MTN Najeriya suka dauki nauyin bayarwa. Ita ce wacce ta kafa gidauniyar HAG Foundation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gabonofficial.com/|title=Gabon Official|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324024235/http://www.gabonofficial.com/#!/filmography/|archive-date=2015-03-24|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Elites|first1=The|title=Famous Kannywood Actress Hadiza Aliyu Gabon, Debuts In Nollywood Movie|url=http://www.theelitesng.com/famous-kannywood-actress-hadiza-aliyu-gabon-febuts-in-nollywood-movie/|website=The Elites Nigeria|accessdate=24 October 2019|date=21 September 2017|archive-date=24 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024225402/http://www.theelitesng.com/famous-kannywood-actress-hadiza-aliyu-gabon-febuts-in-nollywood-movie/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The trailer for Mike Ezuruonye's new movie ‘Lagos Real Fake Life’ isn't quite there yet » YNaija|url=https://ynaija.com/the-trailer-for-mike-ezuruonyes-new-movie-lagos-real-fake-life-isnt-quite-there-yet/|website=YNaija|accessdate=24 October 2019|date=10 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Husseini|first1=Shuaibu|title=Gold for Kannywood’s shinning star, Hadiza Gabon, from Queensland|url=https://m.guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/gold-for-kannywoods-shinning-star-hadiza-gabon-from-queensland/|website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|accessdate=24 October 2019|date=12 November 2016|archive-date=24 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024225403/https://m.guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/gold-for-kannywoods-shinning-star-hadiza-gabon-from-queensland/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Lere|first1=Muhammad|title=Kannywood: Hadiza Gabon features in first Nollywood movie - Premium Times Nigeria|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/kannywood/243849-kannywood-hadiza-gabon-features-first-nollywood-movie.html|website=Premiumtimenews|accessdate=24 October 2019|date=21 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Hadiza Gabon - HausaFilms.tv|url=http://www.hausafilms.tv/actress/hadiza_gabon/}}</ref> Hadiza Gabon ta yanke shawarar shiga Nollywood a shekara ta 2017, biyo bayan [[Ali Nuhu]], [[Sani Musa Danja]], [[Yakubu Muhammad|Yakubu Muhammed]], Maryam Booth da [[Rahama Sadau]] . An saka ta a fim dinta na farko na Nollywood kusa da Mike Ezuruonye, Mike Angel da Emmanuella a fim mai taken ''Lagos Real Fake Life .'' == Jakadanci == Acikin watan Disambar shekarar 2018 ne, kamfanin NASCON Allied Plc,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hagfoundation.com/|title=HAG Foundation - Committed to Serving Humanity|work=|publisher=HAG Foundation|accessdate=22 January 2017|archive-date=2 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202010123/http://www.hagfoundation.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref> wanda ke reshen rukunin kamfanonin [[Dangote Group|Dangote]] , ya bayyana Hadiza Aliyu a matsayin jakadiyar jakadancin Dangote Classic Seasoning a yayin ƙaddamar da kayan haɗa kayan a [[Kano#Tarihin%20Kano|Kano]].<ref>{{cite news|title=NASCON introduces Dangote classic seasoning into Kano market|url=https://businessday.ng/companies/article/nascon-introduces-dangote-classic-seasoning-into-kano-market|work=Businessday NG|date=17 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=NASCON launches New Dangote Classic Seasoning Cubes|url=https://www.proshareng.com/news/Products%20&%20Services/NASCON-launches-New-Dangote-Classic-Seasoning-Cubes/43162#:~:text=The%20Company%20used%20the%20occasion,to%20all%20women%20in%20Nigeria|website=NASCON launches New Dangote Classic Seasoning Cubes|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Brand Ambassador Market Tour|url=https://www.nasconplc.com/2019/07/16/brand-ambassador-market-tour/|website=NASCON|date=16 July 2019|access-date=1 March 2021|archive-date=10 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810145350/https://www.nasconplc.com/2019/07/16/brand-ambassador-market-tour/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Taimako == Acikin shekara ta 2016, Hadiza Gabon ta kafa Kungiyar agaji mai suna HAG Foundation Da nufin inganta rayuwar talakawa ta hanyar samar da taimako a bangarorin ilimi da kiwon lafiya gami da wadatar abinci, Ta zama daya daga cikin ‘yan wasa mata na farko a tarihin [[Kannywood]] da ta gabatar da irin wannan taimakon jin kai. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2016, ta ziyarci sansanonin ‘yan gudun hijirar da ke cikin [[Kano (jiha)|jihar Kano]] inda ta ba da gudummawar kayayyakin abinci, kayan masaka da sauran kayan masarufi da mazauna sansanin suke bukata saboda rikicin arewacin Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/news/entertainment/hadiza-gabon-enlivens-idp-camp/138523.html|title=Hadiza Gabon enlivens IDP camp|work=Daily Trust|publisher=Ibrahim Musa Giginyu|accessdate=19 March 2016}}</ref> == Lamban girma == Hadiza Aliyu ta samu kyaututtuka da girmamawa da dama waɗanda suka hada da shekara ta 2013 Best of Nollywood Awards da [[Kyaututtukan Kannywood|2nd Kannywood / MTN Awards]] a shekara ta 2014. Saboda karramawar da ta yi a matsayin 'yar fim, Hadiza ta karrama acikin shekarar 2013 daga tsohon Gwamnan [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]], [[Rabi'u Musa Kwankwaso|Dakta Rabi'u Musa Kwankwaso]] . An kuma ba ta lambar yabo ta Hollywood ta Afirka a matsayin Jarumar Jarumai mata .<gallery mode="packed-overlay" heights="140"> |Hadiza Gabon tana karban lamban girma </gallery> === Awad === Lamban girman da Hadiza Aliyu Gabon ta samu<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gabonofficial.com/|title=Gabon Official|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324024235/http://www.gabonofficial.com/#!/awards-and-projects/|archive-date=2015-03-24|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Year ! Lamban girma ! Rukuni ! Fim ! Sakamako |- ! scope="row" | 2013 | Kwankwasiyya Award | Recognition Award |Kwankwasiyya Award | {{won}} |- ! scope="row" | 2013 | 2013 Best of Nollywood Awards | Best Actress (Hausa) | ''Babban Zaure'' | {{won}} |- ! scope="row" | 2014 | City People Entertainment Awards | ''Best Actress (Hausa)''<ref>{{cite web |title=Kannywood at the 2014 City People Entertainment Awards - Winners and Nominees [HausaFilms.TV - Kannywood, Fina-finai, Hausa Movies, TV and Celebrities] |url=http://hausafilms.tv/awards/city-people-entertainment-awards-june-2014 |website=hausafilms.tv |accessdate=24 October 2019}}</ref> | ''Babban Zaure'' | {{Nom}} |- ! scope="row" | 2014 | 2nd Kannywood/MTN Awards<ref>{{cite web|title=Linda Ikeji's Blog|url=http://lindaikeji.blogspot.com/2015/02/kannywood-awards-when-mtn-celebrates.html}}</ref> | Best Actress of the Year(Jury Choice)<ref>{{cite web|title=Premium Times Nigeria|url=http://www.premiumtimesng.com/arts-entertainment/176070-late-ibro-honoured-mtn-kannywood-awards-2015.html}}</ref> | ''Daga Ni Sai Ke'' | {{won}} |- ! scope="row" | 2015 | Kannywood AWA 24 Film & Merit Award | Best Supporting Actress | ''Ali Yaga Ali'' | {{won}} |- ! scope="row" | 2016 | African Hollywood Awards | Best Actress<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/arts-entertainment/hausa-movies-arts-entertainment/214643-hadiza-gabon-usman-uzee-honoured-african-hollywood-awards.html |title=Hadiza Gabon, Usman Uzee honoured at African Hollywood Awards |work =Premium Times Nigeria |publisher=Mohammed Lere |accessdate=6 November 2016}}</ref> | ''African Films in Hausa Language'' | {{won}} |- ! scope="row" | 2017 | Arewa Night Award | Recognition Award | | {{won}} |- ! scope="row" | 2017 | 2017 Best of Kannywood Award | Best Actress (Hausa)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Agbon |first1=Ehis |title=2017 CITY PEOPLE MOVIE AWARDS (NOMINEES FOR KANNYWOOD) |url=https://procyonnews.com/2017-city-people-movie-awards-nominees-for-kannywood/ |website=Procyon News |accessdate=24 October 2019 |date=16 September 2017 |archive-date=18 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018124155/https://procyonnews.com/2017-city-people-movie-awards-nominees-for-kannywood/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> | | {{Nom}} |- |} === Kyaututuka === Jadawalin kyaututtukan martabawa da Hadiza Aliyu Gabon ta samu {| class="wikitable sortable" !Year !Girmamawa !Rukuni !Bangare |- ! scope="row" |2016 |Kano State Senior Secondary Schools Management Board |Certificate of Appreciation<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BNwVKYBhVtd/|title=Hadiza Aliyu Gabon on Instagram: Alhamdulillah ✌🏼️👌👌🏻|work=Instagram|publisher=Hadiza Aliyu Gabon|accessdate=10 December 2016}}</ref> |''Educational Support'' |- ! scope="row" |2016 |Statup Kano |Certificate of Appreciation<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/AdizatouGabon/status/809842395844149252|title=Was honored to be part of Startup Kano Women Conference.. Women empowerment gives me so much joy. Alhamdulillah.|work=Twitter|publisher=Hadiza Aliyu|accessdate=16 December 2016}}</ref> |''Empowerment Support'' |- ! scope="row" |2016 |Billycares Charity Foundation |Recognition Award | ''Philanthropy'' |- ! scope="row" |2019 |Hausa Students Association of Nigeria (BUK) |Recognition Award |''Educational Support'' |- |} === Fina finai === {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ Fina finan ta Aliyu |- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;" ! Shekara ! Sunan Fim ! Matsayin ! Nau'i |- | | ''Daina Kuka'' | Jaruma | Fim |- | | ''Farar Saka'' | Jaruma | Fim |- | | ''Fataken Dare'' | Jaruma | Fim |- | | ''Kolo(film)|Kolo'' | Jaruma | Fim |- | | ''Mukaddari'' | Jaruma | Fim |- | | ''Sakayya'' | Jaruma | Fim |- | | ''Umarnin Uwa'' | Jaruma | Fim |- | | ''Ziyadat'' | Jaruma | Fim |- | 2009 | ''Artabu'' | Jaruma | Fim |- | 2010 | ''Wasila(film)|Wasila'' | Jaruma | Fim |- | 2010 | ''Umarnin Uwa'' | Jaruma | Fim |- | 2012 | ''Aisha Humaira'' | Jaruma | Fim |- | 2012 | '''Yar Maye'' | Jaruma | Fim |- | 2012 | ''Badi Ba Rai'' | Jaruma | Fim |- | 2012 | ''Akirizzaman'' | Jaruma | Fim |- | 2012 | ''Dare Daya'' | Jaruma | Fim |- | 2012 | ''Wata Tafi Wata'' | Jaruma | Fim |- | 2013 | ''Da Kai Zan Gana'' | Jaruma | Fim |- | 2013 | ''Haske'' | Jaruma | Fim |- | 2013 | ''Ban Sani Ba'' | Jaruma | Fim |- | 2014 | ''Mai Dalilin Aure'' | Jaruma | Fim |- | 2014 | ''Daga Ni Sai Ke'' | Jaruma | Fim |- | 2014 | ''Ali Yaga Ali'' | Jaruma | Fim |- | 2014 | ''Basaja'' | Jaruma | Fim |- | 2014 | ''Uba Da 'Da'' | Jaruma | Fim |- | 2014 | ''Indon Kauye'' | Jaruma | Barkwanci/Fim |- | 2014 | ''Ba'asi'' | Jaruma | Fim |- | 2014 | ''Jarumta'' | Jaruma | Fim |- |2017 | ''Gida da waje'' | Jaruma | Fim |- |2017 | ''Ciki Da Raino'' |Jaruma |Barkwanci/Fim |- |2019 | ''Hawwa Kulu'' | Jaruma | Fim |- |2019 | ''Wakili'' | Jaruma | Fim |- |2019 | ''Dan Birnin'' | Jaruma | Fim |- |2019 | ''Gidan Badamasi'' | Jaruma | Barkwanci/Fim |} == Hotuna == <gallery mode="packed-overlay" heights="140" caption="Hotunan Hadiza Gabon"> File:Hadiza Aliyu on Dandalina.jpg|Sanye da farin kaya File:Hadiza Gabon.jpg </gallery> == Duba nan == * [[Rahama Sadau]] * [[Hafsat Idris]] * [[Jamila Nagudu]] * [[Fati Washa]] * [[Maryam Booth]] * [[Maryam Yahaya]] * [[Aisha Aliyu Tsamiya]] == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} <references /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Aliyu,Hadiza}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Mata]] [[Category:Mata yan fim]] [[Category:Yan wasan kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1989]] giwnbc1i9iy4kkqqhqovcx0umpzh75h 0 10623 873777 686544 2026-07-01T20:19:16Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 873777 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Soybean.USDA.jpg|thumb|Waken suya nakasan USDA]] [[Fayil:Waken suya.ogg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Soya beans grains.jpg|thumb|yanda ake feydin waken suya]] [[Fayil:Cooked soybeans on plate.jpg|thumb]] '''Waken suya(soya bean).''' nau'in wake ne da ake amfani da shi wurin yin madara ko abincin [[Dabba|dabbobi]] ko '''awara''' da sauransu. Sannan waken suya yana da matukar amfani ga lafiyar jikin dan Adam, ana kuma sarrafa shi ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Akan hada madara da shi a rinka ba jarirai, ana hadashi da fura a dama, kuma akan sarrafa shi zuwa abincin gargajiya.<ref>https://cookpad.com/ng/recipes/11470553-madarar-waken-suya?via=search&search_term=waken%20suya</ref><ref>https://cookpad.com/ng/recipes/9557889-awarar-waken-suya?via=search&search_term=waken%20suya</ref><ref>https://cookpad.com/ng/recipes/10902877-awara-cikin-kwai?via=search&search_term=waken%20suya</ref><ref>https://www.muryarhausa24.com.ng/2019/10/karanta-jerin-abincin-hausawa-kafin-zuwan-yar-thailand-kafin-zuwan-shinkafa-yar-kasashen-waje-girke-girken-gargajiya-sunayen-abincin-gargajiya-abincin-zamani-filin-girke-girke-abincin-zamani-filin-girke-girke.html</ref> ==Abubuwan da suka kunsah== Ana iya raba jinsin Glycine zuwa nau'o'i biyu, Glycine da Soja. Subgenus Soja ya haɗa da soya da aka noma, G. max  , da soya na daji, ana bi da shi ko dai a matsayin nau'in G.G. soya , ko kuma a matsayin nau-in G. max subsp. Soya. Soya da aka noma da na daji na shekara-shekara ne. Soya daji asalinsa ne a kasar Sin, Japan, Koriya da Rasha. Glycine ya ƙunshi akalla nau'in daji 25: misali, G. canescens da G. tomentella, dukansu an samo su a Australia da Papua New Guinea. Soya mai ɗorewa (Neonotonia wightii) na cikin wani nau'i daban. samo asali ne a [[Afirka]] kuma yanzu ya zama amfanin gona mai yawa a cikin wurare masu zafi. Kamar wasu amfanin gona dogon lokaci, ba za a iya gano dangantakar soya ta zamani da nau'in daji ba tare da wani mataki na tabbaci ba. Noma da al'ada tare da adadi mai yawa na cultivars.<ref>https://plants.jstor.org/compilation/Neonotonia.wightii</ref> <gallery> File:Lait-soya-soja-beans-legumineuse-Pixabay.jpg File:Kalo_Bhatmas.jpg File:Soybean Oil, Meal and Beans (10059732523).jpg File:Soy_powder.jpg File:Soybeanvarieties.jpg </gallery> == Manazarta == {{Stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:waken-soya}} [[Category:Shuka]] [[Category:Abinci]] qdbb6al8jkyajq5ldjp5gchrj0xuuse 0 11150 874284 804420 2026-07-02T11:00:06Z Gbawden 7388 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[c:COM:Duplicate|Duplicate]]: [[File:Ali Khamenei and Vladimir Putin.jpg]] → [[File:Ali Khamenei and Vladimir Putin (2015-11-23).jpg]] Exact or scaled-down duplicate: [[c::File:Ali Khamenei and Vladimir Putin (2015-11-23).jpg]] 874284 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Ali Khamenei reading book 01.jpg|alt=|thumb|353x353px|Seyyed Ali Khamenei]] [[File:Ali khamenei in Baghiatallah Hospital after surgery.jpg|thumb|ali khamenei in Baghiatallah hospital after surgery ]] [[File:Ali Khamenei Saeed Toosi 21072012.jpg|thumb]] '''Ali Hosseini Khamenei'''<ref>"A photo of Identity document of Ayatollah Khamenei" (in Persian). Khamenei.ir. 1 February 2010. Archived from the original on 14 August 2017. Retrieved 14 January 2018.</ref> Farisanci: علی حسینی خامنه‌ای, (19 Afrilun, 1939 - 28 Fabrairu, 2026).<ref>"Ali Khamenei". ''CGIE (fa)''</ref><ref>"taking look at the biography of Ali Khamenei". ''khamenei (fa)''. 21 March 2014. Retrieved 21 March2014.</ref> babban malamin shi'a ne, na biyu a matsayin ''marjai kuma shine'' babban shugaba a kasar [[Iran]], yana riƙe da matsayin tun daga shekarar alif 1989 har zuwa [[Kashe Ali Khamenei|rasuwarsa]] a ranar 28 Febrairu, 2026 .<ref>"Iran". State. 23 July 2010. Retrieved 21 August2010. <q>The government monitored meetings, movements, and communications of its citizens and often charged persons with crimes against national security and insulting the regime based on letters, e-mails, and other public and private communications.</q></ref><ref>"Profile: Ayatollah Seyed Ali Khamenei". ''BBC News''. 17 June 2009. Archived from the original on 26 March 2009. Retrieved 28 July 2009.</ref> Da fari ya fara rike matsayin shugaban kasar Iran daga shekarar alif 1981 zuwa shekarar alif 1989. Khamenei shine shugaba mafi daɗewa akan shugabanci a [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]], haka kuma zalika kuma na biyu a dadewa a karagar shugabancin kasar Iran a wannan ƙarnin, bayan shugaba Shah [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]].<ref>"The Supreme Leader – The Iran Primer". 2 October 2010. Archived from the original on 30 June 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2016.</ref> == Rayuwa == === Daga Haihuwa Zuwa Makaranta === An Kuma haifi mai girma Jagora juyin juya halin Musulunci Ayatullah Sayyid Ali Khamene'i dan marigayi Hujjatul Islam wal Muslimin Hajj Sayyid Jawad al-Husaini al-Khamene'i ne a ranar 24 ga watan Tir shekarar 1318 (hijira shamsiyya) wacce ta yi daidai da 28 ga watan Safar na shekarar 1358 (hijira kamariyya) 15 ga watan Yulin shekarar 1939 (miladiyya) a garin [[Mashhad]] mai tsarki. Shi ne na biyu cikin ‘ya’yan mahaifinsa. Rayuwar Sayyid Jawad Khamene'i (mahaifin Jagora) kamar ta sauran malaman addini rayuwa ce wacce ba ta a zo a gani ba. Don haka ne ma mai dakinsa da ‘ya’yansa suka koyi rayuwa mai sauki da yarda da dan abin da ake da shi. Yayin da yake magana kan yanayin rayuwar gidansu, Jagoran juyin juya halin cewa yake: “Babana dai fitaccen malamin addini ne amma mai tsananin tsantsaini da rayuwa ta kadaici… mun yi fama da rayuwa ta rashi. Ina iya tunawa wasu ranakun ma ko abin da kuma za mu ci da dare ma ba mu da shi a gidan. Da kyar mahaifiyarmu take dan shirya mana abin da za mu sa a baki, shi din ma biredi ne da zabibi kawai. Dangane da gidan da iyalin Sayyid Jawad suke rayuwa a cikinsa kuwa ga yadda Juyin juya halin Musuluncin ya siffata yadda gidan yake: “Gidan mahaifina inda a nan ne aka haife ni – wanda kuma na ci gaba da rayuwa a cikin har lokacin da na kai shekara hudu zuwa biyar – karamin gida ne kimanin mita 60-70 a wata unguwa ta fakiran garin Mashhad. Gidan daki guda kawai yake da shi sai kuma dan wani daki a cikin kasa. A duk lokacin da baki suka zo wajen mahaifinmu (kuma a mafi yawan lokuta baki sukan yawaita zuwa wajensa a matsayinsa na malamai) to dole ne dukkanmu mu koma wannan dan daki da ke cikin kasa don bakin su zauna. Har lokacin da wasu masoyan mahaifinmu suka saya masa dan wani waje a kusa da gidanmu a nan ne fa aka samu damar gina wasu dakuna biyu muka zamanto muna da dakuna uku kenan”. Jagoran juyin juya halin Musulunci ya taso ne a gidan mutane fakirai amma wadanda suke da kusanci da Ubangiji sannan kuma tsarkakan mutane. Lokacin da ya kuma kai shekaru hudu a duniya ne aka tura su makaranta shi da yayansa Sayyid Muhammad don su karanci bakake da kuma yadda ake karatun Alkur’ani. Ta haka wadannan ‘yan’uwa biyu suka shiga sabuwar makarantar primare da aka bude mai suna “Darut Ta’alimi Diyanati” === A Makarantar Hauza (Makarantar Addini) === Bayan kammala matakin farko na karatunsa sai ya shiga makarantar hauza inda ya ci gaba da karatun adadi da sauran karatuttukan share fage a wajen mahaifinsa da sauran malamai . Dangane da dalilan da suka sanya shi zaban makarantar hauza da riko da tafarkin malanta kuwa Jagora yana cewa: [[Fayil:Ali Khamenei &Hajj authorities.jpg|thumb|Ali Khamenei]] “Babban wanda ya kwadaitar da ni zaban wannan tafarki mai haske da haskakawa ta malamanta shi ne mahaifina, mahaifiyata ma ta taimaka sosai”. Jagora ya yi karatun littafan adabi irin su ‘Jami’ul Mukaddimat’, ‘Suyuti’ ‘Mugni’ a wajen malaman makarantar ‘Sulaiman Khan’ da ‘Nawwab’ alhali mahaifinsa kuma yana sa ido kan abubuwan da yake karantawa. A daidai wannan lokacin ne kuma ya karanci littafin ‘Mu’alim’. Daga nan kuma ya karanci littafin ‘Shara’iy al-Islam’ da ‘Sharh al-Lum’a’ wajen mahaifinsa da kuma marigayi Agha Mirza Mudarris Yazdi, littafan Rasa’il da Makasib kuma a wajen marigayi Hajj Sheikh Hashim Kazwini. Sannan sauran darussan fikihu da Usul kuma a wajen mahaifinsa inda ya gama karatun share fage da na tsaka-tsaki a yanayi na ban mamaki cikin shekaru biyar da rabi. Mahaifinsa marigayi Sayyid Jawad ya taimaka masa nesa ba kusa ba a wannan lokaci. A bangaren ilimin mandik da falsafa kuwa da farko Jagora juyin juya halin Musulunci ya karanci littafin Manzuma na Sabzawari ne a wajen marigayi Ayatullah Mirza Jawad Agha Tehrani daga baya kuma a wajen marigayi Sheikh Ridha Isi. === A Makarantar Hauzar Najaf Mai Tsarki === [[Fayil:Ayatollah Khamenei Friday prayer.jpg|thumb|Ali Khamenei]] [[Fayil:Ali Khamenei and Vladimir Putin (2015-11-23).jpg|thumb|Ali Khamenei]] Ayatullah Khamene'i ya fara karatun mai zurfi da ake kira (Bahasul Kharij) ne a wajen babban marja’in nan marigayi Ayatullah al-Uzma Milani a birnin Mashhad a lokacin yana da shekaru sha takwas a duniya. A shekarar 1336 hijira shamsiyya (1957) ne Ayatullah Khamene'i ya tafi birnin Najaf al-Ashraf da nufin ziyarar wajaje masu tsarki, bayan isarsa da halartar darussan Bahasul Kharij na manyan malaman hauzar birnin Najaf din irin su marigayi Sayyid Muhsin Hakim, Sayyid Mahmud Shahrudi, Mirza bakir Zanjani, Sayyid Yahya Yazdi da Mirza Hasan Bujunurdi sai ya ji zuciyarsa ta nitsu da yadda ake karantarwa don haka ya kuduri aniyar zama da ci gaba da karatunsa a wajen. Sai dai mahaifinsa ya ki amincewa. Don haka bayan wani lokaci sai ya dawo birnin Mashhad. === A Makarantar Hauzar Kum === [[Fayil:Ali Khamenei reading book 01.jpg|thumb|Ali Khamenei]] Daga shekarar 1337-1343 (1958-1964) Ayatullah Khamene'i ya ci gaba da karatunsa mai zurfi na fikihu, Usul da Falsafa a wajen malamai irin su marigayi Ayatullah al-Uzma Burujerdi, Imam Khumaini, Sheikh Murtadha Ha’iri Yazdi da Allamah Tabataba'i. A shekarar 1343 (1964) Jagoran juyin juya halin Musulunci, cikin wasikar da ya samu daga wajen mahaifinsa, ya fahimci cewa daya daga cikin idanuwan mahaifin nasa ya makance, wannan labari ya sosa masa rai, don haka ya shiga cikin damuwa ko dai ya zauna ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Kum ko kuma ya koma Mashhad don kula da mahaifinsa. Daga karshe dai Ayatullah Khamene'i ya yanke shawawar yin hijira don Allah daga Kum zuwa Mashhad don ya kula da mahaifinsa. Dangane da hakan yana cewa: “Na koma garin Mashhad kuma Allah Ya arzurta mu da nasarori masu yawa. Ala kulli hal na tafi can na ci gaba da sauke nauyin dake kaina. Idan har ina da wata nasara da na samu a rayuwa, na yi imani da cewa na same ta ne sakamakon wannan biyayya da na yi wa mahaifina kai har ma da mahaifiyata”. Ayatullah Khamene'i ya zabi tafarkin da ya fi dacewa cikin wadannan hanyoyi biyu. Wasu daga cikin malamai da abokansa sun nuna damuwarsu kan yadda zai bar karatu a Kum cikin gaggawa, suna ganin idan da ya ci gaba da zama daga karshe yana iya zama wani…sai dai daga karshe dai an tabbatar da cewa zabin da yayi shi ne abin da ya dace, tuni dai kaddara ta gitta sama da yadda suke tunani. Shin a wancan lokacin wani ma zai taba tunanin cewa wannan matashi dan shekara 25, wanda saboda neman yardar Allah da yin hidima wa iyayensa ya bar birnin Kum zuwa Mashhad bayan shekaru 52 zai iya samun wannan babban matsayi na shugabantar al’ummar musulmi? Bayan komawarsa Mashhad bai bar karatu ba, saboda idan ka cire ranakun hutu ko kuma gwagwarmaya, zaman gidan yari ko kuma tafiya ya kasance yana ci gaba da karatunsa na fikihu da Usul har zuwa shekarar 1347 (1968) a wajen manyan malaman hauzar Mashhad musamman Ayatullah Milani. Tun daga shekarar 1343 (1964) da yake zaune a birnin Mashhad, baya ga karatun da yake yi da kuma kula da mahaifinsa mara lafiya ga kuma tsufa, ya kasance kuma yana karantar da dalibai littafan fikihu, Usul da sauran ilmummukan addini. === Gwagwarmaya Ta Siyasa === [[Fayil:Matteo Renzi, meeting Ali Khamenei in Tehran (4).jpg|thumb|Ali Khamenei]] Ayatullah Khamene'i kamar yadda ya ce “yana daga cikin daliban makarantar fikihu, Usul, siyasa da gwagwarmayar (marigayi) Imam Khumaini”, sai dai kuma mutumin da ya fara motsa shi da sanya shi cikin masu gwagwarmaya da gwamnatin Dagutu (ta Shah) shi ne babban mujahidin nan wanda yayi shahada a tafarkin Musulunci wato Shahid Sayyid Mujtaba Nawwab Safawi. Hakan kuwa ya faru ne lokacin da Shahid Nawwab Safawi da wasu daga cikin ‘yan kungiyar ‘Fida’iyane Islam’ (masu sadaukarwa ga Musulunci) suka kai musu ziyara a makarantar Sulaiman Khan na garin Mashhad a shekarar 1331 (1952) inda suka gudanar da wani jawabi mai motsa rai kan batun raya Musulunci da gudanar da tsarin mulki na Ubangiji da kuma irin yaudara da karyar da Shah da turawan Ingili masu daure masa gindi suka yi wa al’ummar Iran. A wancan lokacin Ayatullah Khamene'i yana daga cikin matasan daliban wannan makaranta, ya yi matukar tasirantuwa ga jawabin Nawwab Safawin. Ya kasance yana cewa: “Tun daga wancan lokacin zuciyata ta koma kan batun juyin juya halin Musulunci sakamakon wannan jawabi na Nawwab Safawi. Babu shakka Nawwab Safawi shi ne mutumin farko da ya rura wutar gwagwarmaya da juyin juya hali cikin zuciyata”. === Tare Da Gwagwarmayar Imam Khumaini (r.a) === Tun daga shekarar 1341 (1962), lokacin Ayatullah Khamene'i yana zaune a Kum, ne gwagwarmayar Imam Khumaini ta fuskantar bakar siyasar adawa da Musulunci da mika wuya ga Amurka ta gwamnatin Shah ta fara, tun a wancan lokacin ne Ayatullah Khamene'i ya shiga fagen wannan gwagwarmayar. Cikin wadannan shekaru sha shida (na gwagwarmaya) ya fuskanci matsaloli da azabtarwa kala-kala, kora da tsarewa a gidajen yari, duk hakan kuwa ba su tsoratar da shi ba. A shekarar 1338 (1959) ne marigayi Imam Khumaini (r.a) a karon farko ya aike shi da sako zuwa ga Ayatullah Milani da sauran malaman lardin Khorasan kan yadda tsare-tsare da wa’azuzzukan malamai za su kasance a watan Muharram don tona asirin bakar siyasar gwamnatin Shah da kuma halin da kasar Iran take ciki bugu da kari kan yadda waki’ar birnin Kum ta kasance. Bayan ya isar da sakon, sai kuma ya wuce garin Berjan don isar da sakon da ci gaba da tona asirin bakar siyasar Shah da ta Amurka. Sakamakon ayyukan da yake gudanarwa, jami’an tsaron Shah sun kama shi da tare shi na tsawon dare guda a ranar 9 ga watan Muharram (12 ga watan Khordad 1342 = 2/6/1963). Washegari dai sun sake shi amma da sharadin ba zai sake wa’azi ba kuma zai ci gaba da zama karkashin sanya idon jami’an tsaron. Bayan waki’ar 15 ga watan Khordad (4/6/1963) jami’an tsaron sun sake kama shi a garin Berjan din da tura shi zuwa birnin Mashhad inda aka tsare shi a gidan yari cikin mafi mawuyacin yanayi da azabtarwa mai tsanani. === Tsarewa Ta Biyu === A watan Bahman 1342 (Ramadhan 1383=1964) Ayatullah Khamene'i da wasu daga cikin abokansa suka tafi birnin Kerman don gudanar da wasu ayyuka. Sun zauna na tsawon kwanaki biyu zuwa uku a garin suna wa’azi da ganawa da malamai da daliban garin, daga nan sai suka wuce zuwa garin Zahedan. Mutane sun yi maraba sosai da irin jawaban da ya dinga yi na tona asirin bakar siyasar Shah musamman a ranar shida ga watan Bahman ranar da aka gabatar da jabun zaben jin ra’ayin jama’a da gwamnatin Shah din ta gudanar. Jawaban tona asirin gwamnatin Shah da na Amurka da Ayatullah Khamene'i ya gabatar a ranar 15 ga watan Ramadhan da tayi daidai da ranar haihuwar Imam Hasan (a.s) ya sanya jami’an tsaro na Sabak kama shi tsakar dare da tafiya da shi zuwa birnin Tehran cikin wani jirgin sama. Jagoran juyin juya halin Musulunci ya zauna na tsawon kimanin watanni biyu a gidan yarin Kazal Kul’eh a dakin ihunka banza da gana masa nau’oi kala-kala na azaba da cin mutumci. === Tsarewa Ta Uku Da Hudu === [[Fayil:Ayatollah Khamenei in Arbor Day 05.jpg|thumb|Ali Khamenei]] Darasin tafsirin (Alkur’ani) da hadisi da akidun Musulunci da yake bayarwa a garuruwan Mashhad da Tehran sun sabi karbuwar gaske a wajen matasa da masoya Juyin juya halin Musulunci. Hakan ya sanya ‘yan (sandan) Sabak damuwa sosai don haka suka ci gaba da sanya ido kansa. Wannan yanayi ya tilasta masa gudanar da ayyukansa a shekarar 1345 (1966) a Tehran cikin sirri, amma bayan shekara guda wato a 1346 (1967) jami’an tsaron sun gano inda yake inda suka kama shi. Har ila yau an sake kama shi, bayan sake shi da aka yi, a shekarar 1349 (1970) sakamakon ci gaba da wadannan ayyuka nasa. === Tsarewa Ta Biyar === Dangane da kama shi a karo na biyar da jami’an tsaron Sabak suka yi, Jagoran juyin juya halin Musulunci Ayatullah Khamene'i (Allah Ya kara masa tsawon rai) ya rubuta cewa: “Tun daga shekarar 1348 (1969-70) aka share fagen gwagwarmaya ta makami a Iran. Don haka matsin lamba da takurin da jami’an tsaron tsohuwar gwamnati Shah suke yi min ya kara munana. Saboda imanin da suke da shi cewa babu yadda za a ce ba ni da hannu cikin irin wadannan ayyuka. Har ila yau a shekarar 1350 a karo na biyar jami’an tsaron sun sake kama ni da tsare ni a gidan yari. Irin azabtarwa da ‘yan Sabak suke yi a gidajen yari a fili yana nuni ne da cewa jami’an tsaron ba za su taba amincewa da gwagwarmaya na makami shi ma karkashin tunani irin na Musulunci ba, sannan kuma babu yadda za su iya yarda da cewa ba ni da hannu cikin hakan sakamakon irin ayyukan da nake gudanarwa a Mashhad da Tehran. Bayan an sako ni na ci gaba da darussan da nake bayarwa na tafsirin Alkur’ani da akidu a boye”. === Tsarewa ta Shida === [[Fayil:Ali Khamenei Saeed Toosi 21072012.jpg|thumb|Ali Khamenei]] A tsakanin shekarun 1350-1353 (1971-74) Ayatullah Khamene'i ya ci gaba da ba da darussansa na tafsiri da akida a masallatai uku na garin Mashhad wato masallacin ‘Karamat’, ‘Imam Hasan (a.s)’ da ‘Mirza Ja’afar’ inda al’umma musamman matasa, masana da dalibai ma’abuta Juyin juya halin Musulunci suke yi, tururuwa don amfanuwa da darussan da ake bayarwa. Shi kuwa darasin Nahjul Balaga da yake bayarwa yana da irin nasa nau'i na karbuwa a wajen mutane inda ake buga su a ‘yan takardu ana raba su wa al’umma. Su ma a nasu bangaren daliban da suka yi karatu a wajensa a kan tura su sauran garuruwa na kusa da na nesa don isar da wannan sako da share fagen gagarumin juyin juya halin Musulunci. Hakan ne ya sanya a watan goma (Dey) na shekarar 1353 (1975) jami’a tsaron Sabak suka fada wa gidansa inda suka kama shi cikin yanayi na rashin tausayi sannan kuma suka tafi da rubuce-rubucen da yayi. Wannan shi ne karo na shida da aka kama shi kuma mafi munin cikinsu inda aka ci gaba da tsare shi har zuwa shekarar 1354 a gidan yarin hadin gwuiwa tsakanin ‘yan sanda da ‘yan Sabak. A wannan lokacin an tsare shi ne a dakin ihunka banza shi kadai. Irin wahalar da ya sha a wajen kamar yadda ya ce ‘wadanda suke cikin wancan yanayin ne za su iya fahimtarta’. Bayan an sako shi ya koma garin Mashhad inda ya ci gaba da ayyukan da daman yake yi. Sai dai a wannan karon kan ba a bar shi ya sake tsara azuzuwa ba. === A Gudun Hijira === [[Fayil:Nasrallah Khamenei Soleimani.jpg|thumb|Ali Khamenei]] A shekarar 1356 (1978) gwamnatin kama-karya ta Shah ta kama Ayatullah Khamene'i inda ta tura shi gudun hijira na tilas na shekaru uku zuwa garin Iranshahr. A tsakiyar 1357 (1978) sakamakon fadaduwar gwagwarmayar al’ummar Iran, ya tilasta wa jami’an tsaron sako shi daga inda suka tura shi gudun hijira inda ya dawo garin Mashhad ya ci gaba da zama a sahun farko-farko na masu gwagwarmaya da gwamnatin zalunci da kama-karya ta Shah. Bayan gwagwarmaya da hakurin azabtarwa na sama da shekaru goma sha biyar daga karshe dai wannan gwagwarmaya ta yi nasara da nasarar juyin juya halin Musulunci ya yi nasara, aka kawar da mulkin kama-karya ta ‘ya’yan gidan Pahlawi da kafa gwamnatin Musulunci a duk fadin kasar Iran. === Dab Da Nasara === Dab da nasarar juyin juya halin Musulunci bayan dawowar marigayi Imam Khumaini (r.a) daga gudun hijira daga birnin Paris (na kasar Faransa), Imam (r.a) ya kafa ‘Majalisar juyin juya halin Musulunci’ a Iran inda ya nada mutanen ‘yan gwagwarmaya irin su Shahid Mutahari, Shahid Beheshti, Hashimi Rafsanjani da sauransu a matsayin membobi…to shi ma Ayatullah Khamene'i bisa umurnin Imam din ya kasance daya daga cikin membobin wannan majalisa. Shahid Mutahari ne ya isar masa da sakon marigayi Imam Khumaini (r.a), don haka bayan samun wannan sako sai ya taho birnin Tehran. === Bayan Nasara === Bayan nasarar juyin juya halin Musuluncin, Ayatullah Khamene'i ya ci gaba da hidimar da ya saba wajen ganin an cimma manufofin juyin juya halin Musulunci. Ga kadan daga cikin mukamai da abubuwa masu muhimmanci da suka faru a rayuwarsa bayan nasarar: § Assasa ‘Jam’iyyar Jamhuriyar Musulunci’ tare da taimakon abokansa irin su: Shahid Beheshti, Shahid Bahonar, Hashemi Rafsanjani da sauransu a watan Esfand 1357 (1979). § Wakilin ma’aikatar tsaro a shekarar 1358 (1979). § Mai kula da dakarun kare juyin juya halin Musulunci a shekarar 1358 (1979). § Limamin juma’ar birnin Tehran a shekarar 1358 (1979). § Wakilin marigayi Imam Khumaini (r.a) a majalisar koli ta tsaron kasa a 1359 (1980). § Wakilin al’ummar Tehran a majalisar shawarar Musulunci a 1358 (1979). § Halartar fagen daga a yayin kallafaffen yakin da gwamnatin Saddam mai wuce haddi ta kallafawa Iran bisa goyon bayan manyan kasashen duniya musamman Amurka a shekarar 1359 (1980). § Kokarin kashe shi da munafukai suka yi a ranar shida ga watan Tir 1360 (29/7/1981) a masallacin Abu Zar dake birnin Tehran. § Shugaban kasar Iran bayan shahadar Muhammad Ali Raja'i shugaban kasar Iran na biyu. Ayatullah Khamene'i ya zama shugaban kasar Iran ne bayan ya samu kuri’un kimanin mutane miliyan sha shida a zaben da aka gudanar a watan Mehr 1360 (Oktoban 1981) da kuma amincewar marigayi Imam Khumaini (r.a). Har ila yau daga shekarar 1364-68 (1985-1989) an sake zabansa shugaban kasa a karo na biyu. § Shugabancin majalisar juyin juya hali da al’adu a shekarar 1360 (1981). § Shugabancin majalisar fayyace maslahar tsarin Musulunci a 1366 (1987). § Shugabancin majalisar sake duba tsarin mulki a 1368 (1989). [[Fayil:Ali Khamenei visiting the shrine of Sayyida Zaynab.jpg|thumb|Ali Khamenei]] § Jagoran juyin juya halin Musulunci daga shekarar 1368 (1989), ranar 14 ga watan Khordad (4/6/1989) bayan wafatin marigayi Imam Khumaini (r.a) inda majalisar kwararru ta zaban jagora ta zabe shi a wannan matsayi. == Mutuwa == An kashe Ali Khamenei a wani hari da ƙasashen [[Amurka]] da [[Isara'ila]] suka kai a mafakar sa a birin Tehran ranar 28 Fabrairu, 2026. == Littafa da Bincike == 1- Akidun Musulunci cikin Alkur’ani. 2- Dubi cikin salla. 3- Maganganu kan hakuri. 4- Muhimman littafa hudu cikin ilimin maruwaita. 5- Wilayah. 6- Rahoto kan tarihi da yanayin makarantar hauzar Mashhad. 7- Tarihin rayuwar Imaman Shi’anci (ba a buga shi ba). 8- Jagorancin Imam Sadik (a.s). 9- Hadin kai da jam’iyyun siyasa. 10- Fasaha a mahangar Ayatullah Khamene'i. 11- Kyakkyawar fahimtar addini. 12- Gwagwarmayar Imamai (a.s). 13- Ruhin tauhidi da haramcin bautan wanin Allah. 14- Wajibcin komawa ga Alkur’ani. 15- Tarihin Imam Sajjad (a.s). 16- Imam Ridha (a.s) da zama waziri mai jiran gado. 17- Bata al’adun al’umma (an ciro su ne daga jawabansa) 18- Kalaman Wilaya (jawabai da kalamansa da ya zuwa yanzu an buga mujalladai 9 daga cikinsu) == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1939]] [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2026]] 8ph084vo5b4vwz7gx1u7lo8yn9x9z97 0 11627 873800 725128 2026-07-01T20:42:38Z Ummeeterh 31568 873800 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Masarautar '''Kotoko ta''' kasance masarautar mallaka ce ta [[Afirka]] a wacce yau take arewacin [[Kamaru]] da [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]], da kuma kudu maso yammacin [[Cadi|Chadi]] . An san mazaunan daular a matsayin mutanen Kotoko. Habakar Kotoko ta samo asaline a lokacin faɗuwar daular Sao a arewacin Kamaru. Wani sarki ya zama shugaban su har ya shugabanci jihar kuma ya mara mata baya, wanda ya zo ya mamaye wasu kananan dauloli. Daga cikin wadannan akwai Kousséri, Logone-Birni, Makari, da Mara. sasssan Kotoko ya watsu ne cikin sassan abin da yake yanzu arewacin Kamaru da [[Najeriya]], da kuma kudu maso yammacin [[Cadi|Chadi]] har zuwa tsakiyar karni na 15. Logone-Birni ya bayyana a matsayin wanda ya fi tasiri a masarautar a matsayin shi na abokin ciniki ta Kotoko. Masarautar [[Daular Kanem-Bornu|Kanem ta]] kawo arewacin Kotoko cikin yanayin tasiri tun da farko. Ta hanyar ayyukan mishaneri da masu cin garuruwa da mamaye su, yawancin yan arewacin Kotoko sun [[Musulunci|musulunta]] zuwa ƙarni na 19. A wannan karnin ne Kotoko kansa ya kasance cikakke a cikin [[Daular Kanem-Bornu|Daular Bornu]], kuma Musulunci ya ci gaba da yaduwa. Sarakunan Bornu sun rarraba yankin zuwa yankuna na arewa da na kudu, wanda ya ba da izinin Logone-Birni a kudu don ci gaba da wani matsayi na mulkin kai a ƙarƙashin babban sarki . Logone-Birni ya kasu zuwa lardunan da ke karkashin shugabanni. Kotoko, da Bornu, sun rarrabu ne da juna a dalilin ikon Turawan mulkin mallaka a lokacin mulkin [[Afirka]]. A wannan zamanin, an samu rashin jituwa da rikici a tsakanin Kotoko da Larabawa Shuwa . == Diddigin bayanai == * DeLancey, Mark W., da DeLancey, Mark Dike (2000). ''Kundin tarihi na Jamhuriyar Kamaru'' . Na uku ed. * Fanso, VG (1989). ''Tarihin Kamaru don Makarantun Sakandare da Kwaleji: Juzu'i na 1: Tarihi prehistoric zuwa karni na sha tara'' . London: Macmillan Education Ltd. [[Category:Tarihin Najeriya]] [[Category:Tarihin Cadi]] [[Category:Tarihin Kamaru]] nflou2wp6yde1ahdb9x4gjr6aoc5yot 0 12534 873705 535306 2026-07-01T16:36:24Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 873705 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:عائشة بنت أبي بكر.png|thumb|Matan Annabi]] ''' Matan Annabi''' Ta tabbata a cikin nassoshi cewa Annabi [[Muhammad (SAW)|Muhammad]] (S A W) ya aura mata 11 a tsawon rayuwarsa sai dai wasu ruwayoyin sun nuna matansa 13. A Musulunce da kuma duk wani Musulmin kwarai na gari ana kiran su da Ummahati al-Muminin (Larabci: أم ٱلْمُؤْمِنِين; ma'ana 'Uwar Muminai'/Iyayen muminai) ana ambaton su da wannan kalma a matsayin alamar girmamawa, wannan kalmar ta samo asali daga Alqur'ani yazo a cikin Suratul Ahzaab <nowiki>{{النَّبِيُّ أَوْلَى بِالْمُؤْمِنِينَ مِنْ أَنْفُسِهِمْ وَأَزْوَاجُهُ أُمَّهَاتُهُمْ وَأُولُو الْأَرْحَامِ بَعْضُهُمْ أَوْلَى بِبَعْضٍ فِي كِتَابِ اللَّهِ مِنَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ وَالْمُهَاجِرِينَ إِلَّا أَنْ تَفْعَلُوا إِلَى أَوْلِيَائِكُمْ مَعْرُوفًا كَانَ ذَلِكَ فِي الْكِتَابِ مَسْطُورًا Aya-6.png}}</nowiki> haka kuma Allah madaukakin sarki yana cewa a cikin Alqur'ani { ﴿يَا نِسَاءَ النَّبِيِّ لَسْتُنَّ كَأَحَدٍ مِنَ النِّسَاءِ إِنِ اتَّقَيْتُنَّ فَلَا تَخْضَعْنَ بِالْقَوْلِ فَيَطْمَعَ الَّذِي فِي قَلْبِهِ مَرَضٌ وَقُلْنَ قَوْلًا مَعْرُوفًا ٣٢﴾ [الأحزاب:32.<ref name="Aleem">{{cite book|title=Prophet Muhammad(s) and His Family|last=Aleem |first=Shamim| publisher=AuthorHouse|year=2007 |isbn=978-1-4343-2357-6 |page=85|chapter=12. Mothers of Believers}}</ref><ref>{{cite quran|33|6|style=ref}}</ref> Annabi Muhammad (S A W) ya auri matarsa ​​ta farko, a lokacin da yake da shekara 25 wato Nana Khadija bint Khuwaylid Allah ya kara mata yarda. Sun zauna da ita tsawon shekaru 25 har sai da Allah ya mata rasuwa. Bayan mutuwarta a cikin shekara 619 AD, ya auri mata 10 a cikin sauran shekarun rayuwarsa. Daga cikin wadannan matan biyu suka haifa masa ‘ya’ya: Nana Khadijah da Nana Mariya al-Qibtiyya Allah ya kara yarda da su. Duk matan Annabi sun kasance zawarawa kodai wadda aka saka ko kuma wadda mijinta ya mutu, ban da Aisha bint Abubakar Allah ya kara mata yarda. Baban ta Abubakar bin Abi Quhafa shine Khalifah na farko bayan rasuwar Annabi Muhammad (S A W) Rayuwar Annabi Muhammad ta kebanta da zamani guda biyu: [[Makkah|Makka]] kafin hijira, birni ne a yammacin kasashen Larabawa, daga shekara ta 570 zuwa 622 Miladiyya, da kuma bayan hijira a [[Madinah|Madina]], daga 622 har zuwa rasuwarsa a shekara ta 632. Hijira tana nuni ne ga yawan hijirar Fiyayyen halitta Annabi Muhammad da Sahabbansa, wanda akwai hijira ta farko da ta biyu, ta farko itace wadda ysa umurci Sahabbansa da suyi hijira zuwa garin Habasha, sai ta biyu sun tafi garin Madina tareda da abokin sa Abubakar saboda zalunci da musulmi suka fuskanta daga kafiran Makka na wannan lokacin. Bayan wannan hijirar duk an daura aurensa sai biyu. ==Matansa da Shekaran Auran su== # [[Khadija|Khadija Yar Khuwailid]] 595–619 Ta farko.Kuma kakar sharifai wacca annnabi yace baisami kamartaba # [[Sawda Yar Zamʿa]] 619–632 # [[Aisha Yar AbuBakar]] c.623–632 Wacce yafi so. Yar [[Abubakar]] # [[Hafsa Yar Umar]] 624–632 Yar # [[Zaynab Yar Khuzayma]] 625–627 # [[Hind Yar Abi Umayya]] 625–632 # [[Zainab Yar Jahsh]] 627–632 # [[Juwayriyya Yar al-Harith]] 628–632 # [[Ramla Yar Abi Sufyan]] 628–632 # [[Raihana Yar Zayd]] 629–631 # [[Safiyya Yar Huyayy]] 629–632 # [[Maimuna Yar al-Harith]] 630–632 # [[Maria al-Qibtiyya]] 630–632 ==Rayuwarsa a cikin iyalinsa== Annabi Muhammad (S A W) ya zauna da iyalansa a wasu kananan gidaje kusa da masallacin Madina. Kowanne daga cikin wadannan gidaje ya kasance fadinsa mita shida zuwa bakwai, sai kuma da tsayi goma (mita 2.3). Tsayin rufin ya kasance na wani matsakaicin mutum a tsaye. An yi amfani da barguna a matsayin labule don rufe kofofin. Kamar yadda aka ruwaito daga Anas bin Malik cewa: “Annabi ya kasance yana ziyartar matansa duka wato yana kewayawa su duka, dare da rana, kuma su goma sha daya ne. Na tambayi Anas, "Shin Annabi da qarfinsa ne?" Anas ya ce: “Mun kasance muna cewa an bai wa Annabi qarfin mutum talatin (maza). Kuma Sa’id ya ce daga Qatada cewa Anas ya ba shi labarin mata tara ya aura (ba goma sha xaya ba). Duk da cewa matan Annabi (S A W) suna da matsayi na musamman a matsayin su na Uwayen Muminai, amma bai bar su su yi amfani da matsayinsa na Annabi ba wajen samun kulawa ta musamman a bainar jama’a. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} s77yd7423mzn8wwf7n3y8zsbugsp648 0 12550 873927 415972 2026-07-01T22:15:22Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 873927 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bolanci''' harshen Chadic a [[Nijeriya]] ne. ==Tsarin haruffan harshen== {|class="wikitable" |+ Bole alphabet<ref>{{cite book |last1=Maina Gimba |first1=Alhaji |last2=Baba Ali |first2=Malam |last3=Bah |first3=Madu |editor-last1=Schuh |editor-first1=Russell G. |title=Bole-English-Hausa Dictionary and English-Bole Wordlist |date=2009 |location=Potiskum |publisher=Ajami Press |hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-0012-7677-1 |postscript=none}}, p. iv.</ref> |- | [[A (letter)|A]]|| [[B (letter)|B]]|| [[Ɓ]] || [[C (letter)|C]]|| [[D (letter)|D]] | [[Ɗ]] || [[E (letter)|E]]|| [[G (letter)|G]]|| [[H (letter)|H]]|| [[I (letter)|I]] | [[J (letter)|J]]|| [[K (letter)|K]]|| [[L (letter)|L]]|| [[M (letter)|M]]|| [[N (letter)|N]] | [[O (letter)|O]]|| [[P (letter)|P]]|| [[R (letter)|R]]|| [[S (letter)|S]]|| [[T (letter)|T]] | [[U (letter)|U]]|| [[V (letter)|V]]|| [[W (letter)|W]]|| [[Y (letter)|Y]]|| [[ʼY]] | [[Z (letter)|Z]] |- | a || b || ɓ || c || d | ɗ || e || g || h || i | j || k || l || m || n | o || p || r || s || t | u || v || w || y || ʼy | z |} ==Duba kuma== * [[Harsunan Najeriya]] ==Bayanan kula== {{Reflist}} ==Karin Karatu== *Alhaji Maina Gimba. 2000. "Bole Verb Morphology," University of California, Los Angeles PhD dissertation. *[http://aflang.linguistics.ucla.edu/Yobe/Dictionaries/Bole_english_hausa_2009.pdf Bole-English-Hausa dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708194126/http://aflang.linguistics.ucla.edu/Yobe/Dictionaries/Bole_english_hausa_2009.pdf |date=2018-07-08 }} *[http://aflang.linguistics.ucla.edu/Yobe/Dictionaries/Bole_english_2009.pdf English-Bole Wordlist] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708192910/http://aflang.linguistics.ucla.edu/Yobe/Dictionaries/Bole_english_2009.pdf |date=2018-07-08 }} *[http://aflang.linguistics.ucla.edu/Bole/bole.html Papers and Other Works on Bole from UCLA]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124182148/http://aflang.linguistics.ucla.edu/Bole/bole.html |date=2017-01-24 }} *[http://www.language-archives.org/language/bol OLAC resources in and about the Bole language] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bole language}} [[Category:Harsunan Nijeriya]] [[Category:Harsunan Chadic]] hsqsjjgzkwx0s1vjiesrfr2a08cmxmr 0 12563 873810 442385 2026-07-01T20:52:36Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 873810 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kauyanci''' (Lipkanci ko Kariya ko Vinahe ko Wiihe) harshen Chadic a [[Nijeriya]] ne. {{Stub}} ==Duba kuma== *[[Harsunan Najeriya]] ==Manazarta== {{Kauyanci}} [[Category:Harsunan Nijeriya]] [[Category:Harsunan Chadic]] 2t8jca4vowpmfzsre8vuhc1gloc3tr7 0 13145 873687 853720 2026-07-01T16:05:48Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 873687 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mukala mai kyau}}{{Databox}} [[Fayil:Rahama Sadau.png|thumb|'''Rahama Sadau''']] '''Rahama Sadau''' (An haife ta ne a ranar 7 ga watan Disamban (1993). Ta kasance jaruma ce a masana'antar [[Kannywood]] da kuma [[Nollywood]] a [[Najeriya]]. Rahama Sadau ta kasance mai shirya fina-finai na kashin kanta a kannywood har ma da Nollywood . Ta kasance ƴar rawa a lokacin da take yarinya har zuwa girman ta. Ta yi suna ne a ƙarshen shekara ta dubu biyu da sha uku (2013) bayan ta shiga masana'antar fim ta [[Kannywood]] a fim ''ɗinta na'' farko mai suna ''Gani ga wane .<ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/149318-kannywood-wont-return-dancing-rahama-sadau.html</ref><ref name="auditions.ng">http://au uditions.ng/archives/actor/rahama-sadau{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lhLisuUQrDY</ref>ub<ref>http://hausafilms.tv/actress/rahma_sadau</ref>'' tana fitowa a fina finai na [[Nollywood]] da dama Rahama Sadau ta kasance jaruma ta farko da kusan tafi kowace jaruma fitowa a fina finan Najeriya da hausa wato kannywood da Nollywood. Ba a iya Najeriya Rahama take aikin fina finai ba, tana yi a India Wanda take da Yaren Hindu a bollywood. Kuma an tabbatar da tana daya daga cikin yan Najeriya da suka iya magana kuma suka kware a yaren [[Yaren hindi|hindi]]. Itace jarumar data yi nasara a kyautar Kannywood a gasar City People Entertainment Awards acikin shekarar 2014 da kuma cikin sheksra ta 2015.<ref> Premium Times Nigeria. "Kannywood: Rahama Sadau, Adam Zango, others win at City People awards 2015 – Premium Times Nigeria". Mohammed Lere. Retrieved 18 August 2015.</ref><ref>AllAfrica.com. "Nigeria: Most Influential Northern Entertainers". AllAfrica.com. Retrieved 5 September 2015.</ref> == Labarin Rayuwa == Rahama ta girma a cikin garin [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]]. Wato an haifeta ne acikin garin Kaduna ta rayu a garin na Kaduna kafin daga baya ta shiga harkar fim. == Aure == Rahama sadau tayi aure ranar 09 ga watan Augustan shekara ta 2025. Bata nuna mijin na ta ba, amma ta dora videon auren acikin shafinta na instagram. == Ilimi == Rahama Sadau ta yi karatu a Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Kuɗi da ke gabashin Bahar Rum a Arewacin [[Cyprus|Cyprus.]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ww1.emu.edu.tr/en/news/news/famous-nigerian-actress-rahama-sadau-chooses-emu/1206/pid/2469|title=Famous Nigerian Actress Rahama Sadau Chooses EMU|website=Eastern Mediterranean University (EMU), Cyprus|language=en|access-date=16 February 2018}}</ref> == Sana'ar Fim == Rahama ta fito a cikin fina-finan [[Najeriya]] da yawa a cikin [[Hausa]] dana [[turanci]] kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin yan wasan kwaikwayon [[Najeriya]] da suka iya harshen Hindu sosai. Rahma Sadau ita ce ta lashe Kyautar City People Entertainment Awards a shekarar 2014 da 2015. Ta kuma sami kyautar mafi kyawun ''<nowiki/>'yar'' wasan fim ta nahiyar [[Afirka]] a bikin bayar da lambar yabo ta [[Afirka]] na goma sha tara (19) wanda aka yi a shekara ta 2015 ta hanyar muryar [[Afirka]]. A shekara ta 2017, ta zama shahararriyar 'yar fim ta [[Hausa]] da ta fara fitowa a jerin manyan malewararrun Mata 10 da suka yi fice a kasar [[Najeriya]]. A cikin dukkan ayyukanta, Rahama Sadau ta kasance mai wasan kwaikwayo mai yawan gaske, tana bayyana a duka fina-finai da kuma bidiyoyi. A shekarar dubu biyu da ashirin (2020) kungiyar shirya fina finai na [[Kannywood]] sunso dakatar da Rahama Sadau daga shirin fim sakamakon wani ɗan rashin jituwa da aka samu saboda wani hoton data sanya a shafinta na [[instagram]].<ref>https://m.guardian.ng/opinion/rahma-sadaus-dismissal-by-moppan-is-unfair/</ref><ref>https://nigerianfinder.com/rahama-sadau-biography-age-movies-family-career/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/rahama-sadau-graduates-from-university-in-cyprus.html |access-date=2020-03-12 |archive-date=2019-03-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190311110827/https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/rahama-sadau-graduates-from-university-in-cyprus.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.legit.ng/1141411-kannywood-actress-rahama-sadau-biography.html</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/rahama-sadau-apologises-to-moppan/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2021-02-28 |archive-date=2020-10-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008200247/https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/rahama-sadau-apologises-to-moppan/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.pinterest.com/pin/538883911647535295/?d=t&mt=signup</ref><ref>https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/19/rahama-sadau-ban-nigeria-religious-divides-rap-video-i-love-you-classiq</ref><ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/10/ban-immoral-rahama-sadau-highlights-northsouth-split/</ref> a yanzu haka ta fara fito wa a fina finan indiya. == Rayuwa da Aiki == Rahama Ibrahim Sadau an haife ta ne a [[Kaduna (jiha)|jihar Kaduna,]] arewa maso gabashin [[Najeriya]] wacce ita ce asalin [[Babban Birnin Tarayya, Najeriya|babban birnin]] tarayyar [[Najeriya]], wanda shi ne tsohon [[Arewacin Najeriya|yankin Arewa ta Arewa]]. Rahama ɗiya ce ga Alhaji Ibrahim Sadau. Ta girma tare da iyayenta a [[Kaduna (jiha)|Kaduna]] da kuma 'yan uwanta mata guda uku(3). Sadau ta shiga masana'antar fim ɗin [[Kannywood|Kannywood ne]] a cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha uku (2013). Ta taka rawar gani sosai kafin ta samu ɗaukaka daga rawar da ta taka a ''Gani ga Wane'' tare da babban jarumin [[Kannywood]] [[Ali Nuhu]]. A shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha shida (2016) an karɓe ta a matsayin waccan shekarun ”Fuskar [[Kannywood]]. A cikin watan Oktoba na shekarar 2016, Rahama Sadau ta fito a cikin jerin fina-finai a gidan talabijin na EbonyLife. Acikin shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha bakwai (2017), ta ƙirƙiro da kamfanin samar da fina-finai mai suna ''Sadau Hotunan yadda'' ta fito da fim din ta na farko, ''Rariya'' tauraruwar [[Ali Nuhu]], [[Sani Musa Danja]], [[Sadiq Sani Sadiq]] da [[Fati Washa]]. Ta dawo ta fara wasa don koyar da malamin malamin a MTV Shuga.<ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/11/if-i-am-president-hits-cinemas/</ref><ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/294592-joke-silva-bimbo-manuel-rahama-sadau-star-in-new-movie.html</ref><ref>https://www.bellanaija.com/2018/05/kanayo-o-kanayo-hilda-dokubo-banky-w-rahama-sadau-tboss-star-north-b-t-s-photos/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://guardian.ng/life/film/banky-w-adesua-kanayo-o-kanayo-hilda-dokubo-others-in-up-north/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2021-02-28 |archive-date=2022-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609131327/https://guardian.ng/life/film/banky-w-adesua-kanayo-o-kanayo-hilda-dokubo-others-in-up-north/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://thenationonlineng.net/rahama-sadau-stars-ebonylife-tvs-sons-caliphate-2/#:~:text=Sons%20of%20the%20Caliphate%20stars,stylish%2C%20elegant%20and%20yet%20traditional.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=http://onobello.com/mo-abudu-rahama-sadau-patrick-doyle-more-attend-media-screening-of-sons-of-the-caliphate/ |access-date=2021-02-28 |archive-date=2021-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720224112/https://onobello.com/mo-abudu-rahama-sadau-patrick-doyle-more-attend-media-screening-of-sons-of-the-caliphate/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://newswirengr.com/2022/02/19/rahama-sadau-early-life-education-and-career/</ref> == Acikin shekarar 2024 Maigirma shugaban kasa ya nada rahama sadau a matsayin mukamin IDICE commetee member . <gallery mode="packed-overlay" heights="200"> |Rahama Sadau daga hagu </gallery> == Kyaututtuka == Kyaututtukan da Rahama Sadau ta karba sun hada da: {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Shekara ! Kyauta ! Nau'i ! Fim ! Sakamakon |- ! scope="row" | 2014 | Mafi kyawun actress (Kannywood) | Kyaututtukan Nishaɗar City | ''[[Kannywood]]'' | {{won}} |- ! scope="row" | 2015 | Mafi kyawun actress (Kannywood) | Kyaututtukan Nishaɗar City | ''[[Kannywood]]'' | {{won}} |- ! scope="row" | 2017 | Mafi kyawun actress na Afirka | Muryar Afirka | ''[[Kannywood]]'' | {{won}} |- |} == Fina finai == {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+Ka bude wanna madangwalin domin ganin fina finan ta ! Fim ! Shekara |- | Zero Sa'a | 2019 |- | Sama Arewa | 2018 |- | Aljannar Duniya | N / A |- | Adamu | 2017 |- | Ba Tabbas | 2017 |- | MTV Shuga Naija | 2017 |- | Rariya | 2017 |- | TATU | 2017 |- | Rumana | 2017 |- | 'Ya'yan Khalifanci | 2016 |- | Sauran Bangare | 2016 |- | Kasa Ta | 2015 |- | Wutar Gaba | 2015 |- | Sallamar Don haka | 2015 |- | Wata Tafiya | 2015 |- | Halacci | 2015 |- | Gidan Farko | 2015 |- | Ana Wata ga Wata | 2015 |- | Alkalin Kauye | 2015 |- | Jinin Jiki Na | 2014 |- | Hujja | 2014 |- | Garbati | 2014 |- | Kaddara Ko Fansa | 2014 |- | Kisan Gilla | 2014 |- | Mati da Lado | 2014 |- | Sabuwar Sangaya | 2014 |- | Sirrin Da Ke Raina | 2014 |- | Don haka Aljannar Duniya | 2014 |- | Suma Mata Ne | 2014 |- | Farin Dare | 2013 |- | Gani Ga Wane | 2013 |- | Da Kai Zan Gana | 2013 |- | Mai Farin Jini | 2013 |- |Matar Aure |2022 |} == Hotuna == <gallery mode="packed-overlay" heights="180"> File:Rahama_Sadau_in_MTV_Shuga_Naija.png|Rahama a MTV Shuga File:Rahama Sadau during filming (cropped).jpg File:Rahama Sadau.png </gallery> == Duba nan == * [[Kannywood]] *[[Hafsat Idris]] *[[Hadiza Aliyu]] *[[Fati Washa]] *[[Halima Atete]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist|3}} [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan Kaduna]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Ƴan Najeriya]] [[Category:Yan wasan kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata ƴan fim]] [[Category:Mata daga Jihar Kaduna]] [[Category:Mutane daga Jihar Kaduna]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1993]] if2a6n21k42z7egusisvbkn6gc9ryu3 0 13274 873765 558793 2026-07-01T19:41:31Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 873765 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Bilkisu Yusuf Ali (Writer).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Bilkisu Yusuf.ogg|thumb]] '''Bilkisu Yusuf''', wacce aka fi sani da Hajiya Bilkisu Yusuf,an haife ta a ranar 2 ga watan Disamban shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari Tara da hamsin da biyar (1952) yar jaridar [[Najeriya]] ce, marubuciya kuma edita ga manyan jaridu a [[Abuja]], [[Kano#Tarihin Kano|Kano]] da [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]], [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]]. An san ta a Najeriya da kasancewa mace ta farko da ta jagoranci aikin jaridar ƙasa, kuma ta zama edita don ƙarin mutane biyu. Ta kasance Bahaushiya ce, musulma, mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata, kuma mai ba da shawara ga al'ummomin addinai, wanda aka san ta da kasancewa mai ba da shawara ga Shugaban Najeriya a kan Harkokin Ƙasa da kafa ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, kamar Mata A Najeriya (WIN) da kungiyar Matan Musulmai (FOMWAN). Bilkisu Yusuf ta rasu a shekara ta 2015 yayin da take kan aikin [[Aikin Hajji|Hajjji]] a [[Makkah|Makkah]], [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabiya]].<ref name=pri>{{cite web|url=http://www.pri.org/stories/2015-09-29/lost-hajj-stampede-was-pioneering-journalist-who-united-christians-and-muslims|title=Lost in the Hajj stampede was a pioneering journalist who united Christians and Muslims|work=Public Radio International|date=September 29, 2015}}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=dailyindependentnig>{{cite web |url=http://dailyindependentnig.com/2015/09/female-editor-bilikisu-el-miskeen-4-others-die-in-hajj-stampede/ |first1=Chesa |last1=Chesa |first2=Juliet |last2=Oyoyo |first3=Gbenga |last3=Faturoti |title=Female Editor, Bilikisu; El-Miskeen, 4 Others Die In Hajj Stampede |website=Dailyindependentnig.com |access-date=2015-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930023056/http://dailyindependentnig.com/2015/09/female-editor-bilikisu-el-miskeen-4-others-die-in-hajj-stampede/ |archive-date=2015-09-30 |url-status=dead |df= }}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == [[File:Ahmadu_bello_university_senate.jpg|left|thumb|200x200px| Yusuf ya halarci Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello kuma ya kafa kungiyar Mata a Najeriya a farkon shekarun alif 1980. ]].<ref name=nationalassignment>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/news/general/bilkisu-died-on-national-assignment-husband/112511.html|title=Bilkisu died on national assignment – Husband|website=Dailytrust.com.ng|access-date=2015-11-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208180533/http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/news/general/bilkisu-died-on-national-assignment-husband/112511.html|archive-date=2015-12-08|url-status=dead}}</ref> An haifi Bilkisu Yusuf a ranar 2 ga watan Disamban shekara ta alif 1952. Ta yi karatun sakandare a makarantar firamare ta Ansar, [[Kano#Tarihin Kano|Kano]] a shekarar 1964 zuwa makarantar sakandare a Kwalejin 'Yan Matan Gwamnati, [[Dala]], Kano.<ref name=toogoodtobetrue>{{cite web|url=http://thenationonlineng.net/hajiya-bilkisu-she-was-too-good-and-true/|title=Hajiya Bilkisu: She was too good and true|work=The Nation Nigeria}}</ref> Babban ilimin Bilkisu Yusuf ta kasance ne a ɓangaren kimiyyar siyasa da aikin jarida. Ta yi karatun digirin digirgir a cikin ilimin kimiyyar siyasa a [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello|Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello da]] ke [[Zariya]], Nijeriya; digiri na biyu (2) a cikin ilimin kimiyyar siyasa da dangantakar ƙasa da ƙasa daga Jami'ar Wisconsin – Madison a Madison, [[Wisconsin]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] ; da kuma babban digiri a aikin jarida daga Makarantar Jarida ta Kasa da Kasa a Cibiyar Nazarin Harkokin Kasa da Ƙasa ta Moscow a [[Moscow]], [[Rasha]], a cikin shekara ta 1986.<ref name=toogoodtobetrue /><ref name=wisemuslimwomen>{{cite web|url=http://www.wisemuslimwomen.org/muslimwomen/bio/hajiya_bilkisu/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130406061541/http://www.wisemuslimwomen.org/muslimwomen/bio/hajiya_bilkisu|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-04-06|title=Bilkisu Yusuf|work=wisemuslimwomen.org}}</ref><ref name=dailytrustobit>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/news/opinion/obituary-hajiya-bilkisu-mni-1952-2015/114026.html|title=Obituary: Hajiya Bilkisu, mni (1952-2015)|website=Dailytrust.com.ng|access-date=2015-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015232101/http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/news/opinion/obituary-hajiya-bilkisu-mni-1952-2015/114026.html|archive-date=2015-10-15|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ta fara aure da Alhaji Sanusi Ciroma Yusuf, wanda daga ƙarshe ya zama Babban Alkalin jihar. Ma’auratan sunada ‘ya’ya biyu, daya Moshood Sanusi Yusuf da‘ yarsa Nana Fatima. Daga baya suka sake shi. Mijinta na farko ya mutu yana da shekara 73. Ta auri mijinta na biyu, Mustapha Bintube. An baiwa Hajiya Bilkisu Yusuf lakabi mai daraja ta Hajiya bayan kammala aikin hajji a [[Makkah|Makka]] (Haji ita ce siffar maza). Ta mutu yayin da take shugabar mata a madadin Hukumar Kula da Aikin Hajji ta Najeriya.<ref name=nationalassignment /><ref name=toogoodtobetrue /> They later divorced.<ref name=toogoodtobetrue /> Her first husband died at the age of 73.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://libertyradiokaduna.wordpress.com/2012/04/16/kano-emirate-kingmaker-madaki-passes-on-at-73/|title=Kano Emirate Kingmaker, Madaki Passes On At 73.|work=Liberty Radio 91.7fm Kaduna}}</ref> == Aiki == Bilkisu Yusuf yar Jarida ce ga ''Aminiya'' da ''Leadership'' jaridu a Abuja, Nigeria.<ref name=berkleycenter>{{cite web|url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/people/hajiya-bilkisu-yusuf|title=Hajiya Bilkisu Yusuf|website=Georgetown.edu}}</ref> Bayan da ta dawo daga Jami’ar Wisconsin-Madison,<ref name=dailytrustobit /><ref name=freemedia>{{cite web|url=http://www.freemedia.at/newssview/article/ipi-mourns-former-board-member-hajiya-bilkisu-yusuf.html|title=International Press Institute: IPI mourns former board member Hajiya Bilkisu Yusuf|author=|website=Freemedia.at|date=September 28, 2015|access-date=2015-10-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008115100/http://www.freemedia.at/newssview/article/ipi-mourns-former-board-member-hajiya-bilkisu-yusuf.html|archive-date=2015-10-08|url-status=dead|df=}}</ref> sai ta zama editan mace ta farko a Jaridar ''Sunday'', Kano, daga shekara ta alif 1983-zuwa alif 1987. Ta kuma rike mukamin edita a ''New Nigerian'', Kaduna, a cikin shekara ta alif 1987 da ''Citizen Magazine'', Kaduna, a cikin shekarar 1990. An santa da sashin layi na "Civil Society Watch". Ta kasance mai aiki a kungiyar 'Yan Jarida ta Najeriya (NAWOJ), wacce ke ba da jagoranci ga matasa mata' yan jarida a Najeriya.<ref name=dailytrust>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/news/columns/late-bilkisu-yusuf-mni-a-tribute/112568.html|title=Late Bilkisu Yusuf|website=Dailytrust.com.ng|access-date=2015-10-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015041212/http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/news/columns/late-bilkisu-yusuf-mni-a-tribute/112568.html|archive-date=2015-10-15|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=thetrentonline>{{cite web|url=http://www.thetrentonline.com/nawoj-mourns-bilkisu-yusuf-who-died-in-tragic-mecca-stampede/|title=NAWOJ Mourns Bilkisu Yusuf Who Died In Tragic Mecca Stampede|author=|work=The Trent |date= September 27, 2015}}</ref> Yusuf ta zama mai bada shawara ga shugaban Nigeria akan harkokin waje.Kuma shahararriyar yar kare hakkin mata ce.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pri.org/stories/2015-09-29/lost-hajj-stampede-was-pioneering-journalist-who-united-christians-and-muslims|title=Lost in the Hajj stampede was a pioneering journalist who united Christians and Muslims|work=Public Radio International}}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ta kafa kungiyoyin da dama na NGO, kamar su, Women In Nigeria (WIN), which was one of the earliest feminist organizations in Nigeria, Federation of Muslim Women's Associations in Nigeria (FOMWAN), the Nigerian Interfaith Action Association Against Malaria (NIFAAM), and Health Reform Foundation of Nigeria (HERFON),<ref name=uncova>{{cite web|url=http://uncova.com/my-tribute-to-bilkisu-yusuf|title=My tribute to Bilkisu Yusuf|website=Uncova.com|access-date=2015-10-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424003655/http://uncova.com/my-tribute-to-bilkisu-yusuf|archive-date=2017-04-24|url-status=dead|df=}}</ref><ref name=newsdiaryonline>{{cite web|url=http://newsdiaryonline.com/bilkisu-yusuf-legacies-of-a-history-of-winningby-jibrin-ibrahim/|title=Investigations of mega looting must continue, but must be lawful|author=Jibrin Ibrahim|date=20 July alib 2015|website=Newsdiaryonline.com|accessdate=4 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926111536/http://newsdiaryonline.com/bilkisu-yusuf-legacies-of-a-history-of-winningby-jibrin-ibrahim/|archive-date=26 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ta zama babbar darekta na Advocacy Nigeria. Kuma ta taka rawa sosai a fafutukar Bring Back Our Girls, which was aimed at the safe return of the Chibok girls.,<ref name=uncova /><ref name=dailypost>{{cite web|url=http://dailypost.ng/2015/09/26/mecca-stampede-fomwan-mourns-norths-first-female-editor-bilkisu-yusuf/|title=Mecca stampede: FOMWAN mourns North's first female editor, Bilkisu Yusuf – DailyPost Nigeria|work=DailyPost Nigeria |date=September 26, alib 2015}}</ref> == Mutuwa == {{Location map+|Saudi Arabia|AlternativeMap=|float=left|position=left|width=280|caption=Mecca and Medina are shown within Saudi Arabia relative to the capital Riyadh.|alt=Mecca and Medina are located in Saudi Arabia.|places={{Location map~ | Saudi Arabia |lat_deg=21 |lat_min=41 |lat_sec=16.8054 |lat_dir=N |lon_deg=46 |lon_min=43 |lon_sec=20.7599 |lon_dir=E |position=left |background=#FFFFFF |label=Riyadh }} {{Location map~ | Saudi Arabia |lat_deg=21 |lat_min=25 |lat_sec=38.5604 |lat_dir=N |lon_deg=39 |lon_min=48 |lon_sec=53.4179 |lon_dir=E |position=left |background=#FFFFFF |label=Mecca }} {{Location map~ | Saudi Arabia |lat_deg=24 |lat_min=27 |lat_sec=39.2364 |lat_dir=N |lon_deg=39 |lon_min=37 |lon_sec=12.684 |lon_dir=E |position=left |background=#FFFFFF |label=Medina }}}} Wani tambarin ya faru ne a wani shinge a Mina, Saudi Arabia a ranar 24 ga watan Satumba, a shekara ta 2015, da misalin karfe 9 na safe Jama'ar suna kan hanyarsu ne daga Muzdalifah zuwa Jaramat, inda mahajjata ke jifa da duwatsu a jikin ginshiƙi domin nuna alamar jifan shaidan a lokacin aikin hajji. Daga nan za su nufi Babban Masallaci a Makka. Fiye da mahajjata 2,000 ne aka tattake yayin turmutsutsu kuma kusan an tantance su 200 a matsayin 'yan Najeriya. An gano Bilkisu Yusuf daga cikin wadanda tambarin ya kashe. Sauran manyan 'yan Najeriya da aka tattake su cikin turbar sun hada da Farfesa Tijjani El-Miskin. [[File:The_way_to_Jamarat_Bridge_3.JPG|right|thumb|250x250px| Mahajjata daga aikin hajji a Mina suna kan hanyarsu zuwa gadar Jamarat tare da wasu hanyoyin da suke alama. ]] Saudi Arabia kasa ce ta Gabas ta Tsakiya wacce ke da yawan jama'a 27,752,316. Gida ne zuwa ga masallatai biyu masu tsarki a cikin addinin musulinci. Ofaya daga cikin waɗannan shi ne [[Masjid al-Haram|Masallacin Harami]] a cikin Makkah , wanda shine makasudin aikin hajji. Dayan kuma shi ne [[Masallacin Annabi|Masallacin An-Nabawi]], [[Masallacin Annabi|Masallacin]] [[Muhammad|Annabi Muhammad]] . Aikin hajji a Makkah shi ne rukuni na biyar na Musulunci kuma bisa ga imaninsa yakamata a gudanar da shi a kalla sau daya a rayuwar kowane musulmi. Dubun-dubatar mutane ne ke yin wannan aikin hajji a kowace shekara daga duk fadin duniya. Najeriya kasa ce da ke Yammacin Afirka. Al’ummarsu tana da alaƙa mai ƙarfi na shugabanci, wanda ke haifar da wariya da yawa ga mata. Suna kuma da matsala da matsanancin talauci da magunguna. Kungiyar Boko Haram a shekarar alib 2014 ta sace ‘ yan matan makarantar Chibok 219, lamarin da ya jawo hankalin duniya a kokarin da ake na kubutar da‘ yan matan. Koyaya, an sami kusan 100 a cikin watan Afrilu a shekara ta alib 2017. == Yanayin aiki == Ofishin Shugaban Najeriya [[Muhammadu Buhari|Muhammadu Buhari ya]] fitar da wannan sanarwa sakamakon tambarin: “Shugaba Buhari ya yi hadin gwiwa da kungiyar‘ Guild of Editors na Najeriya da kungiyar ’Yan Jaridu ta Najeriya game da rasuwar Hajiya Bilkisu, abin misali, sadaukarwa, masani, mai sahihanci, sosai wanda ake tsammani, fitaccen edita kuma jadawalin labarai, wanda har ma ya mutu, zai ci gaba da zama abin koyi ga 'yan jaridu, a ciki da wajen Najeriya. " Jibrin Ibrahim, darektan Cibiyar Demokradiyya da ci gaba ya bayyana Yusuf a matsayin "babban mutum, mai bayar da shawarwari, dan jarida, cibiyar sadarwa da fifikon musulinci mai kishin kasa, wanda ya mutu a lokacin bautar Allah." Dr Oby Ezekwesili, darektan kamfanin ' Bring Back Our Girls' kuma tsohuwar ministar ilimi a Najeriya, ta ce, "Bilkisu ta yi yakinin rayuwarta gaba daya a kan ilimin yara. Ta kasance mai dacewa kan shawarwarin da ta bayar. Ba ta gajiya ba har lokaci ya yi. Muna murnar manyan hanyoyin 'yar uwanmu. Mun yi farin ciki da kasancewar ta a danginmu na dangi. Aliyu Muktar, tsohuwar edita a jaridar Triumph wanda ya yi aiki tare da Yusuf, ya ce, "Ta kasance ta kasance abin koyi gare ni; kyakkyawar mace mai aiki, mai kwazo da kwazo. Ka sani, jarunta ce, mai gaskiya kuma koyaushe tana gwagwarmayar raunana. Ka san sane da cewa; Hajia wani da ba zai yarda da zalunci a ko ina ba. " == Bayyanannun al'adu == Bilkisu na daya daga cikin Yan jaridar 42 da aka yi hira da su don nazarin kungiyar yan jarida''<nowiki/>'Yan Jarida ta Najeriya'' wacce Mike Awoyinfa da Dimgba Igwe suka rubuta. == Dubi kuma == * [[Hausawa|Mutanen Hausawa]] * Abunda ke faruwa yayin aikin Hajji * Mata a Najeriya == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] == __LEAD_SECTION__ == '''Bilkisu Yusuf''', wacce aka fi sani da Hajiya Bilkisu Yusuf, (an haifeta a ranar 2 ga watan Disamba shekarata alif 1952 &#x2013;zuwa ranar 24 ga watan Satumba shekarata 2015), yar jarida ce a Najeriya, marubuci kuma editan fitattun jaridu a [[Abuja]], [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] da [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]], [[Najeriya|Nigeria]] . [[Category:Haifaffun 1952]] [[Category:Mutuwan 2015]] [[Category:Mutanan Makkah]] [[Category:Yan jarida]] [[Category:Mata]] 2r5q74xhxcw3m7lia0zp74oqrgha20z 0 13532 873666 872530 2026-07-01T14:23:16Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 873666 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Declara%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Univers%C3%A3o_dos_Direiros_do_Cidad%C3%A3o.JPG |thumb| Bayanin Duniya na Haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa]] [[File:3_Korean_Samples.png |thumb|3 Korean Samples ]] [[File:AnneFrankHumanRightsMemorialUniversalDeclarationOfHumanRights.jpg |thumb|Anne Frank Human Rights Memorial Universal Declaration Of Human Rights ]] [[File:Statue_of_Liberty,_NY_(cropped).jpg |thumb|Mutum-Mutumin Yanci, NY-(New York)]] Qungiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam na duniya tayi taro a karp na 183, a paris 10 decemba a shekarar 1948. '''''Sanarwar ƙungiyar Kare Haƙƙoƙin Ɗan Adam ta Duniya''''' ('''UDHR),''' Wani kundi ne mai tarihi wanda [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya]] ta amince da shi, yayin zaman na uku, A ranar 10, ga watan Disamba na shekara ta alif 1948, a matsayin ''Resolution'' 217, a ''Palais de Chaillot'' a [[Faris|Paris]], ƙasar [[Faransa]]. Daga cikin mambobi 58, na [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya]], mambobi 48, ne suka kaɗa ƙuri'ar amincewar, babu wanda ya tsaurara, takwas sun kaurace, biyu kuma ba su jefa ƙuri'ar ba.<ref>[[Haƙƙin ɗan Adam a Najeriya]]</ref> Sanarwar ta kunshi batutuwa 30, waɗanda ke tabbatar da haƙƙin mutum, wanda duk da cewa ba a bin doka da oda a cikin su, an ba da cikakken bayani a cikin [[Yarjejeniyar Kasa ta Democrat ta 2024|yarjejeniyoyin]] ƙasa da ƙasa, [[Tattalin arziki|canjin tattalin arziƙi]], kayan aikin [[Hakkin ɗan'adam|ɗan adam]] na yanki, tsarin mulki na ƙasa, da sauran [[Dokokin Jim Crow|dokoki.]]<ref>https://www.bbc.com/hausa/news/2014/01/140127_freedom_hausa_seriesone</ref> Sanarwar itace matakin farko na ai watarwa da ƙirƙiro da Dokar Ƴan Adam ta Duniya, wacce aka kammala a shekarar 1966, kuma ta fara aiki a shekarar 1976, bayan isassun ƙasashe da suka rattaɓa hannu akan su. Wasu Malaman Shari'a sun sa'insa da kafa hujja da cewa saboda ƙasashe sun saba kiran na sama da shekaru 50, yanzu kuma ya zama wani ɓangare na dokar ƙasa da ƙasa. <ref>Henry J Steiner and Philip Alston, International Human Rights in Context: Law, Politics, Morals, (2nd ed), Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2000.</ref> <ref>Hurst Hannum, [https://cdn2.sph.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2014/04/16-Hannum.pdf The universal declaration of human rights in National and International Law] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103152205/https://cdn2.sph.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2014/04/16-Hannum.pdf |date=2020-01-03 }}, p.145</ref> Ko yaya, a Amurka, Kotun Ƙoli a ''Sosa v.'' ''Alvarez-Machain'' (2004), ta yanke hukuncin cewa "Sanarwar" ba ta da ƙarfin kanta, ba ta sanya wajibai a cikin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa. " <ref>''Sosa v. Alvarez-Machain'', 542 U.S. 692, 734 (2004).</ref> Kotunan wasu ƙasashe sun kuma yanke hukuncin cewa Sanarwar ba ta cikin ɓangaren dokar cikin gida.<ref>https://www.rfi.fr/ha/duniya/20241210-yau-duniya-ke-bikin-ranar-kare-ha%C6%99%C6%99in-%C9%97an-adam</ref> == Tsari da abunda ke ciki. == [[File:Eleanor Roosevelt UDHR.jpg|alt=Ƴancin dan Adam|thumb|<ref>[[File:Zürich Stadthaus, Privacy Exhibition( Ank Kumar, Infosys) 03.jpg|alt=Hotone |thumb|Bayanin yancin dan Adam]] </ref>Takarda ne na bayani akan yanci dan adamTakarda mai dauke da bayani akan yanci dan adam.]] An gabatar da tsarin Bayanan na Sanarwar ta duniya a cikin daftarin na biyu wanda René Cassin ya shirya. Cassin ya yi aiki daga daftarin farko, wanda John Peters Humphrey ya shirya. Tsarin ''Napoléon'' ya rinjayi tsarin, wanda ya haɗa da ƙa'idoji da gabatarwa na ƙa'idoji na gabatarwa. Cassin ya kwatanta zancen da kamar ɗakin ginin hankalin Girka, tare da tushe, matakai, ginshiƙai huɗu, da farfajiya . Sanarwar ta ƙunshi muhimmin bayanai na mukaloli talatin: * Wallafan ya gabatar da dalilai na tarihi da na zamantakewa waɗanda suka haifar da wajibcin yin Bayanin. * Muƙala na 1-2 sun kafu ne akan asalin mutunci, ƴanci da daidaituwa. * Muƙala na 3 da kafa 5, sun tsayar da wasu haƙƙoƙin mutum, kamar yancin rayuwa da haramcin bautar da azabtarwa. * Muƙala na 6, zuwa 11, yana magana ne game da mahimmancin haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam tare da takamaiman maganganun da aka ambata don kare su idan aka keta doka. * Muƙala ta 12, zuwa 17, sun tabbatar da haƙƙin mutum a cikin alumma (gami da abubuwa irin su ƴancin motsi ). * Muƙala na 18-21, ya sanya wa abin da ake kira ƴancin walwala na kundin tsarin mulki", kuma tare da' yancin ruhaniya, jama'a, da siyasa, kamar 'yancin tunani, ra'ayi, addini da lamiri, magana, da haɗin zaman lafiya na mutum. * Muƙala na 22-27, ya rattaɓa hannu kan haƙƙoƙin mutum na tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu, gami da harkar kiwon lafiya . Mataki na 25, da ce: Kowane mutum na da haƙƙin ya sami matsayin zama daidai gwargwado ga lafiya da ci gaban kansa da na iyalinsa, waɗanda suka haɗa da abinci, sutura, gidaje da kula da lafiya da kuma hidimomin rayuwa na yau da kullun. Hakanan yana samar da ƙarin masauki don tsaro idan akwai batun lalacewa ta jiki ko tawaya, kuma ya ambaci kulawa ta musamman ga waɗanda ke cikin uwa ko ƙuruciya. * Magana ta 28-30, sun kafa hanyoyin gaba ɗaya na amfani da waɗannan haƙƙoƙin, yankunan da ba za a iya amfani da waɗannan haƙƙin mutum ba, kuma ba za a iya cin nasara da su ba. Waɗannan jawabai suna da alaƙa da haƙƙin mutum ga alumma da haramcin yin amfani da doka da ke da saɓawa manufar ƙungiyar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ba. == Labarai. == === Mafarin === {{listen|title=State of the Union (Four Freedoms) (6 January 1941)|filename=FDR's 1941 State of the Union (Four Freedoms speech) Edit 1.ogg|description=[[Franklin D. Roosevelt|Franklin Delano Roosevelt]]'s 6&nbsp;January 1941 [[State of the Union address]] introducing the theme of the [[Four Freedoms]] (starting at 32:02)|image=[[File:FDR in 1933.jpg|100px|frameless]]}} A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]], yan kawancen na ƙungiyoyin sun amince da ƙa'idoji huɗu - ƴancin faɗin albarkacin baki, ƴancin addini, ƴanci daga tsoro, da yanci daga buƙata - kamar manufarsu ta yaƙi. <ref name="Bodnar, John 2010">Bodnar, John, The "Good War" in American Memory. (Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010) 11</ref> Yarjejeniya ta Majalisar ɗinkin duniya "ta sake ba da gaskiya ga [[Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|haƙƙoƙi na ɗan adam]], da mutunci da kimar mutum", kuma ta himmatu ga dukkan ƙasashe mambobi don inganta girmama duniya, da kiyaye haƙƙin ɗan adam da ƴanci na kowa da kowa ba tare da nuna bambancin launin fata ba, jam'i, yare, ko addini ". Lokacin da ayyukan zaluncin da Nazi ta kuma yi a fili bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na II]], yarjejeniya tsakanin al'ummomin duniya ita ce Yarjejeniyar [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin]] Duniya bata fayyace ainihin irin hakkin ta wacce ta ambata. <ref>[http://www.udhr.org/history/overview.htm#Cataclysm%20and%20World%20Response Cataclysm and World Response] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20120525091118/http://www.udhr.org/history/overview.htm#Cataclysm%20and%20World%20Response |date=2012-05-25 }} in [http://www.udhr.org/history/overview.htm Drafting and Adoption : The Universal Declaration of Human Rights] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20120525091118/http://www.udhr.org/history/overview.htm |date=2012-05-25 }}, [http://www.udhr.org udhr.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927155113/http://www.udhr.org/history/overview.htm |date=2019-09-27 }}.</ref> Sanarwa ta duniya wacce ta ayyana hakkokin mutane ya zama dole don aiwatar da tanadin Yarjejeniyar kan hakkin Dan-Adam. === Ƙirƙira da tsarawa === A watan Yuni na shekarar 1946, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kafa Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam, wanda ya kunshi membobi 18 daga kasashen da siyasosi daban daban. Kwamitin, cikakken mamba ne na [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], an tsara shi don aiwatar da aikin shirya abin da aka fara aiwatarwa a matsayin Dokar Kare Hakkin Kasa da Kasa . Hukumar ta kafa wata sanarwa ta musamman game da zartar da batun kare hakkin Dan-Adam, wanda Eleanor Roosevelt ke jagoranta, don rubuta labaran sanarwar. Kwamitin ya hadu a cikin zama biyun a tsawon shekaru biyu. Canada John Peters Humphrey, D na Division of Human Rights cikin United Nations sakatariya, an kirãyi da United Nations Sakatare Janar zuwa aiki a kan aikin da ya zama jawabi ta babba drafter. A lokacin, an nada Humphrey a matsayin sabon Daraktan sashen 'yancin dan adam a cikin sakatariyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya . Sauran sanannun mambobin kwamitin da aka tsara sun hada da René Cassin na Faransa, Charles Malik na [[Lebanon]], da PC na Jamhuriyar China . <ref name="RoC rep">The Declaration was drafted during the [[Chinese Civil War]]. P.C. Chang was appointed as a representative by the [[Republic of China]], then the recognised government of China, but which was driven from [[mainland China]] and now administers only [[Taiwan]] and nearby islands ([http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/chinese-nationalists-move-capital-to-taiwan history.com]).</ref> Humphrey ya samar da daftarin farko wanda ya zama aikin Hukumar. Hansa Mehta daga Indiya ta ba da shawarar ƙara "dukkan 'yan adam an halicce daidai" maimakon "dukkan mutane an daidaita su" a cikin sanarwar. A cewar Allan Carlson, Sanarwa ta danganta dangi sakamakon sakamakon gwagwarmayar mabiya addinin kirista ne kan Cassin da Malik. Da zarar Kwamitin ya kammala aikinsa a watan Mayun shekarar 1948, Hukumar ta kara tattaunawa kan batun kare hakkin dan Adam, Kwamitin tattalin arziki da na zamantakewa, Kwamitin Uku na Babban Taro kafin a sanya shi a watan Disamban shekarata 1948. Yayin tattaunawar an tattauna abubuwa da yawa da bada shawarwari daga kasashe mambobin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. [[ Gwamnatin Ingila |Wakilan Birtaniya]] sun ji takaici matuka cewa shirin yana da ɗabi'a amma ba doka ba ce. (Ya kasance har zuwa shekarar 1976, ne Yarjejeniyar Ƙasa da Ƙasa kan 'Yancin Jama'a da Siyasa ya fara aiki, yana ba da matsayin doka ga yawancin Sanarwar. ) === Dauka. === Babban zauren Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya amince da a matsayin Resolution 217, a ranar 10 &nbsp; Disamban shekarar 1948, a Palais de Chaillot, Paris, kamar yadda aka yi taro na uku na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a can. Daga cikin wakilai 58, na lokacin na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, 48, suka kada kuri'ar amincewa, babu wanda ya hana, takwas sun kaurace kuma Honduras da [[Yemen]] sun kasa kada kuri'a ko kauracewa. Rikodin taron ya ba da fahimtar abin da ya dace da mahawara. Ana iya ganin matsayin Afirka ta kudu a matsayin yunƙurin kare tsarin wariyar launin fata, wanda a fili ya keta abubuwa da yawa a cikin sanarwar. Haramcin wakilan na Saudi Arabiya ya haifar da abubuwa biyu daga cikin Maganar sanarwa: Fasali na 18, wanda ke nuna cewa kowa na da 'yancin canza addininsa ko akidarsa "; da Mataki na goma sha shida, akan madaidaicin hakkin aure. asashen shida masu ra'ayin gurguzu sun rataya a wuyansu cewa Bayyanar bai isa ya la'anci farkisanci da Naziyanci ba. Eleanor Roosevelt ya danganta haramcin kasashen kungiyar Soviet a cikin Mataki na goma sha uku, wanda ya bayar da hakkin 'yan kasa barin kasashensu . [[File:Original_universal_declaration_of_human_rights_voters.svg|thumb| Zaben jefa kuri'a a cikin zaman majalisarku: <br /><br /><br /><br /> <nowiki></br></nowiki> Kasashe masu kore: sun yi zabe cikin yarda; <br /><br /><br /><br /> <nowiki></br></nowiki> Kasashen Orange: sun kaurace; <br /><br /><br /><br /> <nowiki></br></nowiki> Kasashen bakaken fata: sun gaza kaurace musu ko jefa kuri'a; <br /><br /><br /><br /> <nowiki></br></nowiki> Kasashe masu launin toka: basa cikin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a lokacin jefa kuri'a ]] Kasashe 48, da suka kada ƙuri'ar amincewa da wannan sanarwar sune: {{Columns-list|* [[Kingdom of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]] * [[History of Argentina#Peronist Years (1946–1955)|Argentina]] * [[Australia]] * [[Belgium]] * [[History of Bolivia (1920–1964)#The sexenio (1946–52)|Bolivia]] * [[Brazilian Second Republic|Brazil]] * [[Post-independence Burma, 1948–1962|Burma]] * [[Canada]]{{ref label|a|a}}<!-- ref/note used here because ((refn}} with group=lower-alpha was used in the infobox, and is not expected to be displayed until the Notes section is encountered below --> * [[Presidential Republic (1925–1973)|Chile]] * [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] * [[History of Colombia#The Republic: Liberal and Conservative Conflict|Colombia]] * [[History of Costa Rica#Democracy|Costa Rica]] * [[Republic of Cuba (1902–59)|Cuba]] * [[Denmark]] * [[History of the Dominican Republic#The Era of Trujillo|Dominican Republic]] * [[Ecuador]] * [[Kingdom of Egypt|Egypt]] * [[History of El Salvador (1931–79)#Repression and reform under military rule|El Salvador]] * [[Ethiopian Empire|Ethopia]] * [[French Fourth Republic|France]] * [[Kingdom of Greece|Greece]] * [[History of Guatemala#The "Ten Years of Spring"|Guatemala]] * [[Republic of Haiti (1859–1957)|Haiti]] * [[Iceland]] * [[Dominion of India|India]] * [[Pahlavi dynasty|Iran]] * [[Kingdom of Iraq|Iraq]] * [[Lebanon]] * [[History of Liberia#Americo-Liberian rule (1847–1980)|Liberia]] * [[Luxembourg]] * [[Mexico]] * [[Netherlands]] * [[Dominion of New Zealand|New Zealand]] * [[History of Nicaragua#Somoza Dynasty (1936–1979)|Nicaragua]] * [[Norway]] * [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]] * [[Panama]] * [[History of Paraguay#Morínigo and World War II|Paraguay]] * [[Peru]] * [[History of the Philippines (1946–65)|Philippines]] * [[Kingdom of Thailand|Siam]] * [[Sweden]] * [[Syrian Republic (1946–1963)|Syria]] * [[Multi-party period of the Republic of Turkey|Turkey]] * [[United Kingdom]] * [[United States]] * [[Uruguay]] * [[Venezuela]]|colwidth=18em}} : a. ^ Dukda babban mataki da John Peters Humphrey na Canada ya dauka, sai a fari Gwamnatin Canada ta kaurace daga zabe akan daftarin Declaration's din, amma daga baya ta maya baya a daftarin karshe a Babban taron Majalisar.[31] Kasashe takwas sun kauracewa: {{Columns-list|*[[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic|Czechoslovakia]] *[[Polish People's Republic|Poland]] *[[Saudi Arabia]] *[[Soviet Union]] *[[Byelorussian SSR]] *[[Ukrainian SSR]] *[[Union of South Africa|South Africa]] *[[Yugoslavia]]|colwidth=18em}} Kasashe biyu ba su yi zaben ba: * Honduras * [[ Masarautar Mutawakkilite na Yemen |Yaman]]. Sauran ƙasashe sun sami ikon mallaka ne kawai kuma suka shiga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya daga baya, wanda ke bayani game da relativelyan kananan jihohin da suka cancanci kada kuri'un tarihi. == Ranar Ƴancin Ɗan Adam ta Duniya == Sanarwar ranar kare hakkin Dan Adam ana tunawa da kowace shekara &nbsp; 10 ga Disamba, ranar tunawa da ranar Yarda da Jama'a, kuma ana kiranta Ranar 'Yancin Dan Adam ko Ranar' Yancin Dan Adam na Duniya. Ana yin wannan taron tunawa da mutane, al'umma da kuma kungiyoyin addinai, kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan Adam, majalisun dokoki, gwamnatoci, da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Taron tunawa da bikin Decadal yakan kasance tare da kamfen don inganta wayar da kan jama'a game da sanarwa da 'yancin ɗan adam. Shekarar 2008, ta cika shekaru 60, da sanarwar, kuma an samu rakiyar ayyukan shekara guda da taken "Mutunci da adalci ga dukkanmu". == Mahimmanci da tasirin dokar == === Muhimmanci === [[File:Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights_(miniature_book).JPG|thumb| A cikin karamin littafi ]] A shekara ta 1948, UN Resolution A / RES / 217 (III) [A] ya karɓi wannan sanarwa a kan takaddar yarukan magana da [[Turanci|Ingilishi]] da [[Faransanci]], da fassarar hukuma a cikin [[Sinanci]], [[Rashanci]] da Spanish. A shekara ta 2009, ''Littafin Guinness Book of Records ya'' bayyana Sanarwa a matsayin “Mafi Cancantar daftarin Dokoki” a duniya (370 yare da yare daban daban). Kamfanin Unicode Consortium yana adana 431 <ref>[https://www.unicode.org/udhr/translations.html "UDHR in Unicode – Translations"], [[Unicode]], retrieved 8-6-2017</ref> na 503 <ref>[http://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Pages/SearchByLang.aspx "Search by Translation"], UDHR Translation Project, [[United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights]], retrieved 13-8-2017.</ref> fassarar hukuma a OHCHR ( {{As of|2017|June}} ). A wajansa, gwamnatoci sun sadaukar da kansu da jama'arsu don matakan cigaba waɗanda ke tabbatar da duniya da inganci daraja da kiyaye haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam da aka bayyana a cikin Sanarwa. Eleanor Roosevelt ya goyi bayan ɗaukar wannan sanarwar a matsayin sanarwa maimakon yarjejeniya saboda ta yi imanin cewa tana da tasiri iri ɗaya kan al'ummomin duniya kamar yadda sanarwar Statesancin Samun 'yanci na Amurka a cikin Amurka. Ko da yake ba ta da hurumin bin doka, an gabatar da sanarwar ne ko ya rinjayi mafi yawan tsarin mulkin kasa tun 1948. Hakanan ya kasance tushen harsashi na haɓaka dokokin ƙasa, dokokin ƙasa, da yarjejeniyoyi, har ma da cigaba na cibiyoyin yanki, yanki da na ƙasa waɗanda ke kiyayewa da inganta haƙƙin ɗan Adam. A karo na farko a cikin dokokin kasa da kasa, an yi amfani da kalmar "bin doka" a cikin shelar sanarwa. Sakin layi na uku na sanarwar ƙa'idar ya karanta kamar haka: "Ganin cewa yana da mahimmanci, idan ba a tilasta wa ɗan adam ya sake neman doka ba, a matsayin makoma ta ƙarshe, tawaye ga zalunci da zalunci, ya kamata a kiyaye haƙƙin ɗan adam ta dokar doka". === Tasirin doka === Duk da yake ba yarjejeniya ce da kanta ba, an zartar da sanarwar ta dalla-dalla don ma'anar ma'anar kalmomin "yanci na asali" da "haƙƙin ɗan Adam" wanda ke fitowa a cikin Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, wadda ke ɗaure a kan dukkan ƙasashe membobinsu. A saboda wannan dalili, Sanarwar Kasashen Duniya na 'Yancin Dan Adam muhimmin aiki ne na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Bugu da kari, da yawa daga cikin lauyoyin kasa da kasa yi imanin cewa Sanarwar ta zama wani bangare na dokokin kasa da kasa na al'ada kuma wani kayan aiki ne mai karfi wajen amfani da matsin lambar diflomasiya da halin kirki ga gwamnatocin da ke keta duk wani labarin nata. Taron na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na shekara ta 1968 game da hakkin Dan-Adam ya ba da shawarar cewa wannan sanarwar "ta wajaba ne ga mambobin kasashen duniya" ga dukkan mutane. Sanarwar ta yi aiki a matsayin kafuwar yarjejeniyoyi biyu na kare hakkin dan adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya: Alkawarin kasa da kasa kan 'yancin jama'a da siyasa da kuma yarjejeniya ta kasa da kasa kan tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu . An kuma fayyace ka'idodin wannan sanarwar a cikin yarjejeniyoyin kasa da kasa kamar Yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan kawar da kowane nau'in nuna wariyar launin fata, Yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan kawar da wariyar launin fata a kan mata, Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'yancin Yara, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Ganawa game da azabtarwa, da ƙari masu yawa. Sanarwar ta ci gaba da ambata ta hanyar gwamnatoci, malamai, masu bayar da shawarwari, da kotunan tsarin mulki, da kuma daidaikun mutane da ke kiran ka'idodinta don kare hakkinsu da suka dan Adam. == Martai == === Yabo === MBayanin Duniya ya samu yabo daga wasu sanannun mutane. Masanin Falsafa na [[Lebanon]] kuma jami'in diflomasiyya Charles Malik ya kira shi "takardun kasa da kasa na muhimmancin farko", yayin da Eleanor Roosevelt - shugabar shugabar hukumar ta 'yancin ɗan adam (CHR) wacce ta ƙaddamar da sanarwar - ta ce hakan "na iya kyau zama Magna Carta ta duniya na duka mutane a ko'ina." A cikin jawabin da ya yi a ranar 5 ga Oktoba 1995, Fafaroma [[John Paul na Biyu|John Paul II ya]] kira da sanarwar "ɗayan manyan maganganu na lamirin mutum a zamaninmu" amma Vatican ba ta taɓa amincewa da wannan sanarwar ba. A cikin wata sanarwa a ranar 10 ga Disamba 2003, a madadin Kungiyar [[Tarayyar Turai]], Marcello Spatafora ta ce wannan sanarwar "ta sanya 'yancin bil Adama a tsakiyar tsarin ka'idodi da wajibai na daidaita dangantaka a tsakanin kasashen duniya." === Suka === ==== Kasashen musulmai ==== [[Turkiyya]], kasa ce mai zaman kanta wacce take da yawan musulmai, ta rattaba hannu cikin wannan sanarwa a shekarar 1948. Ko ta yaya, a wannan shekarar, [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabiya ta]] kauracewa jefa kuri’ar amincewa da wannan sanarwar, tana mai cewa hakan ya saba wa ka’idar [[Shari'a|Sharia]]. [[Pakistan]] - wacce ta rattaba hannu kan sanarwar - ta musanta da kuma yin Allah wadai da matsayin Saudiyya. Ministan Pakistan Muhammad Zafarullah Khan ya yi jayayya mai yawa game da yarda da haɗe da 'yancin addini. <ref name="Hashemi">Hashemi, Nader and Emran Qureshi. "Human Rights." In ''The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford Islamic Studies Online''.</ref> A shekarar 1982, da [[Iran|kasar Iran]] wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Said Rajaie-Khorassani, ya ce cewa jawabi ya "a wadanda mutane fahimtar da Judeo-Kirista hadisin", wanda ba za a iya aiwatar da [[Musulmi]] ba tare da rikici da Sharia. A ranar 30 ga Yuni 2000, mambobin kungiyar Taron Addinin Musulunci (yanzu Kungiyar Hadin gwiwar Musulunci ) suka yanke hukunci a hukumance don nuna goyon baya ga Bayyanar Alkahira game da Hakkokin bil'adama a cikin Musulunci, wani takaddar takaddar da ta ce mutane suna da 'yanci da hakkinsu na rayuwa mai daraja daidai da shari'ar musulinci ", ba tare da wani banbanci ba akan dalilan" launin fata, yare, jinsi, akida, addini, dangantakar siyasa, matsayin zamantakewa ko wasu sharudda ". Wasu jami'an diflomasiyya na musulmai za su ci gaba daga baya don taimakawa wajen tsara wasu yarjejeniyoyin kare hakkin dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Misali, diflomasiyyar Iraki Bedia Afnan ta dage kan maganarta cewa an sami daidaito tsakanin jinsi ya haifar da Mataki na 3 a cikin (ICCPR) da (ICESCR). Jami’ar diflomasiyar kasar Pakistan Shaista Suhrawardy Ikramullah ita ma ta yi magana don nuna godiya ga hakkokin mata. <ref name="Hashemi">Hashemi, Nader and Emran Qureshi. "Human Rights." In ''The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford Islamic Studies Online''.</ref> Yawancin malamai a fannoni daban-daban sun bayyana damuwarsu game da Sanarwar da ake zargin kasashen yamma da aikatawa. Wadannan sun hada da Irene Oh, Abdulaziz Sachedina, Riffat Hassan, da Faisal Kutty . Hassan ya kafa hujja da cewa: <blockquote> Abin da ake buƙatar nunawa ga waɗanda ke riƙe da sanarwa ta 'Yancin dan Adam ta zama mafi girma, ko tafin kafaɗa, na tsarin ba da daidaituwa da' yanci ga dukkan bil'adama, shi ne wanda aka ba Asalin ƙasashen yamma da manufar wannan Sanarwa, "ilimin halittu" na zato wanda ake dogaro da a ƙallatsala da batun tambaya. Kari akan haka, zargin rashin daidaituwa tsakanin manufar 'yancin ɗan adam da kuma addinin gabaɗaya, ko kuma takamaiman addinai irin su Islama, ana buƙatar bincika ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba. </blockquote> Irene Oh ta bayar da hujjar cewa mafita guda ita ce kusanci da batun daga hangen nasihu (kwatancen) kyawawan dabi'u . Kutty ya rubuta cewa: "Hujja mai karfi za a iya cewa tsarin samar da 'yancin dan Adam na duniya ya zama tsarin al'adu wanda al'ummar yammacin duniya ke samun saukin kai a gida. . . Yana kuma da muhimmanci a amince da sanin cewa sauran al'ummomin na iya samun damar musayar ra'ayi daban-daban na hakkin Dan-Adam. " ==== "Hakkin kin Kisa" ==== Kungiyoyi kamar su ''Amnesty International'' <ref name="autogenerated1997">[https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/EUR01/004/1997/en Out of the margins: the right to conscientious objection to military service in Europe: An announcement of Amnesty International's forthcoming campaign and briefing for the UN Commission on Human Rights], 31 March 1997. Amnesty International.</ref> da ''War Resisters International'' <ref name="War Resisters International">[http://www.wri-irg.org/books/co-guide-un.htm A Conscientious Objector's Guide to the UN Human Rights System], Parts 1, 2 & 3, Background Information on International Law for COs, Standards which recognise the right to conscientious objection, War Resisters' International.</ref> sun ba da sanarwar “'Yancin Kisa” da za a sanya su cikin Sanarwar Kasashen Duniya. ''War Resisters International'' ya bayyana cewa 'yancin yin kiyayya ga aikin soja ya samo asali ne daga farko - amma ba a fayyace ba a-Mataki na 18, na (UDHR) yancin walwala da tunani da lamiri da addini. An dauki matakai a cikin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don tabbatar da wannan hakkin a bayyane, amma {{As of|2017}}, an takaita wadancan matakan ne zuwa karan tsaye na takardun Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Sean MacBride - Babban Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da [[ Lambar Nobel ta zaman lafiya |lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta]] Nobel - ya ce: "Ga hakkokin da ke kunshe a cikin Sanarwar Kasashen Duniya game da Hakkokin bil'adama nan gaba, za a iya kara. Yana da <nowiki>''</nowiki> yancin Karyata Kashe Shi <nowiki>''</nowiki>. <ref>Sean MacBride, [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1974/macbride-lecture.html The Imperatives of Survival], Nobel Lecture, 12 December 1974, [https://www.nobelprize.org/index.html The Nobel Foundation]&nbsp;– Official website of the [[Nobel Foundation]]. (English index page; hyperlink to Swedish site.) From [https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_organizations/nobelfoundation/publications/lectures/peace.html Nobel Lectures in Peace] 1971–1980.</ref> ==== Kungiyar Anthropological American ==== Antungiyar ''Anthropological'' American ta soki (UDHR) yayin da take cikin shirinta na tsarawa. AAA ta yi gargadin cewa kundin zai kasance yana bayyana hakkokin duniya daga yanayin kasashen yamma wanda ba zai dace da kasashen da ke wannan batun ba. Sun kara da cewa tarihin kasashen yamma na mulkin mallaka da wa'azin bishara yasa suka zama wakilin matsala na sauran al'ummomin duniya. Sun gabatar da bayanin kula guda uku don tattaunawa tare da mahimman bayanai game da alaƙar al'adu : "1. Kowane mutum ya san dabi'unsa ta hanyar al'adarsa, saboda haka mutunta bambance-bambancen mutum ya zama girmamawa ga bambance-bambancen al'adu "," 2. Mutunta bambance-bambance tsakanin al'adu an inganta shi ta hanyar ilimin kimiyya cewa babu wata dabara ta gwajin ingancin al'adu da aka gano ", da" 3. Matsayi da martabobi suna da alaƙa da al'adun da suka samo asali ta yadda duk wani yunƙurin kirkirar wasu abubuwa waɗanda suka girma daga imani ko ɗabi'un kyawawan al'adu guda ɗaya to lallai hakan ya nesanta daga dacewa da duk wani sanarwa game da haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam ga ɗan adam gaba ɗaya." ==== Bayanin Bangkok ==== A lokacin kaiwa ga taron Duniya kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da aka gudanar a shekarar 1993, ministoci daga kasashen Asiya sun amince da wannan sanarwar Bangkok, tare da jaddada kudirin gwamnatocinsu ga ka’idodin Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Yarda da Duniya game da Hakkokin Yan Adam. Sun bayyana ra'ayinsu game da daidaituwa da rarrabewar haƙƙin ɗan adam da kuma jaddada bukatar samaniya, aiki, da zaɓin haƙƙin ɗan Adam. Ko yaya, a lokaci guda, sun jaddada ka'idodin ikon mallakar kai tsaye da rashin tsangwama, suna kiran babbar girmamawa ga tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, da al'adun - musamman, 'yancin haɓakar tattalin arziƙi akan haƙƙin jama'a da siyasa. A Bangkok jawabi da aka dauke su a landmark magana na Asian dabi'u hangen zaman gaba, wanda yayi wani ''Extended'' sharhi na kare hakkin dan adam ''universalism'' . ==== Hukuncin kisa ==== Sanarwar ba ta dauki tsinkayen ra'ayi kan hukuncin kisa ba. Mataki na biyar ya ce: "Ba wanda za a azabtar da shi ko a zaluntar shi, a cikin mutane ko a wulakantar da su, ko azaba." == Kungiyoyi masu neman cigaban UDHR == === Tarayyar Duniya don 'yancin ɗan adam === Kungiyar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Duniya (FIDH) ba ta da wariya, ba ta ƙabilarci ba ce, ba ta da' yanci da kowace hukuma, kuma babban aikinta shi ne haɓaka girmamawa ga dukkan haƙƙoƙin da aka bayyana a cikin Sanarwar Kasashen Duniya na Rightsancin Bil Adama, Yarjejeniyar Kasa da onasa kan kungiyoyin Yan Adam da Siyasa., da kuma Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan Hakkokin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da Al'adu. <ref>[http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/partners.html Information Partners], web site of the [[UNHCR]], last updated 25 February 2010, 16:08 GMT (web retrieval 25 February 2010, 18:11 GMT)</ref> === Amnesty International === A cikin shekarar 1988, darekta Stephen R. Johnson da masu ba da labari na duniya 41, mawaƙa, da masu samarwa sun kirkiro bidiyon na minti 20 don ''Amnesty International'' don murnar cikar ta shekaru 40 da samarwa a Duniya. Batun bidiyon shi ne Magana game da sanarwa 30. Kungiyar kare hakkin bil Adama ta ''Amnesty International'' ta yi bikin Ranar ‘Yancin Dan Adam da kuma Shekaru 60 na sanarwar Kasa da Kasa a duk fadin duniya ta hanyar shirya" Gobarar wuta! " aukuwa. === Ofishin Quaker na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Kwamitin Ayyukan Abokai na Amurka === Ofishin Quaker na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Kwamitin bauta na Amurka suna aiki kan batutuwan take hakkokin bil'Adama, da suka hada da inganta ilimi kan Sanarwar Kasashen Duniya na Yan-Adam. Sun kirkiro wani tsari don taimakawa gabatar da ɗalibai na makarantar sakandare zuwa sanarwar dan Adam ta Duniya. === Kungiyar Library ta Amurka === A shekarar 1997, majalisar kungiyar Makarantar Amurka (ALA) ta amince da Mataki na 19 daga Sanarwar 'Yancin Bil Adama na Duniya. Hakanan hade da Mataki na 19, Mataki na 18 da na 20 kuma suna da alaƙa da hakkokin AlA akan haƙƙin toan Adam da Dokar Libraryancin Makaranta. Takunkumi, mamayar sirrin jama'a, da kuma kutsawa cikin ra'ayoyi sune take hakkin Dan-Adam a cewar ALA. Game da take hakkin Dan-Adam, ALA tana ba da ka'idoji kamar haka: {{quote|The American Library Association opposes any use of governmental prerogative that leads to intimidation of individuals that prevents them from exercising their rights to hold opinions without interference, and to seek, receive, and impart information and ideas. We urge libraries and librarians everywhere to resist such abuse of governmental power, and to support those against whom such governmental power has been employed. The American Library Association condemns any governmental effort to involve libraries and librarians in restrictions on the right of any individual to hold opinions without interference, and to seek, receive, and impart information and ideas. Such restrictions, whether enforced by statutes or regulations, contractual stipulations, or voluntary agreements, pervert the function of the library and violate the professional responsibilities of librarians. The American Library Association rejects censorship in any form. Any action that denies the inalienable human rights of individuals only damages the will to resist oppression, strengthens the hand of the oppressor, and undermines the cause of justice. The American Library Association will not abrogate these principles. We believe that censorship corrupts the cause of justice, and contributes to the demise of freedom.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Universal Right to Free Expression|url=http://www.ala.org/advocacy/intfreedom/librarybill/interpretations/universalright|website=American Library Association|accessdate=1 April 2018}}</ref>}} === Matasa masu Kare Hakkin Dan Adam === Matasa don 'Yancin Dan Adam na Duniya (YHRI) wata kungiya ce mai zaman kanta wacce aka kafa a shekarar 2001, ta Mary Shuttleworth, malama ce wacce aka Haifa kuma ta girma a Afirka Ta Kudu, inda ta ba da labari ta hanyar illar wariyar launin fata da kuma rashin' yancin ɗan Adam. Manufar (YHRI) ita ce koya wa matasa game da haƙƙin ɗan Adam, musamman Sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ofancin Humanancin Bil Adama, da kuma zuga su su zama masu ba da shawara ga haƙuri da zaman lafiya. (YHRI) yanzu ya zama babban motsi na duniya, wanda ya hada da daruruwan ƙungiyoyi, kulake da babi a duk faɗin duniya. == Duba kuma == === Dokar 'yancin ɗan Adam ta ƙasa === * Tarihin 'yancin ɗan Adam * Manufofin Yogyakarta === Yarjejeniyar da bata da alaƙa === * Bayanin Alkahira game da Hakkin Dan Adam a Musulunci (1990) * Bayanin Vienna da Tsarin aiki (1993) * Sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ''Millennium'' (2000) {{Div col}} * [[Fourth Geneva Convention]] (1949) * [[European Convention on Human Rights]] (1952) * [[Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees]] (1954) * [[Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination]] (1969) * [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]] (1976) * [[International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights]] (1976) * [[Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women]] (1981) * [[Convention on the Rights of the Child]] (1990) * [[Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union]] (2000) * [[Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities]] (2007) {{Div col end}} === 'Yan Tunaninku suna tasiri cikin sanarwar === * Jacques Maritain * Tommy Douglas * John Sankey, 1st Viscount Sankey === Wasu === {{Div col}} * [[Slavery in the United States]] * [[Slavery in Russia]] * [[Slavery in international law]] * [[Slave Trade Act]]s * [[Human rights in China|Human rights in China (PRC)]] * [[LGBT rights at the United Nations]] * [[Command responsibility]] * [[Moral universalism]] * [[Declaration on Great Apes]], an as-yet unsuccessful effort to extend some human rights to other [[Hominidae|great apes]] * [[United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights]] * "[[Consent of the governed]]" * [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919#Japanese approach|Racial equality proposal]] (1919) * [[The Farewell Sermon]] (632 [[Common Era|CE]]) * [[Youth for Human Rights International]] * [[List of literary works by number of translations]] * [[Monica Ross]] {{Div col end}} == Bayanai == {{Reflist}} === Ruwayoyi === {{Reflist|30em}} === Manazarta === {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book|last=Brown|first=Gordon|author-link=Gordon Brown|title=The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in the 21st Century: A Living Document in a Changing World|url=http://www.openbookpublishers.com/product/467/the-universal-declaration-of-human-rights-in-the-21st-century|year=2016|publisher=Open Book Publishers|ISBN=978-1-783-74218-9|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Glendon|first=Mary Ann|author-link=Mary Ann Glendon|title=A world made new: Eleanor Roosevelt and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2-vaZkbca2sC|year=2002|publisher=Random House|ISBN=978-0-375-76046-4|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Hashmi|first=Sohail H.|title=Islamic political ethics: civil society, pluralism, and conflict|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5LmXFpnp_bMC|year=2002|publisher=Princeton University Press|ISBN=978-0-691-11310-4|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Morsink|first=Johannes|title=The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: origins, drafting, and intent|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w8OapwltI3YC|year=1999|publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]]|ISBN=978-0-8122-1747-6|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Price|first=Daniel E.|title=Islamic political culture, democracy, and human rights: a comparative study|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YgF58rl4tCkC|year=1999|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]|ISBN=978-0-275-96187-9|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Williams|first=Paul|others=United Nations General Assembly|title=The International bill of human rights|url=https://archive.org/details/internationalbil00will|url-access=registration|year=1981|publisher=Entwhistle Books|ISBN=978-0-934558-07-5|ref=harv}} {{refend}} == Karin karatu == {{refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite journal}} * Nurser, John. "For All Peoples and All Nations. Christian Churches and Human Rights.". (Geneva: WCC Publications, 2005). * [http://www.columbia.edu/ccnmtl/projects/mmt/udhr/index.html Universal Declaration of Human Rights pages at Columbia University (Centre for the Study of Human Rights), including article by article commentary, video interviews, discussion of meaning, drafting and history.] * [http://legal.un.org/avl/ha/udhr/udhr.html Introductory note] by [[Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade]] and [http://legal.un.org/avl/ha/udhr/udhr.html procedural history] on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in the [http://legal.un.org/avl/historicarchives.html Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law] {{refend}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/ Rubutun UDHR] * [http://www.ohchr.org/en/udhr/pages/introduction.aspx Fassarorin hukuma na UDHR] * [http://libraryresources.unog.ch/udhr Jagorar Bayani kan Sanarwar Kasashen Duniya Game da 'Yancin Dan Adam] a dakin karatu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Geneva. * [http://research.un.org/en/undhr Tsarin Sanarwar Kasashen Duniya Game da Hakkokin Dan-Adam] - takardu da bayanan tarurruka &nbsp; - Laburaren Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Dag Hammarskjöld * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120912162219/http://www.unac.org/rights/question.html Tambayoyi da amsoshi game da Bayanai na Duniya] * [https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/eleanorrooseveltdeclarationhumanrights.htm Rubutu, Audio, da kuma Bunkunin Adireshin Eleanor Roosevelt ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan sanarwar 'Yancin Dan Adam na Duniya] * [http://www.universalrights.net/main/educat.htm UDHR &nbsp; - Ilimi] * [https://www.unicode.org/udhr/ UDHR a Unicode] * [http://www.envio.org.ni/articulo/1349 Revista Envío &nbsp; - Sanarwar 'Yancin Dan Adam Na ƙarni na 21] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706125927/http://www.envio.org.ni/articulo/1349 |date=2007-07-06 }} * [http://legal.un.org/avl/ha/udhr/udhr.html Bayanin gabatarwa] daga Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade da [http://legal.un.org/avl/ha/udhr/udhr.html bayanin tarihin] aiwatarwa game da Sanarwar Kasashen Duniya game da Hakkokin Yan Adam a cikin [http://legal.un.org/avl/historicarchives.html Tarihin Tarihi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Audiovisual Library of the Law International] * [http://blogs.loc.gov/law/2012/12/the-laws-of-burgos-500-years-of-human-rights/ Dokokin Burgos: Shekaru 500 na 'Yancin Dan Adam] daga Littattafan Shari'a na blog. === Abubuwa na sauti da kallon === * [https://udhr.audio/ UDHR Audio / Video project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426015816/https://udhr.audio/ |date=2020-04-26 }} (rakodin cikin yaruka 500 + ta masu magana da harshen asalin) * [http://librivox.org/the-universal-declaration-of-human-rights-by-the-united-nations/ Librivox: Rikodin sauti na mutum-karanta a cikin Harsuna da yawa] * [https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/eleanorrooseveltdeclarationhumanrights.htm Rubutu, Audio, da kuma Bunkunin Adireshin Eleanor Roosevelt ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan sanarwar 'Yancin Dan Adam na Duniya] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=epVZrYbDVis Takaitaccen bayani game da Bayyanar da Kare Hakkin Dan Adam] ta Amnesty International a YouTube (a cikin Ingilishi tsawon minti 20 da sakan 23). * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080910145004/http://webcast.un.org/ramgen/ondemand/legal/audio/humanrights/dr_charles_malik-human_rights_06_nov_48.rm Audio: Bayanin Charles Malik a matsayin Wakilin Lebanon ga Kwamitin Na Uku na Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan sanarwar Universal, 6 Nuwamba 1948] * [http://www.columbia.edu/ccnmtl/projects/mmt/udhr/ramfiles/udhr_045.ram Sanarwar Sanarwar Jama'a ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ga masu gabatar da sanarwar] * [http://legal.un.org/avl/ha/udhr/udhr_video.html Littattafai masu sauraro] a kan Sanarwar Kasashen Duniya Game da Hakkiin Yan-Adam a cikin [http://legal.un.org/avl/historicarchives.html Tarihin Tarihi na Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Audiovisual Library of the International Law] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] kmc1ocnry9rdjkmzccu3ldnk28cn6rr 0 13719 874070 529504 2026-07-02T05:08:39Z Ummeeterh 31568 874070 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Jane Egerton-Idehen.png|thumb|Jane Egerton-Idehen]] [[Fayil:Jane Egerton-Idehen by Kola Oshalusi.jpg|thumb|jane egerton]] [[Fayil:Jane Egerton at the IWD.jpg|thumb|jane igarto a wajan taron matan duniya]] [[Fayil:Jane Egerton Idehen cropped.jpg|thumb|Jane]] '''Jane Egerton-Idehen''' ita ce babbar manaja ta ƙasa a [[Najeriya]] kuma daraktar tallace tallace na Yankin Yammacin [[Afirka]] a Avanti Communications. A baya tana cikin membobin kwamitin zartarwa na kungiyar Ericsson a [[Ghana]] da [[Laberiya]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ogunfuwa |first1=Ife |title=Rural connectivity can drive e-commerce, agric – Avanti boss |url=https://punchng.com/rural-connectivity-can-drive-e-commerce-agric-avanti-boss/ |accessdate=8 August 2019 |agency=Punch |date=6 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Uriri |first1=Francesca |title=LLA 50 leading ladies in corporate Nigeria |url=https://www.guardian.ng/guardian-woman/lla-50-leading-ladies-in-corporate-nigeria/amp |accessdate=8 August 2019 |agency=Guardian |date=18 May 2019 |archive-date=8 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808094859/https://guardian.ng/guardian-woman/lla-50-leading-ladies-in-corporate-nigeria/amp/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sekyi |first1=Kweku |title=Ericsson Ghana empowers female student engineers |url=https://mobile.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Ericsson-Ghana-empowers-female-student-engineers-349930# |accessdate=8 August 2019 |agency=GhanaWeb |date=11 March 2015}}</ref>Tana da digiri na injiniya daga [[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka|Jami'ar Nijeriya, Nsukka]], MBA daga Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Warwick da makarantar gaba da sakandare daga Makarantar Kasuwancin Harvard. An jera ta a matsayin daya daga cikin #50LeadingLadiesinCorporateNigeria a 2019. Tana daga cikin wanda suka hada gwiwar kafa kungiyar IEEE Women in Injiniya (WIE) a [[Najeriya|Nigeria]], kungiyar kwararru ta kasa da kasa don inganta injiniyan mata da masana kimiyya, da kuma karfafa yara mata su biyewa bukatunsu na ilimi a cikin aikin injiniya.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Adeniran |first1=Aderinsola |title=#LLACareerQuestionnaire Country Manager at Avanti Communications Ltd. Says 'Ruby Woo' By MAC is Her Go To For That "Badass" Feel! |url=http://leadingladiesafrica.org/country-manager-at-avanti-communications-ltd-says-ruby-woo-by-mac-is-her-go-to-for-that-badass-lip-effect/ |accessdate=8 August 2019 |agency=LLA |date=6 May 2019}}</ref> == Karatu == Egerton-Idehen ta kammala karatuttukanta tare da digiri a fannin injiniya a cikin Injiniyan lantarki daga [[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka]] a shekara ta 2001. Ta je Makarantar Kasuwancin Warwick a 2007 kuma ta sami MBA a 2010. Tana da digiri a fannin ilimi a Makarantar Kasuwanci na Harvard .<ref>{{cite news |last1=Adeniran |first1=Aderinsola |title=#LLACareerQuestionnaire Country Manager at Avanti Communications Ltd. Says 'Ruby Woo' By MAC is Her Go To For That "Badass" Feel! |url=http://leadingladiesafrica.org/country-manager-at-avanti-communications-ltd-says-ruby-woo-by-mac-is-her-go-to-for-that-badass-lip-effect/ |accessdate=8 August 2019 |agency=LLA |date=6 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Uriri |first1=Francesca |title=LLA 50 leading ladies in corporate Nigeria |url=https://www.guardian.ng/guardian-woman/lla-50-leading-ladies-in-corporate-nigeria/amp |accessdate=8 August 2019 |agency=Guardian |date=18 May 2019 |archive-date=8 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808094859/https://guardian.ng/guardian-woman/lla-50-leading-ladies-in-corporate-nigeria/amp/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Aiki == Egerton-Idehen ta fara ayyukanta a matsayin Earth Station Injiniya a Kamfanin Spar Aerospace Limited a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]] dama bayan kammala karatun ta na jami'a. Ta ci gaba zuwa aiki a Ericsson, Najeriya a matsayin Manajan Samfurin a 2003 kuma ta zama Manajan Talla a shekarar 2005. Ta bar Ericsson a shekarar 2010 bayan ta rike mukamin Manajan Darakta daga 2008 zuwa 2010. Ta hau mukamin mataimakiyar Shugaban Kungiyar Kasuwanci, MTN Nigeria na kamfanin Nokia Siemens a shekarar 2010 har zuwa 2012 lokacin da ta koma Ericsson a matsayin Babban Manajan Asusun Kasuwanci. Daga 2013 zuwa 2017 ta kasance Babban Manajan Asusun Ericsson Ericsson Ghana &amp;amp; Laberiya <ref>https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Maths-phobia-affecting-Ghana-s-growth-Anku-537595#</ref> kafin ta dawo Najeriya a matsayin Manajan Kasa na [[Najeriya]] da Manajan Kasuwancin Yankin Yammacin Afirka a Avanti Communications .<ref>https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Maths-phobia-affecting-Ghana-s-growth-Anku-537595#</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Uriri |first1=Francesca |title=LLA 50 leading ladies in corporate Nigeria |url=https://www.guardian.ng/guardian-woman/lla-50-leading-ladies-in-corporate-nigeria/amp |accessdate=8 August 2019 |agency=Guardian |date=18 May 2019 |archive-date=8 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808094859/https://guardian.ng/guardian-woman/lla-50-leading-ladies-in-corporate-nigeria/amp/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sekyi |first1=Kweku |title=Ericsson Ghana empowers female student engineers |url=https://mobile.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Ericsson-Ghana-empowers-female-student-engineers-349930# |accessdate=8 August 2019 |agency=GhanaWeb |date=11 March 2015}}</ref> before returning to [[Najeriya|Nigeria]] as Country Manager [[Najeriya|Nigeria]] and Regional Sales Manager West [[Africatown|Africa]] at [[Avanti Communications]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Onwuaso |first1=Ugo |title=TELECOMWhy Government Should Encourage Telcos in Nigeria- Jane Egerton-Idehen |url=https://nigeriacommunicationsweek.com.ng/why-government-should-encourage-telcos-in-nigeria-jane-egerton-idehen/ |accessdate=8 August 2019 |agency=Nigeria Communications Week |date=11 October 2017}}</ref> == Rayuwarta == Egerton-Idehen tayi aure kuma tana da yara biyu, namiji da mace. <ref>https://agln.aspeninstitute.org/profile/1196</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Egerton-Idehen, Jane}} [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] p92951noz0ziz6zh0kfjcpypl7mfh4b 0 13793 873768 180169 2026-07-01T20:02:29Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 873768 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bimbo Oloyede''' ta kasance da daddiyar ma'aikaciyar jarida ce a [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Nijeriya]] da kuma mai watsa labarai..<ref>{{cite news|date=November 17, 2017|url=http://punchng.com/bimbo-oloyede-others-welcome-labule-to-lekki/|title=Bimbo Oloyede, others welcome Labule to Lekki|publisher=The Punch|accessdate=February 27, 2018}}</ref> A matsayinta na mai bada labarai, ta kasance wacce ke kan gaba a ''Gidan Jaridar'' NTA daga 1976 zuwa 1980..<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z5y4AAAAIAAJ&q=bimbo+oloyede&dq=bimbo+oloyede&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj3n9rekIzaAhVGF8AKHdpuBywQ6AEIPzAH|title=Deregulation of Broadcasting in Africa|publisher=National Broadcasting Commission|year=1997|location=Nigeria |page=207}}</ref> Mahaifin Oloyede shine MEK Roberts, tsohon mataimakin Sufeto Janar na 'yan sanda, ta kwashe yawancin shekarunta a Ingila inda ta karanci wasan kwaikwayo da wasan kwaikwayo. Lokacin da ta dawo Najeriya, ta fara ne a matsayin ma’aikatar samar da kayan wasan kwaikwayo a Tashar Talbijin ta Legas mallakar Rediyon Najeriya (NBC). Lokacin da aka sake tsara NBC a cikin Gidan Gidan Talabijin na Najeriya, an zabi Oloyede a matsayin mai ba da rahoto ga Hukumar Gidan Talabijin ta Najeriya (NTA) da ke Tsakar Gana 9 na dare, watsawar ta ta farko ita ce a watan Afrilun 1976. A shekarar 1980, ta bar Hukumar NTA tare da hadin gwiwar wani kamfanin watsa labarai tare da mijinta.ref>{{cite web|title=filexawards|url=https://www.filexawards.com/mrs-oloyede|website=filexawards|language=en|access-date=2020-05-27|archive-date=2018-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320044112/https://www.filexawards.com/mrs-oloyede|url-status=dead}}</ref> Oloyede tana daga cikin wadanda suka qaddamar da gidauniyar inganta rayuwar mata ta qasa, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta wacce ke wayar da kan jama'a game da lamuran da suka shafi yara mata da mata.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Admin|title=Presidential Precinct/Toyosi Ogunseye|url=http://presidentialprecinct.org/category/fellows_blogs/nigeria/oluwatoyosi_ogunseye/|website=Presidential Precinct|accessdate=17 February 2017|archive-date=18 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218065708/http://presidentialprecinct.org/category/fellows_blogs/nigeria/oluwatoyosi_ogunseye/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Admin|title=Ogunseye, Toyosi|url=http://www.dw.com/en/ogunseye-toyosi/a-16749722|website=DW.com|accessdate=17 February 2017}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Oloyede, Bimbo}} nxw8609hivdn9mt4wv6iy24qmqyzqqw 0 14144 874120 661203 2026-07-02T06:06:01Z Habibah A Jisambo 26434 874120 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Biandintz eta zaldiak - modified2.jpg|thumb|Doki]] [[Fayil:Horseracing Churchill Downs.jpg|thumb|Wai wasa da doki]] [[Fayil:Muybridge race horse animated.gif|thumb|gudun doki]] [[Fayil:Horse-racing-4.jpg|thumb|tseren doki]] [[Fayil:Horse December 2014-1.jpg|thumb|Doki]] [[Fayil:Gottfried Franz - Munchhausen with a half-horse.jpg|thumb|rabin doki]] '''Doki''' wata dabbace mai kafafuwa hudu (4), wacce take da girma da karfi tana kuma da gashi, amma mara yawa. Doki na da bindi mai tsawo kuma yana da gudun gaske. Haka kuma ana hawan doki da kuma wasa da shi. Sai dai ba a cin [[nama]]n doki <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/labarai-40626804|date= 16 July 2017|accessdate= 10 July 2021|publisher=bbc hausa|title=An kama masu sayar da naman doki a zaman na shanu a Turai}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/labarai-48475798|date= 7 June 2019|accessdate= 10 July 2021|publisher=bbc hausa|last=Othman|first=Fatima|title=Aisha Suleiman: Musulmar da ke kwallon doki a Kaduna}}</ref> A kasa hoton wani doki da kuma ta macen doki wato [[(godiya)]] tana shayar da ɗanta. [[File:Animales-aiguamolls_l%27emporda-2013_(8).JPG|thumb|godiya tana shayar da ɗanta nono.]] [[Fayil:Domestic horse at Suryachaur and the mountains in the back1.jpg|thumb|dokin daji]] [[Fayil:Biandintz eta zaldiak - modified2.jpg|thumb|dawakai]] [[Fayil:Flehmendes Pferd 32 c.jpg|thumb|Kukan doki]] [[Fayil:Rosa Bonheur, The Horse Fair, 1852–55.jpg|thumb|dawakai]] . == Amfani. == Doki yana da amfani a gurin yan adam, suna amfani da shi tin a zamanin da wajen tafiye-tafiye da wasanni da noma da yaki da kuma ban ruwa a gona. Sannan kuma ana sanya wa doki linzami da abin hawa domin mutum ya hau saman kansa ya yi tafiya, sannan ana amfani da su a filin yaki. [[Fayil:Chevaux estive Pyrenees.jpg|thumb|dawakan daji]] [[Fayil:Haare und Frisuren 001 2010 05 23.jpg|thumb|gashin doki]] [[Fayil:Wild horses, Šar Mountains.jpg|thumb|dawakan daji]] == Tarihi. == Tin asali ɗan adam yana hawa doki domin bukatun kansa.<gallery> File:Biandintz eta zaldiak - modified2.jpg|Sakakku dawaki guda biyu a cikin daji. </gallery> == Al'adu. == A al'adar mutane suna amfani da doki a lokacin bukukuwa da kuma wasannin gargajiya irinsu; tseren doki da hawan sallah da hawan daba da kuma gasar sarrafa doki.<gallery> File:Hausa horseman2.jpg|Wani mahayin doki a garin Kaduna. File:Hau warriors clothing 03.jpg|Mahaya a kan dawaki. File:Hausa cultural dressing 06.jpg|Hausawa biyu a kan dawaki. File:Hausa horsemen on ride 04.jpg|Wani mayaki da shiga irin ta dakarun Hausawa a kan farin doki. File:Guard in Malaysia.jpg|Sojoji mahaya doki a Malaysia. </gallery> == A wasanni == == A yaki == == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Dabbobin gida]] a1j244608b4i8a8wng8r9r1fresa5k7 0 14172 874152 680395 2026-07-02T08:19:40Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 874152 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Deux masques grand public.jpg|thumb|Samfurin abin rufe fuska]] [[Fayil:Celtic Knot 2020 face mask being worn.jpg|thumb|abin rufe fuska]] '''Abin Rufi Fuska a Lokacin cutar Koronavirus (COVID-19) ta 2019-20''' [[File:Curtis_Chanthaboun_posing_with_a_mask_he_created..jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Curtis Chanthaboun posing with a mask he created.]] == Shawarwari Gwamnati == Gwamnati ta bada shawarar Sanya abun rufe fuskoki yayin cutar sankara a shekara ta 2019-20 ta sami shawarwari daban-daban daga hukumomin kiwon lafiyar jama'a da gwamnatoci daban daban. Batun ya zama batun tattaunawa, tare da hukumomin [[Kiwon Lafiya daTsafta|kiwon lafiyar]] jama'a da gwamnatoci sun nuna rashin jituwa a kan yarjejeniya ta duniya don sanya safar [[Fuka|fuska]]. '''Dalili''' Wasu daga cikin dalilan da suka sa jami'an kiwon lafiya na kasar suka bada shawdaar amfani da abin rufe fuska har ga mutane masu koshin lafiya sun haɗa da: 1. (kamuwa daga cututtukan da ba a nuna su ba tukuna). Mutane da yawa na iya kamuwa da cuta ba tare da alamu ko kawai tare da alamu masu sauki ba. 2. Rashin kiyaye dacewar jama'a a wurare da yawa a kowane lokaci. 3. Rashin daidaito da farashi (rashin jituwa). Idan mutane masu kamuwa da cuta ne kawai an rufe abin rufe fuska, wataƙila za a zuga su su yi hakan. Mutumin da ya kamu da cutar na iya ɗaukar nauyi, kamar yin siyayya har ma ana nuna masa wariya. Mai bincike a jami’ar Leeds, Stephen Griffin, ya ce: "Sanya abin rufe fuska na iya rage damar da mutane za su kuma iya shafa wa fuskarsu, wanda shine babban tushen kamuwa da cuta ba tare da tsabtace hannu ba." <ref>[1] "Why healthy Chinese wearing face masks outdoors?". NHC.gov.cn. Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. 23 March 2020. Archived from the original on 10 April 2020.</ref> '''Iri abin rufe fuska'' abun rufe fuska mai sauƙi shine kayan da za'a iya amfani dashi akan baki da hanci, yawanci ana yin sa da auduga. Ba kamar masar tiyata ba, ba ta karkashin doka. A halin yanzu babu ƙananan bincike ko jagora game da ingancinsu azaman kariya daga yaduwar cututtuka masu kama da gurɓatar iska. Rufin fuska wata na'ura ce mai amfani, wacce za a iya amfani da ita wacce ke haifar da katanga tsakanin baki da hanci ga masu cutarwa da cutarwa a cikin mahallin. Ana amfani da abin rufe fuska don taimakawa wajen toshe manyan ruwa-ruwa, yayyafa, toka, ko yaduwar da za su iya ƙunsar ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta idan an sa su da kyau, hana waɗannan abubuwan da hanci. abin rufe din tiyata na iya taimakawa wajen rage yaduwar cutar da kuma toshe wasu abubuwa. <ref>[2] "How to avoid touching your face so much". BBC News. 18 March 2020. </ref> Abin rufe fuska na tiyata ba'a tsara su bane don toshewa ko toshe kananan ƙananan abubuwa a cikin iska wanda za'a iya watsa shi ta hanyar tari, hanci, ko wasu hanyoyin kiwon lafiya. Abin rufe fuska na tiyata kuma ba su bayar da cikakkiyar kariya daga ƙwayoyin cuta da sauran abubuwan gurɓata saboda tazara mai dacewa tsakanin saman fuska da fuska. Abin rufe fuska tiyata ana yin sa ne da kayan gado wanda aka kera ta amfani da hayaki mai narkewa. <ref>[3] "N95 Respirators and Surgical Masks (Face Masks)". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 11 March 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2020. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.</ref> <ref>[4] "Not Enough Face Masks Are Made In America To Deal With Coronavirus". NPR.org. 5 March 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2020. </ref> Abun rufe fuska N95 shine matattara wanda ya dace da samfurin N95 na Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Ma'aikatar ɗan adam ta Amurka. Yana tace aƙalla kashi 95 na barbashin iska wanda ke ba da kariya daga abubuwan daban, amma ban da iskar gas. <ref>[5] "Chinese mask makers use loopholes to speed up regulatory approval". Financial Times. 1 April 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2020.</ref> Kamar na tiyata, da N95 an yi shi ne da kayan narkewar ƙwayar 'polypropylene' mai narkewa. <ref>[6] "Respirator Trusted-Source: Selection FAQs". U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 12 March 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2020.</ref> <ref>[7] Zie, John (19 March 2020). "World Depends on China for Face Masks But Can Country Deliver?". Voice of America.</ref> Masalin fuska mai dacewa da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin Tarayyar Turai shine mai ba da numfashi na FFP2. <ref>[8] Feng, Emily (16 March 2020). "COVID-19 Has Caused A Shortage Of Face Masks. But They're Surprisingly Hard To Make". NPR.</ref> <ref>[9] "Comparison of FFP2, KN95, and N95 and Other Filtering Facepiece Respirator Classes" (PDF). 3M Technical Data Bulletin. 1 January 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2020.</ref> '''Shawarwari daga Kungiyoyin Lafiya''' Kungiyoyin lafiya sun bada shawarar cewa mutane su rufe bakinsu da hanci da gwiwar hannu, ko kuma yin amfani da takarda na nama kuma a jefar dashi kan tsaye. <ref>[10] "Strategies for Optimizing the Supply of N95 Respirators: Crisis/Alternate Strategies". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 17 March 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2020.</ref> <ref>[11] Advice for public". World Health Organization. Retrieved 8 February 2020.</ref> An ba da shawarar abin rufe fuska ga wadanda suka kamu, <ref>[12] Home. "Novel Coronavirus". HPSC.ie. Health Protection Surveillance Centre of Ireland. Retrieved 27 February 2020.</ref> <ref>[13] "Severe Respiratory Disease associated with a Novel Infectious Agent". Government of Hong Kong. Retrieved 1 February 2020.</ref> <ref>[14] "Updates on Wuhan Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Local Situation". MoH.gov.sg. Ministry of Health of Singapore. Retrieved 1 February 2020.</ref> kamar yadda abin rufe fuska zai iya iyakance adadin nisa da nisa daga magana, numfashi, da tari. <ref>[15] "Advice on the use of masks in the community, during home care and in health care settings in the context of the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak". World Health Organization. Retrieved 21 February 2020.</ref> '''Shawarwarin Kungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya''' Shawarar Kungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya ga jama'a a cikin mahallin COVID-19 ya ba da goyon baya ga amfani da abin rufe fuska a cikin halaye masu zuwa: <ref>[16] "2019-nCoV: What the Public Should Do". US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 4 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.</ref> Sanya abin rufe fuska idan kuna kulawa da mutumin da ake zargi da kamuwa da cuta 2019-nCoV. • Saka abin rufe fuska idan kuna tari ko hancin. • Fuskin rufe suna da amfani ne kawai lokacin da aka yi amfani dasu a hade tare da tsaftacewa da hannu akai-akai tare da tsabtace hannun da ruwan sha ko sabulu da ruwa. • Idan kun sa abin rufe fuska, to lallai ne ku san yadda ake amfani da shi da kuma zubar da shi yadda yakamata. '''Amfani da abin rufe fuska da manufofin ƙasa da ƙasa a Afirka''' [[File:Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic.jpg|thumb|Wani mutum sanye da abin rufe baki a zamanin Koronavirus a ranar 14 ga Mayu 2020 ]] • Benin: Tun daga ranar 8 ga Afrilu, hukumomin Benin sun fara tilasta yin amfani da abin rufe fuska don dakatar da kamuwa da cutar coronavirus. <ref>[17]Benin Police Enforce Mask Wearing In Bid To Stop Virus,Barron's, 8 April 2020.</ref> • Kamaru: Magajin garin Kamaru ya ba da sanarwar cewa saka abin rufe ido zai zama dole don rage yaduwar cutar coronavirus. <ref>[18]Cameroon City Makes Wearing Mask Mandatory in Fight Against Coronavirus,VOA News, 7 April 2020.</ref> • Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo: Yanzu rufe yankin wajibi ne a babban birnin. <ref>[19] Tasamba, James (19 April 2020). "Rwanda, DR Congo make mask wearing mandatory".</ref> • Kasar Habasha: Majalisar ministocin kasar Habasha ta haramta girgiza hannu tare da amincewa da rufe fuska a wuraren da jama'a ke <ref>[20] Samuel, Gelila (12 April 2020). "Ethiopia Outlaws Handshakes, Obliges Masks in Public Places".</ref> • Guinea: Alpha Alpha Conde na Guinea ya ba da shawarar saka masks. <ref>[21]Masilela, Brenda (14 April 2020). "Guinean president makes masks compulsory in bid to curb the spread of coronavirus".,IOL</ref> • Kenya: Sanya abin rufe fuska ya zama dole. Dole ne gwamnati ta yi taka tsantsan game da jama'ar Kenya don gujewa jama'a da aka gano a matsayin hanya mafi kyau don hana kamuwa da cuta. <ref>[22]Muraya, Joseph (5 April 2020). "Kenya: Masks Now Mandatory in Public Places, Kenya Declares".,All Africa</ref> • Laberiya: Ranar 21 ga Afrilu, dole ne ku sa abin rufewa ko abin rufewa a cikin jama'a. <ref>[23]Senkpeni, Alpha Daffae (21 April 2020). "Will You Wear Mask? Liberia's Lawmakers Want Compulsory Wearing of 'Protective Device' In Public".,Front Page Africa</ref> • Maroko: Saka abin rufe fuska ya zama tilas. <ref>[24]Eljechtimi, Ahmed (6 April 2020). "Morocco makes face masks compulsory due to coronavirus". Reuters. Retrieved 11 April 2020.</ref> • Nigeria: Hukumar NCDC ta shawarci 'yan Najeriya da su rufe fuska don hana kamuwa da cutar coronavirus <ref>[25]Samson Toromade (14 April 2020). NCDC advises Nigerians to wear face masks to prevent coronavirus infection https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/coronavirus-ncdc-advises-nigerians-to-wear-face-masks/1fecbp5</ref> • "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) advice for the public: When and how to use masks". World Health Organization. World Health Organization. 2020. Retrieved 6 April 2020. ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Disabledandhere-filtermasknotebook.jpg|Mask na taimakawa wurin rage kamuwa da cutukan da ake shaƙa ta Iska File:Mask_and_glasses.jpg|Wani sanye da Mask </gallery> ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Fuska, Abin rufe}} pludzg3byy4y0uewhjpt6k9qrv3jcpx 0 14596 873773 583015 2026-07-01T20:15:24Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 873773 wikitext text/x-wiki {{arziki}} [[Fayil:Money of Venezuela - VOA.jpg|thumb|rufin asiri]] '''Arziki:Yana''' nufin hali na rufin asiri, ko wadata na zuci. nscqk3wtjkdmhmj2hdly84v0tfs08ux 0 14758 874302 869245 2026-07-02T11:27:28Z Mahuta 11340 An kirkira ta fassara "Censorship" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346630891|Fuelling Poverty]]" 874302 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Fuelling Poverty fim ne na Najeriya na 2012 wanda [[Ishaya Bako]] ya jagoranta wanda ke ba da labarin ayyukan ƙungiyar Occupy Nigeria lokacin da ta kasance a ƙarshen ta a farkon 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |last=JON GAMBRELL |date=April 21, 2013 |title="Fuelling Poverty" Documentary Censored By Nigerian Officials |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/04/21/fuelling-poverty-documentary-nigeria_n_3126915.html |access-date=29 July 2014 |website=Huffingtonpost.com}}</ref> Fim din na minti 28 ya nuna bayyanar musamman ta hanyar [[Wole Soyinka]], [[Femi Falana]], [[Nasir Ahmad el-Rufai]], [[Seun Kuti]] da [[Desmond Elliot]]. Ya lashe kyautar Kyautattun Bayanai a 9th Africa Movie Academy Awards. == Censorship == .Gwamnatin Najeriya, ta hanyar Hukumar Kula da Fim da Bidiyo ta ƙasa (NFVCB), ta haramta fim din daga baje kolin jama'a, tana mai cewa "abin da ke cikin fim din yana da matukar tayar da hankali kuma yana iya haifar da ko karfafa rikice-rikicen jama'a da lalata tsaron kasa". Masu gabatarwa, ta hanyar lauyan NFVCB, an kuma "ba da shawara sosai kada su rarraba ko nuna fim din. Dukkanin hukumomin tsaro na kasa masu dacewa suna cikin faɗakarwa". == Dubi kuma == == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Tanade-tanaden Kuɗi == An kuma shawarci furodusoshin, ta hannun lauyan NFVCB, da kada su rarraba ko nuna fim ɗin shirin gaskiya. Duk hukumomin tsaron ƙasa da abin ya shafa suna cikin shirin ko ta kwana".<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 April 2013 |title=Despite Government Ban, Fuelling Poverty Wins Best Documentary At AMAA 2013 |url=http://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/130549-despite-government-ban-fuelling-poverty-wins-best-documentary-at-amaa-2013.html#sthash.5AjZ2Kqf.dpbs |access-date=29 July 2014 |newspaper=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=15 April 2013 |title=Fuelling Poverty documentary goes viral after Nigeria ban |url=http://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/129685-film-on-nigerian-corruption-goes-viral-after-government-ban.html#sthash.2CPiy2Dx.dpbs |access-date=29 July 2014 |newspaper=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref> 24c5a6hif3zfvf7mrj7io1up57ch6um 0 15213 873685 744326 2026-07-01T16:02:06Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 873685 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Maryam Ado Muhammad''' Maryam Ado Muhammad da akafi sani da Maryam Muhammad, ko kuma maryam Booth ta kasace jaruma a masana'antar film ta [[Hausa]] [[Kannywood]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maryam Booth: 'Nude video no go make us ban Maryam from Kannywood' |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-51448016 |access-date=22 March 2021 |website=BBC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=AMAA 2020: Maryam Booth wins best supporting actress |url=https://dailytrust.com/amaa-2020-maryam-booth-wins-best-supporting-actress |access-date=22 March 2021 |website=DailyTrust |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126171247/https://dailytrust.com/amaa-2020-maryam-booth-wins-best-supporting-actress |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Lokacin da Akka haihetta == (An haifeta a ranar 28 ga watan Oktoba, shekara ta alif dari tara da casa'in da uku (1993) A.c Miladiyya. Jaruma ce a masana'antar fina-finan Hausa ta [[Kannywood]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=WJGlfJ9QYM4</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://fimmagazine.com/hausa/index.php/labarai/531-maryam-booth-ta-bayyana-sabon-saurayin-ta |access-date=2020-11-05 |archive-date=2022-09-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908212857/https://fimmagazine.com/hausa/index.php/labarai/531-maryam-booth-ta-bayyana-sabon-saurayin-ta |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Farkon rayuwa da Karatu== An haife ta a garin Kano. Yawancin iyalan gidansu Yan fim ne. Mahaifiyar ta [[Zainab Booth]] fitacciyar jaruma ce a masana'antar [[Kannywood]]. Haka ma yayan ta [[Ahmad Booth]] shi ma jarumi ne na fim din Hausa. Maryam ta yi makarantar ''Ebony Nursery'', a karatu na matakin farko. Sannan kuma ta yi karatun ta na sakandare a ''Ahmadiyya secondary school,''wadda ke a unguwar Briget a birnin [[Kano (birni)|Kano]]. Tun Maryam tana ƴar shekara 8 ta fara harkar fim lokacin da mahaifiyarta ta gabatar da ita ga masana'antar [[Kannywood]]. Baya ga harkar fim kuma, Maryam na da kamfanin kayan kwalliya na ta mai suna ''MBooth Beauty Parlour''. ==Rayuwa a Matsayin Jaruma== Maryam Booth ta koma farkon aiki a shekara ta 2003, a shiga wani fim mai suna "Dijangala," a lokacin da ita ta yi kwarewa a shekara ta 10. Duk da cewa iliminta da kwarewar ta ake samu rayuwa da ya sauke daban-daban cikin fina-finan. Amma lokacin data fito a matsayin mafi girma, itane bayanin ta a shirin "In da So da Kauna" a shekarar 2007. Kallon ta na Aisha, wanda ita ne mataimakin coci mai dauke da manyan masu tsayawa, ya koma a kan gaba da karya ta gaskiya da ya yi kiran ciwo daga masu kallon fina-finan da kallon sa ya dace. Shirin sauye-sauyen ayyukan da ya yi daidai a cikin fim din Hausa shine mafi yawan aikinsa. Ya nuna mai kyau don ajiye yawan adabi bisa wani abu, wanda ya nuna baki wajan kai a cikin fina-finan da kallon masu sanin ta. Daga fina-finan da yake yi da tsinin murna na kudin jirgin sama kamar "Sarauniya" zuwa fina-finan mai rayuwa da tsinke kamar "Gani ga Wane," shiryawan Maryam za su dace a bayanin masu jin yin sauti a wurin kuma ainihin sauti. Kuma, sakamakon iliminta a fim din Kannywood, Maryam Booth ta samu mafi kyawun amsa da su a Nollywood, shirin fina-finan dake cikin duniya ta kallon da ke Najeriya. Kallon sa a masana'antar shirya fina-finan kamar "Hakkunde" da "The Milkmaid" suka samu duba kuma sun nuna samun nuna koyarwar maishin fina-finan cikin Najeriya da kuma sashen da ya sauya ta. Fina-finai masu kyau a lokacin da ta samu kallon cin zarafi kuma ta fi so ya sauye daya daga cikin abubuwan da suke da sauki a fina-finan Najeriya. Dangane da sauti da koyarwarwa da ya yi Maryam Booth, an samu ayyukan da ya wucewa, saboda amsar ilimi da shiryar sa. A shekara ta 2016, ta samu girma a cikin kwanaki mai yawan gasar kyautar Arewacin Najeriya, inda ta fito daga masu cin zarafi. Fina-finan da ya koyarwa suka soke ma'ana da kuma wannan ba wani alamar da Maryam Booth ta yi a zamanin fina-finai tare da ayyuka masu zuwa, kuma tayi kwanaki na sha'awar sa da masu zuwa a shirin fina-finai. Sauran tallafin Maryam Booth na cikin fina-finan Hausa sun mayar da karin bada ilimi, suka yadda shi a cikin ayyuka masu zuwa, da shiryawar masu jin yin sauti suka samu sakamakon dubu daya. Daga ƙasar kuma ayyukan wanda ake cikin fina-finai kamar "The Milkmaid," wanda ya tabbatar da masu yawa a kan yanayin boko da dama a rayuwarsa, yana nuna da kayan aiki da iliminta a samun ilimi da abubuwa masu mafi tsayawa a kasar Najeriya. Ayyukan sa sun tabbatar da kawun cikin kudin fina-finan da suke da kyawon da ke a lokacin da suke so su ce ayyukan na hauka kuma su sauya tsakanin jama'a. == Rudani == Masana'antar [[Kannywood]] ta shiga rudani bayan bayyanar wani faifan bidiyo na tsiraici na Maryam Booth a shafukan Sada Zumunta.<ref>https://allafrica.com/stories/202003030016.html</ref> ==Fina-finai== * <ref>https://www.arewangle.com.ng/2021/11/maryam-booth-biography.html{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>Dijangala * Karki manta dani * Kalan Dangi * Tsakaninmu * Dawo-Dawo * Gani ga ka * Bani Adam * Dawainiya * Garimu da zafi * Ibro dan almajiri * Bayan rai * Garin dadi * Halisa * The Milkmaid ([[Nollywood]]). * Son of Caliphate ([[Nollywood]]). * Rariya da sauransu...<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://hausafilms.tv/actress/maryam_booth |access-date=2022-07-14 |archive-date=2021-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024033341/http://hausafilms.tv/actress/maryam_booth |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://factboyz.com/maryam-booth-biography-age-husband-net-worth/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2022-10-14 |archive-date=2022-10-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014084410/https://factboyz.com/maryam-booth-biography-age-husband-net-worth/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Booth, Maryam}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1993]] [[Category:Mutane daga Jihar Kano]] [[Category:Mata]] 9zd9af1kensf8iy129tlj91mg2p9yge 0 15290 874296 852438 2026-07-02T11:19:22Z Mahuta 11340 An kirkira ta fassara "Personal life" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354444660|Branwen Okpako]]" 874296 wikitext text/x-wiki  [[Farfesa|Farfesa.]] '''Branwen Kiemute Okpako''' (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1969), ɗan asalin Najeriya ne Mai shirya fim-finai na Welsh.<ref name="okpako">{{Cite web |title=Filmmaker Branwen Okpako |url=https://ballhausnaunynstrasse.de/person/branwen_okpako/ |access-date=12 October 2020 |publisher=ballhausnaunynstrasse}}</ref> Ta fi shahara a matsayin darektan fina-finai masu daraja The Education of Auma Obama, Dirt for Dinner and Landing . Baya ga shugabanci, ita ma marubuciya ce, furodusa, mai daukar hoto, editan fim da kuma malami.<ref name="berlinale">{{Cite web |title=Fluch der Medea |url=https://www.berlinale.de/en/archive/jahresarchive/2014/02_programm_2014/02_filmdatenblatt_2014_20147520.html#tab=filmStills |access-date=12 October 2020 |publisher=berlinale}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] == Rayuwar mutum == A shekarar 1991, Okpako ta sami digirin digirgir (B.Sc.). 6nstct9o2hpc2l1tbs67b4b00zgwpe5 0 15465 873929 864549 2026-07-01T22:16:09Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 873929 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bolanle Austen-Peters''' (an haife shi a ranar 4 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1969), lauya ne [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]], mai shirya fina-finai, darektan gidan wasan kwaikwayo, furodusa, kuma ɗan kasuwa na al'adu. Ita ce ta kafa kuma darektan fasaha na BAP Productions da kuma cibiyar zane-zane da al'adu ta Terra Kulture a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]].<ref name="girl">{{Cite book|last3=Ibukun Awosika}}</ref> [[CNN]] ta bayyana ta a matsayin "mace mai fara wasan kwaikwayo a [[Najeriya]]", kuma wasu a matsayin "'[[Tyler Perry]]' na Najeriya" saboda gudummawar da ta bayar ga fim da wasan kwaikwayo.<ref name="thearthubng.com">{{Cite web |date=30 June 2025 |title=Bolanle Austen-Peters: Nigeria's own 'Tyler Perry' winning with film and stage |url=https://thearthubng.com/bolanle-austen-peters-telling-the-african-theatre-cinematic-story-the-tyler-perry-way/ |access-date=30 June 2025 |website=The Art Hub}}</ref> An kira Austen-Peters daya daga cikin mata masu tasiri a Afirka ta Forbes Afrique kuma ta sami kyaututtuka da yawa don nuna godiya ga gudummawar da ta bayar ga zane-zane.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 2017 |title=The woman powering Nigeria's theater industry |url=https://edition.cnn.com/videos/world/2017/10/20/marketplace-africa-the-woman-powering-nigerias-theater-industry-a.cnn |access-date=14 September 2022 |website=CNN}}</ref> Ayyukanta masu ban sha'awa sun haɗa da fina-finai 93 Days, Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti, Collision Course da House of Ga'a, da kuma shirye-shiryen mataki kamar Saro the Musical, Fela da Kalakuta Queens, da Moremi the Musical . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2024 |title=Nollywood's 'House of Ga'a' Reaches Netflix's Global Top 10 Chart |url=https://broadcastmediaafrica.com/2024/08/02/nollywoods-house-of-gaa-reaches-netflixs-global-top-10-chart/#:~:text=In%20Nigeria%2C%20the%20Netflix%20original,in%20both%20theatre%20and%20screen. |access-date=2 August 2024 |website=Broadcast Media Africa}}</ref> Da yawa daga cikin abubuwan da ta samar sun sami karbuwa a duniya, tare da nunawa a bukukuwan duniya da kuma matsayi na farko a kan Netflix a duk duniya. Fim dinta Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti, wanda ya dogara da rayuwar mai fafutukar Najeriya, ya zama fim din da ya fi samun kudi a Yammacin Afirka. Bugu da kari, wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi House of Ga'a ya shiga Top 10 Global Chart for Non-English Films a cikin makon farko da aka saki, kuma daga baya ya kasance cikin fina-finai na asali 10 a kan Netflix, ya kai No. 7 a duk duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2024 |title=Nollywood's 'House of Ga'a' Reaches Netflix's Global Top 10 Chart |url=https://broadcastmediaafrica.com/2024/08/02/nollywoods-house-of-gaa-reaches-netflixs-global-top-10-chart/#:~:text=In%20Nigeria%2C%20the%20Netflix%20original,in%20both%20theatre%20and%20screen. |access-date=2 August 2024 |website=Broadcast Media Africa}}</ref> Bayan fim, ta kafa kuma ta dauki bakuncin bikin wasan kwaikwayo na kasa da kasa na Legas (LITF), wanda aka dauka a matsayin bikin wasan kwaikwayo mafi girma a Yammacin Afirka. Bikin ya kunshi kamfanoni na cikin gida da na kasa da kasa da yawa. Bugu da ƙari, tare da haɗin gwiwar Gidauniyar Mastercard, ta kafa Kwalejin Terra don Fasaha, wanda ya horar da dalibai sama da 60,000 a cikin horo mai ban sha'awa. Kwalejin tana aiki a jihohin Ogun, Legas, da Kano, Najeriya. Ta taba aiki tare da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. == Rayuwa ta farko da aiki == An haifi Austen-Peters a shekarar 1969 a [[Ibadan]], [[Oyo (jiha)|Jihar Oyo]] a yankin kudu maso yammacin Najeriya. Ita 'yar [[Afe Babalola|Emmanuel Afe Babalola]] ce, [[Babban Lauyan Najeriya]] da Rtd Major, Mrs Bisi Babalola . <ref name="girl"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Demilade Oresanya |title=Terra Kulture @10: Making Nigerian Arts, Culture and Lifestyle a priority |url=http://www.cp-africa.com/2014/11/06/terra-kulture-10-making-nigerian-art-culture-lifestyle-priority/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917192518/http://www.cp-africa.com/2014/11/06/terra-kulture-10-making-nigerian-art-culture-lifestyle-priority/ |archive-date=17 September 2018 |access-date=23 November 2014 |website=CP Africa}}</ref> Ta sami BA a fannin shari'a daga [[Jami'ar Lagos|Jami'ar Legas]] da MA daga Makarantar Tattalin Arziki da Kimiyya ta Siyasa ta London.<ref name="girl" /> A cikin shekarun 1990s ta yi aiki a matsayin lauya a Afe Babalola da Co Barristers da Solicitors da kuma Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 'Yan Gudun Hijira a [[Switzerland]] . A shekara ta 2003, ta kafa Terra Kulture, cibiyar ilimi da al'adu don yarukan Najeriya, zane-zane, da al'ada. Ya haɗa da gidan cin abinci, gidan zane-zane, gidan siyarwa, kantin sayar da littattafai, makarantar harshe, gidan wasan kwaikwayo, ɗakin samar da fina-finai, da Kwalejin don nazarin fasaha. An samo shi a titin Tiamiyu Savage a Legas, Arena shine gidan wasan kwaikwayo na farko mai zaman kansa a Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Custodian |first=Culture |date=2017-04-03 |title=Nigeria's first privately owned theatre, Terra Kulture Arena is here. |url=https://culturecustodian.com/terra-kulture-arena/ |access-date=2021-04-29 |website=The Culture Custodian (Est. 2014) |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin 2013, ta kafa kamfaninta na samar da Bolanle Austen-Peters Productions (BAP Productions). BAP Production shine gidan samarwa, wanda aka kafa don canza labarin game da Afirka ta hanyar inganta mata a matsayin misali daga FRK, [[Fela Kuti|Fela]] da Sarauniyar Kalakuta; batutuwan zamantakewa misali The [[The Bling Lagosians|Bling Lagosians]] and Collision Course (fim na 2021) da 93 Days. Kamfanin ya shiga masana'antar wasan kwaikwayo ta Najeriya tare da samar da shi na farko [[Saro, the musical|Saro, na kiɗa]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet The Team* {{!}} Terra Kulture |url=https://www.terrakulture.com/meet-the-team-2/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006200324/https://terrakulture.com/meet-the-team-2/ |archive-date=2021-10-06 |access-date=2021-04-29 |language=en-US}}</ref> An shirya wasan kwaikwayo a Legas kuma a cikin 2016 ya tafi yawon shakatawa zuwa West End na London.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 August 2017 |title=Saro The Musical in London's West End. August 24 – 29, 2017 |url=https://www.lindaikejisblog.com/2017/8/saro-the-musical-in-londons-west-end-august-24-29-2017.html/ |access-date=13 August 2017 |website=Linda Ikeji}}</ref> Wasan kwaikwayon ya ba da labarin samari huɗu waɗanda suka yanke shawarar fara tafiya zuwa Legas inda suke neman cimma burinsu. In 2015, Austen-Peters produced the film ''[[93 Days (fim)|93 Days]] .''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://wakaathemusical.com/yahoo-news-smash-nigerian-musical-set-to-hit-london-stage/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701092553/http://wakaathemusical.com/yahoo-news-smash-nigerian-musical-set-to-hit-london-stage/ |archive-date=1 July 2019 |access-date=22 June 2017}}</ref> It tells the story of the [[Ƙwayoyin cuta na Ebola|Ebola]] outbreak in Nigeria and premiered on 13 September 2016 in Lagos. It was shown at the Toronto International Film Festival,<ref name="tiff 93 days">{{Cite web |title=93 Days |url=http://www.tiff.net/films/93-days/ |website=Toronto International Film Festival}}</ref> The Chicago Film Festival,<ref name="93 days Chicago Film Festival">{{Cite web |title=Chicago Film Festival: 93 days |url=http://www.chicagofilmfestival.com/film/93-days/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627072938/http://www.chicagofilmfestival.com/film/93-days/ |archive-date=27 June 2017 |access-date=22 June 2017}}</ref> the [[Bikin Fim na Pan African|Pan African Film Festival]] in Los Angeles, the Johannesburg Film Festival, and at the Africa Film Festival in [[Köln|Cologne]]/[[Jamus|Germany]],<ref name="African Cinema Shines in the 24th Annual New York African Diaspora International Film Festival">{{Cite web |date=November 2016 |title=African Cinema Shines in the 24th Annual New York African Diaspora International Film Festival |url=http://www.filmcontact.com/news/united-states/african-cinema-shines-24th-annual-new-york-african-diaspora-international-film |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006160144/https://www.filmcontact.com/news/united-states/african-cinema-shines-24th-annual-new-york-african-diaspora-international-film |archive-date=2021-10-06 |access-date=2017-06-22}}</ref> and nominated for a Rapid Lion Award.<ref name="RaipdLion Award Nominees">{{Cite web |date=28 February 2017 |title=RapidLion Award Nominees |url=http://www.bsharpentertainment.co.za/theatre/rapidlion-award-nominees |website=Bsharp Entertainment |access-date=24 February 2026 |archive-date=1 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101190023/http://www.bsharpentertainment.co.za/theatre/rapidlion-award-nominees |url-status=dead }}</ref> It won the award for Best Lighting Designer at the [[2017 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|2017 Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards]], and received thirteen nominations.<ref>{{Cite web |title='93 Days' And '76' Lead The AMVCA 2017 Nominations – 'A Trip To Jamaica' Shows Up Too |url=http://www.konbini.com/ng/entertainment/93-days-and-76-lead-the-amvca-2017-nominations-a-trip-to-jamaica-shows-up-too/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701094052/http://www.konbini.com/ng/entertainment/93-days-and-76-lead-the-amvca-2017-nominations-a-trip-to-jamaica-shows-up-too/ |archive-date=1 July 2019 |access-date=22 June 2017}}</ref> ''93 days'' was also nominated for the Rapid Lion Award and in 7 categories for the 2017 [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Africa Movie Academy Awards]], which was the highest nominated film in 2017 AMAA.<ref name="Nigeria: '93days'=">{{Cite web |title=Nigeria: '93 Days' Gets Highest Nominations in 2017 Amaa List - allAfrica.com |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201705160082.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711061145/http://allafrica.com/stories/201705160082.html |archive-date=11 July 2017 |access-date=22 June 2017}}</ref> A cikin 2016, Austen-Peters ya ba da umarnin Wakaa, [[Landan]] ke ba da labarin gwaje-gwaje, nasarori da abubuwan da suka faru na ƙungiyar ɗaliban digiri.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2020 |title=BBC on Wakaa The Musical Live in London |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G0xrvoBSOu8&list=PL-euS44_duZlxxQWwdZeAqtzxtQLQxmRs |access-date=14 September 2022 |website=BBC}}</ref> Ita ce wasan kwaikwayo na farko na Najeriya da aka shirya a West End na London, kuma an yi rikodin wasan kwaikwayon da aka sayar a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Shaw a London.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Page |first=Thomas |date=16 March 2016 |title=Stage sensation 'Wakaa!' becomes first Nigerian musical to hit London |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2016/03/16/africa/wakaa-the-musical-bolanle-austen-peters/index.html |access-date=14 September 2022 |website=CNN}}</ref> A cikin 2017, Austen-Peters ya ba da umarnin kiɗa [[Fela Kuti]]">Fela da The Kalakuta Queens . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 2020 |title=FELA'S REPUBLIC & THE KALAKUTA QUEENS |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cOmuYnxPXSU&list=PL-euS44_duZm5NG0mphRcQjgOJbG1o03d |access-date=14 September 2022 |website=BAP Productions}}</ref> Ya ba da labarin rayuwar masanin tarihin [[Afrobeat]] Fela Kuti, da matan da suka kasance wani ɓangare na ƙungiyarsa. An samar da shi kuma an kirkireshi da goyon bayan dukiyar Fela Kuti. An nuna shi a Najeriya, [[Misra|Misira]] da [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Wasan yana daya daga cikin mafi girma da ya fito daga Afirka tare da sama da mutane 120,000 da suka kalli shi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South African Cinemas to screen musical about Fela, Kalakuta Queens |url=https://www.tvcnews.tv/2021/09/south-african-cinemas-to-screen-musical-about-fela-kalakuta-queens/ |access-date=14 September 2022 |website=CTV News }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A cikin 2019, Austen-Peters ya ba da umarnin fim din [[The Bling Lagosians|Bling Lagosians]] wanda ke nuna rikice-rikicen mutum a cikin dangin Legas masu arziki. An zabi shi don kyaututtuka biyu ciki har da Darakta mafi Kyawun Fasaha, Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards . Ya fito da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Nollywood ciki har da [[Gbenga Titiloye]], [[Elvina Ibru]], [[Osas Ighodaro]], [[Toyin Abraham|Toyin Ibrahim]], [[Jide Kosoko]], [[Sharon Ooja]], [[Bisola Aiyeola]], Denola Grey, [[Monalisa Chinda]], Helen Paul da Alex Ekubo. A cikin wannan shekarar, ta kuma ba da umarnin kiɗa 'Man Enough' wanda shine magana ɗaya a cikin muryoyi uku; wani mutum yana kuka don a ji shi, wani mutum yana ihu don a cece shi daga duniyar da ke tunanin shi 'Superman' ne kuma mutumin da ke tsoron yin magana. Labari ne na wani mutum da ke tabbatar da darajarsa da kuma lokacin da ya isa mutum.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aigbokhaevbolo |first=Oris |date=24 November 2019 |title=BAP Productions considers what it is to be Man Enough |url=https://catchoris.medium.com/bap-productions-considers-what-it-is-to-be-man-enough-22c01234297d |access-date=15 September 2022 |website=Catchoris}}</ref> A cikin 2020, Austen-Peters ya ba da umarnin fim din Collision Course wanda ke ba da labarin rayuwar wakilin tilasta bin doka da kuma mai son kiɗa a Najeriya. An nuna shi a kan Netflix kuma ya lashe kyautar fim mafi kyau (Yammacin Afirka) a lambar yabo ta Afirka Magic Viewers" Choice Awards kuma an zabi shi don kyaututtuka huɗu ciki har da fim mafi kyau, bikin fina-finai na Afirka na duniya AFRIFF (2021), Mafi kyawun wasan kwaikwayo a fim, AFRIF Fim (2021), mafi kyawun wasan kwaikwayo na fim, AMA (2021). Ta fito da [[Chioma Chukwuka|Chioma Chukwuka Akpotha]], [[Ade Laoye]], [[Kenneth Okolie]], [[Daniel Etim Effiong]], [[Bimbo Manuel|Bimbo Manual]], Gregory Ojefua, Bamike Olawunmi-Adenibuyan, [[Kalu Ikeagwu]] da [[Norbert Young|Nobert Young.]] A cikin 2021, Austen-Peters ya ba da umarnin fim din Man of God (fim na 2022) wanda ke ba da labarin mutumin da aka kama tsakanin addini, tsammanin da imanin kansa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Man of God (2022) IMDB |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt14990030/ |access-date=7 May 2022 |website=IMDB}}</ref> An samar da fim din ne don Netflix kuma ya zama fim din da aka fi kallo a watan. Tauraruwar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo [[Akah Nnani]], [[Osas Ighodaro]], [[Nelson Enwerem|Yarima Nelson Enwerem]], [[Dorcas Shola-Fapson|Dorcas Shola Fapson]], Atlanta Bridget Johnson, [[Patrick Doyle (Nigerian actor)|Patrick Doyle]], [[Jude Chukwuka]], [[Eucharia Anunobi]], [[Shawn Faqua]], [[Mawuli Gavor]] da [[Olumide Oworu]]. A cikin 2022, Austen-Peters ta ba da umarnin fim din ''[[Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti (fim)|Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti]]'' wanda ke ba da labarin Funmilayo; daga kwanakin da ta fara aiki a matsayin ɗalibar mace ta farko a makarantar Abeokuta Grammar School zuwa aurenta da Isra'ila Ransome-Cuti . Fim din ya lashe kyautar 'Best Overall Feature Film' da kuma 'Best Screenplay'.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 November 2023 |title=AFRIFF Awards: Bolanle Austen-Peters celebrates as she wins Best Feature Film award |url=https://www.gistreel.com/afriff-awards-bolanle-austen-peters-celebrates-as-she-wins-best-feature-film-award/ |access-date=12 November 2023 |website=Gist Reel}}</ref> Fim din ya ƙunshi taurarin fim kamar [[Joke Silva]], [[Kehinde Bankole]], Ibrahim Suleiman, [[Jide Kosoko]], da [[Dele Odule]] . Fim din kuma an san shi da "Duk lokacin da ya fi girma a Afirka ta Yamma". A cikin 2023, Austen-Peters ya ba da umarnin fim din, House of GA'A wanda ke ba da labarin Firayim Minista marar tausayi wanda ke son fansa ya tashi zuwa mulki, ya tsaya a komai don ya zama mafi iko fiye da sarakunan da ya yi hidima. A cikin mako na farko da aka saki shi, fim din ya kai Top 10 Global Chart for Non-English Films == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Fim din !Sakamakon !Ref |- | rowspan="2" |2023 | rowspan="2" |[[2023 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Darakta Mafi Kyawu | rowspan="2" |Mutumin Allah|{{Nom}} | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full List: Here are all our AMVCA 9 Nominees |url=https://dstv-fe-africamagic-prod.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/africamagic/en-ng/show/amvca/season/9/news/full-list-here-are-all-our-amvca-9-nominees/news |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=AMVCA - Full List: Here are all our AMVCA 9 Nominees |language=en}}{{Dead link|date=October 2023}}</ref><ref name="Adedayo 2023">{{Cite web |last=Adedayo |first=Adedamola |date=2023-05-22 |title=AMVCA 2023: How It Happened |url=https://culturecustodian.com/amvca-2023-how-it-happened/ |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=The Culture Custodian (Est. 2014.)}}</ref> |- |Mafi kyawun Mai tsara kayan ado|{{Nom}} |} == Taimako == Ta kafa Terra Academy For The Arts (TAFTA) tare da haɗin gwiwar MasterCard don horar da matasa 65,000 a cikin shekaru biyar. Terra Academy for the arts tana ba da ilimi na kyauta ga ɗalibanta a cikin sauti, mataki da ƙirar saiti, raye-raye da Rubutun rubutun. Austen-Peters ya yi aiki tare da Ma'aikatar Al'adu ta Najeriya don karfafa masana'antu ta hanyar ayyuka da ayyukan fasaha.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2016 |title=Stage sensation "Wakaa!" becomes first Nigerian musical to hit London |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2016/03/16/africa/wakaa-the-musical-bolanle-austen-peters/index.html |access-date=16 March 2016 |website=CNN}}</ref> An amince da ita a shekarar 2015 tare da lambar yabo a cikin godiya ga gudummawa ga ci gaban Gidan Tarihi na Kasa, Onikan, Legas . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sowole |first=Tajudeen |date=1 June 2013 |title=On museum day, Memory + Creativity, patrons celebrated |url=https://www.africanartswithtaj.com/2013/06/on-museum-day-memory-creativity-patrons.html |access-date=14 September 2022 |website=African Art with Taj}}</ref> A cikin 2017, ta yi aiki tare da [[Gwamnatin Jihar Lagos|Gwamnatin Jihar Legas]] don bikin cika shekaru 50 na Legas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Roadside Art: 9 Spectacular Sculptures in Lagos |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/ngVx3j1aAZmNJg |access-date=14 September 2022 |website=Google Arts & Culture}}</ref> Fiye da siffofi 9 an ba da umarni kuma an sanya su a kusa da Legas don kawo haske ga tarihin birnin, al'adu da mutane. Wataƙila sanannen siffar ita ce siffar Abolore Sobayo ta [[Afrobeat]] icon [[Fela Kuti]] . Hoton yana gaishe da kowane Lagosian wanda a wani lokaci ko wani, ya yi yaƙi don 'yanci. Hoton bikin ne na Legas kuma ya fahimci gwagwarmayar 'yan ƙasa. Wasu daga cikin sauran masu zane-zane da aka haɗa a cikin aikin sune Ade Odunfa, Hamza Atta, Segun Aiyesan, Umeh Bede, [[Gerald Chukwuma]], Tayo Olayode da Terfa Adingi . Ta kasance tana da hannu a cikin adanawa da ci gaban yarukan Najeriya a duk lokacin da take aiki, kuma ta yi hira da marubucin Najeriya kuma wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel [[Wole Soyinka]] don New York Times . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Maclean |first=Ruth |date=25 September 2021 |title=Wole Soyinka Is Not Going Anywhere |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/25/books/wole-soyinka-chronicles-land-happiest-people-earth.html |access-date=14 September 2022 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> Terra Kulture tana aiki tare da Gidauniyar Mastercard don tallafawa matasa masu kirkirar 65,000 tare da damar aiki. A cikin 2021, Austen-Peters ta haɗu da Google Arts & Culture, [[Hukumar Bunkasa Yawon Buɗe Ido Ta Najeriya|Kamfanin Ci gaban Yawon Bude Ido na Najeriya]] (NTDC) da cibiyoyin al'adu guda shida don yin bikin birnin Legas da al'ummomin kirkirarsa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Coker |first=Folorunsho |date=28 April 2021 |title=5 ways to explore Lagos creative communities on Google Arts & Culture |url=https://africa.googleblog.com/2021/04/EkoforShow.html |access-date=14 September 2022 |website=Google Africa}}</ref> Aikin 'Èkó for Show: Bincika Legas' ya nuna matasan ƙarni na ƙwararrun mutane da al'ummomi da suka haɗa da kiɗa, fasaha, daukar hoto, kayan ado, gidan wasan kwaikwayo, adabi da abinci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Èkó for Show: Explore Lagos |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/project/creative-lagos |access-date=14 September 2022 |website=Google Arts & Culture}}</ref> Terra Kulture ya ba da gudummawa tare da hotuna na Street View, hotuna, bidiyo da labarun da suka shafi al'adun Legas. Don ƙaddamar da aikin, Austen-Peters ya kirkiro jerin shirye-shiryen YouTube tare da masu fasahar Afrobeats [[Teni (mawaƙiya)|Teni]], [[Kizz Daniel]] da Reekado Banks, suna bayanin tafiyarsu ta kirkira. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Ta auri Adegboyega Austen-Peters, wani zartarwa da kuma memba na kwamitin Najeriya. Suna da ɗa da 'yar, kuma suna zaune a Legas, Najeriya. == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin Jaruman Finafinan Najeriya|Jerin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya]] * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] * [[Jerin daraktocin fina-finai na Najeriya]] * [[Nollywood]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0p01dw7j2d9i6ytck9e2g6hfen59tcr 0 15856 874102 549347 2026-07-02T05:47:58Z Ummeeterh 31568 874102 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Eucharia Anunobi''', (An haife ta a ranar 25 ga watan Mayun, shekarar alif 1965), ƴar fim ce ta [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Nijeriya]], furodusa, kuma fasto. An fi saninta da rawa a fim ɗin ''[[Abuja]] Connection . '' ''An zaɓe ta ne a shekarar 2020 Africa Magic Viewers 'Choice Awards for Best Supporting Actress a cikin Fim ko finafinan [[talabijin]] masu dogon zango.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/07/why-im-missing-on-social-scene-eucharia-anunobi/ | title=Why I’m missing on social scene – Eucharia Anunobi | newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]] | date=6 July 2013 | accessdate=25 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=AMVCA 2020|url=https://africamagic.dstv.com/show/amvca/nominees|access-date=2020-10-10|website=Africa Magic - AMVCA 2020|language=en}}</ref>'' == Farkon rayuwa da aiki == An haifi Eucharia a [[Owerri]], [[Imo|jihar Imo]], kuma ta ci gaba da kammala karatun firamare da sakandare a can kafin ta ci gaba zuwa Kwalejin Fasaha ta [[Enugu]] inda ta kammala da difloma ta ƙasa a fannin sadarwa . Har ila yau, ta yi karatun Digiri na farko, bayan karatun Fannin [[Turanci|Turanci,]] a [[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka|Jami'ar Nijeriya]], dake [[Nsukka]] . Eucharia ta samu daukaka ne saboda rawar da ta taka a cikin fim din ''Glamour Girls'' a shekarar 1994 kuma ta ci gaba da fitowa a fina-finai sama da 90 ciki har da ''Abuja Connection'' da ''Haruffa zuwa Baƙo'' . A yanzu haka tana aiki ne a matsayin mai wa’azin bishara a wata coci da ke Egbeda, [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] . Eucharia ta rasa ɗanta tilo, Raymond, wanda ta bayyana a matsayin ƙawarta mafi kyau ga rikice-rikicen da ke faruwa daga cutar sikila a ranar 22 ga Agusta, 2017. Tana da shekaru 15.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.informationng.com/2012/08/how-actress-eucharia-anunobi-snubbed-her-mother.html | title=How actress, Eucharia Anunobi snubbed her mother. | publisher=Information Nigeria | date=15 August 2012 | accessdate=25 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2012/02/07/nollywood-actress-eucharia-ordained-pastor/ | title=Nollywood Actress, Eucharia Ordained Pastor | publisher=[[P.M. News]] | author=Henry Ojelu | date=7 February 2012 | accessdate=25 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=My late son was my best friend –Eucharia Anunobi|url=http://punchng.com/my-late-son-was-my-best-friend-eucharia-anunobi/|website=The Punch News Paper}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Eucharia Anunobi loses only son|url=http://punchng.com/eucharia-anunobi-loses-only-son/|website=The Punch Newspapers}}</ref> ==Finafinai== * ''The Foreigner's God'' (2018) * ''Breaking Heart'' (2009) * ''Heavy Storm'' (2009) * ''Desire'' (2008) * ''Final Tussle'' (2008) * ''My Darling Princess'' (2008) * ''Black Night in South America'' (2007) * ''Area Mama'' (2007) * ''Big Hit'' (2007) * ''Bird Flu'' (2007) * ''Confidential Romance'' (2007) * ''Cover Up'' (2007) * ''Desperate Sister'' (2007) * ''Drug Baron'' (2007) * ''Fine Things'' (2007) * ''[[Letters to a Stranger]]'' (2007) * ''Sacred Heart'' (2007) * ''Short of Time'' (2007) * ''Sister’s Heart'' (2007) * ''Spiritual Challenge'' (2007) * ''The Trinity'' (2007) * ''Titanic Tussle'' (2007) * ''When You are Mine'' (2007) * ''Women at Large'' (2007) * ''19 Macaulay Street'' (2006) * ''Emotional Blunder'' (2006) * ''Evil Desire'' (2006) * ''Heritage of Sorrow'' (2006) * ''Joy of a Mother'' (2006) * ''My Only Girl'' (2006) * ''Occultic Wedding'' (2006) * ''Thanksgiving'' (2006) * ''The Dreamer'' (2006) * ''Unbreakable Affair'' (2006) * ''100% Husband'' (2005) * ''Dangerous Blind Man'' (2005) * ''Dorathy My Love'' (2005) * ''Extra Time'' (2005) * ''Family Battle'' (2005) * ''Heavy Storm'' (2005) * ''Home Apart'' (2005) * ''No Way Out'' (2005) * ''Rings of Fire'' (2005) * ''Second Adam'' (2005) * ''Secret Affairs'' (2005) * ''Shadows of Tears'' (2005) * ''Sins of My Mother'' (2005) * ''The Bank Manager'' (2005) * ''To Love a Stranger'' (2005) * ''Torn Apart'' (2005) * ''Total Disgrace'' (2005) * ''Tricks of Women'' (2005) * ''Unexpected Mission'' (2005) * ''War for War'' (2005) * ''[[Abuja Connection]]'' (2004) * ''Deadly Kiss'' (2004) * ''Deep Loss'' (2004) * ''Diamond Lady 2: The Business Woman'' (2004) * ''Expensive Game'' (2004) * ''Falling Apart'' (2004) * ''For Real'' (2004) * ''Home Sickness'' (2004) * ''Last Decision'' (2004) * ''Love & Marriage'' (2004) * ''Miss Nigeria'' (2004) * ''My Own Share'' (2004) * ''Never Say Ever'' (2004) * ''Not By Power'' (2004) * ''Official Romance'' (2004) * ''Price of Hatred'' (2004) * ''The Maid'' (2004) * ''[[Abuja Connection]]'' (2004) * ''Armageddon King'' (2003) * ''Computer Girls'' (2003) * ''Emotional Pain'' (2003) * ''Expensive Error'' (2003) * ''Handsome'' (2003) * ''Hot Lover'' (2003) * ''Lagos Babes'' (2003) * ''Mother’s Help'' (2003) * ''Reckless Babes'' (2003) * ''Show Bobo: The American Boys'' (2003) * ''Sister Mary'' (2003) * ''Society Lady'' (2003) * ''The Only Hope'' (2003) * ''The Storm is Over'' (2003) * ''What Women Want'' (2003) * ''Evil-Doers'' (2002) * ''Not with my Daughter'' (2002) * ''Orange Girl'' (2002) * ''Death Warrant'' (2001) * ''Desperadoes'' (2001) * ''[[The Last Burial]]'' (2000) * ''Benita'' (1999) * ''Heartless'' (1999) * ''Died Wretched'' (1998) * ''Battle of Musanga'' (1996) * ''Back Stabber'' (1995) * ''Glamour Girls'' (1994)|colwidth=35em}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Ƴan fim]] [[Category:Ƴan Najeriya]] 9uukqx9lsz9996uolr6mewdqe5exwkr 0 16167 873882 529283 2026-07-01T21:35:52Z Ummeeterh 31568 873882 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Juliana Oluwatobiloba Olayode''', '''wacce''' aka fi sani da '''Toyo Baby''', wata kyauta ce da ta samu daga fitowar ta a matsayin 'yar Toyosi a cikin jerin labaran ''Jenifa'' ; 'yar fim din [[Dan Nijeriya|Nijeriyar ce]] kuma mai rajin tsarkake jima'i . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://thejenifasdiary.com/jenifas-diary-cast-names/ |access-date=2020-11-21 |archive-date=2017-09-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906090812/https://thejenifasdiary.com/jenifas-diary-cast-names/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An kuma san ta da zama mai sukar jama'a a fili kafin yin aure tsakanin matasan [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=http://dailymedia.com.ng/who-is-olayode-juliana-biographyprofilehistory-of-nollywood-actress-olayode-juliana-toyosi-aka-toyo-baby-of-jenifa-diary-tv-series/ |access-date=2020-11-21 |archive-date=2017-09-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910040203/http://dailymedia.com.ng/who-is-olayode-juliana-biographyprofilehistory-of-nollywood-actress-olayode-juliana-toyosi-aka-toyo-baby-of-jenifa-diary-tv-series/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == Juliana an haife ta ne a gidan mai mutane takwas kuma ta girma ne a garin [[Lagos (birni)|Legas na tarayyar Najeriya]] . Olayode ya fito ne daga [[Ipokia|karamar]] hukumar [[Ipokia]] na [[Ogun|jihar Ogun]] . Yayin girma, ba ta taba tunanin za ta zama yar wasa ba duk da cewa ita sarauniyar wasan kwaikwayo ce. <ref>http://punchng.com/people-shouldnt-have-sex-until-they-are-married-juliana-olayode-aka-toyo-baby/</ref> == Ayyuka == Kafin ta fito fili, ta fito a fina-finai kusan hudu ciki har da ''Ma'aurata na Kwanaki'' inda ta fito a matsayin "Judith". Ta sami matsayi a cikin littafin ''Jenifa'' bayan ta halarci binciken. Ta ci gaba da zama sananne a masana'antar fim ta [[Najeriya]]. Duk da sannu a hankali ta zama sanannen dangi saboda rawar da ta taka a matsayin Toyo Baby a cikin shirin talabijin, Olayode ta ci gaba da kasancewa a matsayinta na yarinyar da ke kusa da ita. Tana kokari ta kasance ƙasa duk da sha'awar shahara da arziki. == Tarihin rayuwar mutum == A rabi na biyu na 2017, Olayode ta buga tarihin rayuwarta, Sake Haihuwa '': Daga Grass zuwa Alheri'' . A cikin littafin, ta yi magana game da rayuwarta ta sirri, lalata, da kuma gwagwarmayar aiki. == Filmography == Ta fito a wasu fina-finai, gami da: * ''Littafin Jenifa'' * ''Ina Kyawu Ke'' * ''Koguna Tsakanin'' * ''Ma'aurata Na Kwanaki'' * Rayuwar masifa * Matsar * Bridezilia * Masu Cokers == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mata]] [[Category:Yan Najeriya]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] h7u4zib2g8u8apc3qd0f3ff8flckhyq 0 16754 874189 862795 2026-07-02T08:53:47Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874189 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Secretary_Blinken_Meets_With_Nigerien_President_Bazoum_in_New_York_City_(52370167613).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City]] [[File:P060245-844068.jpg|thumb|Mohamed Bazoum tshon shugaban ƙasar Niger wanda sojoju sukayinmasa juyin milki]] [[Fayil:Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City (52370167613).jpg|thumb|bazoum]] [[Fayil:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb|Bazoum]] '''Mohamed Bazoum''' (An haifi Bazoom ranar 3 ga watan Janairu shekara ta a 1959) Ɗan siyasar Jamhuriyar Nijer, kuma tsohon [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|Shugaban Ƙasar Nijar]]. Bazoum Balarabe ne ɗan asalin [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Nijar]] wanda ya kasance Shugaban Jam’iyyar (PNDS- Ta Tarayya) tun daga shekarar 2011, Ya Kuma yi aiki a gwamnatin Nijar a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Waje daga shekara ta 1995 zuwa shekara ta 1996 ya kuma sake zama Ministan daga shekara ta 2011 zuwa shekara ta 2015. Ya kasance ƙaramin minista a fadar shugaban ƙasa daga shekara ta 2015 zuwa shekarar 2016. Sannan Kuma ya kasance ƙaramin ministan cikin gida tsakanin shekarar 2016 zuwa 2020, lokacin da ya yi murabus don mayar da hankali kan tsayawa takarar shugabancin ƙasar a shekarar 2020. Inda yayi Nasarar lashe zaɓen da kaso 55.67% cikin ɗari.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/2/niger-president-to-be-sworn-in-after-attempted-coup|date= 2 April 2020 |accessdate= 27 July 2023|title=Mohamed Bazoum sworn in as Niger’s president amid tensions|last= Zandanini |first= Giacomo|publisher= Aljazeera.com|language= en}}</ref> == Harkar siyasa == [[File:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb]] Bazoum ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Harkokin Haɗin Kai a ƙarƙashin Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin gwiwa a cikin gwamnatin rikon ƙwarya ta Firayim Minista [[Amadou Cheiffou]] daga shekara ta 1991 zuwa shekara ta 1993. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa daga yanki na musamman na Tesker a matsayin ɗan takarar PNDS a zabe na musamman da aka gudanar a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1993; wannan ya biyo bayan soke zaɓen farko a cikin Tesker, wanda aka gudanar a watan Fabrairu. Bayan zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Janairun shekara ta 1995, wanda kawancen adawa na National Movement for the Development of Society (MNSD) da PNDS suka lashe, Bazoum ya zama Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin Kai a gwamnatin Firaminista [[Hama Amadou]], sai 25.ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 1995. Da farko an sake naɗa shi kan wannan mukamin ne bayan da [[Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara|Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara ya]] kwace mulki a wani juyin mulkin soja a ranar 27 ga Janairun shekara ta 1996, amma an maye gurbinsa a cikin gwamnatin da aka nada a ranar 5 ga watan Mayu shekara 1996. PNDS ta yi adawa da Maïnassara, kuma a ranar 26 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1996, Bazoum aka sanya shi a cikin tsare a gida tare da shugaban PNDS [[Mahamadou Issoufou]], 'yan makonni kadan bayan zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekara ta 1996 . Shi da Issoufou an sake shi bisa umarnin alƙali a ranar 12 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1996. An kama Bazoum tare da wasu manyan ƴan siyasa biyu na ƴan adawa, ciki har da Sakatare-Janar na MNSD Hama Amadou, a farkon watan Janairun 1998, bisa zargin shiga cikin maƙarƙashiyar kisan Maïnassara. <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/44156.stm "Niger Police arrest three opposition leaders"], BBC News, 3 January 1998.</ref> Ba a taɓa gurfanar da shi ba kuma an sake shi mako guda bayan kama shi. A Babban Taro na Huɗu na PNDS, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 4 &#x2013; 5 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2004, Bazoum aka zaba a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa. Bazoum an sake zabarsa zuwa ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Disamba shekarar 2004, kuma a lokacin wa’adin majalisar da ya biyo baya ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa na Uku na Majalisar da Mataimakin Shugaban ƙungiyar Majalisar Wakilai ta PNDS. Bazoum yana ɗaya daga cikin wakilai 14 da suka gabatar da ƙarar rashin amincewa game da Firayim Minista Hama Amadou a ranar 26 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2007; Gwamnatin Amadou ta sha kaye a kuri’ar rashin amincewa da ta biyo baya a ranar 31 ga watan Mayu, kuma Bazoum ya yaba da “dattakon da ke nuna ajin siyasa ta Nijar da ta kawo ƙarshen wa’adin ƙungiyar da ta kware a kan yadda ake kashe kudaden jama’a. . " <ref>[http://www.apanews.net/apa.php?page=afric_item_eng&id_article=34430 "Niger government falls after a "no confidence" vote"]{{Dead link|date=October 2018}}, African Press Agency, 31 May 2007.</ref> Bayan ya bukaci mutane su kaurace wa zaɓen raba gardama na tsarin mulkin watan Agusta na shekarar 2009, an tsare Bazoum a takaice kuma an yi masa tambayoyi na awanni biyu a ranar 14 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bazoum an sake zaɓarsa a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban PNDS a taron na biyar na Jam’iyyar, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 18 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bayan nasarar da aka samu a zaɓen raba gardamar, ya nuna shi a matsayin "juyin mulki" sannan ya ce zaɓen 'yan majalisar na watan Oktoba na shekarar 2009 wani "makircin zaɓe ne" da aka yi nufin kawai don a ƙara "goge dimokiradiyya" <ref>Boureima Hama, [http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 "Niger pushes ahead with polls"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422143243/http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 |date=2016-04-22 }}, Sapa-AFP, 19 October 2009.</ref> Wani juyin mulki da sojoji suka yi a ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2010 ne ya kori Shugaba [[Mamadou Tandja|Mamadou]] Tandja. Bazoum ya ce a yayin taron "wannan shi ne ainihin abin da muke tsoronsa, kudurin soja. Tandja na iya guje ma wannan. " <ref>Adam Nossiter, [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/19/world/africa/19niger.html "Soldiers storm presidential palace in Niger"], ''The New York Times'', 18 February 2010.</ref> A matsayinsa na ɗaya daga cikin manyan membobin ƙungiyar Coordination of Democratic Forces for the Republic (CFDR), gamayyar jam'iyyun adawa, ya ce a ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairu cewa CFDR ta bukaci a gurfanar da Tandja a gaban kuliya saboda cin amanar kasa saboda ya soke kundin tsarin mulkin shekarar 1999 a cikin kokarin ci gaba da mulki. A cewar Bazoum, irin wannan fitina ta zama dole don hana shugabannin gobe daga bin irin wannan tafarki. Ya ce kamata ya yi hukumar mulkin ta rike Tandja har sai "cibiyoyin dimokiradiyya" sun kasance, sannan kuma a yi wa Tandja shari'a, duk da cewa ya kuma ce yana jin hukuncin kisan ba zai zama dole ba. <ref>Peter Clottey, [http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html "Niger opposition leader says ex-President Tandja should face treason charges"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315022313/http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html |date=2010-03-15 }}, VOA News, 23 February 2010.</ref> Bayan [[Mahamadou Issoufou]] ya lashe zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Janairu <nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwVA">–</span></nowiki> Maris 2011, sai ya sauka daga shugabancin PNDS a watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, gabanin rantsar da shi, bisa ga bukatar cewa shugaban ƙasa ba ya shiga [[siyasa]] ta bangaranci; Bazoum ya hau mukamin shugaban riƙo na PNDS. Issoufou ya fara aiki ne a matsayin shugaban ƙasar Nijer a ranar 7 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011, kuma an naɗa Bazoum a cikin gwamnatin a matsayin ƙaramin Ministan Harkokin Waje, Haɗin kai, Haɗakar [[Afirka]], da ‘yan Nijar mazauna kasashen waje a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011. <ref>"Niger unveils new government", Agence France-Presse, 21 April 2011.</ref> Bazoum ya koma matsayin karamin minista a fadar shugaban kasa a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2015. <ref name="Basics">[http://www.africaintelligence.com/LCE/who-s-who/2015/03/04/bazoum-back-to-basics-at-pnds-party,108064518-ART "Bazoum back to basics at PNDS party"], ''West Africa Newsletter'', number 701, 4 March 2015.</ref> An kalli wannan mmatakin a matsayin bawa Bazoum damar mayar da hankali kan jjagorancin PNDS a cikin tsammanin neman Issoufou na sake zaben a s 2016. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2016 . <ref>[http://cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf "Arrêt n° 012/CC/ME du 16 mars 2016"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208195006/http://www.cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf |date=2017-12-08 }}, Constitutional Court of Niger, 16 March 2016, page 50.</ref> Bayan an rantsar da Issoufou a wa’adi na biyu, an nada Bazoum a matsayin karamin Ministan harkokin cikin gida, Tsaro na Jama’a, Bada iko, da al’adu da al’amuran Addini a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 2016. Ya hau karagar mulki a ranar 13 ga watan Afrilu, ya gaji [[Hassoumi Massaoudou]]. A watan Disambar 2022, an nada Mohamed Bazoum a matsayin shugaban kungiyar Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziki na Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA), yayin taron shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin kungiyar karo na 23 a Abidjan.[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1398170/economie/uemoa-bazoum-croissance-et-inflation-au-menu-du-sommet-des-chefs-detat/]. ==Kifar da Gwamnatin Bazoum== A ranar 26 ga watan Yulin, 2023. Sojojin da ke tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa sun tare fadar shugaban ƙasa don korar Bazoum.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 July 2023 |title=African Union, ECOWAS Condemn ‘Attempted Coup d'État’ in Niger |work=[[France 24]] |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230726-african-union-ecowas-condemn-attempted-coup-in-niger |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Madowo |first=Sarah Dean,Niamh Kennedy,Larry |date=2023-07-26 |title=Niger: Attempted coup in West African country, as presidency is sealed off |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Coup d’Etat au Niger : Les militaires putschistes suspendent « toutes les institutions » et ferment les frontières |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/monde/4047077-20230727-coup-etat-niger-militaires-putschistes-suspendent-toutes-institutions-ferment-frontieres |website=[[20 minutes (France)|20 minutes]] |access-date=26 July 2023 |language=fr}}</ref> An yi Allah wadai da yunƙurin juyin mulkin daga ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka da ƙungiyar ECOWAS. Kungiyar ECOWAS ta ce masu shirin juyin mulkin su sako Bazoum nan take. Sai fldqgq baya sunyi nasarar sauke Bazoum a ƙarshen wannan rana, inda nan take Kanar-Manjo Amadou Abdramane yayi bayani a gidan talabijin na ƙasar yana mai cewa an tsige shugaban ƙasar daga karagar mulki, sannan kuma an maye gurbinsa da gwamnatin mulkin soja da ke kiran kanta Majalisar Tsaron Gida ta ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Presse |first=AFP-Agence France |title=ECOWAS Head Says Benin President On Mediation Mission To Niger |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=www.barrons.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Niger soldiers say President Bazoum's government has been removed |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/soldiers-nigers-presidential-guard-blockade-presidents-office-security-sources-2023-07-26/ |website=[[Reuters]] |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref name="ap1">{{cite web |last=Mednick |first=Sam |date=27 July 2023 |title=Mutinous soldiers claim to have overthrown Niger’s president |url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-tensions-presidential-guard-96f8f63b838af5467d4c95ba7b998b32 |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[AP]]}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga watan Agustan 2023 ne gwamnatin Nijar ta sanar da cewa tana son gurfanar da Mohammed Bazoum da masu rike da madafun iko na cikin gida da na waje gaban kuliya bisa laifin cin amanar kasa da kuma zagon kasa ga tsaron cikin gida da waje na Nijar.<ref name="rfi">{{cite web |last= |first= |date=13 August 2023 |title=Afrique Coup d’État au Niger: qu’impliquent les accusations de la junte contre le président Mohamed Bazoum?|url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20230814-coup-d-%C3%A9tat-au-niger-qu-impliquent-les-accusations-de-la-junte-contre-le-pr%C3%A9sident-mohamed-bazoum |access-date=14 August 2023 |website=[[RFI]]}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2023, dangin Mohamed Bazoum sun yi iƙirarin cewa ba su ƙara tuntuɓar sa ba tun ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2023, kuma sun yi tir da “kame da bincike na cin zarafi” da aka yi wa wasu daga cikinsu.<ref name="Voa Afrique">{{cite web |last= |first=AFP |date=01 December 2023 |title=NIGER La famille du président nigérien déchu dit être sans nouvelles de lui|url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/niger-la-famille-du-pr%C3%A9sident-d%C3%A9chu-dit-%C3%AAtre-sans-nouvelles-de-lui-depuis-le-18-octobre/7379985.html |access-date=02 December 2023 |website=Voa Afrique}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1960]] [[Category:Mutanen Nijar]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] kovqlzwv9g2bczg1hh117orm0a2lrs0 874190 874189 2026-07-02T08:54:26Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874190 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Secretary_Blinken_Meets_With_Nigerien_President_Bazoum_in_New_York_City_(52370167613).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City]] [[File:P060245-844068.jpg|thumb|Mohamed Bazoum tshon shugaban ƙasar Niger wanda sojoju sukayinmasa juyin milki]] [[Fayil:Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City (52370167613).jpg|thumb|bazoum]] [[Fayil:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb|Bazoum]] '''Mohamed Bazoum''' (An haifi Bazoom ranar 3 ga watan Janairu shekara ta al 1959) Ɗan siyasar Jamhuriyar Nijer, kuma tsohon [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|Shugaban Ƙasar Nijar]]. Bazoum Balarabe ne ɗan asalin [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Nijar]] wanda ya kasance Shugaban Jam’iyyar (PNDS- Ta Tarayya) tun daga shekarar 2011, Ya Kuma yi aiki a gwamnatin Nijar a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Waje daga shekara ta 1995 zuwa shekara ta 1996 ya kuma sake zama Ministan daga shekara ta 2011 zuwa shekara ta 2015. Ya kasance ƙaramin minista a fadar shugaban ƙasa daga shekara ta 2015 zuwa shekarar 2016. Sannan Kuma ya kasance ƙaramin ministan cikin gida tsakanin shekarar 2016 zuwa 2020, lokacin da ya yi murabus don mayar da hankali kan tsayawa takarar shugabancin ƙasar a shekarar 2020. Inda yayi Nasarar lashe zaɓen da kaso 55.67% cikin ɗari.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/2/niger-president-to-be-sworn-in-after-attempted-coup|date= 2 April 2020 |accessdate= 27 July 2023|title=Mohamed Bazoum sworn in as Niger’s president amid tensions|last= Zandanini |first= Giacomo|publisher= Aljazeera.com|language= en}}</ref> == Harkar siyasa == [[File:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb]] Bazoum ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Harkokin Haɗin Kai a ƙarƙashin Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin gwiwa a cikin gwamnatin rikon ƙwarya ta Firayim Minista [[Amadou Cheiffou]] daga shekara ta 1991 zuwa shekara ta 1993. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa daga yanki na musamman na Tesker a matsayin ɗan takarar PNDS a zabe na musamman da aka gudanar a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1993; wannan ya biyo bayan soke zaɓen farko a cikin Tesker, wanda aka gudanar a watan Fabrairu. Bayan zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Janairun shekara ta 1995, wanda kawancen adawa na National Movement for the Development of Society (MNSD) da PNDS suka lashe, Bazoum ya zama Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin Kai a gwamnatin Firaminista [[Hama Amadou]], sai 25.ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 1995. Da farko an sake naɗa shi kan wannan mukamin ne bayan da [[Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara|Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara ya]] kwace mulki a wani juyin mulkin soja a ranar 27 ga Janairun shekara ta 1996, amma an maye gurbinsa a cikin gwamnatin da aka nada a ranar 5 ga watan Mayu shekara 1996. PNDS ta yi adawa da Maïnassara, kuma a ranar 26 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1996, Bazoum aka sanya shi a cikin tsare a gida tare da shugaban PNDS [[Mahamadou Issoufou]], 'yan makonni kadan bayan zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekara ta 1996 . Shi da Issoufou an sake shi bisa umarnin alƙali a ranar 12 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1996. An kama Bazoum tare da wasu manyan ƴan siyasa biyu na ƴan adawa, ciki har da Sakatare-Janar na MNSD Hama Amadou, a farkon watan Janairun 1998, bisa zargin shiga cikin maƙarƙashiyar kisan Maïnassara. <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/44156.stm "Niger Police arrest three opposition leaders"], BBC News, 3 January 1998.</ref> Ba a taɓa gurfanar da shi ba kuma an sake shi mako guda bayan kama shi. A Babban Taro na Huɗu na PNDS, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 4 &#x2013; 5 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2004, Bazoum aka zaba a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa. Bazoum an sake zabarsa zuwa ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Disamba shekarar 2004, kuma a lokacin wa’adin majalisar da ya biyo baya ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa na Uku na Majalisar da Mataimakin Shugaban ƙungiyar Majalisar Wakilai ta PNDS. Bazoum yana ɗaya daga cikin wakilai 14 da suka gabatar da ƙarar rashin amincewa game da Firayim Minista Hama Amadou a ranar 26 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2007; Gwamnatin Amadou ta sha kaye a kuri’ar rashin amincewa da ta biyo baya a ranar 31 ga watan Mayu, kuma Bazoum ya yaba da “dattakon da ke nuna ajin siyasa ta Nijar da ta kawo ƙarshen wa’adin ƙungiyar da ta kware a kan yadda ake kashe kudaden jama’a. . " <ref>[http://www.apanews.net/apa.php?page=afric_item_eng&id_article=34430 "Niger government falls after a "no confidence" vote"]{{Dead link|date=October 2018}}, African Press Agency, 31 May 2007.</ref> Bayan ya bukaci mutane su kaurace wa zaɓen raba gardama na tsarin mulkin watan Agusta na shekarar 2009, an tsare Bazoum a takaice kuma an yi masa tambayoyi na awanni biyu a ranar 14 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bazoum an sake zaɓarsa a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban PNDS a taron na biyar na Jam’iyyar, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 18 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bayan nasarar da aka samu a zaɓen raba gardamar, ya nuna shi a matsayin "juyin mulki" sannan ya ce zaɓen 'yan majalisar na watan Oktoba na shekarar 2009 wani "makircin zaɓe ne" da aka yi nufin kawai don a ƙara "goge dimokiradiyya" <ref>Boureima Hama, [http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 "Niger pushes ahead with polls"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422143243/http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 |date=2016-04-22 }}, Sapa-AFP, 19 October 2009.</ref> Wani juyin mulki da sojoji suka yi a ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2010 ne ya kori Shugaba [[Mamadou Tandja|Mamadou]] Tandja. Bazoum ya ce a yayin taron "wannan shi ne ainihin abin da muke tsoronsa, kudurin soja. Tandja na iya guje ma wannan. " <ref>Adam Nossiter, [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/19/world/africa/19niger.html "Soldiers storm presidential palace in Niger"], ''The New York Times'', 18 February 2010.</ref> A matsayinsa na ɗaya daga cikin manyan membobin ƙungiyar Coordination of Democratic Forces for the Republic (CFDR), gamayyar jam'iyyun adawa, ya ce a ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairu cewa CFDR ta bukaci a gurfanar da Tandja a gaban kuliya saboda cin amanar kasa saboda ya soke kundin tsarin mulkin shekarar 1999 a cikin kokarin ci gaba da mulki. A cewar Bazoum, irin wannan fitina ta zama dole don hana shugabannin gobe daga bin irin wannan tafarki. Ya ce kamata ya yi hukumar mulkin ta rike Tandja har sai "cibiyoyin dimokiradiyya" sun kasance, sannan kuma a yi wa Tandja shari'a, duk da cewa ya kuma ce yana jin hukuncin kisan ba zai zama dole ba. <ref>Peter Clottey, [http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html "Niger opposition leader says ex-President Tandja should face treason charges"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315022313/http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html |date=2010-03-15 }}, VOA News, 23 February 2010.</ref> Bayan [[Mahamadou Issoufou]] ya lashe zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Janairu <nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwVA">–</span></nowiki> Maris 2011, sai ya sauka daga shugabancin PNDS a watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, gabanin rantsar da shi, bisa ga bukatar cewa shugaban ƙasa ba ya shiga [[siyasa]] ta bangaranci; Bazoum ya hau mukamin shugaban riƙo na PNDS. Issoufou ya fara aiki ne a matsayin shugaban ƙasar Nijer a ranar 7 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011, kuma an naɗa Bazoum a cikin gwamnatin a matsayin ƙaramin Ministan Harkokin Waje, Haɗin kai, Haɗakar [[Afirka]], da ‘yan Nijar mazauna kasashen waje a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011. <ref>"Niger unveils new government", Agence France-Presse, 21 April 2011.</ref> Bazoum ya koma matsayin karamin minista a fadar shugaban kasa a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2015. <ref name="Basics">[http://www.africaintelligence.com/LCE/who-s-who/2015/03/04/bazoum-back-to-basics-at-pnds-party,108064518-ART "Bazoum back to basics at PNDS party"], ''West Africa Newsletter'', number 701, 4 March 2015.</ref> An kalli wannan mmatakin a matsayin bawa Bazoum damar mayar da hankali kan jjagorancin PNDS a cikin tsammanin neman Issoufou na sake zaben a s 2016. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2016 . <ref>[http://cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf "Arrêt n° 012/CC/ME du 16 mars 2016"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208195006/http://www.cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf |date=2017-12-08 }}, Constitutional Court of Niger, 16 March 2016, page 50.</ref> Bayan an rantsar da Issoufou a wa’adi na biyu, an nada Bazoum a matsayin karamin Ministan harkokin cikin gida, Tsaro na Jama’a, Bada iko, da al’adu da al’amuran Addini a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 2016. Ya hau karagar mulki a ranar 13 ga watan Afrilu, ya gaji [[Hassoumi Massaoudou]]. A watan Disambar 2022, an nada Mohamed Bazoum a matsayin shugaban kungiyar Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziki na Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA), yayin taron shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin kungiyar karo na 23 a Abidjan.[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1398170/economie/uemoa-bazoum-croissance-et-inflation-au-menu-du-sommet-des-chefs-detat/]. ==Kifar da Gwamnatin Bazoum== A ranar 26 ga watan Yulin, 2023. Sojojin da ke tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa sun tare fadar shugaban ƙasa don korar Bazoum.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 July 2023 |title=African Union, ECOWAS Condemn ‘Attempted Coup d'État’ in Niger |work=[[France 24]] |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230726-african-union-ecowas-condemn-attempted-coup-in-niger |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Madowo |first=Sarah Dean,Niamh Kennedy,Larry |date=2023-07-26 |title=Niger: Attempted coup in West African country, as presidency is sealed off |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Coup d’Etat au Niger : Les militaires putschistes suspendent « toutes les institutions » et ferment les frontières |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/monde/4047077-20230727-coup-etat-niger-militaires-putschistes-suspendent-toutes-institutions-ferment-frontieres |website=[[20 minutes (France)|20 minutes]] |access-date=26 July 2023 |language=fr}}</ref> An yi Allah wadai da yunƙurin juyin mulkin daga ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka da ƙungiyar ECOWAS. Kungiyar ECOWAS ta ce masu shirin juyin mulkin su sako Bazoum nan take. Sai fldqgq baya sunyi nasarar sauke Bazoum a ƙarshen wannan rana, inda nan take Kanar-Manjo Amadou Abdramane yayi bayani a gidan talabijin na ƙasar yana mai cewa an tsige shugaban ƙasar daga karagar mulki, sannan kuma an maye gurbinsa da gwamnatin mulkin soja da ke kiran kanta Majalisar Tsaron Gida ta ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Presse |first=AFP-Agence France |title=ECOWAS Head Says Benin President On Mediation Mission To Niger |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=www.barrons.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Niger soldiers say President Bazoum's government has been removed |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/soldiers-nigers-presidential-guard-blockade-presidents-office-security-sources-2023-07-26/ |website=[[Reuters]] |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref name="ap1">{{cite web |last=Mednick |first=Sam |date=27 July 2023 |title=Mutinous soldiers claim to have overthrown Niger’s president |url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-tensions-presidential-guard-96f8f63b838af5467d4c95ba7b998b32 |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[AP]]}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga watan Agustan 2023 ne gwamnatin Nijar ta sanar da cewa tana son gurfanar da Mohammed Bazoum da masu rike da madafun iko na cikin gida da na waje gaban kuliya bisa laifin cin amanar kasa da kuma zagon kasa ga tsaron cikin gida da waje na Nijar.<ref name="rfi">{{cite web |last= |first= |date=13 August 2023 |title=Afrique Coup d’État au Niger: qu’impliquent les accusations de la junte contre le président Mohamed Bazoum?|url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20230814-coup-d-%C3%A9tat-au-niger-qu-impliquent-les-accusations-de-la-junte-contre-le-pr%C3%A9sident-mohamed-bazoum |access-date=14 August 2023 |website=[[RFI]]}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2023, dangin Mohamed Bazoum sun yi iƙirarin cewa ba su ƙara tuntuɓar sa ba tun ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2023, kuma sun yi tir da “kame da bincike na cin zarafi” da aka yi wa wasu daga cikinsu.<ref name="Voa Afrique">{{cite web |last= |first=AFP |date=01 December 2023 |title=NIGER La famille du président nigérien déchu dit être sans nouvelles de lui|url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/niger-la-famille-du-pr%C3%A9sident-d%C3%A9chu-dit-%C3%AAtre-sans-nouvelles-de-lui-depuis-le-18-octobre/7379985.html |access-date=02 December 2023 |website=Voa Afrique}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1960]] [[Category:Mutanen Nijar]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ar48lp47jbmijgntk431rfbbpuv19ur 874191 874190 2026-07-02T08:55:03Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874191 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Secretary_Blinken_Meets_With_Nigerien_President_Bazoum_in_New_York_City_(52370167613).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City]] [[File:P060245-844068.jpg|thumb|Mohamed Bazoum tshon shugaban ƙasar Niger wanda sojoju sukayinmasa juyin milki]] [[Fayil:Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City (52370167613).jpg|thumb|bazoum]] [[Fayil:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb|Bazoum]] '''Mohamed Bazoum''' (An haifi Bazoom ranar 3 ga watan Janairu shekara ta ali 1959) Ɗan siyasar Jamhuriyar Nijer, kuma tsohon [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|Shugaban Ƙasar Nijar]]. Bazoum Balarabe ne ɗan asalin [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Nijar]] wanda ya kasance Shugaban Jam’iyyar (PNDS- Ta Tarayya) tun daga shekarar 2011, Ya Kuma yi aiki a gwamnatin Nijar a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Waje daga shekara ta 1995 zuwa shekara ta 1996 ya kuma sake zama Ministan daga shekara ta 2011 zuwa shekara ta 2015. Ya kasance ƙaramin minista a fadar shugaban ƙasa daga shekara ta 2015 zuwa shekarar 2016. Sannan Kuma ya kasance ƙaramin ministan cikin gida tsakanin shekarar 2016 zuwa 2020, lokacin da ya yi murabus don mayar da hankali kan tsayawa takarar shugabancin ƙasar a shekarar 2020. Inda yayi Nasarar lashe zaɓen da kaso 55.67% cikin ɗari.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/2/niger-president-to-be-sworn-in-after-attempted-coup|date= 2 April 2020 |accessdate= 27 July 2023|title=Mohamed Bazoum sworn in as Niger’s president amid tensions|last= Zandanini |first= Giacomo|publisher= Aljazeera.com|language= en}}</ref> == Harkar siyasa == [[File:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb]] Bazoum ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Harkokin Haɗin Kai a ƙarƙashin Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin gwiwa a cikin gwamnatin rikon ƙwarya ta Firayim Minista [[Amadou Cheiffou]] daga shekara ta 1991 zuwa shekara ta 1993. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa daga yanki na musamman na Tesker a matsayin ɗan takarar PNDS a zabe na musamman da aka gudanar a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1993; wannan ya biyo bayan soke zaɓen farko a cikin Tesker, wanda aka gudanar a watan Fabrairu. Bayan zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Janairun shekara ta 1995, wanda kawancen adawa na National Movement for the Development of Society (MNSD) da PNDS suka lashe, Bazoum ya zama Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin Kai a gwamnatin Firaminista [[Hama Amadou]], sai 25.ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 1995. Da farko an sake naɗa shi kan wannan mukamin ne bayan da [[Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara|Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara ya]] kwace mulki a wani juyin mulkin soja a ranar 27 ga Janairun shekara ta 1996, amma an maye gurbinsa a cikin gwamnatin da aka nada a ranar 5 ga watan Mayu shekara 1996. PNDS ta yi adawa da Maïnassara, kuma a ranar 26 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1996, Bazoum aka sanya shi a cikin tsare a gida tare da shugaban PNDS [[Mahamadou Issoufou]], 'yan makonni kadan bayan zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekara ta 1996 . Shi da Issoufou an sake shi bisa umarnin alƙali a ranar 12 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1996. An kama Bazoum tare da wasu manyan ƴan siyasa biyu na ƴan adawa, ciki har da Sakatare-Janar na MNSD Hama Amadou, a farkon watan Janairun 1998, bisa zargin shiga cikin maƙarƙashiyar kisan Maïnassara. <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/44156.stm "Niger Police arrest three opposition leaders"], BBC News, 3 January 1998.</ref> Ba a taɓa gurfanar da shi ba kuma an sake shi mako guda bayan kama shi. A Babban Taro na Huɗu na PNDS, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 4 &#x2013; 5 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2004, Bazoum aka zaba a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa. Bazoum an sake zabarsa zuwa ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Disamba shekarar 2004, kuma a lokacin wa’adin majalisar da ya biyo baya ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa na Uku na Majalisar da Mataimakin Shugaban ƙungiyar Majalisar Wakilai ta PNDS. Bazoum yana ɗaya daga cikin wakilai 14 da suka gabatar da ƙarar rashin amincewa game da Firayim Minista Hama Amadou a ranar 26 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2007; Gwamnatin Amadou ta sha kaye a kuri’ar rashin amincewa da ta biyo baya a ranar 31 ga watan Mayu, kuma Bazoum ya yaba da “dattakon da ke nuna ajin siyasa ta Nijar da ta kawo ƙarshen wa’adin ƙungiyar da ta kware a kan yadda ake kashe kudaden jama’a. . " <ref>[http://www.apanews.net/apa.php?page=afric_item_eng&id_article=34430 "Niger government falls after a "no confidence" vote"]{{Dead link|date=October 2018}}, African Press Agency, 31 May 2007.</ref> Bayan ya bukaci mutane su kaurace wa zaɓen raba gardama na tsarin mulkin watan Agusta na shekarar 2009, an tsare Bazoum a takaice kuma an yi masa tambayoyi na awanni biyu a ranar 14 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bazoum an sake zaɓarsa a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban PNDS a taron na biyar na Jam’iyyar, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 18 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bayan nasarar da aka samu a zaɓen raba gardamar, ya nuna shi a matsayin "juyin mulki" sannan ya ce zaɓen 'yan majalisar na watan Oktoba na shekarar 2009 wani "makircin zaɓe ne" da aka yi nufin kawai don a ƙara "goge dimokiradiyya" <ref>Boureima Hama, [http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 "Niger pushes ahead with polls"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422143243/http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 |date=2016-04-22 }}, Sapa-AFP, 19 October 2009.</ref> Wani juyin mulki da sojoji suka yi a ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2010 ne ya kori Shugaba [[Mamadou Tandja|Mamadou]] Tandja. Bazoum ya ce a yayin taron "wannan shi ne ainihin abin da muke tsoronsa, kudurin soja. Tandja na iya guje ma wannan. " <ref>Adam Nossiter, [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/19/world/africa/19niger.html "Soldiers storm presidential palace in Niger"], ''The New York Times'', 18 February 2010.</ref> A matsayinsa na ɗaya daga cikin manyan membobin ƙungiyar Coordination of Democratic Forces for the Republic (CFDR), gamayyar jam'iyyun adawa, ya ce a ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairu cewa CFDR ta bukaci a gurfanar da Tandja a gaban kuliya saboda cin amanar kasa saboda ya soke kundin tsarin mulkin shekarar 1999 a cikin kokarin ci gaba da mulki. A cewar Bazoum, irin wannan fitina ta zama dole don hana shugabannin gobe daga bin irin wannan tafarki. Ya ce kamata ya yi hukumar mulkin ta rike Tandja har sai "cibiyoyin dimokiradiyya" sun kasance, sannan kuma a yi wa Tandja shari'a, duk da cewa ya kuma ce yana jin hukuncin kisan ba zai zama dole ba. <ref>Peter Clottey, [http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html "Niger opposition leader says ex-President Tandja should face treason charges"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315022313/http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html |date=2010-03-15 }}, VOA News, 23 February 2010.</ref> Bayan [[Mahamadou Issoufou]] ya lashe zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Janairu <nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwVA">–</span></nowiki> Maris 2011, sai ya sauka daga shugabancin PNDS a watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, gabanin rantsar da shi, bisa ga bukatar cewa shugaban ƙasa ba ya shiga [[siyasa]] ta bangaranci; Bazoum ya hau mukamin shugaban riƙo na PNDS. Issoufou ya fara aiki ne a matsayin shugaban ƙasar Nijer a ranar 7 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011, kuma an naɗa Bazoum a cikin gwamnatin a matsayin ƙaramin Ministan Harkokin Waje, Haɗin kai, Haɗakar [[Afirka]], da ‘yan Nijar mazauna kasashen waje a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011. <ref>"Niger unveils new government", Agence France-Presse, 21 April 2011.</ref> Bazoum ya koma matsayin karamin minista a fadar shugaban kasa a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2015. <ref name="Basics">[http://www.africaintelligence.com/LCE/who-s-who/2015/03/04/bazoum-back-to-basics-at-pnds-party,108064518-ART "Bazoum back to basics at PNDS party"], ''West Africa Newsletter'', number 701, 4 March 2015.</ref> An kalli wannan mmatakin a matsayin bawa Bazoum damar mayar da hankali kan jjagorancin PNDS a cikin tsammanin neman Issoufou na sake zaben a s 2016. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2016 . <ref>[http://cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf "Arrêt n° 012/CC/ME du 16 mars 2016"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208195006/http://www.cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf |date=2017-12-08 }}, Constitutional Court of Niger, 16 March 2016, page 50.</ref> Bayan an rantsar da Issoufou a wa’adi na biyu, an nada Bazoum a matsayin karamin Ministan harkokin cikin gida, Tsaro na Jama’a, Bada iko, da al’adu da al’amuran Addini a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 2016. Ya hau karagar mulki a ranar 13 ga watan Afrilu, ya gaji [[Hassoumi Massaoudou]]. A watan Disambar 2022, an nada Mohamed Bazoum a matsayin shugaban kungiyar Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziki na Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA), yayin taron shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin kungiyar karo na 23 a Abidjan.[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1398170/economie/uemoa-bazoum-croissance-et-inflation-au-menu-du-sommet-des-chefs-detat/]. ==Kifar da Gwamnatin Bazoum== A ranar 26 ga watan Yulin, 2023. Sojojin da ke tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa sun tare fadar shugaban ƙasa don korar Bazoum.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 July 2023 |title=African Union, ECOWAS Condemn ‘Attempted Coup d'État’ in Niger |work=[[France 24]] |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230726-african-union-ecowas-condemn-attempted-coup-in-niger |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Madowo |first=Sarah Dean,Niamh Kennedy,Larry |date=2023-07-26 |title=Niger: Attempted coup in West African country, as presidency is sealed off |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Coup d’Etat au Niger : Les militaires putschistes suspendent « toutes les institutions » et ferment les frontières |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/monde/4047077-20230727-coup-etat-niger-militaires-putschistes-suspendent-toutes-institutions-ferment-frontieres |website=[[20 minutes (France)|20 minutes]] |access-date=26 July 2023 |language=fr}}</ref> An yi Allah wadai da yunƙurin juyin mulkin daga ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka da ƙungiyar ECOWAS. Kungiyar ECOWAS ta ce masu shirin juyin mulkin su sako Bazoum nan take. Sai fldqgq baya sunyi nasarar sauke Bazoum a ƙarshen wannan rana, inda nan take Kanar-Manjo Amadou Abdramane yayi bayani a gidan talabijin na ƙasar yana mai cewa an tsige shugaban ƙasar daga karagar mulki, sannan kuma an maye gurbinsa da gwamnatin mulkin soja da ke kiran kanta Majalisar Tsaron Gida ta ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Presse |first=AFP-Agence France |title=ECOWAS Head Says Benin President On Mediation Mission To Niger |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=www.barrons.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Niger soldiers say President Bazoum's government has been removed |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/soldiers-nigers-presidential-guard-blockade-presidents-office-security-sources-2023-07-26/ |website=[[Reuters]] |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref name="ap1">{{cite web |last=Mednick |first=Sam |date=27 July 2023 |title=Mutinous soldiers claim to have overthrown Niger’s president |url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-tensions-presidential-guard-96f8f63b838af5467d4c95ba7b998b32 |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[AP]]}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga watan Agustan 2023 ne gwamnatin Nijar ta sanar da cewa tana son gurfanar da Mohammed Bazoum da masu rike da madafun iko na cikin gida da na waje gaban kuliya bisa laifin cin amanar kasa da kuma zagon kasa ga tsaron cikin gida da waje na Nijar.<ref name="rfi">{{cite web |last= |first= |date=13 August 2023 |title=Afrique Coup d’État au Niger: qu’impliquent les accusations de la junte contre le président Mohamed Bazoum?|url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20230814-coup-d-%C3%A9tat-au-niger-qu-impliquent-les-accusations-de-la-junte-contre-le-pr%C3%A9sident-mohamed-bazoum |access-date=14 August 2023 |website=[[RFI]]}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2023, dangin Mohamed Bazoum sun yi iƙirarin cewa ba su ƙara tuntuɓar sa ba tun ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2023, kuma sun yi tir da “kame da bincike na cin zarafi” da aka yi wa wasu daga cikinsu.<ref name="Voa Afrique">{{cite web |last= |first=AFP |date=01 December 2023 |title=NIGER La famille du président nigérien déchu dit être sans nouvelles de lui|url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/niger-la-famille-du-pr%C3%A9sident-d%C3%A9chu-dit-%C3%AAtre-sans-nouvelles-de-lui-depuis-le-18-octobre/7379985.html |access-date=02 December 2023 |website=Voa Afrique}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1960]] [[Category:Mutanen Nijar]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] e3iobynrsepaxc2b2epwnq8v5lj24ry 874192 874191 2026-07-02T08:55:24Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874192 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Secretary_Blinken_Meets_With_Nigerien_President_Bazoum_in_New_York_City_(52370167613).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City]] [[File:P060245-844068.jpg|thumb|Mohamed Bazoum tshon shugaban ƙasar Niger wanda sojoju sukayinmasa juyin milki]] [[Fayil:Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City (52370167613).jpg|thumb|bazoum]] [[Fayil:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb|Bazoum]] '''Mohamed Bazoum''' (An haifi Bazoom ranar 3 ga watan Janairu shekara ta alif 1959) Ɗan siyasar Jamhuriyar Nijer, kuma tsohon [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|Shugaban Ƙasar Nijar]]. Bazoum Balarabe ne ɗan asalin [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Nijar]] wanda ya kasance Shugaban Jam’iyyar (PNDS- Ta Tarayya) tun daga shekarar 2011, Ya Kuma yi aiki a gwamnatin Nijar a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Waje daga shekara ta 1995 zuwa shekara ta 1996 ya kuma sake zama Ministan daga shekara ta 2011 zuwa shekara ta 2015. Ya kasance ƙaramin minista a fadar shugaban ƙasa daga shekara ta 2015 zuwa shekarar 2016. Sannan Kuma ya kasance ƙaramin ministan cikin gida tsakanin shekarar 2016 zuwa 2020, lokacin da ya yi murabus don mayar da hankali kan tsayawa takarar shugabancin ƙasar a shekarar 2020. Inda yayi Nasarar lashe zaɓen da kaso 55.67% cikin ɗari.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/2/niger-president-to-be-sworn-in-after-attempted-coup|date= 2 April 2020 |accessdate= 27 July 2023|title=Mohamed Bazoum sworn in as Niger’s president amid tensions|last= Zandanini |first= Giacomo|publisher= Aljazeera.com|language= en}}</ref> == Harkar siyasa == [[File:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb]] Bazoum ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Harkokin Haɗin Kai a ƙarƙashin Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin gwiwa a cikin gwamnatin rikon ƙwarya ta Firayim Minista [[Amadou Cheiffou]] daga shekara ta 1991 zuwa shekara ta 1993. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa daga yanki na musamman na Tesker a matsayin ɗan takarar PNDS a zabe na musamman da aka gudanar a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1993; wannan ya biyo bayan soke zaɓen farko a cikin Tesker, wanda aka gudanar a watan Fabrairu. Bayan zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Janairun shekara ta 1995, wanda kawancen adawa na National Movement for the Development of Society (MNSD) da PNDS suka lashe, Bazoum ya zama Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin Kai a gwamnatin Firaminista [[Hama Amadou]], sai 25.ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 1995. Da farko an sake naɗa shi kan wannan mukamin ne bayan da [[Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara|Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara ya]] kwace mulki a wani juyin mulkin soja a ranar 27 ga Janairun shekara ta 1996, amma an maye gurbinsa a cikin gwamnatin da aka nada a ranar 5 ga watan Mayu shekara 1996. PNDS ta yi adawa da Maïnassara, kuma a ranar 26 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1996, Bazoum aka sanya shi a cikin tsare a gida tare da shugaban PNDS [[Mahamadou Issoufou]], 'yan makonni kadan bayan zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekara ta 1996 . Shi da Issoufou an sake shi bisa umarnin alƙali a ranar 12 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1996. An kama Bazoum tare da wasu manyan ƴan siyasa biyu na ƴan adawa, ciki har da Sakatare-Janar na MNSD Hama Amadou, a farkon watan Janairun 1998, bisa zargin shiga cikin maƙarƙashiyar kisan Maïnassara. <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/44156.stm "Niger Police arrest three opposition leaders"], BBC News, 3 January 1998.</ref> Ba a taɓa gurfanar da shi ba kuma an sake shi mako guda bayan kama shi. A Babban Taro na Huɗu na PNDS, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 4 &#x2013; 5 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2004, Bazoum aka zaba a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa. Bazoum an sake zabarsa zuwa ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Disamba shekarar 2004, kuma a lokacin wa’adin majalisar da ya biyo baya ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa na Uku na Majalisar da Mataimakin Shugaban ƙungiyar Majalisar Wakilai ta PNDS. Bazoum yana ɗaya daga cikin wakilai 14 da suka gabatar da ƙarar rashin amincewa game da Firayim Minista Hama Amadou a ranar 26 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2007; Gwamnatin Amadou ta sha kaye a kuri’ar rashin amincewa da ta biyo baya a ranar 31 ga watan Mayu, kuma Bazoum ya yaba da “dattakon da ke nuna ajin siyasa ta Nijar da ta kawo ƙarshen wa’adin ƙungiyar da ta kware a kan yadda ake kashe kudaden jama’a. . " <ref>[http://www.apanews.net/apa.php?page=afric_item_eng&id_article=34430 "Niger government falls after a "no confidence" vote"]{{Dead link|date=October 2018}}, African Press Agency, 31 May 2007.</ref> Bayan ya bukaci mutane su kaurace wa zaɓen raba gardama na tsarin mulkin watan Agusta na shekarar 2009, an tsare Bazoum a takaice kuma an yi masa tambayoyi na awanni biyu a ranar 14 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bazoum an sake zaɓarsa a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban PNDS a taron na biyar na Jam’iyyar, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 18 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bayan nasarar da aka samu a zaɓen raba gardamar, ya nuna shi a matsayin "juyin mulki" sannan ya ce zaɓen 'yan majalisar na watan Oktoba na shekarar 2009 wani "makircin zaɓe ne" da aka yi nufin kawai don a ƙara "goge dimokiradiyya" <ref>Boureima Hama, [http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 "Niger pushes ahead with polls"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422143243/http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 |date=2016-04-22 }}, Sapa-AFP, 19 October 2009.</ref> Wani juyin mulki da sojoji suka yi a ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2010 ne ya kori Shugaba [[Mamadou Tandja|Mamadou]] Tandja. Bazoum ya ce a yayin taron "wannan shi ne ainihin abin da muke tsoronsa, kudurin soja. Tandja na iya guje ma wannan. " <ref>Adam Nossiter, [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/19/world/africa/19niger.html "Soldiers storm presidential palace in Niger"], ''The New York Times'', 18 February 2010.</ref> A matsayinsa na ɗaya daga cikin manyan membobin ƙungiyar Coordination of Democratic Forces for the Republic (CFDR), gamayyar jam'iyyun adawa, ya ce a ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairu cewa CFDR ta bukaci a gurfanar da Tandja a gaban kuliya saboda cin amanar kasa saboda ya soke kundin tsarin mulkin shekarar 1999 a cikin kokarin ci gaba da mulki. A cewar Bazoum, irin wannan fitina ta zama dole don hana shugabannin gobe daga bin irin wannan tafarki. Ya ce kamata ya yi hukumar mulkin ta rike Tandja har sai "cibiyoyin dimokiradiyya" sun kasance, sannan kuma a yi wa Tandja shari'a, duk da cewa ya kuma ce yana jin hukuncin kisan ba zai zama dole ba. <ref>Peter Clottey, [http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html "Niger opposition leader says ex-President Tandja should face treason charges"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315022313/http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html |date=2010-03-15 }}, VOA News, 23 February 2010.</ref> Bayan [[Mahamadou Issoufou]] ya lashe zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Janairu <nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwVA">–</span></nowiki> Maris 2011, sai ya sauka daga shugabancin PNDS a watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, gabanin rantsar da shi, bisa ga bukatar cewa shugaban ƙasa ba ya shiga [[siyasa]] ta bangaranci; Bazoum ya hau mukamin shugaban riƙo na PNDS. Issoufou ya fara aiki ne a matsayin shugaban ƙasar Nijer a ranar 7 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011, kuma an naɗa Bazoum a cikin gwamnatin a matsayin ƙaramin Ministan Harkokin Waje, Haɗin kai, Haɗakar [[Afirka]], da ‘yan Nijar mazauna kasashen waje a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011. <ref>"Niger unveils new government", Agence France-Presse, 21 April 2011.</ref> Bazoum ya koma matsayin karamin minista a fadar shugaban kasa a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2015. <ref name="Basics">[http://www.africaintelligence.com/LCE/who-s-who/2015/03/04/bazoum-back-to-basics-at-pnds-party,108064518-ART "Bazoum back to basics at PNDS party"], ''West Africa Newsletter'', number 701, 4 March 2015.</ref> An kalli wannan mmatakin a matsayin bawa Bazoum damar mayar da hankali kan jjagorancin PNDS a cikin tsammanin neman Issoufou na sake zaben a s 2016. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2016 . <ref>[http://cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf "Arrêt n° 012/CC/ME du 16 mars 2016"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208195006/http://www.cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf |date=2017-12-08 }}, Constitutional Court of Niger, 16 March 2016, page 50.</ref> Bayan an rantsar da Issoufou a wa’adi na biyu, an nada Bazoum a matsayin karamin Ministan harkokin cikin gida, Tsaro na Jama’a, Bada iko, da al’adu da al’amuran Addini a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 2016. Ya hau karagar mulki a ranar 13 ga watan Afrilu, ya gaji [[Hassoumi Massaoudou]]. A watan Disambar 2022, an nada Mohamed Bazoum a matsayin shugaban kungiyar Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziki na Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA), yayin taron shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin kungiyar karo na 23 a Abidjan.[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1398170/economie/uemoa-bazoum-croissance-et-inflation-au-menu-du-sommet-des-chefs-detat/]. ==Kifar da Gwamnatin Bazoum== A ranar 26 ga watan Yulin, 2023. Sojojin da ke tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa sun tare fadar shugaban ƙasa don korar Bazoum.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 July 2023 |title=African Union, ECOWAS Condemn ‘Attempted Coup d'État’ in Niger |work=[[France 24]] |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230726-african-union-ecowas-condemn-attempted-coup-in-niger |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Madowo |first=Sarah Dean,Niamh Kennedy,Larry |date=2023-07-26 |title=Niger: Attempted coup in West African country, as presidency is sealed off |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Coup d’Etat au Niger : Les militaires putschistes suspendent « toutes les institutions » et ferment les frontières |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/monde/4047077-20230727-coup-etat-niger-militaires-putschistes-suspendent-toutes-institutions-ferment-frontieres |website=[[20 minutes (France)|20 minutes]] |access-date=26 July 2023 |language=fr}}</ref> An yi Allah wadai da yunƙurin juyin mulkin daga ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka da ƙungiyar ECOWAS. Kungiyar ECOWAS ta ce masu shirin juyin mulkin su sako Bazoum nan take. Sai fldqgq baya sunyi nasarar sauke Bazoum a ƙarshen wannan rana, inda nan take Kanar-Manjo Amadou Abdramane yayi bayani a gidan talabijin na ƙasar yana mai cewa an tsige shugaban ƙasar daga karagar mulki, sannan kuma an maye gurbinsa da gwamnatin mulkin soja da ke kiran kanta Majalisar Tsaron Gida ta ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Presse |first=AFP-Agence France |title=ECOWAS Head Says Benin President On Mediation Mission To Niger |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=www.barrons.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Niger soldiers say President Bazoum's government has been removed |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/soldiers-nigers-presidential-guard-blockade-presidents-office-security-sources-2023-07-26/ |website=[[Reuters]] |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref name="ap1">{{cite web |last=Mednick |first=Sam |date=27 July 2023 |title=Mutinous soldiers claim to have overthrown Niger’s president |url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-tensions-presidential-guard-96f8f63b838af5467d4c95ba7b998b32 |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[AP]]}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga watan Agustan 2023 ne gwamnatin Nijar ta sanar da cewa tana son gurfanar da Mohammed Bazoum da masu rike da madafun iko na cikin gida da na waje gaban kuliya bisa laifin cin amanar kasa da kuma zagon kasa ga tsaron cikin gida da waje na Nijar.<ref name="rfi">{{cite web |last= |first= |date=13 August 2023 |title=Afrique Coup d’État au Niger: qu’impliquent les accusations de la junte contre le président Mohamed Bazoum?|url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20230814-coup-d-%C3%A9tat-au-niger-qu-impliquent-les-accusations-de-la-junte-contre-le-pr%C3%A9sident-mohamed-bazoum |access-date=14 August 2023 |website=[[RFI]]}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2023, dangin Mohamed Bazoum sun yi iƙirarin cewa ba su ƙara tuntuɓar sa ba tun ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2023, kuma sun yi tir da “kame da bincike na cin zarafi” da aka yi wa wasu daga cikinsu.<ref name="Voa Afrique">{{cite web |last= |first=AFP |date=01 December 2023 |title=NIGER La famille du président nigérien déchu dit être sans nouvelles de lui|url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/niger-la-famille-du-pr%C3%A9sident-d%C3%A9chu-dit-%C3%AAtre-sans-nouvelles-de-lui-depuis-le-18-octobre/7379985.html |access-date=02 December 2023 |website=Voa Afrique}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1960]] [[Category:Mutanen Nijar]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] n2nq1y6udwpddo7zm0k7p59oi88fu1n 874194 874192 2026-07-02T08:56:45Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874194 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Secretary_Blinken_Meets_With_Nigerien_President_Bazoum_in_New_York_City_(52370167613).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City]] [[File:P060245-844068.jpg|thumb|Mohamed Bazoum tshon shugaban ƙasar Niger wanda sojoju sukayinmasa juyin milki]] [[Fayil:Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City (52370167613).jpg|thumb|bazoum]] [[Fayil:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb|Bazoum]] '''Mohamed Bazoum''' (An haifi Bazoom ranar 3 ga watan Janairu shekara ta alif 1959) Ɗan siyasar Jamhuriyar Nijer, kuma tsohon [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|Shugaban Ƙasar Nijar]]. Bazoum Balarabe ne ɗan asalin [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Nijar]] wanda ya kasance Shugaban Jam’iyyar (PNDS- Ta Tarayya) tun daga shekara s 2011, Ya Kuma yi aiki a gwamnatin Nijar a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Waje daga shekara ta 1995 zuwa shekara ta 1996 ya kuma sake zama Ministan daga shekara ta 2011 zuwa shekara ta 2015. Ya kasance ƙaramin minista a fadar shugaban ƙasa daga shekara ta 2015 zuwa shekarar 2016. Sannan Kuma ya kasance ƙaramin ministan cikin gida tsakanin shekarar 2016 zuwa 2020, lokacin da ya yi murabus don mayar da hankali kan tsayawa takarar shugabancin ƙasar a shekarar 2020. Inda yayi Nasarar lashe zaɓen da kaso 55.67% cikin ɗari.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/2/niger-president-to-be-sworn-in-after-attempted-coup|date= 2 April 2020 |accessdate= 27 July 2023|title=Mohamed Bazoum sworn in as Niger’s president amid tensions|last= Zandanini |first= Giacomo|publisher= Aljazeera.com|language= en}}</ref> == Harkar siyasa == [[File:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb]] Bazoum ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Harkokin Haɗin Kai a ƙarƙashin Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin gwiwa a cikin gwamnatin rikon ƙwarya ta Firayim Minista [[Amadou Cheiffou]] daga shekara ta 1991 zuwa shekara ta 1993. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa daga yanki na musamman na Tesker a matsayin ɗan takarar PNDS a zabe na musamman da aka gudanar a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1993; wannan ya biyo bayan soke zaɓen farko a cikin Tesker, wanda aka gudanar a watan Fabrairu. Bayan zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Janairun shekara ta 1995, wanda kawancen adawa na National Movement for the Development of Society (MNSD) da PNDS suka lashe, Bazoum ya zama Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin Kai a gwamnatin Firaminista [[Hama Amadou]], sai 25.ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 1995. Da farko an sake naɗa shi kan wannan mukamin ne bayan da [[Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara|Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara ya]] kwace mulki a wani juyin mulkin soja a ranar 27 ga Janairun shekara ta 1996, amma an maye gurbinsa a cikin gwamnatin da aka nada a ranar 5 ga watan Mayu shekara 1996. PNDS ta yi adawa da Maïnassara, kuma a ranar 26 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1996, Bazoum aka sanya shi a cikin tsare a gida tare da shugaban PNDS [[Mahamadou Issoufou]], 'yan makonni kadan bayan zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekara ta 1996 . Shi da Issoufou an sake shi bisa umarnin alƙali a ranar 12 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1996. An kama Bazoum tare da wasu manyan ƴan siyasa biyu na ƴan adawa, ciki har da Sakatare-Janar na MNSD Hama Amadou, a farkon watan Janairun 1998, bisa zargin shiga cikin maƙarƙashiyar kisan Maïnassara. <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/44156.stm "Niger Police arrest three opposition leaders"], BBC News, 3 January 1998.</ref> Ba a taɓa gurfanar da shi ba kuma an sake shi mako guda bayan kama shi. A Babban Taro na Huɗu na PNDS, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 4 &#x2013; 5 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2004, Bazoum aka zaba a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa. Bazoum an sake zabarsa zuwa ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Disamba shekarar 2004, kuma a lokacin wa’adin majalisar da ya biyo baya ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa na Uku na Majalisar da Mataimakin Shugaban ƙungiyar Majalisar Wakilai ta PNDS. Bazoum yana ɗaya daga cikin wakilai 14 da suka gabatar da ƙarar rashin amincewa game da Firayim Minista Hama Amadou a ranar 26 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2007; Gwamnatin Amadou ta sha kaye a kuri’ar rashin amincewa da ta biyo baya a ranar 31 ga watan Mayu, kuma Bazoum ya yaba da “dattakon da ke nuna ajin siyasa ta Nijar da ta kawo ƙarshen wa’adin ƙungiyar da ta kware a kan yadda ake kashe kudaden jama’a. . " <ref>[http://www.apanews.net/apa.php?page=afric_item_eng&id_article=34430 "Niger government falls after a "no confidence" vote"]{{Dead link|date=October 2018}}, African Press Agency, 31 May 2007.</ref> Bayan ya bukaci mutane su kaurace wa zaɓen raba gardama na tsarin mulkin watan Agusta na shekarar 2009, an tsare Bazoum a takaice kuma an yi masa tambayoyi na awanni biyu a ranar 14 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bazoum an sake zaɓarsa a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban PNDS a taron na biyar na Jam’iyyar, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 18 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bayan nasarar da aka samu a zaɓen raba gardamar, ya nuna shi a matsayin "juyin mulki" sannan ya ce zaɓen 'yan majalisar na watan Oktoba na shekarar 2009 wani "makircin zaɓe ne" da aka yi nufin kawai don a ƙara "goge dimokiradiyya" <ref>Boureima Hama, [http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 "Niger pushes ahead with polls"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422143243/http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 |date=2016-04-22 }}, Sapa-AFP, 19 October 2009.</ref> Wani juyin mulki da sojoji suka yi a ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2010 ne ya kori Shugaba [[Mamadou Tandja|Mamadou]] Tandja. Bazoum ya ce a yayin taron "wannan shi ne ainihin abin da muke tsoronsa, kudurin soja. Tandja na iya guje ma wannan. " <ref>Adam Nossiter, [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/19/world/africa/19niger.html "Soldiers storm presidential palace in Niger"], ''The New York Times'', 18 February 2010.</ref> A matsayinsa na ɗaya daga cikin manyan membobin ƙungiyar Coordination of Democratic Forces for the Republic (CFDR), gamayyar jam'iyyun adawa, ya ce a ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairu cewa CFDR ta bukaci a gurfanar da Tandja a gaban kuliya saboda cin amanar kasa saboda ya soke kundin tsarin mulkin shekarar 1999 a cikin kokarin ci gaba da mulki. A cewar Bazoum, irin wannan fitina ta zama dole don hana shugabannin gobe daga bin irin wannan tafarki. Ya ce kamata ya yi hukumar mulkin ta rike Tandja har sai "cibiyoyin dimokiradiyya" sun kasance, sannan kuma a yi wa Tandja shari'a, duk da cewa ya kuma ce yana jin hukuncin kisan ba zai zama dole ba. <ref>Peter Clottey, [http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html "Niger opposition leader says ex-President Tandja should face treason charges"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315022313/http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html |date=2010-03-15 }}, VOA News, 23 February 2010.</ref> Bayan [[Mahamadou Issoufou]] ya lashe zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Janairu <nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwVA">–</span></nowiki> Maris 2011, sai ya sauka daga shugabancin PNDS a watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, gabanin rantsar da shi, bisa ga bukatar cewa shugaban ƙasa ba ya shiga [[siyasa]] ta bangaranci; Bazoum ya hau mukamin shugaban riƙo na PNDS. Issoufou ya fara aiki ne a matsayin shugaban ƙasar Nijer a ranar 7 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011, kuma an naɗa Bazoum a cikin gwamnatin a matsayin ƙaramin Ministan Harkokin Waje, Haɗin kai, Haɗakar [[Afirka]], da ‘yan Nijar mazauna kasashen waje a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011. <ref>"Niger unveils new government", Agence France-Presse, 21 April 2011.</ref> Bazoum ya koma matsayin karamin minista a fadar shugaban kasa a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2015. <ref name="Basics">[http://www.africaintelligence.com/LCE/who-s-who/2015/03/04/bazoum-back-to-basics-at-pnds-party,108064518-ART "Bazoum back to basics at PNDS party"], ''West Africa Newsletter'', number 701, 4 March 2015.</ref> An kalli wannan mmatakin a matsayin bawa Bazoum damar mayar da hankali kan jjagorancin PNDS a cikin tsammanin neman Issoufou na sake zaben a s 2016. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2016 . <ref>[http://cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf "Arrêt n° 012/CC/ME du 16 mars 2016"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208195006/http://www.cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf |date=2017-12-08 }}, Constitutional Court of Niger, 16 March 2016, page 50.</ref> Bayan an rantsar da Issoufou a wa’adi na biyu, an nada Bazoum a matsayin karamin Ministan harkokin cikin gida, Tsaro na Jama’a, Bada iko, da al’adu da al’amuran Addini a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 2016. Ya hau karagar mulki a ranar 13 ga watan Afrilu, ya gaji [[Hassoumi Massaoudou]]. A watan Disambar 2022, an nada Mohamed Bazoum a matsayin shugaban kungiyar Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziki na Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA), yayin taron shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin kungiyar karo na 23 a Abidjan.[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1398170/economie/uemoa-bazoum-croissance-et-inflation-au-menu-du-sommet-des-chefs-detat/]. ==Kifar da Gwamnatin Bazoum== A ranar 26 ga watan Yulin, 2023. Sojojin da ke tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa sun tare fadar shugaban ƙasa don korar Bazoum.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 July 2023 |title=African Union, ECOWAS Condemn ‘Attempted Coup d'État’ in Niger |work=[[France 24]] |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230726-african-union-ecowas-condemn-attempted-coup-in-niger |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Madowo |first=Sarah Dean,Niamh Kennedy,Larry |date=2023-07-26 |title=Niger: Attempted coup in West African country, as presidency is sealed off |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Coup d’Etat au Niger : Les militaires putschistes suspendent « toutes les institutions » et ferment les frontières |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/monde/4047077-20230727-coup-etat-niger-militaires-putschistes-suspendent-toutes-institutions-ferment-frontieres |website=[[20 minutes (France)|20 minutes]] |access-date=26 July 2023 |language=fr}}</ref> An yi Allah wadai da yunƙurin juyin mulkin daga ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka da ƙungiyar ECOWAS. Kungiyar ECOWAS ta ce masu shirin juyin mulkin su sako Bazoum nan take. Sai fldqgq baya sunyi nasarar sauke Bazoum a ƙarshen wannan rana, inda nan take Kanar-Manjo Amadou Abdramane yayi bayani a gidan talabijin na ƙasar yana mai cewa an tsige shugaban ƙasar daga karagar mulki, sannan kuma an maye gurbinsa da gwamnatin mulkin soja da ke kiran kanta Majalisar Tsaron Gida ta ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Presse |first=AFP-Agence France |title=ECOWAS Head Says Benin President On Mediation Mission To Niger |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=www.barrons.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Niger soldiers say President Bazoum's government has been removed |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/soldiers-nigers-presidential-guard-blockade-presidents-office-security-sources-2023-07-26/ |website=[[Reuters]] |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref name="ap1">{{cite web |last=Mednick |first=Sam |date=27 July 2023 |title=Mutinous soldiers claim to have overthrown Niger’s president |url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-tensions-presidential-guard-96f8f63b838af5467d4c95ba7b998b32 |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[AP]]}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga watan Agustan 2023 ne gwamnatin Nijar ta sanar da cewa tana son gurfanar da Mohammed Bazoum da masu rike da madafun iko na cikin gida da na waje gaban kuliya bisa laifin cin amanar kasa da kuma zagon kasa ga tsaron cikin gida da waje na Nijar.<ref name="rfi">{{cite web |last= |first= |date=13 August 2023 |title=Afrique Coup d’État au Niger: qu’impliquent les accusations de la junte contre le président Mohamed Bazoum?|url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20230814-coup-d-%C3%A9tat-au-niger-qu-impliquent-les-accusations-de-la-junte-contre-le-pr%C3%A9sident-mohamed-bazoum |access-date=14 August 2023 |website=[[RFI]]}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2023, dangin Mohamed Bazoum sun yi iƙirarin cewa ba su ƙara tuntuɓar sa ba tun ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2023, kuma sun yi tir da “kame da bincike na cin zarafi” da aka yi wa wasu daga cikinsu.<ref name="Voa Afrique">{{cite web |last= |first=AFP |date=01 December 2023 |title=NIGER La famille du président nigérien déchu dit être sans nouvelles de lui|url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/niger-la-famille-du-pr%C3%A9sident-d%C3%A9chu-dit-%C3%AAtre-sans-nouvelles-de-lui-depuis-le-18-octobre/7379985.html |access-date=02 December 2023 |website=Voa Afrique}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1960]] [[Category:Mutanen Nijar]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 4gx3xe7582pdb1g56hj7m09wvqpjjfb 874195 874194 2026-07-02T08:57:49Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874195 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Secretary_Blinken_Meets_With_Nigerien_President_Bazoum_in_New_York_City_(52370167613).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City]] [[File:P060245-844068.jpg|thumb|Mohamed Bazoum tshon shugaban ƙasar Niger wanda sojoju sukayinmasa juyin milki]] [[Fayil:Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City (52370167613).jpg|thumb|bazoum]] [[Fayil:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb|Bazoum]] '''Mohamed Bazoum''' (An haifi Bazoom ranar 3 ga watan Janairu shekara ta alif 1959) Ɗan siyasar Jamhuriyar Nijer, kuma tsohon [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|Shugaban Ƙasar Nijar]]. Bazoum Balarabe ne ɗan asalin [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Nijar]] wanda ya kasance Shugaban Jam’iyyar (PNDS- Ta Tarayya) tun daga shekara s 2011, Ya Kuma yi aiki a gwamnatin Nijar a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Waje daga shekara ta a1995 zuwa shekara ta 1996 ya kuma sake zama Ministan daga shekara ta 2011 zuwa shekara ta 2015. Ya kasance ƙaramin minista a fadar shugaban ƙasa daga shekara ta 2015 zuwa shekarar 2016. Sannan Kuma ya kasance ƙaramin ministan cikin gida tsakanin shekarar 2016 zuwa 2020, lokacin da ya yi murabus don mayar da hankali kan tsayawa takarar shugabancin ƙasar a shekarar 2020. Inda yayi Nasarar lashe zaɓen da kaso 55.67% cikin ɗari.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/2/niger-president-to-be-sworn-in-after-attempted-coup|date= 2 April 2020 |accessdate= 27 July 2023|title=Mohamed Bazoum sworn in as Niger’s president amid tensions|last= Zandanini |first= Giacomo|publisher= Aljazeera.com|language= en}}</ref> == Harkar siyasa == [[File:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb]] Bazoum ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Harkokin Haɗin Kai a ƙarƙashin Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin gwiwa a cikin gwamnatin rikon ƙwarya ta Firayim Minista [[Amadou Cheiffou]] daga shekara ta 1991 zuwa shekara ta 1993. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa daga yanki na musamman na Tesker a matsayin ɗan takarar PNDS a zabe na musamman da aka gudanar a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1993; wannan ya biyo bayan soke zaɓen farko a cikin Tesker, wanda aka gudanar a watan Fabrairu. Bayan zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Janairun shekara ta 1995, wanda kawancen adawa na National Movement for the Development of Society (MNSD) da PNDS suka lashe, Bazoum ya zama Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin Kai a gwamnatin Firaminista [[Hama Amadou]], sai 25.ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 1995. Da farko an sake naɗa shi kan wannan mukamin ne bayan da [[Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara|Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara ya]] kwace mulki a wani juyin mulkin soja a ranar 27 ga Janairun shekara ta 1996, amma an maye gurbinsa a cikin gwamnatin da aka nada a ranar 5 ga watan Mayu shekara 1996. PNDS ta yi adawa da Maïnassara, kuma a ranar 26 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1996, Bazoum aka sanya shi a cikin tsare a gida tare da shugaban PNDS [[Mahamadou Issoufou]], 'yan makonni kadan bayan zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekara ta 1996 . Shi da Issoufou an sake shi bisa umarnin alƙali a ranar 12 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1996. An kama Bazoum tare da wasu manyan ƴan siyasa biyu na ƴan adawa, ciki har da Sakatare-Janar na MNSD Hama Amadou, a farkon watan Janairun 1998, bisa zargin shiga cikin maƙarƙashiyar kisan Maïnassara. <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/44156.stm "Niger Police arrest three opposition leaders"], BBC News, 3 January 1998.</ref> Ba a taɓa gurfanar da shi ba kuma an sake shi mako guda bayan kama shi. A Babban Taro na Huɗu na PNDS, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 4 &#x2013; 5 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2004, Bazoum aka zaba a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa. Bazoum an sake zabarsa zuwa ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Disamba shekarar 2004, kuma a lokacin wa’adin majalisar da ya biyo baya ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa na Uku na Majalisar da Mataimakin Shugaban ƙungiyar Majalisar Wakilai ta PNDS. Bazoum yana ɗaya daga cikin wakilai 14 da suka gabatar da ƙarar rashin amincewa game da Firayim Minista Hama Amadou a ranar 26 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2007; Gwamnatin Amadou ta sha kaye a kuri’ar rashin amincewa da ta biyo baya a ranar 31 ga watan Mayu, kuma Bazoum ya yaba da “dattakon da ke nuna ajin siyasa ta Nijar da ta kawo ƙarshen wa’adin ƙungiyar da ta kware a kan yadda ake kashe kudaden jama’a. . " <ref>[http://www.apanews.net/apa.php?page=afric_item_eng&id_article=34430 "Niger government falls after a "no confidence" vote"]{{Dead link|date=October 2018}}, African Press Agency, 31 May 2007.</ref> Bayan ya bukaci mutane su kaurace wa zaɓen raba gardama na tsarin mulkin watan Agusta na shekarar 2009, an tsare Bazoum a takaice kuma an yi masa tambayoyi na awanni biyu a ranar 14 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bazoum an sake zaɓarsa a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban PNDS a taron na biyar na Jam’iyyar, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 18 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bayan nasarar da aka samu a zaɓen raba gardamar, ya nuna shi a matsayin "juyin mulki" sannan ya ce zaɓen 'yan majalisar na watan Oktoba na shekarar 2009 wani "makircin zaɓe ne" da aka yi nufin kawai don a ƙara "goge dimokiradiyya" <ref>Boureima Hama, [http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 "Niger pushes ahead with polls"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422143243/http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 |date=2016-04-22 }}, Sapa-AFP, 19 October 2009.</ref> Wani juyin mulki da sojoji suka yi a ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2010 ne ya kori Shugaba [[Mamadou Tandja|Mamadou]] Tandja. Bazoum ya ce a yayin taron "wannan shi ne ainihin abin da muke tsoronsa, kudurin soja. Tandja na iya guje ma wannan. " <ref>Adam Nossiter, [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/19/world/africa/19niger.html "Soldiers storm presidential palace in Niger"], ''The New York Times'', 18 February 2010.</ref> A matsayinsa na ɗaya daga cikin manyan membobin ƙungiyar Coordination of Democratic Forces for the Republic (CFDR), gamayyar jam'iyyun adawa, ya ce a ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairu cewa CFDR ta bukaci a gurfanar da Tandja a gaban kuliya saboda cin amanar kasa saboda ya soke kundin tsarin mulkin shekarar 1999 a cikin kokarin ci gaba da mulki. A cewar Bazoum, irin wannan fitina ta zama dole don hana shugabannin gobe daga bin irin wannan tafarki. Ya ce kamata ya yi hukumar mulkin ta rike Tandja har sai "cibiyoyin dimokiradiyya" sun kasance, sannan kuma a yi wa Tandja shari'a, duk da cewa ya kuma ce yana jin hukuncin kisan ba zai zama dole ba. <ref>Peter Clottey, [http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html "Niger opposition leader says ex-President Tandja should face treason charges"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315022313/http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html |date=2010-03-15 }}, VOA News, 23 February 2010.</ref> Bayan [[Mahamadou Issoufou]] ya lashe zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Janairu <nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwVA">–</span></nowiki> Maris 2011, sai ya sauka daga shugabancin PNDS a watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, gabanin rantsar da shi, bisa ga bukatar cewa shugaban ƙasa ba ya shiga [[siyasa]] ta bangaranci; Bazoum ya hau mukamin shugaban riƙo na PNDS. Issoufou ya fara aiki ne a matsayin shugaban ƙasar Nijer a ranar 7 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011, kuma an naɗa Bazoum a cikin gwamnatin a matsayin ƙaramin Ministan Harkokin Waje, Haɗin kai, Haɗakar [[Afirka]], da ‘yan Nijar mazauna kasashen waje a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011. <ref>"Niger unveils new government", Agence France-Presse, 21 April 2011.</ref> Bazoum ya koma matsayin karamin minista a fadar shugaban kasa a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2015. <ref name="Basics">[http://www.africaintelligence.com/LCE/who-s-who/2015/03/04/bazoum-back-to-basics-at-pnds-party,108064518-ART "Bazoum back to basics at PNDS party"], ''West Africa Newsletter'', number 701, 4 March 2015.</ref> An kalli wannan mmatakin a matsayin bawa Bazoum damar mayar da hankali kan jjagorancin PNDS a cikin tsammanin neman Issoufou na sake zaben a s 2016. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2016 . <ref>[http://cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf "Arrêt n° 012/CC/ME du 16 mars 2016"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208195006/http://www.cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf |date=2017-12-08 }}, Constitutional Court of Niger, 16 March 2016, page 50.</ref> Bayan an rantsar da Issoufou a wa’adi na biyu, an nada Bazoum a matsayin karamin Ministan harkokin cikin gida, Tsaro na Jama’a, Bada iko, da al’adu da al’amuran Addini a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 2016. Ya hau karagar mulki a ranar 13 ga watan Afrilu, ya gaji [[Hassoumi Massaoudou]]. A watan Disambar 2022, an nada Mohamed Bazoum a matsayin shugaban kungiyar Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziki na Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA), yayin taron shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin kungiyar karo na 23 a Abidjan.[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1398170/economie/uemoa-bazoum-croissance-et-inflation-au-menu-du-sommet-des-chefs-detat/]. ==Kifar da Gwamnatin Bazoum== A ranar 26 ga watan Yulin, 2023. Sojojin da ke tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa sun tare fadar shugaban ƙasa don korar Bazoum.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 July 2023 |title=African Union, ECOWAS Condemn ‘Attempted Coup d'État’ in Niger |work=[[France 24]] |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230726-african-union-ecowas-condemn-attempted-coup-in-niger |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Madowo |first=Sarah Dean,Niamh Kennedy,Larry |date=2023-07-26 |title=Niger: Attempted coup in West African country, as presidency is sealed off |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Coup d’Etat au Niger : Les militaires putschistes suspendent « toutes les institutions » et ferment les frontières |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/monde/4047077-20230727-coup-etat-niger-militaires-putschistes-suspendent-toutes-institutions-ferment-frontieres |website=[[20 minutes (France)|20 minutes]] |access-date=26 July 2023 |language=fr}}</ref> An yi Allah wadai da yunƙurin juyin mulkin daga ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka da ƙungiyar ECOWAS. Kungiyar ECOWAS ta ce masu shirin juyin mulkin su sako Bazoum nan take. Sai fldqgq baya sunyi nasarar sauke Bazoum a ƙarshen wannan rana, inda nan take Kanar-Manjo Amadou Abdramane yayi bayani a gidan talabijin na ƙasar yana mai cewa an tsige shugaban ƙasar daga karagar mulki, sannan kuma an maye gurbinsa da gwamnatin mulkin soja da ke kiran kanta Majalisar Tsaron Gida ta ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Presse |first=AFP-Agence France |title=ECOWAS Head Says Benin President On Mediation Mission To Niger |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=www.barrons.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Niger soldiers say President Bazoum's government has been removed |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/soldiers-nigers-presidential-guard-blockade-presidents-office-security-sources-2023-07-26/ |website=[[Reuters]] |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref name="ap1">{{cite web |last=Mednick |first=Sam |date=27 July 2023 |title=Mutinous soldiers claim to have overthrown Niger’s president |url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-tensions-presidential-guard-96f8f63b838af5467d4c95ba7b998b32 |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[AP]]}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga watan Agustan 2023 ne gwamnatin Nijar ta sanar da cewa tana son gurfanar da Mohammed Bazoum da masu rike da madafun iko na cikin gida da na waje gaban kuliya bisa laifin cin amanar kasa da kuma zagon kasa ga tsaron cikin gida da waje na Nijar.<ref name="rfi">{{cite web |last= |first= |date=13 August 2023 |title=Afrique Coup d’État au Niger: qu’impliquent les accusations de la junte contre le président Mohamed Bazoum?|url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20230814-coup-d-%C3%A9tat-au-niger-qu-impliquent-les-accusations-de-la-junte-contre-le-pr%C3%A9sident-mohamed-bazoum |access-date=14 August 2023 |website=[[RFI]]}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2023, dangin Mohamed Bazoum sun yi iƙirarin cewa ba su ƙara tuntuɓar sa ba tun ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2023, kuma sun yi tir da “kame da bincike na cin zarafi” da aka yi wa wasu daga cikinsu.<ref name="Voa Afrique">{{cite web |last= |first=AFP |date=01 December 2023 |title=NIGER La famille du président nigérien déchu dit être sans nouvelles de lui|url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/niger-la-famille-du-pr%C3%A9sident-d%C3%A9chu-dit-%C3%AAtre-sans-nouvelles-de-lui-depuis-le-18-octobre/7379985.html |access-date=02 December 2023 |website=Voa Afrique}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1960]] [[Category:Mutanen Nijar]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] gm2tcrqjjymqo3iymlbhy8oasjgp955 874196 874195 2026-07-02T08:58:08Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874196 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Secretary_Blinken_Meets_With_Nigerien_President_Bazoum_in_New_York_City_(52370167613).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City]] [[File:P060245-844068.jpg|thumb|Mohamed Bazoum tshon shugaban ƙasar Niger wanda sojoju sukayinmasa juyin milki]] [[Fayil:Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City (52370167613).jpg|thumb|bazoum]] [[Fayil:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb|Bazoum]] '''Mohamed Bazoum''' (An haifi Bazoom ranar 3 ga watan Janairu shekara ta alif 1959) Ɗan siyasar Jamhuriyar Nijer, kuma tsohon [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|Shugaban Ƙasar Nijar]]. Bazoum Balarabe ne ɗan asalin [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Nijar]] wanda ya kasance Shugaban Jam’iyyar (PNDS- Ta Tarayya) tun daga shekara s 2011, Ya Kuma yi aiki a gwamnatin Nijar a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Waje daga shekara ta al1995 zuwa shekara ta 1996 ya kuma sake zama Ministan daga shekara ta 2011 zuwa shekara ta 2015. Ya kasance ƙaramin minista a fadar shugaban ƙasa daga shekara ta 2015 zuwa shekarar 2016. Sannan Kuma ya kasance ƙaramin ministan cikin gida tsakanin shekarar 2016 zuwa 2020, lokacin da ya yi murabus don mayar da hankali kan tsayawa takarar shugabancin ƙasar a shekarar 2020. Inda yayi Nasarar lashe zaɓen da kaso 55.67% cikin ɗari.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/2/niger-president-to-be-sworn-in-after-attempted-coup|date= 2 April 2020 |accessdate= 27 July 2023|title=Mohamed Bazoum sworn in as Niger’s president amid tensions|last= Zandanini |first= Giacomo|publisher= Aljazeera.com|language= en}}</ref> == Harkar siyasa == [[File:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb]] Bazoum ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Harkokin Haɗin Kai a ƙarƙashin Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin gwiwa a cikin gwamnatin rikon ƙwarya ta Firayim Minista [[Amadou Cheiffou]] daga shekara ta 1991 zuwa shekara ta 1993. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa daga yanki na musamman na Tesker a matsayin ɗan takarar PNDS a zabe na musamman da aka gudanar a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1993; wannan ya biyo bayan soke zaɓen farko a cikin Tesker, wanda aka gudanar a watan Fabrairu. Bayan zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Janairun shekara ta 1995, wanda kawancen adawa na National Movement for the Development of Society (MNSD) da PNDS suka lashe, Bazoum ya zama Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin Kai a gwamnatin Firaminista [[Hama Amadou]], sai 25.ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 1995. Da farko an sake naɗa shi kan wannan mukamin ne bayan da [[Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara|Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara ya]] kwace mulki a wani juyin mulkin soja a ranar 27 ga Janairun shekara ta 1996, amma an maye gurbinsa a cikin gwamnatin da aka nada a ranar 5 ga watan Mayu shekara 1996. PNDS ta yi adawa da Maïnassara, kuma a ranar 26 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1996, Bazoum aka sanya shi a cikin tsare a gida tare da shugaban PNDS [[Mahamadou Issoufou]], 'yan makonni kadan bayan zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekara ta 1996 . Shi da Issoufou an sake shi bisa umarnin alƙali a ranar 12 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1996. An kama Bazoum tare da wasu manyan ƴan siyasa biyu na ƴan adawa, ciki har da Sakatare-Janar na MNSD Hama Amadou, a farkon watan Janairun 1998, bisa zargin shiga cikin maƙarƙashiyar kisan Maïnassara. <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/44156.stm "Niger Police arrest three opposition leaders"], BBC News, 3 January 1998.</ref> Ba a taɓa gurfanar da shi ba kuma an sake shi mako guda bayan kama shi. A Babban Taro na Huɗu na PNDS, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 4 &#x2013; 5 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2004, Bazoum aka zaba a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa. Bazoum an sake zabarsa zuwa ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Disamba shekarar 2004, kuma a lokacin wa’adin majalisar da ya biyo baya ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa na Uku na Majalisar da Mataimakin Shugaban ƙungiyar Majalisar Wakilai ta PNDS. Bazoum yana ɗaya daga cikin wakilai 14 da suka gabatar da ƙarar rashin amincewa game da Firayim Minista Hama Amadou a ranar 26 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2007; Gwamnatin Amadou ta sha kaye a kuri’ar rashin amincewa da ta biyo baya a ranar 31 ga watan Mayu, kuma Bazoum ya yaba da “dattakon da ke nuna ajin siyasa ta Nijar da ta kawo ƙarshen wa’adin ƙungiyar da ta kware a kan yadda ake kashe kudaden jama’a. . " <ref>[http://www.apanews.net/apa.php?page=afric_item_eng&id_article=34430 "Niger government falls after a "no confidence" vote"]{{Dead link|date=October 2018}}, African Press Agency, 31 May 2007.</ref> Bayan ya bukaci mutane su kaurace wa zaɓen raba gardama na tsarin mulkin watan Agusta na shekarar 2009, an tsare Bazoum a takaice kuma an yi masa tambayoyi na awanni biyu a ranar 14 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bazoum an sake zaɓarsa a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban PNDS a taron na biyar na Jam’iyyar, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 18 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bayan nasarar da aka samu a zaɓen raba gardamar, ya nuna shi a matsayin "juyin mulki" sannan ya ce zaɓen 'yan majalisar na watan Oktoba na shekarar 2009 wani "makircin zaɓe ne" da aka yi nufin kawai don a ƙara "goge dimokiradiyya" <ref>Boureima Hama, [http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 "Niger pushes ahead with polls"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422143243/http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 |date=2016-04-22 }}, Sapa-AFP, 19 October 2009.</ref> Wani juyin mulki da sojoji suka yi a ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2010 ne ya kori Shugaba [[Mamadou Tandja|Mamadou]] Tandja. Bazoum ya ce a yayin taron "wannan shi ne ainihin abin da muke tsoronsa, kudurin soja. Tandja na iya guje ma wannan. " <ref>Adam Nossiter, [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/19/world/africa/19niger.html "Soldiers storm presidential palace in Niger"], ''The New York Times'', 18 February 2010.</ref> A matsayinsa na ɗaya daga cikin manyan membobin ƙungiyar Coordination of Democratic Forces for the Republic (CFDR), gamayyar jam'iyyun adawa, ya ce a ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairu cewa CFDR ta bukaci a gurfanar da Tandja a gaban kuliya saboda cin amanar kasa saboda ya soke kundin tsarin mulkin shekarar 1999 a cikin kokarin ci gaba da mulki. A cewar Bazoum, irin wannan fitina ta zama dole don hana shugabannin gobe daga bin irin wannan tafarki. Ya ce kamata ya yi hukumar mulkin ta rike Tandja har sai "cibiyoyin dimokiradiyya" sun kasance, sannan kuma a yi wa Tandja shari'a, duk da cewa ya kuma ce yana jin hukuncin kisan ba zai zama dole ba. <ref>Peter Clottey, [http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html "Niger opposition leader says ex-President Tandja should face treason charges"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315022313/http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html |date=2010-03-15 }}, VOA News, 23 February 2010.</ref> Bayan [[Mahamadou Issoufou]] ya lashe zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Janairu <nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwVA">–</span></nowiki> Maris 2011, sai ya sauka daga shugabancin PNDS a watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, gabanin rantsar da shi, bisa ga bukatar cewa shugaban ƙasa ba ya shiga [[siyasa]] ta bangaranci; Bazoum ya hau mukamin shugaban riƙo na PNDS. Issoufou ya fara aiki ne a matsayin shugaban ƙasar Nijer a ranar 7 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011, kuma an naɗa Bazoum a cikin gwamnatin a matsayin ƙaramin Ministan Harkokin Waje, Haɗin kai, Haɗakar [[Afirka]], da ‘yan Nijar mazauna kasashen waje a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011. <ref>"Niger unveils new government", Agence France-Presse, 21 April 2011.</ref> Bazoum ya koma matsayin karamin minista a fadar shugaban kasa a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2015. <ref name="Basics">[http://www.africaintelligence.com/LCE/who-s-who/2015/03/04/bazoum-back-to-basics-at-pnds-party,108064518-ART "Bazoum back to basics at PNDS party"], ''West Africa Newsletter'', number 701, 4 March 2015.</ref> An kalli wannan mmatakin a matsayin bawa Bazoum damar mayar da hankali kan jjagorancin PNDS a cikin tsammanin neman Issoufou na sake zaben a s 2016. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2016 . <ref>[http://cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf "Arrêt n° 012/CC/ME du 16 mars 2016"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208195006/http://www.cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf |date=2017-12-08 }}, Constitutional Court of Niger, 16 March 2016, page 50.</ref> Bayan an rantsar da Issoufou a wa’adi na biyu, an nada Bazoum a matsayin karamin Ministan harkokin cikin gida, Tsaro na Jama’a, Bada iko, da al’adu da al’amuran Addini a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 2016. Ya hau karagar mulki a ranar 13 ga watan Afrilu, ya gaji [[Hassoumi Massaoudou]]. A watan Disambar 2022, an nada Mohamed Bazoum a matsayin shugaban kungiyar Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziki na Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA), yayin taron shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin kungiyar karo na 23 a Abidjan.[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1398170/economie/uemoa-bazoum-croissance-et-inflation-au-menu-du-sommet-des-chefs-detat/]. ==Kifar da Gwamnatin Bazoum== A ranar 26 ga watan Yulin, 2023. Sojojin da ke tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa sun tare fadar shugaban ƙasa don korar Bazoum.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 July 2023 |title=African Union, ECOWAS Condemn ‘Attempted Coup d'État’ in Niger |work=[[France 24]] |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230726-african-union-ecowas-condemn-attempted-coup-in-niger |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Madowo |first=Sarah Dean,Niamh Kennedy,Larry |date=2023-07-26 |title=Niger: Attempted coup in West African country, as presidency is sealed off |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Coup d’Etat au Niger : Les militaires putschistes suspendent « toutes les institutions » et ferment les frontières |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/monde/4047077-20230727-coup-etat-niger-militaires-putschistes-suspendent-toutes-institutions-ferment-frontieres |website=[[20 minutes (France)|20 minutes]] |access-date=26 July 2023 |language=fr}}</ref> An yi Allah wadai da yunƙurin juyin mulkin daga ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka da ƙungiyar ECOWAS. Kungiyar ECOWAS ta ce masu shirin juyin mulkin su sako Bazoum nan take. Sai fldqgq baya sunyi nasarar sauke Bazoum a ƙarshen wannan rana, inda nan take Kanar-Manjo Amadou Abdramane yayi bayani a gidan talabijin na ƙasar yana mai cewa an tsige shugaban ƙasar daga karagar mulki, sannan kuma an maye gurbinsa da gwamnatin mulkin soja da ke kiran kanta Majalisar Tsaron Gida ta ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Presse |first=AFP-Agence France |title=ECOWAS Head Says Benin President On Mediation Mission To Niger |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=www.barrons.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Niger soldiers say President Bazoum's government has been removed |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/soldiers-nigers-presidential-guard-blockade-presidents-office-security-sources-2023-07-26/ |website=[[Reuters]] |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref name="ap1">{{cite web |last=Mednick |first=Sam |date=27 July 2023 |title=Mutinous soldiers claim to have overthrown Niger’s president |url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-tensions-presidential-guard-96f8f63b838af5467d4c95ba7b998b32 |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[AP]]}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga watan Agustan 2023 ne gwamnatin Nijar ta sanar da cewa tana son gurfanar da Mohammed Bazoum da masu rike da madafun iko na cikin gida da na waje gaban kuliya bisa laifin cin amanar kasa da kuma zagon kasa ga tsaron cikin gida da waje na Nijar.<ref name="rfi">{{cite web |last= |first= |date=13 August 2023 |title=Afrique Coup d’État au Niger: qu’impliquent les accusations de la junte contre le président Mohamed Bazoum?|url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20230814-coup-d-%C3%A9tat-au-niger-qu-impliquent-les-accusations-de-la-junte-contre-le-pr%C3%A9sident-mohamed-bazoum |access-date=14 August 2023 |website=[[RFI]]}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2023, dangin Mohamed Bazoum sun yi iƙirarin cewa ba su ƙara tuntuɓar sa ba tun ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2023, kuma sun yi tir da “kame da bincike na cin zarafi” da aka yi wa wasu daga cikinsu.<ref name="Voa Afrique">{{cite web |last= |first=AFP |date=01 December 2023 |title=NIGER La famille du président nigérien déchu dit être sans nouvelles de lui|url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/niger-la-famille-du-pr%C3%A9sident-d%C3%A9chu-dit-%C3%AAtre-sans-nouvelles-de-lui-depuis-le-18-octobre/7379985.html |access-date=02 December 2023 |website=Voa Afrique}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1960]] [[Category:Mutanen Nijar]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 5p3twmu147lqaujs225h5i3600pciqo 874197 874196 2026-07-02T08:58:35Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874197 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Secretary_Blinken_Meets_With_Nigerien_President_Bazoum_in_New_York_City_(52370167613).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City]] [[File:P060245-844068.jpg|thumb|Mohamed Bazoum tshon shugaban ƙasar Niger wanda sojoju sukayinmasa juyin milki]] [[Fayil:Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City (52370167613).jpg|thumb|bazoum]] [[Fayil:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb|Bazoum]] '''Mohamed Bazoum''' (An haifi Bazoom ranar 3 ga watan Janairu shekara ta alif 1959) Ɗan siyasar Jamhuriyar Nijer, kuma tsohon [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|Shugaban Ƙasar Nijar]]. Bazoum Balarabe ne ɗan asalin [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Nijar]] wanda ya kasance Shugaban Jam’iyyar (PNDS- Ta Tarayya) tun daga shekara s 2011, Ya Kuma yi aiki a gwamnatin Nijar a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Waje daga shekara ta ali1995 zuwa shekara ta 1996 ya kuma sake zama Ministan daga shekara ta 2011 zuwa shekara ta 2015. Ya kasance ƙaramin minista a fadar shugaban ƙasa daga shekara ta 2015 zuwa shekarar 2016. Sannan Kuma ya kasance ƙaramin ministan cikin gida tsakanin shekarar 2016 zuwa 2020, lokacin da ya yi murabus don mayar da hankali kan tsayawa takarar shugabancin ƙasar a shekarar 2020. Inda yayi Nasarar lashe zaɓen da kaso 55.67% cikin ɗari.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/2/niger-president-to-be-sworn-in-after-attempted-coup|date= 2 April 2020 |accessdate= 27 July 2023|title=Mohamed Bazoum sworn in as Niger’s president amid tensions|last= Zandanini |first= Giacomo|publisher= Aljazeera.com|language= en}}</ref> == Harkar siyasa == [[File:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb]] Bazoum ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Harkokin Haɗin Kai a ƙarƙashin Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin gwiwa a cikin gwamnatin rikon ƙwarya ta Firayim Minista [[Amadou Cheiffou]] daga shekara ta 1991 zuwa shekara ta 1993. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa daga yanki na musamman na Tesker a matsayin ɗan takarar PNDS a zabe na musamman da aka gudanar a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1993; wannan ya biyo bayan soke zaɓen farko a cikin Tesker, wanda aka gudanar a watan Fabrairu. Bayan zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Janairun shekara ta 1995, wanda kawancen adawa na National Movement for the Development of Society (MNSD) da PNDS suka lashe, Bazoum ya zama Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin Kai a gwamnatin Firaminista [[Hama Amadou]], sai 25.ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 1995. Da farko an sake naɗa shi kan wannan mukamin ne bayan da [[Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara|Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara ya]] kwace mulki a wani juyin mulkin soja a ranar 27 ga Janairun shekara ta 1996, amma an maye gurbinsa a cikin gwamnatin da aka nada a ranar 5 ga watan Mayu shekara 1996. PNDS ta yi adawa da Maïnassara, kuma a ranar 26 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1996, Bazoum aka sanya shi a cikin tsare a gida tare da shugaban PNDS [[Mahamadou Issoufou]], 'yan makonni kadan bayan zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekara ta 1996 . Shi da Issoufou an sake shi bisa umarnin alƙali a ranar 12 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1996. An kama Bazoum tare da wasu manyan ƴan siyasa biyu na ƴan adawa, ciki har da Sakatare-Janar na MNSD Hama Amadou, a farkon watan Janairun 1998, bisa zargin shiga cikin maƙarƙashiyar kisan Maïnassara. <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/44156.stm "Niger Police arrest three opposition leaders"], BBC News, 3 January 1998.</ref> Ba a taɓa gurfanar da shi ba kuma an sake shi mako guda bayan kama shi. A Babban Taro na Huɗu na PNDS, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 4 &#x2013; 5 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2004, Bazoum aka zaba a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa. Bazoum an sake zabarsa zuwa ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Disamba shekarar 2004, kuma a lokacin wa’adin majalisar da ya biyo baya ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa na Uku na Majalisar da Mataimakin Shugaban ƙungiyar Majalisar Wakilai ta PNDS. Bazoum yana ɗaya daga cikin wakilai 14 da suka gabatar da ƙarar rashin amincewa game da Firayim Minista Hama Amadou a ranar 26 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2007; Gwamnatin Amadou ta sha kaye a kuri’ar rashin amincewa da ta biyo baya a ranar 31 ga watan Mayu, kuma Bazoum ya yaba da “dattakon da ke nuna ajin siyasa ta Nijar da ta kawo ƙarshen wa’adin ƙungiyar da ta kware a kan yadda ake kashe kudaden jama’a. . " <ref>[http://www.apanews.net/apa.php?page=afric_item_eng&id_article=34430 "Niger government falls after a "no confidence" vote"]{{Dead link|date=October 2018}}, African Press Agency, 31 May 2007.</ref> Bayan ya bukaci mutane su kaurace wa zaɓen raba gardama na tsarin mulkin watan Agusta na shekarar 2009, an tsare Bazoum a takaice kuma an yi masa tambayoyi na awanni biyu a ranar 14 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bazoum an sake zaɓarsa a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban PNDS a taron na biyar na Jam’iyyar, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 18 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bayan nasarar da aka samu a zaɓen raba gardamar, ya nuna shi a matsayin "juyin mulki" sannan ya ce zaɓen 'yan majalisar na watan Oktoba na shekarar 2009 wani "makircin zaɓe ne" da aka yi nufin kawai don a ƙara "goge dimokiradiyya" <ref>Boureima Hama, [http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 "Niger pushes ahead with polls"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422143243/http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 |date=2016-04-22 }}, Sapa-AFP, 19 October 2009.</ref> Wani juyin mulki da sojoji suka yi a ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2010 ne ya kori Shugaba [[Mamadou Tandja|Mamadou]] Tandja. Bazoum ya ce a yayin taron "wannan shi ne ainihin abin da muke tsoronsa, kudurin soja. Tandja na iya guje ma wannan. " <ref>Adam Nossiter, [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/19/world/africa/19niger.html "Soldiers storm presidential palace in Niger"], ''The New York Times'', 18 February 2010.</ref> A matsayinsa na ɗaya daga cikin manyan membobin ƙungiyar Coordination of Democratic Forces for the Republic (CFDR), gamayyar jam'iyyun adawa, ya ce a ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairu cewa CFDR ta bukaci a gurfanar da Tandja a gaban kuliya saboda cin amanar kasa saboda ya soke kundin tsarin mulkin shekarar 1999 a cikin kokarin ci gaba da mulki. A cewar Bazoum, irin wannan fitina ta zama dole don hana shugabannin gobe daga bin irin wannan tafarki. Ya ce kamata ya yi hukumar mulkin ta rike Tandja har sai "cibiyoyin dimokiradiyya" sun kasance, sannan kuma a yi wa Tandja shari'a, duk da cewa ya kuma ce yana jin hukuncin kisan ba zai zama dole ba. <ref>Peter Clottey, [http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html "Niger opposition leader says ex-President Tandja should face treason charges"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315022313/http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html |date=2010-03-15 }}, VOA News, 23 February 2010.</ref> Bayan [[Mahamadou Issoufou]] ya lashe zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Janairu <nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwVA">–</span></nowiki> Maris 2011, sai ya sauka daga shugabancin PNDS a watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, gabanin rantsar da shi, bisa ga bukatar cewa shugaban ƙasa ba ya shiga [[siyasa]] ta bangaranci; Bazoum ya hau mukamin shugaban riƙo na PNDS. Issoufou ya fara aiki ne a matsayin shugaban ƙasar Nijer a ranar 7 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011, kuma an naɗa Bazoum a cikin gwamnatin a matsayin ƙaramin Ministan Harkokin Waje, Haɗin kai, Haɗakar [[Afirka]], da ‘yan Nijar mazauna kasashen waje a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011. <ref>"Niger unveils new government", Agence France-Presse, 21 April 2011.</ref> Bazoum ya koma matsayin karamin minista a fadar shugaban kasa a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2015. <ref name="Basics">[http://www.africaintelligence.com/LCE/who-s-who/2015/03/04/bazoum-back-to-basics-at-pnds-party,108064518-ART "Bazoum back to basics at PNDS party"], ''West Africa Newsletter'', number 701, 4 March 2015.</ref> An kalli wannan mmatakin a matsayin bawa Bazoum damar mayar da hankali kan jjagorancin PNDS a cikin tsammanin neman Issoufou na sake zaben a s 2016. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2016 . <ref>[http://cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf "Arrêt n° 012/CC/ME du 16 mars 2016"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208195006/http://www.cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf |date=2017-12-08 }}, Constitutional Court of Niger, 16 March 2016, page 50.</ref> Bayan an rantsar da Issoufou a wa’adi na biyu, an nada Bazoum a matsayin karamin Ministan harkokin cikin gida, Tsaro na Jama’a, Bada iko, da al’adu da al’amuran Addini a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 2016. Ya hau karagar mulki a ranar 13 ga watan Afrilu, ya gaji [[Hassoumi Massaoudou]]. A watan Disambar 2022, an nada Mohamed Bazoum a matsayin shugaban kungiyar Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziki na Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA), yayin taron shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin kungiyar karo na 23 a Abidjan.[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1398170/economie/uemoa-bazoum-croissance-et-inflation-au-menu-du-sommet-des-chefs-detat/]. ==Kifar da Gwamnatin Bazoum== A ranar 26 ga watan Yulin, 2023. Sojojin da ke tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa sun tare fadar shugaban ƙasa don korar Bazoum.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 July 2023 |title=African Union, ECOWAS Condemn ‘Attempted Coup d'État’ in Niger |work=[[France 24]] |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230726-african-union-ecowas-condemn-attempted-coup-in-niger |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Madowo |first=Sarah Dean,Niamh Kennedy,Larry |date=2023-07-26 |title=Niger: Attempted coup in West African country, as presidency is sealed off |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Coup d’Etat au Niger : Les militaires putschistes suspendent « toutes les institutions » et ferment les frontières |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/monde/4047077-20230727-coup-etat-niger-militaires-putschistes-suspendent-toutes-institutions-ferment-frontieres |website=[[20 minutes (France)|20 minutes]] |access-date=26 July 2023 |language=fr}}</ref> An yi Allah wadai da yunƙurin juyin mulkin daga ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka da ƙungiyar ECOWAS. Kungiyar ECOWAS ta ce masu shirin juyin mulkin su sako Bazoum nan take. Sai fldqgq baya sunyi nasarar sauke Bazoum a ƙarshen wannan rana, inda nan take Kanar-Manjo Amadou Abdramane yayi bayani a gidan talabijin na ƙasar yana mai cewa an tsige shugaban ƙasar daga karagar mulki, sannan kuma an maye gurbinsa da gwamnatin mulkin soja da ke kiran kanta Majalisar Tsaron Gida ta ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Presse |first=AFP-Agence France |title=ECOWAS Head Says Benin President On Mediation Mission To Niger |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=www.barrons.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Niger soldiers say President Bazoum's government has been removed |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/soldiers-nigers-presidential-guard-blockade-presidents-office-security-sources-2023-07-26/ |website=[[Reuters]] |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref name="ap1">{{cite web |last=Mednick |first=Sam |date=27 July 2023 |title=Mutinous soldiers claim to have overthrown Niger’s president |url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-tensions-presidential-guard-96f8f63b838af5467d4c95ba7b998b32 |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[AP]]}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga watan Agustan 2023 ne gwamnatin Nijar ta sanar da cewa tana son gurfanar da Mohammed Bazoum da masu rike da madafun iko na cikin gida da na waje gaban kuliya bisa laifin cin amanar kasa da kuma zagon kasa ga tsaron cikin gida da waje na Nijar.<ref name="rfi">{{cite web |last= |first= |date=13 August 2023 |title=Afrique Coup d’État au Niger: qu’impliquent les accusations de la junte contre le président Mohamed Bazoum?|url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20230814-coup-d-%C3%A9tat-au-niger-qu-impliquent-les-accusations-de-la-junte-contre-le-pr%C3%A9sident-mohamed-bazoum |access-date=14 August 2023 |website=[[RFI]]}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2023, dangin Mohamed Bazoum sun yi iƙirarin cewa ba su ƙara tuntuɓar sa ba tun ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2023, kuma sun yi tir da “kame da bincike na cin zarafi” da aka yi wa wasu daga cikinsu.<ref name="Voa Afrique">{{cite web |last= |first=AFP |date=01 December 2023 |title=NIGER La famille du président nigérien déchu dit être sans nouvelles de lui|url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/niger-la-famille-du-pr%C3%A9sident-d%C3%A9chu-dit-%C3%AAtre-sans-nouvelles-de-lui-depuis-le-18-octobre/7379985.html |access-date=02 December 2023 |website=Voa Afrique}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1960]] [[Category:Mutanen Nijar]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 7e9sakwnompdztlr3e32vwru12v12c1 874198 874197 2026-07-02T08:59:21Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874198 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Secretary_Blinken_Meets_With_Nigerien_President_Bazoum_in_New_York_City_(52370167613).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City]] [[File:P060245-844068.jpg|thumb|Mohamed Bazoum tshon shugaban ƙasar Niger wanda sojoju sukayinmasa juyin milki]] [[Fayil:Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City (52370167613).jpg|thumb|bazoum]] [[Fayil:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb|Bazoum]] '''Mohamed Bazoum''' (An haifi Bazoom ranar 3 ga watan Janairu shekara ta alif 1959) Ɗan siyasar Jamhuriyar Nijer, kuma tsohon [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|Shugaban Ƙasar Nijar]]. Bazoum Balarabe ne ɗan asalin [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Nijar]] wanda ya kasance Shugaban Jam’iyyar (PNDS- Ta Tarayya) tun daga shekara s 2011, Ya Kuma yi aiki a gwamnatin Nijar a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Waje daga shekara ta alif 1995 zuwa shekara ta 1996 ya kuma sake zama Ministan daga shekara ta 2011 zuwa shekara ta 2015. Ya kasance ƙaramin minista a fadar shugaban ƙasa daga shekara ta 2015 zuwa shekarar 2016. Sannan Kuma ya kasance ƙaramin ministan cikin gida tsakanin shekarar 2016 zuwa 2020, lokacin da ya yi murabus don mayar da hankali kan tsayawa takarar shugabancin ƙasar a shekarar 2020. Inda yayi Nasarar lashe zaɓen da kaso 55.67% cikin ɗari.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/2/niger-president-to-be-sworn-in-after-attempted-coup|date= 2 April 2020 |accessdate= 27 July 2023|title=Mohamed Bazoum sworn in as Niger’s president amid tensions|last= Zandanini |first= Giacomo|publisher= Aljazeera.com|language= en}}</ref> == Harkar siyasa == [[File:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb]] Bazoum ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Harkokin Haɗin Kai a ƙarƙashin Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin gwiwa a cikin gwamnatin rikon ƙwarya ta Firayim Minista [[Amadou Cheiffou]] daga shekara ta 1991 zuwa shekara ta 1993. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa daga yanki na musamman na Tesker a matsayin ɗan takarar PNDS a zabe na musamman da aka gudanar a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1993; wannan ya biyo bayan soke zaɓen farko a cikin Tesker, wanda aka gudanar a watan Fabrairu. Bayan zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Janairun shekara ta 1995, wanda kawancen adawa na National Movement for the Development of Society (MNSD) da PNDS suka lashe, Bazoum ya zama Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin Kai a gwamnatin Firaminista [[Hama Amadou]], sai 25.ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 1995. Da farko an sake naɗa shi kan wannan mukamin ne bayan da [[Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara|Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara ya]] kwace mulki a wani juyin mulkin soja a ranar 27 ga Janairun shekara ta 1996, amma an maye gurbinsa a cikin gwamnatin da aka nada a ranar 5 ga watan Mayu shekara 1996. PNDS ta yi adawa da Maïnassara, kuma a ranar 26 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1996, Bazoum aka sanya shi a cikin tsare a gida tare da shugaban PNDS [[Mahamadou Issoufou]], 'yan makonni kadan bayan zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekara ta 1996 . Shi da Issoufou an sake shi bisa umarnin alƙali a ranar 12 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1996. An kama Bazoum tare da wasu manyan ƴan siyasa biyu na ƴan adawa, ciki har da Sakatare-Janar na MNSD Hama Amadou, a farkon watan Janairun 1998, bisa zargin shiga cikin maƙarƙashiyar kisan Maïnassara. <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/44156.stm "Niger Police arrest three opposition leaders"], BBC News, 3 January 1998.</ref> Ba a taɓa gurfanar da shi ba kuma an sake shi mako guda bayan kama shi. A Babban Taro na Huɗu na PNDS, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 4 &#x2013; 5 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2004, Bazoum aka zaba a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa. Bazoum an sake zabarsa zuwa ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Disamba shekarar 2004, kuma a lokacin wa’adin majalisar da ya biyo baya ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa na Uku na Majalisar da Mataimakin Shugaban ƙungiyar Majalisar Wakilai ta PNDS. Bazoum yana ɗaya daga cikin wakilai 14 da suka gabatar da ƙarar rashin amincewa game da Firayim Minista Hama Amadou a ranar 26 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2007; Gwamnatin Amadou ta sha kaye a kuri’ar rashin amincewa da ta biyo baya a ranar 31 ga watan Mayu, kuma Bazoum ya yaba da “dattakon da ke nuna ajin siyasa ta Nijar da ta kawo ƙarshen wa’adin ƙungiyar da ta kware a kan yadda ake kashe kudaden jama’a. . " <ref>[http://www.apanews.net/apa.php?page=afric_item_eng&id_article=34430 "Niger government falls after a "no confidence" vote"]{{Dead link|date=October 2018}}, African Press Agency, 31 May 2007.</ref> Bayan ya bukaci mutane su kaurace wa zaɓen raba gardama na tsarin mulkin watan Agusta na shekarar 2009, an tsare Bazoum a takaice kuma an yi masa tambayoyi na awanni biyu a ranar 14 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bazoum an sake zaɓarsa a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban PNDS a taron na biyar na Jam’iyyar, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 18 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bayan nasarar da aka samu a zaɓen raba gardamar, ya nuna shi a matsayin "juyin mulki" sannan ya ce zaɓen 'yan majalisar na watan Oktoba na shekarar 2009 wani "makircin zaɓe ne" da aka yi nufin kawai don a ƙara "goge dimokiradiyya" <ref>Boureima Hama, [http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 "Niger pushes ahead with polls"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422143243/http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 |date=2016-04-22 }}, Sapa-AFP, 19 October 2009.</ref> Wani juyin mulki da sojoji suka yi a ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2010 ne ya kori Shugaba [[Mamadou Tandja|Mamadou]] Tandja. Bazoum ya ce a yayin taron "wannan shi ne ainihin abin da muke tsoronsa, kudurin soja. Tandja na iya guje ma wannan. " <ref>Adam Nossiter, [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/19/world/africa/19niger.html "Soldiers storm presidential palace in Niger"], ''The New York Times'', 18 February 2010.</ref> A matsayinsa na ɗaya daga cikin manyan membobin ƙungiyar Coordination of Democratic Forces for the Republic (CFDR), gamayyar jam'iyyun adawa, ya ce a ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairu cewa CFDR ta bukaci a gurfanar da Tandja a gaban kuliya saboda cin amanar kasa saboda ya soke kundin tsarin mulkin shekarar 1999 a cikin kokarin ci gaba da mulki. A cewar Bazoum, irin wannan fitina ta zama dole don hana shugabannin gobe daga bin irin wannan tafarki. Ya ce kamata ya yi hukumar mulkin ta rike Tandja har sai "cibiyoyin dimokiradiyya" sun kasance, sannan kuma a yi wa Tandja shari'a, duk da cewa ya kuma ce yana jin hukuncin kisan ba zai zama dole ba. <ref>Peter Clottey, [http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html "Niger opposition leader says ex-President Tandja should face treason charges"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315022313/http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html |date=2010-03-15 }}, VOA News, 23 February 2010.</ref> Bayan [[Mahamadou Issoufou]] ya lashe zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Janairu <nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwVA">–</span></nowiki> Maris 2011, sai ya sauka daga shugabancin PNDS a watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, gabanin rantsar da shi, bisa ga bukatar cewa shugaban ƙasa ba ya shiga [[siyasa]] ta bangaranci; Bazoum ya hau mukamin shugaban riƙo na PNDS. Issoufou ya fara aiki ne a matsayin shugaban ƙasar Nijer a ranar 7 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011, kuma an naɗa Bazoum a cikin gwamnatin a matsayin ƙaramin Ministan Harkokin Waje, Haɗin kai, Haɗakar [[Afirka]], da ‘yan Nijar mazauna kasashen waje a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011. <ref>"Niger unveils new government", Agence France-Presse, 21 April 2011.</ref> Bazoum ya koma matsayin karamin minista a fadar shugaban kasa a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2015. <ref name="Basics">[http://www.africaintelligence.com/LCE/who-s-who/2015/03/04/bazoum-back-to-basics-at-pnds-party,108064518-ART "Bazoum back to basics at PNDS party"], ''West Africa Newsletter'', number 701, 4 March 2015.</ref> An kalli wannan mmatakin a matsayin bawa Bazoum damar mayar da hankali kan jjagorancin PNDS a cikin tsammanin neman Issoufou na sake zaben a s 2016. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2016 . <ref>[http://cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf "Arrêt n° 012/CC/ME du 16 mars 2016"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208195006/http://www.cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf |date=2017-12-08 }}, Constitutional Court of Niger, 16 March 2016, page 50.</ref> Bayan an rantsar da Issoufou a wa’adi na biyu, an nada Bazoum a matsayin karamin Ministan harkokin cikin gida, Tsaro na Jama’a, Bada iko, da al’adu da al’amuran Addini a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 2016. Ya hau karagar mulki a ranar 13 ga watan Afrilu, ya gaji [[Hassoumi Massaoudou]]. A watan Disambar 2022, an nada Mohamed Bazoum a matsayin shugaban kungiyar Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziki na Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA), yayin taron shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin kungiyar karo na 23 a Abidjan.[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1398170/economie/uemoa-bazoum-croissance-et-inflation-au-menu-du-sommet-des-chefs-detat/]. ==Kifar da Gwamnatin Bazoum== A ranar 26 ga watan Yulin, 2023. Sojojin da ke tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa sun tare fadar shugaban ƙasa don korar Bazoum.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 July 2023 |title=African Union, ECOWAS Condemn ‘Attempted Coup d'État’ in Niger |work=[[France 24]] |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230726-african-union-ecowas-condemn-attempted-coup-in-niger |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Madowo |first=Sarah Dean,Niamh Kennedy,Larry |date=2023-07-26 |title=Niger: Attempted coup in West African country, as presidency is sealed off |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Coup d’Etat au Niger : Les militaires putschistes suspendent « toutes les institutions » et ferment les frontières |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/monde/4047077-20230727-coup-etat-niger-militaires-putschistes-suspendent-toutes-institutions-ferment-frontieres |website=[[20 minutes (France)|20 minutes]] |access-date=26 July 2023 |language=fr}}</ref> An yi Allah wadai da yunƙurin juyin mulkin daga ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka da ƙungiyar ECOWAS. Kungiyar ECOWAS ta ce masu shirin juyin mulkin su sako Bazoum nan take. Sai fldqgq baya sunyi nasarar sauke Bazoum a ƙarshen wannan rana, inda nan take Kanar-Manjo Amadou Abdramane yayi bayani a gidan talabijin na ƙasar yana mai cewa an tsige shugaban ƙasar daga karagar mulki, sannan kuma an maye gurbinsa da gwamnatin mulkin soja da ke kiran kanta Majalisar Tsaron Gida ta ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Presse |first=AFP-Agence France |title=ECOWAS Head Says Benin President On Mediation Mission To Niger |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=www.barrons.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Niger soldiers say President Bazoum's government has been removed |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/soldiers-nigers-presidential-guard-blockade-presidents-office-security-sources-2023-07-26/ |website=[[Reuters]] |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref name="ap1">{{cite web |last=Mednick |first=Sam |date=27 July 2023 |title=Mutinous soldiers claim to have overthrown Niger’s president |url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-tensions-presidential-guard-96f8f63b838af5467d4c95ba7b998b32 |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[AP]]}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga watan Agustan 2023 ne gwamnatin Nijar ta sanar da cewa tana son gurfanar da Mohammed Bazoum da masu rike da madafun iko na cikin gida da na waje gaban kuliya bisa laifin cin amanar kasa da kuma zagon kasa ga tsaron cikin gida da waje na Nijar.<ref name="rfi">{{cite web |last= |first= |date=13 August 2023 |title=Afrique Coup d’État au Niger: qu’impliquent les accusations de la junte contre le président Mohamed Bazoum?|url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20230814-coup-d-%C3%A9tat-au-niger-qu-impliquent-les-accusations-de-la-junte-contre-le-pr%C3%A9sident-mohamed-bazoum |access-date=14 August 2023 |website=[[RFI]]}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2023, dangin Mohamed Bazoum sun yi iƙirarin cewa ba su ƙara tuntuɓar sa ba tun ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2023, kuma sun yi tir da “kame da bincike na cin zarafi” da aka yi wa wasu daga cikinsu.<ref name="Voa Afrique">{{cite web |last= |first=AFP |date=01 December 2023 |title=NIGER La famille du président nigérien déchu dit être sans nouvelles de lui|url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/niger-la-famille-du-pr%C3%A9sident-d%C3%A9chu-dit-%C3%AAtre-sans-nouvelles-de-lui-depuis-le-18-octobre/7379985.html |access-date=02 December 2023 |website=Voa Afrique}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1960]] [[Category:Mutanen Nijar]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] erie23v615a8of4jaqt2yk4f7foo62o 874200 874198 2026-07-02T09:00:16Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874200 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Secretary_Blinken_Meets_With_Nigerien_President_Bazoum_in_New_York_City_(52370167613).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City]] [[File:P060245-844068.jpg|thumb|Mohamed Bazoum tshon shugaban ƙasar Niger wanda sojoju sukayinmasa juyin milki]] [[Fayil:Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City (52370167613).jpg|thumb|bazoum]] [[Fayil:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb|Bazoum]] '''Mohamed Bazoum''' (An haifi Bazoom ranar 3 ga watan Janairu shekara ta alif 1959) Ɗan siyasar Jamhuriyar Nijer, kuma tsohon [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|Shugaban Ƙasar Nijar]]. Bazoum Balarabe ne ɗan asalin [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Nijar]] wanda ya kasance Shugaban Jam’iyyar (PNDS- Ta Tarayya) tun daga shekara a 2011, Ya Kuma yi aiki a gwamnatin Nijar a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Waje daga shekara ta alif 1995 zuwa shekara ta 1996 ya kuma sake zama Ministan daga shekara ta 2011 zuwa shekara ta 2015. Ya kasance ƙaramin minista a fadar shugaban ƙasa daga shekara ta 2015 zuwa shekarar 2016. Sannan Kuma ya kasance ƙaramin ministan cikin gida tsakanin shekarar 2016 zuwa 2020, lokacin da ya yi murabus don mayar da hankali kan tsayawa takarar shugabancin ƙasar a shekarar 2020. Inda yayi Nasarar lashe zaɓen da kaso 55.67% cikin ɗari.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/2/niger-president-to-be-sworn-in-after-attempted-coup|date= 2 April 2020 |accessdate= 27 July 2023|title=Mohamed Bazoum sworn in as Niger’s president amid tensions|last= Zandanini |first= Giacomo|publisher= Aljazeera.com|language= en}}</ref> == Harkar siyasa == [[File:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb]] Bazoum ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Harkokin Haɗin Kai a ƙarƙashin Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin gwiwa a cikin gwamnatin rikon ƙwarya ta Firayim Minista [[Amadou Cheiffou]] daga shekara ta 1991 zuwa shekara ta 1993. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa daga yanki na musamman na Tesker a matsayin ɗan takarar PNDS a zabe na musamman da aka gudanar a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1993; wannan ya biyo bayan soke zaɓen farko a cikin Tesker, wanda aka gudanar a watan Fabrairu. Bayan zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Janairun shekara ta 1995, wanda kawancen adawa na National Movement for the Development of Society (MNSD) da PNDS suka lashe, Bazoum ya zama Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin Kai a gwamnatin Firaminista [[Hama Amadou]], sai 25.ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 1995. Da farko an sake naɗa shi kan wannan mukamin ne bayan da [[Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara|Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara ya]] kwace mulki a wani juyin mulkin soja a ranar 27 ga Janairun shekara ta 1996, amma an maye gurbinsa a cikin gwamnatin da aka nada a ranar 5 ga watan Mayu shekara 1996. PNDS ta yi adawa da Maïnassara, kuma a ranar 26 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1996, Bazoum aka sanya shi a cikin tsare a gida tare da shugaban PNDS [[Mahamadou Issoufou]], 'yan makonni kadan bayan zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekara ta 1996 . Shi da Issoufou an sake shi bisa umarnin alƙali a ranar 12 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1996. An kama Bazoum tare da wasu manyan ƴan siyasa biyu na ƴan adawa, ciki har da Sakatare-Janar na MNSD Hama Amadou, a farkon watan Janairun 1998, bisa zargin shiga cikin maƙarƙashiyar kisan Maïnassara. <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/44156.stm "Niger Police arrest three opposition leaders"], BBC News, 3 January 1998.</ref> Ba a taɓa gurfanar da shi ba kuma an sake shi mako guda bayan kama shi. A Babban Taro na Huɗu na PNDS, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 4 &#x2013; 5 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2004, Bazoum aka zaba a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa. Bazoum an sake zabarsa zuwa ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Disamba shekarar 2004, kuma a lokacin wa’adin majalisar da ya biyo baya ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa na Uku na Majalisar da Mataimakin Shugaban ƙungiyar Majalisar Wakilai ta PNDS. Bazoum yana ɗaya daga cikin wakilai 14 da suka gabatar da ƙarar rashin amincewa game da Firayim Minista Hama Amadou a ranar 26 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2007; Gwamnatin Amadou ta sha kaye a kuri’ar rashin amincewa da ta biyo baya a ranar 31 ga watan Mayu, kuma Bazoum ya yaba da “dattakon da ke nuna ajin siyasa ta Nijar da ta kawo ƙarshen wa’adin ƙungiyar da ta kware a kan yadda ake kashe kudaden jama’a. . " <ref>[http://www.apanews.net/apa.php?page=afric_item_eng&id_article=34430 "Niger government falls after a "no confidence" vote"]{{Dead link|date=October 2018}}, African Press Agency, 31 May 2007.</ref> Bayan ya bukaci mutane su kaurace wa zaɓen raba gardama na tsarin mulkin watan Agusta na shekarar 2009, an tsare Bazoum a takaice kuma an yi masa tambayoyi na awanni biyu a ranar 14 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bazoum an sake zaɓarsa a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban PNDS a taron na biyar na Jam’iyyar, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 18 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bayan nasarar da aka samu a zaɓen raba gardamar, ya nuna shi a matsayin "juyin mulki" sannan ya ce zaɓen 'yan majalisar na watan Oktoba na shekarar 2009 wani "makircin zaɓe ne" da aka yi nufin kawai don a ƙara "goge dimokiradiyya" <ref>Boureima Hama, [http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 "Niger pushes ahead with polls"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422143243/http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 |date=2016-04-22 }}, Sapa-AFP, 19 October 2009.</ref> Wani juyin mulki da sojoji suka yi a ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2010 ne ya kori Shugaba [[Mamadou Tandja|Mamadou]] Tandja. Bazoum ya ce a yayin taron "wannan shi ne ainihin abin da muke tsoronsa, kudurin soja. Tandja na iya guje ma wannan. " <ref>Adam Nossiter, [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/19/world/africa/19niger.html "Soldiers storm presidential palace in Niger"], ''The New York Times'', 18 February 2010.</ref> A matsayinsa na ɗaya daga cikin manyan membobin ƙungiyar Coordination of Democratic Forces for the Republic (CFDR), gamayyar jam'iyyun adawa, ya ce a ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairu cewa CFDR ta bukaci a gurfanar da Tandja a gaban kuliya saboda cin amanar kasa saboda ya soke kundin tsarin mulkin shekarar 1999 a cikin kokarin ci gaba da mulki. A cewar Bazoum, irin wannan fitina ta zama dole don hana shugabannin gobe daga bin irin wannan tafarki. Ya ce kamata ya yi hukumar mulkin ta rike Tandja har sai "cibiyoyin dimokiradiyya" sun kasance, sannan kuma a yi wa Tandja shari'a, duk da cewa ya kuma ce yana jin hukuncin kisan ba zai zama dole ba. <ref>Peter Clottey, [http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html "Niger opposition leader says ex-President Tandja should face treason charges"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315022313/http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html |date=2010-03-15 }}, VOA News, 23 February 2010.</ref> Bayan [[Mahamadou Issoufou]] ya lashe zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Janairu <nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwVA">–</span></nowiki> Maris 2011, sai ya sauka daga shugabancin PNDS a watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, gabanin rantsar da shi, bisa ga bukatar cewa shugaban ƙasa ba ya shiga [[siyasa]] ta bangaranci; Bazoum ya hau mukamin shugaban riƙo na PNDS. Issoufou ya fara aiki ne a matsayin shugaban ƙasar Nijer a ranar 7 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011, kuma an naɗa Bazoum a cikin gwamnatin a matsayin ƙaramin Ministan Harkokin Waje, Haɗin kai, Haɗakar [[Afirka]], da ‘yan Nijar mazauna kasashen waje a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011. <ref>"Niger unveils new government", Agence France-Presse, 21 April 2011.</ref> Bazoum ya koma matsayin karamin minista a fadar shugaban kasa a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2015. <ref name="Basics">[http://www.africaintelligence.com/LCE/who-s-who/2015/03/04/bazoum-back-to-basics-at-pnds-party,108064518-ART "Bazoum back to basics at PNDS party"], ''West Africa Newsletter'', number 701, 4 March 2015.</ref> An kalli wannan mmatakin a matsayin bawa Bazoum damar mayar da hankali kan jjagorancin PNDS a cikin tsammanin neman Issoufou na sake zaben a s 2016. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2016 . <ref>[http://cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf "Arrêt n° 012/CC/ME du 16 mars 2016"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208195006/http://www.cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf |date=2017-12-08 }}, Constitutional Court of Niger, 16 March 2016, page 50.</ref> Bayan an rantsar da Issoufou a wa’adi na biyu, an nada Bazoum a matsayin karamin Ministan harkokin cikin gida, Tsaro na Jama’a, Bada iko, da al’adu da al’amuran Addini a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 2016. Ya hau karagar mulki a ranar 13 ga watan Afrilu, ya gaji [[Hassoumi Massaoudou]]. A watan Disambar 2022, an nada Mohamed Bazoum a matsayin shugaban kungiyar Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziki na Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA), yayin taron shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin kungiyar karo na 23 a Abidjan.[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1398170/economie/uemoa-bazoum-croissance-et-inflation-au-menu-du-sommet-des-chefs-detat/]. ==Kifar da Gwamnatin Bazoum== A ranar 26 ga watan Yulin, 2023. Sojojin da ke tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa sun tare fadar shugaban ƙasa don korar Bazoum.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 July 2023 |title=African Union, ECOWAS Condemn ‘Attempted Coup d'État’ in Niger |work=[[France 24]] |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230726-african-union-ecowas-condemn-attempted-coup-in-niger |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Madowo |first=Sarah Dean,Niamh Kennedy,Larry |date=2023-07-26 |title=Niger: Attempted coup in West African country, as presidency is sealed off |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Coup d’Etat au Niger : Les militaires putschistes suspendent « toutes les institutions » et ferment les frontières |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/monde/4047077-20230727-coup-etat-niger-militaires-putschistes-suspendent-toutes-institutions-ferment-frontieres |website=[[20 minutes (France)|20 minutes]] |access-date=26 July 2023 |language=fr}}</ref> An yi Allah wadai da yunƙurin juyin mulkin daga ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka da ƙungiyar ECOWAS. Kungiyar ECOWAS ta ce masu shirin juyin mulkin su sako Bazoum nan take. Sai fldqgq baya sunyi nasarar sauke Bazoum a ƙarshen wannan rana, inda nan take Kanar-Manjo Amadou Abdramane yayi bayani a gidan talabijin na ƙasar yana mai cewa an tsige shugaban ƙasar daga karagar mulki, sannan kuma an maye gurbinsa da gwamnatin mulkin soja da ke kiran kanta Majalisar Tsaron Gida ta ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Presse |first=AFP-Agence France |title=ECOWAS Head Says Benin President On Mediation Mission To Niger |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=www.barrons.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Niger soldiers say President Bazoum's government has been removed |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/soldiers-nigers-presidential-guard-blockade-presidents-office-security-sources-2023-07-26/ |website=[[Reuters]] |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref name="ap1">{{cite web |last=Mednick |first=Sam |date=27 July 2023 |title=Mutinous soldiers claim to have overthrown Niger’s president |url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-tensions-presidential-guard-96f8f63b838af5467d4c95ba7b998b32 |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[AP]]}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga watan Agustan 2023 ne gwamnatin Nijar ta sanar da cewa tana son gurfanar da Mohammed Bazoum da masu rike da madafun iko na cikin gida da na waje gaban kuliya bisa laifin cin amanar kasa da kuma zagon kasa ga tsaron cikin gida da waje na Nijar.<ref name="rfi">{{cite web |last= |first= |date=13 August 2023 |title=Afrique Coup d’État au Niger: qu’impliquent les accusations de la junte contre le président Mohamed Bazoum?|url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20230814-coup-d-%C3%A9tat-au-niger-qu-impliquent-les-accusations-de-la-junte-contre-le-pr%C3%A9sident-mohamed-bazoum |access-date=14 August 2023 |website=[[RFI]]}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2023, dangin Mohamed Bazoum sun yi iƙirarin cewa ba su ƙara tuntuɓar sa ba tun ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2023, kuma sun yi tir da “kame da bincike na cin zarafi” da aka yi wa wasu daga cikinsu.<ref name="Voa Afrique">{{cite web |last= |first=AFP |date=01 December 2023 |title=NIGER La famille du président nigérien déchu dit être sans nouvelles de lui|url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/niger-la-famille-du-pr%C3%A9sident-d%C3%A9chu-dit-%C3%AAtre-sans-nouvelles-de-lui-depuis-le-18-octobre/7379985.html |access-date=02 December 2023 |website=Voa Afrique}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1960]] [[Category:Mutanen Nijar]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] exinofbbobuisnbfoqmq0sm7uj9pwcr 874202 874200 2026-07-02T09:01:41Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874202 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Secretary_Blinken_Meets_With_Nigerien_President_Bazoum_in_New_York_City_(52370167613).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City]] [[File:P060245-844068.jpg|thumb|Mohamed Bazoum tshon shugaban ƙasar Niger wanda sojoju sukayinmasa juyin milki]] [[Fayil:Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City (52370167613).jpg|thumb|bazoum]] [[Fayil:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb|Bazoum]] '''Mohamed Bazoum''' (An haifi Bazoom ranar 3 ga watan Janairu shekara ta alif 1959) Ɗan siyasar Jamhuriyar Nijer, kuma tsohon [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|Shugaban Ƙasar Nijar]]. Bazoum Balarabe ne ɗan asalin [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Nijar]] wanda ya kasance Shugaban Jam’iyyar (PNDS- Ta Tarayya) tun daga shekara a 2011, Ya Kuma yi aiki a gwamnatin Nijar a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Waje daga shekara ta alif 1995 zuwa shekara ta 1996 ya kuma sake zama Ministan daga shekara ta 2011 zuwa shekara ta 2015. Ya kasance ƙaramin minista a fadar shugaban ƙasa daga shekara ta 2015 zuwa shekarar 2016. Sannan Kuma ya kasance ƙaramin ministan cikin gida tsakanin shekarar 2016 zuwa 2020, lokacin da ya yi murabus don mayar da hankali kan tsayawa takarar shugabancin ƙasar a shekara 2020. Inda yayi Nasarar lashe zaɓen da kaso 55.67% cikin ɗari.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/2/niger-president-to-be-sworn-in-after-attempted-coup|date= 2 April 2020 |accessdate= 27 July 2023|title=Mohamed Bazoum sworn in as Niger’s president amid tensions|last= Zandanini |first= Giacomo|publisher= Aljazeera.com|language= en}}</ref> == Harkar siyasa == [[File:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb]] Bazoum ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Harkokin Haɗin Kai a ƙarƙashin Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin gwiwa a cikin gwamnatin rikon ƙwarya ta Firayim Minista [[Amadou Cheiffou]] daga shekara ta 1991 zuwa shekara ta 1993. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa daga yanki na musamman na Tesker a matsayin ɗan takarar PNDS a zabe na musamman da aka gudanar a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1993; wannan ya biyo bayan soke zaɓen farko a cikin Tesker, wanda aka gudanar a watan Fabrairu. Bayan zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Janairun shekara ta 1995, wanda kawancen adawa na National Movement for the Development of Society (MNSD) da PNDS suka lashe, Bazoum ya zama Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin Kai a gwamnatin Firaminista [[Hama Amadou]], sai 25.ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 1995. Da farko an sake naɗa shi kan wannan mukamin ne bayan da [[Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara|Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara ya]] kwace mulki a wani juyin mulkin soja a ranar 27 ga Janairun shekara ta 1996, amma an maye gurbinsa a cikin gwamnatin da aka nada a ranar 5 ga watan Mayu shekara 1996. PNDS ta yi adawa da Maïnassara, kuma a ranar 26 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1996, Bazoum aka sanya shi a cikin tsare a gida tare da shugaban PNDS [[Mahamadou Issoufou]], 'yan makonni kadan bayan zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekara ta 1996 . Shi da Issoufou an sake shi bisa umarnin alƙali a ranar 12 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1996. An kama Bazoum tare da wasu manyan ƴan siyasa biyu na ƴan adawa, ciki har da Sakatare-Janar na MNSD Hama Amadou, a farkon watan Janairun 1998, bisa zargin shiga cikin maƙarƙashiyar kisan Maïnassara. <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/44156.stm "Niger Police arrest three opposition leaders"], BBC News, 3 January 1998.</ref> Ba a taɓa gurfanar da shi ba kuma an sake shi mako guda bayan kama shi. A Babban Taro na Huɗu na PNDS, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 4 &#x2013; 5 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2004, Bazoum aka zaba a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa. Bazoum an sake zabarsa zuwa ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Disamba shekarar 2004, kuma a lokacin wa’adin majalisar da ya biyo baya ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa na Uku na Majalisar da Mataimakin Shugaban ƙungiyar Majalisar Wakilai ta PNDS. Bazoum yana ɗaya daga cikin wakilai 14 da suka gabatar da ƙarar rashin amincewa game da Firayim Minista Hama Amadou a ranar 26 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2007; Gwamnatin Amadou ta sha kaye a kuri’ar rashin amincewa da ta biyo baya a ranar 31 ga watan Mayu, kuma Bazoum ya yaba da “dattakon da ke nuna ajin siyasa ta Nijar da ta kawo ƙarshen wa’adin ƙungiyar da ta kware a kan yadda ake kashe kudaden jama’a. . " <ref>[http://www.apanews.net/apa.php?page=afric_item_eng&id_article=34430 "Niger government falls after a "no confidence" vote"]{{Dead link|date=October 2018}}, African Press Agency, 31 May 2007.</ref> Bayan ya bukaci mutane su kaurace wa zaɓen raba gardama na tsarin mulkin watan Agusta na shekarar 2009, an tsare Bazoum a takaice kuma an yi masa tambayoyi na awanni biyu a ranar 14 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bazoum an sake zaɓarsa a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban PNDS a taron na biyar na Jam’iyyar, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 18 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bayan nasarar da aka samu a zaɓen raba gardamar, ya nuna shi a matsayin "juyin mulki" sannan ya ce zaɓen 'yan majalisar na watan Oktoba na shekarar 2009 wani "makircin zaɓe ne" da aka yi nufin kawai don a ƙara "goge dimokiradiyya" <ref>Boureima Hama, [http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 "Niger pushes ahead with polls"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422143243/http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 |date=2016-04-22 }}, Sapa-AFP, 19 October 2009.</ref> Wani juyin mulki da sojoji suka yi a ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2010 ne ya kori Shugaba [[Mamadou Tandja|Mamadou]] Tandja. Bazoum ya ce a yayin taron "wannan shi ne ainihin abin da muke tsoronsa, kudurin soja. Tandja na iya guje ma wannan. " <ref>Adam Nossiter, [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/19/world/africa/19niger.html "Soldiers storm presidential palace in Niger"], ''The New York Times'', 18 February 2010.</ref> A matsayinsa na ɗaya daga cikin manyan membobin ƙungiyar Coordination of Democratic Forces for the Republic (CFDR), gamayyar jam'iyyun adawa, ya ce a ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairu cewa CFDR ta bukaci a gurfanar da Tandja a gaban kuliya saboda cin amanar kasa saboda ya soke kundin tsarin mulkin shekarar 1999 a cikin kokarin ci gaba da mulki. A cewar Bazoum, irin wannan fitina ta zama dole don hana shugabannin gobe daga bin irin wannan tafarki. Ya ce kamata ya yi hukumar mulkin ta rike Tandja har sai "cibiyoyin dimokiradiyya" sun kasance, sannan kuma a yi wa Tandja shari'a, duk da cewa ya kuma ce yana jin hukuncin kisan ba zai zama dole ba. <ref>Peter Clottey, [http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html "Niger opposition leader says ex-President Tandja should face treason charges"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315022313/http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html |date=2010-03-15 }}, VOA News, 23 February 2010.</ref> Bayan [[Mahamadou Issoufou]] ya lashe zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Janairu <nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwVA">–</span></nowiki> Maris 2011, sai ya sauka daga shugabancin PNDS a watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, gabanin rantsar da shi, bisa ga bukatar cewa shugaban ƙasa ba ya shiga [[siyasa]] ta bangaranci; Bazoum ya hau mukamin shugaban riƙo na PNDS. Issoufou ya fara aiki ne a matsayin shugaban ƙasar Nijer a ranar 7 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011, kuma an naɗa Bazoum a cikin gwamnatin a matsayin ƙaramin Ministan Harkokin Waje, Haɗin kai, Haɗakar [[Afirka]], da ‘yan Nijar mazauna kasashen waje a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011. <ref>"Niger unveils new government", Agence France-Presse, 21 April 2011.</ref> Bazoum ya koma matsayin karamin minista a fadar shugaban kasa a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2015. <ref name="Basics">[http://www.africaintelligence.com/LCE/who-s-who/2015/03/04/bazoum-back-to-basics-at-pnds-party,108064518-ART "Bazoum back to basics at PNDS party"], ''West Africa Newsletter'', number 701, 4 March 2015.</ref> An kalli wannan mmatakin a matsayin bawa Bazoum damar mayar da hankali kan jjagorancin PNDS a cikin tsammanin neman Issoufou na sake zaben a s 2016. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2016 . <ref>[http://cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf "Arrêt n° 012/CC/ME du 16 mars 2016"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208195006/http://www.cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf |date=2017-12-08 }}, Constitutional Court of Niger, 16 March 2016, page 50.</ref> Bayan an rantsar da Issoufou a wa’adi na biyu, an nada Bazoum a matsayin karamin Ministan harkokin cikin gida, Tsaro na Jama’a, Bada iko, da al’adu da al’amuran Addini a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 2016. Ya hau karagar mulki a ranar 13 ga watan Afrilu, ya gaji [[Hassoumi Massaoudou]]. A watan Disambar 2022, an nada Mohamed Bazoum a matsayin shugaban kungiyar Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziki na Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA), yayin taron shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin kungiyar karo na 23 a Abidjan.[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1398170/economie/uemoa-bazoum-croissance-et-inflation-au-menu-du-sommet-des-chefs-detat/]. ==Kifar da Gwamnatin Bazoum== A ranar 26 ga watan Yulin, 2023. Sojojin da ke tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa sun tare fadar shugaban ƙasa don korar Bazoum.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 July 2023 |title=African Union, ECOWAS Condemn ‘Attempted Coup d'État’ in Niger |work=[[France 24]] |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230726-african-union-ecowas-condemn-attempted-coup-in-niger |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Madowo |first=Sarah Dean,Niamh Kennedy,Larry |date=2023-07-26 |title=Niger: Attempted coup in West African country, as presidency is sealed off |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Coup d’Etat au Niger : Les militaires putschistes suspendent « toutes les institutions » et ferment les frontières |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/monde/4047077-20230727-coup-etat-niger-militaires-putschistes-suspendent-toutes-institutions-ferment-frontieres |website=[[20 minutes (France)|20 minutes]] |access-date=26 July 2023 |language=fr}}</ref> An yi Allah wadai da yunƙurin juyin mulkin daga ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka da ƙungiyar ECOWAS. Kungiyar ECOWAS ta ce masu shirin juyin mulkin su sako Bazoum nan take. Sai fldqgq baya sunyi nasarar sauke Bazoum a ƙarshen wannan rana, inda nan take Kanar-Manjo Amadou Abdramane yayi bayani a gidan talabijin na ƙasar yana mai cewa an tsige shugaban ƙasar daga karagar mulki, sannan kuma an maye gurbinsa da gwamnatin mulkin soja da ke kiran kanta Majalisar Tsaron Gida ta ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Presse |first=AFP-Agence France |title=ECOWAS Head Says Benin President On Mediation Mission To Niger |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=www.barrons.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Niger soldiers say President Bazoum's government has been removed |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/soldiers-nigers-presidential-guard-blockade-presidents-office-security-sources-2023-07-26/ |website=[[Reuters]] |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref name="ap1">{{cite web |last=Mednick |first=Sam |date=27 July 2023 |title=Mutinous soldiers claim to have overthrown Niger’s president |url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-tensions-presidential-guard-96f8f63b838af5467d4c95ba7b998b32 |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[AP]]}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga watan Agustan 2023 ne gwamnatin Nijar ta sanar da cewa tana son gurfanar da Mohammed Bazoum da masu rike da madafun iko na cikin gida da na waje gaban kuliya bisa laifin cin amanar kasa da kuma zagon kasa ga tsaron cikin gida da waje na Nijar.<ref name="rfi">{{cite web |last= |first= |date=13 August 2023 |title=Afrique Coup d’État au Niger: qu’impliquent les accusations de la junte contre le président Mohamed Bazoum?|url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20230814-coup-d-%C3%A9tat-au-niger-qu-impliquent-les-accusations-de-la-junte-contre-le-pr%C3%A9sident-mohamed-bazoum |access-date=14 August 2023 |website=[[RFI]]}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2023, dangin Mohamed Bazoum sun yi iƙirarin cewa ba su ƙara tuntuɓar sa ba tun ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2023, kuma sun yi tir da “kame da bincike na cin zarafi” da aka yi wa wasu daga cikinsu.<ref name="Voa Afrique">{{cite web |last= |first=AFP |date=01 December 2023 |title=NIGER La famille du président nigérien déchu dit être sans nouvelles de lui|url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/niger-la-famille-du-pr%C3%A9sident-d%C3%A9chu-dit-%C3%AAtre-sans-nouvelles-de-lui-depuis-le-18-octobre/7379985.html |access-date=02 December 2023 |website=Voa Afrique}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1960]] [[Category:Mutanen Nijar]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] nde76mqu0j6txlp9ihaififhsxrmsna 874203 874202 2026-07-02T09:02:53Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874203 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Secretary_Blinken_Meets_With_Nigerien_President_Bazoum_in_New_York_City_(52370167613).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City]] [[File:P060245-844068.jpg|thumb|Mohamed Bazoum tshon shugaban ƙasar Niger wanda sojoju sukayinmasa juyin milki]] [[Fayil:Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City (52370167613).jpg|thumb|bazoum]] [[Fayil:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb|Bazoum]] '''Mohamed Bazoum''' (An haifi Bazoom ranar 3 ga watan Janairu shekara ta alif 1959) Ɗan siyasar Jamhuriyar Nijer, kuma tsohon [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|Shugaban Ƙasar Nijar]]. Bazoum Balarabe ne ɗan asalin [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Nijar]] wanda ya kasance Shugaban Jam’iyyar (PNDS- Ta Tarayya) tun daga shekara al 2011, Ya Kuma yi aiki a gwamnatin Nijar a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Waje daga shekara ta alif 1995 zuwa shekara ta 1996 ya kuma sake zama Ministan daga shekara ta 2011 zuwa shekara ta 2015. Ya kasance ƙaramin minista a fadar shugaban ƙasa daga shekara ta a 2015 zuwa shekarar 2016. Sannan Kuma ya kasance ƙaramin ministan cikin gida tsakanin shekarar 2016 zuwa 2020, lokacin da ya yi murabus don mayar da hankali kan tsayawa takarar shugabancin ƙasar a shekara 2020. Inda yayi Nasarar lashe zaɓen da kaso 55.67% cikin ɗari.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/2/niger-president-to-be-sworn-in-after-attempted-coup|date= 2 April 2020 |accessdate= 27 July 2023|title=Mohamed Bazoum sworn in as Niger’s president amid tensions|last= Zandanini |first= Giacomo|publisher= Aljazeera.com|language= en}}</ref> == Harkar siyasa == [[File:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb]] Bazoum ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Harkokin Haɗin Kai a ƙarƙashin Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin gwiwa a cikin gwamnatin rikon ƙwarya ta Firayim Minista [[Amadou Cheiffou]] daga shekara ta 1991 zuwa shekara ta 1993. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa daga yanki na musamman na Tesker a matsayin ɗan takarar PNDS a zabe na musamman da aka gudanar a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1993; wannan ya biyo bayan soke zaɓen farko a cikin Tesker, wanda aka gudanar a watan Fabrairu. Bayan zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Janairun shekara ta 1995, wanda kawancen adawa na National Movement for the Development of Society (MNSD) da PNDS suka lashe, Bazoum ya zama Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin Kai a gwamnatin Firaminista [[Hama Amadou]], sai 25.ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 1995. Da farko an sake naɗa shi kan wannan mukamin ne bayan da [[Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara|Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara ya]] kwace mulki a wani juyin mulkin soja a ranar 27 ga Janairun shekara ta 1996, amma an maye gurbinsa a cikin gwamnatin da aka nada a ranar 5 ga watan Mayu shekara 1996. PNDS ta yi adawa da Maïnassara, kuma a ranar 26 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1996, Bazoum aka sanya shi a cikin tsare a gida tare da shugaban PNDS [[Mahamadou Issoufou]], 'yan makonni kadan bayan zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekara ta 1996 . Shi da Issoufou an sake shi bisa umarnin alƙali a ranar 12 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1996. An kama Bazoum tare da wasu manyan ƴan siyasa biyu na ƴan adawa, ciki har da Sakatare-Janar na MNSD Hama Amadou, a farkon watan Janairun 1998, bisa zargin shiga cikin maƙarƙashiyar kisan Maïnassara. <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/44156.stm "Niger Police arrest three opposition leaders"], BBC News, 3 January 1998.</ref> Ba a taɓa gurfanar da shi ba kuma an sake shi mako guda bayan kama shi. A Babban Taro na Huɗu na PNDS, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 4 &#x2013; 5 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2004, Bazoum aka zaba a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa. Bazoum an sake zabarsa zuwa ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Disamba shekarar 2004, kuma a lokacin wa’adin majalisar da ya biyo baya ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa na Uku na Majalisar da Mataimakin Shugaban ƙungiyar Majalisar Wakilai ta PNDS. Bazoum yana ɗaya daga cikin wakilai 14 da suka gabatar da ƙarar rashin amincewa game da Firayim Minista Hama Amadou a ranar 26 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2007; Gwamnatin Amadou ta sha kaye a kuri’ar rashin amincewa da ta biyo baya a ranar 31 ga watan Mayu, kuma Bazoum ya yaba da “dattakon da ke nuna ajin siyasa ta Nijar da ta kawo ƙarshen wa’adin ƙungiyar da ta kware a kan yadda ake kashe kudaden jama’a. . " <ref>[http://www.apanews.net/apa.php?page=afric_item_eng&id_article=34430 "Niger government falls after a "no confidence" vote"]{{Dead link|date=October 2018}}, African Press Agency, 31 May 2007.</ref> Bayan ya bukaci mutane su kaurace wa zaɓen raba gardama na tsarin mulkin watan Agusta na shekarar 2009, an tsare Bazoum a takaice kuma an yi masa tambayoyi na awanni biyu a ranar 14 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bazoum an sake zaɓarsa a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban PNDS a taron na biyar na Jam’iyyar, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 18 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bayan nasarar da aka samu a zaɓen raba gardamar, ya nuna shi a matsayin "juyin mulki" sannan ya ce zaɓen 'yan majalisar na watan Oktoba na shekarar 2009 wani "makircin zaɓe ne" da aka yi nufin kawai don a ƙara "goge dimokiradiyya" <ref>Boureima Hama, [http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 "Niger pushes ahead with polls"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422143243/http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 |date=2016-04-22 }}, Sapa-AFP, 19 October 2009.</ref> Wani juyin mulki da sojoji suka yi a ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2010 ne ya kori Shugaba [[Mamadou Tandja|Mamadou]] Tandja. Bazoum ya ce a yayin taron "wannan shi ne ainihin abin da muke tsoronsa, kudurin soja. Tandja na iya guje ma wannan. " <ref>Adam Nossiter, [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/19/world/africa/19niger.html "Soldiers storm presidential palace in Niger"], ''The New York Times'', 18 February 2010.</ref> A matsayinsa na ɗaya daga cikin manyan membobin ƙungiyar Coordination of Democratic Forces for the Republic (CFDR), gamayyar jam'iyyun adawa, ya ce a ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairu cewa CFDR ta bukaci a gurfanar da Tandja a gaban kuliya saboda cin amanar kasa saboda ya soke kundin tsarin mulkin shekarar 1999 a cikin kokarin ci gaba da mulki. A cewar Bazoum, irin wannan fitina ta zama dole don hana shugabannin gobe daga bin irin wannan tafarki. Ya ce kamata ya yi hukumar mulkin ta rike Tandja har sai "cibiyoyin dimokiradiyya" sun kasance, sannan kuma a yi wa Tandja shari'a, duk da cewa ya kuma ce yana jin hukuncin kisan ba zai zama dole ba. <ref>Peter Clottey, [http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html "Niger opposition leader says ex-President Tandja should face treason charges"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315022313/http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html |date=2010-03-15 }}, VOA News, 23 February 2010.</ref> Bayan [[Mahamadou Issoufou]] ya lashe zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Janairu <nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwVA">–</span></nowiki> Maris 2011, sai ya sauka daga shugabancin PNDS a watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, gabanin rantsar da shi, bisa ga bukatar cewa shugaban ƙasa ba ya shiga [[siyasa]] ta bangaranci; Bazoum ya hau mukamin shugaban riƙo na PNDS. Issoufou ya fara aiki ne a matsayin shugaban ƙasar Nijer a ranar 7 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011, kuma an naɗa Bazoum a cikin gwamnatin a matsayin ƙaramin Ministan Harkokin Waje, Haɗin kai, Haɗakar [[Afirka]], da ‘yan Nijar mazauna kasashen waje a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011. <ref>"Niger unveils new government", Agence France-Presse, 21 April 2011.</ref> Bazoum ya koma matsayin karamin minista a fadar shugaban kasa a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2015. <ref name="Basics">[http://www.africaintelligence.com/LCE/who-s-who/2015/03/04/bazoum-back-to-basics-at-pnds-party,108064518-ART "Bazoum back to basics at PNDS party"], ''West Africa Newsletter'', number 701, 4 March 2015.</ref> An kalli wannan mmatakin a matsayin bawa Bazoum damar mayar da hankali kan jjagorancin PNDS a cikin tsammanin neman Issoufou na sake zaben a s 2016. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2016 . <ref>[http://cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf "Arrêt n° 012/CC/ME du 16 mars 2016"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208195006/http://www.cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf |date=2017-12-08 }}, Constitutional Court of Niger, 16 March 2016, page 50.</ref> Bayan an rantsar da Issoufou a wa’adi na biyu, an nada Bazoum a matsayin karamin Ministan harkokin cikin gida, Tsaro na Jama’a, Bada iko, da al’adu da al’amuran Addini a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 2016. Ya hau karagar mulki a ranar 13 ga watan Afrilu, ya gaji [[Hassoumi Massaoudou]]. A watan Disambar 2022, an nada Mohamed Bazoum a matsayin shugaban kungiyar Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziki na Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA), yayin taron shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin kungiyar karo na 23 a Abidjan.[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1398170/economie/uemoa-bazoum-croissance-et-inflation-au-menu-du-sommet-des-chefs-detat/]. ==Kifar da Gwamnatin Bazoum== A ranar 26 ga watan Yulin, 2023. Sojojin da ke tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa sun tare fadar shugaban ƙasa don korar Bazoum.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 July 2023 |title=African Union, ECOWAS Condemn ‘Attempted Coup d'État’ in Niger |work=[[France 24]] |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230726-african-union-ecowas-condemn-attempted-coup-in-niger |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Madowo |first=Sarah Dean,Niamh Kennedy,Larry |date=2023-07-26 |title=Niger: Attempted coup in West African country, as presidency is sealed off |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Coup d’Etat au Niger : Les militaires putschistes suspendent « toutes les institutions » et ferment les frontières |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/monde/4047077-20230727-coup-etat-niger-militaires-putschistes-suspendent-toutes-institutions-ferment-frontieres |website=[[20 minutes (France)|20 minutes]] |access-date=26 July 2023 |language=fr}}</ref> An yi Allah wadai da yunƙurin juyin mulkin daga ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka da ƙungiyar ECOWAS. Kungiyar ECOWAS ta ce masu shirin juyin mulkin su sako Bazoum nan take. Sai fldqgq baya sunyi nasarar sauke Bazoum a ƙarshen wannan rana, inda nan take Kanar-Manjo Amadou Abdramane yayi bayani a gidan talabijin na ƙasar yana mai cewa an tsige shugaban ƙasar daga karagar mulki, sannan kuma an maye gurbinsa da gwamnatin mulkin soja da ke kiran kanta Majalisar Tsaron Gida ta ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Presse |first=AFP-Agence France |title=ECOWAS Head Says Benin President On Mediation Mission To Niger |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=www.barrons.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Niger soldiers say President Bazoum's government has been removed |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/soldiers-nigers-presidential-guard-blockade-presidents-office-security-sources-2023-07-26/ |website=[[Reuters]] |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref name="ap1">{{cite web |last=Mednick |first=Sam |date=27 July 2023 |title=Mutinous soldiers claim to have overthrown Niger’s president |url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-tensions-presidential-guard-96f8f63b838af5467d4c95ba7b998b32 |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[AP]]}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga watan Agustan 2023 ne gwamnatin Nijar ta sanar da cewa tana son gurfanar da Mohammed Bazoum da masu rike da madafun iko na cikin gida da na waje gaban kuliya bisa laifin cin amanar kasa da kuma zagon kasa ga tsaron cikin gida da waje na Nijar.<ref name="rfi">{{cite web |last= |first= |date=13 August 2023 |title=Afrique Coup d’État au Niger: qu’impliquent les accusations de la junte contre le président Mohamed Bazoum?|url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20230814-coup-d-%C3%A9tat-au-niger-qu-impliquent-les-accusations-de-la-junte-contre-le-pr%C3%A9sident-mohamed-bazoum |access-date=14 August 2023 |website=[[RFI]]}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2023, dangin Mohamed Bazoum sun yi iƙirarin cewa ba su ƙara tuntuɓar sa ba tun ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2023, kuma sun yi tir da “kame da bincike na cin zarafi” da aka yi wa wasu daga cikinsu.<ref name="Voa Afrique">{{cite web |last= |first=AFP |date=01 December 2023 |title=NIGER La famille du président nigérien déchu dit être sans nouvelles de lui|url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/niger-la-famille-du-pr%C3%A9sident-d%C3%A9chu-dit-%C3%AAtre-sans-nouvelles-de-lui-depuis-le-18-octobre/7379985.html |access-date=02 December 2023 |website=Voa Afrique}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1960]] [[Category:Mutanen Nijar]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] b0t6fwzz6ewf2n7ecp1s7dicl1fytr2 874218 874203 2026-07-02T09:20:09Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874218 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Secretary_Blinken_Meets_With_Nigerien_President_Bazoum_in_New_York_City_(52370167613).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City]] [[File:P060245-844068.jpg|thumb|Mohamed Bazoum tshon shugaban ƙasar Niger wanda sojoju sukayinmasa juyin milki]] [[Fayil:Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City (52370167613).jpg|thumb|bazoum]] [[Fayil:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb|Bazoum]] '''Mohamed Bazoum''' (An haifi Bazoom ranar 3 ga watan Janairu shekara ta alif 1959) Ɗan siyasar Jamhuriyar Nijer, kuma tsohon [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|Shugaban Ƙasar Nijar]]. Bazoum Balarabe ne ɗan asalin [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Nijar]] wanda ya kasance Shugaban Jam’iyyar (PNDS- Ta Tarayya) tun daga shekara al 2011, Ya Kuma yi aiki a gwamnatin Nijar a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Waje daga shekara ta alif 1995 zuwa shekara ta 1996 ya kuma sake zama Ministan daga shekara ta 2011 zuwa shekara ta 2015. Ya kasance ƙaramin minista a fadar shugaban ƙasa daga shekara ta a 2015 zuwa shekarar 2016. Sannan Kuma ya kasance ƙaramin ministan cikin gida tsakanin shekarar 2016 zuwa 2020, lokacin da ya yi murabus don mayar da hankali kan tsayawa takarar shugabancin ƙasar a shekara a 2020. Inda yayi Nasarar lashe zaɓen da kaso 55.67% cikin ɗari.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/2/niger-president-to-be-sworn-in-after-attempted-coup|date= 2 April 2020 |accessdate= 27 July 2023|title=Mohamed Bazoum sworn in as Niger’s president amid tensions|last= Zandanini |first= Giacomo|publisher= Aljazeera.com|language= en}}</ref> == Harkar siyasa == [[File:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb]] Bazoum ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Harkokin Haɗin Kai a ƙarƙashin Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin gwiwa a cikin gwamnatin rikon ƙwarya ta Firayim Minista [[Amadou Cheiffou]] daga shekara ta 1991 zuwa shekara ta 1993. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa daga yanki na musamman na Tesker a matsayin ɗan takarar PNDS a zabe na musamman da aka gudanar a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1993; wannan ya biyo bayan soke zaɓen farko a cikin Tesker, wanda aka gudanar a watan Fabrairu. Bayan zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Janairun shekara ta 1995, wanda kawancen adawa na National Movement for the Development of Society (MNSD) da PNDS suka lashe, Bazoum ya zama Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin Kai a gwamnatin Firaminista [[Hama Amadou]], sai 25.ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 1995. Da farko an sake naɗa shi kan wannan mukamin ne bayan da [[Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara|Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara ya]] kwace mulki a wani juyin mulkin soja a ranar 27 ga Janairun shekara ta 1996, amma an maye gurbinsa a cikin gwamnatin da aka nada a ranar 5 ga watan Mayu shekara 1996. PNDS ta yi adawa da Maïnassara, kuma a ranar 26 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1996, Bazoum aka sanya shi a cikin tsare a gida tare da shugaban PNDS [[Mahamadou Issoufou]], 'yan makonni kadan bayan zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekara ta 1996 . Shi da Issoufou an sake shi bisa umarnin alƙali a ranar 12 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1996. An kama Bazoum tare da wasu manyan ƴan siyasa biyu na ƴan adawa, ciki har da Sakatare-Janar na MNSD Hama Amadou, a farkon watan Janairun 1998, bisa zargin shiga cikin maƙarƙashiyar kisan Maïnassara. <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/44156.stm "Niger Police arrest three opposition leaders"], BBC News, 3 January 1998.</ref> Ba a taɓa gurfanar da shi ba kuma an sake shi mako guda bayan kama shi. A Babban Taro na Huɗu na PNDS, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 4 &#x2013; 5 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2004, Bazoum aka zaba a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa. Bazoum an sake zabarsa zuwa ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Disamba shekarar 2004, kuma a lokacin wa’adin majalisar da ya biyo baya ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa na Uku na Majalisar da Mataimakin Shugaban ƙungiyar Majalisar Wakilai ta PNDS. Bazoum yana ɗaya daga cikin wakilai 14 da suka gabatar da ƙarar rashin amincewa game da Firayim Minista Hama Amadou a ranar 26 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2007; Gwamnatin Amadou ta sha kaye a kuri’ar rashin amincewa da ta biyo baya a ranar 31 ga watan Mayu, kuma Bazoum ya yaba da “dattakon da ke nuna ajin siyasa ta Nijar da ta kawo ƙarshen wa’adin ƙungiyar da ta kware a kan yadda ake kashe kudaden jama’a. . " <ref>[http://www.apanews.net/apa.php?page=afric_item_eng&id_article=34430 "Niger government falls after a "no confidence" vote"]{{Dead link|date=October 2018}}, African Press Agency, 31 May 2007.</ref> Bayan ya bukaci mutane su kaurace wa zaɓen raba gardama na tsarin mulkin watan Agusta na shekarar 2009, an tsare Bazoum a takaice kuma an yi masa tambayoyi na awanni biyu a ranar 14 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bazoum an sake zaɓarsa a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban PNDS a taron na biyar na Jam’iyyar, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 18 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bayan nasarar da aka samu a zaɓen raba gardamar, ya nuna shi a matsayin "juyin mulki" sannan ya ce zaɓen 'yan majalisar na watan Oktoba na shekarar 2009 wani "makircin zaɓe ne" da aka yi nufin kawai don a ƙara "goge dimokiradiyya" <ref>Boureima Hama, [http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 "Niger pushes ahead with polls"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422143243/http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 |date=2016-04-22 }}, Sapa-AFP, 19 October 2009.</ref> Wani juyin mulki da sojoji suka yi a ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2010 ne ya kori Shugaba [[Mamadou Tandja|Mamadou]] Tandja. Bazoum ya ce a yayin taron "wannan shi ne ainihin abin da muke tsoronsa, kudurin soja. Tandja na iya guje ma wannan. " <ref>Adam Nossiter, [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/19/world/africa/19niger.html "Soldiers storm presidential palace in Niger"], ''The New York Times'', 18 February 2010.</ref> A matsayinsa na ɗaya daga cikin manyan membobin ƙungiyar Coordination of Democratic Forces for the Republic (CFDR), gamayyar jam'iyyun adawa, ya ce a ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairu cewa CFDR ta bukaci a gurfanar da Tandja a gaban kuliya saboda cin amanar kasa saboda ya soke kundin tsarin mulkin shekarar 1999 a cikin kokarin ci gaba da mulki. A cewar Bazoum, irin wannan fitina ta zama dole don hana shugabannin gobe daga bin irin wannan tafarki. Ya ce kamata ya yi hukumar mulkin ta rike Tandja har sai "cibiyoyin dimokiradiyya" sun kasance, sannan kuma a yi wa Tandja shari'a, duk da cewa ya kuma ce yana jin hukuncin kisan ba zai zama dole ba. <ref>Peter Clottey, [http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html "Niger opposition leader says ex-President Tandja should face treason charges"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315022313/http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html |date=2010-03-15 }}, VOA News, 23 February 2010.</ref> Bayan [[Mahamadou Issoufou]] ya lashe zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Janairu <nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwVA">–</span></nowiki> Maris 2011, sai ya sauka daga shugabancin PNDS a watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, gabanin rantsar da shi, bisa ga bukatar cewa shugaban ƙasa ba ya shiga [[siyasa]] ta bangaranci; Bazoum ya hau mukamin shugaban riƙo na PNDS. Issoufou ya fara aiki ne a matsayin shugaban ƙasar Nijer a ranar 7 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011, kuma an naɗa Bazoum a cikin gwamnatin a matsayin ƙaramin Ministan Harkokin Waje, Haɗin kai, Haɗakar [[Afirka]], da ‘yan Nijar mazauna kasashen waje a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011. <ref>"Niger unveils new government", Agence France-Presse, 21 April 2011.</ref> Bazoum ya koma matsayin karamin minista a fadar shugaban kasa a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2015. <ref name="Basics">[http://www.africaintelligence.com/LCE/who-s-who/2015/03/04/bazoum-back-to-basics-at-pnds-party,108064518-ART "Bazoum back to basics at PNDS party"], ''West Africa Newsletter'', number 701, 4 March 2015.</ref> An kalli wannan mmatakin a matsayin bawa Bazoum damar mayar da hankali kan jjagorancin PNDS a cikin tsammanin neman Issoufou na sake zaben a s 2016. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2016 . <ref>[http://cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf "Arrêt n° 012/CC/ME du 16 mars 2016"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208195006/http://www.cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf |date=2017-12-08 }}, Constitutional Court of Niger, 16 March 2016, page 50.</ref> Bayan an rantsar da Issoufou a wa’adi na biyu, an nada Bazoum a matsayin karamin Ministan harkokin cikin gida, Tsaro na Jama’a, Bada iko, da al’adu da al’amuran Addini a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 2016. Ya hau karagar mulki a ranar 13 ga watan Afrilu, ya gaji [[Hassoumi Massaoudou]]. A watan Disambar 2022, an nada Mohamed Bazoum a matsayin shugaban kungiyar Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziki na Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA), yayin taron shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin kungiyar karo na 23 a Abidjan.[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1398170/economie/uemoa-bazoum-croissance-et-inflation-au-menu-du-sommet-des-chefs-detat/]. ==Kifar da Gwamnatin Bazoum== A ranar 26 ga watan Yulin, 2023. Sojojin da ke tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa sun tare fadar shugaban ƙasa don korar Bazoum.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 July 2023 |title=African Union, ECOWAS Condemn ‘Attempted Coup d'État’ in Niger |work=[[France 24]] |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230726-african-union-ecowas-condemn-attempted-coup-in-niger |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Madowo |first=Sarah Dean,Niamh Kennedy,Larry |date=2023-07-26 |title=Niger: Attempted coup in West African country, as presidency is sealed off |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Coup d’Etat au Niger : Les militaires putschistes suspendent « toutes les institutions » et ferment les frontières |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/monde/4047077-20230727-coup-etat-niger-militaires-putschistes-suspendent-toutes-institutions-ferment-frontieres |website=[[20 minutes (France)|20 minutes]] |access-date=26 July 2023 |language=fr}}</ref> An yi Allah wadai da yunƙurin juyin mulkin daga ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka da ƙungiyar ECOWAS. Kungiyar ECOWAS ta ce masu shirin juyin mulkin su sako Bazoum nan take. Sai fldqgq baya sunyi nasarar sauke Bazoum a ƙarshen wannan rana, inda nan take Kanar-Manjo Amadou Abdramane yayi bayani a gidan talabijin na ƙasar yana mai cewa an tsige shugaban ƙasar daga karagar mulki, sannan kuma an maye gurbinsa da gwamnatin mulkin soja da ke kiran kanta Majalisar Tsaron Gida ta ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Presse |first=AFP-Agence France |title=ECOWAS Head Says Benin President On Mediation Mission To Niger |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=www.barrons.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Niger soldiers say President Bazoum's government has been removed |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/soldiers-nigers-presidential-guard-blockade-presidents-office-security-sources-2023-07-26/ |website=[[Reuters]] |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref name="ap1">{{cite web |last=Mednick |first=Sam |date=27 July 2023 |title=Mutinous soldiers claim to have overthrown Niger’s president |url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-tensions-presidential-guard-96f8f63b838af5467d4c95ba7b998b32 |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[AP]]}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga watan Agustan 2023 ne gwamnatin Nijar ta sanar da cewa tana son gurfanar da Mohammed Bazoum da masu rike da madafun iko na cikin gida da na waje gaban kuliya bisa laifin cin amanar kasa da kuma zagon kasa ga tsaron cikin gida da waje na Nijar.<ref name="rfi">{{cite web |last= |first= |date=13 August 2023 |title=Afrique Coup d’État au Niger: qu’impliquent les accusations de la junte contre le président Mohamed Bazoum?|url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20230814-coup-d-%C3%A9tat-au-niger-qu-impliquent-les-accusations-de-la-junte-contre-le-pr%C3%A9sident-mohamed-bazoum |access-date=14 August 2023 |website=[[RFI]]}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2023, dangin Mohamed Bazoum sun yi iƙirarin cewa ba su ƙara tuntuɓar sa ba tun ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2023, kuma sun yi tir da “kame da bincike na cin zarafi” da aka yi wa wasu daga cikinsu.<ref name="Voa Afrique">{{cite web |last= |first=AFP |date=01 December 2023 |title=NIGER La famille du président nigérien déchu dit être sans nouvelles de lui|url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/niger-la-famille-du-pr%C3%A9sident-d%C3%A9chu-dit-%C3%AAtre-sans-nouvelles-de-lui-depuis-le-18-octobre/7379985.html |access-date=02 December 2023 |website=Voa Afrique}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1960]] [[Category:Mutanen Nijar]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] nmvwh5v931qzdi4fjl48s1u9oa7lvyg 874219 874218 2026-07-02T09:20:28Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874219 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Secretary_Blinken_Meets_With_Nigerien_President_Bazoum_in_New_York_City_(52370167613).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City]] [[File:P060245-844068.jpg|thumb|Mohamed Bazoum tshon shugaban ƙasar Niger wanda sojoju sukayinmasa juyin milki]] [[Fayil:Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City (52370167613).jpg|thumb|bazoum]] [[Fayil:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb|Bazoum]] '''Mohamed Bazoum''' (An haifi Bazoom ranar 3 ga watan Janairu shekara ta alif 1959) Ɗan siyasar Jamhuriyar Nijer, kuma tsohon [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|Shugaban Ƙasar Nijar]]. Bazoum Balarabe ne ɗan asalin [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Nijar]] wanda ya kasance Shugaban Jam’iyyar (PNDS- Ta Tarayya) tun daga shekara al 2011, Ya Kuma yi aiki a gwamnatin Nijar a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Waje daga shekara ta alif 1995 zuwa shekara ta 1996 ya kuma sake zama Ministan daga shekara ta 2011 zuwa shekara ta 2015. Ya kasance ƙaramin minista a fadar shugaban ƙasa daga shekara ta al 2015 zuwa shekarar 2016. Sannan Kuma ya kasance ƙaramin ministan cikin gida tsakanin shekarar 2016 zuwa 2020, lokacin da ya yi murabus don mayar da hankali kan tsayawa takarar shugabancin ƙasar a shekara a 2020. Inda yayi Nasarar lashe zaɓen da kaso 55.67% cikin ɗari.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/2/niger-president-to-be-sworn-in-after-attempted-coup|date= 2 April 2020 |accessdate= 27 July 2023|title=Mohamed Bazoum sworn in as Niger’s president amid tensions|last= Zandanini |first= Giacomo|publisher= Aljazeera.com|language= en}}</ref> == Harkar siyasa == [[File:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb]] Bazoum ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Harkokin Haɗin Kai a ƙarƙashin Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin gwiwa a cikin gwamnatin rikon ƙwarya ta Firayim Minista [[Amadou Cheiffou]] daga shekara ta 1991 zuwa shekara ta 1993. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa daga yanki na musamman na Tesker a matsayin ɗan takarar PNDS a zabe na musamman da aka gudanar a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1993; wannan ya biyo bayan soke zaɓen farko a cikin Tesker, wanda aka gudanar a watan Fabrairu. Bayan zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Janairun shekara ta 1995, wanda kawancen adawa na National Movement for the Development of Society (MNSD) da PNDS suka lashe, Bazoum ya zama Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin Kai a gwamnatin Firaminista [[Hama Amadou]], sai 25.ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 1995. Da farko an sake naɗa shi kan wannan mukamin ne bayan da [[Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara|Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara ya]] kwace mulki a wani juyin mulkin soja a ranar 27 ga Janairun shekara ta 1996, amma an maye gurbinsa a cikin gwamnatin da aka nada a ranar 5 ga watan Mayu shekara 1996. PNDS ta yi adawa da Maïnassara, kuma a ranar 26 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1996, Bazoum aka sanya shi a cikin tsare a gida tare da shugaban PNDS [[Mahamadou Issoufou]], 'yan makonni kadan bayan zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekara ta 1996 . Shi da Issoufou an sake shi bisa umarnin alƙali a ranar 12 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1996. An kama Bazoum tare da wasu manyan ƴan siyasa biyu na ƴan adawa, ciki har da Sakatare-Janar na MNSD Hama Amadou, a farkon watan Janairun 1998, bisa zargin shiga cikin maƙarƙashiyar kisan Maïnassara. <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/44156.stm "Niger Police arrest three opposition leaders"], BBC News, 3 January 1998.</ref> Ba a taɓa gurfanar da shi ba kuma an sake shi mako guda bayan kama shi. A Babban Taro na Huɗu na PNDS, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 4 &#x2013; 5 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2004, Bazoum aka zaba a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa. Bazoum an sake zabarsa zuwa ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Disamba shekarar 2004, kuma a lokacin wa’adin majalisar da ya biyo baya ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa na Uku na Majalisar da Mataimakin Shugaban ƙungiyar Majalisar Wakilai ta PNDS. Bazoum yana ɗaya daga cikin wakilai 14 da suka gabatar da ƙarar rashin amincewa game da Firayim Minista Hama Amadou a ranar 26 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2007; Gwamnatin Amadou ta sha kaye a kuri’ar rashin amincewa da ta biyo baya a ranar 31 ga watan Mayu, kuma Bazoum ya yaba da “dattakon da ke nuna ajin siyasa ta Nijar da ta kawo ƙarshen wa’adin ƙungiyar da ta kware a kan yadda ake kashe kudaden jama’a. . " <ref>[http://www.apanews.net/apa.php?page=afric_item_eng&id_article=34430 "Niger government falls after a "no confidence" vote"]{{Dead link|date=October 2018}}, African Press Agency, 31 May 2007.</ref> Bayan ya bukaci mutane su kaurace wa zaɓen raba gardama na tsarin mulkin watan Agusta na shekarar 2009, an tsare Bazoum a takaice kuma an yi masa tambayoyi na awanni biyu a ranar 14 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bazoum an sake zaɓarsa a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban PNDS a taron na biyar na Jam’iyyar, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 18 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bayan nasarar da aka samu a zaɓen raba gardamar, ya nuna shi a matsayin "juyin mulki" sannan ya ce zaɓen 'yan majalisar na watan Oktoba na shekarar 2009 wani "makircin zaɓe ne" da aka yi nufin kawai don a ƙara "goge dimokiradiyya" <ref>Boureima Hama, [http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 "Niger pushes ahead with polls"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422143243/http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 |date=2016-04-22 }}, Sapa-AFP, 19 October 2009.</ref> Wani juyin mulki da sojoji suka yi a ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2010 ne ya kori Shugaba [[Mamadou Tandja|Mamadou]] Tandja. Bazoum ya ce a yayin taron "wannan shi ne ainihin abin da muke tsoronsa, kudurin soja. Tandja na iya guje ma wannan. " <ref>Adam Nossiter, [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/19/world/africa/19niger.html "Soldiers storm presidential palace in Niger"], ''The New York Times'', 18 February 2010.</ref> A matsayinsa na ɗaya daga cikin manyan membobin ƙungiyar Coordination of Democratic Forces for the Republic (CFDR), gamayyar jam'iyyun adawa, ya ce a ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairu cewa CFDR ta bukaci a gurfanar da Tandja a gaban kuliya saboda cin amanar kasa saboda ya soke kundin tsarin mulkin shekarar 1999 a cikin kokarin ci gaba da mulki. A cewar Bazoum, irin wannan fitina ta zama dole don hana shugabannin gobe daga bin irin wannan tafarki. Ya ce kamata ya yi hukumar mulkin ta rike Tandja har sai "cibiyoyin dimokiradiyya" sun kasance, sannan kuma a yi wa Tandja shari'a, duk da cewa ya kuma ce yana jin hukuncin kisan ba zai zama dole ba. <ref>Peter Clottey, [http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html "Niger opposition leader says ex-President Tandja should face treason charges"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315022313/http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html |date=2010-03-15 }}, VOA News, 23 February 2010.</ref> Bayan [[Mahamadou Issoufou]] ya lashe zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Janairu <nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwVA">–</span></nowiki> Maris 2011, sai ya sauka daga shugabancin PNDS a watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, gabanin rantsar da shi, bisa ga bukatar cewa shugaban ƙasa ba ya shiga [[siyasa]] ta bangaranci; Bazoum ya hau mukamin shugaban riƙo na PNDS. Issoufou ya fara aiki ne a matsayin shugaban ƙasar Nijer a ranar 7 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011, kuma an naɗa Bazoum a cikin gwamnatin a matsayin ƙaramin Ministan Harkokin Waje, Haɗin kai, Haɗakar [[Afirka]], da ‘yan Nijar mazauna kasashen waje a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011. <ref>"Niger unveils new government", Agence France-Presse, 21 April 2011.</ref> Bazoum ya koma matsayin karamin minista a fadar shugaban kasa a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2015. <ref name="Basics">[http://www.africaintelligence.com/LCE/who-s-who/2015/03/04/bazoum-back-to-basics-at-pnds-party,108064518-ART "Bazoum back to basics at PNDS party"], ''West Africa Newsletter'', number 701, 4 March 2015.</ref> An kalli wannan mmatakin a matsayin bawa Bazoum damar mayar da hankali kan jjagorancin PNDS a cikin tsammanin neman Issoufou na sake zaben a s 2016. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2016 . <ref>[http://cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf "Arrêt n° 012/CC/ME du 16 mars 2016"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208195006/http://www.cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf |date=2017-12-08 }}, Constitutional Court of Niger, 16 March 2016, page 50.</ref> Bayan an rantsar da Issoufou a wa’adi na biyu, an nada Bazoum a matsayin karamin Ministan harkokin cikin gida, Tsaro na Jama’a, Bada iko, da al’adu da al’amuran Addini a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 2016. Ya hau karagar mulki a ranar 13 ga watan Afrilu, ya gaji [[Hassoumi Massaoudou]]. A watan Disambar 2022, an nada Mohamed Bazoum a matsayin shugaban kungiyar Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziki na Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA), yayin taron shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin kungiyar karo na 23 a Abidjan.[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1398170/economie/uemoa-bazoum-croissance-et-inflation-au-menu-du-sommet-des-chefs-detat/]. ==Kifar da Gwamnatin Bazoum== A ranar 26 ga watan Yulin, 2023. Sojojin da ke tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa sun tare fadar shugaban ƙasa don korar Bazoum.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 July 2023 |title=African Union, ECOWAS Condemn ‘Attempted Coup d'État’ in Niger |work=[[France 24]] |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230726-african-union-ecowas-condemn-attempted-coup-in-niger |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Madowo |first=Sarah Dean,Niamh Kennedy,Larry |date=2023-07-26 |title=Niger: Attempted coup in West African country, as presidency is sealed off |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Coup d’Etat au Niger : Les militaires putschistes suspendent « toutes les institutions » et ferment les frontières |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/monde/4047077-20230727-coup-etat-niger-militaires-putschistes-suspendent-toutes-institutions-ferment-frontieres |website=[[20 minutes (France)|20 minutes]] |access-date=26 July 2023 |language=fr}}</ref> An yi Allah wadai da yunƙurin juyin mulkin daga ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka da ƙungiyar ECOWAS. Kungiyar ECOWAS ta ce masu shirin juyin mulkin su sako Bazoum nan take. Sai fldqgq baya sunyi nasarar sauke Bazoum a ƙarshen wannan rana, inda nan take Kanar-Manjo Amadou Abdramane yayi bayani a gidan talabijin na ƙasar yana mai cewa an tsige shugaban ƙasar daga karagar mulki, sannan kuma an maye gurbinsa da gwamnatin mulkin soja da ke kiran kanta Majalisar Tsaron Gida ta ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Presse |first=AFP-Agence France |title=ECOWAS Head Says Benin President On Mediation Mission To Niger |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=www.barrons.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Niger soldiers say President Bazoum's government has been removed |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/soldiers-nigers-presidential-guard-blockade-presidents-office-security-sources-2023-07-26/ |website=[[Reuters]] |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref name="ap1">{{cite web |last=Mednick |first=Sam |date=27 July 2023 |title=Mutinous soldiers claim to have overthrown Niger’s president |url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-tensions-presidential-guard-96f8f63b838af5467d4c95ba7b998b32 |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[AP]]}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga watan Agustan 2023 ne gwamnatin Nijar ta sanar da cewa tana son gurfanar da Mohammed Bazoum da masu rike da madafun iko na cikin gida da na waje gaban kuliya bisa laifin cin amanar kasa da kuma zagon kasa ga tsaron cikin gida da waje na Nijar.<ref name="rfi">{{cite web |last= |first= |date=13 August 2023 |title=Afrique Coup d’État au Niger: qu’impliquent les accusations de la junte contre le président Mohamed Bazoum?|url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20230814-coup-d-%C3%A9tat-au-niger-qu-impliquent-les-accusations-de-la-junte-contre-le-pr%C3%A9sident-mohamed-bazoum |access-date=14 August 2023 |website=[[RFI]]}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2023, dangin Mohamed Bazoum sun yi iƙirarin cewa ba su ƙara tuntuɓar sa ba tun ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2023, kuma sun yi tir da “kame da bincike na cin zarafi” da aka yi wa wasu daga cikinsu.<ref name="Voa Afrique">{{cite web |last= |first=AFP |date=01 December 2023 |title=NIGER La famille du président nigérien déchu dit être sans nouvelles de lui|url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/niger-la-famille-du-pr%C3%A9sident-d%C3%A9chu-dit-%C3%AAtre-sans-nouvelles-de-lui-depuis-le-18-octobre/7379985.html |access-date=02 December 2023 |website=Voa Afrique}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1960]] [[Category:Mutanen Nijar]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] mw4lte7v3mthwablpf5fv4egrkq32z4 874220 874219 2026-07-02T09:20:54Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874220 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Secretary_Blinken_Meets_With_Nigerien_President_Bazoum_in_New_York_City_(52370167613).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City]] [[File:P060245-844068.jpg|thumb|Mohamed Bazoum tshon shugaban ƙasar Niger wanda sojoju sukayinmasa juyin milki]] [[Fayil:Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City (52370167613).jpg|thumb|bazoum]] [[Fayil:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb|Bazoum]] '''Mohamed Bazoum''' (An haifi Bazoom ranar 3 ga watan Janairu shekara ta alif 1959) Ɗan siyasar Jamhuriyar Nijer, kuma tsohon [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|Shugaban Ƙasar Nijar]]. Bazoum Balarabe ne ɗan asalin [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Nijar]] wanda ya kasance Shugaban Jam’iyyar (PNDS- Ta Tarayya) tun daga shekara ali 2011, Ya Kuma yi aiki a gwamnatin Nijar a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Waje daga shekara ta alif 1995 zuwa shekara ta 1996 ya kuma sake zama Ministan daga shekara ta 2011 zuwa shekara ta 2015. Ya kasance ƙaramin minista a fadar shugaban ƙasa daga shekara ta al 2015 zuwa shekarar 2016. Sannan Kuma ya kasance ƙaramin ministan cikin gida tsakanin shekarar 2016 zuwa 2020, lokacin da ya yi murabus don mayar da hankali kan tsayawa takarar shugabancin ƙasar a shekara a 2020. Inda yayi Nasarar lashe zaɓen da kaso 55.67% cikin ɗari.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/2/niger-president-to-be-sworn-in-after-attempted-coup|date= 2 April 2020 |accessdate= 27 July 2023|title=Mohamed Bazoum sworn in as Niger’s president amid tensions|last= Zandanini |first= Giacomo|publisher= Aljazeera.com|language= en}}</ref> == Harkar siyasa == [[File:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb]] Bazoum ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Harkokin Haɗin Kai a ƙarƙashin Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin gwiwa a cikin gwamnatin rikon ƙwarya ta Firayim Minista [[Amadou Cheiffou]] daga shekara ta 1991 zuwa shekara ta 1993. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa daga yanki na musamman na Tesker a matsayin ɗan takarar PNDS a zabe na musamman da aka gudanar a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1993; wannan ya biyo bayan soke zaɓen farko a cikin Tesker, wanda aka gudanar a watan Fabrairu. Bayan zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Janairun shekara ta 1995, wanda kawancen adawa na National Movement for the Development of Society (MNSD) da PNDS suka lashe, Bazoum ya zama Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin Kai a gwamnatin Firaminista [[Hama Amadou]], sai 25.ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 1995. Da farko an sake naɗa shi kan wannan mukamin ne bayan da [[Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara|Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara ya]] kwace mulki a wani juyin mulkin soja a ranar 27 ga Janairun shekara ta 1996, amma an maye gurbinsa a cikin gwamnatin da aka nada a ranar 5 ga watan Mayu shekara 1996. PNDS ta yi adawa da Maïnassara, kuma a ranar 26 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1996, Bazoum aka sanya shi a cikin tsare a gida tare da shugaban PNDS [[Mahamadou Issoufou]], 'yan makonni kadan bayan zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekara ta 1996 . Shi da Issoufou an sake shi bisa umarnin alƙali a ranar 12 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1996. An kama Bazoum tare da wasu manyan ƴan siyasa biyu na ƴan adawa, ciki har da Sakatare-Janar na MNSD Hama Amadou, a farkon watan Janairun 1998, bisa zargin shiga cikin maƙarƙashiyar kisan Maïnassara. <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/44156.stm "Niger Police arrest three opposition leaders"], BBC News, 3 January 1998.</ref> Ba a taɓa gurfanar da shi ba kuma an sake shi mako guda bayan kama shi. A Babban Taro na Huɗu na PNDS, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 4 &#x2013; 5 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2004, Bazoum aka zaba a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa. Bazoum an sake zabarsa zuwa ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Disamba shekarar 2004, kuma a lokacin wa’adin majalisar da ya biyo baya ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa na Uku na Majalisar da Mataimakin Shugaban ƙungiyar Majalisar Wakilai ta PNDS. Bazoum yana ɗaya daga cikin wakilai 14 da suka gabatar da ƙarar rashin amincewa game da Firayim Minista Hama Amadou a ranar 26 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2007; Gwamnatin Amadou ta sha kaye a kuri’ar rashin amincewa da ta biyo baya a ranar 31 ga watan Mayu, kuma Bazoum ya yaba da “dattakon da ke nuna ajin siyasa ta Nijar da ta kawo ƙarshen wa’adin ƙungiyar da ta kware a kan yadda ake kashe kudaden jama’a. . " <ref>[http://www.apanews.net/apa.php?page=afric_item_eng&id_article=34430 "Niger government falls after a "no confidence" vote"]{{Dead link|date=October 2018}}, African Press Agency, 31 May 2007.</ref> Bayan ya bukaci mutane su kaurace wa zaɓen raba gardama na tsarin mulkin watan Agusta na shekarar 2009, an tsare Bazoum a takaice kuma an yi masa tambayoyi na awanni biyu a ranar 14 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bazoum an sake zaɓarsa a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban PNDS a taron na biyar na Jam’iyyar, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 18 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bayan nasarar da aka samu a zaɓen raba gardamar, ya nuna shi a matsayin "juyin mulki" sannan ya ce zaɓen 'yan majalisar na watan Oktoba na shekarar 2009 wani "makircin zaɓe ne" da aka yi nufin kawai don a ƙara "goge dimokiradiyya" <ref>Boureima Hama, [http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 "Niger pushes ahead with polls"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422143243/http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 |date=2016-04-22 }}, Sapa-AFP, 19 October 2009.</ref> Wani juyin mulki da sojoji suka yi a ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2010 ne ya kori Shugaba [[Mamadou Tandja|Mamadou]] Tandja. Bazoum ya ce a yayin taron "wannan shi ne ainihin abin da muke tsoronsa, kudurin soja. Tandja na iya guje ma wannan. " <ref>Adam Nossiter, [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/19/world/africa/19niger.html "Soldiers storm presidential palace in Niger"], ''The New York Times'', 18 February 2010.</ref> A matsayinsa na ɗaya daga cikin manyan membobin ƙungiyar Coordination of Democratic Forces for the Republic (CFDR), gamayyar jam'iyyun adawa, ya ce a ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairu cewa CFDR ta bukaci a gurfanar da Tandja a gaban kuliya saboda cin amanar kasa saboda ya soke kundin tsarin mulkin shekarar 1999 a cikin kokarin ci gaba da mulki. A cewar Bazoum, irin wannan fitina ta zama dole don hana shugabannin gobe daga bin irin wannan tafarki. Ya ce kamata ya yi hukumar mulkin ta rike Tandja har sai "cibiyoyin dimokiradiyya" sun kasance, sannan kuma a yi wa Tandja shari'a, duk da cewa ya kuma ce yana jin hukuncin kisan ba zai zama dole ba. <ref>Peter Clottey, [http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html "Niger opposition leader says ex-President Tandja should face treason charges"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315022313/http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html |date=2010-03-15 }}, VOA News, 23 February 2010.</ref> Bayan [[Mahamadou Issoufou]] ya lashe zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Janairu <nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwVA">–</span></nowiki> Maris 2011, sai ya sauka daga shugabancin PNDS a watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, gabanin rantsar da shi, bisa ga bukatar cewa shugaban ƙasa ba ya shiga [[siyasa]] ta bangaranci; Bazoum ya hau mukamin shugaban riƙo na PNDS. Issoufou ya fara aiki ne a matsayin shugaban ƙasar Nijer a ranar 7 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011, kuma an naɗa Bazoum a cikin gwamnatin a matsayin ƙaramin Ministan Harkokin Waje, Haɗin kai, Haɗakar [[Afirka]], da ‘yan Nijar mazauna kasashen waje a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011. <ref>"Niger unveils new government", Agence France-Presse, 21 April 2011.</ref> Bazoum ya koma matsayin karamin minista a fadar shugaban kasa a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2015. <ref name="Basics">[http://www.africaintelligence.com/LCE/who-s-who/2015/03/04/bazoum-back-to-basics-at-pnds-party,108064518-ART "Bazoum back to basics at PNDS party"], ''West Africa Newsletter'', number 701, 4 March 2015.</ref> An kalli wannan mmatakin a matsayin bawa Bazoum damar mayar da hankali kan jjagorancin PNDS a cikin tsammanin neman Issoufou na sake zaben a s 2016. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2016 . <ref>[http://cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf "Arrêt n° 012/CC/ME du 16 mars 2016"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208195006/http://www.cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf |date=2017-12-08 }}, Constitutional Court of Niger, 16 March 2016, page 50.</ref> Bayan an rantsar da Issoufou a wa’adi na biyu, an nada Bazoum a matsayin karamin Ministan harkokin cikin gida, Tsaro na Jama’a, Bada iko, da al’adu da al’amuran Addini a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 2016. Ya hau karagar mulki a ranar 13 ga watan Afrilu, ya gaji [[Hassoumi Massaoudou]]. A watan Disambar 2022, an nada Mohamed Bazoum a matsayin shugaban kungiyar Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziki na Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA), yayin taron shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin kungiyar karo na 23 a Abidjan.[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1398170/economie/uemoa-bazoum-croissance-et-inflation-au-menu-du-sommet-des-chefs-detat/]. ==Kifar da Gwamnatin Bazoum== A ranar 26 ga watan Yulin, 2023. Sojojin da ke tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa sun tare fadar shugaban ƙasa don korar Bazoum.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 July 2023 |title=African Union, ECOWAS Condemn ‘Attempted Coup d'État’ in Niger |work=[[France 24]] |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230726-african-union-ecowas-condemn-attempted-coup-in-niger |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Madowo |first=Sarah Dean,Niamh Kennedy,Larry |date=2023-07-26 |title=Niger: Attempted coup in West African country, as presidency is sealed off |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Coup d’Etat au Niger : Les militaires putschistes suspendent « toutes les institutions » et ferment les frontières |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/monde/4047077-20230727-coup-etat-niger-militaires-putschistes-suspendent-toutes-institutions-ferment-frontieres |website=[[20 minutes (France)|20 minutes]] |access-date=26 July 2023 |language=fr}}</ref> An yi Allah wadai da yunƙurin juyin mulkin daga ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka da ƙungiyar ECOWAS. Kungiyar ECOWAS ta ce masu shirin juyin mulkin su sako Bazoum nan take. Sai fldqgq baya sunyi nasarar sauke Bazoum a ƙarshen wannan rana, inda nan take Kanar-Manjo Amadou Abdramane yayi bayani a gidan talabijin na ƙasar yana mai cewa an tsige shugaban ƙasar daga karagar mulki, sannan kuma an maye gurbinsa da gwamnatin mulkin soja da ke kiran kanta Majalisar Tsaron Gida ta ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Presse |first=AFP-Agence France |title=ECOWAS Head Says Benin President On Mediation Mission To Niger |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=www.barrons.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Niger soldiers say President Bazoum's government has been removed |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/soldiers-nigers-presidential-guard-blockade-presidents-office-security-sources-2023-07-26/ |website=[[Reuters]] |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref name="ap1">{{cite web |last=Mednick |first=Sam |date=27 July 2023 |title=Mutinous soldiers claim to have overthrown Niger’s president |url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-tensions-presidential-guard-96f8f63b838af5467d4c95ba7b998b32 |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[AP]]}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga watan Agustan 2023 ne gwamnatin Nijar ta sanar da cewa tana son gurfanar da Mohammed Bazoum da masu rike da madafun iko na cikin gida da na waje gaban kuliya bisa laifin cin amanar kasa da kuma zagon kasa ga tsaron cikin gida da waje na Nijar.<ref name="rfi">{{cite web |last= |first= |date=13 August 2023 |title=Afrique Coup d’État au Niger: qu’impliquent les accusations de la junte contre le président Mohamed Bazoum?|url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20230814-coup-d-%C3%A9tat-au-niger-qu-impliquent-les-accusations-de-la-junte-contre-le-pr%C3%A9sident-mohamed-bazoum |access-date=14 August 2023 |website=[[RFI]]}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2023, dangin Mohamed Bazoum sun yi iƙirarin cewa ba su ƙara tuntuɓar sa ba tun ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2023, kuma sun yi tir da “kame da bincike na cin zarafi” da aka yi wa wasu daga cikinsu.<ref name="Voa Afrique">{{cite web |last= |first=AFP |date=01 December 2023 |title=NIGER La famille du président nigérien déchu dit être sans nouvelles de lui|url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/niger-la-famille-du-pr%C3%A9sident-d%C3%A9chu-dit-%C3%AAtre-sans-nouvelles-de-lui-depuis-le-18-octobre/7379985.html |access-date=02 December 2023 |website=Voa Afrique}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1960]] [[Category:Mutanen Nijar]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] qbeqojr7ebzqd96ivutcko0qppqlr60 874221 874220 2026-07-02T09:21:16Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874221 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Secretary_Blinken_Meets_With_Nigerien_President_Bazoum_in_New_York_City_(52370167613).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City]] [[File:P060245-844068.jpg|thumb|Mohamed Bazoum tshon shugaban ƙasar Niger wanda sojoju sukayinmasa juyin milki]] [[Fayil:Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City (52370167613).jpg|thumb|bazoum]] [[Fayil:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb|Bazoum]] '''Mohamed Bazoum''' (An haifi Bazoom ranar 3 ga watan Janairu shekara ta alif 1959) Ɗan siyasar Jamhuriyar Nijer, kuma tsohon [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|Shugaban Ƙasar Nijar]]. Bazoum Balarabe ne ɗan asalin [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Nijar]] wanda ya kasance Shugaban Jam’iyyar (PNDS- Ta Tarayya) tun daga shekara alif 2011, Ya Kuma yi aiki a gwamnatin Nijar a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Waje daga shekara ta alif 1995 zuwa shekara ta 1996 ya kuma sake zama Ministan daga shekara ta 2011 zuwa shekara ta 2015. Ya kasance ƙaramin minista a fadar shugaban ƙasa daga shekara ta al 2015 zuwa shekarar 2016. Sannan Kuma ya kasance ƙaramin ministan cikin gida tsakanin shekarar 2016 zuwa 2020, lokacin da ya yi murabus don mayar da hankali kan tsayawa takarar shugabancin ƙasar a shekara a 2020. Inda yayi Nasarar lashe zaɓen da kaso 55.67% cikin ɗari.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/2/niger-president-to-be-sworn-in-after-attempted-coup|date= 2 April 2020 |accessdate= 27 July 2023|title=Mohamed Bazoum sworn in as Niger’s president amid tensions|last= Zandanini |first= Giacomo|publisher= Aljazeera.com|language= en}}</ref> == Harkar siyasa == [[File:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb]] Bazoum ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Harkokin Haɗin Kai a ƙarƙashin Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin gwiwa a cikin gwamnatin rikon ƙwarya ta Firayim Minista [[Amadou Cheiffou]] daga shekara ta 1991 zuwa shekara ta 1993. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa daga yanki na musamman na Tesker a matsayin ɗan takarar PNDS a zabe na musamman da aka gudanar a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1993; wannan ya biyo bayan soke zaɓen farko a cikin Tesker, wanda aka gudanar a watan Fabrairu. Bayan zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Janairun shekara ta 1995, wanda kawancen adawa na National Movement for the Development of Society (MNSD) da PNDS suka lashe, Bazoum ya zama Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin Kai a gwamnatin Firaminista [[Hama Amadou]], sai 25.ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 1995. Da farko an sake naɗa shi kan wannan mukamin ne bayan da [[Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara|Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara ya]] kwace mulki a wani juyin mulkin soja a ranar 27 ga Janairun shekara ta 1996, amma an maye gurbinsa a cikin gwamnatin da aka nada a ranar 5 ga watan Mayu shekara 1996. PNDS ta yi adawa da Maïnassara, kuma a ranar 26 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1996, Bazoum aka sanya shi a cikin tsare a gida tare da shugaban PNDS [[Mahamadou Issoufou]], 'yan makonni kadan bayan zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekara ta 1996 . Shi da Issoufou an sake shi bisa umarnin alƙali a ranar 12 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1996. An kama Bazoum tare da wasu manyan ƴan siyasa biyu na ƴan adawa, ciki har da Sakatare-Janar na MNSD Hama Amadou, a farkon watan Janairun 1998, bisa zargin shiga cikin maƙarƙashiyar kisan Maïnassara. <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/44156.stm "Niger Police arrest three opposition leaders"], BBC News, 3 January 1998.</ref> Ba a taɓa gurfanar da shi ba kuma an sake shi mako guda bayan kama shi. A Babban Taro na Huɗu na PNDS, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 4 &#x2013; 5 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2004, Bazoum aka zaba a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa. Bazoum an sake zabarsa zuwa ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Disamba shekarar 2004, kuma a lokacin wa’adin majalisar da ya biyo baya ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa na Uku na Majalisar da Mataimakin Shugaban ƙungiyar Majalisar Wakilai ta PNDS. Bazoum yana ɗaya daga cikin wakilai 14 da suka gabatar da ƙarar rashin amincewa game da Firayim Minista Hama Amadou a ranar 26 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2007; Gwamnatin Amadou ta sha kaye a kuri’ar rashin amincewa da ta biyo baya a ranar 31 ga watan Mayu, kuma Bazoum ya yaba da “dattakon da ke nuna ajin siyasa ta Nijar da ta kawo ƙarshen wa’adin ƙungiyar da ta kware a kan yadda ake kashe kudaden jama’a. . " <ref>[http://www.apanews.net/apa.php?page=afric_item_eng&id_article=34430 "Niger government falls after a "no confidence" vote"]{{Dead link|date=October 2018}}, African Press Agency, 31 May 2007.</ref> Bayan ya bukaci mutane su kaurace wa zaɓen raba gardama na tsarin mulkin watan Agusta na shekarar 2009, an tsare Bazoum a takaice kuma an yi masa tambayoyi na awanni biyu a ranar 14 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bazoum an sake zaɓarsa a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban PNDS a taron na biyar na Jam’iyyar, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 18 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bayan nasarar da aka samu a zaɓen raba gardamar, ya nuna shi a matsayin "juyin mulki" sannan ya ce zaɓen 'yan majalisar na watan Oktoba na shekarar 2009 wani "makircin zaɓe ne" da aka yi nufin kawai don a ƙara "goge dimokiradiyya" <ref>Boureima Hama, [http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 "Niger pushes ahead with polls"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422143243/http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 |date=2016-04-22 }}, Sapa-AFP, 19 October 2009.</ref> Wani juyin mulki da sojoji suka yi a ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2010 ne ya kori Shugaba [[Mamadou Tandja|Mamadou]] Tandja. Bazoum ya ce a yayin taron "wannan shi ne ainihin abin da muke tsoronsa, kudurin soja. Tandja na iya guje ma wannan. " <ref>Adam Nossiter, [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/19/world/africa/19niger.html "Soldiers storm presidential palace in Niger"], ''The New York Times'', 18 February 2010.</ref> A matsayinsa na ɗaya daga cikin manyan membobin ƙungiyar Coordination of Democratic Forces for the Republic (CFDR), gamayyar jam'iyyun adawa, ya ce a ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairu cewa CFDR ta bukaci a gurfanar da Tandja a gaban kuliya saboda cin amanar kasa saboda ya soke kundin tsarin mulkin shekarar 1999 a cikin kokarin ci gaba da mulki. A cewar Bazoum, irin wannan fitina ta zama dole don hana shugabannin gobe daga bin irin wannan tafarki. Ya ce kamata ya yi hukumar mulkin ta rike Tandja har sai "cibiyoyin dimokiradiyya" sun kasance, sannan kuma a yi wa Tandja shari'a, duk da cewa ya kuma ce yana jin hukuncin kisan ba zai zama dole ba. <ref>Peter Clottey, [http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html "Niger opposition leader says ex-President Tandja should face treason charges"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315022313/http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html |date=2010-03-15 }}, VOA News, 23 February 2010.</ref> Bayan [[Mahamadou Issoufou]] ya lashe zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Janairu <nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwVA">–</span></nowiki> Maris 2011, sai ya sauka daga shugabancin PNDS a watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, gabanin rantsar da shi, bisa ga bukatar cewa shugaban ƙasa ba ya shiga [[siyasa]] ta bangaranci; Bazoum ya hau mukamin shugaban riƙo na PNDS. Issoufou ya fara aiki ne a matsayin shugaban ƙasar Nijer a ranar 7 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011, kuma an naɗa Bazoum a cikin gwamnatin a matsayin ƙaramin Ministan Harkokin Waje, Haɗin kai, Haɗakar [[Afirka]], da ‘yan Nijar mazauna kasashen waje a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011. <ref>"Niger unveils new government", Agence France-Presse, 21 April 2011.</ref> Bazoum ya koma matsayin karamin minista a fadar shugaban kasa a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2015. <ref name="Basics">[http://www.africaintelligence.com/LCE/who-s-who/2015/03/04/bazoum-back-to-basics-at-pnds-party,108064518-ART "Bazoum back to basics at PNDS party"], ''West Africa Newsletter'', number 701, 4 March 2015.</ref> An kalli wannan mmatakin a matsayin bawa Bazoum damar mayar da hankali kan jjagorancin PNDS a cikin tsammanin neman Issoufou na sake zaben a s 2016. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2016 . <ref>[http://cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf "Arrêt n° 012/CC/ME du 16 mars 2016"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208195006/http://www.cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf |date=2017-12-08 }}, Constitutional Court of Niger, 16 March 2016, page 50.</ref> Bayan an rantsar da Issoufou a wa’adi na biyu, an nada Bazoum a matsayin karamin Ministan harkokin cikin gida, Tsaro na Jama’a, Bada iko, da al’adu da al’amuran Addini a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 2016. Ya hau karagar mulki a ranar 13 ga watan Afrilu, ya gaji [[Hassoumi Massaoudou]]. A watan Disambar 2022, an nada Mohamed Bazoum a matsayin shugaban kungiyar Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziki na Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA), yayin taron shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin kungiyar karo na 23 a Abidjan.[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1398170/economie/uemoa-bazoum-croissance-et-inflation-au-menu-du-sommet-des-chefs-detat/]. ==Kifar da Gwamnatin Bazoum== A ranar 26 ga watan Yulin, 2023. Sojojin da ke tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa sun tare fadar shugaban ƙasa don korar Bazoum.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 July 2023 |title=African Union, ECOWAS Condemn ‘Attempted Coup d'État’ in Niger |work=[[France 24]] |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230726-african-union-ecowas-condemn-attempted-coup-in-niger |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Madowo |first=Sarah Dean,Niamh Kennedy,Larry |date=2023-07-26 |title=Niger: Attempted coup in West African country, as presidency is sealed off |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Coup d’Etat au Niger : Les militaires putschistes suspendent « toutes les institutions » et ferment les frontières |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/monde/4047077-20230727-coup-etat-niger-militaires-putschistes-suspendent-toutes-institutions-ferment-frontieres |website=[[20 minutes (France)|20 minutes]] |access-date=26 July 2023 |language=fr}}</ref> An yi Allah wadai da yunƙurin juyin mulkin daga ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka da ƙungiyar ECOWAS. Kungiyar ECOWAS ta ce masu shirin juyin mulkin su sako Bazoum nan take. Sai fldqgq baya sunyi nasarar sauke Bazoum a ƙarshen wannan rana, inda nan take Kanar-Manjo Amadou Abdramane yayi bayani a gidan talabijin na ƙasar yana mai cewa an tsige shugaban ƙasar daga karagar mulki, sannan kuma an maye gurbinsa da gwamnatin mulkin soja da ke kiran kanta Majalisar Tsaron Gida ta ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Presse |first=AFP-Agence France |title=ECOWAS Head Says Benin President On Mediation Mission To Niger |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=www.barrons.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Niger soldiers say President Bazoum's government has been removed |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/soldiers-nigers-presidential-guard-blockade-presidents-office-security-sources-2023-07-26/ |website=[[Reuters]] |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref name="ap1">{{cite web |last=Mednick |first=Sam |date=27 July 2023 |title=Mutinous soldiers claim to have overthrown Niger’s president |url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-tensions-presidential-guard-96f8f63b838af5467d4c95ba7b998b32 |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[AP]]}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga watan Agustan 2023 ne gwamnatin Nijar ta sanar da cewa tana son gurfanar da Mohammed Bazoum da masu rike da madafun iko na cikin gida da na waje gaban kuliya bisa laifin cin amanar kasa da kuma zagon kasa ga tsaron cikin gida da waje na Nijar.<ref name="rfi">{{cite web |last= |first= |date=13 August 2023 |title=Afrique Coup d’État au Niger: qu’impliquent les accusations de la junte contre le président Mohamed Bazoum?|url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20230814-coup-d-%C3%A9tat-au-niger-qu-impliquent-les-accusations-de-la-junte-contre-le-pr%C3%A9sident-mohamed-bazoum |access-date=14 August 2023 |website=[[RFI]]}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2023, dangin Mohamed Bazoum sun yi iƙirarin cewa ba su ƙara tuntuɓar sa ba tun ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2023, kuma sun yi tir da “kame da bincike na cin zarafi” da aka yi wa wasu daga cikinsu.<ref name="Voa Afrique">{{cite web |last= |first=AFP |date=01 December 2023 |title=NIGER La famille du président nigérien déchu dit être sans nouvelles de lui|url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/niger-la-famille-du-pr%C3%A9sident-d%C3%A9chu-dit-%C3%AAtre-sans-nouvelles-de-lui-depuis-le-18-octobre/7379985.html |access-date=02 December 2023 |website=Voa Afrique}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1960]] [[Category:Mutanen Nijar]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] d42sgjp693sekzc8dgpr15tnkiz4myx 874222 874221 2026-07-02T09:21:36Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874222 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Secretary_Blinken_Meets_With_Nigerien_President_Bazoum_in_New_York_City_(52370167613).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City]] [[File:P060245-844068.jpg|thumb|Mohamed Bazoum tshon shugaban ƙasar Niger wanda sojoju sukayinmasa juyin milki]] [[Fayil:Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City (52370167613).jpg|thumb|bazoum]] [[Fayil:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb|Bazoum]] '''Mohamed Bazoum''' (An haifi Bazoom ranar 3 ga watan Janairu shekara ta alif 1959) Ɗan siyasar Jamhuriyar Nijer, kuma tsohon [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|Shugaban Ƙasar Nijar]]. Bazoum Balarabe ne ɗan asalin [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Nijar]] wanda ya kasance Shugaban Jam’iyyar (PNDS- Ta Tarayya) tun daga shekara alif 2011, Ya Kuma yi aiki a gwamnatin Nijar a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Waje daga shekara ta alif 1995 zuwa shekara ta 1996 ya kuma sake zama Ministan daga shekara ta 2011 zuwa shekara ta 2015. Ya kasance ƙaramin minista a fadar shugaban ƙasa daga shekara ta al 2015 zuwa shekarar 2016. Sannan Kuma ya kasance ƙaramin ministan cikin gida tsakanin shekara 2016 zuwa 2020, lokacin da ya yi murabus don mayar da hankali kan tsayawa takarar shugabancin ƙasar a shekara a 2020. Inda yayi Nasarar lashe zaɓen da kaso 55.67% cikin ɗari.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/2/niger-president-to-be-sworn-in-after-attempted-coup|date= 2 April 2020 |accessdate= 27 July 2023|title=Mohamed Bazoum sworn in as Niger’s president amid tensions|last= Zandanini |first= Giacomo|publisher= Aljazeera.com|language= en}}</ref> == Harkar siyasa == [[File:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb]] Bazoum ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Harkokin Haɗin Kai a ƙarƙashin Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin gwiwa a cikin gwamnatin rikon ƙwarya ta Firayim Minista [[Amadou Cheiffou]] daga shekara ta 1991 zuwa shekara ta 1993. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa daga yanki na musamman na Tesker a matsayin ɗan takarar PNDS a zabe na musamman da aka gudanar a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1993; wannan ya biyo bayan soke zaɓen farko a cikin Tesker, wanda aka gudanar a watan Fabrairu. Bayan zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Janairun shekara ta 1995, wanda kawancen adawa na National Movement for the Development of Society (MNSD) da PNDS suka lashe, Bazoum ya zama Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin Kai a gwamnatin Firaminista [[Hama Amadou]], sai 25.ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 1995. Da farko an sake naɗa shi kan wannan mukamin ne bayan da [[Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara|Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara ya]] kwace mulki a wani juyin mulkin soja a ranar 27 ga Janairun shekara ta 1996, amma an maye gurbinsa a cikin gwamnatin da aka nada a ranar 5 ga watan Mayu shekara 1996. PNDS ta yi adawa da Maïnassara, kuma a ranar 26 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1996, Bazoum aka sanya shi a cikin tsare a gida tare da shugaban PNDS [[Mahamadou Issoufou]], 'yan makonni kadan bayan zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekara ta 1996 . Shi da Issoufou an sake shi bisa umarnin alƙali a ranar 12 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1996. An kama Bazoum tare da wasu manyan ƴan siyasa biyu na ƴan adawa, ciki har da Sakatare-Janar na MNSD Hama Amadou, a farkon watan Janairun 1998, bisa zargin shiga cikin maƙarƙashiyar kisan Maïnassara. <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/44156.stm "Niger Police arrest three opposition leaders"], BBC News, 3 January 1998.</ref> Ba a taɓa gurfanar da shi ba kuma an sake shi mako guda bayan kama shi. A Babban Taro na Huɗu na PNDS, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 4 &#x2013; 5 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2004, Bazoum aka zaba a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa. Bazoum an sake zabarsa zuwa ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Disamba shekarar 2004, kuma a lokacin wa’adin majalisar da ya biyo baya ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa na Uku na Majalisar da Mataimakin Shugaban ƙungiyar Majalisar Wakilai ta PNDS. Bazoum yana ɗaya daga cikin wakilai 14 da suka gabatar da ƙarar rashin amincewa game da Firayim Minista Hama Amadou a ranar 26 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2007; Gwamnatin Amadou ta sha kaye a kuri’ar rashin amincewa da ta biyo baya a ranar 31 ga watan Mayu, kuma Bazoum ya yaba da “dattakon da ke nuna ajin siyasa ta Nijar da ta kawo ƙarshen wa’adin ƙungiyar da ta kware a kan yadda ake kashe kudaden jama’a. . " <ref>[http://www.apanews.net/apa.php?page=afric_item_eng&id_article=34430 "Niger government falls after a "no confidence" vote"]{{Dead link|date=October 2018}}, African Press Agency, 31 May 2007.</ref> Bayan ya bukaci mutane su kaurace wa zaɓen raba gardama na tsarin mulkin watan Agusta na shekarar 2009, an tsare Bazoum a takaice kuma an yi masa tambayoyi na awanni biyu a ranar 14 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bazoum an sake zaɓarsa a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban PNDS a taron na biyar na Jam’iyyar, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 18 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bayan nasarar da aka samu a zaɓen raba gardamar, ya nuna shi a matsayin "juyin mulki" sannan ya ce zaɓen 'yan majalisar na watan Oktoba na shekarar 2009 wani "makircin zaɓe ne" da aka yi nufin kawai don a ƙara "goge dimokiradiyya" <ref>Boureima Hama, [http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 "Niger pushes ahead with polls"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422143243/http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 |date=2016-04-22 }}, Sapa-AFP, 19 October 2009.</ref> Wani juyin mulki da sojoji suka yi a ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2010 ne ya kori Shugaba [[Mamadou Tandja|Mamadou]] Tandja. Bazoum ya ce a yayin taron "wannan shi ne ainihin abin da muke tsoronsa, kudurin soja. Tandja na iya guje ma wannan. " <ref>Adam Nossiter, [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/19/world/africa/19niger.html "Soldiers storm presidential palace in Niger"], ''The New York Times'', 18 February 2010.</ref> A matsayinsa na ɗaya daga cikin manyan membobin ƙungiyar Coordination of Democratic Forces for the Republic (CFDR), gamayyar jam'iyyun adawa, ya ce a ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairu cewa CFDR ta bukaci a gurfanar da Tandja a gaban kuliya saboda cin amanar kasa saboda ya soke kundin tsarin mulkin shekarar 1999 a cikin kokarin ci gaba da mulki. A cewar Bazoum, irin wannan fitina ta zama dole don hana shugabannin gobe daga bin irin wannan tafarki. Ya ce kamata ya yi hukumar mulkin ta rike Tandja har sai "cibiyoyin dimokiradiyya" sun kasance, sannan kuma a yi wa Tandja shari'a, duk da cewa ya kuma ce yana jin hukuncin kisan ba zai zama dole ba. <ref>Peter Clottey, [http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html "Niger opposition leader says ex-President Tandja should face treason charges"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315022313/http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html |date=2010-03-15 }}, VOA News, 23 February 2010.</ref> Bayan [[Mahamadou Issoufou]] ya lashe zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Janairu <nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwVA">–</span></nowiki> Maris 2011, sai ya sauka daga shugabancin PNDS a watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, gabanin rantsar da shi, bisa ga bukatar cewa shugaban ƙasa ba ya shiga [[siyasa]] ta bangaranci; Bazoum ya hau mukamin shugaban riƙo na PNDS. Issoufou ya fara aiki ne a matsayin shugaban ƙasar Nijer a ranar 7 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011, kuma an naɗa Bazoum a cikin gwamnatin a matsayin ƙaramin Ministan Harkokin Waje, Haɗin kai, Haɗakar [[Afirka]], da ‘yan Nijar mazauna kasashen waje a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011. <ref>"Niger unveils new government", Agence France-Presse, 21 April 2011.</ref> Bazoum ya koma matsayin karamin minista a fadar shugaban kasa a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2015. <ref name="Basics">[http://www.africaintelligence.com/LCE/who-s-who/2015/03/04/bazoum-back-to-basics-at-pnds-party,108064518-ART "Bazoum back to basics at PNDS party"], ''West Africa Newsletter'', number 701, 4 March 2015.</ref> An kalli wannan mmatakin a matsayin bawa Bazoum damar mayar da hankali kan jjagorancin PNDS a cikin tsammanin neman Issoufou na sake zaben a s 2016. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2016 . <ref>[http://cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf "Arrêt n° 012/CC/ME du 16 mars 2016"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208195006/http://www.cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf |date=2017-12-08 }}, Constitutional Court of Niger, 16 March 2016, page 50.</ref> Bayan an rantsar da Issoufou a wa’adi na biyu, an nada Bazoum a matsayin karamin Ministan harkokin cikin gida, Tsaro na Jama’a, Bada iko, da al’adu da al’amuran Addini a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 2016. Ya hau karagar mulki a ranar 13 ga watan Afrilu, ya gaji [[Hassoumi Massaoudou]]. A watan Disambar 2022, an nada Mohamed Bazoum a matsayin shugaban kungiyar Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziki na Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA), yayin taron shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin kungiyar karo na 23 a Abidjan.[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1398170/economie/uemoa-bazoum-croissance-et-inflation-au-menu-du-sommet-des-chefs-detat/]. ==Kifar da Gwamnatin Bazoum== A ranar 26 ga watan Yulin, 2023. Sojojin da ke tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa sun tare fadar shugaban ƙasa don korar Bazoum.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 July 2023 |title=African Union, ECOWAS Condemn ‘Attempted Coup d'État’ in Niger |work=[[France 24]] |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230726-african-union-ecowas-condemn-attempted-coup-in-niger |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Madowo |first=Sarah Dean,Niamh Kennedy,Larry |date=2023-07-26 |title=Niger: Attempted coup in West African country, as presidency is sealed off |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Coup d’Etat au Niger : Les militaires putschistes suspendent « toutes les institutions » et ferment les frontières |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/monde/4047077-20230727-coup-etat-niger-militaires-putschistes-suspendent-toutes-institutions-ferment-frontieres |website=[[20 minutes (France)|20 minutes]] |access-date=26 July 2023 |language=fr}}</ref> An yi Allah wadai da yunƙurin juyin mulkin daga ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka da ƙungiyar ECOWAS. Kungiyar ECOWAS ta ce masu shirin juyin mulkin su sako Bazoum nan take. Sai fldqgq baya sunyi nasarar sauke Bazoum a ƙarshen wannan rana, inda nan take Kanar-Manjo Amadou Abdramane yayi bayani a gidan talabijin na ƙasar yana mai cewa an tsige shugaban ƙasar daga karagar mulki, sannan kuma an maye gurbinsa da gwamnatin mulkin soja da ke kiran kanta Majalisar Tsaron Gida ta ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Presse |first=AFP-Agence France |title=ECOWAS Head Says Benin President On Mediation Mission To Niger |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=www.barrons.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Niger soldiers say President Bazoum's government has been removed |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/soldiers-nigers-presidential-guard-blockade-presidents-office-security-sources-2023-07-26/ |website=[[Reuters]] |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref name="ap1">{{cite web |last=Mednick |first=Sam |date=27 July 2023 |title=Mutinous soldiers claim to have overthrown Niger’s president |url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-tensions-presidential-guard-96f8f63b838af5467d4c95ba7b998b32 |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[AP]]}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga watan Agustan 2023 ne gwamnatin Nijar ta sanar da cewa tana son gurfanar da Mohammed Bazoum da masu rike da madafun iko na cikin gida da na waje gaban kuliya bisa laifin cin amanar kasa da kuma zagon kasa ga tsaron cikin gida da waje na Nijar.<ref name="rfi">{{cite web |last= |first= |date=13 August 2023 |title=Afrique Coup d’État au Niger: qu’impliquent les accusations de la junte contre le président Mohamed Bazoum?|url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20230814-coup-d-%C3%A9tat-au-niger-qu-impliquent-les-accusations-de-la-junte-contre-le-pr%C3%A9sident-mohamed-bazoum |access-date=14 August 2023 |website=[[RFI]]}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2023, dangin Mohamed Bazoum sun yi iƙirarin cewa ba su ƙara tuntuɓar sa ba tun ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2023, kuma sun yi tir da “kame da bincike na cin zarafi” da aka yi wa wasu daga cikinsu.<ref name="Voa Afrique">{{cite web |last= |first=AFP |date=01 December 2023 |title=NIGER La famille du président nigérien déchu dit être sans nouvelles de lui|url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/niger-la-famille-du-pr%C3%A9sident-d%C3%A9chu-dit-%C3%AAtre-sans-nouvelles-de-lui-depuis-le-18-octobre/7379985.html |access-date=02 December 2023 |website=Voa Afrique}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1960]] [[Category:Mutanen Nijar]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 1yxtwt6yrct8iz1ov858wfthpjiph1y 874224 874222 2026-07-02T09:22:03Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874224 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Secretary_Blinken_Meets_With_Nigerien_President_Bazoum_in_New_York_City_(52370167613).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City]] [[File:P060245-844068.jpg|thumb|Mohamed Bazoum tshon shugaban ƙasar Niger wanda sojoju sukayinmasa juyin milki]] [[Fayil:Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City (52370167613).jpg|thumb|bazoum]] [[Fayil:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb|Bazoum]] '''Mohamed Bazoum''' (An haifi Bazoom ranar 3 ga watan Janairu shekara ta alif 1959) Ɗan siyasar Jamhuriyar Nijer, kuma tsohon [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|Shugaban Ƙasar Nijar]]. Bazoum Balarabe ne ɗan asalin [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Nijar]] wanda ya kasance Shugaban Jam’iyyar (PNDS- Ta Tarayya) tun daga shekara alif 2011, Ya Kuma yi aiki a gwamnatin Nijar a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Waje daga shekara ta alif 1995 zuwa shekara ta 1996 ya kuma sake zama Ministan daga shekara ta 2011 zuwa shekara ta 2015. Ya kasance ƙaramin minista a fadar shugaban ƙasa daga shekara ta ali 2015 zuwa shekarar 2016. Sannan Kuma ya kasance ƙaramin ministan cikin gida tsakanin shekara 2016 zuwa 2020, lokacin da ya yi murabus don mayar da hankali kan tsayawa takarar shugabancin ƙasar a shekara a 2020. Inda yayi Nasarar lashe zaɓen da kaso 55.67% cikin ɗari.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/2/niger-president-to-be-sworn-in-after-attempted-coup|date= 2 April 2020 |accessdate= 27 July 2023|title=Mohamed Bazoum sworn in as Niger’s president amid tensions|last= Zandanini |first= Giacomo|publisher= Aljazeera.com|language= en}}</ref> == Harkar siyasa == [[File:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb]] Bazoum ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Harkokin Haɗin Kai a ƙarƙashin Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin gwiwa a cikin gwamnatin rikon ƙwarya ta Firayim Minista [[Amadou Cheiffou]] daga shekara ta 1991 zuwa shekara ta 1993. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa daga yanki na musamman na Tesker a matsayin ɗan takarar PNDS a zabe na musamman da aka gudanar a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1993; wannan ya biyo bayan soke zaɓen farko a cikin Tesker, wanda aka gudanar a watan Fabrairu. Bayan zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Janairun shekara ta 1995, wanda kawancen adawa na National Movement for the Development of Society (MNSD) da PNDS suka lashe, Bazoum ya zama Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin Kai a gwamnatin Firaminista [[Hama Amadou]], sai 25.ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 1995. Da farko an sake naɗa shi kan wannan mukamin ne bayan da [[Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara|Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara ya]] kwace mulki a wani juyin mulkin soja a ranar 27 ga Janairun shekara ta 1996, amma an maye gurbinsa a cikin gwamnatin da aka nada a ranar 5 ga watan Mayu shekara 1996. PNDS ta yi adawa da Maïnassara, kuma a ranar 26 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1996, Bazoum aka sanya shi a cikin tsare a gida tare da shugaban PNDS [[Mahamadou Issoufou]], 'yan makonni kadan bayan zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekara ta 1996 . Shi da Issoufou an sake shi bisa umarnin alƙali a ranar 12 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1996. An kama Bazoum tare da wasu manyan ƴan siyasa biyu na ƴan adawa, ciki har da Sakatare-Janar na MNSD Hama Amadou, a farkon watan Janairun 1998, bisa zargin shiga cikin maƙarƙashiyar kisan Maïnassara. <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/44156.stm "Niger Police arrest three opposition leaders"], BBC News, 3 January 1998.</ref> Ba a taɓa gurfanar da shi ba kuma an sake shi mako guda bayan kama shi. A Babban Taro na Huɗu na PNDS, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 4 &#x2013; 5 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2004, Bazoum aka zaba a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa. Bazoum an sake zabarsa zuwa ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Disamba shekarar 2004, kuma a lokacin wa’adin majalisar da ya biyo baya ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa na Uku na Majalisar da Mataimakin Shugaban ƙungiyar Majalisar Wakilai ta PNDS. Bazoum yana ɗaya daga cikin wakilai 14 da suka gabatar da ƙarar rashin amincewa game da Firayim Minista Hama Amadou a ranar 26 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2007; Gwamnatin Amadou ta sha kaye a kuri’ar rashin amincewa da ta biyo baya a ranar 31 ga watan Mayu, kuma Bazoum ya yaba da “dattakon da ke nuna ajin siyasa ta Nijar da ta kawo ƙarshen wa’adin ƙungiyar da ta kware a kan yadda ake kashe kudaden jama’a. . " <ref>[http://www.apanews.net/apa.php?page=afric_item_eng&id_article=34430 "Niger government falls after a "no confidence" vote"]{{Dead link|date=October 2018}}, African Press Agency, 31 May 2007.</ref> Bayan ya bukaci mutane su kaurace wa zaɓen raba gardama na tsarin mulkin watan Agusta na shekarar 2009, an tsare Bazoum a takaice kuma an yi masa tambayoyi na awanni biyu a ranar 14 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bazoum an sake zaɓarsa a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban PNDS a taron na biyar na Jam’iyyar, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 18 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bayan nasarar da aka samu a zaɓen raba gardamar, ya nuna shi a matsayin "juyin mulki" sannan ya ce zaɓen 'yan majalisar na watan Oktoba na shekarar 2009 wani "makircin zaɓe ne" da aka yi nufin kawai don a ƙara "goge dimokiradiyya" <ref>Boureima Hama, [http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 "Niger pushes ahead with polls"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422143243/http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 |date=2016-04-22 }}, Sapa-AFP, 19 October 2009.</ref> Wani juyin mulki da sojoji suka yi a ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2010 ne ya kori Shugaba [[Mamadou Tandja|Mamadou]] Tandja. Bazoum ya ce a yayin taron "wannan shi ne ainihin abin da muke tsoronsa, kudurin soja. Tandja na iya guje ma wannan. " <ref>Adam Nossiter, [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/19/world/africa/19niger.html "Soldiers storm presidential palace in Niger"], ''The New York Times'', 18 February 2010.</ref> A matsayinsa na ɗaya daga cikin manyan membobin ƙungiyar Coordination of Democratic Forces for the Republic (CFDR), gamayyar jam'iyyun adawa, ya ce a ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairu cewa CFDR ta bukaci a gurfanar da Tandja a gaban kuliya saboda cin amanar kasa saboda ya soke kundin tsarin mulkin shekarar 1999 a cikin kokarin ci gaba da mulki. A cewar Bazoum, irin wannan fitina ta zama dole don hana shugabannin gobe daga bin irin wannan tafarki. Ya ce kamata ya yi hukumar mulkin ta rike Tandja har sai "cibiyoyin dimokiradiyya" sun kasance, sannan kuma a yi wa Tandja shari'a, duk da cewa ya kuma ce yana jin hukuncin kisan ba zai zama dole ba. <ref>Peter Clottey, [http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html "Niger opposition leader says ex-President Tandja should face treason charges"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315022313/http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html |date=2010-03-15 }}, VOA News, 23 February 2010.</ref> Bayan [[Mahamadou Issoufou]] ya lashe zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Janairu <nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwVA">–</span></nowiki> Maris 2011, sai ya sauka daga shugabancin PNDS a watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, gabanin rantsar da shi, bisa ga bukatar cewa shugaban ƙasa ba ya shiga [[siyasa]] ta bangaranci; Bazoum ya hau mukamin shugaban riƙo na PNDS. Issoufou ya fara aiki ne a matsayin shugaban ƙasar Nijer a ranar 7 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011, kuma an naɗa Bazoum a cikin gwamnatin a matsayin ƙaramin Ministan Harkokin Waje, Haɗin kai, Haɗakar [[Afirka]], da ‘yan Nijar mazauna kasashen waje a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011. <ref>"Niger unveils new government", Agence France-Presse, 21 April 2011.</ref> Bazoum ya koma matsayin karamin minista a fadar shugaban kasa a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2015. <ref name="Basics">[http://www.africaintelligence.com/LCE/who-s-who/2015/03/04/bazoum-back-to-basics-at-pnds-party,108064518-ART "Bazoum back to basics at PNDS party"], ''West Africa Newsletter'', number 701, 4 March 2015.</ref> An kalli wannan mmatakin a matsayin bawa Bazoum damar mayar da hankali kan jjagorancin PNDS a cikin tsammanin neman Issoufou na sake zaben a s 2016. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2016 . <ref>[http://cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf "Arrêt n° 012/CC/ME du 16 mars 2016"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208195006/http://www.cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf |date=2017-12-08 }}, Constitutional Court of Niger, 16 March 2016, page 50.</ref> Bayan an rantsar da Issoufou a wa’adi na biyu, an nada Bazoum a matsayin karamin Ministan harkokin cikin gida, Tsaro na Jama’a, Bada iko, da al’adu da al’amuran Addini a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 2016. Ya hau karagar mulki a ranar 13 ga watan Afrilu, ya gaji [[Hassoumi Massaoudou]]. A watan Disambar 2022, an nada Mohamed Bazoum a matsayin shugaban kungiyar Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziki na Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA), yayin taron shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin kungiyar karo na 23 a Abidjan.[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1398170/economie/uemoa-bazoum-croissance-et-inflation-au-menu-du-sommet-des-chefs-detat/]. ==Kifar da Gwamnatin Bazoum== A ranar 26 ga watan Yulin, 2023. Sojojin da ke tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa sun tare fadar shugaban ƙasa don korar Bazoum.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 July 2023 |title=African Union, ECOWAS Condemn ‘Attempted Coup d'État’ in Niger |work=[[France 24]] |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230726-african-union-ecowas-condemn-attempted-coup-in-niger |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Madowo |first=Sarah Dean,Niamh Kennedy,Larry |date=2023-07-26 |title=Niger: Attempted coup in West African country, as presidency is sealed off |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Coup d’Etat au Niger : Les militaires putschistes suspendent « toutes les institutions » et ferment les frontières |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/monde/4047077-20230727-coup-etat-niger-militaires-putschistes-suspendent-toutes-institutions-ferment-frontieres |website=[[20 minutes (France)|20 minutes]] |access-date=26 July 2023 |language=fr}}</ref> An yi Allah wadai da yunƙurin juyin mulkin daga ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka da ƙungiyar ECOWAS. Kungiyar ECOWAS ta ce masu shirin juyin mulkin su sako Bazoum nan take. Sai fldqgq baya sunyi nasarar sauke Bazoum a ƙarshen wannan rana, inda nan take Kanar-Manjo Amadou Abdramane yayi bayani a gidan talabijin na ƙasar yana mai cewa an tsige shugaban ƙasar daga karagar mulki, sannan kuma an maye gurbinsa da gwamnatin mulkin soja da ke kiran kanta Majalisar Tsaron Gida ta ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Presse |first=AFP-Agence France |title=ECOWAS Head Says Benin President On Mediation Mission To Niger |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=www.barrons.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Niger soldiers say President Bazoum's government has been removed |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/soldiers-nigers-presidential-guard-blockade-presidents-office-security-sources-2023-07-26/ |website=[[Reuters]] |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref name="ap1">{{cite web |last=Mednick |first=Sam |date=27 July 2023 |title=Mutinous soldiers claim to have overthrown Niger’s president |url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-tensions-presidential-guard-96f8f63b838af5467d4c95ba7b998b32 |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[AP]]}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga watan Agustan 2023 ne gwamnatin Nijar ta sanar da cewa tana son gurfanar da Mohammed Bazoum da masu rike da madafun iko na cikin gida da na waje gaban kuliya bisa laifin cin amanar kasa da kuma zagon kasa ga tsaron cikin gida da waje na Nijar.<ref name="rfi">{{cite web |last= |first= |date=13 August 2023 |title=Afrique Coup d’État au Niger: qu’impliquent les accusations de la junte contre le président Mohamed Bazoum?|url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20230814-coup-d-%C3%A9tat-au-niger-qu-impliquent-les-accusations-de-la-junte-contre-le-pr%C3%A9sident-mohamed-bazoum |access-date=14 August 2023 |website=[[RFI]]}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2023, dangin Mohamed Bazoum sun yi iƙirarin cewa ba su ƙara tuntuɓar sa ba tun ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2023, kuma sun yi tir da “kame da bincike na cin zarafi” da aka yi wa wasu daga cikinsu.<ref name="Voa Afrique">{{cite web |last= |first=AFP |date=01 December 2023 |title=NIGER La famille du président nigérien déchu dit être sans nouvelles de lui|url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/niger-la-famille-du-pr%C3%A9sident-d%C3%A9chu-dit-%C3%AAtre-sans-nouvelles-de-lui-depuis-le-18-octobre/7379985.html |access-date=02 December 2023 |website=Voa Afrique}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1960]] [[Category:Mutanen Nijar]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 8tn6dcikisvz085bcs60p8j8rzf75lw 874225 874224 2026-07-02T09:22:27Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874225 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Secretary_Blinken_Meets_With_Nigerien_President_Bazoum_in_New_York_City_(52370167613).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City]] [[File:P060245-844068.jpg|thumb|Mohamed Bazoum tshon shugaban ƙasar Niger wanda sojoju sukayinmasa juyin milki]] [[Fayil:Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City (52370167613).jpg|thumb|bazoum]] [[Fayil:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb|Bazoum]] '''Mohamed Bazoum''' (An haifi Bazoom ranar 3 ga watan Janairu shekara ta alif 1959) Ɗan siyasar Jamhuriyar Nijer, kuma tsohon [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|Shugaban Ƙasar Nijar]]. Bazoum Balarabe ne ɗan asalin [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Nijar]] wanda ya kasance Shugaban Jam’iyyar (PNDS- Ta Tarayya) tun daga shekara alif 2011, Ya Kuma yi aiki a gwamnatin Nijar a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Waje daga shekara ta alif 1995 zuwa shekara ta 1996 ya kuma sake zama Ministan daga shekara ta 2011 zuwa shekara ta 2015. Ya kasance ƙaramin minista a fadar shugaban ƙasa daga shekara ta alif 2015 zuwa shekarar 2016. Sannan Kuma ya kasance ƙaramin ministan cikin gida tsakanin shekara 2016 zuwa 2020, lokacin da ya yi murabus don mayar da hankali kan tsayawa takarar shugabancin ƙasar a shekara a 2020. Inda yayi Nasarar lashe zaɓen da kaso 55.67% cikin ɗari.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/2/niger-president-to-be-sworn-in-after-attempted-coup|date= 2 April 2020 |accessdate= 27 July 2023|title=Mohamed Bazoum sworn in as Niger’s president amid tensions|last= Zandanini |first= Giacomo|publisher= Aljazeera.com|language= en}}</ref> == Harkar siyasa == [[File:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb]] Bazoum ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Harkokin Haɗin Kai a ƙarƙashin Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin gwiwa a cikin gwamnatin rikon ƙwarya ta Firayim Minista [[Amadou Cheiffou]] daga shekara ta 1991 zuwa shekara ta 1993. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa daga yanki na musamman na Tesker a matsayin ɗan takarar PNDS a zabe na musamman da aka gudanar a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1993; wannan ya biyo bayan soke zaɓen farko a cikin Tesker, wanda aka gudanar a watan Fabrairu. Bayan zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Janairun shekara ta 1995, wanda kawancen adawa na National Movement for the Development of Society (MNSD) da PNDS suka lashe, Bazoum ya zama Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin Kai a gwamnatin Firaminista [[Hama Amadou]], sai 25.ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 1995. Da farko an sake naɗa shi kan wannan mukamin ne bayan da [[Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara|Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara ya]] kwace mulki a wani juyin mulkin soja a ranar 27 ga Janairun shekara ta 1996, amma an maye gurbinsa a cikin gwamnatin da aka nada a ranar 5 ga watan Mayu shekara 1996. PNDS ta yi adawa da Maïnassara, kuma a ranar 26 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1996, Bazoum aka sanya shi a cikin tsare a gida tare da shugaban PNDS [[Mahamadou Issoufou]], 'yan makonni kadan bayan zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekara ta 1996 . Shi da Issoufou an sake shi bisa umarnin alƙali a ranar 12 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1996. An kama Bazoum tare da wasu manyan ƴan siyasa biyu na ƴan adawa, ciki har da Sakatare-Janar na MNSD Hama Amadou, a farkon watan Janairun 1998, bisa zargin shiga cikin maƙarƙashiyar kisan Maïnassara. <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/44156.stm "Niger Police arrest three opposition leaders"], BBC News, 3 January 1998.</ref> Ba a taɓa gurfanar da shi ba kuma an sake shi mako guda bayan kama shi. A Babban Taro na Huɗu na PNDS, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 4 &#x2013; 5 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2004, Bazoum aka zaba a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa. Bazoum an sake zabarsa zuwa ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Disamba shekarar 2004, kuma a lokacin wa’adin majalisar da ya biyo baya ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa na Uku na Majalisar da Mataimakin Shugaban ƙungiyar Majalisar Wakilai ta PNDS. Bazoum yana ɗaya daga cikin wakilai 14 da suka gabatar da ƙarar rashin amincewa game da Firayim Minista Hama Amadou a ranar 26 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2007; Gwamnatin Amadou ta sha kaye a kuri’ar rashin amincewa da ta biyo baya a ranar 31 ga watan Mayu, kuma Bazoum ya yaba da “dattakon da ke nuna ajin siyasa ta Nijar da ta kawo ƙarshen wa’adin ƙungiyar da ta kware a kan yadda ake kashe kudaden jama’a. . " <ref>[http://www.apanews.net/apa.php?page=afric_item_eng&id_article=34430 "Niger government falls after a "no confidence" vote"]{{Dead link|date=October 2018}}, African Press Agency, 31 May 2007.</ref> Bayan ya bukaci mutane su kaurace wa zaɓen raba gardama na tsarin mulkin watan Agusta na shekarar 2009, an tsare Bazoum a takaice kuma an yi masa tambayoyi na awanni biyu a ranar 14 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bazoum an sake zaɓarsa a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban PNDS a taron na biyar na Jam’iyyar, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 18 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bayan nasarar da aka samu a zaɓen raba gardamar, ya nuna shi a matsayin "juyin mulki" sannan ya ce zaɓen 'yan majalisar na watan Oktoba na shekarar 2009 wani "makircin zaɓe ne" da aka yi nufin kawai don a ƙara "goge dimokiradiyya" <ref>Boureima Hama, [http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 "Niger pushes ahead with polls"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422143243/http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 |date=2016-04-22 }}, Sapa-AFP, 19 October 2009.</ref> Wani juyin mulki da sojoji suka yi a ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2010 ne ya kori Shugaba [[Mamadou Tandja|Mamadou]] Tandja. Bazoum ya ce a yayin taron "wannan shi ne ainihin abin da muke tsoronsa, kudurin soja. Tandja na iya guje ma wannan. " <ref>Adam Nossiter, [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/19/world/africa/19niger.html "Soldiers storm presidential palace in Niger"], ''The New York Times'', 18 February 2010.</ref> A matsayinsa na ɗaya daga cikin manyan membobin ƙungiyar Coordination of Democratic Forces for the Republic (CFDR), gamayyar jam'iyyun adawa, ya ce a ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairu cewa CFDR ta bukaci a gurfanar da Tandja a gaban kuliya saboda cin amanar kasa saboda ya soke kundin tsarin mulkin shekarar 1999 a cikin kokarin ci gaba da mulki. A cewar Bazoum, irin wannan fitina ta zama dole don hana shugabannin gobe daga bin irin wannan tafarki. Ya ce kamata ya yi hukumar mulkin ta rike Tandja har sai "cibiyoyin dimokiradiyya" sun kasance, sannan kuma a yi wa Tandja shari'a, duk da cewa ya kuma ce yana jin hukuncin kisan ba zai zama dole ba. <ref>Peter Clottey, [http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html "Niger opposition leader says ex-President Tandja should face treason charges"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315022313/http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html |date=2010-03-15 }}, VOA News, 23 February 2010.</ref> Bayan [[Mahamadou Issoufou]] ya lashe zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Janairu <nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwVA">–</span></nowiki> Maris 2011, sai ya sauka daga shugabancin PNDS a watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, gabanin rantsar da shi, bisa ga bukatar cewa shugaban ƙasa ba ya shiga [[siyasa]] ta bangaranci; Bazoum ya hau mukamin shugaban riƙo na PNDS. Issoufou ya fara aiki ne a matsayin shugaban ƙasar Nijer a ranar 7 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011, kuma an naɗa Bazoum a cikin gwamnatin a matsayin ƙaramin Ministan Harkokin Waje, Haɗin kai, Haɗakar [[Afirka]], da ‘yan Nijar mazauna kasashen waje a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011. <ref>"Niger unveils new government", Agence France-Presse, 21 April 2011.</ref> Bazoum ya koma matsayin karamin minista a fadar shugaban kasa a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2015. <ref name="Basics">[http://www.africaintelligence.com/LCE/who-s-who/2015/03/04/bazoum-back-to-basics-at-pnds-party,108064518-ART "Bazoum back to basics at PNDS party"], ''West Africa Newsletter'', number 701, 4 March 2015.</ref> An kalli wannan mmatakin a matsayin bawa Bazoum damar mayar da hankali kan jjagorancin PNDS a cikin tsammanin neman Issoufou na sake zaben a s 2016. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2016 . <ref>[http://cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf "Arrêt n° 012/CC/ME du 16 mars 2016"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208195006/http://www.cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf |date=2017-12-08 }}, Constitutional Court of Niger, 16 March 2016, page 50.</ref> Bayan an rantsar da Issoufou a wa’adi na biyu, an nada Bazoum a matsayin karamin Ministan harkokin cikin gida, Tsaro na Jama’a, Bada iko, da al’adu da al’amuran Addini a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 2016. Ya hau karagar mulki a ranar 13 ga watan Afrilu, ya gaji [[Hassoumi Massaoudou]]. A watan Disambar 2022, an nada Mohamed Bazoum a matsayin shugaban kungiyar Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziki na Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA), yayin taron shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin kungiyar karo na 23 a Abidjan.[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1398170/economie/uemoa-bazoum-croissance-et-inflation-au-menu-du-sommet-des-chefs-detat/]. ==Kifar da Gwamnatin Bazoum== A ranar 26 ga watan Yulin, 2023. Sojojin da ke tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa sun tare fadar shugaban ƙasa don korar Bazoum.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 July 2023 |title=African Union, ECOWAS Condemn ‘Attempted Coup d'État’ in Niger |work=[[France 24]] |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230726-african-union-ecowas-condemn-attempted-coup-in-niger |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Madowo |first=Sarah Dean,Niamh Kennedy,Larry |date=2023-07-26 |title=Niger: Attempted coup in West African country, as presidency is sealed off |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Coup d’Etat au Niger : Les militaires putschistes suspendent « toutes les institutions » et ferment les frontières |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/monde/4047077-20230727-coup-etat-niger-militaires-putschistes-suspendent-toutes-institutions-ferment-frontieres |website=[[20 minutes (France)|20 minutes]] |access-date=26 July 2023 |language=fr}}</ref> An yi Allah wadai da yunƙurin juyin mulkin daga ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka da ƙungiyar ECOWAS. Kungiyar ECOWAS ta ce masu shirin juyin mulkin su sako Bazoum nan take. Sai fldqgq baya sunyi nasarar sauke Bazoum a ƙarshen wannan rana, inda nan take Kanar-Manjo Amadou Abdramane yayi bayani a gidan talabijin na ƙasar yana mai cewa an tsige shugaban ƙasar daga karagar mulki, sannan kuma an maye gurbinsa da gwamnatin mulkin soja da ke kiran kanta Majalisar Tsaron Gida ta ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Presse |first=AFP-Agence France |title=ECOWAS Head Says Benin President On Mediation Mission To Niger |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=www.barrons.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Niger soldiers say President Bazoum's government has been removed |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/soldiers-nigers-presidential-guard-blockade-presidents-office-security-sources-2023-07-26/ |website=[[Reuters]] |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref name="ap1">{{cite web |last=Mednick |first=Sam |date=27 July 2023 |title=Mutinous soldiers claim to have overthrown Niger’s president |url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-tensions-presidential-guard-96f8f63b838af5467d4c95ba7b998b32 |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[AP]]}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga watan Agustan 2023 ne gwamnatin Nijar ta sanar da cewa tana son gurfanar da Mohammed Bazoum da masu rike da madafun iko na cikin gida da na waje gaban kuliya bisa laifin cin amanar kasa da kuma zagon kasa ga tsaron cikin gida da waje na Nijar.<ref name="rfi">{{cite web |last= |first= |date=13 August 2023 |title=Afrique Coup d’État au Niger: qu’impliquent les accusations de la junte contre le président Mohamed Bazoum?|url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20230814-coup-d-%C3%A9tat-au-niger-qu-impliquent-les-accusations-de-la-junte-contre-le-pr%C3%A9sident-mohamed-bazoum |access-date=14 August 2023 |website=[[RFI]]}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2023, dangin Mohamed Bazoum sun yi iƙirarin cewa ba su ƙara tuntuɓar sa ba tun ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2023, kuma sun yi tir da “kame da bincike na cin zarafi” da aka yi wa wasu daga cikinsu.<ref name="Voa Afrique">{{cite web |last= |first=AFP |date=01 December 2023 |title=NIGER La famille du président nigérien déchu dit être sans nouvelles de lui|url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/niger-la-famille-du-pr%C3%A9sident-d%C3%A9chu-dit-%C3%AAtre-sans-nouvelles-de-lui-depuis-le-18-octobre/7379985.html |access-date=02 December 2023 |website=Voa Afrique}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1960]] [[Category:Mutanen Nijar]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] b8cngn4yt5n68z1hpjg240dd7wgwrns 874226 874225 2026-07-02T09:23:05Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874226 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Secretary_Blinken_Meets_With_Nigerien_President_Bazoum_in_New_York_City_(52370167613).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City]] [[File:P060245-844068.jpg|thumb|Mohamed Bazoum tshon shugaban ƙasar Niger wanda sojoju sukayinmasa juyin milki]] [[Fayil:Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City (52370167613).jpg|thumb|bazoum]] [[Fayil:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb|Bazoum]] '''Mohamed Bazoum''' (An haifi Bazoom ranar 3 ga watan Janairu shekara ta alif 1959) Ɗan siyasar Jamhuriyar Nijer, kuma tsohon [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|Shugaban Ƙasar Nijar]]. Bazoum Balarabe ne ɗan asalin [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Nijar]] wanda ya kasance Shugaban Jam’iyyar (PNDS- Ta Tarayya) tun daga shekara alif 2011, Ya Kuma yi aiki a gwamnatin Nijar a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Waje daga shekara ta alif 1995 zuwa shekara ta 1996 ya kuma sake zama Ministan daga shekara ta 2011 zuwa shekara ta a 2015. Ya kasance ƙaramin minista a fadar shugaban ƙasa daga shekara ta alif 2015 zuwa shekarar 2016. Sannan Kuma ya kasance ƙaramin ministan cikin gida tsakanin shekara 2016 zuwa 2020, lokacin da ya yi murabus don mayar da hankali kan tsayawa takarar shugabancin ƙasar a shekara a 2020. Inda yayi Nasarar lashe zaɓen da kaso 55.67% cikin ɗari.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/2/niger-president-to-be-sworn-in-after-attempted-coup|date= 2 April 2020 |accessdate= 27 July 2023|title=Mohamed Bazoum sworn in as Niger’s president amid tensions|last= Zandanini |first= Giacomo|publisher= Aljazeera.com|language= en}}</ref> == Harkar siyasa == [[File:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb]] Bazoum ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Harkokin Haɗin Kai a ƙarƙashin Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin gwiwa a cikin gwamnatin rikon ƙwarya ta Firayim Minista [[Amadou Cheiffou]] daga shekara ta 1991 zuwa shekara ta 1993. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa daga yanki na musamman na Tesker a matsayin ɗan takarar PNDS a zabe na musamman da aka gudanar a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1993; wannan ya biyo bayan soke zaɓen farko a cikin Tesker, wanda aka gudanar a watan Fabrairu. Bayan zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Janairun shekara ta 1995, wanda kawancen adawa na National Movement for the Development of Society (MNSD) da PNDS suka lashe, Bazoum ya zama Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin Kai a gwamnatin Firaminista [[Hama Amadou]], sai 25.ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 1995. Da farko an sake naɗa shi kan wannan mukamin ne bayan da [[Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara|Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara ya]] kwace mulki a wani juyin mulkin soja a ranar 27 ga Janairun shekara ta 1996, amma an maye gurbinsa a cikin gwamnatin da aka nada a ranar 5 ga watan Mayu shekara 1996. PNDS ta yi adawa da Maïnassara, kuma a ranar 26 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1996, Bazoum aka sanya shi a cikin tsare a gida tare da shugaban PNDS [[Mahamadou Issoufou]], 'yan makonni kadan bayan zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekara ta 1996 . Shi da Issoufou an sake shi bisa umarnin alƙali a ranar 12 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1996. An kama Bazoum tare da wasu manyan ƴan siyasa biyu na ƴan adawa, ciki har da Sakatare-Janar na MNSD Hama Amadou, a farkon watan Janairun 1998, bisa zargin shiga cikin maƙarƙashiyar kisan Maïnassara. <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/44156.stm "Niger Police arrest three opposition leaders"], BBC News, 3 January 1998.</ref> Ba a taɓa gurfanar da shi ba kuma an sake shi mako guda bayan kama shi. A Babban Taro na Huɗu na PNDS, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 4 &#x2013; 5 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2004, Bazoum aka zaba a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa. Bazoum an sake zabarsa zuwa ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Disamba shekarar 2004, kuma a lokacin wa’adin majalisar da ya biyo baya ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa na Uku na Majalisar da Mataimakin Shugaban ƙungiyar Majalisar Wakilai ta PNDS. Bazoum yana ɗaya daga cikin wakilai 14 da suka gabatar da ƙarar rashin amincewa game da Firayim Minista Hama Amadou a ranar 26 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2007; Gwamnatin Amadou ta sha kaye a kuri’ar rashin amincewa da ta biyo baya a ranar 31 ga watan Mayu, kuma Bazoum ya yaba da “dattakon da ke nuna ajin siyasa ta Nijar da ta kawo ƙarshen wa’adin ƙungiyar da ta kware a kan yadda ake kashe kudaden jama’a. . " <ref>[http://www.apanews.net/apa.php?page=afric_item_eng&id_article=34430 "Niger government falls after a "no confidence" vote"]{{Dead link|date=October 2018}}, African Press Agency, 31 May 2007.</ref> Bayan ya bukaci mutane su kaurace wa zaɓen raba gardama na tsarin mulkin watan Agusta na shekarar 2009, an tsare Bazoum a takaice kuma an yi masa tambayoyi na awanni biyu a ranar 14 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bazoum an sake zaɓarsa a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban PNDS a taron na biyar na Jam’iyyar, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 18 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bayan nasarar da aka samu a zaɓen raba gardamar, ya nuna shi a matsayin "juyin mulki" sannan ya ce zaɓen 'yan majalisar na watan Oktoba na shekarar 2009 wani "makircin zaɓe ne" da aka yi nufin kawai don a ƙara "goge dimokiradiyya" <ref>Boureima Hama, [http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 "Niger pushes ahead with polls"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422143243/http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 |date=2016-04-22 }}, Sapa-AFP, 19 October 2009.</ref> Wani juyin mulki da sojoji suka yi a ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2010 ne ya kori Shugaba [[Mamadou Tandja|Mamadou]] Tandja. Bazoum ya ce a yayin taron "wannan shi ne ainihin abin da muke tsoronsa, kudurin soja. Tandja na iya guje ma wannan. " <ref>Adam Nossiter, [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/19/world/africa/19niger.html "Soldiers storm presidential palace in Niger"], ''The New York Times'', 18 February 2010.</ref> A matsayinsa na ɗaya daga cikin manyan membobin ƙungiyar Coordination of Democratic Forces for the Republic (CFDR), gamayyar jam'iyyun adawa, ya ce a ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairu cewa CFDR ta bukaci a gurfanar da Tandja a gaban kuliya saboda cin amanar kasa saboda ya soke kundin tsarin mulkin shekarar 1999 a cikin kokarin ci gaba da mulki. A cewar Bazoum, irin wannan fitina ta zama dole don hana shugabannin gobe daga bin irin wannan tafarki. Ya ce kamata ya yi hukumar mulkin ta rike Tandja har sai "cibiyoyin dimokiradiyya" sun kasance, sannan kuma a yi wa Tandja shari'a, duk da cewa ya kuma ce yana jin hukuncin kisan ba zai zama dole ba. <ref>Peter Clottey, [http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html "Niger opposition leader says ex-President Tandja should face treason charges"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315022313/http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html |date=2010-03-15 }}, VOA News, 23 February 2010.</ref> Bayan [[Mahamadou Issoufou]] ya lashe zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Janairu <nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwVA">–</span></nowiki> Maris 2011, sai ya sauka daga shugabancin PNDS a watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, gabanin rantsar da shi, bisa ga bukatar cewa shugaban ƙasa ba ya shiga [[siyasa]] ta bangaranci; Bazoum ya hau mukamin shugaban riƙo na PNDS. Issoufou ya fara aiki ne a matsayin shugaban ƙasar Nijer a ranar 7 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011, kuma an naɗa Bazoum a cikin gwamnatin a matsayin ƙaramin Ministan Harkokin Waje, Haɗin kai, Haɗakar [[Afirka]], da ‘yan Nijar mazauna kasashen waje a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011. <ref>"Niger unveils new government", Agence France-Presse, 21 April 2011.</ref> Bazoum ya koma matsayin karamin minista a fadar shugaban kasa a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2015. <ref name="Basics">[http://www.africaintelligence.com/LCE/who-s-who/2015/03/04/bazoum-back-to-basics-at-pnds-party,108064518-ART "Bazoum back to basics at PNDS party"], ''West Africa Newsletter'', number 701, 4 March 2015.</ref> An kalli wannan mmatakin a matsayin bawa Bazoum damar mayar da hankali kan jjagorancin PNDS a cikin tsammanin neman Issoufou na sake zaben a s 2016. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2016 . <ref>[http://cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf "Arrêt n° 012/CC/ME du 16 mars 2016"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208195006/http://www.cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf |date=2017-12-08 }}, Constitutional Court of Niger, 16 March 2016, page 50.</ref> Bayan an rantsar da Issoufou a wa’adi na biyu, an nada Bazoum a matsayin karamin Ministan harkokin cikin gida, Tsaro na Jama’a, Bada iko, da al’adu da al’amuran Addini a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 2016. Ya hau karagar mulki a ranar 13 ga watan Afrilu, ya gaji [[Hassoumi Massaoudou]]. A watan Disambar 2022, an nada Mohamed Bazoum a matsayin shugaban kungiyar Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziki na Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA), yayin taron shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin kungiyar karo na 23 a Abidjan.[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1398170/economie/uemoa-bazoum-croissance-et-inflation-au-menu-du-sommet-des-chefs-detat/]. ==Kifar da Gwamnatin Bazoum== A ranar 26 ga watan Yulin, 2023. Sojojin da ke tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa sun tare fadar shugaban ƙasa don korar Bazoum.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 July 2023 |title=African Union, ECOWAS Condemn ‘Attempted Coup d'État’ in Niger |work=[[France 24]] |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230726-african-union-ecowas-condemn-attempted-coup-in-niger |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Madowo |first=Sarah Dean,Niamh Kennedy,Larry |date=2023-07-26 |title=Niger: Attempted coup in West African country, as presidency is sealed off |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Coup d’Etat au Niger : Les militaires putschistes suspendent « toutes les institutions » et ferment les frontières |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/monde/4047077-20230727-coup-etat-niger-militaires-putschistes-suspendent-toutes-institutions-ferment-frontieres |website=[[20 minutes (France)|20 minutes]] |access-date=26 July 2023 |language=fr}}</ref> An yi Allah wadai da yunƙurin juyin mulkin daga ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka da ƙungiyar ECOWAS. Kungiyar ECOWAS ta ce masu shirin juyin mulkin su sako Bazoum nan take. Sai fldqgq baya sunyi nasarar sauke Bazoum a ƙarshen wannan rana, inda nan take Kanar-Manjo Amadou Abdramane yayi bayani a gidan talabijin na ƙasar yana mai cewa an tsige shugaban ƙasar daga karagar mulki, sannan kuma an maye gurbinsa da gwamnatin mulkin soja da ke kiran kanta Majalisar Tsaron Gida ta ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Presse |first=AFP-Agence France |title=ECOWAS Head Says Benin President On Mediation Mission To Niger |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=www.barrons.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Niger soldiers say President Bazoum's government has been removed |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/soldiers-nigers-presidential-guard-blockade-presidents-office-security-sources-2023-07-26/ |website=[[Reuters]] |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref name="ap1">{{cite web |last=Mednick |first=Sam |date=27 July 2023 |title=Mutinous soldiers claim to have overthrown Niger’s president |url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-tensions-presidential-guard-96f8f63b838af5467d4c95ba7b998b32 |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[AP]]}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga watan Agustan 2023 ne gwamnatin Nijar ta sanar da cewa tana son gurfanar da Mohammed Bazoum da masu rike da madafun iko na cikin gida da na waje gaban kuliya bisa laifin cin amanar kasa da kuma zagon kasa ga tsaron cikin gida da waje na Nijar.<ref name="rfi">{{cite web |last= |first= |date=13 August 2023 |title=Afrique Coup d’État au Niger: qu’impliquent les accusations de la junte contre le président Mohamed Bazoum?|url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20230814-coup-d-%C3%A9tat-au-niger-qu-impliquent-les-accusations-de-la-junte-contre-le-pr%C3%A9sident-mohamed-bazoum |access-date=14 August 2023 |website=[[RFI]]}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2023, dangin Mohamed Bazoum sun yi iƙirarin cewa ba su ƙara tuntuɓar sa ba tun ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2023, kuma sun yi tir da “kame da bincike na cin zarafi” da aka yi wa wasu daga cikinsu.<ref name="Voa Afrique">{{cite web |last= |first=AFP |date=01 December 2023 |title=NIGER La famille du président nigérien déchu dit être sans nouvelles de lui|url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/niger-la-famille-du-pr%C3%A9sident-d%C3%A9chu-dit-%C3%AAtre-sans-nouvelles-de-lui-depuis-le-18-octobre/7379985.html |access-date=02 December 2023 |website=Voa Afrique}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1960]] [[Category:Mutanen Nijar]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] kjh4ms3u91syl741k76w2i3se7pr2br 874228 874226 2026-07-02T09:24:00Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874228 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Secretary_Blinken_Meets_With_Nigerien_President_Bazoum_in_New_York_City_(52370167613).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City]] [[File:P060245-844068.jpg|thumb|Mohamed Bazoum tshon shugaban ƙasar Niger wanda sojoju sukayinmasa juyin milki]] [[Fayil:Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City (52370167613).jpg|thumb|bazoum]] [[Fayil:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb|Bazoum]] '''Mohamed Bazoum''' (An haifi Bazoom ranar 3 ga watan Janairu shekara ta alif 1959) Ɗan siyasar Jamhuriyar Nijer, kuma tsohon [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|Shugaban Ƙasar Nijar]]. Bazoum Balarabe ne ɗan asalin [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Nijar]] wanda ya kasance Shugaban Jam’iyyar (PNDS- Ta Tarayya) tun daga shekara alif 2011, Ya Kuma yi aiki a gwamnatin Nijar a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Waje daga shekara ta alif 1995 zuwa shekara ta 1996 ya kuma sake zama Ministan daga shekara ta 2011 zuwa shekara ta al 2015. Ya kasance ƙaramin minista a fadar shugaban ƙasa daga shekara ta alif 2015 zuwa shekarar 2016. Sannan Kuma ya kasance ƙaramin ministan cikin gida tsakanin shekara 2016 zuwa 2020, lokacin da ya yi murabus don mayar da hankali kan tsayawa takarar shugabancin ƙasar a shekara a 2020. Inda yayi Nasarar lashe zaɓen da kaso 55.67% cikin ɗari.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/2/niger-president-to-be-sworn-in-after-attempted-coup|date= 2 April 2020 |accessdate= 27 July 2023|title=Mohamed Bazoum sworn in as Niger’s president amid tensions|last= Zandanini |first= Giacomo|publisher= Aljazeera.com|language= en}}</ref> == Harkar siyasa == [[File:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb]] Bazoum ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Harkokin Haɗin Kai a ƙarƙashin Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin gwiwa a cikin gwamnatin rikon ƙwarya ta Firayim Minista [[Amadou Cheiffou]] daga shekara ta 1991 zuwa shekara ta 1993. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa daga yanki na musamman na Tesker a matsayin ɗan takarar PNDS a zabe na musamman da aka gudanar a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta a 1993; wannan ya biyo bayan soke zaɓen farko a cikin Tesker, wanda aka gudanar a watan Fabrairu. Bayan zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Janairun shekara ta 1995, wanda kawancen adawa na National Movement for the Development of Society (MNSD) da PNDS suka lashe, Bazoum ya zama Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin Kai a gwamnatin Firaminista [[Hama Amadou]], sai 25.ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 1995. Da farko an sake naɗa shi kan wannan mukamin ne bayan da [[Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara|Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara ya]] kwace mulki a wani juyin mulkin soja a ranar 27 ga Janairun shekara ta 1996, amma an maye gurbinsa a cikin gwamnatin da aka nada a ranar 5 ga watan Mayu shekara 1996. PNDS ta yi adawa da Maïnassara, kuma a ranar 26 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1996, Bazoum aka sanya shi a cikin tsare a gida tare da shugaban PNDS [[Mahamadou Issoufou]], 'yan makonni kadan bayan zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekara ta 1996 . Shi da Issoufou an sake shi bisa umarnin alƙali a ranar 12 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1996. An kama Bazoum tare da wasu manyan ƴan siyasa biyu na ƴan adawa, ciki har da Sakatare-Janar na MNSD Hama Amadou, a farkon watan Janairun 1998, bisa zargin shiga cikin maƙarƙashiyar kisan Maïnassara. <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/44156.stm "Niger Police arrest three opposition leaders"], BBC News, 3 January 1998.</ref> Ba a taɓa gurfanar da shi ba kuma an sake shi mako guda bayan kama shi. A Babban Taro na Huɗu na PNDS, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 4 &#x2013; 5 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2004, Bazoum aka zaba a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa. Bazoum an sake zabarsa zuwa ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Disamba shekarar 2004, kuma a lokacin wa’adin majalisar da ya biyo baya ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa na Uku na Majalisar da Mataimakin Shugaban ƙungiyar Majalisar Wakilai ta PNDS. Bazoum yana ɗaya daga cikin wakilai 14 da suka gabatar da ƙarar rashin amincewa game da Firayim Minista Hama Amadou a ranar 26 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2007; Gwamnatin Amadou ta sha kaye a kuri’ar rashin amincewa da ta biyo baya a ranar 31 ga watan Mayu, kuma Bazoum ya yaba da “dattakon da ke nuna ajin siyasa ta Nijar da ta kawo ƙarshen wa’adin ƙungiyar da ta kware a kan yadda ake kashe kudaden jama’a. . " <ref>[http://www.apanews.net/apa.php?page=afric_item_eng&id_article=34430 "Niger government falls after a "no confidence" vote"]{{Dead link|date=October 2018}}, African Press Agency, 31 May 2007.</ref> Bayan ya bukaci mutane su kaurace wa zaɓen raba gardama na tsarin mulkin watan Agusta na shekarar 2009, an tsare Bazoum a takaice kuma an yi masa tambayoyi na awanni biyu a ranar 14 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bazoum an sake zaɓarsa a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban PNDS a taron na biyar na Jam’iyyar, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 18 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bayan nasarar da aka samu a zaɓen raba gardamar, ya nuna shi a matsayin "juyin mulki" sannan ya ce zaɓen 'yan majalisar na watan Oktoba na shekarar 2009 wani "makircin zaɓe ne" da aka yi nufin kawai don a ƙara "goge dimokiradiyya" <ref>Boureima Hama, [http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 "Niger pushes ahead with polls"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422143243/http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 |date=2016-04-22 }}, Sapa-AFP, 19 October 2009.</ref> Wani juyin mulki da sojoji suka yi a ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2010 ne ya kori Shugaba [[Mamadou Tandja|Mamadou]] Tandja. Bazoum ya ce a yayin taron "wannan shi ne ainihin abin da muke tsoronsa, kudurin soja. Tandja na iya guje ma wannan. " <ref>Adam Nossiter, [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/19/world/africa/19niger.html "Soldiers storm presidential palace in Niger"], ''The New York Times'', 18 February 2010.</ref> A matsayinsa na ɗaya daga cikin manyan membobin ƙungiyar Coordination of Democratic Forces for the Republic (CFDR), gamayyar jam'iyyun adawa, ya ce a ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairu cewa CFDR ta bukaci a gurfanar da Tandja a gaban kuliya saboda cin amanar kasa saboda ya soke kundin tsarin mulkin shekarar 1999 a cikin kokarin ci gaba da mulki. A cewar Bazoum, irin wannan fitina ta zama dole don hana shugabannin gobe daga bin irin wannan tafarki. Ya ce kamata ya yi hukumar mulkin ta rike Tandja har sai "cibiyoyin dimokiradiyya" sun kasance, sannan kuma a yi wa Tandja shari'a, duk da cewa ya kuma ce yana jin hukuncin kisan ba zai zama dole ba. <ref>Peter Clottey, [http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html "Niger opposition leader says ex-President Tandja should face treason charges"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315022313/http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html |date=2010-03-15 }}, VOA News, 23 February 2010.</ref> Bayan [[Mahamadou Issoufou]] ya lashe zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Janairu <nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwVA">–</span></nowiki> Maris 2011, sai ya sauka daga shugabancin PNDS a watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, gabanin rantsar da shi, bisa ga bukatar cewa shugaban ƙasa ba ya shiga [[siyasa]] ta bangaranci; Bazoum ya hau mukamin shugaban riƙo na PNDS. Issoufou ya fara aiki ne a matsayin shugaban ƙasar Nijer a ranar 7 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011, kuma an naɗa Bazoum a cikin gwamnatin a matsayin ƙaramin Ministan Harkokin Waje, Haɗin kai, Haɗakar [[Afirka]], da ‘yan Nijar mazauna kasashen waje a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011. <ref>"Niger unveils new government", Agence France-Presse, 21 April 2011.</ref> Bazoum ya koma matsayin karamin minista a fadar shugaban kasa a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2015. <ref name="Basics">[http://www.africaintelligence.com/LCE/who-s-who/2015/03/04/bazoum-back-to-basics-at-pnds-party,108064518-ART "Bazoum back to basics at PNDS party"], ''West Africa Newsletter'', number 701, 4 March 2015.</ref> An kalli wannan mmatakin a matsayin bawa Bazoum damar mayar da hankali kan jjagorancin PNDS a cikin tsammanin neman Issoufou na sake zaben a s 2016. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2016 . <ref>[http://cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf "Arrêt n° 012/CC/ME du 16 mars 2016"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208195006/http://www.cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf |date=2017-12-08 }}, Constitutional Court of Niger, 16 March 2016, page 50.</ref> Bayan an rantsar da Issoufou a wa’adi na biyu, an nada Bazoum a matsayin karamin Ministan harkokin cikin gida, Tsaro na Jama’a, Bada iko, da al’adu da al’amuran Addini a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 2016. Ya hau karagar mulki a ranar 13 ga watan Afrilu, ya gaji [[Hassoumi Massaoudou]]. A watan Disambar 2022, an nada Mohamed Bazoum a matsayin shugaban kungiyar Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziki na Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA), yayin taron shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin kungiyar karo na 23 a Abidjan.[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1398170/economie/uemoa-bazoum-croissance-et-inflation-au-menu-du-sommet-des-chefs-detat/]. ==Kifar da Gwamnatin Bazoum== A ranar 26 ga watan Yulin, 2023. Sojojin da ke tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa sun tare fadar shugaban ƙasa don korar Bazoum.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 July 2023 |title=African Union, ECOWAS Condemn ‘Attempted Coup d'État’ in Niger |work=[[France 24]] |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230726-african-union-ecowas-condemn-attempted-coup-in-niger |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Madowo |first=Sarah Dean,Niamh Kennedy,Larry |date=2023-07-26 |title=Niger: Attempted coup in West African country, as presidency is sealed off |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Coup d’Etat au Niger : Les militaires putschistes suspendent « toutes les institutions » et ferment les frontières |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/monde/4047077-20230727-coup-etat-niger-militaires-putschistes-suspendent-toutes-institutions-ferment-frontieres |website=[[20 minutes (France)|20 minutes]] |access-date=26 July 2023 |language=fr}}</ref> An yi Allah wadai da yunƙurin juyin mulkin daga ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka da ƙungiyar ECOWAS. Kungiyar ECOWAS ta ce masu shirin juyin mulkin su sako Bazoum nan take. Sai fldqgq baya sunyi nasarar sauke Bazoum a ƙarshen wannan rana, inda nan take Kanar-Manjo Amadou Abdramane yayi bayani a gidan talabijin na ƙasar yana mai cewa an tsige shugaban ƙasar daga karagar mulki, sannan kuma an maye gurbinsa da gwamnatin mulkin soja da ke kiran kanta Majalisar Tsaron Gida ta ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Presse |first=AFP-Agence France |title=ECOWAS Head Says Benin President On Mediation Mission To Niger |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=www.barrons.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Niger soldiers say President Bazoum's government has been removed |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/soldiers-nigers-presidential-guard-blockade-presidents-office-security-sources-2023-07-26/ |website=[[Reuters]] |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref name="ap1">{{cite web |last=Mednick |first=Sam |date=27 July 2023 |title=Mutinous soldiers claim to have overthrown Niger’s president |url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-tensions-presidential-guard-96f8f63b838af5467d4c95ba7b998b32 |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[AP]]}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga watan Agustan 2023 ne gwamnatin Nijar ta sanar da cewa tana son gurfanar da Mohammed Bazoum da masu rike da madafun iko na cikin gida da na waje gaban kuliya bisa laifin cin amanar kasa da kuma zagon kasa ga tsaron cikin gida da waje na Nijar.<ref name="rfi">{{cite web |last= |first= |date=13 August 2023 |title=Afrique Coup d’État au Niger: qu’impliquent les accusations de la junte contre le président Mohamed Bazoum?|url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20230814-coup-d-%C3%A9tat-au-niger-qu-impliquent-les-accusations-de-la-junte-contre-le-pr%C3%A9sident-mohamed-bazoum |access-date=14 August 2023 |website=[[RFI]]}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2023, dangin Mohamed Bazoum sun yi iƙirarin cewa ba su ƙara tuntuɓar sa ba tun ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2023, kuma sun yi tir da “kame da bincike na cin zarafi” da aka yi wa wasu daga cikinsu.<ref name="Voa Afrique">{{cite web |last= |first=AFP |date=01 December 2023 |title=NIGER La famille du président nigérien déchu dit être sans nouvelles de lui|url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/niger-la-famille-du-pr%C3%A9sident-d%C3%A9chu-dit-%C3%AAtre-sans-nouvelles-de-lui-depuis-le-18-octobre/7379985.html |access-date=02 December 2023 |website=Voa Afrique}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1960]] [[Category:Mutanen Nijar]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 4u135mbia3ulabr1ui2o7ilfg03l2hd 874229 874228 2026-07-02T09:24:39Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874229 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Secretary_Blinken_Meets_With_Nigerien_President_Bazoum_in_New_York_City_(52370167613).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City]] [[File:P060245-844068.jpg|thumb|Mohamed Bazoum tshon shugaban ƙasar Niger wanda sojoju sukayinmasa juyin milki]] [[Fayil:Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City (52370167613).jpg|thumb|bazoum]] [[Fayil:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb|Bazoum]] '''Mohamed Bazoum''' (An haifi Bazoom ranar 3 ga watan Janairu shekara ta alif 1959) Ɗan siyasar Jamhuriyar Nijer, kuma tsohon [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|Shugaban Ƙasar Nijar]]. Bazoum Balarabe ne ɗan asalin [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Nijar]] wanda ya kasance Shugaban Jam’iyyar (PNDS- Ta Tarayya) tun daga shekara alif 2011, Ya Kuma yi aiki a gwamnatin Nijar a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Waje daga shekara ta alif 1995 zuwa shekara ta 1996 ya kuma sake zama Ministan daga shekara ta 2011 zuwa shekara ta al 2015. Ya kasance ƙaramin minista a fadar shugaban ƙasa daga shekara ta alif 2015 zuwa shekarar 2016. Sannan Kuma ya kasance ƙaramin ministan cikin gida tsakanin shekara 2016 zuwa 2020, lokacin da ya yi murabus don mayar da hankali kan tsayawa takarar shugabancin ƙasar a shekara a 2020. Inda yayi Nasarar lashe zaɓen da kaso 55.67% cikin ɗari.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/2/niger-president-to-be-sworn-in-after-attempted-coup|date= 2 April 2020 |accessdate= 27 July 2023|title=Mohamed Bazoum sworn in as Niger’s president amid tensions|last= Zandanini |first= Giacomo|publisher= Aljazeera.com|language= en}}</ref> == Harkar siyasa == [[File:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb]] Bazoum ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Harkokin Haɗin Kai a ƙarƙashin Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin gwiwa a cikin gwamnatin rikon ƙwarya ta Firayim Minista [[Amadou Cheiffou]] daga shekara ta 1991 zuwa shekara ta a 1993. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa daga yanki na musamman na Tesker a matsayin ɗan takarar PNDS a zabe na musamman da aka gudanar a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta a 1993; wannan ya biyo bayan soke zaɓen farko a cikin Tesker, wanda aka gudanar a watan Fabrairu. Bayan zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Janairun shekara ta 1995, wanda kawancen adawa na National Movement for the Development of Society (MNSD) da PNDS suka lashe, Bazoum ya zama Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin Kai a gwamnatin Firaminista [[Hama Amadou]], sai 25.ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 1995. Da farko an sake naɗa shi kan wannan mukamin ne bayan da [[Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara|Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara ya]] kwace mulki a wani juyin mulkin soja a ranar 27 ga Janairun shekara ta 1996, amma an maye gurbinsa a cikin gwamnatin da aka nada a ranar 5 ga watan Mayu shekara 1996. PNDS ta yi adawa da Maïnassara, kuma a ranar 26 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1996, Bazoum aka sanya shi a cikin tsare a gida tare da shugaban PNDS [[Mahamadou Issoufou]], 'yan makonni kadan bayan zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekara ta 1996 . Shi da Issoufou an sake shi bisa umarnin alƙali a ranar 12 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1996. An kama Bazoum tare da wasu manyan ƴan siyasa biyu na ƴan adawa, ciki har da Sakatare-Janar na MNSD Hama Amadou, a farkon watan Janairun 1998, bisa zargin shiga cikin maƙarƙashiyar kisan Maïnassara. <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/44156.stm "Niger Police arrest three opposition leaders"], BBC News, 3 January 1998.</ref> Ba a taɓa gurfanar da shi ba kuma an sake shi mako guda bayan kama shi. A Babban Taro na Huɗu na PNDS, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 4 &#x2013; 5 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2004, Bazoum aka zaba a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa. Bazoum an sake zabarsa zuwa ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Disamba shekarar 2004, kuma a lokacin wa’adin majalisar da ya biyo baya ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa na Uku na Majalisar da Mataimakin Shugaban ƙungiyar Majalisar Wakilai ta PNDS. Bazoum yana ɗaya daga cikin wakilai 14 da suka gabatar da ƙarar rashin amincewa game da Firayim Minista Hama Amadou a ranar 26 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2007; Gwamnatin Amadou ta sha kaye a kuri’ar rashin amincewa da ta biyo baya a ranar 31 ga watan Mayu, kuma Bazoum ya yaba da “dattakon da ke nuna ajin siyasa ta Nijar da ta kawo ƙarshen wa’adin ƙungiyar da ta kware a kan yadda ake kashe kudaden jama’a. . " <ref>[http://www.apanews.net/apa.php?page=afric_item_eng&id_article=34430 "Niger government falls after a "no confidence" vote"]{{Dead link|date=October 2018}}, African Press Agency, 31 May 2007.</ref> Bayan ya bukaci mutane su kaurace wa zaɓen raba gardama na tsarin mulkin watan Agusta na shekarar 2009, an tsare Bazoum a takaice kuma an yi masa tambayoyi na awanni biyu a ranar 14 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bazoum an sake zaɓarsa a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban PNDS a taron na biyar na Jam’iyyar, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 18 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bayan nasarar da aka samu a zaɓen raba gardamar, ya nuna shi a matsayin "juyin mulki" sannan ya ce zaɓen 'yan majalisar na watan Oktoba na shekarar 2009 wani "makircin zaɓe ne" da aka yi nufin kawai don a ƙara "goge dimokiradiyya" <ref>Boureima Hama, [http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 "Niger pushes ahead with polls"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422143243/http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 |date=2016-04-22 }}, Sapa-AFP, 19 October 2009.</ref> Wani juyin mulki da sojoji suka yi a ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2010 ne ya kori Shugaba [[Mamadou Tandja|Mamadou]] Tandja. Bazoum ya ce a yayin taron "wannan shi ne ainihin abin da muke tsoronsa, kudurin soja. Tandja na iya guje ma wannan. " <ref>Adam Nossiter, [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/19/world/africa/19niger.html "Soldiers storm presidential palace in Niger"], ''The New York Times'', 18 February 2010.</ref> A matsayinsa na ɗaya daga cikin manyan membobin ƙungiyar Coordination of Democratic Forces for the Republic (CFDR), gamayyar jam'iyyun adawa, ya ce a ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairu cewa CFDR ta bukaci a gurfanar da Tandja a gaban kuliya saboda cin amanar kasa saboda ya soke kundin tsarin mulkin shekarar 1999 a cikin kokarin ci gaba da mulki. A cewar Bazoum, irin wannan fitina ta zama dole don hana shugabannin gobe daga bin irin wannan tafarki. Ya ce kamata ya yi hukumar mulkin ta rike Tandja har sai "cibiyoyin dimokiradiyya" sun kasance, sannan kuma a yi wa Tandja shari'a, duk da cewa ya kuma ce yana jin hukuncin kisan ba zai zama dole ba. <ref>Peter Clottey, [http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html "Niger opposition leader says ex-President Tandja should face treason charges"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315022313/http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html |date=2010-03-15 }}, VOA News, 23 February 2010.</ref> Bayan [[Mahamadou Issoufou]] ya lashe zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Janairu <nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwVA">–</span></nowiki> Maris 2011, sai ya sauka daga shugabancin PNDS a watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, gabanin rantsar da shi, bisa ga bukatar cewa shugaban ƙasa ba ya shiga [[siyasa]] ta bangaranci; Bazoum ya hau mukamin shugaban riƙo na PNDS. Issoufou ya fara aiki ne a matsayin shugaban ƙasar Nijer a ranar 7 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011, kuma an naɗa Bazoum a cikin gwamnatin a matsayin ƙaramin Ministan Harkokin Waje, Haɗin kai, Haɗakar [[Afirka]], da ‘yan Nijar mazauna kasashen waje a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011. <ref>"Niger unveils new government", Agence France-Presse, 21 April 2011.</ref> Bazoum ya koma matsayin karamin minista a fadar shugaban kasa a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2015. <ref name="Basics">[http://www.africaintelligence.com/LCE/who-s-who/2015/03/04/bazoum-back-to-basics-at-pnds-party,108064518-ART "Bazoum back to basics at PNDS party"], ''West Africa Newsletter'', number 701, 4 March 2015.</ref> An kalli wannan mmatakin a matsayin bawa Bazoum damar mayar da hankali kan jjagorancin PNDS a cikin tsammanin neman Issoufou na sake zaben a s 2016. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2016 . <ref>[http://cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf "Arrêt n° 012/CC/ME du 16 mars 2016"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208195006/http://www.cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf |date=2017-12-08 }}, Constitutional Court of Niger, 16 March 2016, page 50.</ref> Bayan an rantsar da Issoufou a wa’adi na biyu, an nada Bazoum a matsayin karamin Ministan harkokin cikin gida, Tsaro na Jama’a, Bada iko, da al’adu da al’amuran Addini a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 2016. Ya hau karagar mulki a ranar 13 ga watan Afrilu, ya gaji [[Hassoumi Massaoudou]]. A watan Disambar 2022, an nada Mohamed Bazoum a matsayin shugaban kungiyar Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziki na Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA), yayin taron shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin kungiyar karo na 23 a Abidjan.[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1398170/economie/uemoa-bazoum-croissance-et-inflation-au-menu-du-sommet-des-chefs-detat/]. ==Kifar da Gwamnatin Bazoum== A ranar 26 ga watan Yulin, 2023. Sojojin da ke tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa sun tare fadar shugaban ƙasa don korar Bazoum.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 July 2023 |title=African Union, ECOWAS Condemn ‘Attempted Coup d'État’ in Niger |work=[[France 24]] |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230726-african-union-ecowas-condemn-attempted-coup-in-niger |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Madowo |first=Sarah Dean,Niamh Kennedy,Larry |date=2023-07-26 |title=Niger: Attempted coup in West African country, as presidency is sealed off |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Coup d’Etat au Niger : Les militaires putschistes suspendent « toutes les institutions » et ferment les frontières |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/monde/4047077-20230727-coup-etat-niger-militaires-putschistes-suspendent-toutes-institutions-ferment-frontieres |website=[[20 minutes (France)|20 minutes]] |access-date=26 July 2023 |language=fr}}</ref> An yi Allah wadai da yunƙurin juyin mulkin daga ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka da ƙungiyar ECOWAS. Kungiyar ECOWAS ta ce masu shirin juyin mulkin su sako Bazoum nan take. Sai fldqgq baya sunyi nasarar sauke Bazoum a ƙarshen wannan rana, inda nan take Kanar-Manjo Amadou Abdramane yayi bayani a gidan talabijin na ƙasar yana mai cewa an tsige shugaban ƙasar daga karagar mulki, sannan kuma an maye gurbinsa da gwamnatin mulkin soja da ke kiran kanta Majalisar Tsaron Gida ta ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Presse |first=AFP-Agence France |title=ECOWAS Head Says Benin President On Mediation Mission To Niger |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=www.barrons.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Niger soldiers say President Bazoum's government has been removed |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/soldiers-nigers-presidential-guard-blockade-presidents-office-security-sources-2023-07-26/ |website=[[Reuters]] |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref name="ap1">{{cite web |last=Mednick |first=Sam |date=27 July 2023 |title=Mutinous soldiers claim to have overthrown Niger’s president |url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-tensions-presidential-guard-96f8f63b838af5467d4c95ba7b998b32 |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[AP]]}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga watan Agustan 2023 ne gwamnatin Nijar ta sanar da cewa tana son gurfanar da Mohammed Bazoum da masu rike da madafun iko na cikin gida da na waje gaban kuliya bisa laifin cin amanar kasa da kuma zagon kasa ga tsaron cikin gida da waje na Nijar.<ref name="rfi">{{cite web |last= |first= |date=13 August 2023 |title=Afrique Coup d’État au Niger: qu’impliquent les accusations de la junte contre le président Mohamed Bazoum?|url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20230814-coup-d-%C3%A9tat-au-niger-qu-impliquent-les-accusations-de-la-junte-contre-le-pr%C3%A9sident-mohamed-bazoum |access-date=14 August 2023 |website=[[RFI]]}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2023, dangin Mohamed Bazoum sun yi iƙirarin cewa ba su ƙara tuntuɓar sa ba tun ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2023, kuma sun yi tir da “kame da bincike na cin zarafi” da aka yi wa wasu daga cikinsu.<ref name="Voa Afrique">{{cite web |last= |first=AFP |date=01 December 2023 |title=NIGER La famille du président nigérien déchu dit être sans nouvelles de lui|url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/niger-la-famille-du-pr%C3%A9sident-d%C3%A9chu-dit-%C3%AAtre-sans-nouvelles-de-lui-depuis-le-18-octobre/7379985.html |access-date=02 December 2023 |website=Voa Afrique}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1960]] [[Category:Mutanen Nijar]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] lfqqbiwir0be53bc4oztasjz6eamr01 874230 874229 2026-07-02T09:25:14Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874230 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Secretary_Blinken_Meets_With_Nigerien_President_Bazoum_in_New_York_City_(52370167613).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City]] [[File:P060245-844068.jpg|thumb|Mohamed Bazoum tshon shugaban ƙasar Niger wanda sojoju sukayinmasa juyin milki]] [[Fayil:Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City (52370167613).jpg|thumb|bazoum]] [[Fayil:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb|Bazoum]] '''Mohamed Bazoum''' (An haifi Bazoom ranar 3 ga watan Janairu shekara ta alif 1959) Ɗan siyasar Jamhuriyar Nijer, kuma tsohon [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|Shugaban Ƙasar Nijar]]. Bazoum Balarabe ne ɗan asalin [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Nijar]] wanda ya kasance Shugaban Jam’iyyar (PNDS- Ta Tarayya) tun daga shekara alif 2011, Ya Kuma yi aiki a gwamnatin Nijar a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Waje daga shekara ta alif 1995 zuwa shekara ta 1996 ya kuma sake zama Ministan daga shekara ta 2011 zuwa shekara ta ali 2015. Ya kasance ƙaramin minista a fadar shugaban ƙasa daga shekara ta alif 2015 zuwa shekarar 2016. Sannan Kuma ya kasance ƙaramin ministan cikin gida tsakanin shekara 2016 zuwa 2020, lokacin da ya yi murabus don mayar da hankali kan tsayawa takarar shugabancin ƙasar a shekara a 2020. Inda yayi Nasarar lashe zaɓen da kaso 55.67% cikin ɗari.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/2/niger-president-to-be-sworn-in-after-attempted-coup|date= 2 April 2020 |accessdate= 27 July 2023|title=Mohamed Bazoum sworn in as Niger’s president amid tensions|last= Zandanini |first= Giacomo|publisher= Aljazeera.com|language= en}}</ref> == Harkar siyasa == [[File:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb]] Bazoum ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Harkokin Haɗin Kai a ƙarƙashin Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin gwiwa a cikin gwamnatin rikon ƙwarya ta Firayim Minista [[Amadou Cheiffou]] daga shekara ta 1991 zuwa shekara ta a 1993. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa daga yanki na musamman na Tesker a matsayin ɗan takarar PNDS a zabe na musamman da aka gudanar a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta a 1993; wannan ya biyo bayan soke zaɓen farko a cikin Tesker, wanda aka gudanar a watan Fabrairu. Bayan zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Janairun shekara ta 1995, wanda kawancen adawa na National Movement for the Development of Society (MNSD) da PNDS suka lashe, Bazoum ya zama Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin Kai a gwamnatin Firaminista [[Hama Amadou]], sai 25.ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 1995. Da farko an sake naɗa shi kan wannan mukamin ne bayan da [[Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara|Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara ya]] kwace mulki a wani juyin mulkin soja a ranar 27 ga Janairun shekara ta 1996, amma an maye gurbinsa a cikin gwamnatin da aka nada a ranar 5 ga watan Mayu shekara 1996. PNDS ta yi adawa da Maïnassara, kuma a ranar 26 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1996, Bazoum aka sanya shi a cikin tsare a gida tare da shugaban PNDS [[Mahamadou Issoufou]], 'yan makonni kadan bayan zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekara ta 1996 . Shi da Issoufou an sake shi bisa umarnin alƙali a ranar 12 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1996. An kama Bazoum tare da wasu manyan ƴan siyasa biyu na ƴan adawa, ciki har da Sakatare-Janar na MNSD Hama Amadou, a farkon watan Janairun 1998, bisa zargin shiga cikin maƙarƙashiyar kisan Maïnassara. <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/44156.stm "Niger Police arrest three opposition leaders"], BBC News, 3 January 1998.</ref> Ba a taɓa gurfanar da shi ba kuma an sake shi mako guda bayan kama shi. A Babban Taro na Huɗu na PNDS, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 4 &#x2013; 5 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2004, Bazoum aka zaba a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa. Bazoum an sake zabarsa zuwa ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Disamba shekarar 2004, kuma a lokacin wa’adin majalisar da ya biyo baya ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa na Uku na Majalisar da Mataimakin Shugaban ƙungiyar Majalisar Wakilai ta PNDS. Bazoum yana ɗaya daga cikin wakilai 14 da suka gabatar da ƙarar rashin amincewa game da Firayim Minista Hama Amadou a ranar 26 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2007; Gwamnatin Amadou ta sha kaye a kuri’ar rashin amincewa da ta biyo baya a ranar 31 ga watan Mayu, kuma Bazoum ya yaba da “dattakon da ke nuna ajin siyasa ta Nijar da ta kawo ƙarshen wa’adin ƙungiyar da ta kware a kan yadda ake kashe kudaden jama’a. . " <ref>[http://www.apanews.net/apa.php?page=afric_item_eng&id_article=34430 "Niger government falls after a "no confidence" vote"]{{Dead link|date=October 2018}}, African Press Agency, 31 May 2007.</ref> Bayan ya bukaci mutane su kaurace wa zaɓen raba gardama na tsarin mulkin watan Agusta na shekarar 2009, an tsare Bazoum a takaice kuma an yi masa tambayoyi na awanni biyu a ranar 14 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bazoum an sake zaɓarsa a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban PNDS a taron na biyar na Jam’iyyar, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 18 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bayan nasarar da aka samu a zaɓen raba gardamar, ya nuna shi a matsayin "juyin mulki" sannan ya ce zaɓen 'yan majalisar na watan Oktoba na shekarar 2009 wani "makircin zaɓe ne" da aka yi nufin kawai don a ƙara "goge dimokiradiyya" <ref>Boureima Hama, [http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 "Niger pushes ahead with polls"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422143243/http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 |date=2016-04-22 }}, Sapa-AFP, 19 October 2009.</ref> Wani juyin mulki da sojoji suka yi a ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2010 ne ya kori Shugaba [[Mamadou Tandja|Mamadou]] Tandja. Bazoum ya ce a yayin taron "wannan shi ne ainihin abin da muke tsoronsa, kudurin soja. Tandja na iya guje ma wannan. " <ref>Adam Nossiter, [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/19/world/africa/19niger.html "Soldiers storm presidential palace in Niger"], ''The New York Times'', 18 February 2010.</ref> A matsayinsa na ɗaya daga cikin manyan membobin ƙungiyar Coordination of Democratic Forces for the Republic (CFDR), gamayyar jam'iyyun adawa, ya ce a ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairu cewa CFDR ta bukaci a gurfanar da Tandja a gaban kuliya saboda cin amanar kasa saboda ya soke kundin tsarin mulkin shekarar 1999 a cikin kokarin ci gaba da mulki. A cewar Bazoum, irin wannan fitina ta zama dole don hana shugabannin gobe daga bin irin wannan tafarki. Ya ce kamata ya yi hukumar mulkin ta rike Tandja har sai "cibiyoyin dimokiradiyya" sun kasance, sannan kuma a yi wa Tandja shari'a, duk da cewa ya kuma ce yana jin hukuncin kisan ba zai zama dole ba. <ref>Peter Clottey, [http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html "Niger opposition leader says ex-President Tandja should face treason charges"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315022313/http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html |date=2010-03-15 }}, VOA News, 23 February 2010.</ref> Bayan [[Mahamadou Issoufou]] ya lashe zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Janairu <nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwVA">–</span></nowiki> Maris 2011, sai ya sauka daga shugabancin PNDS a watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, gabanin rantsar da shi, bisa ga bukatar cewa shugaban ƙasa ba ya shiga [[siyasa]] ta bangaranci; Bazoum ya hau mukamin shugaban riƙo na PNDS. Issoufou ya fara aiki ne a matsayin shugaban ƙasar Nijer a ranar 7 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011, kuma an naɗa Bazoum a cikin gwamnatin a matsayin ƙaramin Ministan Harkokin Waje, Haɗin kai, Haɗakar [[Afirka]], da ‘yan Nijar mazauna kasashen waje a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011. <ref>"Niger unveils new government", Agence France-Presse, 21 April 2011.</ref> Bazoum ya koma matsayin karamin minista a fadar shugaban kasa a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2015. <ref name="Basics">[http://www.africaintelligence.com/LCE/who-s-who/2015/03/04/bazoum-back-to-basics-at-pnds-party,108064518-ART "Bazoum back to basics at PNDS party"], ''West Africa Newsletter'', number 701, 4 March 2015.</ref> An kalli wannan mmatakin a matsayin bawa Bazoum damar mayar da hankali kan jjagorancin PNDS a cikin tsammanin neman Issoufou na sake zaben a s 2016. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2016 . <ref>[http://cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf "Arrêt n° 012/CC/ME du 16 mars 2016"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208195006/http://www.cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf |date=2017-12-08 }}, Constitutional Court of Niger, 16 March 2016, page 50.</ref> Bayan an rantsar da Issoufou a wa’adi na biyu, an nada Bazoum a matsayin karamin Ministan harkokin cikin gida, Tsaro na Jama’a, Bada iko, da al’adu da al’amuran Addini a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 2016. Ya hau karagar mulki a ranar 13 ga watan Afrilu, ya gaji [[Hassoumi Massaoudou]]. A watan Disambar 2022, an nada Mohamed Bazoum a matsayin shugaban kungiyar Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziki na Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA), yayin taron shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin kungiyar karo na 23 a Abidjan.[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1398170/economie/uemoa-bazoum-croissance-et-inflation-au-menu-du-sommet-des-chefs-detat/]. ==Kifar da Gwamnatin Bazoum== A ranar 26 ga watan Yulin, 2023. Sojojin da ke tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa sun tare fadar shugaban ƙasa don korar Bazoum.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 July 2023 |title=African Union, ECOWAS Condemn ‘Attempted Coup d'État’ in Niger |work=[[France 24]] |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230726-african-union-ecowas-condemn-attempted-coup-in-niger |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Madowo |first=Sarah Dean,Niamh Kennedy,Larry |date=2023-07-26 |title=Niger: Attempted coup in West African country, as presidency is sealed off |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Coup d’Etat au Niger : Les militaires putschistes suspendent « toutes les institutions » et ferment les frontières |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/monde/4047077-20230727-coup-etat-niger-militaires-putschistes-suspendent-toutes-institutions-ferment-frontieres |website=[[20 minutes (France)|20 minutes]] |access-date=26 July 2023 |language=fr}}</ref> An yi Allah wadai da yunƙurin juyin mulkin daga ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka da ƙungiyar ECOWAS. Kungiyar ECOWAS ta ce masu shirin juyin mulkin su sako Bazoum nan take. Sai fldqgq baya sunyi nasarar sauke Bazoum a ƙarshen wannan rana, inda nan take Kanar-Manjo Amadou Abdramane yayi bayani a gidan talabijin na ƙasar yana mai cewa an tsige shugaban ƙasar daga karagar mulki, sannan kuma an maye gurbinsa da gwamnatin mulkin soja da ke kiran kanta Majalisar Tsaron Gida ta ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Presse |first=AFP-Agence France |title=ECOWAS Head Says Benin President On Mediation Mission To Niger |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=www.barrons.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Niger soldiers say President Bazoum's government has been removed |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/soldiers-nigers-presidential-guard-blockade-presidents-office-security-sources-2023-07-26/ |website=[[Reuters]] |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref name="ap1">{{cite web |last=Mednick |first=Sam |date=27 July 2023 |title=Mutinous soldiers claim to have overthrown Niger’s president |url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-tensions-presidential-guard-96f8f63b838af5467d4c95ba7b998b32 |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[AP]]}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga watan Agustan 2023 ne gwamnatin Nijar ta sanar da cewa tana son gurfanar da Mohammed Bazoum da masu rike da madafun iko na cikin gida da na waje gaban kuliya bisa laifin cin amanar kasa da kuma zagon kasa ga tsaron cikin gida da waje na Nijar.<ref name="rfi">{{cite web |last= |first= |date=13 August 2023 |title=Afrique Coup d’État au Niger: qu’impliquent les accusations de la junte contre le président Mohamed Bazoum?|url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20230814-coup-d-%C3%A9tat-au-niger-qu-impliquent-les-accusations-de-la-junte-contre-le-pr%C3%A9sident-mohamed-bazoum |access-date=14 August 2023 |website=[[RFI]]}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2023, dangin Mohamed Bazoum sun yi iƙirarin cewa ba su ƙara tuntuɓar sa ba tun ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2023, kuma sun yi tir da “kame da bincike na cin zarafi” da aka yi wa wasu daga cikinsu.<ref name="Voa Afrique">{{cite web |last= |first=AFP |date=01 December 2023 |title=NIGER La famille du président nigérien déchu dit être sans nouvelles de lui|url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/niger-la-famille-du-pr%C3%A9sident-d%C3%A9chu-dit-%C3%AAtre-sans-nouvelles-de-lui-depuis-le-18-octobre/7379985.html |access-date=02 December 2023 |website=Voa Afrique}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1960]] [[Category:Mutanen Nijar]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 22jtbbghtg2z9oknrg49qtd6kjh7zzb 874231 874230 2026-07-02T09:25:42Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874231 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Secretary_Blinken_Meets_With_Nigerien_President_Bazoum_in_New_York_City_(52370167613).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City]] [[File:P060245-844068.jpg|thumb|Mohamed Bazoum tshon shugaban ƙasar Niger wanda sojoju sukayinmasa juyin milki]] [[Fayil:Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City (52370167613).jpg|thumb|bazoum]] [[Fayil:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb|Bazoum]] '''Mohamed Bazoum''' (An haifi Bazoom ranar 3 ga watan Janairu shekara ta alif 1959) Ɗan siyasar Jamhuriyar Nijer, kuma tsohon [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|Shugaban Ƙasar Nijar]]. Bazoum Balarabe ne ɗan asalin [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Nijar]] wanda ya kasance Shugaban Jam’iyyar (PNDS- Ta Tarayya) tun daga shekara alif 2011, Ya Kuma yi aiki a gwamnatin Nijar a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Waje daga shekara ta alif 1995 zuwa shekara ta 1996 ya kuma sake zama Ministan daga shekara ta 2011 zuwa shekara ta alif 2015. Ya kasance ƙaramin minista a fadar shugaban ƙasa daga shekara ta alif 2015 zuwa shekarar 2016. Sannan Kuma ya kasance ƙaramin ministan cikin gida tsakanin shekara 2016 zuwa 2020, lokacin da ya yi murabus don mayar da hankali kan tsayawa takarar shugabancin ƙasar a shekara a 2020. Inda yayi Nasarar lashe zaɓen da kaso 55.67% cikin ɗari.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/2/niger-president-to-be-sworn-in-after-attempted-coup|date= 2 April 2020 |accessdate= 27 July 2023|title=Mohamed Bazoum sworn in as Niger’s president amid tensions|last= Zandanini |first= Giacomo|publisher= Aljazeera.com|language= en}}</ref> == Harkar siyasa == [[File:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb]] Bazoum ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Harkokin Haɗin Kai a ƙarƙashin Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin gwiwa a cikin gwamnatin rikon ƙwarya ta Firayim Minista [[Amadou Cheiffou]] daga shekara ta 1991 zuwa shekara ta a 1993. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa daga yanki na musamman na Tesker a matsayin ɗan takarar PNDS a zabe na musamman da aka gudanar a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta a 1993; wannan ya biyo bayan soke zaɓen farko a cikin Tesker, wanda aka gudanar a watan Fabrairu. Bayan zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Janairun shekara ta 1995, wanda kawancen adawa na National Movement for the Development of Society (MNSD) da PNDS suka lashe, Bazoum ya zama Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin Kai a gwamnatin Firaminista [[Hama Amadou]], sai 25.ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 1995. Da farko an sake naɗa shi kan wannan mukamin ne bayan da [[Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara|Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara ya]] kwace mulki a wani juyin mulkin soja a ranar 27 ga Janairun shekara ta 1996, amma an maye gurbinsa a cikin gwamnatin da aka nada a ranar 5 ga watan Mayu shekara 1996. PNDS ta yi adawa da Maïnassara, kuma a ranar 26 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1996, Bazoum aka sanya shi a cikin tsare a gida tare da shugaban PNDS [[Mahamadou Issoufou]], 'yan makonni kadan bayan zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekara ta 1996 . Shi da Issoufou an sake shi bisa umarnin alƙali a ranar 12 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1996. An kama Bazoum tare da wasu manyan ƴan siyasa biyu na ƴan adawa, ciki har da Sakatare-Janar na MNSD Hama Amadou, a farkon watan Janairun 1998, bisa zargin shiga cikin maƙarƙashiyar kisan Maïnassara. <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/44156.stm "Niger Police arrest three opposition leaders"], BBC News, 3 January 1998.</ref> Ba a taɓa gurfanar da shi ba kuma an sake shi mako guda bayan kama shi. A Babban Taro na Huɗu na PNDS, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 4 &#x2013; 5 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2004, Bazoum aka zaba a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa. Bazoum an sake zabarsa zuwa ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Disamba shekarar 2004, kuma a lokacin wa’adin majalisar da ya biyo baya ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa na Uku na Majalisar da Mataimakin Shugaban ƙungiyar Majalisar Wakilai ta PNDS. Bazoum yana ɗaya daga cikin wakilai 14 da suka gabatar da ƙarar rashin amincewa game da Firayim Minista Hama Amadou a ranar 26 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2007; Gwamnatin Amadou ta sha kaye a kuri’ar rashin amincewa da ta biyo baya a ranar 31 ga watan Mayu, kuma Bazoum ya yaba da “dattakon da ke nuna ajin siyasa ta Nijar da ta kawo ƙarshen wa’adin ƙungiyar da ta kware a kan yadda ake kashe kudaden jama’a. . " <ref>[http://www.apanews.net/apa.php?page=afric_item_eng&id_article=34430 "Niger government falls after a "no confidence" vote"]{{Dead link|date=October 2018}}, African Press Agency, 31 May 2007.</ref> Bayan ya bukaci mutane su kaurace wa zaɓen raba gardama na tsarin mulkin watan Agusta na shekarar 2009, an tsare Bazoum a takaice kuma an yi masa tambayoyi na awanni biyu a ranar 14 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bazoum an sake zaɓarsa a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban PNDS a taron na biyar na Jam’iyyar, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 18 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bayan nasarar da aka samu a zaɓen raba gardamar, ya nuna shi a matsayin "juyin mulki" sannan ya ce zaɓen 'yan majalisar na watan Oktoba na shekarar 2009 wani "makircin zaɓe ne" da aka yi nufin kawai don a ƙara "goge dimokiradiyya" <ref>Boureima Hama, [http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 "Niger pushes ahead with polls"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422143243/http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 |date=2016-04-22 }}, Sapa-AFP, 19 October 2009.</ref> Wani juyin mulki da sojoji suka yi a ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2010 ne ya kori Shugaba [[Mamadou Tandja|Mamadou]] Tandja. Bazoum ya ce a yayin taron "wannan shi ne ainihin abin da muke tsoronsa, kudurin soja. Tandja na iya guje ma wannan. " <ref>Adam Nossiter, [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/19/world/africa/19niger.html "Soldiers storm presidential palace in Niger"], ''The New York Times'', 18 February 2010.</ref> A matsayinsa na ɗaya daga cikin manyan membobin ƙungiyar Coordination of Democratic Forces for the Republic (CFDR), gamayyar jam'iyyun adawa, ya ce a ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairu cewa CFDR ta bukaci a gurfanar da Tandja a gaban kuliya saboda cin amanar kasa saboda ya soke kundin tsarin mulkin shekarar 1999 a cikin kokarin ci gaba da mulki. A cewar Bazoum, irin wannan fitina ta zama dole don hana shugabannin gobe daga bin irin wannan tafarki. Ya ce kamata ya yi hukumar mulkin ta rike Tandja har sai "cibiyoyin dimokiradiyya" sun kasance, sannan kuma a yi wa Tandja shari'a, duk da cewa ya kuma ce yana jin hukuncin kisan ba zai zama dole ba. <ref>Peter Clottey, [http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html "Niger opposition leader says ex-President Tandja should face treason charges"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315022313/http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html |date=2010-03-15 }}, VOA News, 23 February 2010.</ref> Bayan [[Mahamadou Issoufou]] ya lashe zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Janairu <nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwVA">–</span></nowiki> Maris 2011, sai ya sauka daga shugabancin PNDS a watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, gabanin rantsar da shi, bisa ga bukatar cewa shugaban ƙasa ba ya shiga [[siyasa]] ta bangaranci; Bazoum ya hau mukamin shugaban riƙo na PNDS. Issoufou ya fara aiki ne a matsayin shugaban ƙasar Nijer a ranar 7 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011, kuma an naɗa Bazoum a cikin gwamnatin a matsayin ƙaramin Ministan Harkokin Waje, Haɗin kai, Haɗakar [[Afirka]], da ‘yan Nijar mazauna kasashen waje a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011. <ref>"Niger unveils new government", Agence France-Presse, 21 April 2011.</ref> Bazoum ya koma matsayin karamin minista a fadar shugaban kasa a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2015. <ref name="Basics">[http://www.africaintelligence.com/LCE/who-s-who/2015/03/04/bazoum-back-to-basics-at-pnds-party,108064518-ART "Bazoum back to basics at PNDS party"], ''West Africa Newsletter'', number 701, 4 March 2015.</ref> An kalli wannan mmatakin a matsayin bawa Bazoum damar mayar da hankali kan jjagorancin PNDS a cikin tsammanin neman Issoufou na sake zaben a s 2016. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2016 . <ref>[http://cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf "Arrêt n° 012/CC/ME du 16 mars 2016"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208195006/http://www.cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf |date=2017-12-08 }}, Constitutional Court of Niger, 16 March 2016, page 50.</ref> Bayan an rantsar da Issoufou a wa’adi na biyu, an nada Bazoum a matsayin karamin Ministan harkokin cikin gida, Tsaro na Jama’a, Bada iko, da al’adu da al’amuran Addini a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 2016. Ya hau karagar mulki a ranar 13 ga watan Afrilu, ya gaji [[Hassoumi Massaoudou]]. A watan Disambar 2022, an nada Mohamed Bazoum a matsayin shugaban kungiyar Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziki na Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA), yayin taron shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin kungiyar karo na 23 a Abidjan.[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1398170/economie/uemoa-bazoum-croissance-et-inflation-au-menu-du-sommet-des-chefs-detat/]. ==Kifar da Gwamnatin Bazoum== A ranar 26 ga watan Yulin, 2023. Sojojin da ke tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa sun tare fadar shugaban ƙasa don korar Bazoum.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 July 2023 |title=African Union, ECOWAS Condemn ‘Attempted Coup d'État’ in Niger |work=[[France 24]] |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230726-african-union-ecowas-condemn-attempted-coup-in-niger |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Madowo |first=Sarah Dean,Niamh Kennedy,Larry |date=2023-07-26 |title=Niger: Attempted coup in West African country, as presidency is sealed off |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Coup d’Etat au Niger : Les militaires putschistes suspendent « toutes les institutions » et ferment les frontières |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/monde/4047077-20230727-coup-etat-niger-militaires-putschistes-suspendent-toutes-institutions-ferment-frontieres |website=[[20 minutes (France)|20 minutes]] |access-date=26 July 2023 |language=fr}}</ref> An yi Allah wadai da yunƙurin juyin mulkin daga ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka da ƙungiyar ECOWAS. Kungiyar ECOWAS ta ce masu shirin juyin mulkin su sako Bazoum nan take. Sai fldqgq baya sunyi nasarar sauke Bazoum a ƙarshen wannan rana, inda nan take Kanar-Manjo Amadou Abdramane yayi bayani a gidan talabijin na ƙasar yana mai cewa an tsige shugaban ƙasar daga karagar mulki, sannan kuma an maye gurbinsa da gwamnatin mulkin soja da ke kiran kanta Majalisar Tsaron Gida ta ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Presse |first=AFP-Agence France |title=ECOWAS Head Says Benin President On Mediation Mission To Niger |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=www.barrons.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Niger soldiers say President Bazoum's government has been removed |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/soldiers-nigers-presidential-guard-blockade-presidents-office-security-sources-2023-07-26/ |website=[[Reuters]] |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref name="ap1">{{cite web |last=Mednick |first=Sam |date=27 July 2023 |title=Mutinous soldiers claim to have overthrown Niger’s president |url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-tensions-presidential-guard-96f8f63b838af5467d4c95ba7b998b32 |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[AP]]}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga watan Agustan 2023 ne gwamnatin Nijar ta sanar da cewa tana son gurfanar da Mohammed Bazoum da masu rike da madafun iko na cikin gida da na waje gaban kuliya bisa laifin cin amanar kasa da kuma zagon kasa ga tsaron cikin gida da waje na Nijar.<ref name="rfi">{{cite web |last= |first= |date=13 August 2023 |title=Afrique Coup d’État au Niger: qu’impliquent les accusations de la junte contre le président Mohamed Bazoum?|url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20230814-coup-d-%C3%A9tat-au-niger-qu-impliquent-les-accusations-de-la-junte-contre-le-pr%C3%A9sident-mohamed-bazoum |access-date=14 August 2023 |website=[[RFI]]}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2023, dangin Mohamed Bazoum sun yi iƙirarin cewa ba su ƙara tuntuɓar sa ba tun ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2023, kuma sun yi tir da “kame da bincike na cin zarafi” da aka yi wa wasu daga cikinsu.<ref name="Voa Afrique">{{cite web |last= |first=AFP |date=01 December 2023 |title=NIGER La famille du président nigérien déchu dit être sans nouvelles de lui|url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/niger-la-famille-du-pr%C3%A9sident-d%C3%A9chu-dit-%C3%AAtre-sans-nouvelles-de-lui-depuis-le-18-octobre/7379985.html |access-date=02 December 2023 |website=Voa Afrique}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1960]] [[Category:Mutanen Nijar]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 9kmy72yr5wfyitlte1cbuh7j8d64136 874232 874231 2026-07-02T09:26:01Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874232 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Secretary_Blinken_Meets_With_Nigerien_President_Bazoum_in_New_York_City_(52370167613).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City]] [[File:P060245-844068.jpg|thumb|Mohamed Bazoum tshon shugaban ƙasar Niger wanda sojoju sukayinmasa juyin milki]] [[Fayil:Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City (52370167613).jpg|thumb|bazoum]] [[Fayil:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb|Bazoum]] '''Mohamed Bazoum''' (An haifi Bazoom ranar 3 ga watan Janairu shekara ta alif 1959) Ɗan siyasar Jamhuriyar Nijer, kuma tsohon [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|Shugaban Ƙasar Nijar]]. Bazoum Balarabe ne ɗan asalin [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Nijar]] wanda ya kasance Shugaban Jam’iyyar (PNDS- Ta Tarayya) tun daga shekara alif 2011, Ya Kuma yi aiki a gwamnatin Nijar a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Waje daga shekara ta alif 1995 zuwa shekara ta 1996 ya kuma sake zama Ministan daga shekara ta 2011 zuwa shekara ta alif 2015. Ya kasance ƙaramin minista a fadar shugaban ƙasa daga shekara ta alif 2015 zuwa shekarar 2016. Sannan Kuma ya kasance ƙaramin ministan cikin gida tsakanin shekara 2016 zuwa 2020, lokacin da ya yi murabus don mayar da hankali kan tsayawa takarar shugabancin ƙasar a shekara a 2020. Inda yayi Nasarar lashe zaɓen da kaso 55.67% cikin ɗari.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/2/niger-president-to-be-sworn-in-after-attempted-coup|date= 2 April 2020 |accessdate= 27 July 2023|title=Mohamed Bazoum sworn in as Niger’s president amid tensions|last= Zandanini |first= Giacomo|publisher= Aljazeera.com|language= en}}</ref> == Harkar siyasa == [[File:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb]] Bazoum ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Harkokin Haɗin Kai a ƙarƙashin Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin gwiwa a cikin gwamnatin rikon ƙwarya ta Firayim Minista [[Amadou Cheiffou]] daga shekara ta 1991 zuwa shekara ta al 1993. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa daga yanki na musamman na Tesker a matsayin ɗan takarar PNDS a zabe na musamman da aka gudanar a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta a 1993; wannan ya biyo bayan soke zaɓen farko a cikin Tesker, wanda aka gudanar a watan Fabrairu. Bayan zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Janairun shekara ta 1995, wanda kawancen adawa na National Movement for the Development of Society (MNSD) da PNDS suka lashe, Bazoum ya zama Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin Kai a gwamnatin Firaminista [[Hama Amadou]], sai 25.ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 1995. Da farko an sake naɗa shi kan wannan mukamin ne bayan da [[Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara|Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara ya]] kwace mulki a wani juyin mulkin soja a ranar 27 ga Janairun shekara ta 1996, amma an maye gurbinsa a cikin gwamnatin da aka nada a ranar 5 ga watan Mayu shekara 1996. PNDS ta yi adawa da Maïnassara, kuma a ranar 26 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1996, Bazoum aka sanya shi a cikin tsare a gida tare da shugaban PNDS [[Mahamadou Issoufou]], 'yan makonni kadan bayan zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekara ta 1996 . Shi da Issoufou an sake shi bisa umarnin alƙali a ranar 12 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1996. An kama Bazoum tare da wasu manyan ƴan siyasa biyu na ƴan adawa, ciki har da Sakatare-Janar na MNSD Hama Amadou, a farkon watan Janairun 1998, bisa zargin shiga cikin maƙarƙashiyar kisan Maïnassara. <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/44156.stm "Niger Police arrest three opposition leaders"], BBC News, 3 January 1998.</ref> Ba a taɓa gurfanar da shi ba kuma an sake shi mako guda bayan kama shi. A Babban Taro na Huɗu na PNDS, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 4 &#x2013; 5 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2004, Bazoum aka zaba a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa. Bazoum an sake zabarsa zuwa ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Disamba shekarar 2004, kuma a lokacin wa’adin majalisar da ya biyo baya ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa na Uku na Majalisar da Mataimakin Shugaban ƙungiyar Majalisar Wakilai ta PNDS. Bazoum yana ɗaya daga cikin wakilai 14 da suka gabatar da ƙarar rashin amincewa game da Firayim Minista Hama Amadou a ranar 26 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2007; Gwamnatin Amadou ta sha kaye a kuri’ar rashin amincewa da ta biyo baya a ranar 31 ga watan Mayu, kuma Bazoum ya yaba da “dattakon da ke nuna ajin siyasa ta Nijar da ta kawo ƙarshen wa’adin ƙungiyar da ta kware a kan yadda ake kashe kudaden jama’a. . " <ref>[http://www.apanews.net/apa.php?page=afric_item_eng&id_article=34430 "Niger government falls after a "no confidence" vote"]{{Dead link|date=October 2018}}, African Press Agency, 31 May 2007.</ref> Bayan ya bukaci mutane su kaurace wa zaɓen raba gardama na tsarin mulkin watan Agusta na shekarar 2009, an tsare Bazoum a takaice kuma an yi masa tambayoyi na awanni biyu a ranar 14 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bazoum an sake zaɓarsa a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban PNDS a taron na biyar na Jam’iyyar, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 18 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bayan nasarar da aka samu a zaɓen raba gardamar, ya nuna shi a matsayin "juyin mulki" sannan ya ce zaɓen 'yan majalisar na watan Oktoba na shekarar 2009 wani "makircin zaɓe ne" da aka yi nufin kawai don a ƙara "goge dimokiradiyya" <ref>Boureima Hama, [http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 "Niger pushes ahead with polls"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422143243/http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 |date=2016-04-22 }}, Sapa-AFP, 19 October 2009.</ref> Wani juyin mulki da sojoji suka yi a ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2010 ne ya kori Shugaba [[Mamadou Tandja|Mamadou]] Tandja. Bazoum ya ce a yayin taron "wannan shi ne ainihin abin da muke tsoronsa, kudurin soja. Tandja na iya guje ma wannan. " <ref>Adam Nossiter, [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/19/world/africa/19niger.html "Soldiers storm presidential palace in Niger"], ''The New York Times'', 18 February 2010.</ref> A matsayinsa na ɗaya daga cikin manyan membobin ƙungiyar Coordination of Democratic Forces for the Republic (CFDR), gamayyar jam'iyyun adawa, ya ce a ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairu cewa CFDR ta bukaci a gurfanar da Tandja a gaban kuliya saboda cin amanar kasa saboda ya soke kundin tsarin mulkin shekarar 1999 a cikin kokarin ci gaba da mulki. A cewar Bazoum, irin wannan fitina ta zama dole don hana shugabannin gobe daga bin irin wannan tafarki. Ya ce kamata ya yi hukumar mulkin ta rike Tandja har sai "cibiyoyin dimokiradiyya" sun kasance, sannan kuma a yi wa Tandja shari'a, duk da cewa ya kuma ce yana jin hukuncin kisan ba zai zama dole ba. <ref>Peter Clottey, [http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html "Niger opposition leader says ex-President Tandja should face treason charges"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315022313/http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html |date=2010-03-15 }}, VOA News, 23 February 2010.</ref> Bayan [[Mahamadou Issoufou]] ya lashe zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Janairu <nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwVA">–</span></nowiki> Maris 2011, sai ya sauka daga shugabancin PNDS a watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, gabanin rantsar da shi, bisa ga bukatar cewa shugaban ƙasa ba ya shiga [[siyasa]] ta bangaranci; Bazoum ya hau mukamin shugaban riƙo na PNDS. Issoufou ya fara aiki ne a matsayin shugaban ƙasar Nijer a ranar 7 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011, kuma an naɗa Bazoum a cikin gwamnatin a matsayin ƙaramin Ministan Harkokin Waje, Haɗin kai, Haɗakar [[Afirka]], da ‘yan Nijar mazauna kasashen waje a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011. <ref>"Niger unveils new government", Agence France-Presse, 21 April 2011.</ref> Bazoum ya koma matsayin karamin minista a fadar shugaban kasa a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2015. <ref name="Basics">[http://www.africaintelligence.com/LCE/who-s-who/2015/03/04/bazoum-back-to-basics-at-pnds-party,108064518-ART "Bazoum back to basics at PNDS party"], ''West Africa Newsletter'', number 701, 4 March 2015.</ref> An kalli wannan mmatakin a matsayin bawa Bazoum damar mayar da hankali kan jjagorancin PNDS a cikin tsammanin neman Issoufou na sake zaben a s 2016. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2016 . <ref>[http://cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf "Arrêt n° 012/CC/ME du 16 mars 2016"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208195006/http://www.cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf |date=2017-12-08 }}, Constitutional Court of Niger, 16 March 2016, page 50.</ref> Bayan an rantsar da Issoufou a wa’adi na biyu, an nada Bazoum a matsayin karamin Ministan harkokin cikin gida, Tsaro na Jama’a, Bada iko, da al’adu da al’amuran Addini a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 2016. Ya hau karagar mulki a ranar 13 ga watan Afrilu, ya gaji [[Hassoumi Massaoudou]]. A watan Disambar 2022, an nada Mohamed Bazoum a matsayin shugaban kungiyar Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziki na Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA), yayin taron shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin kungiyar karo na 23 a Abidjan.[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1398170/economie/uemoa-bazoum-croissance-et-inflation-au-menu-du-sommet-des-chefs-detat/]. ==Kifar da Gwamnatin Bazoum== A ranar 26 ga watan Yulin, 2023. Sojojin da ke tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa sun tare fadar shugaban ƙasa don korar Bazoum.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 July 2023 |title=African Union, ECOWAS Condemn ‘Attempted Coup d'État’ in Niger |work=[[France 24]] |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230726-african-union-ecowas-condemn-attempted-coup-in-niger |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Madowo |first=Sarah Dean,Niamh Kennedy,Larry |date=2023-07-26 |title=Niger: Attempted coup in West African country, as presidency is sealed off |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Coup d’Etat au Niger : Les militaires putschistes suspendent « toutes les institutions » et ferment les frontières |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/monde/4047077-20230727-coup-etat-niger-militaires-putschistes-suspendent-toutes-institutions-ferment-frontieres |website=[[20 minutes (France)|20 minutes]] |access-date=26 July 2023 |language=fr}}</ref> An yi Allah wadai da yunƙurin juyin mulkin daga ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka da ƙungiyar ECOWAS. Kungiyar ECOWAS ta ce masu shirin juyin mulkin su sako Bazoum nan take. Sai fldqgq baya sunyi nasarar sauke Bazoum a ƙarshen wannan rana, inda nan take Kanar-Manjo Amadou Abdramane yayi bayani a gidan talabijin na ƙasar yana mai cewa an tsige shugaban ƙasar daga karagar mulki, sannan kuma an maye gurbinsa da gwamnatin mulkin soja da ke kiran kanta Majalisar Tsaron Gida ta ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Presse |first=AFP-Agence France |title=ECOWAS Head Says Benin President On Mediation Mission To Niger |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=www.barrons.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Niger soldiers say President Bazoum's government has been removed |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/soldiers-nigers-presidential-guard-blockade-presidents-office-security-sources-2023-07-26/ |website=[[Reuters]] |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref name="ap1">{{cite web |last=Mednick |first=Sam |date=27 July 2023 |title=Mutinous soldiers claim to have overthrown Niger’s president |url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-tensions-presidential-guard-96f8f63b838af5467d4c95ba7b998b32 |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[AP]]}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga watan Agustan 2023 ne gwamnatin Nijar ta sanar da cewa tana son gurfanar da Mohammed Bazoum da masu rike da madafun iko na cikin gida da na waje gaban kuliya bisa laifin cin amanar kasa da kuma zagon kasa ga tsaron cikin gida da waje na Nijar.<ref name="rfi">{{cite web |last= |first= |date=13 August 2023 |title=Afrique Coup d’État au Niger: qu’impliquent les accusations de la junte contre le président Mohamed Bazoum?|url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20230814-coup-d-%C3%A9tat-au-niger-qu-impliquent-les-accusations-de-la-junte-contre-le-pr%C3%A9sident-mohamed-bazoum |access-date=14 August 2023 |website=[[RFI]]}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2023, dangin Mohamed Bazoum sun yi iƙirarin cewa ba su ƙara tuntuɓar sa ba tun ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2023, kuma sun yi tir da “kame da bincike na cin zarafi” da aka yi wa wasu daga cikinsu.<ref name="Voa Afrique">{{cite web |last= |first=AFP |date=01 December 2023 |title=NIGER La famille du président nigérien déchu dit être sans nouvelles de lui|url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/niger-la-famille-du-pr%C3%A9sident-d%C3%A9chu-dit-%C3%AAtre-sans-nouvelles-de-lui-depuis-le-18-octobre/7379985.html |access-date=02 December 2023 |website=Voa Afrique}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1960]] [[Category:Mutanen Nijar]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] bajg9m8umz4jn1pezajwd0ia2uanzha 874233 874232 2026-07-02T09:26:36Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874233 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Secretary_Blinken_Meets_With_Nigerien_President_Bazoum_in_New_York_City_(52370167613).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City]] [[File:P060245-844068.jpg|thumb|Mohamed Bazoum tshon shugaban ƙasar Niger wanda sojoju sukayinmasa juyin milki]] [[Fayil:Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City (52370167613).jpg|thumb|bazoum]] [[Fayil:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb|Bazoum]] '''Mohamed Bazoum''' (An haifi Bazoom ranar 3 ga watan Janairu shekara ta alif 1959) Ɗan siyasar Jamhuriyar Nijer, kuma tsohon [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|Shugaban Ƙasar Nijar]]. Bazoum Balarabe ne ɗan asalin [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Nijar]] wanda ya kasance Shugaban Jam’iyyar (PNDS- Ta Tarayya) tun daga shekara alif 2011, Ya Kuma yi aiki a gwamnatin Nijar a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Waje daga shekara ta alif 1995 zuwa shekara ta 1996 ya kuma sake zama Ministan daga shekara ta 2011 zuwa shekara ta alif 2015. Ya kasance ƙaramin minista a fadar shugaban ƙasa daga shekara ta alif 2015 zuwa shekarar 2016. Sannan Kuma ya kasance ƙaramin ministan cikin gida tsakanin shekara 2016 zuwa 2020, lokacin da ya yi murabus don mayar da hankali kan tsayawa takarar shugabancin ƙasar a shekara a 2020. Inda yayi Nasarar lashe zaɓen da kaso 55.67% cikin ɗari.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/2/niger-president-to-be-sworn-in-after-attempted-coup|date= 2 April 2020 |accessdate= 27 July 2023|title=Mohamed Bazoum sworn in as Niger’s president amid tensions|last= Zandanini |first= Giacomo|publisher= Aljazeera.com|language= en}}</ref> == Harkar siyasa == [[File:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb]] Bazoum ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Harkokin Haɗin Kai a ƙarƙashin Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin gwiwa a cikin gwamnatin rikon ƙwarya ta Firayim Minista [[Amadou Cheiffou]] daga shekara ta 1991 zuwa shekara ta al 1993. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa daga yanki na musamman na Tesker a matsayin ɗan takarar PNDS a zabe na musamman da aka gudanar a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta al 1993; wannan ya biyo bayan soke zaɓen farko a cikin Tesker, wanda aka gudanar a watan Fabrairu. Bayan zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Janairun shekara ta 1995, wanda kawancen adawa na National Movement for the Development of Society (MNSD) da PNDS suka lashe, Bazoum ya zama Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin Kai a gwamnatin Firaminista [[Hama Amadou]], sai 25.ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 1995. Da farko an sake naɗa shi kan wannan mukamin ne bayan da [[Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara|Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara ya]] kwace mulki a wani juyin mulkin soja a ranar 27 ga Janairun shekara ta 1996, amma an maye gurbinsa a cikin gwamnatin da aka nada a ranar 5 ga watan Mayu shekara 1996. PNDS ta yi adawa da Maïnassara, kuma a ranar 26 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1996, Bazoum aka sanya shi a cikin tsare a gida tare da shugaban PNDS [[Mahamadou Issoufou]], 'yan makonni kadan bayan zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekara ta 1996 . Shi da Issoufou an sake shi bisa umarnin alƙali a ranar 12 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1996. An kama Bazoum tare da wasu manyan ƴan siyasa biyu na ƴan adawa, ciki har da Sakatare-Janar na MNSD Hama Amadou, a farkon watan Janairun 1998, bisa zargin shiga cikin maƙarƙashiyar kisan Maïnassara. <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/44156.stm "Niger Police arrest three opposition leaders"], BBC News, 3 January 1998.</ref> Ba a taɓa gurfanar da shi ba kuma an sake shi mako guda bayan kama shi. A Babban Taro na Huɗu na PNDS, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 4 &#x2013; 5 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2004, Bazoum aka zaba a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa. Bazoum an sake zabarsa zuwa ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Disamba shekarar 2004, kuma a lokacin wa’adin majalisar da ya biyo baya ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa na Uku na Majalisar da Mataimakin Shugaban ƙungiyar Majalisar Wakilai ta PNDS. Bazoum yana ɗaya daga cikin wakilai 14 da suka gabatar da ƙarar rashin amincewa game da Firayim Minista Hama Amadou a ranar 26 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2007; Gwamnatin Amadou ta sha kaye a kuri’ar rashin amincewa da ta biyo baya a ranar 31 ga watan Mayu, kuma Bazoum ya yaba da “dattakon da ke nuna ajin siyasa ta Nijar da ta kawo ƙarshen wa’adin ƙungiyar da ta kware a kan yadda ake kashe kudaden jama’a. . " <ref>[http://www.apanews.net/apa.php?page=afric_item_eng&id_article=34430 "Niger government falls after a "no confidence" vote"]{{Dead link|date=October 2018}}, African Press Agency, 31 May 2007.</ref> Bayan ya bukaci mutane su kaurace wa zaɓen raba gardama na tsarin mulkin watan Agusta na shekarar 2009, an tsare Bazoum a takaice kuma an yi masa tambayoyi na awanni biyu a ranar 14 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bazoum an sake zaɓarsa a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban PNDS a taron na biyar na Jam’iyyar, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 18 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bayan nasarar da aka samu a zaɓen raba gardamar, ya nuna shi a matsayin "juyin mulki" sannan ya ce zaɓen 'yan majalisar na watan Oktoba na shekarar 2009 wani "makircin zaɓe ne" da aka yi nufin kawai don a ƙara "goge dimokiradiyya" <ref>Boureima Hama, [http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 "Niger pushes ahead with polls"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422143243/http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 |date=2016-04-22 }}, Sapa-AFP, 19 October 2009.</ref> Wani juyin mulki da sojoji suka yi a ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2010 ne ya kori Shugaba [[Mamadou Tandja|Mamadou]] Tandja. Bazoum ya ce a yayin taron "wannan shi ne ainihin abin da muke tsoronsa, kudurin soja. Tandja na iya guje ma wannan. " <ref>Adam Nossiter, [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/19/world/africa/19niger.html "Soldiers storm presidential palace in Niger"], ''The New York Times'', 18 February 2010.</ref> A matsayinsa na ɗaya daga cikin manyan membobin ƙungiyar Coordination of Democratic Forces for the Republic (CFDR), gamayyar jam'iyyun adawa, ya ce a ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairu cewa CFDR ta bukaci a gurfanar da Tandja a gaban kuliya saboda cin amanar kasa saboda ya soke kundin tsarin mulkin shekarar 1999 a cikin kokarin ci gaba da mulki. A cewar Bazoum, irin wannan fitina ta zama dole don hana shugabannin gobe daga bin irin wannan tafarki. Ya ce kamata ya yi hukumar mulkin ta rike Tandja har sai "cibiyoyin dimokiradiyya" sun kasance, sannan kuma a yi wa Tandja shari'a, duk da cewa ya kuma ce yana jin hukuncin kisan ba zai zama dole ba. <ref>Peter Clottey, [http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html "Niger opposition leader says ex-President Tandja should face treason charges"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315022313/http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html |date=2010-03-15 }}, VOA News, 23 February 2010.</ref> Bayan [[Mahamadou Issoufou]] ya lashe zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Janairu <nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwVA">–</span></nowiki> Maris 2011, sai ya sauka daga shugabancin PNDS a watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, gabanin rantsar da shi, bisa ga bukatar cewa shugaban ƙasa ba ya shiga [[siyasa]] ta bangaranci; Bazoum ya hau mukamin shugaban riƙo na PNDS. Issoufou ya fara aiki ne a matsayin shugaban ƙasar Nijer a ranar 7 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011, kuma an naɗa Bazoum a cikin gwamnatin a matsayin ƙaramin Ministan Harkokin Waje, Haɗin kai, Haɗakar [[Afirka]], da ‘yan Nijar mazauna kasashen waje a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011. <ref>"Niger unveils new government", Agence France-Presse, 21 April 2011.</ref> Bazoum ya koma matsayin karamin minista a fadar shugaban kasa a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2015. <ref name="Basics">[http://www.africaintelligence.com/LCE/who-s-who/2015/03/04/bazoum-back-to-basics-at-pnds-party,108064518-ART "Bazoum back to basics at PNDS party"], ''West Africa Newsletter'', number 701, 4 March 2015.</ref> An kalli wannan mmatakin a matsayin bawa Bazoum damar mayar da hankali kan jjagorancin PNDS a cikin tsammanin neman Issoufou na sake zaben a s 2016. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2016 . <ref>[http://cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf "Arrêt n° 012/CC/ME du 16 mars 2016"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208195006/http://www.cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf |date=2017-12-08 }}, Constitutional Court of Niger, 16 March 2016, page 50.</ref> Bayan an rantsar da Issoufou a wa’adi na biyu, an nada Bazoum a matsayin karamin Ministan harkokin cikin gida, Tsaro na Jama’a, Bada iko, da al’adu da al’amuran Addini a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 2016. Ya hau karagar mulki a ranar 13 ga watan Afrilu, ya gaji [[Hassoumi Massaoudou]]. A watan Disambar 2022, an nada Mohamed Bazoum a matsayin shugaban kungiyar Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziki na Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA), yayin taron shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin kungiyar karo na 23 a Abidjan.[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1398170/economie/uemoa-bazoum-croissance-et-inflation-au-menu-du-sommet-des-chefs-detat/]. ==Kifar da Gwamnatin Bazoum== A ranar 26 ga watan Yulin, 2023. Sojojin da ke tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa sun tare fadar shugaban ƙasa don korar Bazoum.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 July 2023 |title=African Union, ECOWAS Condemn ‘Attempted Coup d'État’ in Niger |work=[[France 24]] |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230726-african-union-ecowas-condemn-attempted-coup-in-niger |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Madowo |first=Sarah Dean,Niamh Kennedy,Larry |date=2023-07-26 |title=Niger: Attempted coup in West African country, as presidency is sealed off |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Coup d’Etat au Niger : Les militaires putschistes suspendent « toutes les institutions » et ferment les frontières |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/monde/4047077-20230727-coup-etat-niger-militaires-putschistes-suspendent-toutes-institutions-ferment-frontieres |website=[[20 minutes (France)|20 minutes]] |access-date=26 July 2023 |language=fr}}</ref> An yi Allah wadai da yunƙurin juyin mulkin daga ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka da ƙungiyar ECOWAS. Kungiyar ECOWAS ta ce masu shirin juyin mulkin su sako Bazoum nan take. Sai fldqgq baya sunyi nasarar sauke Bazoum a ƙarshen wannan rana, inda nan take Kanar-Manjo Amadou Abdramane yayi bayani a gidan talabijin na ƙasar yana mai cewa an tsige shugaban ƙasar daga karagar mulki, sannan kuma an maye gurbinsa da gwamnatin mulkin soja da ke kiran kanta Majalisar Tsaron Gida ta ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Presse |first=AFP-Agence France |title=ECOWAS Head Says Benin President On Mediation Mission To Niger |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=www.barrons.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Niger soldiers say President Bazoum's government has been removed |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/soldiers-nigers-presidential-guard-blockade-presidents-office-security-sources-2023-07-26/ |website=[[Reuters]] |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref name="ap1">{{cite web |last=Mednick |first=Sam |date=27 July 2023 |title=Mutinous soldiers claim to have overthrown Niger’s president |url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-tensions-presidential-guard-96f8f63b838af5467d4c95ba7b998b32 |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[AP]]}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga watan Agustan 2023 ne gwamnatin Nijar ta sanar da cewa tana son gurfanar da Mohammed Bazoum da masu rike da madafun iko na cikin gida da na waje gaban kuliya bisa laifin cin amanar kasa da kuma zagon kasa ga tsaron cikin gida da waje na Nijar.<ref name="rfi">{{cite web |last= |first= |date=13 August 2023 |title=Afrique Coup d’État au Niger: qu’impliquent les accusations de la junte contre le président Mohamed Bazoum?|url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20230814-coup-d-%C3%A9tat-au-niger-qu-impliquent-les-accusations-de-la-junte-contre-le-pr%C3%A9sident-mohamed-bazoum |access-date=14 August 2023 |website=[[RFI]]}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2023, dangin Mohamed Bazoum sun yi iƙirarin cewa ba su ƙara tuntuɓar sa ba tun ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2023, kuma sun yi tir da “kame da bincike na cin zarafi” da aka yi wa wasu daga cikinsu.<ref name="Voa Afrique">{{cite web |last= |first=AFP |date=01 December 2023 |title=NIGER La famille du président nigérien déchu dit être sans nouvelles de lui|url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/niger-la-famille-du-pr%C3%A9sident-d%C3%A9chu-dit-%C3%AAtre-sans-nouvelles-de-lui-depuis-le-18-octobre/7379985.html |access-date=02 December 2023 |website=Voa Afrique}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1960]] [[Category:Mutanen Nijar]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] cwxwkr60ixp6gl8ck9y59i1hx3stpkr 874234 874233 2026-07-02T09:27:04Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874234 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Secretary_Blinken_Meets_With_Nigerien_President_Bazoum_in_New_York_City_(52370167613).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City]] [[File:P060245-844068.jpg|thumb|Mohamed Bazoum tshon shugaban ƙasar Niger wanda sojoju sukayinmasa juyin milki]] [[Fayil:Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City (52370167613).jpg|thumb|bazoum]] [[Fayil:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb|Bazoum]] '''Mohamed Bazoum''' (An haifi Bazoom ranar 3 ga watan Janairu shekara ta alif 1959) Ɗan siyasar Jamhuriyar Nijer, kuma tsohon [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|Shugaban Ƙasar Nijar]]. Bazoum Balarabe ne ɗan asalin [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Nijar]] wanda ya kasance Shugaban Jam’iyyar (PNDS- Ta Tarayya) tun daga shekara alif 2011, Ya Kuma yi aiki a gwamnatin Nijar a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Waje daga shekara ta alif 1995 zuwa shekara ta 1996 ya kuma sake zama Ministan daga shekara ta 2011 zuwa shekara ta alif 2015. Ya kasance ƙaramin minista a fadar shugaban ƙasa daga shekara ta alif 2015 zuwa shekarar 2016. Sannan Kuma ya kasance ƙaramin ministan cikin gida tsakanin shekara 2016 zuwa 2020, lokacin da ya yi murabus don mayar da hankali kan tsayawa takarar shugabancin ƙasar a shekara a 2020. Inda yayi Nasarar lashe zaɓen da kaso 55.67% cikin ɗari.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/2/niger-president-to-be-sworn-in-after-attempted-coup|date= 2 April 2020 |accessdate= 27 July 2023|title=Mohamed Bazoum sworn in as Niger’s president amid tensions|last= Zandanini |first= Giacomo|publisher= Aljazeera.com|language= en}}</ref> == Harkar siyasa == [[File:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb]] Bazoum ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Harkokin Haɗin Kai a ƙarƙashin Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin gwiwa a cikin gwamnatin rikon ƙwarya ta Firayim Minista [[Amadou Cheiffou]] daga shekara ta 1991 zuwa shekara ta al 1993. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa daga yanki na musamman na Tesker a matsayin ɗan takarar PNDS a zabe na musamman da aka gudanar a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta ali 1993; wannan ya biyo bayan soke zaɓen farko a cikin Tesker, wanda aka gudanar a watan Fabrairu. Bayan zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Janairun shekara ta 1995, wanda kawancen adawa na National Movement for the Development of Society (MNSD) da PNDS suka lashe, Bazoum ya zama Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin Kai a gwamnatin Firaminista [[Hama Amadou]], sai 25.ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 1995. Da farko an sake naɗa shi kan wannan mukamin ne bayan da [[Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara|Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara ya]] kwace mulki a wani juyin mulkin soja a ranar 27 ga Janairun shekara ta 1996, amma an maye gurbinsa a cikin gwamnatin da aka nada a ranar 5 ga watan Mayu shekara 1996. PNDS ta yi adawa da Maïnassara, kuma a ranar 26 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1996, Bazoum aka sanya shi a cikin tsare a gida tare da shugaban PNDS [[Mahamadou Issoufou]], 'yan makonni kadan bayan zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekara ta 1996 . Shi da Issoufou an sake shi bisa umarnin alƙali a ranar 12 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1996. An kama Bazoum tare da wasu manyan ƴan siyasa biyu na ƴan adawa, ciki har da Sakatare-Janar na MNSD Hama Amadou, a farkon watan Janairun 1998, bisa zargin shiga cikin maƙarƙashiyar kisan Maïnassara. <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/44156.stm "Niger Police arrest three opposition leaders"], BBC News, 3 January 1998.</ref> Ba a taɓa gurfanar da shi ba kuma an sake shi mako guda bayan kama shi. A Babban Taro na Huɗu na PNDS, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 4 &#x2013; 5 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2004, Bazoum aka zaba a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa. Bazoum an sake zabarsa zuwa ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Disamba shekarar 2004, kuma a lokacin wa’adin majalisar da ya biyo baya ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa na Uku na Majalisar da Mataimakin Shugaban ƙungiyar Majalisar Wakilai ta PNDS. Bazoum yana ɗaya daga cikin wakilai 14 da suka gabatar da ƙarar rashin amincewa game da Firayim Minista Hama Amadou a ranar 26 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2007; Gwamnatin Amadou ta sha kaye a kuri’ar rashin amincewa da ta biyo baya a ranar 31 ga watan Mayu, kuma Bazoum ya yaba da “dattakon da ke nuna ajin siyasa ta Nijar da ta kawo ƙarshen wa’adin ƙungiyar da ta kware a kan yadda ake kashe kudaden jama’a. . " <ref>[http://www.apanews.net/apa.php?page=afric_item_eng&id_article=34430 "Niger government falls after a "no confidence" vote"]{{Dead link|date=October 2018}}, African Press Agency, 31 May 2007.</ref> Bayan ya bukaci mutane su kaurace wa zaɓen raba gardama na tsarin mulkin watan Agusta na shekarar 2009, an tsare Bazoum a takaice kuma an yi masa tambayoyi na awanni biyu a ranar 14 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bazoum an sake zaɓarsa a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban PNDS a taron na biyar na Jam’iyyar, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 18 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bayan nasarar da aka samu a zaɓen raba gardamar, ya nuna shi a matsayin "juyin mulki" sannan ya ce zaɓen 'yan majalisar na watan Oktoba na shekarar 2009 wani "makircin zaɓe ne" da aka yi nufin kawai don a ƙara "goge dimokiradiyya" <ref>Boureima Hama, [http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 "Niger pushes ahead with polls"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422143243/http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 |date=2016-04-22 }}, Sapa-AFP, 19 October 2009.</ref> Wani juyin mulki da sojoji suka yi a ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2010 ne ya kori Shugaba [[Mamadou Tandja|Mamadou]] Tandja. Bazoum ya ce a yayin taron "wannan shi ne ainihin abin da muke tsoronsa, kudurin soja. Tandja na iya guje ma wannan. " <ref>Adam Nossiter, [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/19/world/africa/19niger.html "Soldiers storm presidential palace in Niger"], ''The New York Times'', 18 February 2010.</ref> A matsayinsa na ɗaya daga cikin manyan membobin ƙungiyar Coordination of Democratic Forces for the Republic (CFDR), gamayyar jam'iyyun adawa, ya ce a ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairu cewa CFDR ta bukaci a gurfanar da Tandja a gaban kuliya saboda cin amanar kasa saboda ya soke kundin tsarin mulkin shekarar 1999 a cikin kokarin ci gaba da mulki. A cewar Bazoum, irin wannan fitina ta zama dole don hana shugabannin gobe daga bin irin wannan tafarki. Ya ce kamata ya yi hukumar mulkin ta rike Tandja har sai "cibiyoyin dimokiradiyya" sun kasance, sannan kuma a yi wa Tandja shari'a, duk da cewa ya kuma ce yana jin hukuncin kisan ba zai zama dole ba. <ref>Peter Clottey, [http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html "Niger opposition leader says ex-President Tandja should face treason charges"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315022313/http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html |date=2010-03-15 }}, VOA News, 23 February 2010.</ref> Bayan [[Mahamadou Issoufou]] ya lashe zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Janairu <nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwVA">–</span></nowiki> Maris 2011, sai ya sauka daga shugabancin PNDS a watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, gabanin rantsar da shi, bisa ga bukatar cewa shugaban ƙasa ba ya shiga [[siyasa]] ta bangaranci; Bazoum ya hau mukamin shugaban riƙo na PNDS. Issoufou ya fara aiki ne a matsayin shugaban ƙasar Nijer a ranar 7 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011, kuma an naɗa Bazoum a cikin gwamnatin a matsayin ƙaramin Ministan Harkokin Waje, Haɗin kai, Haɗakar [[Afirka]], da ‘yan Nijar mazauna kasashen waje a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011. <ref>"Niger unveils new government", Agence France-Presse, 21 April 2011.</ref> Bazoum ya koma matsayin karamin minista a fadar shugaban kasa a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2015. <ref name="Basics">[http://www.africaintelligence.com/LCE/who-s-who/2015/03/04/bazoum-back-to-basics-at-pnds-party,108064518-ART "Bazoum back to basics at PNDS party"], ''West Africa Newsletter'', number 701, 4 March 2015.</ref> An kalli wannan mmatakin a matsayin bawa Bazoum damar mayar da hankali kan jjagorancin PNDS a cikin tsammanin neman Issoufou na sake zaben a s 2016. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2016 . <ref>[http://cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf "Arrêt n° 012/CC/ME du 16 mars 2016"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208195006/http://www.cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf |date=2017-12-08 }}, Constitutional Court of Niger, 16 March 2016, page 50.</ref> Bayan an rantsar da Issoufou a wa’adi na biyu, an nada Bazoum a matsayin karamin Ministan harkokin cikin gida, Tsaro na Jama’a, Bada iko, da al’adu da al’amuran Addini a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 2016. Ya hau karagar mulki a ranar 13 ga watan Afrilu, ya gaji [[Hassoumi Massaoudou]]. A watan Disambar 2022, an nada Mohamed Bazoum a matsayin shugaban kungiyar Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziki na Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA), yayin taron shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin kungiyar karo na 23 a Abidjan.[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1398170/economie/uemoa-bazoum-croissance-et-inflation-au-menu-du-sommet-des-chefs-detat/]. ==Kifar da Gwamnatin Bazoum== A ranar 26 ga watan Yulin, 2023. Sojojin da ke tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa sun tare fadar shugaban ƙasa don korar Bazoum.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 July 2023 |title=African Union, ECOWAS Condemn ‘Attempted Coup d'État’ in Niger |work=[[France 24]] |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230726-african-union-ecowas-condemn-attempted-coup-in-niger |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Madowo |first=Sarah Dean,Niamh Kennedy,Larry |date=2023-07-26 |title=Niger: Attempted coup in West African country, as presidency is sealed off |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Coup d’Etat au Niger : Les militaires putschistes suspendent « toutes les institutions » et ferment les frontières |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/monde/4047077-20230727-coup-etat-niger-militaires-putschistes-suspendent-toutes-institutions-ferment-frontieres |website=[[20 minutes (France)|20 minutes]] |access-date=26 July 2023 |language=fr}}</ref> An yi Allah wadai da yunƙurin juyin mulkin daga ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka da ƙungiyar ECOWAS. Kungiyar ECOWAS ta ce masu shirin juyin mulkin su sako Bazoum nan take. Sai fldqgq baya sunyi nasarar sauke Bazoum a ƙarshen wannan rana, inda nan take Kanar-Manjo Amadou Abdramane yayi bayani a gidan talabijin na ƙasar yana mai cewa an tsige shugaban ƙasar daga karagar mulki, sannan kuma an maye gurbinsa da gwamnatin mulkin soja da ke kiran kanta Majalisar Tsaron Gida ta ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Presse |first=AFP-Agence France |title=ECOWAS Head Says Benin President On Mediation Mission To Niger |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=www.barrons.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Niger soldiers say President Bazoum's government has been removed |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/soldiers-nigers-presidential-guard-blockade-presidents-office-security-sources-2023-07-26/ |website=[[Reuters]] |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref name="ap1">{{cite web |last=Mednick |first=Sam |date=27 July 2023 |title=Mutinous soldiers claim to have overthrown Niger’s president |url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-tensions-presidential-guard-96f8f63b838af5467d4c95ba7b998b32 |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[AP]]}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga watan Agustan 2023 ne gwamnatin Nijar ta sanar da cewa tana son gurfanar da Mohammed Bazoum da masu rike da madafun iko na cikin gida da na waje gaban kuliya bisa laifin cin amanar kasa da kuma zagon kasa ga tsaron cikin gida da waje na Nijar.<ref name="rfi">{{cite web |last= |first= |date=13 August 2023 |title=Afrique Coup d’État au Niger: qu’impliquent les accusations de la junte contre le président Mohamed Bazoum?|url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20230814-coup-d-%C3%A9tat-au-niger-qu-impliquent-les-accusations-de-la-junte-contre-le-pr%C3%A9sident-mohamed-bazoum |access-date=14 August 2023 |website=[[RFI]]}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2023, dangin Mohamed Bazoum sun yi iƙirarin cewa ba su ƙara tuntuɓar sa ba tun ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2023, kuma sun yi tir da “kame da bincike na cin zarafi” da aka yi wa wasu daga cikinsu.<ref name="Voa Afrique">{{cite web |last= |first=AFP |date=01 December 2023 |title=NIGER La famille du président nigérien déchu dit être sans nouvelles de lui|url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/niger-la-famille-du-pr%C3%A9sident-d%C3%A9chu-dit-%C3%AAtre-sans-nouvelles-de-lui-depuis-le-18-octobre/7379985.html |access-date=02 December 2023 |website=Voa Afrique}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1960]] [[Category:Mutanen Nijar]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 3023pnzvlllwllalk5pataw9ohcyc69 874235 874234 2026-07-02T09:29:03Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874235 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Secretary_Blinken_Meets_With_Nigerien_President_Bazoum_in_New_York_City_(52370167613).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City]] [[File:P060245-844068.jpg|thumb|Mohamed Bazoum tshon shugaban ƙasar Niger wanda sojoju sukayinmasa juyin milki]] [[Fayil:Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City (52370167613).jpg|thumb|bazoum]] [[Fayil:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb|Bazoum]] '''Mohamed Bazoum''' (An haifi Bazoom ranar 3 ga watan Janairu shekara ta alif 1959) Ɗan siyasar Jamhuriyar Nijer, kuma tsohon [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|Shugaban Ƙasar Nijar]]. Bazoum Balarabe ne ɗan asalin [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Nijar]] wanda ya kasance Shugaban Jam’iyyar (PNDS- Ta Tarayya) tun daga shekara alif 2011, Ya Kuma yi aiki a gwamnatin Nijar a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Waje daga shekara ta alif 1995 zuwa shekara ta 1996 ya kuma sake zama Ministan daga shekara ta 2011 zuwa shekara ta alif 2015. Ya kasance ƙaramin minista a fadar shugaban ƙasa daga shekara ta alif 2015 zuwa shekarar 2016. Sannan Kuma ya kasance ƙaramin ministan cikin gida tsakanin shekara 2016 zuwa 2020, lokacin da ya yi murabus don mayar da hankali kan tsayawa takarar shugabancin ƙasar a shekara a 2020. Inda yayi Nasarar lashe zaɓen da kaso 55.67% cikin ɗari.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/2/niger-president-to-be-sworn-in-after-attempted-coup|date= 2 April 2020 |accessdate= 27 July 2023|title=Mohamed Bazoum sworn in as Niger’s president amid tensions|last= Zandanini |first= Giacomo|publisher= Aljazeera.com|language= en}}</ref> == Harkar siyasa == [[File:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb]] Bazoum ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Harkokin Haɗin Kai a ƙarƙashin Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin gwiwa a cikin gwamnatin rikon ƙwarya ta Firayim Minista [[Amadou Cheiffou]] daga shekara ta 1991 zuwa shekara ta al 1993. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa daga yanki na musamman na Tesker a matsayin ɗan takarar PNDS a zabe na musamman da aka gudanar a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta ali 1993; wannan ya biyo bayan soke zaɓen farko a cikin Tesker, wanda aka gudanar a watan Fabrairu. Bayan zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Janairun shekara ta 1995, wanda kawancen adawa na National Movement for the Development of Society (MNSD) da PNDS suka lashe, Bazoum ya zama Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin Kai a gwamnatin Firaminista [[Hama Amadou]], sai 25.ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 1995. Da farko an sake naɗa shi kan wannan mukamin ne bayan da [[Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara|Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara ya]] kwace mulki a wani juyin mulkin soja a ranar 27 ga Janairun shekara ta 1996, amma an maye gurbinsa a cikin gwamnatin da aka nada a ranar 5 ga watan Mayu shekara a 1996. PNDS ta yi adawa da Maïnassara, kuma a ranar 26 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1996, Bazoum aka sanya shi a cikin tsare a gida tare da shugaban PNDS [[Mahamadou Issoufou]], 'yan makonni kadan bayan zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekara ta 1996 . Shi da Issoufou an sake shi bisa umarnin alƙali a ranar 12 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1996. An kama Bazoum tare da wasu manyan ƴan siyasa biyu na ƴan adawa, ciki har da Sakatare-Janar na MNSD Hama Amadou, a farkon watan Janairun 1998, bisa zargin shiga cikin maƙarƙashiyar kisan Maïnassara. <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/44156.stm "Niger Police arrest three opposition leaders"], BBC News, 3 January 1998.</ref> Ba a taɓa gurfanar da shi ba kuma an sake shi mako guda bayan kama shi. A Babban Taro na Huɗu na PNDS, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 4 &#x2013; 5 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2004, Bazoum aka zaba a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa. Bazoum an sake zabarsa zuwa ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Disamba shekarar 2004, kuma a lokacin wa’adin majalisar da ya biyo baya ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa na Uku na Majalisar da Mataimakin Shugaban ƙungiyar Majalisar Wakilai ta PNDS. Bazoum yana ɗaya daga cikin wakilai 14 da suka gabatar da ƙarar rashin amincewa game da Firayim Minista Hama Amadou a ranar 26 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2007; Gwamnatin Amadou ta sha kaye a kuri’ar rashin amincewa da ta biyo baya a ranar 31 ga watan Mayu, kuma Bazoum ya yaba da “dattakon da ke nuna ajin siyasa ta Nijar da ta kawo ƙarshen wa’adin ƙungiyar da ta kware a kan yadda ake kashe kudaden jama’a. . " <ref>[http://www.apanews.net/apa.php?page=afric_item_eng&id_article=34430 "Niger government falls after a "no confidence" vote"]{{Dead link|date=October 2018}}, African Press Agency, 31 May 2007.</ref> Bayan ya bukaci mutane su kaurace wa zaɓen raba gardama na tsarin mulkin watan Agusta na shekarar 2009, an tsare Bazoum a takaice kuma an yi masa tambayoyi na awanni biyu a ranar 14 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bazoum an sake zaɓarsa a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban PNDS a taron na biyar na Jam’iyyar, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 18 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bayan nasarar da aka samu a zaɓen raba gardamar, ya nuna shi a matsayin "juyin mulki" sannan ya ce zaɓen 'yan majalisar na watan Oktoba na shekarar 2009 wani "makircin zaɓe ne" da aka yi nufin kawai don a ƙara "goge dimokiradiyya" <ref>Boureima Hama, [http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 "Niger pushes ahead with polls"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422143243/http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 |date=2016-04-22 }}, Sapa-AFP, 19 October 2009.</ref> Wani juyin mulki da sojoji suka yi a ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2010 ne ya kori Shugaba [[Mamadou Tandja|Mamadou]] Tandja. Bazoum ya ce a yayin taron "wannan shi ne ainihin abin da muke tsoronsa, kudurin soja. Tandja na iya guje ma wannan. " <ref>Adam Nossiter, [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/19/world/africa/19niger.html "Soldiers storm presidential palace in Niger"], ''The New York Times'', 18 February 2010.</ref> A matsayinsa na ɗaya daga cikin manyan membobin ƙungiyar Coordination of Democratic Forces for the Republic (CFDR), gamayyar jam'iyyun adawa, ya ce a ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairu cewa CFDR ta bukaci a gurfanar da Tandja a gaban kuliya saboda cin amanar kasa saboda ya soke kundin tsarin mulkin shekarar 1999 a cikin kokarin ci gaba da mulki. A cewar Bazoum, irin wannan fitina ta zama dole don hana shugabannin gobe daga bin irin wannan tafarki. Ya ce kamata ya yi hukumar mulkin ta rike Tandja har sai "cibiyoyin dimokiradiyya" sun kasance, sannan kuma a yi wa Tandja shari'a, duk da cewa ya kuma ce yana jin hukuncin kisan ba zai zama dole ba. <ref>Peter Clottey, [http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html "Niger opposition leader says ex-President Tandja should face treason charges"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315022313/http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html |date=2010-03-15 }}, VOA News, 23 February 2010.</ref> Bayan [[Mahamadou Issoufou]] ya lashe zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Janairu <nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwVA">–</span></nowiki> Maris 2011, sai ya sauka daga shugabancin PNDS a watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, gabanin rantsar da shi, bisa ga bukatar cewa shugaban ƙasa ba ya shiga [[siyasa]] ta bangaranci; Bazoum ya hau mukamin shugaban riƙo na PNDS. Issoufou ya fara aiki ne a matsayin shugaban ƙasar Nijer a ranar 7 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011, kuma an naɗa Bazoum a cikin gwamnatin a matsayin ƙaramin Ministan Harkokin Waje, Haɗin kai, Haɗakar [[Afirka]], da ‘yan Nijar mazauna kasashen waje a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011. <ref>"Niger unveils new government", Agence France-Presse, 21 April 2011.</ref> Bazoum ya koma matsayin karamin minista a fadar shugaban kasa a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2015. <ref name="Basics">[http://www.africaintelligence.com/LCE/who-s-who/2015/03/04/bazoum-back-to-basics-at-pnds-party,108064518-ART "Bazoum back to basics at PNDS party"], ''West Africa Newsletter'', number 701, 4 March 2015.</ref> An kalli wannan mmatakin a matsayin bawa Bazoum damar mayar da hankali kan jjagorancin PNDS a cikin tsammanin neman Issoufou na sake zaben a s 2016. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2016 . <ref>[http://cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf "Arrêt n° 012/CC/ME du 16 mars 2016"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208195006/http://www.cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf |date=2017-12-08 }}, Constitutional Court of Niger, 16 March 2016, page 50.</ref> Bayan an rantsar da Issoufou a wa’adi na biyu, an nada Bazoum a matsayin karamin Ministan harkokin cikin gida, Tsaro na Jama’a, Bada iko, da al’adu da al’amuran Addini a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 2016. Ya hau karagar mulki a ranar 13 ga watan Afrilu, ya gaji [[Hassoumi Massaoudou]]. A watan Disambar 2022, an nada Mohamed Bazoum a matsayin shugaban kungiyar Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziki na Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA), yayin taron shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin kungiyar karo na 23 a Abidjan.[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1398170/economie/uemoa-bazoum-croissance-et-inflation-au-menu-du-sommet-des-chefs-detat/]. ==Kifar da Gwamnatin Bazoum== A ranar 26 ga watan Yulin, 2023. Sojojin da ke tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa sun tare fadar shugaban ƙasa don korar Bazoum.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 July 2023 |title=African Union, ECOWAS Condemn ‘Attempted Coup d'État’ in Niger |work=[[France 24]] |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230726-african-union-ecowas-condemn-attempted-coup-in-niger |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Madowo |first=Sarah Dean,Niamh Kennedy,Larry |date=2023-07-26 |title=Niger: Attempted coup in West African country, as presidency is sealed off |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Coup d’Etat au Niger : Les militaires putschistes suspendent « toutes les institutions » et ferment les frontières |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/monde/4047077-20230727-coup-etat-niger-militaires-putschistes-suspendent-toutes-institutions-ferment-frontieres |website=[[20 minutes (France)|20 minutes]] |access-date=26 July 2023 |language=fr}}</ref> An yi Allah wadai da yunƙurin juyin mulkin daga ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka da ƙungiyar ECOWAS. Kungiyar ECOWAS ta ce masu shirin juyin mulkin su sako Bazoum nan take. Sai fldqgq baya sunyi nasarar sauke Bazoum a ƙarshen wannan rana, inda nan take Kanar-Manjo Amadou Abdramane yayi bayani a gidan talabijin na ƙasar yana mai cewa an tsige shugaban ƙasar daga karagar mulki, sannan kuma an maye gurbinsa da gwamnatin mulkin soja da ke kiran kanta Majalisar Tsaron Gida ta ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Presse |first=AFP-Agence France |title=ECOWAS Head Says Benin President On Mediation Mission To Niger |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=www.barrons.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Niger soldiers say President Bazoum's government has been removed |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/soldiers-nigers-presidential-guard-blockade-presidents-office-security-sources-2023-07-26/ |website=[[Reuters]] |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref name="ap1">{{cite web |last=Mednick |first=Sam |date=27 July 2023 |title=Mutinous soldiers claim to have overthrown Niger’s president |url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-tensions-presidential-guard-96f8f63b838af5467d4c95ba7b998b32 |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[AP]]}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga watan Agustan 2023 ne gwamnatin Nijar ta sanar da cewa tana son gurfanar da Mohammed Bazoum da masu rike da madafun iko na cikin gida da na waje gaban kuliya bisa laifin cin amanar kasa da kuma zagon kasa ga tsaron cikin gida da waje na Nijar.<ref name="rfi">{{cite web |last= |first= |date=13 August 2023 |title=Afrique Coup d’État au Niger: qu’impliquent les accusations de la junte contre le président Mohamed Bazoum?|url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20230814-coup-d-%C3%A9tat-au-niger-qu-impliquent-les-accusations-de-la-junte-contre-le-pr%C3%A9sident-mohamed-bazoum |access-date=14 August 2023 |website=[[RFI]]}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2023, dangin Mohamed Bazoum sun yi iƙirarin cewa ba su ƙara tuntuɓar sa ba tun ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2023, kuma sun yi tir da “kame da bincike na cin zarafi” da aka yi wa wasu daga cikinsu.<ref name="Voa Afrique">{{cite web |last= |first=AFP |date=01 December 2023 |title=NIGER La famille du président nigérien déchu dit être sans nouvelles de lui|url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/niger-la-famille-du-pr%C3%A9sident-d%C3%A9chu-dit-%C3%AAtre-sans-nouvelles-de-lui-depuis-le-18-octobre/7379985.html |access-date=02 December 2023 |website=Voa Afrique}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1960]] [[Category:Mutanen Nijar]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 7oij4chdfbpizxebv9k6qmf1kq4om66 874236 874235 2026-07-02T09:29:51Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874236 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Secretary_Blinken_Meets_With_Nigerien_President_Bazoum_in_New_York_City_(52370167613).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City]] [[File:P060245-844068.jpg|thumb|Mohamed Bazoum tshon shugaban ƙasar Niger wanda sojoju sukayinmasa juyin milki]] [[Fayil:Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City (52370167613).jpg|thumb|bazoum]] [[Fayil:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb|Bazoum]] '''Mohamed Bazoum''' (An haifi Bazoom ranar 3 ga watan Janairu shekara ta alif 1959) Ɗan siyasar Jamhuriyar Nijer, kuma tsohon [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|Shugaban Ƙasar Nijar]]. Bazoum Balarabe ne ɗan asalin [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Nijar]] wanda ya kasance Shugaban Jam’iyyar (PNDS- Ta Tarayya) tun daga shekara alif 2011, Ya Kuma yi aiki a gwamnatin Nijar a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Waje daga shekara ta alif 1995 zuwa shekara ta 1996 ya kuma sake zama Ministan daga shekara ta 2011 zuwa shekara ta alif 2015. Ya kasance ƙaramin minista a fadar shugaban ƙasa daga shekara ta alif 2015 zuwa shekarar 2016. Sannan Kuma ya kasance ƙaramin ministan cikin gida tsakanin shekara 2016 zuwa 2020, lokacin da ya yi murabus don mayar da hankali kan tsayawa takarar shugabancin ƙasar a shekara a 2020. Inda yayi Nasarar lashe zaɓen da kaso 55.67% cikin ɗari.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/2/niger-president-to-be-sworn-in-after-attempted-coup|date= 2 April 2020 |accessdate= 27 July 2023|title=Mohamed Bazoum sworn in as Niger’s president amid tensions|last= Zandanini |first= Giacomo|publisher= Aljazeera.com|language= en}}</ref> == Harkar siyasa == [[File:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb]] Bazoum ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Harkokin Haɗin Kai a ƙarƙashin Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin gwiwa a cikin gwamnatin rikon ƙwarya ta Firayim Minista [[Amadou Cheiffou]] daga shekara ta 1991 zuwa shekara ta ali 1993. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa daga yanki na musamman na Tesker a matsayin ɗan takarar PNDS a zabe na musamman da aka gudanar a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta ali 1993; wannan ya biyo bayan soke zaɓen farko a cikin Tesker, wanda aka gudanar a watan Fabrairu. Bayan zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Janairun shekara ta 1995, wanda kawancen adawa na National Movement for the Development of Society (MNSD) da PNDS suka lashe, Bazoum ya zama Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin Kai a gwamnatin Firaminista [[Hama Amadou]], sai 25.ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 1995. Da farko an sake naɗa shi kan wannan mukamin ne bayan da [[Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara|Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara ya]] kwace mulki a wani juyin mulkin soja a ranar 27 ga Janairun shekara ta 1996, amma an maye gurbinsa a cikin gwamnatin da aka nada a ranar 5 ga watan Mayu shekara a 1996. PNDS ta yi adawa da Maïnassara, kuma a ranar 26 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1996, Bazoum aka sanya shi a cikin tsare a gida tare da shugaban PNDS [[Mahamadou Issoufou]], 'yan makonni kadan bayan zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekara ta 1996 . Shi da Issoufou an sake shi bisa umarnin alƙali a ranar 12 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1996. An kama Bazoum tare da wasu manyan ƴan siyasa biyu na ƴan adawa, ciki har da Sakatare-Janar na MNSD Hama Amadou, a farkon watan Janairun 1998, bisa zargin shiga cikin maƙarƙashiyar kisan Maïnassara. <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/44156.stm "Niger Police arrest three opposition leaders"], BBC News, 3 January 1998.</ref> Ba a taɓa gurfanar da shi ba kuma an sake shi mako guda bayan kama shi. A Babban Taro na Huɗu na PNDS, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 4 &#x2013; 5 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2004, Bazoum aka zaba a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa. Bazoum an sake zabarsa zuwa ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Disamba shekarar 2004, kuma a lokacin wa’adin majalisar da ya biyo baya ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa na Uku na Majalisar da Mataimakin Shugaban ƙungiyar Majalisar Wakilai ta PNDS. Bazoum yana ɗaya daga cikin wakilai 14 da suka gabatar da ƙarar rashin amincewa game da Firayim Minista Hama Amadou a ranar 26 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2007; Gwamnatin Amadou ta sha kaye a kuri’ar rashin amincewa da ta biyo baya a ranar 31 ga watan Mayu, kuma Bazoum ya yaba da “dattakon da ke nuna ajin siyasa ta Nijar da ta kawo ƙarshen wa’adin ƙungiyar da ta kware a kan yadda ake kashe kudaden jama’a. . " <ref>[http://www.apanews.net/apa.php?page=afric_item_eng&id_article=34430 "Niger government falls after a "no confidence" vote"]{{Dead link|date=October 2018}}, African Press Agency, 31 May 2007.</ref> Bayan ya bukaci mutane su kaurace wa zaɓen raba gardama na tsarin mulkin watan Agusta na shekarar 2009, an tsare Bazoum a takaice kuma an yi masa tambayoyi na awanni biyu a ranar 14 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bazoum an sake zaɓarsa a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban PNDS a taron na biyar na Jam’iyyar, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 18 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bayan nasarar da aka samu a zaɓen raba gardamar, ya nuna shi a matsayin "juyin mulki" sannan ya ce zaɓen 'yan majalisar na watan Oktoba na shekarar 2009 wani "makircin zaɓe ne" da aka yi nufin kawai don a ƙara "goge dimokiradiyya" <ref>Boureima Hama, [http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 "Niger pushes ahead with polls"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422143243/http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 |date=2016-04-22 }}, Sapa-AFP, 19 October 2009.</ref> Wani juyin mulki da sojoji suka yi a ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2010 ne ya kori Shugaba [[Mamadou Tandja|Mamadou]] Tandja. Bazoum ya ce a yayin taron "wannan shi ne ainihin abin da muke tsoronsa, kudurin soja. Tandja na iya guje ma wannan. " <ref>Adam Nossiter, [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/19/world/africa/19niger.html "Soldiers storm presidential palace in Niger"], ''The New York Times'', 18 February 2010.</ref> A matsayinsa na ɗaya daga cikin manyan membobin ƙungiyar Coordination of Democratic Forces for the Republic (CFDR), gamayyar jam'iyyun adawa, ya ce a ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairu cewa CFDR ta bukaci a gurfanar da Tandja a gaban kuliya saboda cin amanar kasa saboda ya soke kundin tsarin mulkin shekarar 1999 a cikin kokarin ci gaba da mulki. A cewar Bazoum, irin wannan fitina ta zama dole don hana shugabannin gobe daga bin irin wannan tafarki. Ya ce kamata ya yi hukumar mulkin ta rike Tandja har sai "cibiyoyin dimokiradiyya" sun kasance, sannan kuma a yi wa Tandja shari'a, duk da cewa ya kuma ce yana jin hukuncin kisan ba zai zama dole ba. <ref>Peter Clottey, [http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html "Niger opposition leader says ex-President Tandja should face treason charges"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315022313/http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html |date=2010-03-15 }}, VOA News, 23 February 2010.</ref> Bayan [[Mahamadou Issoufou]] ya lashe zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Janairu <nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwVA">–</span></nowiki> Maris 2011, sai ya sauka daga shugabancin PNDS a watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, gabanin rantsar da shi, bisa ga bukatar cewa shugaban ƙasa ba ya shiga [[siyasa]] ta bangaranci; Bazoum ya hau mukamin shugaban riƙo na PNDS. Issoufou ya fara aiki ne a matsayin shugaban ƙasar Nijer a ranar 7 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011, kuma an naɗa Bazoum a cikin gwamnatin a matsayin ƙaramin Ministan Harkokin Waje, Haɗin kai, Haɗakar [[Afirka]], da ‘yan Nijar mazauna kasashen waje a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011. <ref>"Niger unveils new government", Agence France-Presse, 21 April 2011.</ref> Bazoum ya koma matsayin karamin minista a fadar shugaban kasa a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2015. <ref name="Basics">[http://www.africaintelligence.com/LCE/who-s-who/2015/03/04/bazoum-back-to-basics-at-pnds-party,108064518-ART "Bazoum back to basics at PNDS party"], ''West Africa Newsletter'', number 701, 4 March 2015.</ref> An kalli wannan mmatakin a matsayin bawa Bazoum damar mayar da hankali kan jjagorancin PNDS a cikin tsammanin neman Issoufou na sake zaben a s 2016. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2016 . <ref>[http://cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf "Arrêt n° 012/CC/ME du 16 mars 2016"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208195006/http://www.cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf |date=2017-12-08 }}, Constitutional Court of Niger, 16 March 2016, page 50.</ref> Bayan an rantsar da Issoufou a wa’adi na biyu, an nada Bazoum a matsayin karamin Ministan harkokin cikin gida, Tsaro na Jama’a, Bada iko, da al’adu da al’amuran Addini a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 2016. Ya hau karagar mulki a ranar 13 ga watan Afrilu, ya gaji [[Hassoumi Massaoudou]]. A watan Disambar 2022, an nada Mohamed Bazoum a matsayin shugaban kungiyar Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziki na Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA), yayin taron shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin kungiyar karo na 23 a Abidjan.[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1398170/economie/uemoa-bazoum-croissance-et-inflation-au-menu-du-sommet-des-chefs-detat/]. ==Kifar da Gwamnatin Bazoum== A ranar 26 ga watan Yulin, 2023. Sojojin da ke tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa sun tare fadar shugaban ƙasa don korar Bazoum.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 July 2023 |title=African Union, ECOWAS Condemn ‘Attempted Coup d'État’ in Niger |work=[[France 24]] |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230726-african-union-ecowas-condemn-attempted-coup-in-niger |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Madowo |first=Sarah Dean,Niamh Kennedy,Larry |date=2023-07-26 |title=Niger: Attempted coup in West African country, as presidency is sealed off |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Coup d’Etat au Niger : Les militaires putschistes suspendent « toutes les institutions » et ferment les frontières |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/monde/4047077-20230727-coup-etat-niger-militaires-putschistes-suspendent-toutes-institutions-ferment-frontieres |website=[[20 minutes (France)|20 minutes]] |access-date=26 July 2023 |language=fr}}</ref> An yi Allah wadai da yunƙurin juyin mulkin daga ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka da ƙungiyar ECOWAS. Kungiyar ECOWAS ta ce masu shirin juyin mulkin su sako Bazoum nan take. Sai fldqgq baya sunyi nasarar sauke Bazoum a ƙarshen wannan rana, inda nan take Kanar-Manjo Amadou Abdramane yayi bayani a gidan talabijin na ƙasar yana mai cewa an tsige shugaban ƙasar daga karagar mulki, sannan kuma an maye gurbinsa da gwamnatin mulkin soja da ke kiran kanta Majalisar Tsaron Gida ta ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Presse |first=AFP-Agence France |title=ECOWAS Head Says Benin President On Mediation Mission To Niger |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=www.barrons.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Niger soldiers say President Bazoum's government has been removed |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/soldiers-nigers-presidential-guard-blockade-presidents-office-security-sources-2023-07-26/ |website=[[Reuters]] |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref name="ap1">{{cite web |last=Mednick |first=Sam |date=27 July 2023 |title=Mutinous soldiers claim to have overthrown Niger’s president |url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-tensions-presidential-guard-96f8f63b838af5467d4c95ba7b998b32 |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[AP]]}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga watan Agustan 2023 ne gwamnatin Nijar ta sanar da cewa tana son gurfanar da Mohammed Bazoum da masu rike da madafun iko na cikin gida da na waje gaban kuliya bisa laifin cin amanar kasa da kuma zagon kasa ga tsaron cikin gida da waje na Nijar.<ref name="rfi">{{cite web |last= |first= |date=13 August 2023 |title=Afrique Coup d’État au Niger: qu’impliquent les accusations de la junte contre le président Mohamed Bazoum?|url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20230814-coup-d-%C3%A9tat-au-niger-qu-impliquent-les-accusations-de-la-junte-contre-le-pr%C3%A9sident-mohamed-bazoum |access-date=14 August 2023 |website=[[RFI]]}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2023, dangin Mohamed Bazoum sun yi iƙirarin cewa ba su ƙara tuntuɓar sa ba tun ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2023, kuma sun yi tir da “kame da bincike na cin zarafi” da aka yi wa wasu daga cikinsu.<ref name="Voa Afrique">{{cite web |last= |first=AFP |date=01 December 2023 |title=NIGER La famille du président nigérien déchu dit être sans nouvelles de lui|url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/niger-la-famille-du-pr%C3%A9sident-d%C3%A9chu-dit-%C3%AAtre-sans-nouvelles-de-lui-depuis-le-18-octobre/7379985.html |access-date=02 December 2023 |website=Voa Afrique}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1960]] [[Category:Mutanen Nijar]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 6de95lwb8h13ibtrm906qkypezgw4zh 874237 874236 2026-07-02T09:30:24Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874237 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Secretary_Blinken_Meets_With_Nigerien_President_Bazoum_in_New_York_City_(52370167613).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City]] [[File:P060245-844068.jpg|thumb|Mohamed Bazoum tshon shugaban ƙasar Niger wanda sojoju sukayinmasa juyin milki]] [[Fayil:Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City (52370167613).jpg|thumb|bazoum]] [[Fayil:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb|Bazoum]] '''Mohamed Bazoum''' (An haifi Bazoom ranar 3 ga watan Janairu shekara ta alif 1959) Ɗan siyasar Jamhuriyar Nijer, kuma tsohon [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|Shugaban Ƙasar Nijar]]. Bazoum Balarabe ne ɗan asalin [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Nijar]] wanda ya kasance Shugaban Jam’iyyar (PNDS- Ta Tarayya) tun daga shekara alif 2011, Ya Kuma yi aiki a gwamnatin Nijar a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Waje daga shekara ta alif 1995 zuwa shekara ta 1996 ya kuma sake zama Ministan daga shekara ta 2011 zuwa shekara ta alif 2015. Ya kasance ƙaramin minista a fadar shugaban ƙasa daga shekara ta alif 2015 zuwa shekara 2016. Sannan Kuma ya kasance ƙaramin ministan cikin gida tsakanin shekara 2016 zuwa 2020, lokacin da ya yi murabus don mayar da hankali kan tsayawa takarar shugabancin ƙasar a shekara a 2020. Inda yayi Nasarar lashe zaɓen da kaso 55.67% cikin ɗari.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/2/niger-president-to-be-sworn-in-after-attempted-coup|date= 2 April 2020 |accessdate= 27 July 2023|title=Mohamed Bazoum sworn in as Niger’s president amid tensions|last= Zandanini |first= Giacomo|publisher= Aljazeera.com|language= en}}</ref> == Harkar siyasa == [[File:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb]] Bazoum ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Harkokin Haɗin Kai a ƙarƙashin Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin gwiwa a cikin gwamnatin rikon ƙwarya ta Firayim Minista [[Amadou Cheiffou]] daga shekara ta 1991 zuwa shekara ta ali 1993. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa daga yanki na musamman na Tesker a matsayin ɗan takarar PNDS a zabe na musamman da aka gudanar a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta ali 1993; wannan ya biyo bayan soke zaɓen farko a cikin Tesker, wanda aka gudanar a watan Fabrairu. Bayan zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Janairun shekara ta 1995, wanda kawancen adawa na National Movement for the Development of Society (MNSD) da PNDS suka lashe, Bazoum ya zama Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin Kai a gwamnatin Firaminista [[Hama Amadou]], sai 25.ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 1995. Da farko an sake naɗa shi kan wannan mukamin ne bayan da [[Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara|Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara ya]] kwace mulki a wani juyin mulkin soja a ranar 27 ga Janairun shekara ta 1996, amma an maye gurbinsa a cikin gwamnatin da aka nada a ranar 5 ga watan Mayu shekara a 1996. PNDS ta yi adawa da Maïnassara, kuma a ranar 26 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1996, Bazoum aka sanya shi a cikin tsare a gida tare da shugaban PNDS [[Mahamadou Issoufou]], 'yan makonni kadan bayan zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekara ta 1996 . Shi da Issoufou an sake shi bisa umarnin alƙali a ranar 12 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1996. An kama Bazoum tare da wasu manyan ƴan siyasa biyu na ƴan adawa, ciki har da Sakatare-Janar na MNSD Hama Amadou, a farkon watan Janairun 1998, bisa zargin shiga cikin maƙarƙashiyar kisan Maïnassara. <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/44156.stm "Niger Police arrest three opposition leaders"], BBC News, 3 January 1998.</ref> Ba a taɓa gurfanar da shi ba kuma an sake shi mako guda bayan kama shi. A Babban Taro na Huɗu na PNDS, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 4 &#x2013; 5 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2004, Bazoum aka zaba a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa. Bazoum an sake zabarsa zuwa ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Disamba shekarar 2004, kuma a lokacin wa’adin majalisar da ya biyo baya ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa na Uku na Majalisar da Mataimakin Shugaban ƙungiyar Majalisar Wakilai ta PNDS. Bazoum yana ɗaya daga cikin wakilai 14 da suka gabatar da ƙarar rashin amincewa game da Firayim Minista Hama Amadou a ranar 26 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2007; Gwamnatin Amadou ta sha kaye a kuri’ar rashin amincewa da ta biyo baya a ranar 31 ga watan Mayu, kuma Bazoum ya yaba da “dattakon da ke nuna ajin siyasa ta Nijar da ta kawo ƙarshen wa’adin ƙungiyar da ta kware a kan yadda ake kashe kudaden jama’a. . " <ref>[http://www.apanews.net/apa.php?page=afric_item_eng&id_article=34430 "Niger government falls after a "no confidence" vote"]{{Dead link|date=October 2018}}, African Press Agency, 31 May 2007.</ref> Bayan ya bukaci mutane su kaurace wa zaɓen raba gardama na tsarin mulkin watan Agusta na shekarar 2009, an tsare Bazoum a takaice kuma an yi masa tambayoyi na awanni biyu a ranar 14 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bazoum an sake zaɓarsa a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban PNDS a taron na biyar na Jam’iyyar, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 18 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bayan nasarar da aka samu a zaɓen raba gardamar, ya nuna shi a matsayin "juyin mulki" sannan ya ce zaɓen 'yan majalisar na watan Oktoba na shekarar 2009 wani "makircin zaɓe ne" da aka yi nufin kawai don a ƙara "goge dimokiradiyya" <ref>Boureima Hama, [http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 "Niger pushes ahead with polls"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422143243/http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 |date=2016-04-22 }}, Sapa-AFP, 19 October 2009.</ref> Wani juyin mulki da sojoji suka yi a ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2010 ne ya kori Shugaba [[Mamadou Tandja|Mamadou]] Tandja. Bazoum ya ce a yayin taron "wannan shi ne ainihin abin da muke tsoronsa, kudurin soja. Tandja na iya guje ma wannan. " <ref>Adam Nossiter, [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/19/world/africa/19niger.html "Soldiers storm presidential palace in Niger"], ''The New York Times'', 18 February 2010.</ref> A matsayinsa na ɗaya daga cikin manyan membobin ƙungiyar Coordination of Democratic Forces for the Republic (CFDR), gamayyar jam'iyyun adawa, ya ce a ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairu cewa CFDR ta bukaci a gurfanar da Tandja a gaban kuliya saboda cin amanar kasa saboda ya soke kundin tsarin mulkin shekarar 1999 a cikin kokarin ci gaba da mulki. A cewar Bazoum, irin wannan fitina ta zama dole don hana shugabannin gobe daga bin irin wannan tafarki. Ya ce kamata ya yi hukumar mulkin ta rike Tandja har sai "cibiyoyin dimokiradiyya" sun kasance, sannan kuma a yi wa Tandja shari'a, duk da cewa ya kuma ce yana jin hukuncin kisan ba zai zama dole ba. <ref>Peter Clottey, [http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html "Niger opposition leader says ex-President Tandja should face treason charges"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315022313/http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html |date=2010-03-15 }}, VOA News, 23 February 2010.</ref> Bayan [[Mahamadou Issoufou]] ya lashe zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Janairu <nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwVA">–</span></nowiki> Maris 2011, sai ya sauka daga shugabancin PNDS a watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, gabanin rantsar da shi, bisa ga bukatar cewa shugaban ƙasa ba ya shiga [[siyasa]] ta bangaranci; Bazoum ya hau mukamin shugaban riƙo na PNDS. Issoufou ya fara aiki ne a matsayin shugaban ƙasar Nijer a ranar 7 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011, kuma an naɗa Bazoum a cikin gwamnatin a matsayin ƙaramin Ministan Harkokin Waje, Haɗin kai, Haɗakar [[Afirka]], da ‘yan Nijar mazauna kasashen waje a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011. <ref>"Niger unveils new government", Agence France-Presse, 21 April 2011.</ref> Bazoum ya koma matsayin karamin minista a fadar shugaban kasa a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2015. <ref name="Basics">[http://www.africaintelligence.com/LCE/who-s-who/2015/03/04/bazoum-back-to-basics-at-pnds-party,108064518-ART "Bazoum back to basics at PNDS party"], ''West Africa Newsletter'', number 701, 4 March 2015.</ref> An kalli wannan mmatakin a matsayin bawa Bazoum damar mayar da hankali kan jjagorancin PNDS a cikin tsammanin neman Issoufou na sake zaben a s 2016. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2016 . <ref>[http://cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf "Arrêt n° 012/CC/ME du 16 mars 2016"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208195006/http://www.cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf |date=2017-12-08 }}, Constitutional Court of Niger, 16 March 2016, page 50.</ref> Bayan an rantsar da Issoufou a wa’adi na biyu, an nada Bazoum a matsayin karamin Ministan harkokin cikin gida, Tsaro na Jama’a, Bada iko, da al’adu da al’amuran Addini a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 2016. Ya hau karagar mulki a ranar 13 ga watan Afrilu, ya gaji [[Hassoumi Massaoudou]]. A watan Disambar 2022, an nada Mohamed Bazoum a matsayin shugaban kungiyar Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziki na Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA), yayin taron shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin kungiyar karo na 23 a Abidjan.[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1398170/economie/uemoa-bazoum-croissance-et-inflation-au-menu-du-sommet-des-chefs-detat/]. ==Kifar da Gwamnatin Bazoum== A ranar 26 ga watan Yulin, 2023. Sojojin da ke tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa sun tare fadar shugaban ƙasa don korar Bazoum.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 July 2023 |title=African Union, ECOWAS Condemn ‘Attempted Coup d'État’ in Niger |work=[[France 24]] |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230726-african-union-ecowas-condemn-attempted-coup-in-niger |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Madowo |first=Sarah Dean,Niamh Kennedy,Larry |date=2023-07-26 |title=Niger: Attempted coup in West African country, as presidency is sealed off |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Coup d’Etat au Niger : Les militaires putschistes suspendent « toutes les institutions » et ferment les frontières |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/monde/4047077-20230727-coup-etat-niger-militaires-putschistes-suspendent-toutes-institutions-ferment-frontieres |website=[[20 minutes (France)|20 minutes]] |access-date=26 July 2023 |language=fr}}</ref> An yi Allah wadai da yunƙurin juyin mulkin daga ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka da ƙungiyar ECOWAS. Kungiyar ECOWAS ta ce masu shirin juyin mulkin su sako Bazoum nan take. Sai fldqgq baya sunyi nasarar sauke Bazoum a ƙarshen wannan rana, inda nan take Kanar-Manjo Amadou Abdramane yayi bayani a gidan talabijin na ƙasar yana mai cewa an tsige shugaban ƙasar daga karagar mulki, sannan kuma an maye gurbinsa da gwamnatin mulkin soja da ke kiran kanta Majalisar Tsaron Gida ta ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Presse |first=AFP-Agence France |title=ECOWAS Head Says Benin President On Mediation Mission To Niger |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=www.barrons.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Niger soldiers say President Bazoum's government has been removed |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/soldiers-nigers-presidential-guard-blockade-presidents-office-security-sources-2023-07-26/ |website=[[Reuters]] |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref name="ap1">{{cite web |last=Mednick |first=Sam |date=27 July 2023 |title=Mutinous soldiers claim to have overthrown Niger’s president |url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-tensions-presidential-guard-96f8f63b838af5467d4c95ba7b998b32 |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[AP]]}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga watan Agustan 2023 ne gwamnatin Nijar ta sanar da cewa tana son gurfanar da Mohammed Bazoum da masu rike da madafun iko na cikin gida da na waje gaban kuliya bisa laifin cin amanar kasa da kuma zagon kasa ga tsaron cikin gida da waje na Nijar.<ref name="rfi">{{cite web |last= |first= |date=13 August 2023 |title=Afrique Coup d’État au Niger: qu’impliquent les accusations de la junte contre le président Mohamed Bazoum?|url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20230814-coup-d-%C3%A9tat-au-niger-qu-impliquent-les-accusations-de-la-junte-contre-le-pr%C3%A9sident-mohamed-bazoum |access-date=14 August 2023 |website=[[RFI]]}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2023, dangin Mohamed Bazoum sun yi iƙirarin cewa ba su ƙara tuntuɓar sa ba tun ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2023, kuma sun yi tir da “kame da bincike na cin zarafi” da aka yi wa wasu daga cikinsu.<ref name="Voa Afrique">{{cite web |last= |first=AFP |date=01 December 2023 |title=NIGER La famille du président nigérien déchu dit être sans nouvelles de lui|url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/niger-la-famille-du-pr%C3%A9sident-d%C3%A9chu-dit-%C3%AAtre-sans-nouvelles-de-lui-depuis-le-18-octobre/7379985.html |access-date=02 December 2023 |website=Voa Afrique}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1960]] [[Category:Mutanen Nijar]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 86uiklhe13rss0jfa3xpvyd29gy5yof 874238 874237 2026-07-02T09:30:52Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874238 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Secretary_Blinken_Meets_With_Nigerien_President_Bazoum_in_New_York_City_(52370167613).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City]] [[File:P060245-844068.jpg|thumb|Mohamed Bazoum tshon shugaban ƙasar Niger wanda sojoju sukayinmasa juyin milki]] [[Fayil:Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City (52370167613).jpg|thumb|bazoum]] [[Fayil:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb|Bazoum]] '''Mohamed Bazoum''' (An haifi Bazoom ranar 3 ga watan Janairu shekara ta alif 1959) Ɗan siyasar Jamhuriyar Nijer, kuma tsohon [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|Shugaban Ƙasar Nijar]]. Bazoum Balarabe ne ɗan asalin [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Nijar]] wanda ya kasance Shugaban Jam’iyyar (PNDS- Ta Tarayya) tun daga shekara alif 2011, Ya Kuma yi aiki a gwamnatin Nijar a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Waje daga shekara ta alif 1995 zuwa shekara ta 1996 ya kuma sake zama Ministan daga shekara ta 2011 zuwa shekara ta alif 2015. Ya kasance ƙaramin minista a fadar shugaban ƙasa daga shekara ta alif 2015 zuwa shekara 2016. Sannan Kuma ya kasance ƙaramin ministan cikin gida tsakanin shekara 2016 zuwa 2020, lokacin da ya yi murabus don mayar da hankali kan tsayawa takarar shugabancin ƙasar a shekara a 2020. Inda yayi Nasarar lashe zaɓen da kaso 55.67% cikin ɗari.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/2/niger-president-to-be-sworn-in-after-attempted-coup|date= 2 April 2020 |accessdate= 27 July 2023|title=Mohamed Bazoum sworn in as Niger’s president amid tensions|last= Zandanini |first= Giacomo|publisher= Aljazeera.com|language= en}}</ref> == Harkar siyasa == [[File:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb]] Bazoum ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Harkokin Haɗin Kai a ƙarƙashin Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin gwiwa a cikin gwamnatin rikon ƙwarya ta Firayim Minista [[Amadou Cheiffou]] daga shekara ta 1991 zuwa shekara ta ali 1993. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa daga yanki na musamman na Tesker a matsayin ɗan takarar PNDS a zabe na musamman da aka gudanar a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta ali 1993; wannan ya biyo bayan soke zaɓen farko a cikin Tesker, wanda aka gudanar a watan Fabrairu. Bayan zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Janairun shekara ta 1995, wanda kawancen adawa na National Movement for the Development of Society (MNSD) da PNDS suka lashe, Bazoum ya zama Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin Kai a gwamnatin Firaminista [[Hama Amadou]], sai 25.ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 1995. Da farko an sake naɗa shi kan wannan mukamin ne bayan da [[Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara|Ibrahim Baré Maï nassara ya]] kwace mulki a wani juyin mulkin soja a ranar 27 ga Janairun shekara ta 1996, amma an maye gurbinsa a cikin gwamnatin da aka nada a ranar 5 ga watan Mayu shekara a 1996. PNDS ta yi adawa da Maïnassara, kuma a ranar 26 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1996, Bazoum aka sanya shi a cikin tsare a gida tare da shugaban PNDS [[Mahamadou Issoufou]], 'yan makonni kadan bayan zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekara ta 1996 . Shi da Issoufou an sake shi bisa umarnin alƙali a ranar 12 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1996. An kama Bazoum tare da wasu manyan ƴan siyasa biyu na ƴan adawa, ciki har da Sakatare-Janar na MNSD Hama Amadou, a farkon watan Janairun 1998, bisa zargin shiga cikin maƙarƙashiyar kisan Maïnassara. <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/44156.stm "Niger Police arrest three opposition leaders"], BBC News, 3 January 1998.</ref> Ba a taɓa gurfanar da shi ba kuma an sake shi mako guda bayan kama shi. A Babban Taro na Huɗu na PNDS, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 4 &#x2013; 5 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2004, Bazoum aka zaba a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa. Bazoum an sake zabarsa zuwa ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Disamba shekarar 2004, kuma a lokacin wa’adin majalisar da ya biyo baya ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa na Uku na Majalisar da Mataimakin Shugaban ƙungiyar Majalisar Wakilai ta PNDS. Bazoum yana ɗaya daga cikin wakilai 14 da suka gabatar da ƙarar rashin amincewa game da Firayim Minista Hama Amadou a ranar 26 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2007; Gwamnatin Amadou ta sha kaye a kuri’ar rashin amincewa da ta biyo baya a ranar 31 ga watan Mayu, kuma Bazoum ya yaba da “dattakon da ke nuna ajin siyasa ta Nijar da ta kawo ƙarshen wa’adin ƙungiyar da ta kware a kan yadda ake kashe kudaden jama’a. . " <ref>[http://www.apanews.net/apa.php?page=afric_item_eng&id_article=34430 "Niger government falls after a "no confidence" vote"]{{Dead link|date=October 2018}}, African Press Agency, 31 May 2007.</ref> Bayan ya bukaci mutane su kaurace wa zaɓen raba gardama na tsarin mulkin watan Agusta na shekarar 2009, an tsare Bazoum a takaice kuma an yi masa tambayoyi na awanni biyu a ranar 14 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bazoum an sake zaɓarsa a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban PNDS a taron na biyar na Jam’iyyar, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 18 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bayan nasarar da aka samu a zaɓen raba gardamar, ya nuna shi a matsayin "juyin mulki" sannan ya ce zaɓen 'yan majalisar na watan Oktoba na shekarar 2009 wani "makircin zaɓe ne" da aka yi nufin kawai don a ƙara "goge dimokiradiyya" <ref>Boureima Hama, [http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 "Niger pushes ahead with polls"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422143243/http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 |date=2016-04-22 }}, Sapa-AFP, 19 October 2009.</ref> Wani juyin mulki da sojoji suka yi a ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2010 ne ya kori Shugaba [[Mamadou Tandja|Mamadou]] Tandja. Bazoum ya ce a yayin taron "wannan shi ne ainihin abin da muke tsoronsa, kudurin soja. Tandja na iya guje ma wannan. " <ref>Adam Nossiter, [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/19/world/africa/19niger.html "Soldiers storm presidential palace in Niger"], ''The New York Times'', 18 February 2010.</ref> A matsayinsa na ɗaya daga cikin manyan membobin ƙungiyar Coordination of Democratic Forces for the Republic (CFDR), gamayyar jam'iyyun adawa, ya ce a ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairu cewa CFDR ta bukaci a gurfanar da Tandja a gaban kuliya saboda cin amanar kasa saboda ya soke kundin tsarin mulkin shekarar 1999 a cikin kokarin ci gaba da mulki. A cewar Bazoum, irin wannan fitina ta zama dole don hana shugabannin gobe daga bin irin wannan tafarki. Ya ce kamata ya yi hukumar mulkin ta rike Tandja har sai "cibiyoyin dimokiradiyya" sun kasance, sannan kuma a yi wa Tandja shari'a, duk da cewa ya kuma ce yana jin hukuncin kisan ba zai zama dole ba. <ref>Peter Clottey, [http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html "Niger opposition leader says ex-President Tandja should face treason charges"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315022313/http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html |date=2010-03-15 }}, VOA News, 23 February 2010.</ref> Bayan [[Mahamadou Issoufou]] ya lashe zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Janairu <nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwVA">–</span></nowiki> Maris 2011, sai ya sauka daga shugabancin PNDS a watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, gabanin rantsar da shi, bisa ga bukatar cewa shugaban ƙasa ba ya shiga [[siyasa]] ta bangaranci; Bazoum ya hau mukamin shugaban riƙo na PNDS. Issoufou ya fara aiki ne a matsayin shugaban ƙasar Nijer a ranar 7 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011, kuma an naɗa Bazoum a cikin gwamnatin a matsayin ƙaramin Ministan Harkokin Waje, Haɗin kai, Haɗakar [[Afirka]], da ‘yan Nijar mazauna kasashen waje a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011. <ref>"Niger unveils new government", Agence France-Presse, 21 April 2011.</ref> Bazoum ya koma matsayin karamin minista a fadar shugaban kasa a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2015. <ref name="Basics">[http://www.africaintelligence.com/LCE/who-s-who/2015/03/04/bazoum-back-to-basics-at-pnds-party,108064518-ART "Bazoum back to basics at PNDS party"], ''West Africa Newsletter'', number 701, 4 March 2015.</ref> An kalli wannan mmatakin a matsayin bawa Bazoum damar mayar da hankali kan jjagorancin PNDS a cikin tsammanin neman Issoufou na sake zaben a s 2016. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2016 . <ref>[http://cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf "Arrêt n° 012/CC/ME du 16 mars 2016"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208195006/http://www.cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf |date=2017-12-08 }}, Constitutional Court of Niger, 16 March 2016, page 50.</ref> Bayan an rantsar da Issoufou a wa’adi na biyu, an nada Bazoum a matsayin karamin Ministan harkokin cikin gida, Tsaro na Jama’a, Bada iko, da al’adu da al’amuran Addini a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 2016. Ya hau karagar mulki a ranar 13 ga watan Afrilu, ya gaji [[Hassoumi Massaoudou]]. A watan Disambar 2022, an nada Mohamed Bazoum a matsayin shugaban kungiyar Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziki na Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA), yayin taron shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin kungiyar karo na 23 a Abidjan.[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1398170/economie/uemoa-bazoum-croissance-et-inflation-au-menu-du-sommet-des-chefs-detat/]. ==Kifar da Gwamnatin Bazoum== A ranar 26 ga watan Yulin, 2023. Sojojin da ke tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa sun tare fadar shugaban ƙasa don korar Bazoum.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 July 2023 |title=African Union, ECOWAS Condemn ‘Attempted Coup d'État’ in Niger |work=[[France 24]] |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230726-african-union-ecowas-condemn-attempted-coup-in-niger |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Madowo |first=Sarah Dean,Niamh Kennedy,Larry |date=2023-07-26 |title=Niger: Attempted coup in West African country, as presidency is sealed off |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Coup d’Etat au Niger : Les militaires putschistes suspendent « toutes les institutions » et ferment les frontières |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/monde/4047077-20230727-coup-etat-niger-militaires-putschistes-suspendent-toutes-institutions-ferment-frontieres |website=[[20 minutes (France)|20 minutes]] |access-date=26 July 2023 |language=fr}}</ref> An yi Allah wadai da yunƙurin juyin mulkin daga ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka da ƙungiyar ECOWAS. Kungiyar ECOWAS ta ce masu shirin juyin mulkin su sako Bazoum nan take. Sai fldqgq baya sunyi nasarar sauke Bazoum a ƙarshen wannan rana, inda nan take Kanar-Manjo Amadou Abdramane yayi bayani a gidan talabijin na ƙasar yana mai cewa an tsige shugaban ƙasar daga karagar mulki, sannan kuma an maye gurbinsa da gwamnatin mulkin soja da ke kiran kanta Majalisar Tsaron Gida ta ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Presse |first=AFP-Agence France |title=ECOWAS Head Says Benin President On Mediation Mission To Niger |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=www.barrons.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Niger soldiers say President Bazoum's government has been removed |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/soldiers-nigers-presidential-guard-blockade-presidents-office-security-sources-2023-07-26/ |website=[[Reuters]] |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref name="ap1">{{cite web |last=Mednick |first=Sam |date=27 July 2023 |title=Mutinous soldiers claim to have overthrown Niger’s president |url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-tensions-presidential-guard-96f8f63b838af5467d4c95ba7b998b32 |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[AP]]}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga watan Agustan 2023 ne gwamnatin Nijar ta sanar da cewa tana son gurfanar da Mohammed Bazoum da masu rike da madafun iko na cikin gida da na waje gaban kuliya bisa laifin cin amanar kasa da kuma zagon kasa ga tsaron cikin gida da waje na Nijar.<ref name="rfi">{{cite web |last= |first= |date=13 August 2023 |title=Afrique Coup d’État au Niger: qu’impliquent les accusations de la junte contre le président Mohamed Bazoum?|url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20230814-coup-d-%C3%A9tat-au-niger-qu-impliquent-les-accusations-de-la-junte-contre-le-pr%C3%A9sident-mohamed-bazoum |access-date=14 August 2023 |website=[[RFI]]}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2023, dangin Mohamed Bazoum sun yi iƙirarin cewa ba su ƙara tuntuɓar sa ba tun ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2023, kuma sun yi tir da “kame da bincike na cin zarafi” da aka yi wa wasu daga cikinsu.<ref name="Voa Afrique">{{cite web |last= |first=AFP |date=01 December 2023 |title=NIGER La famille du président nigérien déchu dit être sans nouvelles de lui|url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/niger-la-famille-du-pr%C3%A9sident-d%C3%A9chu-dit-%C3%AAtre-sans-nouvelles-de-lui-depuis-le-18-octobre/7379985.html |access-date=02 December 2023 |website=Voa Afrique}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1960]] [[Category:Mutanen Nijar]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] lxj9efucv5uwpiw6kuh3a8c4gkq8e37 874239 874238 2026-07-02T09:31:19Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874239 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Secretary_Blinken_Meets_With_Nigerien_President_Bazoum_in_New_York_City_(52370167613).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City]] [[File:P060245-844068.jpg|thumb|Mohamed Bazoum tshon shugaban ƙasar Niger wanda sojoju sukayinmasa juyin milki]] [[Fayil:Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City (52370167613).jpg|thumb|bazoum]] [[Fayil:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb|Bazoum]] '''Mohamed Bazoum''' (An haifi Bazoom ranar 3 ga watan Janairu shekara ta alif 1959) Ɗan siyasar Jamhuriyar Nijer, kuma tsohon [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|Shugaban Ƙasar Nijar]]. Bazoum Balarabe ne ɗan asalin [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Nijar]] wanda ya kasance Shugaban Jam’iyyar (PNDS- Ta Tarayya) tun daga shekara alif 2011, Ya Kuma yi aiki a gwamnatin Nijar a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Waje daga shekara ta alif 1995 zuwa shekara ta 1996 ya kuma sake zama Ministan daga shekara ta 2011 zuwa shekara ta alif 2015. Ya kasance ƙaramin minista a fadar shugaban ƙasa daga shekara ta alif 2015 zuwa shekara 2016. Sannan Kuma ya kasance ƙaramin ministan cikin gida tsakanin shekara 2016 zuwa 2020, lokacin da ya yi murabus don mayar da hankali kan tsayawa takarar shugabancin ƙasar a shekara a 2020. Inda yayi Nasarar lashe zaɓen da kaso 55.67% cikin ɗari.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/2/niger-president-to-be-sworn-in-after-attempted-coup|date= 2 April 2020 |accessdate= 27 July 2023|title=Mohamed Bazoum sworn in as Niger’s president amid tensions|last= Zandanini |first= Giacomo|publisher= Aljazeera.com|language= en}}</ref> == Harkar siyasa == [[File:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb]] Bazoum ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Harkokin Haɗin Kai a ƙarƙashin Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin gwiwa a cikin gwamnatin rikon ƙwarya ta Firayim Minista [[Amadou Cheiffou]] daga shekara ta 1991 zuwa shekara ta alif 1993. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa daga yanki na musamman na Tesker a matsayin ɗan takarar PNDS a zabe na musamman da aka gudanar a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta ali 1993; wannan ya biyo bayan soke zaɓen farko a cikin Tesker, wanda aka gudanar a watan Fabrairu. Bayan zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Janairun shekara ta 1995, wanda kawancen adawa na National Movement for the Development of Society (MNSD) da PNDS suka lashe, Bazoum ya zama Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin Kai a gwamnatin Firaminista [[Hama Amadou]], sai 25.ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 1995. Da farko an sake naɗa shi kan wannan mukamin ne bayan da [[Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara|Ibrahim Baré Maï nassara ya]] kwace mulki a wani juyin mulkin soja a ranar 27 ga Janairun shekara ta 1996, amma an maye gurbinsa a cikin gwamnatin da aka nada a ranar 5 ga watan Mayu shekara a 1996. PNDS ta yi adawa da Maïnassara, kuma a ranar 26 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1996, Bazoum aka sanya shi a cikin tsare a gida tare da shugaban PNDS [[Mahamadou Issoufou]], 'yan makonni kadan bayan zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekara ta 1996 . Shi da Issoufou an sake shi bisa umarnin alƙali a ranar 12 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1996. An kama Bazoum tare da wasu manyan ƴan siyasa biyu na ƴan adawa, ciki har da Sakatare-Janar na MNSD Hama Amadou, a farkon watan Janairun 1998, bisa zargin shiga cikin maƙarƙashiyar kisan Maïnassara. <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/44156.stm "Niger Police arrest three opposition leaders"], BBC News, 3 January 1998.</ref> Ba a taɓa gurfanar da shi ba kuma an sake shi mako guda bayan kama shi. A Babban Taro na Huɗu na PNDS, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 4 &#x2013; 5 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2004, Bazoum aka zaba a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa. Bazoum an sake zabarsa zuwa ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Disamba shekarar 2004, kuma a lokacin wa’adin majalisar da ya biyo baya ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa na Uku na Majalisar da Mataimakin Shugaban ƙungiyar Majalisar Wakilai ta PNDS. Bazoum yana ɗaya daga cikin wakilai 14 da suka gabatar da ƙarar rashin amincewa game da Firayim Minista Hama Amadou a ranar 26 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2007; Gwamnatin Amadou ta sha kaye a kuri’ar rashin amincewa da ta biyo baya a ranar 31 ga watan Mayu, kuma Bazoum ya yaba da “dattakon da ke nuna ajin siyasa ta Nijar da ta kawo ƙarshen wa’adin ƙungiyar da ta kware a kan yadda ake kashe kudaden jama’a. . " <ref>[http://www.apanews.net/apa.php?page=afric_item_eng&id_article=34430 "Niger government falls after a "no confidence" vote"]{{Dead link|date=October 2018}}, African Press Agency, 31 May 2007.</ref> Bayan ya bukaci mutane su kaurace wa zaɓen raba gardama na tsarin mulkin watan Agusta na shekarar 2009, an tsare Bazoum a takaice kuma an yi masa tambayoyi na awanni biyu a ranar 14 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bazoum an sake zaɓarsa a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban PNDS a taron na biyar na Jam’iyyar, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 18 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bayan nasarar da aka samu a zaɓen raba gardamar, ya nuna shi a matsayin "juyin mulki" sannan ya ce zaɓen 'yan majalisar na watan Oktoba na shekarar 2009 wani "makircin zaɓe ne" da aka yi nufin kawai don a ƙara "goge dimokiradiyya" <ref>Boureima Hama, [http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 "Niger pushes ahead with polls"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422143243/http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 |date=2016-04-22 }}, Sapa-AFP, 19 October 2009.</ref> Wani juyin mulki da sojoji suka yi a ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2010 ne ya kori Shugaba [[Mamadou Tandja|Mamadou]] Tandja. Bazoum ya ce a yayin taron "wannan shi ne ainihin abin da muke tsoronsa, kudurin soja. Tandja na iya guje ma wannan. " <ref>Adam Nossiter, [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/19/world/africa/19niger.html "Soldiers storm presidential palace in Niger"], ''The New York Times'', 18 February 2010.</ref> A matsayinsa na ɗaya daga cikin manyan membobin ƙungiyar Coordination of Democratic Forces for the Republic (CFDR), gamayyar jam'iyyun adawa, ya ce a ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairu cewa CFDR ta bukaci a gurfanar da Tandja a gaban kuliya saboda cin amanar kasa saboda ya soke kundin tsarin mulkin shekarar 1999 a cikin kokarin ci gaba da mulki. A cewar Bazoum, irin wannan fitina ta zama dole don hana shugabannin gobe daga bin irin wannan tafarki. Ya ce kamata ya yi hukumar mulkin ta rike Tandja har sai "cibiyoyin dimokiradiyya" sun kasance, sannan kuma a yi wa Tandja shari'a, duk da cewa ya kuma ce yana jin hukuncin kisan ba zai zama dole ba. <ref>Peter Clottey, [http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html "Niger opposition leader says ex-President Tandja should face treason charges"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315022313/http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html |date=2010-03-15 }}, VOA News, 23 February 2010.</ref> Bayan [[Mahamadou Issoufou]] ya lashe zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Janairu <nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwVA">–</span></nowiki> Maris 2011, sai ya sauka daga shugabancin PNDS a watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, gabanin rantsar da shi, bisa ga bukatar cewa shugaban ƙasa ba ya shiga [[siyasa]] ta bangaranci; Bazoum ya hau mukamin shugaban riƙo na PNDS. Issoufou ya fara aiki ne a matsayin shugaban ƙasar Nijer a ranar 7 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011, kuma an naɗa Bazoum a cikin gwamnatin a matsayin ƙaramin Ministan Harkokin Waje, Haɗin kai, Haɗakar [[Afirka]], da ‘yan Nijar mazauna kasashen waje a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011. <ref>"Niger unveils new government", Agence France-Presse, 21 April 2011.</ref> Bazoum ya koma matsayin karamin minista a fadar shugaban kasa a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2015. <ref name="Basics">[http://www.africaintelligence.com/LCE/who-s-who/2015/03/04/bazoum-back-to-basics-at-pnds-party,108064518-ART "Bazoum back to basics at PNDS party"], ''West Africa Newsletter'', number 701, 4 March 2015.</ref> An kalli wannan mmatakin a matsayin bawa Bazoum damar mayar da hankali kan jjagorancin PNDS a cikin tsammanin neman Issoufou na sake zaben a s 2016. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2016 . <ref>[http://cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf "Arrêt n° 012/CC/ME du 16 mars 2016"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208195006/http://www.cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf |date=2017-12-08 }}, Constitutional Court of Niger, 16 March 2016, page 50.</ref> Bayan an rantsar da Issoufou a wa’adi na biyu, an nada Bazoum a matsayin karamin Ministan harkokin cikin gida, Tsaro na Jama’a, Bada iko, da al’adu da al’amuran Addini a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 2016. Ya hau karagar mulki a ranar 13 ga watan Afrilu, ya gaji [[Hassoumi Massaoudou]]. A watan Disambar 2022, an nada Mohamed Bazoum a matsayin shugaban kungiyar Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziki na Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA), yayin taron shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin kungiyar karo na 23 a Abidjan.[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1398170/economie/uemoa-bazoum-croissance-et-inflation-au-menu-du-sommet-des-chefs-detat/]. ==Kifar da Gwamnatin Bazoum== A ranar 26 ga watan Yulin, 2023. Sojojin da ke tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa sun tare fadar shugaban ƙasa don korar Bazoum.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 July 2023 |title=African Union, ECOWAS Condemn ‘Attempted Coup d'État’ in Niger |work=[[France 24]] |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230726-african-union-ecowas-condemn-attempted-coup-in-niger |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Madowo |first=Sarah Dean,Niamh Kennedy,Larry |date=2023-07-26 |title=Niger: Attempted coup in West African country, as presidency is sealed off |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Coup d’Etat au Niger : Les militaires putschistes suspendent « toutes les institutions » et ferment les frontières |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/monde/4047077-20230727-coup-etat-niger-militaires-putschistes-suspendent-toutes-institutions-ferment-frontieres |website=[[20 minutes (France)|20 minutes]] |access-date=26 July 2023 |language=fr}}</ref> An yi Allah wadai da yunƙurin juyin mulkin daga ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka da ƙungiyar ECOWAS. Kungiyar ECOWAS ta ce masu shirin juyin mulkin su sako Bazoum nan take. Sai fldqgq baya sunyi nasarar sauke Bazoum a ƙarshen wannan rana, inda nan take Kanar-Manjo Amadou Abdramane yayi bayani a gidan talabijin na ƙasar yana mai cewa an tsige shugaban ƙasar daga karagar mulki, sannan kuma an maye gurbinsa da gwamnatin mulkin soja da ke kiran kanta Majalisar Tsaron Gida ta ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Presse |first=AFP-Agence France |title=ECOWAS Head Says Benin President On Mediation Mission To Niger |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=www.barrons.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Niger soldiers say President Bazoum's government has been removed |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/soldiers-nigers-presidential-guard-blockade-presidents-office-security-sources-2023-07-26/ |website=[[Reuters]] |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref name="ap1">{{cite web |last=Mednick |first=Sam |date=27 July 2023 |title=Mutinous soldiers claim to have overthrown Niger’s president |url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-tensions-presidential-guard-96f8f63b838af5467d4c95ba7b998b32 |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[AP]]}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga watan Agustan 2023 ne gwamnatin Nijar ta sanar da cewa tana son gurfanar da Mohammed Bazoum da masu rike da madafun iko na cikin gida da na waje gaban kuliya bisa laifin cin amanar kasa da kuma zagon kasa ga tsaron cikin gida da waje na Nijar.<ref name="rfi">{{cite web |last= |first= |date=13 August 2023 |title=Afrique Coup d’État au Niger: qu’impliquent les accusations de la junte contre le président Mohamed Bazoum?|url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20230814-coup-d-%C3%A9tat-au-niger-qu-impliquent-les-accusations-de-la-junte-contre-le-pr%C3%A9sident-mohamed-bazoum |access-date=14 August 2023 |website=[[RFI]]}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2023, dangin Mohamed Bazoum sun yi iƙirarin cewa ba su ƙara tuntuɓar sa ba tun ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2023, kuma sun yi tir da “kame da bincike na cin zarafi” da aka yi wa wasu daga cikinsu.<ref name="Voa Afrique">{{cite web |last= |first=AFP |date=01 December 2023 |title=NIGER La famille du président nigérien déchu dit être sans nouvelles de lui|url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/niger-la-famille-du-pr%C3%A9sident-d%C3%A9chu-dit-%C3%AAtre-sans-nouvelles-de-lui-depuis-le-18-octobre/7379985.html |access-date=02 December 2023 |website=Voa Afrique}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1960]] [[Category:Mutanen Nijar]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 29p206ljjm91ddcup5gnpwuzueulo64 874240 874239 2026-07-02T09:32:41Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874240 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Secretary_Blinken_Meets_With_Nigerien_President_Bazoum_in_New_York_City_(52370167613).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City]] [[File:P060245-844068.jpg|thumb|Mohamed Bazoum tshon shugaban ƙasar Niger wanda sojoju sukayinmasa juyin milki]] [[Fayil:Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City (52370167613).jpg|thumb|bazoum]] [[Fayil:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb|Bazoum]] '''Mohamed Bazoum''' (An haifi Bazoom ranar 3 ga watan Janairu shekara ta alif 1959) Ɗan siyasar Jamhuriyar Nijer, kuma tsohon [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|Shugaban Ƙasar Nijar]]. Bazoum Balarabe ne ɗan asalin [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Nijar]] wanda ya kasance Shugaban Jam’iyyar (PNDS- Ta Tarayya) tun daga shekara alif 2011, Ya Kuma yi aiki a gwamnatin Nijar a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Waje daga shekara ta alif 1995 zuwa shekara ta 1996 ya kuma sake zama Ministan daga shekara ta 2011 zuwa shekara ta alif 2015. Ya kasance ƙaramin minista a fadar shugaban ƙasa daga shekara ta alif 2015 zuwa shekara 2016. Sannan Kuma ya kasance ƙaramin ministan cikin gida tsakanin shekara 2016 zuwa 2020, lokacin da ya yi murabus don mayar da hankali kan tsayawa takarar shugabancin ƙasar a shekara a 2020. Inda yayi Nasarar lashe zaɓen da kaso 55.67% cikin ɗari.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/2/niger-president-to-be-sworn-in-after-attempted-coup|date= 2 April 2020 |accessdate= 27 July 2023|title=Mohamed Bazoum sworn in as Niger’s president amid tensions|last= Zandanini |first= Giacomo|publisher= Aljazeera.com|language= en}}</ref> == Harkar siyasa == [[File:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb]] Bazoum ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Harkokin Haɗin Kai a ƙarƙashin Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin gwiwa a cikin gwamnatin rikon ƙwarya ta Firayim Minista [[Amadou Cheiffou]] daga shekara ta 1991 zuwa shekara ta alif 1993. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa daga yanki na musamman na Tesker a matsayin ɗan takarar PNDS a zabe na musamman da aka gudanar a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta alif 1993; wannan ya biyo bayan soke zaɓen farko a cikin Tesker, wanda aka gudanar a watan Fabrairu. Bayan zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Janairun shekara ta 1995, wanda kawancen adawa na National Movement for the Development of Society (MNSD) da PNDS suka lashe, Bazoum ya zama Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin Kai a gwamnatin Firaminista [[Hama Amadou]], sai 25.ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 1995. Da farko an sake naɗa shi kan wannan mukamin ne bayan da [[Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara|Ibrahim Baré Maï nassara ya]] kwace mulki a wani juyin mulkin soja a ranar 27 ga Janairun shekara ta 1996, amma an maye gurbinsa a cikin gwamnatin da aka nada a ranar 5 ga watan Mayu shekara a 1996. PNDS ta yi adawa da Maïnassara, kuma a ranar 26 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1996, Bazoum aka sanya shi a cikin tsare a gida tare da shugaban PNDS [[Mahamadou Issoufou]], 'yan makonni kadan bayan zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekara ta 1996 . Shi da Issoufou an sake shi bisa umarnin alƙali a ranar 12 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1996. An kama Bazoum tare da wasu manyan ƴan siyasa biyu na ƴan adawa, ciki har da Sakatare-Janar na MNSD Hama Amadou, a farkon watan Janairun 1998, bisa zargin shiga cikin maƙarƙashiyar kisan Maïnassara. <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/44156.stm "Niger Police arrest three opposition leaders"], BBC News, 3 January 1998.</ref> Ba a taɓa gurfanar da shi ba kuma an sake shi mako guda bayan kama shi. A Babban Taro na Huɗu na PNDS, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 4 &#x2013; 5 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2004, Bazoum aka zaba a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa. Bazoum an sake zabarsa zuwa ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Disamba shekarar 2004, kuma a lokacin wa’adin majalisar da ya biyo baya ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa na Uku na Majalisar da Mataimakin Shugaban ƙungiyar Majalisar Wakilai ta PNDS. Bazoum yana ɗaya daga cikin wakilai 14 da suka gabatar da ƙarar rashin amincewa game da Firayim Minista Hama Amadou a ranar 26 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2007; Gwamnatin Amadou ta sha kaye a kuri’ar rashin amincewa da ta biyo baya a ranar 31 ga watan Mayu, kuma Bazoum ya yaba da “dattakon da ke nuna ajin siyasa ta Nijar da ta kawo ƙarshen wa’adin ƙungiyar da ta kware a kan yadda ake kashe kudaden jama’a. . " <ref>[http://www.apanews.net/apa.php?page=afric_item_eng&id_article=34430 "Niger government falls after a "no confidence" vote"]{{Dead link|date=October 2018}}, African Press Agency, 31 May 2007.</ref> Bayan ya bukaci mutane su kaurace wa zaɓen raba gardama na tsarin mulkin watan Agusta na shekarar 2009, an tsare Bazoum a takaice kuma an yi masa tambayoyi na awanni biyu a ranar 14 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bazoum an sake zaɓarsa a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban PNDS a taron na biyar na Jam’iyyar, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 18 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bayan nasarar da aka samu a zaɓen raba gardamar, ya nuna shi a matsayin "juyin mulki" sannan ya ce zaɓen 'yan majalisar na watan Oktoba na shekarar 2009 wani "makircin zaɓe ne" da aka yi nufin kawai don a ƙara "goge dimokiradiyya" <ref>Boureima Hama, [http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 "Niger pushes ahead with polls"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422143243/http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 |date=2016-04-22 }}, Sapa-AFP, 19 October 2009.</ref> Wani juyin mulki da sojoji suka yi a ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2010 ne ya kori Shugaba [[Mamadou Tandja|Mamadou]] Tandja. Bazoum ya ce a yayin taron "wannan shi ne ainihin abin da muke tsoronsa, kudurin soja. Tandja na iya guje ma wannan. " <ref>Adam Nossiter, [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/19/world/africa/19niger.html "Soldiers storm presidential palace in Niger"], ''The New York Times'', 18 February 2010.</ref> A matsayinsa na ɗaya daga cikin manyan membobin ƙungiyar Coordination of Democratic Forces for the Republic (CFDR), gamayyar jam'iyyun adawa, ya ce a ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairu cewa CFDR ta bukaci a gurfanar da Tandja a gaban kuliya saboda cin amanar kasa saboda ya soke kundin tsarin mulkin shekarar 1999 a cikin kokarin ci gaba da mulki. A cewar Bazoum, irin wannan fitina ta zama dole don hana shugabannin gobe daga bin irin wannan tafarki. Ya ce kamata ya yi hukumar mulkin ta rike Tandja har sai "cibiyoyin dimokiradiyya" sun kasance, sannan kuma a yi wa Tandja shari'a, duk da cewa ya kuma ce yana jin hukuncin kisan ba zai zama dole ba. <ref>Peter Clottey, [http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html "Niger opposition leader says ex-President Tandja should face treason charges"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315022313/http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html |date=2010-03-15 }}, VOA News, 23 February 2010.</ref> Bayan [[Mahamadou Issoufou]] ya lashe zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Janairu <nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwVA">–</span></nowiki> Maris 2011, sai ya sauka daga shugabancin PNDS a watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, gabanin rantsar da shi, bisa ga bukatar cewa shugaban ƙasa ba ya shiga [[siyasa]] ta bangaranci; Bazoum ya hau mukamin shugaban riƙo na PNDS. Issoufou ya fara aiki ne a matsayin shugaban ƙasar Nijer a ranar 7 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011, kuma an naɗa Bazoum a cikin gwamnatin a matsayin ƙaramin Ministan Harkokin Waje, Haɗin kai, Haɗakar [[Afirka]], da ‘yan Nijar mazauna kasashen waje a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011. <ref>"Niger unveils new government", Agence France-Presse, 21 April 2011.</ref> Bazoum ya koma matsayin karamin minista a fadar shugaban kasa a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2015. <ref name="Basics">[http://www.africaintelligence.com/LCE/who-s-who/2015/03/04/bazoum-back-to-basics-at-pnds-party,108064518-ART "Bazoum back to basics at PNDS party"], ''West Africa Newsletter'', number 701, 4 March 2015.</ref> An kalli wannan mmatakin a matsayin bawa Bazoum damar mayar da hankali kan jjagorancin PNDS a cikin tsammanin neman Issoufou na sake zaben a s 2016. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2016 . <ref>[http://cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf "Arrêt n° 012/CC/ME du 16 mars 2016"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208195006/http://www.cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf |date=2017-12-08 }}, Constitutional Court of Niger, 16 March 2016, page 50.</ref> Bayan an rantsar da Issoufou a wa’adi na biyu, an nada Bazoum a matsayin karamin Ministan harkokin cikin gida, Tsaro na Jama’a, Bada iko, da al’adu da al’amuran Addini a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 2016. Ya hau karagar mulki a ranar 13 ga watan Afrilu, ya gaji [[Hassoumi Massaoudou]]. A watan Disambar 2022, an nada Mohamed Bazoum a matsayin shugaban kungiyar Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziki na Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA), yayin taron shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin kungiyar karo na 23 a Abidjan.[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1398170/economie/uemoa-bazoum-croissance-et-inflation-au-menu-du-sommet-des-chefs-detat/]. ==Kifar da Gwamnatin Bazoum== A ranar 26 ga watan Yulin, 2023. Sojojin da ke tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa sun tare fadar shugaban ƙasa don korar Bazoum.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 July 2023 |title=African Union, ECOWAS Condemn ‘Attempted Coup d'État’ in Niger |work=[[France 24]] |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230726-african-union-ecowas-condemn-attempted-coup-in-niger |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Madowo |first=Sarah Dean,Niamh Kennedy,Larry |date=2023-07-26 |title=Niger: Attempted coup in West African country, as presidency is sealed off |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Coup d’Etat au Niger : Les militaires putschistes suspendent « toutes les institutions » et ferment les frontières |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/monde/4047077-20230727-coup-etat-niger-militaires-putschistes-suspendent-toutes-institutions-ferment-frontieres |website=[[20 minutes (France)|20 minutes]] |access-date=26 July 2023 |language=fr}}</ref> An yi Allah wadai da yunƙurin juyin mulkin daga ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka da ƙungiyar ECOWAS. Kungiyar ECOWAS ta ce masu shirin juyin mulkin su sako Bazoum nan take. Sai fldqgq baya sunyi nasarar sauke Bazoum a ƙarshen wannan rana, inda nan take Kanar-Manjo Amadou Abdramane yayi bayani a gidan talabijin na ƙasar yana mai cewa an tsige shugaban ƙasar daga karagar mulki, sannan kuma an maye gurbinsa da gwamnatin mulkin soja da ke kiran kanta Majalisar Tsaron Gida ta ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Presse |first=AFP-Agence France |title=ECOWAS Head Says Benin President On Mediation Mission To Niger |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=www.barrons.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Niger soldiers say President Bazoum's government has been removed |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/soldiers-nigers-presidential-guard-blockade-presidents-office-security-sources-2023-07-26/ |website=[[Reuters]] |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref name="ap1">{{cite web |last=Mednick |first=Sam |date=27 July 2023 |title=Mutinous soldiers claim to have overthrown Niger’s president |url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-tensions-presidential-guard-96f8f63b838af5467d4c95ba7b998b32 |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[AP]]}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga watan Agustan 2023 ne gwamnatin Nijar ta sanar da cewa tana son gurfanar da Mohammed Bazoum da masu rike da madafun iko na cikin gida da na waje gaban kuliya bisa laifin cin amanar kasa da kuma zagon kasa ga tsaron cikin gida da waje na Nijar.<ref name="rfi">{{cite web |last= |first= |date=13 August 2023 |title=Afrique Coup d’État au Niger: qu’impliquent les accusations de la junte contre le président Mohamed Bazoum?|url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20230814-coup-d-%C3%A9tat-au-niger-qu-impliquent-les-accusations-de-la-junte-contre-le-pr%C3%A9sident-mohamed-bazoum |access-date=14 August 2023 |website=[[RFI]]}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2023, dangin Mohamed Bazoum sun yi iƙirarin cewa ba su ƙara tuntuɓar sa ba tun ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2023, kuma sun yi tir da “kame da bincike na cin zarafi” da aka yi wa wasu daga cikinsu.<ref name="Voa Afrique">{{cite web |last= |first=AFP |date=01 December 2023 |title=NIGER La famille du président nigérien déchu dit être sans nouvelles de lui|url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/niger-la-famille-du-pr%C3%A9sident-d%C3%A9chu-dit-%C3%AAtre-sans-nouvelles-de-lui-depuis-le-18-octobre/7379985.html |access-date=02 December 2023 |website=Voa Afrique}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1960]] [[Category:Mutanen Nijar]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] pfpb2jnk42ak5m84pppkc2m7oe9g5vr 874243 874240 2026-07-02T09:33:50Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874243 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Secretary_Blinken_Meets_With_Nigerien_President_Bazoum_in_New_York_City_(52370167613).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City]] [[File:P060245-844068.jpg|thumb|Mohamed Bazoum tshon shugaban ƙasar Niger wanda sojoju sukayinmasa juyin milki]] [[Fayil:Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City (52370167613).jpg|thumb|bazoum]] [[Fayil:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb|Bazoum]] '''Mohamed Bazoum''' (An haifi Bazoom ranar 3 ga watan Janairu shekara ta alif 1959) Ɗan siyasar Jamhuriyar Nijer, kuma tsohon [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|Shugaban Ƙasar Nijar]]. Bazoum Balarabe ne ɗan asalin [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Nijar]] wanda ya kasance Shugaban Jam’iyyar (PNDS- Ta Tarayya) tun daga shekara alif 2011, Ya Kuma yi aiki a gwamnatin Nijar a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Waje daga shekara ta alif 1995 zuwa shekara ta 1996 ya kuma sake zama Ministan daga shekara ta 2011 zuwa shekara ta alif 2015. Ya kasance ƙaramin minista a fadar shugaban ƙasa daga shekara ta alif 2015 zuwa shekara 2016. Sannan Kuma ya kasance ƙaramin ministan cikin gida tsakanin shekara 2016 zuwa 2020, lokacin da ya yi murabus don mayar da hankali kan tsayawa takarar shugabancin ƙasar a shekara a 2020. Inda yayi Nasarar lashe zaɓen da kaso 55.67% cikin ɗari.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/2/niger-president-to-be-sworn-in-after-attempted-coup|date= 2 April 2020 |accessdate= 27 July 2023|title=Mohamed Bazoum sworn in as Niger’s president amid tensions|last= Zandanini |first= Giacomo|publisher= Aljazeera.com|language= en}}</ref> == Harkar siyasa == [[File:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb]] Bazoum ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Harkokin Haɗin Kai a ƙarƙashin Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin gwiwa a cikin gwamnatin rikon ƙwarya ta Firayim Minista [[Amadou Cheiffou]] daga shekara ta 1991 zuwa shekara ta alif 1993. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa daga yanki na musamman na Tesker a matsayin ɗan takarar PNDS a zabe na musamman da aka gudanar a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta alif 1993; wannan ya biyo bayan soke zaɓen farko a cikin Tesker, wanda aka gudanar a watan Fabrairu. Bayan zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Janairun shekara ta 1995, wanda kawancen adawa na National Movement for the Development of Society (MNSD) da PNDS suka lashe, Bazoum ya zama Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin Kai a gwamnatin Firaminista [[Hama Amadou]], sai 25.ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 1995. Da farko an sake naɗa shi kan wannan mukamin ne bayan da [[Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara|Ibrahim Baré Maï nassara ya]] kwace mulki a wani juyin mulkin soja a ranar 27 ga Janairun shekara ta 1996, amma an maye gurbinsa a cikin gwamnatin da aka nada a ranar 5 ga watan Mayu shekara al 1996. PNDS ta yi adawa da Maïnassara, kuma a ranar 26 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1996, Bazoum aka sanya shi a cikin tsare a gida tare da shugaban PNDS [[Mahamadou Issoufou]], 'yan makonni kadan bayan zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekara ta 1996 . Shi da Issoufou an sake shi bisa umarnin alƙali a ranar 12 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1996. An kama Bazoum tare da wasu manyan ƴan siyasa biyu na ƴan adawa, ciki har da Sakatare-Janar na MNSD Hama Amadou, a farkon watan Janairun 1998, bisa zargin shiga cikin maƙarƙashiyar kisan Maïnassara. <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/44156.stm "Niger Police arrest three opposition leaders"], BBC News, 3 January 1998.</ref> Ba a taɓa gurfanar da shi ba kuma an sake shi mako guda bayan kama shi. A Babban Taro na Huɗu na PNDS, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 4 &#x2013; 5 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2004, Bazoum aka zaba a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa. Bazoum an sake zabarsa zuwa ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Disamba shekarar 2004, kuma a lokacin wa’adin majalisar da ya biyo baya ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa na Uku na Majalisar da Mataimakin Shugaban ƙungiyar Majalisar Wakilai ta PNDS. Bazoum yana ɗaya daga cikin wakilai 14 da suka gabatar da ƙarar rashin amincewa game da Firayim Minista Hama Amadou a ranar 26 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2007; Gwamnatin Amadou ta sha kaye a kuri’ar rashin amincewa da ta biyo baya a ranar 31 ga watan Mayu, kuma Bazoum ya yaba da “dattakon da ke nuna ajin siyasa ta Nijar da ta kawo ƙarshen wa’adin ƙungiyar da ta kware a kan yadda ake kashe kudaden jama’a. . " <ref>[http://www.apanews.net/apa.php?page=afric_item_eng&id_article=34430 "Niger government falls after a "no confidence" vote"]{{Dead link|date=October 2018}}, African Press Agency, 31 May 2007.</ref> Bayan ya bukaci mutane su kaurace wa zaɓen raba gardama na tsarin mulkin watan Agusta na shekarar 2009, an tsare Bazoum a takaice kuma an yi masa tambayoyi na awanni biyu a ranar 14 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bazoum an sake zaɓarsa a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban PNDS a taron na biyar na Jam’iyyar, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 18 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bayan nasarar da aka samu a zaɓen raba gardamar, ya nuna shi a matsayin "juyin mulki" sannan ya ce zaɓen 'yan majalisar na watan Oktoba na shekarar 2009 wani "makircin zaɓe ne" da aka yi nufin kawai don a ƙara "goge dimokiradiyya" <ref>Boureima Hama, [http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 "Niger pushes ahead with polls"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422143243/http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 |date=2016-04-22 }}, Sapa-AFP, 19 October 2009.</ref> Wani juyin mulki da sojoji suka yi a ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2010 ne ya kori Shugaba [[Mamadou Tandja|Mamadou]] Tandja. Bazoum ya ce a yayin taron "wannan shi ne ainihin abin da muke tsoronsa, kudurin soja. Tandja na iya guje ma wannan. " <ref>Adam Nossiter, [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/19/world/africa/19niger.html "Soldiers storm presidential palace in Niger"], ''The New York Times'', 18 February 2010.</ref> A matsayinsa na ɗaya daga cikin manyan membobin ƙungiyar Coordination of Democratic Forces for the Republic (CFDR), gamayyar jam'iyyun adawa, ya ce a ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairu cewa CFDR ta bukaci a gurfanar da Tandja a gaban kuliya saboda cin amanar kasa saboda ya soke kundin tsarin mulkin shekarar 1999 a cikin kokarin ci gaba da mulki. A cewar Bazoum, irin wannan fitina ta zama dole don hana shugabannin gobe daga bin irin wannan tafarki. Ya ce kamata ya yi hukumar mulkin ta rike Tandja har sai "cibiyoyin dimokiradiyya" sun kasance, sannan kuma a yi wa Tandja shari'a, duk da cewa ya kuma ce yana jin hukuncin kisan ba zai zama dole ba. <ref>Peter Clottey, [http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html "Niger opposition leader says ex-President Tandja should face treason charges"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315022313/http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html |date=2010-03-15 }}, VOA News, 23 February 2010.</ref> Bayan [[Mahamadou Issoufou]] ya lashe zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Janairu <nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwVA">–</span></nowiki> Maris 2011, sai ya sauka daga shugabancin PNDS a watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, gabanin rantsar da shi, bisa ga bukatar cewa shugaban ƙasa ba ya shiga [[siyasa]] ta bangaranci; Bazoum ya hau mukamin shugaban riƙo na PNDS. Issoufou ya fara aiki ne a matsayin shugaban ƙasar Nijer a ranar 7 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011, kuma an naɗa Bazoum a cikin gwamnatin a matsayin ƙaramin Ministan Harkokin Waje, Haɗin kai, Haɗakar [[Afirka]], da ‘yan Nijar mazauna kasashen waje a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011. <ref>"Niger unveils new government", Agence France-Presse, 21 April 2011.</ref> Bazoum ya koma matsayin karamin minista a fadar shugaban kasa a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2015. <ref name="Basics">[http://www.africaintelligence.com/LCE/who-s-who/2015/03/04/bazoum-back-to-basics-at-pnds-party,108064518-ART "Bazoum back to basics at PNDS party"], ''West Africa Newsletter'', number 701, 4 March 2015.</ref> An kalli wannan mmatakin a matsayin bawa Bazoum damar mayar da hankali kan jjagorancin PNDS a cikin tsammanin neman Issoufou na sake zaben a s 2016. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2016 . <ref>[http://cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf "Arrêt n° 012/CC/ME du 16 mars 2016"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208195006/http://www.cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf |date=2017-12-08 }}, Constitutional Court of Niger, 16 March 2016, page 50.</ref> Bayan an rantsar da Issoufou a wa’adi na biyu, an nada Bazoum a matsayin karamin Ministan harkokin cikin gida, Tsaro na Jama’a, Bada iko, da al’adu da al’amuran Addini a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 2016. Ya hau karagar mulki a ranar 13 ga watan Afrilu, ya gaji [[Hassoumi Massaoudou]]. A watan Disambar 2022, an nada Mohamed Bazoum a matsayin shugaban kungiyar Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziki na Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA), yayin taron shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin kungiyar karo na 23 a Abidjan.[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1398170/economie/uemoa-bazoum-croissance-et-inflation-au-menu-du-sommet-des-chefs-detat/]. ==Kifar da Gwamnatin Bazoum== A ranar 26 ga watan Yulin, 2023. Sojojin da ke tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa sun tare fadar shugaban ƙasa don korar Bazoum.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 July 2023 |title=African Union, ECOWAS Condemn ‘Attempted Coup d'État’ in Niger |work=[[France 24]] |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230726-african-union-ecowas-condemn-attempted-coup-in-niger |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Madowo |first=Sarah Dean,Niamh Kennedy,Larry |date=2023-07-26 |title=Niger: Attempted coup in West African country, as presidency is sealed off |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Coup d’Etat au Niger : Les militaires putschistes suspendent « toutes les institutions » et ferment les frontières |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/monde/4047077-20230727-coup-etat-niger-militaires-putschistes-suspendent-toutes-institutions-ferment-frontieres |website=[[20 minutes (France)|20 minutes]] |access-date=26 July 2023 |language=fr}}</ref> An yi Allah wadai da yunƙurin juyin mulkin daga ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka da ƙungiyar ECOWAS. Kungiyar ECOWAS ta ce masu shirin juyin mulkin su sako Bazoum nan take. Sai fldqgq baya sunyi nasarar sauke Bazoum a ƙarshen wannan rana, inda nan take Kanar-Manjo Amadou Abdramane yayi bayani a gidan talabijin na ƙasar yana mai cewa an tsige shugaban ƙasar daga karagar mulki, sannan kuma an maye gurbinsa da gwamnatin mulkin soja da ke kiran kanta Majalisar Tsaron Gida ta ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Presse |first=AFP-Agence France |title=ECOWAS Head Says Benin President On Mediation Mission To Niger |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=www.barrons.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Niger soldiers say President Bazoum's government has been removed |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/soldiers-nigers-presidential-guard-blockade-presidents-office-security-sources-2023-07-26/ |website=[[Reuters]] |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref name="ap1">{{cite web |last=Mednick |first=Sam |date=27 July 2023 |title=Mutinous soldiers claim to have overthrown Niger’s president |url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-tensions-presidential-guard-96f8f63b838af5467d4c95ba7b998b32 |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[AP]]}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga watan Agustan 2023 ne gwamnatin Nijar ta sanar da cewa tana son gurfanar da Mohammed Bazoum da masu rike da madafun iko na cikin gida da na waje gaban kuliya bisa laifin cin amanar kasa da kuma zagon kasa ga tsaron cikin gida da waje na Nijar.<ref name="rfi">{{cite web |last= |first= |date=13 August 2023 |title=Afrique Coup d’État au Niger: qu’impliquent les accusations de la junte contre le président Mohamed Bazoum?|url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20230814-coup-d-%C3%A9tat-au-niger-qu-impliquent-les-accusations-de-la-junte-contre-le-pr%C3%A9sident-mohamed-bazoum |access-date=14 August 2023 |website=[[RFI]]}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2023, dangin Mohamed Bazoum sun yi iƙirarin cewa ba su ƙara tuntuɓar sa ba tun ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2023, kuma sun yi tir da “kame da bincike na cin zarafi” da aka yi wa wasu daga cikinsu.<ref name="Voa Afrique">{{cite web |last= |first=AFP |date=01 December 2023 |title=NIGER La famille du président nigérien déchu dit être sans nouvelles de lui|url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/niger-la-famille-du-pr%C3%A9sident-d%C3%A9chu-dit-%C3%AAtre-sans-nouvelles-de-lui-depuis-le-18-octobre/7379985.html |access-date=02 December 2023 |website=Voa Afrique}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1960]] [[Category:Mutanen Nijar]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] f5zlg6sf38o9bl8sb22disahboopza1 874245 874243 2026-07-02T09:34:40Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874245 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Secretary_Blinken_Meets_With_Nigerien_President_Bazoum_in_New_York_City_(52370167613).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City]] [[File:P060245-844068.jpg|thumb|Mohamed Bazoum tshon shugaban ƙasar Niger wanda sojoju sukayinmasa juyin milki]] [[Fayil:Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City (52370167613).jpg|thumb|bazoum]] [[Fayil:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb|Bazoum]] '''Mohamed Bazoum''' (An haifi Bazoom ranar 3 ga watan Janairu shekara ta alif 1959) Ɗan siyasar Jamhuriyar Nijer, kuma tsohon [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|Shugaban Ƙasar Nijar]]. Bazoum Balarabe ne ɗan asalin [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Nijar]] wanda ya kasance Shugaban Jam’iyyar (PNDS- Ta Tarayya) tun daga shekara alif 2011, Ya Kuma yi aiki a gwamnatin Nijar a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Waje daga shekara ta alif 1995 zuwa shekara ta 1996 ya kuma sake zama Ministan daga shekara ta 2011 zuwa shekara ta alif 2015. Ya kasance ƙaramin minista a fadar shugaban ƙasa daga shekara ta alif 2015 zuwa shekara 2016. Sannan Kuma ya kasance ƙaramin ministan cikin gida tsakanin shekara 2016 zuwa 2020, lokacin da ya yi murabus don mayar da hankali kan tsayawa takarar shugabancin ƙasar a shekara a 2020. Inda yayi Nasarar lashe zaɓen da kaso 55.67% cikin ɗari.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/2/niger-president-to-be-sworn-in-after-attempted-coup|date= 2 April 2020 |accessdate= 27 July 2023|title=Mohamed Bazoum sworn in as Niger’s president amid tensions|last= Zandanini |first= Giacomo|publisher= Aljazeera.com|language= en}}</ref> == Harkar siyasa == [[File:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb]] Bazoum ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Harkokin Haɗin Kai a ƙarƙashin Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin gwiwa a cikin gwamnatin rikon ƙwarya ta Firayim Minista [[Amadou Cheiffou]] daga shekara ta 1991 zuwa shekara ta alif 1993. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa daga yanki na musamman na Tesker a matsayin ɗan takarar PNDS a zabe na musamman da aka gudanar a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta alif 1993; wannan ya biyo bayan soke zaɓen farko a cikin Tesker, wanda aka gudanar a watan Fabrairu. Bayan zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Janairun shekara ta a 1995, wanda kawancen adawa na National Movement for the Development of Society (MNSD) da PNDS suka lashe, Bazoum ya zama Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin Kai a gwamnatin Firaminista [[Hama Amadou]], sai 25.ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 1995. Da farko an sake naɗa shi kan wannan mukamin ne bayan da [[Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara|Ibrahim Baré Maï nassara ya]] kwace mulki a wani juyin mulkin soja a ranar 27 ga Janairun shekara ta 1996, amma an maye gurbinsa a cikin gwamnatin da aka nada a ranar 5 ga watan Mayu shekara al 1996. PNDS ta yi adawa da Maïnassara, kuma a ranar 26 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1996, Bazoum aka sanya shi a cikin tsare a gida tare da shugaban PNDS [[Mahamadou Issoufou]], 'yan makonni kadan bayan zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekara ta 1996 . Shi da Issoufou an sake shi bisa umarnin alƙali a ranar 12 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1996. An kama Bazoum tare da wasu manyan ƴan siyasa biyu na ƴan adawa, ciki har da Sakatare-Janar na MNSD Hama Amadou, a farkon watan Janairun 1998, bisa zargin shiga cikin maƙarƙashiyar kisan Maïnassara. <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/44156.stm "Niger Police arrest three opposition leaders"], BBC News, 3 January 1998.</ref> Ba a taɓa gurfanar da shi ba kuma an sake shi mako guda bayan kama shi. A Babban Taro na Huɗu na PNDS, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 4 &#x2013; 5 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2004, Bazoum aka zaba a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa. Bazoum an sake zabarsa zuwa ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Disamba shekarar 2004, kuma a lokacin wa’adin majalisar da ya biyo baya ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa na Uku na Majalisar da Mataimakin Shugaban ƙungiyar Majalisar Wakilai ta PNDS. Bazoum yana ɗaya daga cikin wakilai 14 da suka gabatar da ƙarar rashin amincewa game da Firayim Minista Hama Amadou a ranar 26 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2007; Gwamnatin Amadou ta sha kaye a kuri’ar rashin amincewa da ta biyo baya a ranar 31 ga watan Mayu, kuma Bazoum ya yaba da “dattakon da ke nuna ajin siyasa ta Nijar da ta kawo ƙarshen wa’adin ƙungiyar da ta kware a kan yadda ake kashe kudaden jama’a. . " <ref>[http://www.apanews.net/apa.php?page=afric_item_eng&id_article=34430 "Niger government falls after a "no confidence" vote"]{{Dead link|date=October 2018}}, African Press Agency, 31 May 2007.</ref> Bayan ya bukaci mutane su kaurace wa zaɓen raba gardama na tsarin mulkin watan Agusta na shekarar 2009, an tsare Bazoum a takaice kuma an yi masa tambayoyi na awanni biyu a ranar 14 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bazoum an sake zaɓarsa a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban PNDS a taron na biyar na Jam’iyyar, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 18 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bayan nasarar da aka samu a zaɓen raba gardamar, ya nuna shi a matsayin "juyin mulki" sannan ya ce zaɓen 'yan majalisar na watan Oktoba na shekarar 2009 wani "makircin zaɓe ne" da aka yi nufin kawai don a ƙara "goge dimokiradiyya" <ref>Boureima Hama, [http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 "Niger pushes ahead with polls"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422143243/http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 |date=2016-04-22 }}, Sapa-AFP, 19 October 2009.</ref> Wani juyin mulki da sojoji suka yi a ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2010 ne ya kori Shugaba [[Mamadou Tandja|Mamadou]] Tandja. Bazoum ya ce a yayin taron "wannan shi ne ainihin abin da muke tsoronsa, kudurin soja. Tandja na iya guje ma wannan. " <ref>Adam Nossiter, [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/19/world/africa/19niger.html "Soldiers storm presidential palace in Niger"], ''The New York Times'', 18 February 2010.</ref> A matsayinsa na ɗaya daga cikin manyan membobin ƙungiyar Coordination of Democratic Forces for the Republic (CFDR), gamayyar jam'iyyun adawa, ya ce a ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairu cewa CFDR ta bukaci a gurfanar da Tandja a gaban kuliya saboda cin amanar kasa saboda ya soke kundin tsarin mulkin shekarar 1999 a cikin kokarin ci gaba da mulki. A cewar Bazoum, irin wannan fitina ta zama dole don hana shugabannin gobe daga bin irin wannan tafarki. Ya ce kamata ya yi hukumar mulkin ta rike Tandja har sai "cibiyoyin dimokiradiyya" sun kasance, sannan kuma a yi wa Tandja shari'a, duk da cewa ya kuma ce yana jin hukuncin kisan ba zai zama dole ba. <ref>Peter Clottey, [http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html "Niger opposition leader says ex-President Tandja should face treason charges"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315022313/http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html |date=2010-03-15 }}, VOA News, 23 February 2010.</ref> Bayan [[Mahamadou Issoufou]] ya lashe zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Janairu <nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwVA">–</span></nowiki> Maris 2011, sai ya sauka daga shugabancin PNDS a watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, gabanin rantsar da shi, bisa ga bukatar cewa shugaban ƙasa ba ya shiga [[siyasa]] ta bangaranci; Bazoum ya hau mukamin shugaban riƙo na PNDS. Issoufou ya fara aiki ne a matsayin shugaban ƙasar Nijer a ranar 7 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011, kuma an naɗa Bazoum a cikin gwamnatin a matsayin ƙaramin Ministan Harkokin Waje, Haɗin kai, Haɗakar [[Afirka]], da ‘yan Nijar mazauna kasashen waje a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011. <ref>"Niger unveils new government", Agence France-Presse, 21 April 2011.</ref> Bazoum ya koma matsayin karamin minista a fadar shugaban kasa a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2015. <ref name="Basics">[http://www.africaintelligence.com/LCE/who-s-who/2015/03/04/bazoum-back-to-basics-at-pnds-party,108064518-ART "Bazoum back to basics at PNDS party"], ''West Africa Newsletter'', number 701, 4 March 2015.</ref> An kalli wannan mmatakin a matsayin bawa Bazoum damar mayar da hankali kan jjagorancin PNDS a cikin tsammanin neman Issoufou na sake zaben a s 2016. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2016 . <ref>[http://cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf "Arrêt n° 012/CC/ME du 16 mars 2016"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208195006/http://www.cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf |date=2017-12-08 }}, Constitutional Court of Niger, 16 March 2016, page 50.</ref> Bayan an rantsar da Issoufou a wa’adi na biyu, an nada Bazoum a matsayin karamin Ministan harkokin cikin gida, Tsaro na Jama’a, Bada iko, da al’adu da al’amuran Addini a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 2016. Ya hau karagar mulki a ranar 13 ga watan Afrilu, ya gaji [[Hassoumi Massaoudou]]. A watan Disambar 2022, an nada Mohamed Bazoum a matsayin shugaban kungiyar Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziki na Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA), yayin taron shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin kungiyar karo na 23 a Abidjan.[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1398170/economie/uemoa-bazoum-croissance-et-inflation-au-menu-du-sommet-des-chefs-detat/]. ==Kifar da Gwamnatin Bazoum== A ranar 26 ga watan Yulin, 2023. Sojojin da ke tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa sun tare fadar shugaban ƙasa don korar Bazoum.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 July 2023 |title=African Union, ECOWAS Condemn ‘Attempted Coup d'État’ in Niger |work=[[France 24]] |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230726-african-union-ecowas-condemn-attempted-coup-in-niger |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Madowo |first=Sarah Dean,Niamh Kennedy,Larry |date=2023-07-26 |title=Niger: Attempted coup in West African country, as presidency is sealed off |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Coup d’Etat au Niger : Les militaires putschistes suspendent « toutes les institutions » et ferment les frontières |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/monde/4047077-20230727-coup-etat-niger-militaires-putschistes-suspendent-toutes-institutions-ferment-frontieres |website=[[20 minutes (France)|20 minutes]] |access-date=26 July 2023 |language=fr}}</ref> An yi Allah wadai da yunƙurin juyin mulkin daga ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka da ƙungiyar ECOWAS. Kungiyar ECOWAS ta ce masu shirin juyin mulkin su sako Bazoum nan take. Sai fldqgq baya sunyi nasarar sauke Bazoum a ƙarshen wannan rana, inda nan take Kanar-Manjo Amadou Abdramane yayi bayani a gidan talabijin na ƙasar yana mai cewa an tsige shugaban ƙasar daga karagar mulki, sannan kuma an maye gurbinsa da gwamnatin mulkin soja da ke kiran kanta Majalisar Tsaron Gida ta ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Presse |first=AFP-Agence France |title=ECOWAS Head Says Benin President On Mediation Mission To Niger |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=www.barrons.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Niger soldiers say President Bazoum's government has been removed |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/soldiers-nigers-presidential-guard-blockade-presidents-office-security-sources-2023-07-26/ |website=[[Reuters]] |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref name="ap1">{{cite web |last=Mednick |first=Sam |date=27 July 2023 |title=Mutinous soldiers claim to have overthrown Niger’s president |url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-tensions-presidential-guard-96f8f63b838af5467d4c95ba7b998b32 |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[AP]]}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga watan Agustan 2023 ne gwamnatin Nijar ta sanar da cewa tana son gurfanar da Mohammed Bazoum da masu rike da madafun iko na cikin gida da na waje gaban kuliya bisa laifin cin amanar kasa da kuma zagon kasa ga tsaron cikin gida da waje na Nijar.<ref name="rfi">{{cite web |last= |first= |date=13 August 2023 |title=Afrique Coup d’État au Niger: qu’impliquent les accusations de la junte contre le président Mohamed Bazoum?|url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20230814-coup-d-%C3%A9tat-au-niger-qu-impliquent-les-accusations-de-la-junte-contre-le-pr%C3%A9sident-mohamed-bazoum |access-date=14 August 2023 |website=[[RFI]]}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2023, dangin Mohamed Bazoum sun yi iƙirarin cewa ba su ƙara tuntuɓar sa ba tun ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2023, kuma sun yi tir da “kame da bincike na cin zarafi” da aka yi wa wasu daga cikinsu.<ref name="Voa Afrique">{{cite web |last= |first=AFP |date=01 December 2023 |title=NIGER La famille du président nigérien déchu dit être sans nouvelles de lui|url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/niger-la-famille-du-pr%C3%A9sident-d%C3%A9chu-dit-%C3%AAtre-sans-nouvelles-de-lui-depuis-le-18-octobre/7379985.html |access-date=02 December 2023 |website=Voa Afrique}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1960]] [[Category:Mutanen Nijar]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] b8kpdqe3dvn14ymrrflvtzuhz6torci 874246 874245 2026-07-02T09:35:21Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874246 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Secretary_Blinken_Meets_With_Nigerien_President_Bazoum_in_New_York_City_(52370167613).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City]] [[File:P060245-844068.jpg|thumb|Mohamed Bazoum tshon shugaban ƙasar Niger wanda sojoju sukayinmasa juyin milki]] [[Fayil:Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City (52370167613).jpg|thumb|bazoum]] [[Fayil:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb|Bazoum]] '''Mohamed Bazoum''' (An haifi Bazoom ranar 3 ga watan Janairu shekara ta alif 1959) Ɗan siyasar Jamhuriyar Nijer, kuma tsohon [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|Shugaban Ƙasar Nijar]]. Bazoum Balarabe ne ɗan asalin [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Nijar]] wanda ya kasance Shugaban Jam’iyyar (PNDS- Ta Tarayya) tun daga shekara alif 2011, Ya Kuma yi aiki a gwamnatin Nijar a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Waje daga shekara ta alif 1995 zuwa shekara ta 1996 ya kuma sake zama Ministan daga shekara ta 2011 zuwa shekara ta alif 2015. Ya kasance ƙaramin minista a fadar shugaban ƙasa daga shekara ta alif 2015 zuwa shekara a2016. Sannan Kuma ya kasance ƙaramin ministan cikin gida tsakanin shekara 2016 zuwa 2020, lokacin da ya yi murabus don mayar da hankali kan tsayawa takarar shugabancin ƙasar a shekara a 2020. Inda yayi Nasarar lashe zaɓen da kaso 55.67% cikin ɗari.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/2/niger-president-to-be-sworn-in-after-attempted-coup|date= 2 April 2020 |accessdate= 27 July 2023|title=Mohamed Bazoum sworn in as Niger’s president amid tensions|last= Zandanini |first= Giacomo|publisher= Aljazeera.com|language= en}}</ref> == Harkar siyasa == [[File:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb]] Bazoum ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Harkokin Haɗin Kai a ƙarƙashin Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin gwiwa a cikin gwamnatin rikon ƙwarya ta Firayim Minista [[Amadou Cheiffou]] daga shekara ta 1991 zuwa shekara ta alif 1993. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa daga yanki na musamman na Tesker a matsayin ɗan takarar PNDS a zabe na musamman da aka gudanar a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta alif 1993; wannan ya biyo bayan soke zaɓen farko a cikin Tesker, wanda aka gudanar a watan Fabrairu. Bayan zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Janairun shekara ta a 1995, wanda kawancen adawa na National Movement for the Development of Society (MNSD) da PNDS suka lashe, Bazoum ya zama Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin Kai a gwamnatin Firaminista [[Hama Amadou]], sai 25.ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 1995. Da farko an sake naɗa shi kan wannan mukamin ne bayan da [[Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara|Ibrahim Baré Maï nassara ya]] kwace mulki a wani juyin mulkin soja a ranar 27 ga Janairun shekara ta 1996, amma an maye gurbinsa a cikin gwamnatin da aka nada a ranar 5 ga watan Mayu shekara al 1996. PNDS ta yi adawa da Maïnassara, kuma a ranar 26 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1996, Bazoum aka sanya shi a cikin tsare a gida tare da shugaban PNDS [[Mahamadou Issoufou]], 'yan makonni kadan bayan zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekara ta 1996 . Shi da Issoufou an sake shi bisa umarnin alƙali a ranar 12 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1996. An kama Bazoum tare da wasu manyan ƴan siyasa biyu na ƴan adawa, ciki har da Sakatare-Janar na MNSD Hama Amadou, a farkon watan Janairun 1998, bisa zargin shiga cikin maƙarƙashiyar kisan Maïnassara. <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/44156.stm "Niger Police arrest three opposition leaders"], BBC News, 3 January 1998.</ref> Ba a taɓa gurfanar da shi ba kuma an sake shi mako guda bayan kama shi. A Babban Taro na Huɗu na PNDS, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 4 &#x2013; 5 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2004, Bazoum aka zaba a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa. Bazoum an sake zabarsa zuwa ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Disamba shekarar 2004, kuma a lokacin wa’adin majalisar da ya biyo baya ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa na Uku na Majalisar da Mataimakin Shugaban ƙungiyar Majalisar Wakilai ta PNDS. Bazoum yana ɗaya daga cikin wakilai 14 da suka gabatar da ƙarar rashin amincewa game da Firayim Minista Hama Amadou a ranar 26 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2007; Gwamnatin Amadou ta sha kaye a kuri’ar rashin amincewa da ta biyo baya a ranar 31 ga watan Mayu, kuma Bazoum ya yaba da “dattakon da ke nuna ajin siyasa ta Nijar da ta kawo ƙarshen wa’adin ƙungiyar da ta kware a kan yadda ake kashe kudaden jama’a. . " <ref>[http://www.apanews.net/apa.php?page=afric_item_eng&id_article=34430 "Niger government falls after a "no confidence" vote"]{{Dead link|date=October 2018}}, African Press Agency, 31 May 2007.</ref> Bayan ya bukaci mutane su kaurace wa zaɓen raba gardama na tsarin mulkin watan Agusta na shekarar 2009, an tsare Bazoum a takaice kuma an yi masa tambayoyi na awanni biyu a ranar 14 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bazoum an sake zaɓarsa a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban PNDS a taron na biyar na Jam’iyyar, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 18 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bayan nasarar da aka samu a zaɓen raba gardamar, ya nuna shi a matsayin "juyin mulki" sannan ya ce zaɓen 'yan majalisar na watan Oktoba na shekarar 2009 wani "makircin zaɓe ne" da aka yi nufin kawai don a ƙara "goge dimokiradiyya" <ref>Boureima Hama, [http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 "Niger pushes ahead with polls"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422143243/http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 |date=2016-04-22 }}, Sapa-AFP, 19 October 2009.</ref> Wani juyin mulki da sojoji suka yi a ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2010 ne ya kori Shugaba [[Mamadou Tandja|Mamadou]] Tandja. Bazoum ya ce a yayin taron "wannan shi ne ainihin abin da muke tsoronsa, kudurin soja. Tandja na iya guje ma wannan. " <ref>Adam Nossiter, [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/19/world/africa/19niger.html "Soldiers storm presidential palace in Niger"], ''The New York Times'', 18 February 2010.</ref> A matsayinsa na ɗaya daga cikin manyan membobin ƙungiyar Coordination of Democratic Forces for the Republic (CFDR), gamayyar jam'iyyun adawa, ya ce a ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairu cewa CFDR ta bukaci a gurfanar da Tandja a gaban kuliya saboda cin amanar kasa saboda ya soke kundin tsarin mulkin shekarar 1999 a cikin kokarin ci gaba da mulki. A cewar Bazoum, irin wannan fitina ta zama dole don hana shugabannin gobe daga bin irin wannan tafarki. Ya ce kamata ya yi hukumar mulkin ta rike Tandja har sai "cibiyoyin dimokiradiyya" sun kasance, sannan kuma a yi wa Tandja shari'a, duk da cewa ya kuma ce yana jin hukuncin kisan ba zai zama dole ba. <ref>Peter Clottey, [http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html "Niger opposition leader says ex-President Tandja should face treason charges"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315022313/http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html |date=2010-03-15 }}, VOA News, 23 February 2010.</ref> Bayan [[Mahamadou Issoufou]] ya lashe zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Janairu <nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwVA">–</span></nowiki> Maris 2011, sai ya sauka daga shugabancin PNDS a watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, gabanin rantsar da shi, bisa ga bukatar cewa shugaban ƙasa ba ya shiga [[siyasa]] ta bangaranci; Bazoum ya hau mukamin shugaban riƙo na PNDS. Issoufou ya fara aiki ne a matsayin shugaban ƙasar Nijer a ranar 7 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011, kuma an naɗa Bazoum a cikin gwamnatin a matsayin ƙaramin Ministan Harkokin Waje, Haɗin kai, Haɗakar [[Afirka]], da ‘yan Nijar mazauna kasashen waje a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011. <ref>"Niger unveils new government", Agence France-Presse, 21 April 2011.</ref> Bazoum ya koma matsayin karamin minista a fadar shugaban kasa a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2015. <ref name="Basics">[http://www.africaintelligence.com/LCE/who-s-who/2015/03/04/bazoum-back-to-basics-at-pnds-party,108064518-ART "Bazoum back to basics at PNDS party"], ''West Africa Newsletter'', number 701, 4 March 2015.</ref> An kalli wannan mmatakin a matsayin bawa Bazoum damar mayar da hankali kan jjagorancin PNDS a cikin tsammanin neman Issoufou na sake zaben a s 2016. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2016 . <ref>[http://cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf "Arrêt n° 012/CC/ME du 16 mars 2016"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208195006/http://www.cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf |date=2017-12-08 }}, Constitutional Court of Niger, 16 March 2016, page 50.</ref> Bayan an rantsar da Issoufou a wa’adi na biyu, an nada Bazoum a matsayin karamin Ministan harkokin cikin gida, Tsaro na Jama’a, Bada iko, da al’adu da al’amuran Addini a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 2016. Ya hau karagar mulki a ranar 13 ga watan Afrilu, ya gaji [[Hassoumi Massaoudou]]. A watan Disambar 2022, an nada Mohamed Bazoum a matsayin shugaban kungiyar Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziki na Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA), yayin taron shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin kungiyar karo na 23 a Abidjan.[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1398170/economie/uemoa-bazoum-croissance-et-inflation-au-menu-du-sommet-des-chefs-detat/]. ==Kifar da Gwamnatin Bazoum== A ranar 26 ga watan Yulin, 2023. Sojojin da ke tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa sun tare fadar shugaban ƙasa don korar Bazoum.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 July 2023 |title=African Union, ECOWAS Condemn ‘Attempted Coup d'État’ in Niger |work=[[France 24]] |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230726-african-union-ecowas-condemn-attempted-coup-in-niger |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Madowo |first=Sarah Dean,Niamh Kennedy,Larry |date=2023-07-26 |title=Niger: Attempted coup in West African country, as presidency is sealed off |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Coup d’Etat au Niger : Les militaires putschistes suspendent « toutes les institutions » et ferment les frontières |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/monde/4047077-20230727-coup-etat-niger-militaires-putschistes-suspendent-toutes-institutions-ferment-frontieres |website=[[20 minutes (France)|20 minutes]] |access-date=26 July 2023 |language=fr}}</ref> An yi Allah wadai da yunƙurin juyin mulkin daga ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka da ƙungiyar ECOWAS. Kungiyar ECOWAS ta ce masu shirin juyin mulkin su sako Bazoum nan take. Sai fldqgq baya sunyi nasarar sauke Bazoum a ƙarshen wannan rana, inda nan take Kanar-Manjo Amadou Abdramane yayi bayani a gidan talabijin na ƙasar yana mai cewa an tsige shugaban ƙasar daga karagar mulki, sannan kuma an maye gurbinsa da gwamnatin mulkin soja da ke kiran kanta Majalisar Tsaron Gida ta ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Presse |first=AFP-Agence France |title=ECOWAS Head Says Benin President On Mediation Mission To Niger |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=www.barrons.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Niger soldiers say President Bazoum's government has been removed |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/soldiers-nigers-presidential-guard-blockade-presidents-office-security-sources-2023-07-26/ |website=[[Reuters]] |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref name="ap1">{{cite web |last=Mednick |first=Sam |date=27 July 2023 |title=Mutinous soldiers claim to have overthrown Niger’s president |url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-tensions-presidential-guard-96f8f63b838af5467d4c95ba7b998b32 |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[AP]]}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga watan Agustan 2023 ne gwamnatin Nijar ta sanar da cewa tana son gurfanar da Mohammed Bazoum da masu rike da madafun iko na cikin gida da na waje gaban kuliya bisa laifin cin amanar kasa da kuma zagon kasa ga tsaron cikin gida da waje na Nijar.<ref name="rfi">{{cite web |last= |first= |date=13 August 2023 |title=Afrique Coup d’État au Niger: qu’impliquent les accusations de la junte contre le président Mohamed Bazoum?|url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20230814-coup-d-%C3%A9tat-au-niger-qu-impliquent-les-accusations-de-la-junte-contre-le-pr%C3%A9sident-mohamed-bazoum |access-date=14 August 2023 |website=[[RFI]]}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2023, dangin Mohamed Bazoum sun yi iƙirarin cewa ba su ƙara tuntuɓar sa ba tun ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2023, kuma sun yi tir da “kame da bincike na cin zarafi” da aka yi wa wasu daga cikinsu.<ref name="Voa Afrique">{{cite web |last= |first=AFP |date=01 December 2023 |title=NIGER La famille du président nigérien déchu dit être sans nouvelles de lui|url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/niger-la-famille-du-pr%C3%A9sident-d%C3%A9chu-dit-%C3%AAtre-sans-nouvelles-de-lui-depuis-le-18-octobre/7379985.html |access-date=02 December 2023 |website=Voa Afrique}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1960]] [[Category:Mutanen Nijar]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] bofc5rs0e81uu0oi16jnqcq63jvodbe 874247 874246 2026-07-02T09:35:57Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874247 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Secretary_Blinken_Meets_With_Nigerien_President_Bazoum_in_New_York_City_(52370167613).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City]] [[File:P060245-844068.jpg|thumb|Mohamed Bazoum tshon shugaban ƙasar Niger wanda sojoju sukayinmasa juyin milki]] [[Fayil:Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City (52370167613).jpg|thumb|bazoum]] [[Fayil:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb|Bazoum]] '''Mohamed Bazoum''' (An haifi Bazoom ranar 3 ga watan Janairu shekara ta alif 1959) Ɗan siyasar Jamhuriyar Nijer, kuma tsohon [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|Shugaban Ƙasar Nijar]]. Bazoum Balarabe ne ɗan asalin [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Nijar]] wanda ya kasance Shugaban Jam’iyyar (PNDS- Ta Tarayya) tun daga shekara alif 2011, Ya Kuma yi aiki a gwamnatin Nijar a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Waje daga shekara ta alif 1995 zuwa shekara ta 1996 ya kuma sake zama Ministan daga shekara ta 2011 zuwa shekara ta alif 2015. Ya kasance ƙaramin minista a fadar shugaban ƙasa daga shekara ta alif 2015 zuwa shekara a2016. Sannan Kuma ya kasance ƙaramin ministan cikin gida tsakanin shekara 2016 zuwa 2020, lokacin da ya yi murabus don mayar da hankali kan tsayawa takarar shugabancin ƙasar a shekara a 2020. Inda yayi Nasarar lashe zaɓen da kaso 55.67% cikin ɗari.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/2/niger-president-to-be-sworn-in-after-attempted-coup|date= 2 April 2020 |accessdate= 27 July 2023|title=Mohamed Bazoum sworn in as Niger’s president amid tensions|last= Zandanini |first= Giacomo|publisher= Aljazeera.com|language= en}}</ref> == Harkar siyasa == [[File:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb]] Bazoum ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Harkokin Haɗin Kai a ƙarƙashin Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin gwiwa a cikin gwamnatin rikon ƙwarya ta Firayim Minista [[Amadou Cheiffou]] daga shekara ta 1991 zuwa shekara ta alif 1993. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa daga yanki na musamman na Tesker a matsayin ɗan takarar PNDS a zabe na musamman da aka gudanar a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta alif 1993; wannan ya biyo bayan soke zaɓen farko a cikin Tesker, wanda aka gudanar a watan Fabrairu. Bayan zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Janairun shekara ta a 1995, wanda kawancen adawa na National Movement for the Development of Society (MNSD) da PNDS suka lashe, Bazoum ya zama Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin Kai a gwamnatin Firaminista [[Hama Amadou]], sai 25.ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 1995. Da farko an sake naɗa shi kan wannan mukamin ne bayan da [[Ibrahim Baré Maï nassara|Ibrahim Baré Maï nassara ya]] kwace mulki a wani juyin mulkin soja a ranar 27 ga Janairun shekara ta 1996, amma an maye gurbinsa a cikin gwamnatin da aka nada a ranar 5 ga watan Mayu shekara al 1996. PNDS ta yi adawa da Maïnassara, kuma a ranar 26 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1996, Bazoum aka sanya shi a cikin tsare a gida tare da shugaban PNDS [[Mahamadou Issoufou]], 'yan makonni kadan bayan zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekara ta 1996 . Shi da Issoufou an sake shi bisa umarnin alƙali a ranar 12 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1996. An kama Bazoum tare da wasu manyan ƴan siyasa biyu na ƴan adawa, ciki har da Sakatare-Janar na MNSD Hama Amadou, a farkon watan Janairun 1998, bisa zargin shiga cikin maƙarƙashiyar kisan Maïnassara. <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/44156.stm "Niger Police arrest three opposition leaders"], BBC News, 3 January 1998.</ref> Ba a taɓa gurfanar da shi ba kuma an sake shi mako guda bayan kama shi. A Babban Taro na Huɗu na PNDS, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 4 &#x2013; 5 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2004, Bazoum aka zaba a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa. Bazoum an sake zabarsa zuwa ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Disamba shekarar 2004, kuma a lokacin wa’adin majalisar da ya biyo baya ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa na Uku na Majalisar da Mataimakin Shugaban ƙungiyar Majalisar Wakilai ta PNDS. Bazoum yana ɗaya daga cikin wakilai 14 da suka gabatar da ƙarar rashin amincewa game da Firayim Minista Hama Amadou a ranar 26 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2007; Gwamnatin Amadou ta sha kaye a kuri’ar rashin amincewa da ta biyo baya a ranar 31 ga watan Mayu, kuma Bazoum ya yaba da “dattakon da ke nuna ajin siyasa ta Nijar da ta kawo ƙarshen wa’adin ƙungiyar da ta kware a kan yadda ake kashe kudaden jama’a. . " <ref>[http://www.apanews.net/apa.php?page=afric_item_eng&id_article=34430 "Niger government falls after a "no confidence" vote"]{{Dead link|date=October 2018}}, African Press Agency, 31 May 2007.</ref> Bayan ya bukaci mutane su kaurace wa zaɓen raba gardama na tsarin mulkin watan Agusta na shekarar 2009, an tsare Bazoum a takaice kuma an yi masa tambayoyi na awanni biyu a ranar 14 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bazoum an sake zaɓarsa a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban PNDS a taron na biyar na Jam’iyyar, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 18 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bayan nasarar da aka samu a zaɓen raba gardamar, ya nuna shi a matsayin "juyin mulki" sannan ya ce zaɓen 'yan majalisar na watan Oktoba na shekarar 2009 wani "makircin zaɓe ne" da aka yi nufin kawai don a ƙara "goge dimokiradiyya" <ref>Boureima Hama, [http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 "Niger pushes ahead with polls"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422143243/http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 |date=2016-04-22 }}, Sapa-AFP, 19 October 2009.</ref> Wani juyin mulki da sojoji suka yi a ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2010 ne ya kori Shugaba [[Mamadou Tandja|Mamadou]] Tandja. Bazoum ya ce a yayin taron "wannan shi ne ainihin abin da muke tsoronsa, kudurin soja. Tandja na iya guje ma wannan. " <ref>Adam Nossiter, [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/19/world/africa/19niger.html "Soldiers storm presidential palace in Niger"], ''The New York Times'', 18 February 2010.</ref> A matsayinsa na ɗaya daga cikin manyan membobin ƙungiyar Coordination of Democratic Forces for the Republic (CFDR), gamayyar jam'iyyun adawa, ya ce a ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairu cewa CFDR ta bukaci a gurfanar da Tandja a gaban kuliya saboda cin amanar kasa saboda ya soke kundin tsarin mulkin shekarar 1999 a cikin kokarin ci gaba da mulki. A cewar Bazoum, irin wannan fitina ta zama dole don hana shugabannin gobe daga bin irin wannan tafarki. Ya ce kamata ya yi hukumar mulkin ta rike Tandja har sai "cibiyoyin dimokiradiyya" sun kasance, sannan kuma a yi wa Tandja shari'a, duk da cewa ya kuma ce yana jin hukuncin kisan ba zai zama dole ba. <ref>Peter Clottey, [http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html "Niger opposition leader says ex-President Tandja should face treason charges"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315022313/http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html |date=2010-03-15 }}, VOA News, 23 February 2010.</ref> Bayan [[Mahamadou Issoufou]] ya lashe zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Janairu <nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwVA">–</span></nowiki> Maris 2011, sai ya sauka daga shugabancin PNDS a watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, gabanin rantsar da shi, bisa ga bukatar cewa shugaban ƙasa ba ya shiga [[siyasa]] ta bangaranci; Bazoum ya hau mukamin shugaban riƙo na PNDS. Issoufou ya fara aiki ne a matsayin shugaban ƙasar Nijer a ranar 7 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011, kuma an naɗa Bazoum a cikin gwamnatin a matsayin ƙaramin Ministan Harkokin Waje, Haɗin kai, Haɗakar [[Afirka]], da ‘yan Nijar mazauna kasashen waje a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011. <ref>"Niger unveils new government", Agence France-Presse, 21 April 2011.</ref> Bazoum ya koma matsayin karamin minista a fadar shugaban kasa a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2015. <ref name="Basics">[http://www.africaintelligence.com/LCE/who-s-who/2015/03/04/bazoum-back-to-basics-at-pnds-party,108064518-ART "Bazoum back to basics at PNDS party"], ''West Africa Newsletter'', number 701, 4 March 2015.</ref> An kalli wannan mmatakin a matsayin bawa Bazoum damar mayar da hankali kan jjagorancin PNDS a cikin tsammanin neman Issoufou na sake zaben a s 2016. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2016 . <ref>[http://cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf "Arrêt n° 012/CC/ME du 16 mars 2016"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208195006/http://www.cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf |date=2017-12-08 }}, Constitutional Court of Niger, 16 March 2016, page 50.</ref> Bayan an rantsar da Issoufou a wa’adi na biyu, an nada Bazoum a matsayin karamin Ministan harkokin cikin gida, Tsaro na Jama’a, Bada iko, da al’adu da al’amuran Addini a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 2016. Ya hau karagar mulki a ranar 13 ga watan Afrilu, ya gaji [[Hassoumi Massaoudou]]. A watan Disambar 2022, an nada Mohamed Bazoum a matsayin shugaban kungiyar Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziki na Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA), yayin taron shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin kungiyar karo na 23 a Abidjan.[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1398170/economie/uemoa-bazoum-croissance-et-inflation-au-menu-du-sommet-des-chefs-detat/]. ==Kifar da Gwamnatin Bazoum== A ranar 26 ga watan Yulin, 2023. Sojojin da ke tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa sun tare fadar shugaban ƙasa don korar Bazoum.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 July 2023 |title=African Union, ECOWAS Condemn ‘Attempted Coup d'État’ in Niger |work=[[France 24]] |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230726-african-union-ecowas-condemn-attempted-coup-in-niger |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Madowo |first=Sarah Dean,Niamh Kennedy,Larry |date=2023-07-26 |title=Niger: Attempted coup in West African country, as presidency is sealed off |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Coup d’Etat au Niger : Les militaires putschistes suspendent « toutes les institutions » et ferment les frontières |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/monde/4047077-20230727-coup-etat-niger-militaires-putschistes-suspendent-toutes-institutions-ferment-frontieres |website=[[20 minutes (France)|20 minutes]] |access-date=26 July 2023 |language=fr}}</ref> An yi Allah wadai da yunƙurin juyin mulkin daga ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka da ƙungiyar ECOWAS. Kungiyar ECOWAS ta ce masu shirin juyin mulkin su sako Bazoum nan take. Sai fldqgq baya sunyi nasarar sauke Bazoum a ƙarshen wannan rana, inda nan take Kanar-Manjo Amadou Abdramane yayi bayani a gidan talabijin na ƙasar yana mai cewa an tsige shugaban ƙasar daga karagar mulki, sannan kuma an maye gurbinsa da gwamnatin mulkin soja da ke kiran kanta Majalisar Tsaron Gida ta ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Presse |first=AFP-Agence France |title=ECOWAS Head Says Benin President On Mediation Mission To Niger |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=www.barrons.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Niger soldiers say President Bazoum's government has been removed |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/soldiers-nigers-presidential-guard-blockade-presidents-office-security-sources-2023-07-26/ |website=[[Reuters]] |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref name="ap1">{{cite web |last=Mednick |first=Sam |date=27 July 2023 |title=Mutinous soldiers claim to have overthrown Niger’s president |url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-tensions-presidential-guard-96f8f63b838af5467d4c95ba7b998b32 |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[AP]]}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga watan Agustan 2023 ne gwamnatin Nijar ta sanar da cewa tana son gurfanar da Mohammed Bazoum da masu rike da madafun iko na cikin gida da na waje gaban kuliya bisa laifin cin amanar kasa da kuma zagon kasa ga tsaron cikin gida da waje na Nijar.<ref name="rfi">{{cite web |last= |first= |date=13 August 2023 |title=Afrique Coup d’État au Niger: qu’impliquent les accusations de la junte contre le président Mohamed Bazoum?|url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20230814-coup-d-%C3%A9tat-au-niger-qu-impliquent-les-accusations-de-la-junte-contre-le-pr%C3%A9sident-mohamed-bazoum |access-date=14 August 2023 |website=[[RFI]]}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2023, dangin Mohamed Bazoum sun yi iƙirarin cewa ba su ƙara tuntuɓar sa ba tun ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2023, kuma sun yi tir da “kame da bincike na cin zarafi” da aka yi wa wasu daga cikinsu.<ref name="Voa Afrique">{{cite web |last= |first=AFP |date=01 December 2023 |title=NIGER La famille du président nigérien déchu dit être sans nouvelles de lui|url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/niger-la-famille-du-pr%C3%A9sident-d%C3%A9chu-dit-%C3%AAtre-sans-nouvelles-de-lui-depuis-le-18-octobre/7379985.html |access-date=02 December 2023 |website=Voa Afrique}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1960]] [[Category:Mutanen Nijar]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] jpoagkxw1i876w8o5cxvr54usylw2b2 874249 874247 2026-07-02T09:36:45Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874249 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Secretary_Blinken_Meets_With_Nigerien_President_Bazoum_in_New_York_City_(52370167613).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City]] [[File:P060245-844068.jpg|thumb|Mohamed Bazoum tshon shugaban ƙasar Niger wanda sojoju sukayinmasa juyin milki]] [[Fayil:Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City (52370167613).jpg|thumb|bazoum]] [[Fayil:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb|Bazoum]] '''Mohamed Bazoum''' (An haifi Bazoom ranar 3 ga watan Janairu shekara ta alif 1959) Ɗan siyasar Jamhuriyar Nijer, kuma tsohon [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|Shugaban Ƙasar Nijar]]. Bazoum Balarabe ne ɗan asalin [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Nijar]] wanda ya kasance Shugaban Jam’iyyar (PNDS- Ta Tarayya) tun daga shekara alif 2011, Ya Kuma yi aiki a gwamnatin Nijar a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Waje daga shekara ta alif 1995 zuwa shekara ta 1996 ya kuma sake zama Ministan daga shekara ta 2011 zuwa shekara ta alif 2015. Ya kasance ƙaramin minista a fadar shugaban ƙasa daga shekara ta alif 2015 zuwa shekara a2016. Sannan Kuma ya kasance ƙaramin ministan cikin gida tsakanin shekara 2016 zuwa 2020, lokacin da ya yi murabus don mayar da hankali kan tsayawa takarar shugabancin ƙasar a shekara a 2020. Inda yayi Nasarar lashe zaɓen da kaso 55.67% cikin ɗari.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/2/niger-president-to-be-sworn-in-after-attempted-coup|date= 2 April 2020 |accessdate= 27 July 2023|title=Mohamed Bazoum sworn in as Niger’s president amid tensions|last= Zandanini |first= Giacomo|publisher= Aljazeera.com|language= en}}</ref> == Harkar siyasa == [[File:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb]] Bazoum ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Harkokin Haɗin Kai a ƙarƙashin Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin gwiwa a cikin gwamnatin rikon ƙwarya ta Firayim Minista [[Amadou Cheiffou]] daga shekara ta 1991 zuwa shekara ta alif 1993. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa daga yanki na musamman na Tesker a matsayin ɗan takarar PNDS a zabe na musamman da aka gudanar a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta alif 1993; wannan ya biyo bayan soke zaɓen farko a cikin Tesker, wanda aka gudanar a watan Fabrairu. Bayan zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Janairun shekara ta al 1995, wanda kawancen adawa na National Movement for the Development of Society (MNSD) da PNDS suka lashe, Bazoum ya zama Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin Kai a gwamnatin Firaminista [[Hama Amadou]], sai 25.ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 1995. Da farko an sake naɗa shi kan wannan mukamin ne bayan da [[Ibrahim Baré Maï nassara|Ibrahim Baré Maï nassara ya]] kwace mulki a wani juyin mulkin soja a ranar 27 ga Janairun shekara ta 1996, amma an maye gurbinsa a cikin gwamnatin da aka nada a ranar 5 ga watan Mayu shekara al 1996. PNDS ta yi adawa da Maïnassara, kuma a ranar 26 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1996, Bazoum aka sanya shi a cikin tsare a gida tare da shugaban PNDS [[Mahamadou Issoufou]], 'yan makonni kadan bayan zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekara ta 1996 . Shi da Issoufou an sake shi bisa umarnin alƙali a ranar 12 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1996. An kama Bazoum tare da wasu manyan ƴan siyasa biyu na ƴan adawa, ciki har da Sakatare-Janar na MNSD Hama Amadou, a farkon watan Janairun 1998, bisa zargin shiga cikin maƙarƙashiyar kisan Maïnassara. <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/44156.stm "Niger Police arrest three opposition leaders"], BBC News, 3 January 1998.</ref> Ba a taɓa gurfanar da shi ba kuma an sake shi mako guda bayan kama shi. A Babban Taro na Huɗu na PNDS, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 4 &#x2013; 5 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2004, Bazoum aka zaba a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa. Bazoum an sake zabarsa zuwa ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Disamba shekarar 2004, kuma a lokacin wa’adin majalisar da ya biyo baya ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa na Uku na Majalisar da Mataimakin Shugaban ƙungiyar Majalisar Wakilai ta PNDS. Bazoum yana ɗaya daga cikin wakilai 14 da suka gabatar da ƙarar rashin amincewa game da Firayim Minista Hama Amadou a ranar 26 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2007; Gwamnatin Amadou ta sha kaye a kuri’ar rashin amincewa da ta biyo baya a ranar 31 ga watan Mayu, kuma Bazoum ya yaba da “dattakon da ke nuna ajin siyasa ta Nijar da ta kawo ƙarshen wa’adin ƙungiyar da ta kware a kan yadda ake kashe kudaden jama’a. . " <ref>[http://www.apanews.net/apa.php?page=afric_item_eng&id_article=34430 "Niger government falls after a "no confidence" vote"]{{Dead link|date=October 2018}}, African Press Agency, 31 May 2007.</ref> Bayan ya bukaci mutane su kaurace wa zaɓen raba gardama na tsarin mulkin watan Agusta na shekarar 2009, an tsare Bazoum a takaice kuma an yi masa tambayoyi na awanni biyu a ranar 14 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bazoum an sake zaɓarsa a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban PNDS a taron na biyar na Jam’iyyar, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 18 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bayan nasarar da aka samu a zaɓen raba gardamar, ya nuna shi a matsayin "juyin mulki" sannan ya ce zaɓen 'yan majalisar na watan Oktoba na shekarar 2009 wani "makircin zaɓe ne" da aka yi nufin kawai don a ƙara "goge dimokiradiyya" <ref>Boureima Hama, [http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 "Niger pushes ahead with polls"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422143243/http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 |date=2016-04-22 }}, Sapa-AFP, 19 October 2009.</ref> Wani juyin mulki da sojoji suka yi a ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2010 ne ya kori Shugaba [[Mamadou Tandja|Mamadou]] Tandja. Bazoum ya ce a yayin taron "wannan shi ne ainihin abin da muke tsoronsa, kudurin soja. Tandja na iya guje ma wannan. " <ref>Adam Nossiter, [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/19/world/africa/19niger.html "Soldiers storm presidential palace in Niger"], ''The New York Times'', 18 February 2010.</ref> A matsayinsa na ɗaya daga cikin manyan membobin ƙungiyar Coordination of Democratic Forces for the Republic (CFDR), gamayyar jam'iyyun adawa, ya ce a ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairu cewa CFDR ta bukaci a gurfanar da Tandja a gaban kuliya saboda cin amanar kasa saboda ya soke kundin tsarin mulkin shekarar 1999 a cikin kokarin ci gaba da mulki. A cewar Bazoum, irin wannan fitina ta zama dole don hana shugabannin gobe daga bin irin wannan tafarki. Ya ce kamata ya yi hukumar mulkin ta rike Tandja har sai "cibiyoyin dimokiradiyya" sun kasance, sannan kuma a yi wa Tandja shari'a, duk da cewa ya kuma ce yana jin hukuncin kisan ba zai zama dole ba. <ref>Peter Clottey, [http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html "Niger opposition leader says ex-President Tandja should face treason charges"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315022313/http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html |date=2010-03-15 }}, VOA News, 23 February 2010.</ref> Bayan [[Mahamadou Issoufou]] ya lashe zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Janairu <nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwVA">–</span></nowiki> Maris 2011, sai ya sauka daga shugabancin PNDS a watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, gabanin rantsar da shi, bisa ga bukatar cewa shugaban ƙasa ba ya shiga [[siyasa]] ta bangaranci; Bazoum ya hau mukamin shugaban riƙo na PNDS. Issoufou ya fara aiki ne a matsayin shugaban ƙasar Nijer a ranar 7 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011, kuma an naɗa Bazoum a cikin gwamnatin a matsayin ƙaramin Ministan Harkokin Waje, Haɗin kai, Haɗakar [[Afirka]], da ‘yan Nijar mazauna kasashen waje a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011. <ref>"Niger unveils new government", Agence France-Presse, 21 April 2011.</ref> Bazoum ya koma matsayin karamin minista a fadar shugaban kasa a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2015. <ref name="Basics">[http://www.africaintelligence.com/LCE/who-s-who/2015/03/04/bazoum-back-to-basics-at-pnds-party,108064518-ART "Bazoum back to basics at PNDS party"], ''West Africa Newsletter'', number 701, 4 March 2015.</ref> An kalli wannan mmatakin a matsayin bawa Bazoum damar mayar da hankali kan jjagorancin PNDS a cikin tsammanin neman Issoufou na sake zaben a s 2016. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2016 . <ref>[http://cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf "Arrêt n° 012/CC/ME du 16 mars 2016"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208195006/http://www.cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf |date=2017-12-08 }}, Constitutional Court of Niger, 16 March 2016, page 50.</ref> Bayan an rantsar da Issoufou a wa’adi na biyu, an nada Bazoum a matsayin karamin Ministan harkokin cikin gida, Tsaro na Jama’a, Bada iko, da al’adu da al’amuran Addini a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 2016. Ya hau karagar mulki a ranar 13 ga watan Afrilu, ya gaji [[Hassoumi Massaoudou]]. A watan Disambar 2022, an nada Mohamed Bazoum a matsayin shugaban kungiyar Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziki na Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA), yayin taron shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin kungiyar karo na 23 a Abidjan.[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1398170/economie/uemoa-bazoum-croissance-et-inflation-au-menu-du-sommet-des-chefs-detat/]. ==Kifar da Gwamnatin Bazoum== A ranar 26 ga watan Yulin, 2023. Sojojin da ke tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa sun tare fadar shugaban ƙasa don korar Bazoum.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 July 2023 |title=African Union, ECOWAS Condemn ‘Attempted Coup d'État’ in Niger |work=[[France 24]] |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230726-african-union-ecowas-condemn-attempted-coup-in-niger |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Madowo |first=Sarah Dean,Niamh Kennedy,Larry |date=2023-07-26 |title=Niger: Attempted coup in West African country, as presidency is sealed off |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Coup d’Etat au Niger : Les militaires putschistes suspendent « toutes les institutions » et ferment les frontières |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/monde/4047077-20230727-coup-etat-niger-militaires-putschistes-suspendent-toutes-institutions-ferment-frontieres |website=[[20 minutes (France)|20 minutes]] |access-date=26 July 2023 |language=fr}}</ref> An yi Allah wadai da yunƙurin juyin mulkin daga ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka da ƙungiyar ECOWAS. Kungiyar ECOWAS ta ce masu shirin juyin mulkin su sako Bazoum nan take. Sai fldqgq baya sunyi nasarar sauke Bazoum a ƙarshen wannan rana, inda nan take Kanar-Manjo Amadou Abdramane yayi bayani a gidan talabijin na ƙasar yana mai cewa an tsige shugaban ƙasar daga karagar mulki, sannan kuma an maye gurbinsa da gwamnatin mulkin soja da ke kiran kanta Majalisar Tsaron Gida ta ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Presse |first=AFP-Agence France |title=ECOWAS Head Says Benin President On Mediation Mission To Niger |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=www.barrons.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Niger soldiers say President Bazoum's government has been removed |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/soldiers-nigers-presidential-guard-blockade-presidents-office-security-sources-2023-07-26/ |website=[[Reuters]] |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref name="ap1">{{cite web |last=Mednick |first=Sam |date=27 July 2023 |title=Mutinous soldiers claim to have overthrown Niger’s president |url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-tensions-presidential-guard-96f8f63b838af5467d4c95ba7b998b32 |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[AP]]}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga watan Agustan 2023 ne gwamnatin Nijar ta sanar da cewa tana son gurfanar da Mohammed Bazoum da masu rike da madafun iko na cikin gida da na waje gaban kuliya bisa laifin cin amanar kasa da kuma zagon kasa ga tsaron cikin gida da waje na Nijar.<ref name="rfi">{{cite web |last= |first= |date=13 August 2023 |title=Afrique Coup d’État au Niger: qu’impliquent les accusations de la junte contre le président Mohamed Bazoum?|url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20230814-coup-d-%C3%A9tat-au-niger-qu-impliquent-les-accusations-de-la-junte-contre-le-pr%C3%A9sident-mohamed-bazoum |access-date=14 August 2023 |website=[[RFI]]}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2023, dangin Mohamed Bazoum sun yi iƙirarin cewa ba su ƙara tuntuɓar sa ba tun ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2023, kuma sun yi tir da “kame da bincike na cin zarafi” da aka yi wa wasu daga cikinsu.<ref name="Voa Afrique">{{cite web |last= |first=AFP |date=01 December 2023 |title=NIGER La famille du président nigérien déchu dit être sans nouvelles de lui|url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/niger-la-famille-du-pr%C3%A9sident-d%C3%A9chu-dit-%C3%AAtre-sans-nouvelles-de-lui-depuis-le-18-octobre/7379985.html |access-date=02 December 2023 |website=Voa Afrique}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1960]] [[Category:Mutanen Nijar]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 93lqxrxb99z1q86amczfp3fol5y0d9s 874250 874249 2026-07-02T09:37:26Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874250 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Secretary_Blinken_Meets_With_Nigerien_President_Bazoum_in_New_York_City_(52370167613).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City]] [[File:P060245-844068.jpg|thumb|Mohamed Bazoum tshon shugaban ƙasar Niger wanda sojoju sukayinmasa juyin milki]] [[Fayil:Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City (52370167613).jpg|thumb|bazoum]] [[Fayil:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb|Bazoum]] '''Mohamed Bazoum''' (An haifi Bazoom ranar 3 ga watan Janairu shekara ta alif 1959) Ɗan siyasar Jamhuriyar Nijer, kuma tsohon [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|Shugaban Ƙasar Nijar]]. Bazoum Balarabe ne ɗan asalin [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Nijar]] wanda ya kasance Shugaban Jam’iyyar (PNDS- Ta Tarayya) tun daga shekara alif 2011, Ya Kuma yi aiki a gwamnatin Nijar a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Waje daga shekara ta alif 1995 zuwa shekara ta 1996 ya kuma sake zama Ministan daga shekara ta 2011 zuwa shekara ta alif 2015. Ya kasance ƙaramin minista a fadar shugaban ƙasa daga shekara ta alif 2015 zuwa shekara a2016. Sannan Kuma ya kasance ƙaramin ministan cikin gida tsakanin shekara 2016 zuwa 2020, lokacin da ya yi murabus don mayar da hankali kan tsayawa takarar shugabancin ƙasar a shekara al2020. Inda yayi Nasarar lashe zaɓen da kaso 55.67% cikin ɗari.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/2/niger-president-to-be-sworn-in-after-attempted-coup|date= 2 April 2020 |accessdate= 27 July 2023|title=Mohamed Bazoum sworn in as Niger’s president amid tensions|last= Zandanini |first= Giacomo|publisher= Aljazeera.com|language= en}}</ref> == Harkar siyasa == [[File:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb]] Bazoum ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Harkokin Haɗin Kai a ƙarƙashin Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin gwiwa a cikin gwamnatin rikon ƙwarya ta Firayim Minista [[Amadou Cheiffou]] daga shekara ta 1991 zuwa shekara ta alif 1993. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa daga yanki na musamman na Tesker a matsayin ɗan takarar PNDS a zabe na musamman da aka gudanar a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta alif 1993; wannan ya biyo bayan soke zaɓen farko a cikin Tesker, wanda aka gudanar a watan Fabrairu. Bayan zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Janairun shekara ta al 1995, wanda kawancen adawa na National Movement for the Development of Society (MNSD) da PNDS suka lashe, Bazoum ya zama Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin Kai a gwamnatin Firaminista [[Hama Amadou]], sai 25.ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 1995. Da farko an sake naɗa shi kan wannan mukamin ne bayan da [[Ibrahim Baré Maï nassara|Ibrahim Baré Maï nassara ya]] kwace mulki a wani juyin mulkin soja a ranar 27 ga Janairun shekara ta 1996, amma an maye gurbinsa a cikin gwamnatin da aka nada a ranar 5 ga watan Mayu shekara al 1996. PNDS ta yi adawa da Maïnassara, kuma a ranar 26 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1996, Bazoum aka sanya shi a cikin tsare a gida tare da shugaban PNDS [[Mahamadou Issoufou]], 'yan makonni kadan bayan zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekara ta 1996 . Shi da Issoufou an sake shi bisa umarnin alƙali a ranar 12 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1996. An kama Bazoum tare da wasu manyan ƴan siyasa biyu na ƴan adawa, ciki har da Sakatare-Janar na MNSD Hama Amadou, a farkon watan Janairun 1998, bisa zargin shiga cikin maƙarƙashiyar kisan Maïnassara. <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/44156.stm "Niger Police arrest three opposition leaders"], BBC News, 3 January 1998.</ref> Ba a taɓa gurfanar da shi ba kuma an sake shi mako guda bayan kama shi. A Babban Taro na Huɗu na PNDS, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 4 &#x2013; 5 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2004, Bazoum aka zaba a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa. Bazoum an sake zabarsa zuwa ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Disamba shekarar 2004, kuma a lokacin wa’adin majalisar da ya biyo baya ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa na Uku na Majalisar da Mataimakin Shugaban ƙungiyar Majalisar Wakilai ta PNDS. Bazoum yana ɗaya daga cikin wakilai 14 da suka gabatar da ƙarar rashin amincewa game da Firayim Minista Hama Amadou a ranar 26 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2007; Gwamnatin Amadou ta sha kaye a kuri’ar rashin amincewa da ta biyo baya a ranar 31 ga watan Mayu, kuma Bazoum ya yaba da “dattakon da ke nuna ajin siyasa ta Nijar da ta kawo ƙarshen wa’adin ƙungiyar da ta kware a kan yadda ake kashe kudaden jama’a. . " <ref>[http://www.apanews.net/apa.php?page=afric_item_eng&id_article=34430 "Niger government falls after a "no confidence" vote"]{{Dead link|date=October 2018}}, African Press Agency, 31 May 2007.</ref> Bayan ya bukaci mutane su kaurace wa zaɓen raba gardama na tsarin mulkin watan Agusta na shekarar 2009, an tsare Bazoum a takaice kuma an yi masa tambayoyi na awanni biyu a ranar 14 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bazoum an sake zaɓarsa a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban PNDS a taron na biyar na Jam’iyyar, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 18 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bayan nasarar da aka samu a zaɓen raba gardamar, ya nuna shi a matsayin "juyin mulki" sannan ya ce zaɓen 'yan majalisar na watan Oktoba na shekarar 2009 wani "makircin zaɓe ne" da aka yi nufin kawai don a ƙara "goge dimokiradiyya" <ref>Boureima Hama, [http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 "Niger pushes ahead with polls"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422143243/http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 |date=2016-04-22 }}, Sapa-AFP, 19 October 2009.</ref> Wani juyin mulki da sojoji suka yi a ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2010 ne ya kori Shugaba [[Mamadou Tandja|Mamadou]] Tandja. Bazoum ya ce a yayin taron "wannan shi ne ainihin abin da muke tsoronsa, kudurin soja. Tandja na iya guje ma wannan. " <ref>Adam Nossiter, [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/19/world/africa/19niger.html "Soldiers storm presidential palace in Niger"], ''The New York Times'', 18 February 2010.</ref> A matsayinsa na ɗaya daga cikin manyan membobin ƙungiyar Coordination of Democratic Forces for the Republic (CFDR), gamayyar jam'iyyun adawa, ya ce a ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairu cewa CFDR ta bukaci a gurfanar da Tandja a gaban kuliya saboda cin amanar kasa saboda ya soke kundin tsarin mulkin shekarar 1999 a cikin kokarin ci gaba da mulki. A cewar Bazoum, irin wannan fitina ta zama dole don hana shugabannin gobe daga bin irin wannan tafarki. Ya ce kamata ya yi hukumar mulkin ta rike Tandja har sai "cibiyoyin dimokiradiyya" sun kasance, sannan kuma a yi wa Tandja shari'a, duk da cewa ya kuma ce yana jin hukuncin kisan ba zai zama dole ba. <ref>Peter Clottey, [http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html "Niger opposition leader says ex-President Tandja should face treason charges"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315022313/http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html |date=2010-03-15 }}, VOA News, 23 February 2010.</ref> Bayan [[Mahamadou Issoufou]] ya lashe zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Janairu <nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwVA">–</span></nowiki> Maris 2011, sai ya sauka daga shugabancin PNDS a watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, gabanin rantsar da shi, bisa ga bukatar cewa shugaban ƙasa ba ya shiga [[siyasa]] ta bangaranci; Bazoum ya hau mukamin shugaban riƙo na PNDS. Issoufou ya fara aiki ne a matsayin shugaban ƙasar Nijer a ranar 7 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011, kuma an naɗa Bazoum a cikin gwamnatin a matsayin ƙaramin Ministan Harkokin Waje, Haɗin kai, Haɗakar [[Afirka]], da ‘yan Nijar mazauna kasashen waje a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011. <ref>"Niger unveils new government", Agence France-Presse, 21 April 2011.</ref> Bazoum ya koma matsayin karamin minista a fadar shugaban kasa a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2015. <ref name="Basics">[http://www.africaintelligence.com/LCE/who-s-who/2015/03/04/bazoum-back-to-basics-at-pnds-party,108064518-ART "Bazoum back to basics at PNDS party"], ''West Africa Newsletter'', number 701, 4 March 2015.</ref> An kalli wannan mmatakin a matsayin bawa Bazoum damar mayar da hankali kan jjagorancin PNDS a cikin tsammanin neman Issoufou na sake zaben a s 2016. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2016 . <ref>[http://cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf "Arrêt n° 012/CC/ME du 16 mars 2016"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208195006/http://www.cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf |date=2017-12-08 }}, Constitutional Court of Niger, 16 March 2016, page 50.</ref> Bayan an rantsar da Issoufou a wa’adi na biyu, an nada Bazoum a matsayin karamin Ministan harkokin cikin gida, Tsaro na Jama’a, Bada iko, da al’adu da al’amuran Addini a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 2016. Ya hau karagar mulki a ranar 13 ga watan Afrilu, ya gaji [[Hassoumi Massaoudou]]. A watan Disambar 2022, an nada Mohamed Bazoum a matsayin shugaban kungiyar Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziki na Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA), yayin taron shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin kungiyar karo na 23 a Abidjan.[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1398170/economie/uemoa-bazoum-croissance-et-inflation-au-menu-du-sommet-des-chefs-detat/]. ==Kifar da Gwamnatin Bazoum== A ranar 26 ga watan Yulin, 2023. Sojojin da ke tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa sun tare fadar shugaban ƙasa don korar Bazoum.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 July 2023 |title=African Union, ECOWAS Condemn ‘Attempted Coup d'État’ in Niger |work=[[France 24]] |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230726-african-union-ecowas-condemn-attempted-coup-in-niger |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Madowo |first=Sarah Dean,Niamh Kennedy,Larry |date=2023-07-26 |title=Niger: Attempted coup in West African country, as presidency is sealed off |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Coup d’Etat au Niger : Les militaires putschistes suspendent « toutes les institutions » et ferment les frontières |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/monde/4047077-20230727-coup-etat-niger-militaires-putschistes-suspendent-toutes-institutions-ferment-frontieres |website=[[20 minutes (France)|20 minutes]] |access-date=26 July 2023 |language=fr}}</ref> An yi Allah wadai da yunƙurin juyin mulkin daga ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka da ƙungiyar ECOWAS. Kungiyar ECOWAS ta ce masu shirin juyin mulkin su sako Bazoum nan take. Sai fldqgq baya sunyi nasarar sauke Bazoum a ƙarshen wannan rana, inda nan take Kanar-Manjo Amadou Abdramane yayi bayani a gidan talabijin na ƙasar yana mai cewa an tsige shugaban ƙasar daga karagar mulki, sannan kuma an maye gurbinsa da gwamnatin mulkin soja da ke kiran kanta Majalisar Tsaron Gida ta ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Presse |first=AFP-Agence France |title=ECOWAS Head Says Benin President On Mediation Mission To Niger |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=www.barrons.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Niger soldiers say President Bazoum's government has been removed |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/soldiers-nigers-presidential-guard-blockade-presidents-office-security-sources-2023-07-26/ |website=[[Reuters]] |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref name="ap1">{{cite web |last=Mednick |first=Sam |date=27 July 2023 |title=Mutinous soldiers claim to have overthrown Niger’s president |url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-tensions-presidential-guard-96f8f63b838af5467d4c95ba7b998b32 |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[AP]]}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga watan Agustan 2023 ne gwamnatin Nijar ta sanar da cewa tana son gurfanar da Mohammed Bazoum da masu rike da madafun iko na cikin gida da na waje gaban kuliya bisa laifin cin amanar kasa da kuma zagon kasa ga tsaron cikin gida da waje na Nijar.<ref name="rfi">{{cite web |last= |first= |date=13 August 2023 |title=Afrique Coup d’État au Niger: qu’impliquent les accusations de la junte contre le président Mohamed Bazoum?|url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20230814-coup-d-%C3%A9tat-au-niger-qu-impliquent-les-accusations-de-la-junte-contre-le-pr%C3%A9sident-mohamed-bazoum |access-date=14 August 2023 |website=[[RFI]]}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2023, dangin Mohamed Bazoum sun yi iƙirarin cewa ba su ƙara tuntuɓar sa ba tun ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2023, kuma sun yi tir da “kame da bincike na cin zarafi” da aka yi wa wasu daga cikinsu.<ref name="Voa Afrique">{{cite web |last= |first=AFP |date=01 December 2023 |title=NIGER La famille du président nigérien déchu dit être sans nouvelles de lui|url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/niger-la-famille-du-pr%C3%A9sident-d%C3%A9chu-dit-%C3%AAtre-sans-nouvelles-de-lui-depuis-le-18-octobre/7379985.html |access-date=02 December 2023 |website=Voa Afrique}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1960]] [[Category:Mutanen Nijar]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] iecizk35glhsomdu2duz0x9ro5vmq4x 874251 874250 2026-07-02T09:38:21Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874251 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Secretary_Blinken_Meets_With_Nigerien_President_Bazoum_in_New_York_City_(52370167613).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City]] [[File:P060245-844068.jpg|thumb|Mohamed Bazoum tshon shugaban ƙasar Niger wanda sojoju sukayinmasa juyin milki]] [[Fayil:Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City (52370167613).jpg|thumb|bazoum]] [[Fayil:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb|Bazoum]] '''Mohamed Bazoum''' (An haifi Bazoom ranar 3 ga watan Janairu shekara ta alif 1959) Ɗan siyasar Jamhuriyar Nijer, kuma tsohon [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|Shugaban Ƙasar Nijar]]. Bazoum Balarabe ne ɗan asalin [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Nijar]] wanda ya kasance Shugaban Jam’iyyar (PNDS- Ta Tarayya) tun daga shekara alif 2011, Ya Kuma yi aiki a gwamnatin Nijar a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Waje daga shekara ta alif 1995 zuwa shekara ta 1996 ya kuma sake zama Ministan daga shekara ta 2011 zuwa shekara ta alif 2015. Ya kasance ƙaramin minista a fadar shugaban ƙasa daga shekara ta alif 2015 zuwa shekara a2016. Sannan Kuma ya kasance ƙaramin ministan cikin gida tsakanin shekara 2016 zuwa 2020, lokacin da ya yi murabus don mayar da hankali kan tsayawa takarar shugabancin ƙasar a shekara al2020. Inda yayi Nasarar lashe zaɓen da kaso 55.67% cikin ɗari.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/2/niger-president-to-be-sworn-in-after-attempted-coup|date= 2 April 2020 |accessdate= 27 July 2023|title=Mohamed Bazoum sworn in as Niger’s president amid tensions|last= Zandanini |first= Giacomo|publisher= Aljazeera.com|language= en}}</ref> == Harkar siyasa == [[File:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb]] Bazoum ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Harkokin Haɗin Kai a ƙarƙashin Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin gwiwa a cikin gwamnatin rikon ƙwarya ta Firayim Minista [[Amadou Cheiffou]] daga shekara ta 1991 zuwa shekara ta alif 1993. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa daga yanki na musamman na Tesker a matsayin ɗan takarar PNDS a zabe na musamman da aka gudanar a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta alif 1993; wannan ya biyo bayan sake zaɓen farko a cikin Tesker, wanda aka gudanar a watan Fabrairu. Bayan zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Janairun shekara ta al 1995, wanda kawancen adawa na National Movement for the Development of Society (MNSD) da PNDS suka lashe, Bazoum ya zama Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin Kai a gwamnatin Firaminista [[Hama Amadou]], sai 25.ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 1995. Da farko an sake naɗa shi kan wannan mukamin ne bayan da [[Ibrahim Baré Maï nassara|Ibrahim Baré Maï nassara ya]] kwace mulki a wani juyin mulkin soja a ranar 27 ga Janairun shekara ta 1996, amma an maye gurbinsa a cikin gwamnatin da aka nada a ranar 5 ga watan Mayu shekara al 1996. PNDS ta yi adawa da Maïnassara, kuma a ranar 26 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1996, Bazoum aka sanya shi a cikin tsare a gida tare da shugaban PNDS [[Mahamadou Issoufou]], 'yan makonni kadan bayan zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekara ta 1996 . Shi da Issoufou an sake shi bisa umarnin alƙali a ranar 12 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1996. An kama Bazoum tare da wasu manyan ƴan siyasa biyu na ƴan adawa, ciki har da Sakatare-Janar na MNSD Hama Amadou, a farkon watan Janairun 1998, bisa zargin shiga cikin maƙarƙashiyar kisan Maïnassara. <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/44156.stm "Niger Police arrest three opposition leaders"], BBC News, 3 January 1998.</ref> Ba a taɓa gurfanar da shi ba kuma an sake shi mako guda bayan kama shi. A Babban Taro na Huɗu na PNDS, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 4 &#x2013; 5 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2004, Bazoum aka zaba a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa. Bazoum an sake zabarsa zuwa ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Disamba shekarar 2004, kuma a lokacin wa’adin majalisar da ya biyo baya ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa na Uku na Majalisar da Mataimakin Shugaban ƙungiyar Majalisar Wakilai ta PNDS. Bazoum yana ɗaya daga cikin wakilai 14 da suka gabatar da ƙarar rashin amincewa game da Firayim Minista Hama Amadou a ranar 26 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2007; Gwamnatin Amadou ta sha kaye a kuri’ar rashin amincewa da ta biyo baya a ranar 31 ga watan Mayu, kuma Bazoum ya yaba da “dattakon da ke nuna ajin siyasa ta Nijar da ta kawo ƙarshen wa’adin ƙungiyar da ta kware a kan yadda ake kashe kudaden jama’a. . " <ref>[http://www.apanews.net/apa.php?page=afric_item_eng&id_article=34430 "Niger government falls after a "no confidence" vote"]{{Dead link|date=October 2018}}, African Press Agency, 31 May 2007.</ref> Bayan ya bukaci mutane su kaurace wa zaɓen raba gardama na tsarin mulkin watan Agusta na shekarar 2009, an tsare Bazoum a takaice kuma an yi masa tambayoyi na awanni biyu a ranar 14 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bazoum an sake zaɓarsa a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban PNDS a taron na biyar na Jam’iyyar, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 18 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bayan nasarar da aka samu a zaɓen raba gardamar, ya nuna shi a matsayin "juyin mulki" sannan ya ce zaɓen 'yan majalisar na watan Oktoba na shekarar 2009 wani "makircin zaɓe ne" da aka yi nufin kawai don a ƙara "goge dimokiradiyya" <ref>Boureima Hama, [http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 "Niger pushes ahead with polls"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422143243/http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 |date=2016-04-22 }}, Sapa-AFP, 19 October 2009.</ref> Wani juyin mulki da sojoji suka yi a ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2010 ne ya kori Shugaba [[Mamadou Tandja|Mamadou]] Tandja. Bazoum ya ce a yayin taron "wannan shi ne ainihin abin da muke tsoronsa, kudurin soja. Tandja na iya guje ma wannan. " <ref>Adam Nossiter, [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/19/world/africa/19niger.html "Soldiers storm presidential palace in Niger"], ''The New York Times'', 18 February 2010.</ref> A matsayinsa na ɗaya daga cikin manyan membobin ƙungiyar Coordination of Democratic Forces for the Republic (CFDR), gamayyar jam'iyyun adawa, ya ce a ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairu cewa CFDR ta bukaci a gurfanar da Tandja a gaban kuliya saboda cin amanar kasa saboda ya soke kundin tsarin mulkin shekarar 1999 a cikin kokarin ci gaba da mulki. A cewar Bazoum, irin wannan fitina ta zama dole don hana shugabannin gobe daga bin irin wannan tafarki. Ya ce kamata ya yi hukumar mulkin ta rike Tandja har sai "cibiyoyin dimokiradiyya" sun kasance, sannan kuma a yi wa Tandja shari'a, duk da cewa ya kuma ce yana jin hukuncin kisan ba zai zama dole ba. <ref>Peter Clottey, [http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html "Niger opposition leader says ex-President Tandja should face treason charges"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315022313/http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html |date=2010-03-15 }}, VOA News, 23 February 2010.</ref> Bayan [[Mahamadou Issoufou]] ya lashe zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Janairu <nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwVA">–</span></nowiki> Maris 2011, sai ya sauka daga shugabancin PNDS a watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, gabanin rantsar da shi, bisa ga bukatar cewa shugaban ƙasa ba ya shiga [[siyasa]] ta bangaranci; Bazoum ya hau mukamin shugaban riƙo na PNDS. Issoufou ya fara aiki ne a matsayin shugaban ƙasar Nijer a ranar 7 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011, kuma an naɗa Bazoum a cikin gwamnatin a matsayin ƙaramin Ministan Harkokin Waje, Haɗin kai, Haɗakar [[Afirka]], da ‘yan Nijar mazauna kasashen waje a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011. <ref>"Niger unveils new government", Agence France-Presse, 21 April 2011.</ref> Bazoum ya koma matsayin karamin minista a fadar shugaban kasa a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2015. <ref name="Basics">[http://www.africaintelligence.com/LCE/who-s-who/2015/03/04/bazoum-back-to-basics-at-pnds-party,108064518-ART "Bazoum back to basics at PNDS party"], ''West Africa Newsletter'', number 701, 4 March 2015.</ref> An kalli wannan mmatakin a matsayin bawa Bazoum damar mayar da hankali kan jjagorancin PNDS a cikin tsammanin neman Issoufou na sake zaben a s 2016. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2016 . <ref>[http://cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf "Arrêt n° 012/CC/ME du 16 mars 2016"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208195006/http://www.cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf |date=2017-12-08 }}, Constitutional Court of Niger, 16 March 2016, page 50.</ref> Bayan an rantsar da Issoufou a wa’adi na biyu, an nada Bazoum a matsayin karamin Ministan harkokin cikin gida, Tsaro na Jama’a, Bada iko, da al’adu da al’amuran Addini a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 2016. Ya hau karagar mulki a ranar 13 ga watan Afrilu, ya gaji [[Hassoumi Massaoudou]]. A watan Disambar 2022, an nada Mohamed Bazoum a matsayin shugaban kungiyar Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziki na Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA), yayin taron shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin kungiyar karo na 23 a Abidjan.[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1398170/economie/uemoa-bazoum-croissance-et-inflation-au-menu-du-sommet-des-chefs-detat/]. ==Kifar da Gwamnatin Bazoum== A ranar 26 ga watan Yulin, 2023. Sojojin da ke tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa sun tare fadar shugaban ƙasa don korar Bazoum.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 July 2023 |title=African Union, ECOWAS Condemn ‘Attempted Coup d'État’ in Niger |work=[[France 24]] |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230726-african-union-ecowas-condemn-attempted-coup-in-niger |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Madowo |first=Sarah Dean,Niamh Kennedy,Larry |date=2023-07-26 |title=Niger: Attempted coup in West African country, as presidency is sealed off |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Coup d’Etat au Niger : Les militaires putschistes suspendent « toutes les institutions » et ferment les frontières |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/monde/4047077-20230727-coup-etat-niger-militaires-putschistes-suspendent-toutes-institutions-ferment-frontieres |website=[[20 minutes (France)|20 minutes]] |access-date=26 July 2023 |language=fr}}</ref> An yi Allah wadai da yunƙurin juyin mulkin daga ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka da ƙungiyar ECOWAS. Kungiyar ECOWAS ta ce masu shirin juyin mulkin su sako Bazoum nan take. Sai fldqgq baya sunyi nasarar sauke Bazoum a ƙarshen wannan rana, inda nan take Kanar-Manjo Amadou Abdramane yayi bayani a gidan talabijin na ƙasar yana mai cewa an tsige shugaban ƙasar daga karagar mulki, sannan kuma an maye gurbinsa da gwamnatin mulkin soja da ke kiran kanta Majalisar Tsaron Gida ta ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Presse |first=AFP-Agence France |title=ECOWAS Head Says Benin President On Mediation Mission To Niger |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=www.barrons.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Niger soldiers say President Bazoum's government has been removed |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/soldiers-nigers-presidential-guard-blockade-presidents-office-security-sources-2023-07-26/ |website=[[Reuters]] |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref name="ap1">{{cite web |last=Mednick |first=Sam |date=27 July 2023 |title=Mutinous soldiers claim to have overthrown Niger’s president |url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-tensions-presidential-guard-96f8f63b838af5467d4c95ba7b998b32 |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[AP]]}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga watan Agustan 2023 ne gwamnatin Nijar ta sanar da cewa tana son gurfanar da Mohammed Bazoum da masu rike da madafun iko na cikin gida da na waje gaban kuliya bisa laifin cin amanar kasa da kuma zagon kasa ga tsaron cikin gida da waje na Nijar.<ref name="rfi">{{cite web |last= |first= |date=13 August 2023 |title=Afrique Coup d’État au Niger: qu’impliquent les accusations de la junte contre le président Mohamed Bazoum?|url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20230814-coup-d-%C3%A9tat-au-niger-qu-impliquent-les-accusations-de-la-junte-contre-le-pr%C3%A9sident-mohamed-bazoum |access-date=14 August 2023 |website=[[RFI]]}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2023, dangin Mohamed Bazoum sun yi iƙirarin cewa ba su ƙara tuntuɓar sa ba tun ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2023, kuma sun yi tir da “kame da bincike na cin zarafi” da aka yi wa wasu daga cikinsu.<ref name="Voa Afrique">{{cite web |last= |first=AFP |date=01 December 2023 |title=NIGER La famille du président nigérien déchu dit être sans nouvelles de lui|url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/niger-la-famille-du-pr%C3%A9sident-d%C3%A9chu-dit-%C3%AAtre-sans-nouvelles-de-lui-depuis-le-18-octobre/7379985.html |access-date=02 December 2023 |website=Voa Afrique}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1960]] [[Category:Mutanen Nijar]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] jb2lem59p5xult2t3co7ja7zi9gmhvt 874252 874251 2026-07-02T09:39:20Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Secretary_Blinken_Meets_With_Nigerien_President_Bazoum_in_New_York_City_(52370167613).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City]] [[File:P060245-844068.jpg|thumb|Mohamed Bazoum tshon shugaban ƙasar Niger wanda sojoju sukayinmasa juyin milki]] [[Fayil:Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City (52370167613).jpg|thumb|bazoum]] [[Fayil:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb|Bazoum]] '''Mohamed Bazoum''' (An haifi Bazoom ranar 3 ga watan Janairu shekara ta alif 1959) Ɗan siyasar Jamhuriyar Nijer, kuma tsohon [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|Shugaban Ƙasar Nijar]]. Bazoum Balarabe ne ɗan asalin [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Nijar]] wanda ya kasance Shugaban Jam’iyyar (PNDS- Ta Tarayya) tun daga shekara alif 2011, Ya Kuma yi aiki a gwamnatin Nijar a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Waje daga shekara ta alif 1995 zuwa shekara ta 1996 ya kuma sake zama Ministan daga shekara ta 2011 zuwa shekara ta alif 2015. Ya kasance ƙaramin minista a fadar shugaban ƙasa daga shekara ta alif 2015 zuwa shekara a2016. Sannan Kuma ya kasance ƙaramin ministan cikin gida tsakanin shekara 2016 zuwa 2020, lokacin da ya yi murabus don mayar da hankali kan tsayawa takarar shugabancin ƙasar a shekara al2020. Inda yayi Nasarar lashe zaɓen da kaso 55.67% cikin ɗari.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/2/niger-president-to-be-sworn-in-after-attempted-coup|date= 2 April 2020 |accessdate= 27 July 2023|title=Mohamed Bazoum sworn in as Niger’s president amid tensions|last= Zandanini |first= Giacomo|publisher= Aljazeera.com|language= en}}</ref> == Harkar siyasa == [[File:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb]] Bazoum ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Harkokin Haɗin Kai a ƙarƙashin Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin gwiwa a cikin gwamnatin rikon ƙwarya ta Firayim Minista [[Amadou Cheiffou]] daga shekara ta 1991 zuwa shekara ta alif 1993. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa daga yanki na musamman na Tesker a matsayin ɗan takarar PNDS a zabe na musamman da aka gudanar a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta alif 1993; wannan ya biyo bayan sake zaɓen farko a cikin Tesker, wanda aka gudanar a watan Fabrairu. Bayan zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Janairun shekara ta ali 1995, wanda kawancen adawa na National Movement for the Development of Society (MNSD) da PNDS suka lashe, Bazoum ya zama Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin Kai a gwamnatin Firaminista [[Hama Amadou]], sai 25.ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 1995. Da farko an sake naɗa shi kan wannan mukamin ne bayan da [[Ibrahim Baré Maï nassara|Ibrahim Baré Maï nassara ya]] kwace mulki a wani juyin mulkin soja a ranar 27 ga Janairun shekara ta 1996, amma an maye gurbinsa a cikin gwamnatin da aka nada a ranar 5 ga watan Mayu shekara al 1996. PNDS ta yi adawa da Maïnassara, kuma a ranar 26 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1996, Bazoum aka sanya shi a cikin tsare a gida tare da shugaban PNDS [[Mahamadou Issoufou]], 'yan makonni kadan bayan zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekara ta 1996 . Shi da Issoufou an sake shi bisa umarnin alƙali a ranar 12 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1996. An kama Bazoum tare da wasu manyan ƴan siyasa biyu na ƴan adawa, ciki har da Sakatare-Janar na MNSD Hama Amadou, a farkon watan Janairun 1998, bisa zargin shiga cikin maƙarƙashiyar kisan Maïnassara. <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/44156.stm "Niger Police arrest three opposition leaders"], BBC News, 3 January 1998.</ref> Ba a taɓa gurfanar da shi ba kuma an sake shi mako guda bayan kama shi. A Babban Taro na Huɗu na PNDS, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 4 &#x2013; 5 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2004, Bazoum aka zaba a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa. Bazoum an sake zabarsa zuwa ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Disamba shekarar 2004, kuma a lokacin wa’adin majalisar da ya biyo baya ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa na Uku na Majalisar da Mataimakin Shugaban ƙungiyar Majalisar Wakilai ta PNDS. Bazoum yana ɗaya daga cikin wakilai 14 da suka gabatar da ƙarar rashin amincewa game da Firayim Minista Hama Amadou a ranar 26 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2007; Gwamnatin Amadou ta sha kaye a kuri’ar rashin amincewa da ta biyo baya a ranar 31 ga watan Mayu, kuma Bazoum ya yaba da “dattakon da ke nuna ajin siyasa ta Nijar da ta kawo ƙarshen wa’adin ƙungiyar da ta kware a kan yadda ake kashe kudaden jama’a. . " <ref>[http://www.apanews.net/apa.php?page=afric_item_eng&id_article=34430 "Niger government falls after a "no confidence" vote"]{{Dead link|date=October 2018}}, African Press Agency, 31 May 2007.</ref> Bayan ya bukaci mutane su kaurace wa zaɓen raba gardama na tsarin mulkin watan Agusta na shekarar 2009, an tsare Bazoum a takaice kuma an yi masa tambayoyi na awanni biyu a ranar 14 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bazoum an sake zaɓarsa a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban PNDS a taron na biyar na Jam’iyyar, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 18 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bayan nasarar da aka samu a zaɓen raba gardamar, ya nuna shi a matsayin "juyin mulki" sannan ya ce zaɓen 'yan majalisar na watan Oktoba na shekarar 2009 wani "makircin zaɓe ne" da aka yi nufin kawai don a ƙara "goge dimokiradiyya" <ref>Boureima Hama, [http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 "Niger pushes ahead with polls"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422143243/http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 |date=2016-04-22 }}, Sapa-AFP, 19 October 2009.</ref> Wani juyin mulki da sojoji suka yi a ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2010 ne ya kori Shugaba [[Mamadou Tandja|Mamadou]] Tandja. Bazoum ya ce a yayin taron "wannan shi ne ainihin abin da muke tsoronsa, kudurin soja. Tandja na iya guje ma wannan. " <ref>Adam Nossiter, [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/19/world/africa/19niger.html "Soldiers storm presidential palace in Niger"], ''The New York Times'', 18 February 2010.</ref> A matsayinsa na ɗaya daga cikin manyan membobin ƙungiyar Coordination of Democratic Forces for the Republic (CFDR), gamayyar jam'iyyun adawa, ya ce a ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairu cewa CFDR ta bukaci a gurfanar da Tandja a gaban kuliya saboda cin amanar kasa saboda ya soke kundin tsarin mulkin shekarar 1999 a cikin kokarin ci gaba da mulki. A cewar Bazoum, irin wannan fitina ta zama dole don hana shugabannin gobe daga bin irin wannan tafarki. Ya ce kamata ya yi hukumar mulkin ta rike Tandja har sai "cibiyoyin dimokiradiyya" sun kasance, sannan kuma a yi wa Tandja shari'a, duk da cewa ya kuma ce yana jin hukuncin kisan ba zai zama dole ba. <ref>Peter Clottey, [http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html "Niger opposition leader says ex-President Tandja should face treason charges"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315022313/http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html |date=2010-03-15 }}, VOA News, 23 February 2010.</ref> Bayan [[Mahamadou Issoufou]] ya lashe zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Janairu <nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwVA">–</span></nowiki> Maris 2011, sai ya sauka daga shugabancin PNDS a watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, gabanin rantsar da shi, bisa ga bukatar cewa shugaban ƙasa ba ya shiga [[siyasa]] ta bangaranci; Bazoum ya hau mukamin shugaban riƙo na PNDS. Issoufou ya fara aiki ne a matsayin shugaban ƙasar Nijer a ranar 7 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011, kuma an naɗa Bazoum a cikin gwamnatin a matsayin ƙaramin Ministan Harkokin Waje, Haɗin kai, Haɗakar [[Afirka]], da ‘yan Nijar mazauna kasashen waje a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011. <ref>"Niger unveils new government", Agence France-Presse, 21 April 2011.</ref> Bazoum ya koma matsayin karamin minista a fadar shugaban kasa a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2015. <ref name="Basics">[http://www.africaintelligence.com/LCE/who-s-who/2015/03/04/bazoum-back-to-basics-at-pnds-party,108064518-ART "Bazoum back to basics at PNDS party"], ''West Africa Newsletter'', number 701, 4 March 2015.</ref> An kalli wannan mmatakin a matsayin bawa Bazoum damar mayar da hankali kan jjagorancin PNDS a cikin tsammanin neman Issoufou na sake zaben a s 2016. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2016 . <ref>[http://cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf "Arrêt n° 012/CC/ME du 16 mars 2016"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208195006/http://www.cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf |date=2017-12-08 }}, Constitutional Court of Niger, 16 March 2016, page 50.</ref> Bayan an rantsar da Issoufou a wa’adi na biyu, an nada Bazoum a matsayin karamin Ministan harkokin cikin gida, Tsaro na Jama’a, Bada iko, da al’adu da al’amuran Addini a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 2016. Ya hau karagar mulki a ranar 13 ga watan Afrilu, ya gaji [[Hassoumi Massaoudou]]. A watan Disambar 2022, an nada Mohamed Bazoum a matsayin shugaban kungiyar Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziki na Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA), yayin taron shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin kungiyar karo na 23 a Abidjan.[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1398170/economie/uemoa-bazoum-croissance-et-inflation-au-menu-du-sommet-des-chefs-detat/]. ==Kifar da Gwamnatin Bazoum== A ranar 26 ga watan Yulin, 2023. Sojojin da ke tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa sun tare fadar shugaban ƙasa don korar Bazoum.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 July 2023 |title=African Union, ECOWAS Condemn ‘Attempted Coup d'État’ in Niger |work=[[France 24]] |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230726-african-union-ecowas-condemn-attempted-coup-in-niger |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Madowo |first=Sarah Dean,Niamh Kennedy,Larry |date=2023-07-26 |title=Niger: Attempted coup in West African country, as presidency is sealed off |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Coup d’Etat au Niger : Les militaires putschistes suspendent « toutes les institutions » et ferment les frontières |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/monde/4047077-20230727-coup-etat-niger-militaires-putschistes-suspendent-toutes-institutions-ferment-frontieres |website=[[20 minutes (France)|20 minutes]] |access-date=26 July 2023 |language=fr}}</ref> An yi Allah wadai da yunƙurin juyin mulkin daga ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka da ƙungiyar ECOWAS. Kungiyar ECOWAS ta ce masu shirin juyin mulkin su sako Bazoum nan take. Sai fldqgq baya sunyi nasarar sauke Bazoum a ƙarshen wannan rana, inda nan take Kanar-Manjo Amadou Abdramane yayi bayani a gidan talabijin na ƙasar yana mai cewa an tsige shugaban ƙasar daga karagar mulki, sannan kuma an maye gurbinsa da gwamnatin mulkin soja da ke kiran kanta Majalisar Tsaron Gida ta ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Presse |first=AFP-Agence France |title=ECOWAS Head Says Benin President On Mediation Mission To Niger |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=www.barrons.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Niger soldiers say President Bazoum's government has been removed |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/soldiers-nigers-presidential-guard-blockade-presidents-office-security-sources-2023-07-26/ |website=[[Reuters]] |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref name="ap1">{{cite web |last=Mednick |first=Sam |date=27 July 2023 |title=Mutinous soldiers claim to have overthrown Niger’s president |url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-tensions-presidential-guard-96f8f63b838af5467d4c95ba7b998b32 |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[AP]]}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga watan Agustan 2023 ne gwamnatin Nijar ta sanar da cewa tana son gurfanar da Mohammed Bazoum da masu rike da madafun iko na cikin gida da na waje gaban kuliya bisa laifin cin amanar kasa da kuma zagon kasa ga tsaron cikin gida da waje na Nijar.<ref name="rfi">{{cite web |last= |first= |date=13 August 2023 |title=Afrique Coup d’État au Niger: qu’impliquent les accusations de la junte contre le président Mohamed Bazoum?|url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20230814-coup-d-%C3%A9tat-au-niger-qu-impliquent-les-accusations-de-la-junte-contre-le-pr%C3%A9sident-mohamed-bazoum |access-date=14 August 2023 |website=[[RFI]]}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2023, dangin Mohamed Bazoum sun yi iƙirarin cewa ba su ƙara tuntuɓar sa ba tun ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2023, kuma sun yi tir da “kame da bincike na cin zarafi” da aka yi wa wasu daga cikinsu.<ref name="Voa Afrique">{{cite web |last= |first=AFP |date=01 December 2023 |title=NIGER La famille du président nigérien déchu dit être sans nouvelles de lui|url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/niger-la-famille-du-pr%C3%A9sident-d%C3%A9chu-dit-%C3%AAtre-sans-nouvelles-de-lui-depuis-le-18-octobre/7379985.html |access-date=02 December 2023 |website=Voa Afrique}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1960]] [[Category:Mutanen Nijar]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] rj3hq8xrhe46rduyx7vi1d7j4ro0oa2 0 16959 874061 854137 2026-07-02T02:43:44Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 874061 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Temperature_Bar_Chart_Africa--1901-2020--2021-07-14.png|thumb|Hoton da ke nuna [[Yanayin yanayin duniya|canjin zafin jiki]] a Afirka tsakanin 1901 da 2021, tare da ja yana da dumi kuma shuɗi yana da sanyi fiye da matsakaici (An ɗauki matsakaicin zafin jiki yayin 1971-2000 a matsayin ma'anar waɗannan canje-canje.) ]] '''Canjin yanayi a Afirka''' babbar barazana ce saboda Afirka tana ɗaya daga cikin yankuna [[Lalacewar canjin yanayi|mai rauni]] ga [[tasirin canjin yanayi]], duk da cewa ba da gudummawa mafi ƙanƙanta ga haifar da shi. Canjin yanayi yana haifar da yanayin ruwan sama mara kyau, abubuwan da suka faru na yanayi masu tsanani ciki har da [[fari]], [[Ambaliya|ambaliyar ruwa]], da hauhawar yanayin zafi a Afirka. Wadannan canje-canje suna barazana ga tsaro na [[Tsaron abinci|abinci]] da ruwa, bambancin halittu, [[lafiyar jama'a]], da Ci gaban tattalin arziki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=United Nations |first=UNEP |date=2017 |title=Responding to climate change |url=http://www.unep.org/regions/africa/regional-initiatives/responding-climate-change |access-date=2022-07-01 |website=UNEP – UN Environment Programme |language=en}}</ref> Afirka a halin yanzu tana dumama da sauri fiye da sauran duniya a matsakaici.<ref>{{Cite web |last=World Meterological Organization |date=2024-09-02 |title=Africa faces disproportionate burden from climate change and adaptation costs |url=https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/africa-faces-disproportionate-burden-from-climate-change-and-adaptation-costs |access-date=2025-09-16 |website=World Meteorological Organization |language=en}}</ref> Sauyin yanayi yana ƙara taɓarɓarewar tattalin arziki a yanzu. Manyan sassan al'ummar Afirka sun dogara ne da rayuwar da ke da alaƙa da yanayi kamar noma (kashi 55 - 62% na ma'aikata a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara) kuma sun riga sun rayu cikin talauci, wanda hakan ke ƙara tsananta musu ga girgizar ƙasa. Sakamakon lafiya ya ƙara ta'azzara yayin da damuwa ta zafi, cututtuka masu yaɗuwa (kamar malaria da dengue ), da rashin abinci mai gina jiki suka zama ruwan dare. Fiye da rabi (56%) na sama da abubuwan da suka faru na kiwon lafiyar jama'a 2,000 da aka yi rikodin su a Afirka tsakanin 2001 da 2021 suna da alaƙa da sauyin yanayi. Karancin albarkatu yana taimakawa wajen ƙaura da rikici, musamman a yankuna masu rauni. Yankunan birane, waɗanda galibi ake siffanta su da matsugunan da ba na yau da kullun ba, suna fuskantar ƙarin haɗari daga ambaliya da zafi mai tsanani. [[Noma|Aikin noma]] yana daya daga cikin bangarorin da suka fi rauni, kamar yadda yawancin manoman Afirka suka dogara da amfanin gona mai Ruwan sama. Ragewa da ruwan sama mara tabbas, haɗe da yanayin zafi mafi girma, yana fitar da asarar danshi na ƙasa, [[Desertification in Africa|hamada]] (musamman a cikin [[Sahara]]) da kuma canza wuraren da suka dace. Wadannan canje-canje sun rage yawan amfanin gona, suna lalata tsaron abinci da kuma kara yunwa. Lafiyar Dabbobi tana ƙara lalacewa ta hanyar damuwa ta zafi da sauya yanayin cututtukan. Tsarin halittu na bakin teku da na ruwa suna fuskantar teku mai zafi da kuma matakan da ke tashi, wanda ke barazana ga kamun kifi da kuma yawan jama'a a bakin teku.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fonjong |first=Lotsmart |last2=Matose |first2=Frank |last3=Sonnenfeld |first3=David A. |date=2024-12-01 |title=Climate change in Africa: Impacts, adaptation, and policy responses |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S095937802400116X |journal=Global Environmental Change |volume=89 |bibcode=2024GEC....8902912F |doi=10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2024.102912 |issn=0959-3780}}</ref> Sakamakon tattalin arziki na canjin yanayi yana da tsanani. A matsakaita ƙasashen Afirka suna fuskantar asarar da ke da alaƙa da yanayi wanda ya kai 2-5% na GDP a kowace shekara, yayin da farashin [[Daidaituwar canjin yanayi|daidaitawa]] a [[yankin Saharar Afirka]] ana hasashen a dala biliyan 30-50 a kowace shekara a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa. Wannan yana barazanar samun ci gaba kuma yana matsa lamba ga gwamnatoci da cibiyoyin kasa da kasa don tattara kudaden yanayi. Shirye-shiryen daidaita yanayin yanayi na Afirka suna mai da hankali kan gina juriya ta hanyar [[Yanayin gona mai kyau|Aikin noma mai basira]], [[Ma'adanai na ruwa|Gudanar da ruwa]] mai ɗorewa, kiyaye yanayin halittu, da ƙarfafa tsarin kiwon lafiya da ababen more rayuwa. Wadannan hanyoyin suna ba da fifiko ga inganta shugabanci, tattara kudade da saka hannun jari na yanayi, da kuma inganta shiga cikin al'umma don magance matsalar gaba ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tadesse |first=Debay |date=1 December 2010 |title=The impact of climate change in Africa |url=https://issafrica.org/research/papers/the-impact-of-climate-change-in-africa |access-date=2025-09-16 |website=ISS Africa |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Badji |first=Arfang |last2=Ibanda |first2=Angele |last3=Akello |first3=Sarah |last4=Ekwamu |first4=Adipala |date=2022 |title=Climate change impacts and adaptation strategies in Africa: Selected case studies |url=https://afjrdev.org/index.php/jos/article/view/410 |journal=African Journal of Rural Development |language=en |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=209–274 |issn=2415-2838}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ngongolo |first=Kelvin |last2=Gayo |first2=Leopody |date=2025-05-21 |title=Climate change impacts and mitigation strategies in Sub-Saharan Africa's livestock production sector. A brief review |journal=Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice |language=English |volume=15 |bibcode=2025PRPP...1514225N |doi=10.3389/past.2025.14225 |issn=2041-7136 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Tsarin nahiyoyi da na kasa suna jaddada hadin gwiwar bangarori da yawa, tallafin fasaha, da haɓaka iyawa don tallafawa ci gaba mai ɗorewa da rage [[Hadarin sauyin|Hadarin yanayi]]. == Rashin iskar gas == Rashin iskar gas mai guba a Afirka ga kowane mutum yana da ƙarancin gaske idan aka kwatanta da sauran nahiyoyi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fact sheet - Africa |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/outreach/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FactSheet_Africa.pdf |access-date=4 August 2024}}</ref> Rashin fitarwa daga [[Amfani da Ƙasa|canjin amfani da ƙasa]] ba shi da tabbas, musamman a [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|Afirka ta Tsakiya]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Mostefaoui |first=Mounia |last2=Ciais |first2=Philippe |last3=McGrath |first3=Matthew J. |last4=Peylin |first4=Philippe |last5=Patra |first5=Prabir K. |last6=Ernst |first6=Yolandi |date=2024-01-11 |title=Greenhouse gas emissions and their trends over the last 3 decades across Africa |url=https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/16/245/2024/ |journal=Earth System Science Data |language=en |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=245–275 |bibcode=2024ESSD...16..245M |doi=10.5194/essd-16-245-2024 |issn=1866-3516 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Babban tushen rashin tabbas ya fito ne daga kwararar carbon dioxide a cikin sashin LULUCF (wannan acronym yana tsaye ne don amfani da ƙasa, canjin amfani da ƙasa. <ref name=":0" /> == Tasiri == === Sauye-sauyen yanayi da zafin sarari === {{multiple image | align = right | direction = vertical | total_width = 300 | image1 = Koppen-Geiger Map v2 Africa 1991–2020.svg | caption1 = Taswirar rarrabuwar yanayi ta Köppen ga Afirka daga 1991–2020 | image2 = Koppen-Geiger Map Africa future.svg | caption2 = Taswirar 2071–2100 a ƙarƙashin mafi tsananin yanayin sauyin yanayi (Representative Concentration Pathway). A halin yanzu ana ɗaukar yanayi mai matsakaicin tsanani a matsayin wanda ya fi yuwuwa.<ref name="HausfatherPeters2020">{{cite journal|last1=Hausfather|first1=Zeke|last2=Peters|first2=Glen|title=Emissions – the 'business as usual' story is misleading|journal=Nature|date=29 January 2020|volume=577|issue=7792|pages=618–20|doi=10.1038/d41586-020-00177-3|pmid=31996825|bibcode=2020Natur.577..618H|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Schuur2022">{{Cite journal |last1=Schuur |first1=Edward A.G. |last2=Abbott |first2=Benjamin W. |last3=Commane |first3=Roisin |last4=Ernakovich |first4=Jessica |last5=Euskirchen |first5=Eugenie |last6=Hugelius |first6=Gustaf |last7=Grosse |first7=Guido |last8=Jones |first8=Miriam |last9=Koven |first9=Charlie |last10=Leshyk |first10=Victor |last11=Lawrence |first11=David |last12=Loranty |first12=Michael M. |last13=Mauritz |first13=Marguerite |last14=Olefeldt |first14=David |last15=Natali |first15=Susan |last16=Rodenhizer |first16=Heidi |last17=Salmon |first17=Verity |last18=Schädel |first19=Christina |last120=Strauss |first20=Jens |last21=Treat |first21=Claire |last22=Turetsky |first22=Merritt |year=2022 |title=Permafrost and Climate Change: Carbon Cycle Feedbacks From the Warming Arctic |journal=Annual Review of Environment and Resources |volume=47 |pages=343–371 |doi=10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-011847 |quote="Medium-range estimates of Arctic carbon emissions could result from moderate climate emission mitigation policies that keep global warming below 3°C (e.g., RCP4.5). This global warming level most closely matches country emissions reduction pledges made for the Paris Climate Agreement..." |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022ARER...47..343S }}</ref><ref name="Phiddian2022">{{Cite web |last=Phiddian |first=Ellen |date=5 April 2022 |title=Explainer: IPCC Scenarios |url=https://cosmosmagazine.com/earth/climate/explainer-ipcc-scenarios/ |website=Cosmos |access-date=30 September 2023 |quote="The IPCC doesn't make projections about which of these scenarios is more likely, but other researchers and modellers can. The Australian Academy of Science, for instance, released a report last year stating that our current emissions trajectory had us headed for a 3°C warmer world, roughly in line with the middle scenario. Climate Action Tracker predicts 2.5 to 2.9°C of warming based on current policies and action, with pledges and government agreements taking this to 2.1°C. |archive-date=20 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920224129/https://cosmosmagazine.com/earth/climate/explainer-ipcc-scenarios/ |url-status=live }}</ref> }} Yanayin zafin saman kasa da aka auna ya ƙaru gabaɗaya a faɗin Afirka tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 zuwa farkon ƙarni na 21 da kusan 1 °C, amma a wasu yankuna na cikin gida kamar yankin Sahel ya kai har 3 °C ga mafi ƙarancin zafi a ƙarshen lokacin rani.<ref name="IRD-2017">{{Cite book |title=Rural societies in the face of climatic and environmental changes in West Africa |date=2017 |publisher=IRD éditions |isbn=978-2-7099-2424-5 |location=Marseille |oclc=1034784045 |id=Impr. Jouve}}</ref> Ɗumamar Afirka ta ƙaru da +0.3 C daga 1991 zuwa 2021 idan aka kwatanta da +0.2 tsakanin 1961 zuwa 1910. An yi ƙiyasin cewa nan da shekara ta 2030, mutanen Afirka za su fuskanci hauhawar matakin teku sakamakon ƙaruwar zafin yanayi. Wannan kuma zai haifar da raguwar amfanin gona da albarkatun gona<ref>{{Cite book |last=Engel |first=Ulf |title=Yearbook on the African Union Volume 3 (2022) |date=2024 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-68308-2 |editor-last=Engel |editor-first=Ulf |location=Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar}}</ref>. Yanayin ruwan sama da aka auna yana nuna bambance-bambance ta fannin guri da lokaci kamar yadda aka saba tsammani.<ref name="Collins-2011">{{cite journal |last1=Collins |first1=Jennifer M. |date=15 July 2011 |title=Temperature Variability over Africa |journal=Journal of Climate |volume=24 |issue=14 |pages=3649–3666 |bibcode=2011JCli...24.3649C |doi=10.1175/2011JCLI3753.1 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Niang-2014">Niang, I.; O. C. Ruppel; M. A. Abdrabo; A. Essel; C. Lennard; J. Padgham, and P. Urquhart, 2014: Africa. In: ''Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability''. Part B: Regional Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Barros, V. R.; C. B. Field; D. J. Dokken et al. (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1199–1265. https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap22_FINAL.pdf</ref> Canje-canjen da aka gani a yanayin zafi da ruwan sama sun bambanta bisa ga yankuna.<ref name="Conway-2009">{{cite journal |last1=Conway |first1=Declan |last2=Persechino |first2=Aurelie |last3=Ardoin-Bardin |first3=Sandra |last4=Hamandawana |first4=Hamisai |last5=Dieulin |first5=Claudine |last6=Mahé |first6=Gil |date=February 2009 |title=Rainfall and Water Resources Variability in Sub-Saharan Africa during the Twentieth Century |journal=Journal of Hydrometeorology |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=41–59 |bibcode=2009JHyMe..10...41C |doi=10.1175/2008JHM1004.1 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Collins-2011" /> Tsarin yanayi na yanzu (kamar yadda aka taƙaita a cikin Rahoton Kimantawa na Shida na IPCC) yana hasashen ƙaruwar aukuwa da tsananin fari da kuma kwararar ruwan sama mai yawa.<ref name="Armstrong-2022">{{Cite journal |last1=Armstrong |first1=Andrew |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |last3=Koehler |first3=Johanna |last4=Hope |first4=Rob |date=2022 |title=Intra-seasonal rainfall and piped water revenue variability in rural Africa |journal=Global Environmental Change |language=en |volume=76 |article-number=102592 |doi=10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.102592|doi-access=free|bibcode=2022GEC....7602592A }} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]</ref> Suna kuma hasashen raguwar matsakaicin ruwan sama kusan a ko'ina a Afirka, tare da tabbas mai matsakaici zuwa babba. Duk da haka, yanayin ruwan sama na cikin gida da mu'amalar zamantakewa da yanayi na iya bayyana a matsayin gauraye-gauraye. Saboda haka, haɗuwar tasirin sauyin yanayi zai bambanta a faɗin nahiyar. A yankunan karkara, yanayin ruwan sama yana yin tasiri ga amfani da ruwa.<ref name="Armstrong-2022" /> Wani bincike a shekarar 2019 ya hango ƙaruwar tsawon kwanaki marasa ruwa a lokacin damina da kuma ƙaruwar matsanancin ruwan sama a Afirka.<ref name="Kendon-2019">{{Cite journal |last1=Kendon |first1=Elizabeth J. |last2=Stratton |first2=Rachel A. |last3=Tucker |first3=Simon |last4=Marsham |first4=John H. |last5=Berthou |first5=Ségolène |last6=Rowell |first6=David P. |last7=Senior |first7=Catherine A. |date=2019 |title=Enhanced future changes in wet and dry extremes over Africa at convection-permitting scale |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |bibcode=2019NatCo..10.1794K |doi=10.1038/s41467-019-09776-9 |pmc=6478940 |pmid=31015416 |article-number=1794}}</ref> Ma'ana a takaice: "bangarori biyu na matsanancin yanayi na Afirka za su daɗa tsananta".<ref name="Weather Channel-2022">{{Cite news |title=More Extreme Weather in Africa's Future, Study Says |url=https://weather.com/news/climate/news/2019-06-18-africa-extreme-weather-drought-flood |access-date=2022-07-01 |work=The Weather Channel |language=en-US}}</ref> Binciken ya gano cewa yawancin tsarin yanayi ba za su iya hango girman waɗannan canje-canjen ba saboda ba su da damar ba da damar iska mai dumi ta tashi (convection) a ma'aunansu na grid masu faɗi.<ref name="Kendon-2019" /> === Hauhawar matakin teku === {{See also|Ambaliyar ruwa a Afirka}} [[File:Dar es Salaam (Aerial).jpg|thumb|Hoton babban birnin Tanzania, Dar es Salaam, ta sama]] A Afirka, haɓakar yawan jama'a a nan gaba yana ƙara haɗarin da ke tattare da hauhawar matakin teku. Kusan mutane miliyan 54.2 ne ke zaune a yankunan da ke da haɗari sosai na gaɓar teku masu ƙasankancin tudu (LECZ) a kusan shekarar 2000. Wannan adadin zai ninka kusan mutane miliyan 110 nan da shekarar 2030. Nan da shekarar 2060 kuma zai kai kusan mutane miliyan 185 zuwa 230, ya danganta da girman haɓakar yawan jama'a. Matsakaicin hauhawar matakin teku na yankin zai kasance kusan santimita 21 nan da shekarar 2060. A wannan gaba, yanayin sauyin yanayi ba zai kawo babban bambanci ba. Amma yanayin kasa na cikin gida da yanayin yawan jama'a suna yin mu'amala don ƙara fuskantar haɗari kamar ambaliyar ruwa ta shekaru 100 a cikin wata rikitacciyar hanya.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter9" /> [[File:Abidjan des Lagune.jpg|thumb|Abidjan, cibiyar tattalin arzikin ƙasar Ivory Coast]] {| class="wikitable" |+Yawan jama'a a cikin filayen ambaliyar ruwa na shekaru 100.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter9" /><ref group="T1">A cikin miliyoyin mutane. Shafi na biyu da na uku sun haɗa da duka tasirin haɓakar yawan jama'a da haɓakar girman filayen ambaliyar ruwa a wannan gaba.</ref> !|Ƙasa !|2000 !|2030 !|2060 !|Haɓakawa 2000–2060<ref group="T1">Ƙaruwar yawan jama'a a yankin da kuma mafi girman yanayin haɓakar yawan jama'a da za a iya samu.</ref> |- |Misra || 7.4 || 13.8 || 20.7 || 0.28 |- |Najeriya || 0.1 || 0.3 || 0.9 || 0.84 |- |Sanigal || 0.4 || 1.1 || 2.7 || 0.76 |- |Benin || 0.1 || 0.6 || 1.6 || 1.12 |- |Tanzania || 0.2 || 0.9 || 4.3 || 2.3 |- |Somaliya || 0.2 || 0.6 || 2.7 || 1.7 |- |Kuwayt Diwar (Ivory Coast) || 0.1 || 0.3 || 0.7 || 0.65 |- |Mozambik || 0.7 || 1.4 || 2.5 || 0.36 |} {{reflist|group=T1}} [[File:ANKOMAH 20221122-009.jpg|thumb|Wani mutum yana kallon tekun daga wani gini da igiyoyin ruwa masu ƙarfi suka lalata a Chorkor, wani yanki na birnin Accra. Ambaliyar ruwa a ranakun sarari da ke faruwa saboda hauhawar matakin teku tana ƙara zaizayar gaɓar teku wanda ke lalata gidaje, ababen more rayuwa, da tsarin muhalli na halitta. Wasu al'ummomi a gaɓar tekun Ghana riga sun fara fuskantar sauye-sauyen igiyoyin ruwa.]] A cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, an yi hasashen cewa mafi girman ƙaura zai faru ne a yankin Gabashin Afirka. Aƙalla mutane 750,000 a can ne ka iya ƙaura daga gaɓar teku tsakanin 2020 da 2050. Binciken kimiyya ya kiyasta cewa manyan biranen Afirka guda 12 za su tafka asarar da ta kai dalar Amurka biliyan 65 a ƙarƙashin yanayin "matsakaicin" sauyin yanayi (RCP4.5) nan da shekarar 2050. Waɗannan biranen su ne Abidjan, Alexandria, Algiers, Cape Town, Casablanca, Dakar, Dar es Salaam, Durban, Lagos, Lomé, Luanda da Maputo. A ƙarƙashin yanayin fitar da hayaki mai yawa (RCP8.5), lalacewar za ta kai dalar Amurka biliyan 86.5. Shi kuma tsarin mafi tsanani na fitar da hayaki tare da ƙarin tasiri daga rashin daidaiton babban ƙanƙarar teku zai iya haifar da asarar da ta kai dalar Amurka biliyan 137.5. Lalacewar daga waɗannan yanayi guda uku idan aka ƙara haɗawa da "al'amura masu ƙarancin yuwuwa amma masu babban lahani" za ta haura zuwa dalar Amurka biliyan 187, dalar Amurka biliyan 206, da dalar Amurka biliyan 397 biye da juna.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter9" /> A cikin waɗannan ƙiyasin, birnin Alexandria na ƙasar Misra kaɗai ya ƙunshi kusan rabin wannan adadi.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter9" /> Daruruwan dubatan mutane a yankunansa na ƙasankantar tudu ka iya buƙatar a canza musu guri a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa.<ref name="Michaelson-2018">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2018/aug/29/alexandria-little-venice-egypt-climate-change-frontline|title=Houses claimed by the canal: life on Egypt's climate change frontline| last=Michaelson| first=Ruth|date=25 August 2018|work=The Guardian|access-date=30 August 2018}}</ref> A duk faɗin yankin kudu da sahara baki ɗaya, lalacewa daga hauhawar matakin teku na iya kaiwa kashi 2–4% na GDP nan da shekarar 2050. Sai dai wannan adadi ya danganta da girman haɓakar tattalin arziki da kuma juriya ko daidaitawa (adaptation) a nan gaba.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter9">Trisos, C. H., I. O. Adelekan, E. Totin, A. Ayanlade, J. Efitre, A. Gemeda, K. Kalaba, C. Lennard, C. Masao, Y. Mgaya, G. Ngaruiya, D. Olago, N. P. Simpson, and S. Zakieldeen 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter09.pdf Chapter 9: Africa]. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E. S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, New York, US, pp. 2043–2121 |doi=10.1017/9781009325844.011.</ref> [[File:Leptis Magna amphitheatre - panoramio.jpg|thumb|left|Sauran ragowar ginin wasan kwaikwayo na Leptis Magna (amphitheater), tare da bayyanar teku a bango]] A cikin dogon lokaci, ƙasashen Misra, Mozambik, da Tanzania ne ka iya samun mafi yawan mutanen da ambaliyar ruwa ta shekara-shekara za ta shafa a tsakanin daukacin ƙasashen Afirka. Wannan hasashe yana nuna cewa ɗumamar yanayi na duniya zai kai 4 °C a ƙarshen ƙarni. Wannan hauhawar tana da alaƙa da yanayin RCP8.5. A ƙarƙashin tsarin RCP8.5, muhimman wuraren tarihi na al'ada guda 10 za su kasance cikin haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa da zaizayar ƙasa a ƙarshen ƙarni. Waɗannan sun haɗa da Casbah ta Algiers, Wurin Binciken Tarihi na Carthage, Kerkouane, Wurin Binciken Tarihi na Leptis Magna, Tsohon Birnin Sousse (Medina of Sousse), Tsohon Birnin Tunis (Medina of Tunis), Wurin Binciken Tarihi na Sabratha, Tsibirin Robben, Tsibirin Saint-Louis da Tipasa. Jimillar wuraren Ramsar guda 15 da sauran wuraren gadon halitta su ma za su fuskanci makamancin wannan haɗari. Waɗannan wuraren su ne Bao Bolong Wetland Reserve, Delta du Saloum National Park, Diawling National Park, Golfe de Boughrara, Kalissaye, Lagune de Ghar el Melh et Delta de la Mejerda, Marromeu Game Reserve, Parc Naturel des Mangroves du Fleuve Cacheu, Seal Ledges Provincial Nature Reserve, Sebkhet Halk Elmanzel et Oued Essed, Sebkhet Soliman, Réserve Naturelle d'Intérêt Communautaire de la Somone, Songor Biosphere Reserve, Tanbi Wetland Complex da Watamu Marine National Park.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter9" /> == Tasirin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki == [[File:Access_to_wood_and_water_appears_to_be_severely_impacted_by_climate_change_in_Kenya_and_Cameroon.png|thumb|Sakamakon bincike na shekarar 2022 ya nuna cewa samun katako da ruwa ya fuskanci gagarumin tasiri sanadiyyar canjin yanayi a ƙasashen Kenya da Kamaru.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bank |first=European Investment |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/20230098-eib-climate-survey-africa-and-middle-east |title=The EIB Climate Survey: Africa and the Middle East |date=2023-06-05 |publisher=European Investment Bank |isbn=978-92-861-5534-5 |language=EN}}</ref>]] Canjin yanayi zai ci gaba da yin tasiri sosai a Afirka saboda abubuwa da dama. Ana riga ana jin waɗannan tasirin kuma za su daɗa tsananta idan ba a ɗauki matakin rage fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli (carbon emissions) a duniya ba. Waɗannan tasirin sun haɗa da hauhawar zafin jiki, fari, sauye-sauyen yanayin ruwan sama, da ƙaruwar sauye-sauyen yanayi na farat ɗaya. Waɗannan yanayi suna da tasiri ga samar da makamashi da yadda ake amfani da shi. Farin da aka yi kwanan nan a ƙasashe da dama na Afirka, wanda ke da alaƙa da canjin yanayi, ya yi mummunan tasiri ga samar da ingantaccen makamashi da kuma ci gaban tattalin arziki a faɗin nahiyar. Afirka za ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin yankunan da suka fi fuskantar mummunan tasirin canjin yanayi.<ref name=":0r">{{Cite book|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap22_FINAL.pdf|title=Africa. In: Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.|year=2014}}</ref> Dalilan da suka sa Afirka ta kasance cikin haɗari suna da yawa, kuma sun haɗa da ƙarancin ƙarfin jurewa ko daidaita rayuwa (adaptive capacity), rashin watsuwar fasahohi da bayanai da za su tallafa wa daidaitawar, da kuma dogaro mai yawa ga tsarin noman daji don hanyoyin rayuwa.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Welborn|first=Lily|title=Africa and climate change: Projecting vulnerability and adaptive capacity|publisher=Institute for Security Studies|year=2018}}</ref> Kasashe da dama a faɗin Afirka an rarraba su a matsayin Ƙasashen da Ba su Cigaba ba Kwata-kwata (Least-Developed Countries - LDCs) waɗanda ke da gurbataccen yanayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, kuma hakan yana nufin suna fuskantar ƙalubale na musamman wajen tunkarar tasirin canjin yanayi.<ref>{{Cite book|last=UNDP/GEF|url=https://www.thegef.org/sites/default/files/publications/CCA-Africa-Final.pdf|title=Climate Change Adaptation in Africa UNDP: Synthesis of Experiences and Recommendations|publisher=UNDP/GEF|year=2018}}</ref> Babban haɗarin da aka gano ga Afirka a cikin Rahoton Kimantawa na Biyar na Kwamitin Haɗin Gwiwa kan Canjin Yanayi (IPCC) ya shafi tsarin halittu (ecosystems), wadatar ruwa, da tsarin noma, tare da tasiri ga wadatar abinci.<ref name=":0r" /> A shekarar 2022, sama da mutane 6,000 daga ƙasashen Afirka guda goma suka halarci binciken yanayi da Babban Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai (European Investment Bank) ya gudanar.<ref name="EIB-2022a"/> Binciken ya gano cewa kashi 88% na mutanen sun bayyana cewa canjin yanayi yana cutar da rayuwarsu, yayin da kashi 61% na mutanen suka bayyana cewa lalacewar muhalli ya yi tasiri ga kudaden shigarsu ko hanyar samun abincinsu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EIB Climate Survey: 88% of African respondents believe that climate change is already affecting their everyday life |url=https://www.eib.org/en/press/all/2022-554-eib-climate-survey-88-of-african-respondents-believe-that-climate-change-is-already-affecting-their-everyday-life |access-date=2023-02-28 |website=European Investment Bank |language=en}}</ref> Waɗannan asarorin yawanci sakamakon fari ne mai tsanani, hauhawar matakin teku ko zaizayar gaɓar teku, ko kuma munanan al'amuran yanayi kamar ambaliyar ruwa ko hadari.<ref name="EIB-2022a">{{Cite web |title=2022-2023 EIB Climate Survey, part 1 of 2: 88% of respondents believe that climate change is already affecting their everyday life |url=https://www.eib.org/en/surveys/climate-survey/5th-climate-survey/africa.htm |access-date=2023-02-28 |website=EIB.org |language=en}}</ref> Sama da rabin mutanen Afirka da aka tattauna da su (kashi 57%) sun ce su ko mutanen da suka sani sun riga sun ɗauki matakai don daidaitawa da illolin canjin yanayi. Daga cikin waɗannan matakan akwai zuba jari a na'urorin kiyaye ruwa don rage radadin fari da kuma share magudanar ruwa kafin ambaliya ta zo.<ref name="EIB-2022a" /> Kashi 34% na dukkan mutanen Afirka da aka tattauna da su sun ce canjin yanayi yana ɗaya daga cikin matsalolin da suka fi addabar ƙasarsu, tare da sauran muhimman matsaloli kamar hauhawar farashin kayayyaki (inflation) da samun damar kula da lafiya.<ref name="EIB-2022a"/> === Tasirin tattalin arziki === Afirka tana yin zafi da sauri fiye da sauran sassan duniya a matsakaita. Sakamakon haka, manyan sassan nahiyar na iya zama marasa mazauni, kuma babban abun da ake samarwa a cikin gida na Afirka (GDP) na iya raguwa da kashi 2% sakamakon hauhawar zafin duniya da digiri 1 °C, sannan da kashi 12% sakamakon hauhawar zafin da digiri 4 °C. Ana sa ran amfanin gona zai ragu ƙwarai sakamakon hauhawar zafi, sannan ana kyautata zaton cewa za a riƙa samun mamakon ruwan sama akai-akai kuma da ƙarfi a faɗin Afirka, wanda ke ƙara haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa.<ref name="WMO-2021">{{Cite web |date=2021-10-18 |title=Climate change triggers mounting food insecurity, poverty and displacement in Africa |url=https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/climate-change-triggers-mounting-food-insecurity-poverty-and-displacement-africa |access-date=2022-07-26 |website=public.wmo.int |language=en }}</ref><ref name="Africa Renewal-2018">{{Cite web |date=2018-12-07 |title=Global warming: severe consequences for Africa |url=https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/december-2018-march-2019/global-warming-severe-consequences-africa |access-date=2022-07-26 |website=Africa Renewal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-27 |title=Climate Change Is an Increasing Threat to Africa |url=https://unfccc.int/news/climate-change-is-an-increasing-threat-to-africa |access-date=2022-07-26 |website=United Nations Climate Change News}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, Afirka tana asarar tsakanin dala biliyan 7 zuwa dala biliyan 15 a shekara saboda canjin yanayi, wanda aka kiyasta zai iya kaiwa dala biliyan 50 nan da shekarar 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Rathi |first1=Akshat |last2=Rao |first2=Mythili |date=2024-05-02 |title=One Bank Is Turning Africa's Climate Vulnerability Into Opportunity |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-05-02/inside-the-bank-financing-africa-s-green-growth |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=www.bloomberg.com}}</ref> === Noma === Noma babban sashe ne mai mahimmanci a Afirka, wanda ke taimakawa ga hanyoyin rayuwa da tattalin arziki a faɗin nahiyar. Mutane da yawa sun dogara da aikin noma a matsayin hanyar haɓaka kansu ta fuskar tattalin arziki da kuma tushen abinci. Mutane da yawa sun dogara ne da albarkatun da yanayi ke tasiri a kansu. An yi hasashen cewa ayyukan noma za su ragu a faɗin yankin Kudu da Hamada na Afirka.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Engel |first=Ulf |title=Yearbook on the African Union Volume 3 (2022) |date=2024 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-68308-2 |editor-last=Engel |editor-first=Ulf |location=Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar}}</ref> A matsakaita, aikin noma a yankin Kudu da Hamada na Afirka yana ba da gudummawar kashi 15% na jimillar GDP.<ref name="OECD/FAO">{{Cite book |last=OECD/FAO |url=http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5778e.pdf |title=OECD‑FAO Agricultural Outlook 2016‑2025 |publisher=OECD Publishing |year=2016 |isbn= 978-92-64-25323-0 |pages=59–61}}</ref> Yanayin labarin ƙasa na Afirka ya sa ta kasance cikin haɗari na musamman ga canjin yanayi, kuma kashi 70% na al'ummar ƙasar sun dogara ne ga noman da ya dogara da ruwan sama don hanyoyin rayuwarsu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Läderach |first1=Peter |last2=Martinez-Valle |first2=Armando |last3=Bourgoin |first3=Clement |last4=Parker |first4=Louis |date=27 March 2019 |title= Vulnerability of the agricultural sector to climate change: The development of a pan-tropical Climate Risk Vulnerability Assessment to inform sub-national decision making |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=14 |issue=3 |article-number=e0213641 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1413641P |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0213641 |pmc=6436735 |pmid=30917146 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Gonaki na ƙananan manoma (smallholder farms) suna daidai da kashi 80% na ƙasashen da ake noma a yankin Kudu da Hamada na Afirka.<ref name="OECD/FAO" /> Hukumar IPCC a shekarar 2007 ta yi hasashen cewa sauye-sauyen yanayi za su gurgunta aikin noma da damar samun abinci.<ref name="ar4 summary of regional impacts">{{cite book |title=Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2007 |editor=Parry, M. L. |display-editors=et al. |chapter=Summary for Policymakers: C. Current knowledge about future impacts |chapter-url=http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/spmsspm-c.html |access-date=13 December 2023 |archive-date=2 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181102223635/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/spmsspm-c.html }}</ref> An ba wa wannan hasashen "babban kwarin gwiwa". Tsarin noma, kiwon dabbobi, da kamun kifi za su kasance cikin babban haɗari na kwari da cututtuka sakamakon canjin yanayi na gaba.<ref name="Dhanush">{{Cite journal |author1=Dhanush, D. |author2=Bett, B. K. |author3=Boone, R. B. |author4=Grace, D. |author5=Kinyangi, J. |author6=Lindahl, J. F. |author7=Mohan, C. V. |author8=Ramírez Villegas, J. |author9=Robinson, T. P. |author10=Rosenstock, T. S. |author11=Smith, J. |date=2015 |title=Impact of climate change on African agriculture: focus on pests and diseases |url=https://cgspace.cgiar.org/rest/bitstreams/55241/retrieve |journal=CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security |access-date=2026-06-09 |archive-date=2023-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716201342/https://cgspace.cgiar.org/rest/bitstreams/55241/retrieve |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kwarin amfanin gona riga suna da alhakin kusan kashi 1/6 na asarar amfanin gona.<ref name="Dhanush" /> Canjin yanayi zai hanzarta yaduwar kwari da cututtuka kuma zai ƙara aukuwar abubuwa masu babban tasiri.<ref name="Dhanush" /> Tasirin canjin yanayi akan aikin noma a Afirka zai haifar da mummunan sakamako ga wadatar abinci da hanyoyin rayuwa. Rashin abinci mai gina jiki iri-iri ya haifar da gazawar samun wasu muhimman sinadarai na jiki. Rashin waɗannan sinadarai na iya haifar da ƙarancin bitamin A da ƙarfe (iron). Wannan ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a lokutan fari da ƙarancin abinci saboda zaɓukan abincin suna da ƙanƙanta. Tsakanin shekarar 2014 da 2018, Afirka ce ke da mafi girman matakan ƙarancin abinci a duniya.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.fao.org/state-of-food-security-nutrition/en/ |title=SOFI 2019 – The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |year=2021 |isbn=978-92-5-134325-8 |language=en |doi=10.4060/CB4474EN |s2cid=241785130}}</ref> Dangane da tsarin noma, dogaro mai yawa akan noman wadatar kai na ruwan sama da kuma ƙarancin amfani da dabarun noma na zamani da suka dace da yanayi (climate smart agriculture) suna taimakawa ga babban haɗarin da sashen ke ciki. Lamarin yana daɗa rudarwa saboda ƙarancin amintattun bayanai da rashin samun damar yin amfani da bayanan yanayi don tallafawa matakan daidaitawa.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dinku|first=Tufa|title=Overcoming challenges in the availability and use of climate data in Africa|url=https://ictupdate.cta.int/en/article/overcoming-challenges-in-the-availability-and-use-of-climate-data-in-africa-sid06fd8a811-e179-4fa5-9c8f-806bd2f27c3e|website=ICT Update CTA|access-date=13 December 2023|archive-date=1 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101070648/https://ictupdate.cta.int/en/article/overcoming-challenges-in-the-availability-and-use-of-climate-data-in-africa-sid06fd8a811-e179-4fa5-9c8f-806bd2f27c3e}}</ref> Tarwatsawar yanayin ruwan sama da aka gani da kuma wanda aka hango sanadiyyar canjin yanayi na iya taƙaita lokutan noma da kuma shafar amfanin gona a sassan Afirka da dama. Bugu da ƙari, sashen noma a Afirka mafi yawancinsa yana ƙarƙashin ƙananan manoma ne waɗanda ke da iyakacin damar samun fasaha da albarkatun da za su daidaita da yanayin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Supporting Sub-Saharan Africa's Farmers – Bayer – Crop Science |url=https://www.cropscience.bayer.com:443/en/stories/2018/supporting-sub-saharan-africas-farmers-closing-the-gap |access-date=2019-08-15 |website=www.cropscience.bayer.com}}</ref> Sauye-sauyen yanayi sun kasance kuma suna ci gaba da zama babban tushen canza-canje a cikin samar da abinci na duniya a faɗin ƙasashe masu tasowa inda samar da abincin ya dogara kacokan akan ruwan sama.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Thornton |first1=Philip K |last2=Ericksen |first2=Polly J |last3=Herrero |first3=Mario |last4=Challinor |first4=Andrew J |title=Climate variability and vulnerability to climate change: a review |journal=Global Change Biology |date=November 2014 |volume=20 |issue=11 |pages=3313–3328 |doi=10.1111/gcb.12581 |bibcode=2014GCBio..20.3313T |pmc=4258067 |pmid=24668802 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=HU|first1=Tongxi|last2=Zhang|first2=Xuesong|last3=Khanal|first3=Sami|last4=Wilson|first4=Robyn|last5=Leng|first5=Guoyong|last6=Toman|first6=Elizabeth|last7=Wang|first7=Xuhui|last8=Zhao|first8=Kaiguang|date=2024-06-19|title=Climate change impacts on crop yields: A review of empirical findings, statistical crop models, and machine learning methods|url=https://bpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com/u.osu.edu/dist/7/24705/files/2024/09/review-climate-impact-crop-yield-machine-learning.pdf|journal=Environmental Modelling & Software|volume=179|issue=106119 |article-number=106119 |doi=10.1016/j.envsoft.2024.106119 |bibcode=2024EnvMS.17906119H }}</ref> Sashen noma yana da saurin shafar canjin yanayi,<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Geoffrey |last1=Sabiiti |first2=Joseph Mwalichi |last2=Ininda |first3=Laban |last3=Ogallo |first4=Franklin |last4=Opijah |first5=Alex |last5=Nimusiima |first6=George |last6=Otieno |first7=Saul Daniel |last7=Ddumba |first8=Jamiat |last8=Nanteza |first9=Charles |last9=Basalirwa |author-link3=Ogallo Laban |title=Nanteza and C. Basalirwa. 2016. Empirical relationship between banana yields and climate variability over Uganda |journal=Journal of Environmental & Agricultural Sciences |volume=7 |date=2016 |pages=3–13 |url=https://jeas.agropublishers.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/JEAS-7-1.pdf }}</ref> musamman sauye-sauyen ruwan sama na shekara-shekara, yanayin zafi, da munanan al'amuran yanayi (fari da ambaliyar ruwa). An yi hasashen cewa waɗannan al'amuran na yanayi za su ƙaru a nan gaba kuma ana sa ran za su haifar da gagarumin sakamako ga sashen noma.<ref name="Sabiiti et al 2018 Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change"/> Wannan zai kasance da mummunan tasiri akan farashin abinci, wadatar abinci, da shawarwari game da amfani da ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite book|section=A1 – 1 Sustainability, food security and climate change: three intertwined challenges|title=Climate-Smart Agriculture Sourcebook|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|url=http://www.fao.org/climate-smart-agriculture-sourcebook/concept/module-a1-introducing-csa/chapter-a1-1/en/|access-date=2019-08-15|archive-date=2019-06-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601030918/http://www.fao.org/climate-smart-agriculture-sourcebook/concept/module-a1-introducing-csa/chapter-a1-1/en|url-status=dead}}</ref> Amfanin gona daga noman ruwan sama a wasu ƙasashen Afirka na iya raguwa da kashi 50% zuwa shekarar 2020.<ref name="Sabiiti et al 2018 Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change" /> Don hana mummunan tasiri na gaba na sauye-sauyen yanayi akan samar da abinci, yana da matakar muhimmanci a daidaita ko ba da shawarar manufofi masu yiwuwa don jure wa ƙaruwar sauye-sauyen yanayi. Ƙasashen Afirka suna buƙatar gina tsarin doka na ƙasa don sarrafa albarkatun abinci daidai da canjin yanayi da ake tsammani. Sai dai, kafin tsara manufofin magance tasirin sauye-sauyen yanayi, musamman ga sashen noma, yana da matakar muhimmanci a sami fahimta mai kyau game da yadda canjin yanayi ke shafar amfanin gona daban-daban.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Shah |first1=Hassnain |last2=Hellegers |first2=Petra |last3=Siderius |first3=Christian |date=2021-01-01 |title=Climate risk to agriculture: A synthesis to define different types of critical moments |journal=Climate Risk Management |volume=34 |article-number=100378 |doi=10.1016/j.crm.2021.100378 |bibcode=2021CliRM..3400378S |issn=2212-0963|doi-access=free }}</ref> Wannan yana da mahimmanci musamman a shekarar 2020 saboda mummunan farmakin fara (locusts) wanda ya yi mummunan tasiri ga aikin noma a gabashin Afirka.<ref name="Rosane-2020">{{cite news|last1=Rosane|first1=Olivia|date=27 January 2020|title=Worst Locust Swarm to Hit East Africa in Decades Linked to Climate Crisis|agency=Ecowatch|url=https://www.ecowatch.com/locust-swarm-east-africa-2644928358.html|access-date=6 February 2020}}</ref> An danganta wannan farmakin sashin jiki ga canjin yanayi - yanayin zafi mafi dumi da mamakon ruwan sama wanda ya haifar da ƙaruwar fara ta hanyar da ba a saba gani ba.<ref name="Rosane-2020" /> A Gabashin Afirka, ana sa ran canjin yanayi zai daɗa yawaita da tsananin fari da ambaliyar ruwa, wanda zai iya yin mummunan tasiri ga sashen noma. Canjin yanayi zai haifar da tasiri daban-daban akan aikin noma a Gabashin Afirka. Bincike daga Cibiyar Binciken Manufofin Abinci ta Duniya (IFPRI) ya nuna ƙaruwar amfanin masara a mafi yawan Gabashin Afirka, amma asarar amfanin gona a sassan Habasha (Ethiopia), Jamhuriyar Dimokiraɗiyyar Kongo (DRC), Tanzania, da kuma arewacin Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=East African agriculture and climate change: A comprehensive analysis |url=http://www.ifpri.org/publication/east-african-agriculture-and-climate-change-comprehensive-analysis |access-date=21 September 2019 |website=International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) |language=en}}</ref> Ana kuma sa ran hasashen canjin yanayi zai rage ƙarfin ƙasar da ake noma don samar da amfanin gona mai inganci da yawa.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2008/09/11/000158349_20080911163038/Rendered/PDF/WPS4717.pdf |title=How Will Climate Change Shift Agro-Ecological Zones And Impact African Agriculture? |author1=Kurukulasuriya, P. |author2=Mendelsohn, R. |date=25 September 2008 |publisher=The World Bank |series=Policy Research Working Papers |doi=10.1596/1813-9450-4717 |hdl=10986/6994 |s2cid=129416028}}</ref> Canjin yanayi a Kenya ana sa ran zai haifar da babban tasiri ga sashen noma, wanda mafi yawansa ya dogara da ruwan sama saboda haka yana cikin babban haɗarin sauye-sauye a yanayin zafi da ruwan sama, da munanan al'amuran yanayi.<ref name="NCCAP-2018">{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Environment and Forestry |title=National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP) 2018–2022. Volume I |url=http://www.environment.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/NCCAP-2018-2022-v2.pdf |access-date=13 December 2023 |archive-date=2 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402131336/http://www.environment.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/NCCAP-2018-2022-v2.pdf }}</ref> Tasirin zai fi fitowa fili a cikin busassun ƙasashe da matsakaitan busassun ƙasashe (ASALs) inda kiwon dabbobi shine mabuɗin aikin tattalin arziki da hanyar rayuwa. A cikin yankunan ASALs, sama da kashi 70% na mutuwar dabbobi yana faruwa ne sakamakon fari.<ref name="NCCAP-2018" /> A cikin shekaru 10 masu zuwa, kashi 52% na adadin shanu na yankunan ASAL suna cikin haɗarin mutuwa saboda tsananin zafi. === Tasiri ga lafiya === Kasashen Afirka ne ke da tsarin kula da lafiyar jama'a mafi rashin inganci a duniya.<ref name="WHO-2014">World Health Organization. (2014). ''The health of the people: what works: the African Regional Health Report 2014''. World Health Organization.</ref> Nauyin cututtuka masu yaduwa kamar zazzabin cizon sauro (malaria), zazzabin tura (schistosomiasis), zazzabin dengue, da sankarau (meningitis), wadanda ke da saurin shafar tasirin yanayi, sun fi yawa a yankin Kudu da Hamada na Afirka. Alal misali, sama da kashi 90 cikin dari na adadin mutanen da ke kamuwa da zazzabin cizon sauro a duniya duk shekara suna Afirka.<ref name="WHO-2014" /> Sauye-sauyen yanayi za su shafi yaduwar kwayoyin cuta gami da canza yadda mutane ke fuskantar hadarin kamuwa da wadannan cututtuka. Bisa rahoton kimantawa na shida na hukumar IPCC, canjin yanayi yana zama babbar barazana ga lafiyar dubun-dubatar mutanen Afirka, domin yana jefa su cikin yanayin zafi ko sanyi mara kyau, munanan al'amuran yanayi, da kuma karuwar yankuna da saurin yaduwar cututtuka masu yaduwa.<ref>{{cite book |type=Final Draft |chapter=Chapter 9:Africa |title=IPCC WGII Sixth Assessment Report |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FinalDraft_Chapter09.pdf}}</ref> Canjin yanayi, wanda ke haifar da karuwar yanayin zafi, guguwa, fari, da hauhawar matakin teku, zai shafi aukuwa da kuma rarrabuwar cututtuka masu yaduwa a fadin duniya.<ref name="Beard-2016">Beard, C. B.; Eisen, R. J.; Barker, C. M.; Garofalo, J. F.; Hahn, M.; Hayden, M.; Schramm, P. J. (2016). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160607130925/https://health2016.globalchange.gov/vectorborne-diseases "Vector-Borne Diseases".] Retrieved 15 February 2017.</ref> A watan Yulin 2021, Hukumar Abinci ta Duniya (WFP) ta dora alhakin matsalar karancin abinci da ke gudana a kudancin Madagascar kacokan a kan canjin yanayi, ba wai a kan yaki ko rikici ba. An bayyana lamarin a matsayin yunwa ta farko da canjin yanayi ya haifar.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Baker |first1=Aryn |title=Climate, Not Conflict. Madagascar's Famine is the First in Modern History to be Solely Caused by Global Warming |url=https://time.com/6081919/famine-climate-change-madagascar/ |access-date=24 July 2021 |magazine=Time |date=20 July 2021 |archive-date=23 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723003745/https://time.com/6081919/famine-climate-change-madagascar/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Rodrigues |first1=Charlene |title=Madagascar famine becomes first in history to be caused solely by climate crisis |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/madagascar-famine-climate-crisis-b1888058.html |access-date=24 July 2021 |work=The Independent |date=22 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Harding|first=Andrew|date=24 August 2021|title=Madagascar on the brink of climate change-induced famine|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58303792|access-date=2021-09-10}}</ref> === Zazzabin cizon sauro (Malaria) === A Afirka, zazzabin cizon sauro yana ci gaba da yin mummunan tasiri ga al'umma. Yayin da canjin yanayi ke ci gaba, takaitattun yankunan da ke iya fuskantar yaduwar zazzabin cizon sauro mai babban hadari a duk tsawon shekara za su tashi daga gabar tekun yammacin Afirka zuwa yankin da ke tsakanin Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Kongo da Uganda, wanda aka sani da Tsaunin Afirka (African Highlands).<ref name="Ryan-2015">{{cite journal|last1=Ryan|first1=Sadie J.|last2=McNally|first2=Amy|last3=Johnson|first3=Leah R.|last4=Mordecai|first4=Erin A.|last5=Ben-Horin|first5=Tal|last6=Paaijmans|first6=Krijn|last7=Lafferty|first7=Kevin D.|year=2015|title=Mapping Physiological Suitability Limits for Malaria in Africa Under Climate Change|journal=Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases|volume=15|issue=12|pages=718–725|doi=10.1089/vbz.2015.1822|pmc=4700390|pmid=26579951|bibcode=2015VBZD...15..718R }}</ref> Kura-kuran kimiyya yayin binciken sauye-sauyen yanayin yaduwar zazzabin cizon sauro a Tsaunin Afirka suna da kama da wadanda ke da alaka da faffadan fahimtar canjin yanayi da zazzabin cizon sauro. Yayin da tsara taswira ta hanyar sauye-sauyen yanayin zafi ke nuna cewa akwai alaka tsakanin karuwar zafi da karuwar yaduwar zazzabin cizon sauro, har yanzu da akwai sauran rashi na bayanai. Sauye-sauyen yawan jama'a a nan gaba wadanda ke shafar cunkoson jama'a, gami da sauye-sauye a dabi'un sauro, na iya shafar saurin yaduwar cutar kuma suna zama abubuwan da ke takaita tantance hadarin bullar zazzabin cizon sauro a nan gaba, wanda hakan kuma ke shafar shiri na dace don tunkarar bullar cutar.<ref name="Ryan-2015" /> Game da saurin yaduwar zazzabin cizon sauro a Tsaunin Afirka, abubuwa da illolin da ke fitowa daga gagarumin sauyin muhalli kamar yanayi mai dumi, sauye-sauyen yanayin gudanar ruwa, da karuwar tasirin ayyukan dan adam kamar sare bishiyoyi (deforestation), suna samar da ingantaccen yanayi don yaduwar zazzabin cizon sauro tsakanin mai dauke da cutar da wanda ake frawa.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Himeidan YE, Kweka EJ |year=2012 |title=Malaria in East African highlands during the past 30 years: impact of environmental changes |journal=Frontiers in Physiology |volume=3 |page=315 |doi=10.3389/fphys.2012.00315 |pmc=3429085 |pmid=22934065 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Musamman ma, zazzabin cizon sauro yana faruwa ne sanadiyyar kwayoyin cuta na "Plasmodium falciparum" da "Plasmodium vivax" wadanda kwarin sauro na "Anopheles" ke dauke da su. Kodayake kwayar cutar "Plasmodium vivax" na iya rayuwa a yanayin zafi mafi karanci, ita kwayar cutar "Plasmodium falciparum" za ta iya rayuwa ne kawai kuma ta hayayyafa a cikin sauro lokacin da yanayin zafi ya haura 20 °C.<ref name="CDC-2018">{{cite web |date=14 November 2018 |title=Where Malaria Occurs |url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/distribution.html |access-date=27 February 2020 |website=Center for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> Karuwar danshi da ruwan sama suma suna taimakawa wajen hayayyafa da rayuwar wannan kwayar cuta.<ref name="Center Science Ed-2011">{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Climate Change and Vector-Borne Disease |url=https://scied.ucar.edu/longcontent/climate-change-and-vector-borne-disease |access-date=27 February 2020 |website=Center for Science Education}}</ref> Kamuwa da zazzabin cizon sauro zai zama babban hadari ga mutane yayin da adadin matan sauro na "Anopheles" masu dauke da kwayar cutar "Plasmodium falciparum" ko "Plasmodium vivax" ke karuwa.<ref name="Center Science Ed-2011" /> Bincike ya nuna karuwar dacewar yanayi gaba daya don yaduwar zazzabin cizon sauro, wanda ke haifar da karuwar yawan mutanen da ke cikin hadarin kamuwa da cutar.<ref name="Caminade-2014">{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Caminade C, Kovats S, Rocklov J, Tompkins AM, Morse AP, Colón-González FJ, Stenlund H, Martens P, Lloyd SJ |date=March 2014 |title=Impact of climate change on global malaria distribution |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=111 |issue=9 |pages=3286–3291 |bibcode=2014PNAS..111.3286C |doi=10.1073/pnas.1302089111 |pmc=3948226 |pmid=24596427 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mafi mahimmanci shine karuwar yautuwar barkewar cutar a wurare masu tsayi (kamar Tsaunin Afirka). Haifawar yanayin zafi a wadannan yankuna na da damar sauya yankunan da da can ba su da zazzabin sauro zuwa yankuna masu fama da barkewar cutar na lokaci-lokaci.<ref name="pmid7656875">{{cite journal |vauthors=Martens WJ, Niessen LW, Rotmans J, Jetten TH, McMichael AJ |date=May 1995 |title=Potential impact of global climate change on malaria risk |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |volume=103 |issue=5 |pages=458–64 |doi=10.1289/ehp.95103458 |pmc=1523278 |pmid=7656875|bibcode=1995EnvHP.103..458M }}</ref> Sakamakon haka, sabbin al'umma za su fuskanci cutar, wanda zai kai ga asarar shekaru masu amfani na koshin lafiya. Bugu da kari, nauyin cutar na iya zama mafi lahani ga yankunan da ba su da karfi da albarkatun da za su magance irin wadannan kalubale da matsaloli yadda ya kamata.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Wu X, Lu Y, Zhou S, Chen L, Xu B |date=January 2016 |title=Impact of climate change on human infectious diseases: Empirical evidence and human adaptation |journal=Environment International |volume=86 |pages=14–23 |doi=10.1016/j.envint.2015.09.007 |pmid=26479830 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2016EnInt..86...14W }}</ref> Yayin da canjin yanayi ke sauya yankunan labarin kasa na yaduwar cutar zuwa Tsaunin Afirka, kalubalen zai kasance shine gano da kuma sarrafa kwarin sauro a yankunan da ba su taba ganinsa ba a baya.<ref name="pmid14654317">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tanser FC, Sharp B, le Sueur D |date=November 2003 |title=Potential effect of climate change on malaria transmission in Africa |journal=Lancet |volume=362 |issue=9398 |pages=1792–8 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14898-2 |pmid=14654317 |s2cid=22850163 |url=https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/24378625 }}</ref> == Tasiri da ke shafar shiyyoyi == === Afirka ta Tsakiya === Afirka ta Tsakiya, a mafi yawancin sassa, yanki ne da ke kewaye da kasa (ba shi da gabar teku) kuma ta fuskar labarin kasa yana fuskantar barazanar canjin yanayi. Saboda tsananin sauye-sauyen yanayi a yankin da kuma dogaro ga aikin noma na ruwan sama, ana sa ran Afirka ta Tsakiya za ta fuskanci lokutan tsananin zafi (heatwaves) masu tsayi da kuma yawaitar mazaunai, gami da karuwar mamakon ruwan sama na matakari na karshe.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Diedhiou |first1=Arona |last2=Bichet |first2=Adeline |last3=Wartenburger |first3=Richard |last4=Seneviratne |first4=Sonia I |last5=Rowell |first5=David P |last6=Sylla |first6=Mouhamadou B |last7=Diallo |first7=Ismaila |last8=Todzo |first8=Stella |last9=Touré |first9=N'datchoh E |last10=Camara |first10=Moctar |last11=Ngatchah |first11=Benjamin Ngounou |last12=Kane |first12=Ndjido A |last13=Tall |first13=Laure |last14=Affholder |first14=François |title=Changes in climate extremes over West and Central Africa at 1.5 °C and 2 °C global warming |journal=Environmental Research Letters |date=June 2018 |volume=13 |issue=6 |article-number=065020 |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/aac3e5 |bibcode=2018ERL....13f5020D |doi-access=free |hdl=20.500.11850/274346 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Matsakaitan zafin duniya a wannan yanki ana sa ran zai karu da digiri 1.5 °C zuwa 2 °C.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Seneviratne |first1=Sonia I. |last2=Donat |first2=Markus G. |last3=Pitman |first3=Andy J. |last4=Knutti |first4=Reto |last5=Wilby |first5=Robert L. |title=Allowable CO2 emissions based on regional and impact-related climate targets |journal=Nature |date=28 January 2016 |volume=529 |issue=7587 |pages=477–483 |doi=10.1038/nature16542 |pmid=26789252 |s2cid=205247437 |url=https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/9482219 }}</ref> Karfin shakar iskar gas mai gurbata muhalli (carbon dioxide) na daji a yankin Kogin Kongo ya ragu. Wannan raguwa ta faru ne saboda karuwar zafi da fari da ke haifar da raguwar girman bishiyoyi. Wannan yana nuna cewa har ma dajin da ba a taba sare bishiyoyinsa ba canjin yanayi yana shafar sa. Wani bincike da aka wallafa a mujallar Nature ya nuna cewa nan da shekarar 2030, dajin Afirka zai shaki kasa da kashi 14 cikin dari na carbon dioxide idan aka kwatanta da abin da yake shaka tsakanin shekarun 2005-2010, kuma ba zai shaki komai ba kwata-kwata nan da shekarar 2035.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Grossman |first1=Daniel |date=4 March 2020 |title=The Congo rainforest is losing ability to absorb carbon dioxide. That's bad for climate change. |language=en |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/the-congo-rainforest-is-losing-its-ability-to-absorb-carbon-dioxide-thats-bad-for-climate-change/2020/03/03/3363d218-5ca9-11ea-9055-5fa12981bbbf_story.html |access-date=6 March 2020}}</ref> === Gabashin Afirka === Ganin cewa kusan gaba daya yankin yana cikin yankuna masu zafi (tropics), ruwan sama a Gabashin Afirka ya dogara ne kacokan a kan sauye-sauyen lokaci na gungun gajimare na ruwan sama na yankunan zafi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nicholson |first=Sharon E. |date=2017 |title=Climate and climatic variability of rainfall over eastern Africa |journal=Reviews of Geophysics |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=590–635 |bibcode=2017RvGeo..55..590N |doi=10.1002/2016RG000544 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Gabashin Afirka yana da siffar sauye-sauyen ruwan sama masu yawa ta fuskar lokaci da sarari saboda ya shimfidu sama da digiri 30 na layi na latitude (ketare layin hantar duniya). Yana samun tasiri daga tekunan Indiya da na Atlantika, kuma yana da manyan siffofin kasa (yankunan tsaunuka) gami da manyan madatsun ruwa na cikin kasa kamar Tafkin Victoria. Saboda haka, yanayin lokutan ruwan sama ya bambanta tun daga lokacin ruwan sama guda daya kacal a shekara a tsakanin watannin Yuli-Agusta a sassan arewa maso yamma (ciki har da Habasha da Sudan ta Kudu, wadanda ta fuskar yanayi ke da alaka da Yammacin Afirka, inda iskar iska mai kawo ruwa ta Yammacin Afirka ke kawo musu ruwan sama) zuwa lokacin ruwan sama guda daya kacal a shekara a tsakanin Disamba - Fabrairu a kudanci (a fadin Tanzania), yayin da yankuna da dama na kusa da layin hantar duniya ke da lokutan ruwan sama guda biyu a shekara,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dunning |first1=Caroline M. |last2=Black |first2=Emily C. L. |last3=Allan |first3=Richard P. |date=2016 |title=The onset and cessation of seasonal rainfall over Africa |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |volume=121 |issue=19 |pages=11,405–11,424 |bibcode=2016JGRD..12111405D |doi=10.1002/2016JD025428 |doi-access=free }}</ref> kusan a tsakanin watannin Maris-Mayu (wato "Dogon Ruwa") da Oktoba zuwa Disamba ("Takaitaccen Ruwa"). Sauye-sauyen ruwan sama a kan kananan siffofi sau da yawa suna da alaka da siffofin tsaunuka da tafkuna. Sauye-sauyen shekara-shekara na iya zama manya, kuma abubuwan sarrafawa da aka sani sun hada da sauye-sauyen yanayin zafin saman teku (SSTs) na kwarurukan tekuna daban-daban, yanayin iska mai fadin gaske na sauye-sauye kamar Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO)<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Vellinga |first1=Michael |last2=Milton |first2=Sean |date=2018 |title=Drivers of interannual variability of the East African 'Long Rains' |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |language=en |volume=144 |issue=1 |pages=861–876 |bibcode=2018QJRMS.144..861V |doi=10.1002/qj.3263 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Finney 2109–2129">{{Cite journal |last1=Finney |first1=Declan L. |last2=Marsham |first2=John H. |last3=Jackson |first3=Lawrence S. |last4=Kendon |first4=Elizabeth J. |last5=Rowell |first5=David P. |last6=Boorman |first6=Penelope M. |last7=Keane |first7=Richard J. |last8=Stratton |first8=Rachel A. |last9=Senior |first9=Catherine A. |date=5 February 2019 |title=Implications of Improved Representation of Convection for the East Africa Water Budget Using a Convection-Permitting Model |journal=Journal of Climate |volume=32 |issue=7 |pages=2109–2129 |bibcode=2019JCli...32.2109F |doi=10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0387.1 |doi-access=free }}</ref> da kuma guguwa mai karfi ta wuraren zafi (tropical cyclones).<ref name="Finney 2109–2129" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kilavi |first1=Mary |last2=MacLeod |first2=Dave |last3=Ambani |first3=Maurine |last4=Robbins |first4=Joanne |last5=Dankers |first5=Rutger |last6=Graham |first6=Richard |last7=Titley |first7=Helen |last8=Salih |first8=Abubakr A. M. |last9=Todd |first9=Martin C. |date=December 2018 |title=Extreme Rainfall and Flooding over Central Kenya Including Nairobi City during the Long-Rains Season 2018: Causes, Predictability, and Potential for Early Warning and Actions |journal=Atmosphere |language=en |volume=9 |issue=12 |page=472 |bibcode=2018Atmos...9..472K |doi=10.3390/atmos9120472 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dogon Ruwa shi ne babban lokacin noman amfanin gona a yankin. Hasashen shekara-shekara na wannan lokaci yana da karanci idan aka kwatanta da Takaitaccen Ruwa, kuma bushewar da aka gani kwanan nan ta sha bamban da hasashen yanayi na samun damina mai zuwa a nan gaba (wanda ake kira "Dambarar yanayin Gabashin Afirka").<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rowell |first1=David P. |last2=Booth |first2=Ben B. B. |last3=Nicholson |first3=Sharon E. |last4=Good |first4=Peter |title=Reconciling Past and Future Rainfall Trends over East Africa |journal=Journal of Climate |date=15 December 2015 |volume=28 |issue=24 |pages=9768–9788 |doi=10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0140.1 |bibcode=2015JCli...28.9768R |s2cid=129146135 }}</ref>). Gabashin Afirka ya shaida yawaitar fari mai tsanani a cikin shekarun baya-bayan nan, gami da ambaliyar ruwa mai barna. Yanayin ruwan sama tun daga shekarun 1980 ya nuna raguwa gaba daya a cikin watannin Maris - Mayu (MAM) yayin da aka sami 'yar karuwa kadan a lokacin ruwan sama na watannin Yuni - Satumba (JJAS) da Oktoba - Disamba (OND),<ref name="Bernhofer 1–9">{{Cite journal |last1=Bernhofer |first1=Christian |last2=Hülsmann |first2= Stephan |last3=Gebrechorkos |first3=Solomon H. |date=6 August 2019 |title=Long-term trends in rainfall and temperature using high-resolution climate datasets in East Africa |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=9 |issue=1 |article-number=11376 |bibcode=2019NatSR...911376G |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-47933-8 |pmc=6684806 |pmid=31388068 }}</ref> kodayake kamar an sami komawa daidai kwanan nan a cikin ruwan saman MAM.<ref name="Wainwright 1–9">{{Cite journal |last1=Wainwright |first1=Caroline M. |last2=Marsham |first2=John H. |last3=Keane |first3=Richard J. |last4=Rowell |first4=David P. |last5= Finney |first5=Declan L. |last6=Black |first6=Emily |last7=Allan |first7=Richard P. |date=12 September 2019 |title='Eastern African Paradox' rainfall decline due to shorter not less intense Long Rains |journal=npj Climate and Atmospheric Science |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |page=34 |doi=10.1038/s41612-019-0091-7 |bibcode=2019npCAS...2...34W |doi-access=free }}</ref> A nan gaba, an kiyasta cewa ruwan sama da yanayin zafi za su canza a fadin Gabashin Afirka.<ref name="Dunning 9719–9738" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Muhati |first1=Godwin Leslie |last2=Olago |first2=Daniel |last3=Olaka |first3= Lydia |date=1 October 2018 |title=Past and projected rainfall and temperature trends in a sub-humid Montane Forest in Northern Kenya based on the CMIP5 model ensemble |journal=Global Ecology and Conservation |volume=16 |article-number=e00469 |doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2018.e00469 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2018GEcoC..1600469M }}</ref><ref name="Rowell 621–633">{{Cite journal |last1=Rowell |first1=David P. |last2=Senior |first2= Catherine A. |last3=Vellinga |first3=Michael |last4=Graham |first4=Richard J. |date=1 February 2016 |title=Can climate projection uncertainty be constrained over Africa using metrics of contemporary performance? |journal=Climatic Change |language=en |volume=134 |issue=4 |pages=621–633 |bibcode=2016ClCh..134..621R |doi=10.1007/s10584-015-1554-4 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Bincike na baya-bayan nan kan kiyasin yanayi ya nuna cewa matsakacin zafi na iya karuwa da kusan digiri 2-3 °C zuwa tsakiyar karni sannan da digiri 2-5 °C a karshen karni.<ref name= "Bornemann 365–384">{{Cite journal |last1=Bornemann |first1=F. Jorge |last2=Rowell |first2=David P. |last3=Evans |first3=Barbara |last4=Lapworth |first4=Dan J. |last5=Lwiza |first5=Kamazima |last6= Macdonald |first6=David M.J. |last7=Marsham |first7=John H. |last8=Tesfaye |first8=Kindie |last9=Ascott |first9=Matthew J. |last10=Way |first10=Celia |date=1 October 2019 |title=Future changes and uncertainty in decision-relevant measures of East African climate |journal=Climatic Change |language=en |volume=156 |issue=3 |pages=365–384 |bibcode=2019ClCh..156..365B |doi=10.1007/s10584-019-02499-2 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Wannan zai dogara ne a kan tsarin fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli gami da yadda ainihin yanayin ke mayar da martani idan aka kwatanta da sakamako daban-daban da kirar tsare-tsare na na'ura (models) suka nuna. Kiyasin kirar yanayi yana nuna cewa za a sami karuwar ruwan sama, musamman a lokacin OND, wanda kuma aka kiyasta zai auku a makare. Wannan jinkiri na takaitaccen lokacin ruwan sama yana da alaka da fadada yanayin zafi mai karfi na Sahara (Saharan Heat Low) karkashin canjin yanayi.<ref name="Dunning 9719–9738">{{cite journal |last1=Dunning |first1=Caroline M. |last2=Black |first2=Emily |last3=Allan |first3=Richard P. |title=Later Wet Seasons with More Intense Rainfall over Africa under Future Climate Change |journal=Journal of Climate |date=December 2018 |volume=31 |issue=23 |pages=9719–9738 |doi=10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0102.1 |bibcode=2018JCli...31.9719D |s2cid=52990163 }}</ref> Sai dai kuma, wasu kirar tsare-tsaren na kiyasin raguwar ruwan sama,<ref name="Rowell 621–633" /><ref name="Bornemann 365–384" /> kuma ga wasu shiyyoyi da lokuta, mafi girman karuwar ruwan sama da aka kiyasta an nuna cewa yana kunshe da hanyoyin da ba su dace ba saboda kura-kurai na tsari na kirar tsare-tsaren.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rowell |first=David P. |date=2019 |title= An Observational Constraint on CMIP5 Projections of the East African Long Rains and Southern Indian Ocean Warming |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=46 |issue=11 |pages=6050–6058 |bibcode=2019GeoRL..46.6050R |doi=10.1029/2019GL082847 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Bugu da kari, sauye-sauyen sinadarai na iska (aerosols) suna tasiri ga sauyin ruwan sama wanda ba a iya kamawa a cikin kiyasin canjin yanayi da dama.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Scannell |first1=Claire |last2=Booth |first2=Ben B. B. |last3=Dunstone |first3=Nick J. |last4=Rowell |first4=David P. |last5=Bernie |first5=Dan J. |last6=Kasoar |first6=Matthew |last7=Voulgarakis |first7=Apostolos |last8=Wilcox |first8=Laura J. |last9=Acosta Navarro |first9=Juan C. |last10=Seland |first10=Øyvind |last11=Paynter |first11=David J. |date=13 September 2019 |title=The Influence of Remote Aerosol Forcing from Industrialized Economies on the Future Evolution of East and West African Rainfall |journal=Journal of Climate |volume=32 |issue=23 |pages=8335–8354 |bibcode=2019JCli...32.8335S |doi=10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0716.1 |doi-access=free |hdl=10044/1/75583 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Rowell 9768–9788">{{Cite journal |last1=Rowell |first1=David P. |last2=Booth |first2=Ben B. B. |last3=Nicholson |first3=Sharon E. |last4=Good |first4=Peter |date=7 October 2015 |title=Reconciling Past and Future Rainfall Trends over East Africa |journal=Journal of Climate |volume=28 |issue=24 |pages=9768–9788 |bibcode=2015JCli...28.9768R |doi=10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0140.1 |s2cid=129146135 }}</ref> Bambanci tsakanin yanayin bushewa na ruwan saman MAM (dogon ruwa) a daidai hantar Gabashin Afirka, tare da yawancin kirar kiyasin da ke nuna za a sami jika a nan gaba an sanya masa lakabi da "dambarar canjin yanayin Gabashin Afirka",<ref name="Rowell 9768–9788" /> kodayake an sami dan farfadowa kwanan nan a cikin ruwan saman.<ref name="Wainwright 1–9" /> Bincike ya nuna cewa yanayin bushewar ba lallai ba ne ya kasance na halitta zalla, amma yana iya kasancewa samfari ne na abubuwa kamar su aerosols maimakon iskar gas mai gurbata muhalli,<ref name="Rowell 9768–9788" /> saboda haka ana bukatar kararin bincike. An nuna bushewar ta faru ne saboda takaitaccen lokacin ruwan sama, kuma tana da alaka da fadada yanayin zafi mai karfi na Larabawa (Arabian Heat Low).<ref name="Wainwright 1–9" /> Sakamakon rashin tabbas a cikin kiyasin ruwan sama, sauye-sauye a farkon lokutan ruwan sama ba su da tabbas a daidai hantar Gabashin Afirka, kodayake kirar kiyasin da dama suna nuna makarin takaitaccen ruwan sama mai yawa.<ref name="Dunning 9719–9738" /> An san cewa tsarin Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) yana ba da gagarumin iko a kan sauye-sauyen shekara-shekara a cikin takaitaccen ruwan sama,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Black |first1=Emily |last2=Slingo |first2=Julia |last3=Sperber |first3=Kenneth R. |date=1 January 2003 |title=An Observational Study of the Relationship between Excessively Strong Short Rains in Coastal East Africa and Indian Ocean SST |journal=Monthly Weather Review |volume=131 |issue=1 |pages=74–94 |bibcode=2003MWRv..131...74B |doi=10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<0074:AOSOTR>2.0.CO;2 |doi-access=free }}</ref> kuma bincike ya nuna cewa tsananin IOD na iya karuwa karkashin canjin yanayi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cai |first1=Wenju |last2=Wang |first2=Guojian |last3=Gan |first3=Bolan |last4=Wu |first4=Lixin |last5=Santoso |first5=Agus |last6=Lin |first6=Xiaopei |last7=Chen |first7=Zhaohui |last8=Jia |first8=Fan |last9=Yamagata |first9=Toshio |date=12 April 2018 |title=Stabilised frequency of extreme positive Indian Ocean Dipole under 1.5 °C warming |journal=Nature Communications |volume=9 |issue=1 |article-number=1419 |bibcode=2018NatCo...9.1419C |doi=10.1038/s41467-018-03789-6 |pmid=29650992 |pmc=5897553 }}</ref> A fadin duniya, ana sa ran canjin yanayi zai kai ga tsanantar ruwan sama, yayin da mamakon ruwan sama ke karuwa cikin sauri tare da dumama fiye da yadda jimillar ruwan sama ke yi.<ref name="Global Warming of 1.5 °C —">{{Cite web |last=IPCC |date=2018 |title=Global Warming of 1.5°C: an IPCC special report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/ |access-date=2020-02-16 |website=IPCC}}</ref> Binciken baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa a fadin Afirka, ana sa ran kirar kiyasin duniya za su gaza kimanta saurin sauyin wannan tsanantar ruwan sama,<ref name="Kendon-2019" /> kuma sauye-sauye a cikin matakan karshe na ruwan sama na iya yaduwa sosai fiye da wadanda kirar kiyasin duniya suka kiyasta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Finney |first1=Declan L. |last2=Marsham |first2=John H. |last3=Rowell |first3=David P. |last4=Kendon |first4= Elizabeth J. |last5=Tucker |first5=Simon O. |last6=Stratton |first6=Rachel A. |last7=Jackson |first7=Lawrence S. |date=22 January 2020 |title=Effects of explicit convection on future projections of mesoscale circulations, rainfall and rainfall extremes over Eastern Africa |journal=Journal of Climate |volume=33 |issue=7 |pages=2701–2718 |bibcode=2020JCli...33.2701F |doi=10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0328.1 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Sassan kudancin Gabashin Afirka suna samun mafi yawan ruwan samansu ne a cikin lokacin ruwan sama guda daya a lokacin sanyin rabin duniyar kudanci: a fadin Tanzania an kiyasta ruwan saman lokaci zai karu karkashin canjin yanayi na gaba, kodayake akwai rashin tabbas.<ref name="Dunning 9719–9738" /> can gaba zuwa kudanci, a fadin Mozambique, an kiyasta takaitaccen lokacin ruwan sama saboda farawa a makare karkashin canjin yanayi na gaba, shi ma tare da wasu rashin tabbas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Bin |last2=Liu |first2=De Li |last3=Waters |first3=Cathy |last4=Yu |first4=Qiang |date=2 October 2018 |title=Quantifying sources of uncertainty in projected wheat yield changes under climate change in eastern Australia |journal=Climatic Change |volume=151 |issue=2 |pages=259–273 |bibcode=2018ClCh..151..259W |doi=10.1007/s10584-018-2306-z |s2cid=158743534 }}</ref> A matsayin misali, kasar Kenya tana da babban hadarin fuskantar tasirin canjin yanayi. Babban hadarin yanayi sun hada da fari da ambaliyar ruwa saboda ruwan sama zai kasance mai tsanani da kuma wuyar hasashe. Kirar tsare-tsare na yanayi sun yi hasashen cewa yanayin zafi zai tashi da digiri 0.5 zuło 2 °C.<ref name="World_Bank">{{cite web |author=World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal |title=Kenya (Vulnerability) |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/kenya/vulnerability |access-date=2021-01-28 |archive-date=2023-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001012517/https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/kenya/vulnerability |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin rukunin gidajen marasa galihu na birnin Nairobi, tasirin dumama na tsarin birni (urban heat island) yana kara tsananta matsalar domin yana haifar da yanayin zafi mafi dumi na kewaye. Wannan yana faruwa ne saboda kayayyakin ginin gidaje, rashin samun iska mai kyau, karancin korayen wurare, da karancin damar samun wutar lantarki da sauran ayyuka.<ref name="Hirch_2017">{{cite web |last=Hirch |first=Aurther |date=November 2017 |title=Effects of climate change likely to be more deadly in poor African settlements |url=https://hub.jhu.edu/2017/11/06/deadly-climate-change-disproportionately-affects-africa/}}</ref> === Arewacin Afirka === === Yammacin Afirka da Sahel === Yannkin Yammacin Afirka za a iya raba shi zuwa kananan shiyyoyin yanayi guda hudu wadanda sune Gabar Tekun Guinea, Sudano-Sahel, Sahel (wanda ya shimfidu gabas zuwa iyakar Habasha) da kuma Sahara,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Agyeman |first1=Richard Yao Kuma |last2=Quansah |first2=Emmannuel |last3=Lamptey |first3=Benjamin |last4=Annor |first4=Thompson |last5=Agyekum |first5=Jacob |date=2018 |title=Evaluation of CMIP5 Global Climate Models over the Volta Basin: Precipitation |journal=Advances in Meteorology |volume=2018 |issue=1 |pages=1–24 |doi=10.1155/2018/4853681 |bibcode=2018AdMet201853681A |doi-access=free}}</ref> kowanne yana da yanayin gudanar iska daban-daban. Zagayowar lokutan ruwan sama ya dogara ne mafi yawancinsa akan motsi na kudu-arewa na gungun iska mai haduwa ta yankunan zafi (ITCZ) wanda ke da siffar haduwar iska mai danshi ta yamma maso kudu da iska mai bushewa ta gabas maso arewa wato Hunutu (Harmattan). == Karba-da-daidaitawa == Don rage tasirin canjin yanayi a kasashen Afirka, ana bukatar matakan karba-da-daidaitawa (adaptation) a matakai da dama – tun daga matakin gida (local) zuwa matakin kasa da na shiyya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://climateanalytics.org/media/schaeffer_et_al__2013__africao__s_a_daptation_gap_technical_report.pdf|title=Africa's Adaptation Gap, Technical Report: Climate Change Impacts, Adaptation Challenges, and Costs for Africa|last=Climate Analytics|website=Climate Analytics|access-date=8 March 2021|archive-date=17 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117055339/https://climateanalytics.org/media/schaeffer_et_al__2013__africao__s_a_daptation_gap_technical_report.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Zaman farko na ayyukan karba-da-daidaitawa a Afirka za a iya siffanta su mafi yawanci a matsayin kanana ta fuskar tsari, wadanda suka mayar da hankali kan zuba jari na musamman a fannin aikin noma da kuma yada fasahohi don tallafawa yanke shawara na daidaitawa.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Troni |first=Jessica |title=Climate change adaptation in Africa: UNDP synthesis of experiences and recommendations |year=2018 |oclc=1079881730}}</ref> A dabarun baya-bayan nan, kokarin shirye-shiryen ya karkata zuwa ga manyan ayyuka da aka tsara su cikin hadin gwiwa, wadanda ke tattauna batutuwan da suka shafi fannoni da dama lokaci guda. A cewar wani bincike na shekarar 2023, kashi 59 cikin dari na bankunan Afirka suna da tsarin manufofin canjin yanayi da aka riga aka kafa, yayin da wani kashi 22 cikin dari ke shirin aiwatar da hakan. Kashi 65 cikin dari na bankunan a halin yanzu suna yin la'akari da hadarin yanayi yayin kimanta sabbin abokan ciniki ko ayyuka, yayin da wani kashi 23 cikin dari ke sa ran yin hakan a nan gaba.<ref name="EIB-2023"/> [[File:Green_finance_opportunities_and_products_(%_of_surveyed_African_banks).png|thumb|upright=1.35|Damammaki da kayayyakin hada-hadar kudi na kore (Green finance) daga bankunan da aka gudanar da bincike a kansu a cikin binciken Bankunan Afirka na Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai<ref name="eib.org">{{Cite web|title=Finance in Africa report finds that banks want to move faster into green lending|url=https://www.eib.org/en/essays/africa-green-lending|access-date=2021-12-10|website=European Investment Bank|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Bank">{{Cite book|last=Bank|first=European Investment|url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/economic-report-finance-in-africa-green-smart-inclusive-private-sector-development|title=Finance in Africa: for green, smart and inclusive private sector development|date=18 November 2021|publisher=European Investment Bank|isbn=978-92-861-5063-0|language=EN}}</ref>]] Inganta fasahar hasashen yanayi a yankin Afirka da ke kudu da Sahara yana da muhimmanci wajen bayar da bayanai don mayar da martani ga canjin yanayi,<ref name="Youds-2021">{{Cite journal|last1=Youds|first1=L.|last2=Parker|first2=D. J.|last3=Adefisan|first3=E. A.|last4=Antwi-Agyei|first4=P.|last5=Bain|first5=C. L.|last6=Black|first6=E. C. L.|last7=Blyth|first7=A. M.|last8=Dougill|first8=A. J.|last9=Hirons|first9=L. C.|date=13 May 2021|title=GCRF African SWIFT White Paper Policy Brief: The future of African weather forecasting|url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/174093/|access-date=2021-05-13|website=eprints.whiterose.ac.uk|language=en|doi=10.5518/100/67}}</ref> domin taimakawa wajen yanke shawara da ke da alaka da karba-da-daidaitawa da canjin yanayi misali.<ref name="Youds-2021" /> Yayin Babban Taron Kasashen da ke Cikin Yarjejeniya karo na 21 (COP21) a shekarar 2015, shugabannin kasashen Afirka sun kaddamar da Tsarin Karba-da-daidaitawa na Afirka (Africa Adaptation Initiative - AAI). Kwamitin gudanarwa na AAI ya kunshi Ofishin Taron Ministocin Afirka kan Muhalli (AMCEN) da kuma shugaban Rukunin Masu Tattaunawa na Afirka (AGN).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://africaadaptationinitiative.org/|title=AAI|accessdate=4 August 2024}}</ref> Haka kuma, Kungiyar Tarayyar Turai tana tallafawa Tsarin Karba-da-daidaitawa na Afirka.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.africa.undp.org/content/rba/en/home/presscenter/pressreleases/2020/european-union-ramps-up-support-to-africa-adaptation-initiative-.html|title = European Union ramps up support to Africa Adaptation Initiative|website = United Nations Development Programme|date = 22 January 2020|access-date = 9 June 2026|archive-date = 10 May 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210510103326/https://www.africa.undp.org/content/rba/en/home/presscenter/pressreleases/2020/european-union-ramps-up-support-to-africa-adaptation-initiative-.html|url-status = dead}}</ref> Kungiyar Tarayyar Turai ta yi gungun gwiwa da Tarayyar Afirka kan inganta dorewar gudanar da albarkatun kasa, juriya ta muhalli, da rage tasirin canjin yanayi (climate change mitigation)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://africa-eu-partnership.org/en/strategic-priority-areas/strengthening-resilience-peace-security-and-governance |title=Strengthening Resilience, Peace, Security and Governance |access-date=13 December 2023 |archive-date=10 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510085847/https://africa-eu-partnership.org/en/strategic-priority-areas/strengthening-resilience-peace-security-and-governance }}</ref> A matakin shiyya, kafa manufofi da ayyuka na shiyya don tallafawa karba-da-daidaitawa a fadin Afirka har yanzu suna matakin farko. Rahoton Kimantawa na Biyar na IPCC (AR5) ya bayyana misalan tsare-tsaren ayyuka na canjin yanayi na shiyyoyi daban-daban, ciki har da wadanda Kungiyar Ci gaban Kasashen Kudancin Afirka (SADC) da Kwamitin Kogin Tafkin Victoria suka samar.<ref name=":0r" /> A matakin kasa, an gudanar da shirye-shiryen farko da dama na daidaitawa ta hanyar Shirye-shiryen Ayyuka na Kasa na Karba-da-daidaitawa (NAPAs) ko Dabarun Mayar da Martani ga Canjin Yanayi na Kasa (NCCRS). Sai dai kuma, aiwatar da su ya kasance cikin jinkiri, tare da samun nasarori mabambanta a fannin isarwa.<ref name = date>{{Cite journal|last1=Pardoe|first1=Joanna|last2=Conway|first2=Declan|last3=Namaganda|first3=Emilinah |last4=Vincent|first4=Katharine|last5=Dougill|first5=Andy|last6=Kashaigili|first6=Japhet|date=2018|title=Climate Change and the Water-Energy-Food Nexus: Policy and Practice in Tanzania.|journal= Climate Policy|volume=18|issue=7|pages=863–877|doi=10.1080/14693062.2017.1386082|doi-access=free}}</ref> Sanya batun canjin yanayi cikin tsare-tsaren tattalin arziki da ci gaba mafi fadin gaske har yanzu yana da iyaka kodayake yana ci gaba da bunkasa.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Lessons learned in preparing national adaptation programmes of action in Eastern and Southern Africa|last1=Osman-Elasha|first1=Balgis|last2=Downing|first2=Tom | publisher = Stockholm Environment Institute|year=2007}}</ref><ref name=":0r" /> A matakin kasa da na gida (subnational), hukumomin larduna da na birni da dama su ma suna samar da dabarunsu na kansu, misali Dabarun Mayar da Martani ga Canjin Yanayi na Western Cape.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.westerncape.gov.za/text/2015/march/western_cape_climate_change_response_strategy_2014.pdf|title=Western Cape Climate Change Response Strategy|last=Western Cape Government|date=2014|access-date=8 March 2021|archive-date=20 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220102835/https://www.westerncape.gov.za/text/2015/march/western_cape_climate_change_response_strategy_2014.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Duk da haka, matakan iya aiki na fasaha da albarkatun da ke akwai don aiwatar da tsare-tsaren gaba daya suna da karanci. An ba da hankali sosai a fadin Afirka ga aiwatar da ayyukan karba-da-daidaitawa na tushen al'umma (community-based adaptation). Akwai amincewa gaba daya cewa mafi kyawun hanyar tallafawa daidaitawa a matakin gida ita ce farawa da irin karfin daidaitawa na cikin gida da ke akwai riga, da kuma yin amfani da ilimin gargajiya da ayyukan gida.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ofoegbu|first1=Chidiebere|last2=Chirwa|first2=Paxie|last3=Francis|first3=Joseph|last4=Babalola|first4=Folaranmi|date=15 May 2017|title=Assessing vulnerability of rural communities to climate change: A review of implications for forest-based livelihoods in South Africa|journal=International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management|volume=9|issue=3|pages=374–386|doi=10.1108/IJCCSM-04-2016-0044 |hdl=2263/61659|hdl-access=free}}</ref> [[File:Climate risk approach (%25 of surveyed African banks).png|thumb|upright=1.35|Sakamakon da ya shafi tsarin fuskantar hadarin yanayi na bankunan Afirka (% na bankunan da aka gudanar da bincike a kansu) daga binciken Bankunan Afirka na Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai na shekarar 2021<ref name="eib.org"/><ref name="Bank"/>]] Hukumar IPCC ta bayyana hanyoyi da dama masu nasara don inganta daidaitawa mai tasiri a Afirka, inda ta bayyana ka'idoji guda biyar na gama gari.<ref name=":0r" /> Wadannan sun hada da: # Habaka tallafi ga hanyoyin daidaitawa masu zaman kansu (autonomous forms of adaptation); # Kara mayar da hankali ga la'akari na al'ada, dabi'u, da hakki na daidaitawa (musamman ta hanyar shigar da mata, matasa, da matalauta da mutane masu rauni sosai a cikin ayyukan daidaitawa); # Hadawa tsakanin zabuka na "hanyoyin sanyaya gwiwa" (soft path) da hanyoyin koyo masu sauki da maimaitawa tare da hanyoyin fasaha da ababen more rayuwa (gami da hada ilimin kimiyya, na gida, da na gargajiya wajen samar da dabarun daidaitawa); # Mayar da hankali kan inganta juriya da aiwatar da zabukan daidaitawa wadanda ba sa da da-na-sani (low-regrets options); da kuma # Gina tsarin gudanarwa mai dacewa da kuma karfafa tsarin koyo na zamantakewa da na hukumomi a cikin ayyukan daidaitawa. Rahoton Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya mai taken "Adaptation to Climate Change in Africa Plan of Action for the Health Sector 2012–2016"<ref name="WHO-2012">World Health Organization. (2012). Adaptation to climate change in Africa plan of action for the health sector 2012–2016. Retrieved from http://www.afro.who.int/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=7699&Itemid=2593</ref> an tsara shi ne don "samar da cikakken martani da hadin gwiwa na fannin lafiya bisa hujjoji ga bukatun karba-da-daidaitawa ga canjin yanayi na kasashen Afirka domin tallafawa kudurori da fifikon gwamnatocin Afirka."<ref name="WHO-2012" /> Tsarin aikin ya kunshi manufofi kamar fadada ayyukan lafiyar jama'a, daidaita kokari a matakin kasa da kasa, karfafa gungun gwiwa da kokarin hadin gwiwa, da kuma inganta bincike kan tasirin canjin yanayi gami da matakan inganci da aka dauka a al'ummomin gida don rage sakamakon canjin yanayi.<ref name="WHO-2012" /> A cewar Asusun Lamuni na Duniya (IMF), yankin Afirka da ke kudu da Sahara yana bukatar kararin dalar Amurka biliyan $30 zuwa $50 kowace shekara a fannin samar da kudade don daidaitawa da tasirin canjin yanayi.<ref name="Bank"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sub-Saharan Africa: One Planet, Two Worlds, Three Stories|url=https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2021/10/20/pr21306-sub-saharan-africa-one-planet-two-worlds-three-stories|access-date=2021-12-06|website=IMF|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Dept|first=International Monetary Fund African|url=https://www.elibrary.imf.org/view/books/086/28915-9781513536835-en/ch02.xml|title=2. Adapting to Climate Change in Sub-Saharan Africa|date=15 April 2020|publisher=International Monetary Fund|isbn=978-1-5135-3683-5|language=en|access-date=13 December 2023|archive-date=23 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523061856/https://www.elibrary.imf.org/view/books/086/28915-9781513536835-en/ch02.xml}}</ref> Kudaden tallafin yanayi a Gabas Ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka sun kai jimillar dalar Amurka biliyan $32.6 (wato kashi 2 cikin dari na jimillar duniya) a shekarar 2019/2020, yayin da juna jari na yanayi a yankin Afirka da ke kudu da Sahara ya kasance dalar Amurka biliyan $43.8 (kashi 3 cikin dari na jimillar duniya).<ref name="EIB-2023">{{Cite book |last=Bank |first=European Investment |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/20230088-finance-in-africa |title=Finance in Africa: Uncertain times, resilient banks: African finance at a crossroads |date=2023-09-27 |publisher=European Investment Bank |isbn=978-92-861-5598-7 |language=EN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-15 |title=Climate Finance Regional Briefing: Middle East and North Africa (2020) - Climate Funds Update |url=https://climatefundsupdate.org/publications/climate-finance-regional-briefing-middle-east-and-north-africa-2020/ |access-date=2023-10-31 |language=en-US}}</ref> A cewar binciken Bankunan Afirka na Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai na shekarar 2021, hukumomin Afirka suna kara fahimtar bukatar magance hatsarin da ke tattare da canjin yanayi kuma suna fara amfani da damammaki a fannin samar da kudaden kore (green financing). Misali, kashi 54 cikin dari na bankunan da aka yi bincike a kansu sun dauki canjin yanayi a matsayin wani lamari na dabarun aiki, kuma fiye da kashi 40 cikin dari suna da ma'aikata da ke mayar da hankali kan fannonin da suka shafi yanayi.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Importer|first=A. P. O.|date=18 November 2021|title=EIB study highlights impact of COVID on African banks and business financing and opportunities for climate finance and digital transformation|url=https://africa.businessinsider.com/apo/eib-study-highlights-impact-of-covid-on-african-banks-and-business-financing-and/205d41n|access-date=2021-12-06|website=Business Insider Africa|language=en}}</ref> Bankunan Afirka da ke kudu da Sahara suna kara fadada ayyukansu na dijital, lamarin da annobar COVID-19 ta hanzarta shi. Mafi yawancin bankunan da aka gudanar da bincike a kansu sun bayyana cewa annobar ta hanzarta takun sauyin dijital (digital transformation), kuma wannan sauyi zai kasance na din-din-din.<ref>{{Cite web|title=EIB President highlights new gender and digital investment initiatives to accelerate economic recovery across Africa|url=https://www.eib.org/en/press/all/2021-165-eib-president-highlights-new-gender-and-digital-investment-initiatives-to-accelerate-economic-recovery-across-africa|access-date=2021-12-06|website=European Investment Bank|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=European Investment Bank Development Report|url=https://www.eib.org/attachments/thematic/the_eib_development_report_2021_en.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616085058/https://www.eib.org/attachments/thematic/the_eib_development_report_2021_en.pdf |archive-date=2021-06-16 }}</ref><ref name="Bank"/> Matalauta da marasa galihu sune suka fi fuskantar barazana, inda ma'aikata 'yan gudun hijira, 'yan gudun hijirar yaki, da sauran rukunoni da aka ware a cikin al'umma ke fuskantar wahala mafi tsanani. Kudin shiga na kowane mutum (GDP per capita) ba shi da tabbacin zai koma matakan shekarar 2019 har sai zuwa shekarar 2024, tare da barazanar sake faduwa kasa, kuma rikicin ya mayar da baya ga raguwar da aka yi hasashen samu na yawan matalauta, a cewar IMF. Idan aka kwatanta da hasashen kafin rikicin, wannan na iya haifar da kararin mutane miliyan 30 a yankin Afirka da ke kudu da Sahara da za su rayu cikin matsananciyar talauci nan da shekarar 2021, gami da kararin mutane miliyan tara a yankin Gabas Ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka (MENA).<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Selassie|first1=Abebe Aemro|last2=Department|first2=Habtamu Fuje IMF African|title=Seven Charts that Show Sub-Saharan Africa at a Crucial Point|url=https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2021/10/20/na102021-seven-charts-that-show-sub-saharan-africa-at-a-crucial-point|access-date=2021-12-06|website=IMF|language=en}}</ref> Ya zuwa shekarar 2023, kusan kashi daya bisa uku na dukkan kudaden tallafin yanayi na Afirka yana kwarara ne zuwa manyan kasuwanni guda biyar: Maroko (kashi 7 cikin dari na juna jari na yanayi na Afirka a cikin 2019/2022), Najeriya (kashi 7), Kenya (kashi 7), Habasha (kashi 6), da Afirka ta Kudu (kashi 5).<ref name="EIB-2023"/> A cikin shekaru goman da suka gabata, juna jari na kai-tsaye na ketare na kore (greenfield foreign direct investment) a fadin duniya ya ragu a kan matakin kashi 3 cikin dari a kowace shekara, inda gudunmuwar Afirka ga duniya ta fado daga kashi 12 cikin dari a shekarar 2017 zuwa kasa da kashi 6 cikin dari a shekarar 2021.<ref name="EIB-2023"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Investment Report 2023 |url=https://unctad.org/publication/world-investment-report-2023 |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=UNCTAD |language=en}}</ref> === Matakan karba-da-daidaitawa a Arewacin Afirka === [[File:Climate change specific personnel (%25 of surveyed African banks).png|thumb|upright=1.35|Ma'aikata na musamman kan canjin yanayi a bankunan Afirka da aka gudanar da bincike a kansu a cikin binciken Bankunan Afirka na Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai (% na bankunan Afirka da aka gudanar da bincike a kansu)]] Babban matakan daidaitawa a arewacin Afirka suna da alaka da karuwar hadarin karancin ruwa (sakamakon haduwar canjin yanayi da ke shafar samun ruwa da kuma karuwar bukatarsa). Ragwar samun ruwa, a gefe guda, yana cudanya da karuwar yanayin zafi don haifar da bukatar daidaitawa tsakanin noman alkama na ruwan sama<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hegazy|first1=A. K.|last2=Medany|first2=M. A.|last3=Kabiel|first3=H. F.|last4=Maez|first4=M. M.|date=2008|title=Spatial and temporal projected distribution of four crop plants in Egypt|journal=Natural Resources Forum|volume=32|issue=4|pages=316–326|doi=10.1111/j.1477-8947.2008.00205.x |bibcode=2008NRF....32..316H }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Drine|first=I.|date=May 2011|title=Climate Change Compounding Risks in North Africa |url=https://www.wider.unu.edu/publication/climate-change-compounding-risks-north-africa|website=United Nations University-World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU-WIDER) |type=Working Paper No. 32}}</ref> da kuma sauyin hadarin cututtuka (misali daga cutar leishmaniasis).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bounoua|first1=L.|last2=Kahime|first2=K.|last3=Houti|first3=L.|last4=Blakey|first4=T.|last5=Ebi|first5=K.L.|last6=Zhang|first6=P.|last7=Imhoff|first7=M.L.|last8=Thome|first8=K.J.|last9=Dudek|first9=C.|date=2013|title=Linking climate to incidence of zoonotic cutaneous Leishmaniasis (L. major) in Pre-Saharan North Africa|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|volume=10|issue=8|article-number=3172–3191|doi=10.3390/ijerph10083172|pmid=23912199|pmc=3774431|doi-access=free|bibcode=2013IJERP..10.3172B }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Toumi|first1=Amine|last2=Chlif|first2=Sadok|last3=Bettaieb|first3=Jihene|last4=Alaya|first4=Nissaf Ben|last5=Boukthir|first5=Aicha|last6=Ahmadi|first6=Zaher E.|last7=Salah|first7=Afif Ben|date=May 2012|editor-last=Ozcel|editor-first=Mehmet Ali|title=Temporal Dynamics and Impact of Climate Factors on the Incidence of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Central Tunisia|journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases|volume=6|issue=5|article-number=e1633|doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0001633|pmid=22563513|pmc=3341328 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Mafi yawancin ayyukan gwamnati na daidaitawa sun mayar da hankali ne a kan fannin samar da ruwa, misali ta hanyar kawar da gishirin ruwan teku (desalination), canja wurin ruwa tsakanin kwaruruka da kuma ginin madatsun ruwa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sowers |first1=Jeannie |last2=Vengosh |first2=Avner |last3=Weinthal |first3=Erika |title=Climate change, water resources, and the politics of adaptation in the Middle East and North Africa |journal=Climatic Change |date=February 2011 |volume=104 |issue=3–4 |pages=599–627 |doi=10.1007/s10584-010-9835-4 |bibcode=2011ClCh..104..599S |hdl=10161/6460 |s2cid=37329318 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> An kuma lura cewa hijira tana zama wata hanya ta daidaitawa ga daidaikun mutane da gidaje a arewacin Afirka.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Scheffran |first1=Jürgen |last2=Marmer |first2=Elina |last3=Sow |first3=Papa |title=Migration as a contribution to resilience and innovation in climate adaptation: Social networks and co-development in Northwest Africa |journal=Applied Geography |date=April 2012 |volume=33 |pages=119–127 |doi=10.1016/j.apgeog.2011.10.002 |bibcode=2012AppGe..33..119S }}</ref> Kamar yankuna da dama, duk da haka, misalan ayyukan daidaitawa na zahiri (sabanin niyyar yin aiki, ko kimanta fuskantar barazana) daga Arewacin Afirka suna da iyaka – wani bincike mai zurfi da aka wallafa a shekarar 2011 === Matakan karba-da-daidaitawa a Yammacin Afirka === Samun ruwa babban hadari ne na musamman a Yammacin Afirka, inda munanan abubuwan da ke faruwa kamar fari ke haifar da rikice-rikicen bil'adama da ke da alaka da lokutan yunwa, karancin abinci, raba mutane da muhallansu, hijira gami da rikici da rashin tsaro. Dabarun daidaitawa za su iya kasancewa na muhalli, na al'ada/na fannin noma (agronomic) da kuma na tattalin arziki.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shaibu |first1=M. T. |last2=Alhassan |first2=S. I. |last3=Panyan |first3=E. K. |last4=Avornyo |first4=F. K. |last5=Konlan |first5=S. P. |last6=Salifu |first6=S. |title=An Assessment of Institutional Importance of Climate Change Adaptation in the Volta River Basin of Northern Ghana |journal=West African Journal of Applied Ecology |date=2018 |volume=26 |pages=27–40 |url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/wajae/article/view/182464 }}</ref> Dabarun daidaitawa suna bayyana fili a fannin aikin noma, inda wasu daga cikinsu bincike na yau da kullum ko tashoshin gwaji suka samar ko suka inganta su.<ref name=":6r">{{Cite journal |last1=Kuwornu |first1=John K. M. |last2=Al-Hassan |first2=Ramatu M. |last3=Etwire |first3=Prince Maxwell |last4=Osei-Owusu |first4=Yaw |date=2013 |title=Adaptation strategies of smallholder farmers to climate change and variability: Evidence from northern Ghana |journal=Information Management and Business Review |volume=5 |issue=5 |pages=233–239 |doi=10.22610/imbr.v5i5.1047 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Sauye-sauyen aikin noma na gargajiya da aka lura da su a arewacin Ghana sun shafi amfanin gona, kasa, ko kuma sun shafi ayyukan al'adu.<ref name=":6r" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Alhassan |first1=S. I. |last2=Shaibu |first2=M. T. |last3=Kuwornu |first3=J. K. M. |last4=Damba |first4=O. T. |title=Factors Influencing Farmers' Awareness and Choice of Indigenous Practices in Adapting to Climate Change and Variability in Northern Ghana |journal=West African Journal of Applied Ecology |date=2018 |volume=26 |pages=1–13 |url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/wajae/article/view/182462 }}</ref> Daidaitawar aikin noma na dogaro da dabbobi sun hada da dabarun gargajiya kamar daidaita yawan abincin da ake ba dabbobi, adana isasshen abinci a lokacin wadata don ciyar da dabbobi a lokacin rani, warkar da raunuka da maganin da aka yi da bawon wasu bishiyoyi, da kuma rike nau'ikan dabbobi na gida wadanda riga suka saba da yanayin arewacin Ghana;<ref>{{Cite book|chapter=Perceptions and Determinants of the Adoption of Indigenous Strategies for Adaptation to Climate Change: Evidence from Smallholder Livestock Farmers, North-West Ghana |editor= Kuwornu, J. K. M. |title=Climate Change in Sub-saharan Africa: The vulnerability and adaptation of food supply chains actors |author1=Shaibu, M. T. |author2=Alhassan, I. S. |author3=Avornyo, F. K. |author4=Lawson, E. T. |author5=Mensah, A. |author6=Gordon, C.|publisher=Vernon Press|year=2019|pages=223–240}}</ref> da fasahoyin samar da dabbobi da suka hada da kiwo, lafiya, abinci/mai gina jiki, da kuma wurin kwana.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fao.org/4/v8180t/v8180t0y.htm|title=A classification of livestock production systems|website=www.fao.org|accessdate=4 August 2024}}</ref> Zabi da kuma amfani da dabarun daidaitawa sun dogara ne a matakai daban-daban a kan abubuwan da suka shafi alkaluman jama'a (demographic factors) kamar girman iyali, shekaru, jinsi, da ilimin shugaban iyali; abubuwan tattalin arziki kamar tushen kudin shiga; girman gona; ilimi game da zabukan daidaitawa; da kuma tsammanin abubuwan da za su faru a nan gaba.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Apata, T. G.|date=2011|title=Factors influencing the perception and choice of adaptation measures to climate change among farmers in Nigeria. Evidence from farm households in Southwest Nigeria|journal=Environmental Economics|volume=2|issue=4|pages=74–83}}</ref> === Matakan karba-da-daidaitawa a Gabashin Afirka === A Gabashin Afirka zabukan daidaitawa sun bambanta, ciki har da inganta amfani da bayanan yanayi, ayyuka a fannin aikin noma da kiwon dabbobi, da kuma fannin albarkatun ruwa. Yin amfani da ingantattun bayanan yanayi da na sararin samaniya, hasashen yanayi, da sauran kayan aikin gudanarwa yana ba da damar samun bayanai akan lokaci da kuma shirye-shiryen mutane a fannoni kamar aikin noma da ke dogaro da yanayi. Wannan yana nufin kwarewa a kan bayanan ruwa da yanayi (hydro-meteorological information) da tsarin gargadi na dauri.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Snow|first1=John|url=https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/librarypage/climate-and-disaster-resilience-/weather-and-climate-systems---africa.html|title=A New Vision for Weather and Climate Services in Africa|date=28 October 2016|publisher=UNDP}}</ref> An bayyana cewa al'ummomin gargajiya suna da ilimi a kan canje-canjen yanayi na tarihi ta hanyar alamun muhalli (misali bayyana da kuma hijirar wasu tsuntsaye, malam buɗe-littafi da sauransu), don haka inganta ilimin gargajiya an dauke shi a matsayin muhimmiyar dabarar daidaitawa. Daidaitawa a fannin aikin noma<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/regulatory-information-sector/agriculture-sectors-crop-naics-111-and-animal-naics-112|title=Agriculture Sectors: Crop (NAICS 111) and Animal (NAICS 112)|date=22 February 2013}}</ref> ya kunshi kara amfani da taki na takin gargajiya da taki na musamman don amfanin gona, amfani da nau'ikan amfanin gona masu juriya da kuma amfanin gona masu nuna da wuri. Taki na gargajiya, musamman takin dabbobi, ana tunanin yana rike da ruwa kuma yana da kwayoyin cuta (microbes) masu mahimmanci wadanda ke fasa abubuwan gina jiki don samar da su ga tsirrai, idan aka kwatanta da takin zamani wanda ke da sinadarai wadanda lokacin da aka sake su ga muhalli saboda yawan amfani da su ke fitar da iskar gas mai dumama yanayi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Biological Manipulation of Manure: Getting What You Want from Animal Manure|url=https://extension.psu.edu/biological-manipulation-of-manure-getting-what-you-want-from-animal-manure|access-date=2020-11-24|website=Penn State Extension|language=en}}</ref> babban rauni daya na fannin aikin noma a Gabashin Afirka shi ne dogaro da aikin noma na ruwan sama.<ref>{{cite report |last1=Hengsdijk |first1=H. |last2=Smit |first2=A. a. M. F. R. |last3=Conijn |first3=J. G. |last4=Rutgers |first4=B. |last5=Biemans |first5=H. |title=Agricultural crop potentials and water use in East Africa |date=2014 |publisher=Plant Research International |oclc=880257653 }}{{page needed|date=January 2024}}</ref> Mafita ta daidaitawa ita ce ingantaccen tsarin ban ruwa da ingantaccen tsarin adana ruwa da amfani da shi. Noman ban ruwa na digo (drip irrigation) an gano shi musamman a matsayin wani zabi mai kiyaye ruwa domin yana tura ruwa kai tsaye zuwa tushen shuka tare da karancin barna. Kasashe kamar Rwanda da Kenya sun ba da fifiko wajen samar da wuraren ban ruwa ta hanyar amfani da tsarin ruwa na magudanar juriya daga koramu da koguna na din-din-din a yankunan da ke fuskantar barazanar fari mai tsawo.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Republic of Rwanda|title=NAPA-RWANDA|url=https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/napa/rwa01e.pdf}}</ref> Lokacin da aka yi ruwan sama mai karfi, yankuna da dama suna fuskantar ambaliyar ruwa sakamakon filaye marasa gashi saboda sare bishiyoyi da karancin ciyayi a kasa. Dabarun daidaitawa da aka duba don wannan shi ne inganta kokarin kiyaye kariya ga kasa, ta hanyar dasa bishiyoyi na gida, kare wuraren dake rike da ruwa da kuma gudanar da filayen kiwo ta hanyar rarraba shiyyoyi.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Abuya|first1=Robina|last2=Said|first2=Mohammed|last3=Atela|first3=Joanes|last4=Muhwanga|first4=Joseph|last5=Moiko|first5=Stephen|last6=Atieno|first6=Fred|last7=Ndiritu|first7=Simon|year=2019|title=Contexualising Pathways to Resilience in Kenya's ASALs under the Big Four Agenda|url=http://www.kenyamarkets.org/publications/kmt-prise-project/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808104609/http://www.kenyamarkets.org/publications/kmt-prise-project/|archive-date=8 August 2019|access-date=8 August 2019|website=Kenya Markets Trust}}</ref> Ga fannin kiwon dabbobi, zabukan daidaitawa sun kunshi gudanar da samarwa ta hanyar dorewar gudanar da kasa da makiyaya a cikin tsarin muhalli. Wannan ya kunshi inganta hanyoyin samar da ciyawa da abincin dabbobi misali ta hanyar ban ruwa da amfani da ruwan da aka tace daga kazanta, da kuma mayar da hankali kan zuba jari wajen adana ciyawa don amfani da ita a lokacin rani. Kula da dabbobi ana daukarsa ne a matsayin hanyar rayuwa maimakon aikin tattalin arziki. A duk fadin kasashen Gabashin Afirka musamman a yankunan busassun filaye (ASALs), an bayyana cewa inganta sayar da dabbobi a matsayin kasuwanci wani zabi ne na daidaitawa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Political Economy Analysis of Kenya's Livestock Sector (Abridged Version)|url=http://www.kenyamarkets.org/publications/political-economy-analysis-of-kenyas-livestock-sector-abridged-version/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808104609/http://www.kenyamarkets.org/publications/political-economy-analysis-of-kenyas-livestock-sector-abridged-version/|archive-date=8 August 2019|access-date=8 August 2019|website=Kenya Markets Trust}}</ref> Wannan ya kunshi amfani da tsarin tattalin arziki wajen samar da abincin dabbobi, gano asalin dabbobi, inganta bukatar kayayyakin dabbobi kamar nama, madara da fata da kuma hadawa da kasuwanni na musamman don inganta kasuwanci da samar da kudin shiga.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kenya Meat End-Market Trends Study|url=http://www.kenyamarkets.org/publications/kenya-meat-end-market-trends-study/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808104612/http://www.kenyamarkets.org/publications/kenya-meat-end-market-trends-study/|archive-date=8 August 2019|access-date=8 August 2019|website=Kenya Markets Trust}}</ref> A fannin albarkatun ruwa, zabukan sun hada da ingantaccen amfani da ruwa ga gidaje, dabbobi da amfani na masana'antu da kuma kare hanyoyin samun ruwa. Kamfen kamar dasa bishiyoyi na gida a wuraren da ke rike da ruwa, sarrafa ayyukan bil'adama kusa da wuraren rike da ruwa musamman aikin noma da matsugunai an gudanar da su don taimakawa wajen kare albarkatun ruwa da kuma samar da damar samun ruwa ga al'ummomi musamman lokacin matsalolin yanayi. '''Kwamoras''' – "NAPA ita ce fadada aiki na Takardar Dabarun Rage Talauci (PRSP), domin ta kunshi a cikin abubuwan da ta sanya a gaba na daidaitawa, aikin noma, kamun kifi, ruwa, gidaje, lafiya, har ma da yawon bude ido, ta hanyar da ba kai tsaye ba, ta hanyar sake gina gangaren kwatami da yaki da zaftarewar kasa, don haka kiyaye duwatsun karkashin teku ta hanyar takaita tabo da ke fitowa daga kasa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Action Programme of Adaptation to climate change (NAPA)|url=http://www.preventionweb.net/files/8507_com01e.pdf}}</ref>" '''Kenya''' ta kafa Dokar Canjin Yanayi ta shekarar 2016 wadda ta kafa hukuma don kula da ci gaba, gudanarwa, aiwatarwa da kuma tsara hanyoyin inganta juriya ga canjin yanayi da ci gaba mai karancin carbon don ci gaba mai dorewa, ta hanyar Gwamnatocin Kasa da na Sassa (Counties), kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, kungiyoyin farar hula, da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki. Kenya ta kuma samar da Tsarin Aikin Canjin Yanayi na Kasa (NCCAP 2018–2022 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223062046/http://www.kcckp.go.ke/nccap-ii-2018-2022/ |date=23 December 2019 }}''')''' wanda ke da nufin ci gaba da manufofin ci gaban kasar ta hanyar samar da hanyoyi da matakai don cimma ci gaba mai juriya ga yanayi mai karancin carbon a hanyar da ta ba da fifiko ga daidaitawa. === Matakan karba-da-daidaitawa a Tsakiyar Afirka === '''Angola''' – "Manufar Shirye-shiryen Ayyuka na Kasa na Karba-da-daidaitawa ita ce gano tare da isar da gaggawa da bukatun kasar nan take game da daidaitawa ga canjin yanayi, don kara juriya ga Angola ga sauyin yanayi da canjin yanayi don tabbatar da nasarar shirye-shiryen rage talauci, manufofin ci gaba mai dorewa da kuma Manufofin Ci Gaban Karni da Gwamnati ke bi."<ref>{{citation |title=Analysis of Human Rights Language in the Cancun Agreements UNFCCC 16th Session of the Conference of the Parties|doi=10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9986-0022}}</ref> === Matakan karba-da-daidaitawa a Kudancin Afirka === An gudanar da tsare-tsare da dama a matakin gida (takamaiman wurare), matakin kasa da na shiyya da nufin karfafa juriya ga canjin yanayi. Wasu daga cikin wadannan sun hada da: Shirin Canjin Yanayi na Shiyya (RCCP),<ref>{{cite web|title=Regional Climate Change Programme, Southern Africa|website=OneWorld|url=https://oneworldgroup.co.za/oneworld-projects/southern-african-regional-climate-change-programme-rccp/|access-date=8 August 2019|archive-date=8 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808044011/https://oneworldgroup.co.za/oneworld-projects/southern-african-regional-climate-change-programme-rccp/|url-status=dead}}</ref> SASSCAL,<ref>{{cite web|title=SASSCAL – Southern African Science Service Centre for Climate Change and Adaptive Land Management|url=http://www.sasscal.org/|access-date=8 August 2019}}</ref> ASSAR,<ref>{{cite web|title=Adaptation at Scale in Semi-Arid Regions|url=http://www.assar.uct.ac.za/|access-date=8 August 2019|website=www.assar.uct.ac.za}}</ref> Karba-da-daidaitawa ga Canjin Yanayi na UNDP,<ref>{{cite web|title=Southern Africa |website=UNDP Climate Change Adaptation |url=https://www.adaptation-undp.org/explore/southern-africa|access-date=8 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808131738/https://www.adaptation-undp.org/explore/southern-africa |archive-date=2019-08-08}}</ref> RESILIM,<ref>{{cite book|title=Risk, Vulnerability & Resilience in the Limpopo River basin: Climate Change, water and biodiversity – a synthesis|publisher=OneWorld|year=2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Resilience in the Limpopo Basin (RESILIM) Program|publisher=Chemonics International Inc|year=2017}}</ref> FRACTAL.<ref>{{cite web|title=FRACTAL — Future Resilience for African CiTies And Lands|url=http://www.fractal.org.za/|access-date=8 August 2019}}</ref> Afirka ta Kudu ta aiwatar da Babban Shirin Bincike na Hanyoyin Daidaitawa na Dogon Lokaci (LTAS) daga watan Afrilu 2012 zuwa Yuni 2014. Wannan binciken ya kuma samar da takardun gaskiya da rahoton fasaha da ya shafi yankin SADC mai taken "Climate Change Adaptation: Perspectives for the Southern African Development Community (SADC)".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.environment.gov.za/sites/default/files/reports/ltasfactsheet_perspectiveforSADC.pdf|title=Climate change adaptation: Southern African Development Community (SADC)|access-date=8 March 2021|archive-date=24 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124013002/https://www.environment.gov.za/sites/default/files/reports/ltasfactsheet_perspectiveforSADC.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> '''Madagascar''' – fannonin da aka ba wa fifiko don daidaitawa sune: aikin noma da kiwon dabbobi, gandun daji, lafiyar jama'a, albarkatun ruwa da yankunan gabar teku.<ref>{{cite web|title=Madagascar|url=http://www.ldc-climate.org/country/madagascar/|website=LDC Climate Change |date=6 January 2018 }}</ref> '''Malawi''' – NAPA ta gano abubuwa masu zuwa a matsayin ayyuka mafi fifiko don daidaitawa: "Inganta juriyar al'umma ga canjin yanayi ta hanyar samar da dorewar hanyoyin rayuwa a karkara, Maido da gandun daji a Upper da Lower Shire Valleys don rage daskarewar kasa da matsalolin kwararar ruwa da ke tattare da hakan, Inganta ayyukan gona a karkashin ruwan sama mara tabbas da sauye-sauyen yanayi, Inganta shirin Malawi don fuskantar fari da ambaliyar ruwa, da kuma Inganta sanya idanu kan yanayi don bunkasa karfin gargadin dauri na Malawi da yanke shawara da kuma dorewar amfani da albarkatun Tafkin Malawi da yankunan gabar tafkin<ref>{{Cite web|title=REPUBLIC OF MALAWI. MALAWI'S NATIONAL ADAPTATION PROGRAMMES OF ACTION (NAPA) ..|url=http://www.unfccc.int/resource/docs/napa/mwi01.pdf}}</ref>". Kuma a cewar Rahoton Yanayi da Ci Gaban Kasa (CCDR) na Bankin Duniya na Malawi, kasar za ta iya "daukar matakai don kaddamar da zuba jari a cikin ababen more rayuwa masu juriya ga yanayi da kuma dakatar da lalacewar kasa da asarar gandun daji don inganta yawan aikin gona da kama carbon" <ref>{{Cite web|title=Climate-Informed Economic Development Key to Malawi's Future Growth and Resilience |website=World Bank |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2022/10/27/climate-informed-economic-development-key-to-malawi-s-future-growth-and-resilience}}</ref>" '''Mauritius''' – yakamata daidaitawa ta mayar da hankali kan fannoni masu fifiko kamar haka: albarkatun gabar teku, aikin noma, albarkatun ruwa, kamun kifi, lafiya da jin dadin rayuwa, canjin amfanin kasa da gandun daji da kuma rayuwun halittu daban-daban.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mauritius |website=UNDP Climate Change Adaptation|date=27 November 2018 |url=https://www.adaptation-undp.org/explore/eastern-africa/mauritius|access-date=8 August 2019}}</ref> '''Mozambique''' – "Tsare-tsaren daidaitawa da aka gabatar sun shafi fannoni daban-daban na ci gaban tattalin arziki da zamantakewa, kuma sun bayyana ayyukan da suka shafi rage tasirin bala'o'i, samar da matakan daidaitawa ga canjin yanayi, yaki da zaftarewar kasa a yankunan da ke da matsananciyar kwararar hamada da yankunan gabar teku, dasa bishiyoyi da kuma gudanar da albarkatun ruwa."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mozambique National Adaptation Programs of Action (NAPA) |website=Climate and Development Learning Platform|url=https://www.climatelearningplatform.org/mozambique-national-adaptation-programme-action-napa|access-date=2019-08-08}}</ref>" '''Rwanda''' ta samar da Shirin Aiki na Kasa na Karba-da-daidaitawa (NAPA 2006) wanda ke dauke da bayanai don jagorantar masu tsara manufofi na kasa da masu tsara shirye-shirye a kan matsaloli masu fifiko da daidaitawa a fannonin tattalin arziki masu mahimmanci.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=January 2012|journal=USAID|title=Climate Change Adaptation in Rwanda|url=https://www.climatelinks.org/sites/default/files/asset/document/rwanda_adaptation_fact_sheet_jan2012.pdf|access-date=2026-06-09|archive-date=2022-02-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207011141/https://www.climatelinks.org/sites/default/files/asset/document/rwanda_adaptation_fact_sheet_jan2012.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kasar ta kuma samar da manufofi na sassa daban-daban kan daidaitawa ga canjin yanayi kamar Vision 2020, Manufar Muhalli ta Kasa da Manufar Aikin Noma da sauransu.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Ochieng|first1=Cosmas|title=Climate Change Adaptation in Rwanda's Agricultural Sector: A Case Study from Kirehe District, Eastern Province|last2=Khaemba|first2=Winnie|last3=Mwaniki|first3=Ruchathi|last4=Kimotho|first4=Stephen|date=September 2017|publisher=Defending the Voiceless - Climate and Environmental Justice in Africa}}</ref> '''Tanzania''' – Tanzania ta bayyana matakan daidaitawa masu fifiko a cikin NAPA dakarunta, da dabarun sassa na kasa daban-daban da kuma sakamakon bincike.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=USAID|title=Climate Change Adaptation in Tanzania|url=https://www.climatelinks.org/sites/default/files/asset/document/tanzania_adaptation_fact_sheet_jan2012.pdf|journal=USAID|access-date=2026-06-09|archive-date=2021-12-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231235521/https://www.climatelinks.org/sites/default/files/asset/document/tanzania_adaptation_fact_sheet_jan2012.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> NAPA ta yi nasarar karfafa sanya batun canjin yanayi a cikin manufofin sassa a Tanzania; sai dai kuma, hadin gwiwar sassa daban-daban da ke da muhimmanci wajen aiwatar da dabarun daidaitawa ya kasance mai iyaka saboda kalubalen hukumomi kamar rashin daidaiton iko, karancin kasafi da kuma tsarin tsuke fuska na sassa.<ref name="date" /> Mafi yawancin ayyukan a Tanzania sun shafi aikin noma da gudanar da albarkatun ruwa (ban ruwa, kiyaye ruwa, taran ruwan sama); sai dai kuma, makamashi da yawon bude ido su ma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=United Republic of Tanzania |website=UNDP Climate Change Adaptation|url= https://www.adaptation-undp.org/explore/eastern-africa/united-republic-tanzania|access-date=8 August 2019}}</ref> '''Zambia''' – "NAPA ta gano bukatun gaggawa na daidaitawa guda 39 da kuma fannoni guda 10 masu fifiko a cikin sassan aikin noma da samar da abinci (kiwon dabbobi, kamun kifi da amfanin gona), makamashi da ruwa, lafiyar bil'adama, albarkatun kasa da namun daji."<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Adaptation Programme of Action on Climate Change (Zambia) |website=The REDD Desk|url=http://www.theredddesk.org/countries/plans/national-adaptation-programme-action-climate-change-zambia|access-date=2019-08-08 |archive-date=2019-08-29|url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829030222/http://theredddesk.org/countries/plans/national-adaptation-programme-action-climate-change-zambia}}</ref> '''Zimbabwe''' – "Sauran matakan dabarun da tsarin NAP zai dauka sune: Karfafa rawar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ke takawa wajen tsara daidaitawa, Habaka karfin Gwamnati na samar da ayyukan da bankuna za su iya ba da kudi ta hanyar horarwa, Inganta gudanar da bayanan baya na yanayi don sanar da tsara canjin yanayi, Tsara dabarun tattara albarkatu na gaba don gano asali da neman kudaden tallafin yanayi na kasa da kasa tunda bukatar kudi a halin yanzu ta kasance mafi yawanci bayan abu ya faru, tare da mayar da hankali kan agajin gaggawa maimakon rage hadarin canjin yanayi, shiri da daidaitawa, Samar da daidaitaccen tsarin sa ido da manufofin kimantawa ga shirye-shirye da ayyuka, tunda hukumomi da dama a cikin gwamnati ba su da tsari na bai-daya na sa ido da kimantawa a halin yanzu."<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Adaptation Plan (NAP) Roadmap for Zimbabwe|url=http://www.napglobalnetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/napgn-en-2019-nap-roadmap-for-zimbabwe.pdf |website=NAP Global Network |date=April 2019}}</ref> '''Lesotho''' – "Babban burin tsarin NAPA sun kunshi: gano al'ummomi da hanyoyin rayuwa da suka fi fuskantar barazana ga canjin yanayi, samar da jerin ayyukan da za su samar da tushen shirin aiki na kasa na karba-da-daidaitawa, da kuma isar da gaggawa da bukatun kasar nan take da kuma abubuwan da suka sa gaba domin gina karfin daidaitawa ga canjin yanayi."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.adaptation-undp.org/sites/default/files/downloads/lso_napa.pdf|title=Lesotho's National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) on Climate Change|accessdate=4 August 2024|archive-date=6 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006210644/https://www.adaptation-undp.org/sites/default/files/downloads/lso_napa.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>" '''Namibia''' – muhimman batutuwa na daidaitawa sune "Samar da abinci da dorewar tushen albarkatun halittu, Dorewar tushen albarkatun ruwa, Lafiyar bil'adama da jin dadin rayuwa gami da bunkasa ababen more rayuwa."<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1163/9789004322714_cclc_2017-0228-011 |title=Youth Files Climate Case with India's Environmental Court |oclc=1312587857 |date=2017 |publisher=Our Children's Trust }}</ref> '''Afirka ta Kudu''' ta amince a watan Agusta 2020 da Dabarunta na Kasa na Karba-da-daidaitawa ga Canjin Yanayi, wanda "ke aiki a matasayin tattaunawa ta bai-daya don kokarin daidaitawa ga canjin yanayi a Afirka ta Kudu, kuma yana samar da tsari inda za a iya bayyana manufofin daidaitawa ga canjin yanayi na kasa don samar da jagoranci ga dukkan sassan tattalin arziki."<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 August 2020 |title=South Africa's National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy approved |url=https://www.dffe.gov.za/mediarelease/nationalclimatechange_adaptationstrategy_ue10november19 |website=Department of Environment, Forestry and Fisheries}}</ref>" == Ilimin gargajiya da sabbin dabarun cikin gida == Yayin da manyan shirye-shiryen gwamnati da asusun kasa da kasa ke tafiyar da manyan manufofin sauyin yanayi, al'ummomin yau da kullum a fadin Afirka sun dogara kacokan ga ilimin yanayin kasa na gargajiya (TEK) domin tsira<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Antwi-Agyei |first1=Philip |last2=Nyantakyi-Frimpong |first2=Hanson |date=2021-01-27 |title=Evidence of Climate Change Coping and Adaptation Practices by Smallholder Farmers in Northern Ghana |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=1308 |doi=10.3390/su13031308 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2021Sust...13.1308A |issn=2071-1050}}</ref>. Wannan wani sashi ne na fahimta, fasaha, da falsafar da al'ummomin gida suka bunkasa danyen daruruwan shekaru ta hanyar saduwa kai tsaye da dabi'a. Wadannan ayyuka da aka gwada cikin lokaci suna ba mutane hanyoyi masu amfani na cikin gida don hango yanayi, adana ruwa, da kuma kiyaye aikin gona da rai duk da sauyin yanayi. === Hasashen yanayi na gargajiya === Tun kafin zuwan wayoyin salula da manhajojin yanayi na zamani, al'ummomin manoma da makiyaya na karkara sun yi amfani da nasu hanyoyin na hango yanayi. Masana na cikin gida suna lura da alamun dabi'a da kyau don hango fari ko mamakon ruwan sama, kamar: * Hanyoyin hijira na ba-zata na tsuntsayen gida. * Takamaiman lokaci na shekara da wasu bishiyoyi ke fara fure. * Sauye-sauyen jagorancin iska da bayyanar taurari da daddare. Alal misali, kungiyoyin makiyaya a Gabashin Afirka suna kallon yadda dabbobinsu ke nuna hali sannan suna bin diddigin zirga-zirgar namun daji don yanke shawarar hanyoyin da za su bi, domin tabbatar da cewa dabbobinsu sun sami ruwa da ciyawa a lokacin fari.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Alemayehu |first1=Dejene |last2=Hizkeal |first2=Yitebarek |date=2022-06-30 |title=The Relevance and Practices of Indigenous Weather Forecasting Knowledge among the Gabra Pastoralists of Southern Ethiopia |url=https://www.jaeid.it/index.php/jaeid/article/view/12295 |journal=Journal of Agriculture and Environment for International Development (JAEID) |volume=116 |issue=1 |pages=59–76 |doi=10.36253/jaeid-12295 |issn=2240-2802}}</ref> A yau, masana kimiyya suna fahimtar cewa hada wadannan alamun gargajiya da kimiyyar yanayi na zamani yana haifar da gargaɗin da manoman gida ke amincewa da shi kuma suke amfani da shi. === Dabarun adana kasa da ruwa === A yankunan da ke fuskantar fadada kwararar hamada da ruwan sama maras tabbas, al'ummomi sun dawo da dabarun sarrafa filaye na da can masu dabarun gaske.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Salack |first1=Seyni |last2=Sanfo |first2=Safiétou |last3=Sidibe |first3=Moussa |last4=Daku |first4=Elidaa K. |last5=Camara |first5=Ibrahima |last6=Dieng |first6=Mame Diarra Bousso |last7=Hien |first7=Koufanou |last8=Torou |first8=Bio Mohamadou |last9=Ogunjobi |first9=Kehinde O. |last10=Sangare |first10=Sheick Ahmed Khalil S. B. |last11=Kouame |first11=Konan Raoul |last12=Koffi |first12=Yao Bernard |last13=Liersch |first13=Stefan |last14=Savadogo |first14=Moumini |last15=Giannini |first15=Alessandra |date=2022-10-25 |title=Low-cost adaptation options to support green growth in agriculture, water resources, and coastal zones |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=12 |issue=1 |article-number=17898 |doi=10.1038/s41598-022-22331-9 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=9596419 |pmid=36284114 |bibcode=2022NatSR..1217898S }}</ref> A yankin Sahel, musamman a Burkina Faso da Nijar, manoma suna amfani da tsohuwar dabarar hakar kasa da ake kira '''Zaï'''<ref name=":2">{{Citation |last1=L. Woomer |first1=Paul |title=Blending Climate Action and Rural Development in Africa's Sahel |date=2023-03-29 |work=Sustainable Rural Development Perspective and Global Challenges |editor-last=Özçatalbaş |editor-first=Orhan |url=https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/81496 |access-date=2026-06-06 |publisher=IntechOpen |language=en |doi=10.5772/intechopen.103817 |isbn=978-1-80355-420-4 |last2=Roobroeck |first2=Dries |last3=Yelognisse Alia |first3=Didier}}</ref> Maimakon yin huda a fili madaidanci, manoma suna gina ramuka masu zurfi a cikin kasa mai tauraro sannan su cika kasan da abubuwan gina jiki na dabi'a kamar takin gargajiya (takin dabba). Wannan tsari mai dabarun gaske yana yin abubuwa guda biyu: yana kama kowane digo na ruwan sama da ba a cika samunsa ba, sannan takin yana janyo gara, wadanda ke hakar rami a karkashin kasa da ke sanyaya kasar da ke da tauraro ta dabi'a domin saiwar shuka ta iya girma.<ref name=":2" /> Manoma kuma suna gina ganyayen duwatsu wadangan katanga ne na duwatsu marasa tsawo da ake jerawa a kan magudanar ruwa na dabi'a na tuddansu. Lokacin da aka yi ruwan sama na ba-zata kuma mai karfi, wadannan layukan duwatsu suna rage gudu ga ruwan da ke gudu da karfi, suna hana shi wanke saman kasa mai kyau da ke dauke da abinci sannan suna ba ruwan lokacin da zai taba cikin kasa.<ref name=":1" /> A kudanci da gabashin Afirka, al'ummomi suna amfani da dabarun aikin gona na dabi'a tare da bishiyoyi ta hanyar ajiye takamaiman bishiyoyi, kamar Faidherbia albida, daidai a cikin gonakin amfanin gona. Wadannan bishiyoyi suna zubar da ganye a lokacin damina sannan su fito da su a lokacin rani, ma'ana ba sa toshe hasken rana daga samun amfanin gona; maimakon haka, suna kara abinci ga kasa ta dabi'a kuma suna rage yanayin zafi na kasa lokacin tsananin zafi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Haskett |first1=Jonathan D. |last2=Simane |first2=Belay |last3=Smith |first3=Caitlin |date=2019-11-01 |title=Energy and Climate Change Mitigation Benefits of Faidherbia albida Agroforestry in Ethiopia |journal=Frontiers in Environmental Science |volume=7 |article-number=146 |doi=10.3389/fenvs.2019.00146 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019FrEnS...7..146H |issn=2296-665X}}</ref> === Banbancen amfanin gona da adana iri === Domin tabbatar da cewa ba su rasa dukkan abincinsu ba a lokacin dogon fari, manoman gida suna aiki kamar nasu masana kimiyya ta hanyar adana irin amfanin gona na gida.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Aniah |first1=Philip |last2=Kaunza-Nu-Dem |first2=Millar Katherine |last3=Ayembilla |first3=Joseph A. |date=April 2019 |title=Smallholder farmers' livelihood adaptation to climate variability and ecological changes in the savanna agro ecological zone of Ghana |journal=Heliyon |language=en |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=e01492 |doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01492 |doi-access=free |pmc=6479268 |pmid=31049426 |bibcode=2019Heliy...501492A }}</ref> Irin amfanin gona na kasuwanci na zamani galibi suna buƙatar cikakken adadin ruwa da takin zamani masu tsada don su tsira. Sabanin haka, amfanin gona na gargajiya kamar geryo, dawa, da rari sun saba danyen daruruwan shekaru don jure fari da kwari ta dabi'a. Al'ummomi suna gudanar da bankunan adana iri na cikin gida don raba wadannan ire-iren amfanin gona masu juriya da juna ta yadda kowa zai kasance yana da amfanin gona da ya dace da sauyin yanayin gidansu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Antwi-Agyei |first1=Philip |last2=Nyantakyi-Frimpong |first2=Hanson |date=2021-01-27 |title=Evidence of Climate Change Coping and Adaptation Practices by Smallholder Farmers in Northern Ghana |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=1308 |doi=10.3390/su13031308 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2021Sust...13.1308A |issn=2071-1050}}</ref> Suna kuma yin aikin hada shuka (intercropping), wato nufin dasa amfanin gona daban-daban daidai kusa da juna, kamar masara da wake.<ref name=":1" /> Waken mai ganye yana sanyaya kasar don kiyaye damshinta, yana tabbatar da cewa ko da masarar ta mutu saboda zafi, iyalai har yanzu suna da madadin amfanin gona da zasu girbe. == Al'umma da al'ada == === Rashin daidaito a binciken sauyin yanayi === Duk da cewa Afirka na daya daga cikin nahiyoyin da sauyin yanayi zai fi shafa, rashin daidaito na tsari da sauran son kai da ke da alaka da binciken kimiyya da tallafi na nufin cewa kadan ne kawai daga cikin kimiyyar da aka wallafa game da sauyin yanayi da tallafin binciken sauyin yanayi ke zuwa ga masana kimiyyar Afirka.<ref name="Carbon Brief-2021">{{Cite web|date=5 October 2021|title=Analysis: The lack of diversity in climate-science research|url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-the-lack-of-diversity-in-climate-science-research|access-date=2021-11-15|website=Carbon Brief|language=en}}</ref> Wani bincike da aka gudanar kan kudaden bincike daga shekarar 1990 zuwa 2020 na sauyin yanayi, ya gano cewa kashi 78% na kudaden bincike kan sauyin yanayi a Afirka an kashe su ne a cibiyoyin Turai da Arewacin Amurka, kuma an kashe kudade da dama ga tsoffin kasashen da Burtaniya ta yi wa mulkin mallaka fiye da sauran kasashe.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Overland |first1=Indra |last2=Fossum Sagbakken |first2=Haakon |last3=Isataeva |first3=Aidai |last4=Kolodzinskaia |first4=Galina |last5=Simpson |first5=Nicholas Philip |last6=Trisos |first6=Christopher |last7=Vakulchuk |first7=Roman |title=Funding flows for climate change research on Africa: where do they come from and where do they go? |journal=Climate and Development |date=14 September 2022 |volume=14 |issue=8 |pages=705–724 |doi=10.1080/17565529.2021.1976609 |s2cid=244210557 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022CliDe..14..705O |hdl=11250/2832233 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Wannan tsari na parachute science (binciken saukar lafima), a daya bangaren yana hana masu bincike na cikin gida gudanar da ayyuka masu muhimmanci saboda ba su da tallafin kudi na gudanar da bincike na gwaje-gwaje, sannan yana rage zuba jari ga dabarun masu bincike na cikin gida da kuma batutuwa masu muhimmanci ga kasashen Kudancin Duniya (Global South), kamar dabarun juriya da sauyin yanayi.<ref name="Carbon Brief-2021" /> Kimanin dorewar ci gaba na gaskiya yana da wahala saboda rashin tsarin zuba jari mai dorewa, da kuma karancin bayanai da iyakancewar damar gudanarwa. A halin yanzu, kasa da rabin manyan asusun fansho na Afirka ne ke bayar da rahoton bayanai kan manufofin dorewa da yadda ake aiwatar da su.<ref>{{cite book |author1=European Investment Bank |title=Unlocking Sustainable Private Sector Growth in the Middle East and North Africa |date=2022 |isbn=978-92-861-5220-7 |hdl=20.500.12657/57821 |doi=10.1596/37601 |hdl-access=free |doi-access=free |s2cid=250211092 }}{{page needed|date=January 2024}}</ref><ref name="EIB-2023"/> Hukumar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Kasuwanci da Ci gaba - Ma'aikatan Kasa da Kasa na Kididdiga da Rahoto (UNCTAD-ISAR) ta kafa Kungiyar Hadin Gwiwar Yankin Afirka don Dorewa da Rahoton SDG a shekarar 2022. Hadin gwiwar yana da mambobi 53 ya zuwa watan Maris na shekarar 2023, ciki har da cibiyoyin sadarwa na kasa na nauyin da ya rataya a wuyan kamfanoni ga al'umma da/ko ma'aikatun gwamnati daga kasashen Afirka 27.<ref name="EIB-2023" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=African Regional Partnership meeting on sustainability and SDG reporting |website=UN Trade and Development |url=https://unctad.org/isar/meeting/african-regional-partnership-meeting-sustainability-and-sdg-reporting |access-date=2023-10-31 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=UNCTAD ANNUAL REPORT 2022 |url=https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/osg2023d1_en.pdf}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} == Mahaɗu == {{Commons category|Climate change in Africa}} * [https://futureclimateafrica.org/ Future Climate For Africa programme] * [https://www.uneca.org/acpc African Climate Policy Centre] (ACCP) goal is to contribute to poverty reduction through successful mitigation and adaptation to climate change in Africa and to improve the capacity of African countries to participate effectively in multilateral climate negotiations. * [https://www.amma2050.org/ African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis 2050] (AMMA-2050) aim to address the challenges of understanding how the monsoon will change in future decades, to 2050, and how this information can be most effectively used to support climate-compatible development in the region. * {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20161113010948/http://cariaa.net/home-0 Collaborative Adaptation Research Initiative in Africa and Asia]}} (CARIAA) builds resilience by supporting collaborative research on climate change adaptation to inform adaptation policy and practice. * [https://wascal.org/ West African Science Service Center on Climate Change and Adapted Land Use] (WASCAL) is a research-focused Climate Service Centre designed to help tackle this challenge and thereby enhance the resilience of human and environmental systems to climate change and increased variability in West Africa. etlaxvt59nqsh752i3fau000gjojbvm 874128 874061 2026-07-02T07:02:10Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 874128 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Temperature_Bar_Chart_Africa--1901-2020--2021-07-14.png|thumb|Hoton da ke nuna [[Yanayin yanayin duniya|canjin zafin jiki]] a Afirka tsakanin 1901 da 2021, tare da ja yana da dumi kuma shuɗi yana da sanyi fiye da matsakaici (An ɗauki matsakaicin zafin jiki yayin 1971-2000 a matsayin ma'anar waɗannan canje-canje.) ]] '''Canjin yanayi a Afirka''' babbar barazana ce saboda Afirka tana ɗaya daga cikin yankuna [[Lalacewar canjin yanayi|mai rauni]] ga [[tasirin canjin yanayi]], duk da cewa ba da gudummawa mafi ƙanƙanta ga haifar da shi. Canjin yanayi yana haifar da yanayin ruwan sama mara kyau, abubuwan da suka faru na yanayi masu tsanani ciki har da [[fari]], [[Ambaliya|ambaliyar ruwa]], da hauhawar yanayin zafi a Afirka. Wadannan canje-canje suna barazana ga tsaro na [[Tsaron abinci|abinci]] da ruwa, bambancin halittu, [[lafiyar jama'a]], da Ci gaban tattalin arziki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=United Nations |first=UNEP |date=2017 |title=Responding to climate change |url=http://www.unep.org/regions/africa/regional-initiatives/responding-climate-change |access-date=2022-07-01 |website=UNEP – UN Environment Programme |language=en}}</ref> Afirka a halin yanzu tana dumama da sauri fiye da sauran duniya a matsakaici.<ref>{{Cite web |last=World Meterological Organization |date=2024-09-02 |title=Africa faces disproportionate burden from climate change and adaptation costs |url=https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/africa-faces-disproportionate-burden-from-climate-change-and-adaptation-costs |access-date=2025-09-16 |website=World Meteorological Organization |language=en}}</refSaunyi yanayi yana ƙara taɓarɓarewar tattalin arziki a yanzu. Manyan sassan al'ummar Afirka sun dogara ne da rayuwar da ke da alaƙa da yanayi kamar noma (kashi 55 - 62% na ma'aikata a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara) kuma sun riga sun rayu cikin talauci, wanda hakan ke ƙara tsananta musu ga girgizar ƙasa. Sakamakon lafiya ya ƙara ta'azzara yayin da damuwa ta zafi, cututtuka masu yaɗuwa (kamar malaria da dengue ), da rashin abinci mai gina jiki suka zama ruwan dare. Fiye da rabi (56%) na sama da abubuwan da suka faru na kiwon lafiyar jama'a 2,000 da aka yi rikodin su a Afirka tsakanin 2001 da 2021 suna da alaƙa da sauyin yanayi. Karancin albarkatu yana taimakawa wajen ƙaura da rikici, musamman a yankuna masu rauni. Yankunan birane, waɗanda galibi ake siffanta su da matsugunan da ba na yau da kullun ba, suna fuskantar ƙarin haɗari daga ambaliya da zafi mai tsanani. [[Noma|Aikin noma]] yana daya daga cikin bangarorin da suka fi rauni, kamar yadda yawancin manoman Afirka suka dogara da amfanin gona mai Ruwan sama. Ragewa da ruwan sama mara tabbas, haɗe da yanayin zafi mafi girma, yana fitar da asarar danshi na ƙasa, [[Desertification in Africa|hamada]] (musamman a cikin [[Sahara]]) da kuma canza wuraren da suka dace. Wadannan canje-canje sun rage yawan amfanin gona, suna lalata tsaron abinci da kuma kara yunwa. Lafiyar Dabbobi tana ƙara lalacewa ta hanyar damuwa ta zafi da sauya yanayin cututtukan. Tsarin halittu na bakin teku da na ruwa suna fuskantar teku mai zafi da kuma matakan da ke tashi, wanda ke barazana ga kamun kifi da kuma yawan jama'a a bakin teku.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fonjong |first=Lotsmart |last2=Matose |first2=Frank |last3=Sonnenfeld |first3=David A. |date=2024-12-01 |title=Climate change in Africa: Impacts, adaptation, and policy responses |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S095937802400116X |journal=Global Environmental Change |volume=89 |bibcode=2024GEC....8902912F |doi=10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2024.102912 |issn=0959-3780}}</ref> Sakamakon tattalin arziki na canjin yanayi yana da tsanani. A matsakaita ƙasashen Afirka suna fuskantar asarar da ke da alaƙa da yanayi wanda ya kai 2-5% na GDP a kowace shekara, yayin da farashin [[Daidaituwar canjin yanayi|daidaitawa]] a [[yankin Saharar Afirka]] ana hasashen a dala biliyan 30-50 a kowace shekara a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa. Wannan yana barazanar samun ci gaba kuma yana matsa lamba ga gwamnatoci da cibiyoyin kasa da kasa don tattara kudaden yanayi. Shirye-shiryen daidaita yanayin yanayi na Afirka suna mai da hankali kan gina juriya ta hanyar [[Yanayin gona mai kyau|Aikin noma mai basira]], [[Ma'adanai na ruwa|Gudanar da ruwa]] mai ɗorewa, kiyaye yanayin halittu, da ƙarfafa tsarin kiwon lafiya da ababen more rayuwa. Wadannan hanyoyin suna ba da fifiko ga inganta shugabanci, tattara kudade da saka hannun jari na yanayi, da kuma inganta shiga cikin al'umma don magance matsalar gaba ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tadesse |first=Debay |date=1 December 2010 |title=The impact of climate change in Africa |url=https://issafrica.org/research/papers/the-impact-of-climate-change-in-africa |access-date=2025-09-16 |website=ISS Africa |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Badji |first=Arfang |last2=Ibanda |first2=Angele |last3=Akello |first3=Sarah |last4=Ekwamu |first4=Adipala |date=2022 |title=Climate change impacts and adaptation strategies in Africa: Selected case studies |url=https://afjrdev.org/index.php/jos/article/view/410 |journal=African Journal of Rural Development |language=en |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=209–274 |issn=2415-2838}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ngongolo |first=Kelvin |last2=Gayo |first2=Leopody |date=2025-05-21 |title=Climate change impacts and mitigation strategies in Sub-Saharan Africa's livestock production sector. A brief review |journal=Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice |language=English |volume=15 |bibcode=2025PRPP...1514225N |doi=10.3389/past.2025.14225 |issn=2041-7136 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Tsarin nahiyoyi da na kasa suna jaddada hadin gwiwar bangarori da yawa, tallafin fasaha, da haɓaka iyawa don tallafawa ci gaba mai ɗorewa da rage [[Hadarin sauyin|Hadarin yanayi]]. == Rashin iskar gas == Rashin iskar gas mai guba a Afirka ga kowane mutum yana da ƙarancin gaske idan aka kwatanta da sauran nahiyoyi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fact sheet - Africa |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/outreach/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FactSheet_Africa.pdf |access-date=4 August 2024}}</ref> Rashin fitarwa daga [[Amfani da Ƙasa|canjin amfani da ƙasa]] ba shi da tabbas, musamman a [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|Afirka ta Tsakiya]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Mostefaoui |first=Mounia |last2=Ciais |first2=Philippe |last3=McGrath |first3=Matthew J. |last4=Peylin |first4=Philippe |last5=Patra |first5=Prabir K. |last6=Ernst |first6=Yolandi |date=2024-01-11 |title=Greenhouse gas emissions and their trends over the last 3 decades across Africa |url=https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/16/245/2024/ |journal=Earth System Science Data |language=en |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=245–275 |bibcode=2024ESSD...16..245M |doi=10.5194/essd-16-245-2024 |issn=1866-3516 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Babban tushen rashin tabbas ya fito ne daga kwararar carbon dioxide a cikin sashin LULUCF (wannan acronym yana tsaye ne don amfani da ƙasa, canjin amfani da ƙasa. <ref name=":0" /> == Tasiri == === Sauye-sauyen yanayi da zafin sarari === {{multiple image | align = right | direction = vertical | total_width = 300 | image1 = Koppen-Geiger Map v2 Africa 1991–2020.svg | caption1 = Taswirar rarrabuwar yanayi ta Köppen ga Afirka daga 1991–2020 | image2 = Koppen-Geiger Map Africa future.svg | caption2 = Taswirar 2071–2100 a ƙarƙashin mafi tsananin yanayin sauyin yanayi (Representative Concentration Pathway). A halin yanzu ana ɗaukar yanayi mai matsakaicin tsanani a matsayin wanda ya fi yuwuwa.<ref name="HausfatherPeters2020">{{cite journal|last1=Hausfather|first1=Zeke|last2=Peters|first2=Glen|title=Emissions – the 'business as usual' story is misleading|journal=Nature|date=29 January 2020|volume=577|issue=7792|pages=618–20|doi=10.1038/d41586-020-00177-3|pmid=31996825|bibcode=2020Natur.577..618H|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Schuur2022">{{Cite journal |last1=Schuur |first1=Edward A.G. |last2=Abbott |first2=Benjamin W. |last3=Commane |first3=Roisin |last4=Ernakovich |first4=Jessica |last5=Euskirchen |first5=Eugenie |last6=Hugelius |first6=Gustaf |last7=Grosse |first7=Guido |last8=Jones |first8=Miriam |last9=Koven |first9=Charlie |last10=Leshyk |first10=Victor |last11=Lawrence |first11=David |last12=Loranty |first12=Michael M. |last13=Mauritz |first13=Marguerite |last14=Olefeldt |first14=David |last15=Natali |first15=Susan |last16=Rodenhizer |first16=Heidi |last17=Salmon |first17=Verity |last18=Schädel |first19=Christina |last120=Strauss |first20=Jens |last21=Treat |first21=Claire |last22=Turetsky |first22=Merritt |year=2022 |title=Permafrost and Climate Change: Carbon Cycle Feedbacks From the Warming Arctic |journal=Annual Review of Environment and Resources |volume=47 |pages=343–371 |doi=10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-011847 |quote="Medium-range estimates of Arctic carbon emissions could result from moderate climate emission mitigation policies that keep global warming below 3°C (e.g., RCP4.5). This global warming level most closely matches country emissions reduction pledges made for the Paris Climate Agreement..." |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022ARER...47..343S }}</ref><ref name="Phiddian2022">{{Cite web |last=Phiddian |first=Ellen |date=5 April 2022 |title=Explainer: IPCC Scenarios |url=https://cosmosmagazine.com/earth/climate/explainer-ipcc-scenarios/ |website=Cosmos |access-date=30 September 2023 |quote="The IPCC doesn't make projections about which of these scenarios is more likely, but other researchers and modellers can. The Australian Academy of Science, for instance, released a report last year stating that our current emissions trajectory had us headed for a 3°C warmer world, roughly in line with the middle scenario. Climate Action Tracker predicts 2.5 to 2.9°C of warming based on current policies and action, with pledges and government agreements taking this to 2.1°C. |archive-date=20 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920224129/https://cosmosmagazine.com/earth/climate/explainer-ipcc-scenarios/ |url-status=live }}</ref> }} Yanayin zafin saman kasa da aka auna ya ƙaru gabaɗaya a faɗin Afirka tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 zuwa farkon ƙarni na 21 da kusan 1 °C, amma a wasu yankuna na cikin gida kamar yankin Sahel ya kai har 3 °C ga mafi ƙarancin zafi a ƙarshen lokacin rani.<ref name="IRD-2017">{{Cite book |title=Rural societies in the face of climatic and environmental changes in West Africa |date=2017 |publisher=IRD éditions |isbn=978-2-7099-2424-5 |location=Marseille |oclc=1034784045 |id=Impr. Jouve}}</ref> Ɗumamar Afirka ta ƙaru da +0.3 C daga 1991 zuwa 2021 idan aka kwatanta da +0.2 tsakanin 1961 zuwa 1910. An yi ƙiyasin cewa nan da shekara ta 2030, mutanen Afirka za su fuskanci hauhawar matakin teku sakamakon ƙaruwar zafin yanayi. Wannan kuma zai haifar da raguwar amfanin gona da albarkatun gona<ref>{{Cite book |last=Engel |first=Ulf |title=Yearbook on the African Union Volume 3 (2022) |date=2024 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-68308-2 |editor-last=Engel |editor-first=Ulf |location=Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar}}</ref>. Yanayin ruwan sama da aka auna yana nuna bambance-bambance ta fannin guri da lokaci kamar yadda aka saba tsammani.<ref name="Collins-2011">{{cite journal |last1=Collins |first1=Jennifer M. |date=15 July 2011 |title=Temperature Variability over Africa |journal=Journal of Climate |volume=24 |issue=14 |pages=3649–3666 |bibcode=2011JCli...24.3649C |doi=10.1175/2011JCLI3753.1 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Niang-2014">Niang, I.; O. C. Ruppel; M. A. Abdrabo; A. Essel; C. Lennard; J. Padgham, and P. Urquhart, 2014: Africa. In: ''Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability''. Part B: Regional Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Barros, V. R.; C. B. Field; D. J. Dokken et al. (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1199–1265. https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap22_FINAL.pdf</ref> Canje-canjen da aka gani a yanayin zafi da ruwan sama sun bambanta bisa ga yankuna.<ref name="Conway-2009">{{cite journal |last1=Conway |first1=Declan |last2=Persechino |first2=Aurelie |last3=Ardoin-Bardin |first3=Sandra |last4=Hamandawana |first4=Hamisai |last5=Dieulin |first5=Claudine |last6=Mahé |first6=Gil |date=February 2009 |title=Rainfall and Water Resources Variability in Sub-Saharan Africa during the Twentieth Century |journal=Journal of Hydrometeorology |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=41–59 |bibcode=2009JHyMe..10...41C |doi=10.1175/2008JHM1004.1 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Collins-2011" /> Tsarin yanayi na yanzu (kamar yadda aka taƙaita a cikin Rahoton Kimantawa na Shida na IPCC) yana hasashen ƙaruwar aukuwa da tsananin fari da kuma kwararar ruwan sama mai yawa.<ref name="Armstrong-2022">{{Cite journal |last1=Armstrong |first1=Andrew |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |last3=Koehler |first3=Johanna |last4=Hope |first4=Rob |date=2022 |title=Intra-seasonal rainfall and piped water revenue variability in rural Africa |journal=Global Environmental Change |language=en |volume=76 |article-number=102592 |doi=10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.102592|doi-access=free|bibcode=2022GEC....7602592A }} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]</ref> Suna kuma hasashen raguwar matsakaicin ruwan sama kusan a ko'ina a Afirka, tare da tabbas mai matsakaici zuwa babba. Duk da haka, yanayin ruwan sama na cikin gida da mu'amalar zamantakewa da yanayi na iya bayyana a matsayin gauraye-gauraye. Saboda haka, haɗuwar tasirin sauyin yanayi zai bambanta a faɗin nahiyar. A yankunan karkara, yanayin ruwan sama yana yin tasiri ga amfani da ruwa.<ref name="Armstrong-2022" /> Wani bincike a shekarar 2019 ya hango ƙaruwar tsawon kwanaki marasa ruwa a lokacin damina da kuma ƙaruwar matsanancin ruwan sama a Afirka.<ref name="Kendon-2019">{{Cite journal |last1=Kendon |first1=Elizabeth J. |last2=Stratton |first2=Rachel A. |last3=Tucker |first3=Simon |last4=Marsham |first4=John H. |last5=Berthou |first5=Ségolène |last6=Rowell |first6=David P. |last7=Senior |first7=Catherine A. |date=2019 |title=Enhanced future changes in wet and dry extremes over Africa at convection-permitting scale |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |bibcode=2019NatCo..10.1794K |doi=10.1038/s41467-019-09776-9 |pmc=6478940 |pmid=31015416 |article-number=1794}}</ref> Ma'ana a takaice: "bangarori biyu na matsanancin yanayi na Afirka za su daɗa tsananta".<ref name="Weather Channel-2022">{{Cite news |title=More Extreme Weather in Africa's Future, Study Says |url=https://weather.com/news/climate/news/2019-06-18-africa-extreme-weather-drought-flood |access-date=2022-07-01 |work=The Weather Channel |language=en-US}}</ref> Binciken ya gano cewa yawancin tsarin yanayi ba za su iya hango girman waɗannan canje-canjen ba saboda ba su da damar ba da damar iska mai dumi ta tashi (convection) a ma'aunansu na grid masu faɗi.<ref name="Kendon-2019" /> === Hauhawar matakin teku === {{See also|Ambaliyar ruwa a Afirka}} [[File:Dar es Salaam (Aerial).jpg|thumb|Hoton babban birnin Tanzania, Dar es Salaam, ta sama]] A Afirka, haɓakar yawan jama'a a nan gaba yana ƙara haɗarin da ke tattare da hauhawar matakin teku. Kusan mutane miliyan 54.2 ne ke zaune a yankunan da ke da haɗari sosai na gaɓar teku masu ƙasankancin tudu (LECZ) a kusan shekarar 2000. Wannan adadin zai ninka kusan mutane miliyan 110 nan da shekarar 2030. Nan da shekarar 2060 kuma zai kai kusan mutane miliyan 185 zuwa 230, ya danganta da girman haɓakar yawan jama'a. Matsakaicin hauhawar matakin teku na yankin zai kasance kusan santimita 21 nan da shekarar 2060. A wannan gaba, yanayin sauyin yanayi ba zai kawo babban bambanci ba. Amma yanayin kasa na cikin gida da yanayin yawan jama'a suna yin mu'amala don ƙara fuskantar haɗari kamar ambaliyar ruwa ta shekaru 100 a cikin wata rikitacciyar hanya.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter9" /> [[File:Abidjan des Lagune.jpg|thumb|Abidjan, cibiyar tattalin arzikin ƙasar Ivory Coast]] {| class="wikitable" |+Yawan jama'a a cikin filayen ambaliyar ruwa na shekaru 100.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter9" /><ref group="T1">A cikin miliyoyin mutane. Shafi na biyu da na uku sun haɗa da duka tasirin haɓakar yawan jama'a da haɓakar girman filayen ambaliyar ruwa a wannan gaba.</ref> !|Ƙasa !|2000 !|2030 !|2060 !|Haɓakawa 2000–2060<ref group="T1">Ƙaruwar yawan jama'a a yankin da kuma mafi girman yanayin haɓakar yawan jama'a da za a iya samu.</ref> |- |Misra || 7.4 || 13.8 || 20.7 || 0.28 |- |Najeriya || 0.1 || 0.3 || 0.9 || 0.84 |- |Sanigal || 0.4 || 1.1 || 2.7 || 0.76 |- |Benin || 0.1 || 0.6 || 1.6 || 1.12 |- |Tanzania || 0.2 || 0.9 || 4.3 || 2.3 |- |Somaliya || 0.2 || 0.6 || 2.7 || 1.7 |- |Kuwayt Diwar (Ivory Coast) || 0.1 || 0.3 || 0.7 || 0.65 |- |Mozambik || 0.7 || 1.4 || 2.5 || 0.36 |} {{reflist|group=T1}} [[File:ANKOMAH 20221122-009.jpg|thumb|Wani mutum yana kallon tekun daga wani gini da igiyoyin ruwa masu ƙarfi suka lalata a Chorkor, wani yanki na birnin Accra. Ambaliyar ruwa a ranakun sarari da ke faruwa saboda hauhawar matakin teku tana ƙara zaizayar gaɓar teku wanda ke lalata gidaje, ababen more rayuwa, da tsarin muhalli na halitta. Wasu al'ummomi a gaɓar tekun Ghana riga sun fara fuskantar sauye-sauyen igiyoyin ruwa.]] A cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, an yi hasashen cewa mafi girman ƙaura zai faru ne a yankin Gabashin Afirka. Aƙalla mutane 750,000 a can ne ka iya ƙaura daga gaɓar teku tsakanin 2020 da 2050. Binciken kimiyya ya kiyasta cewa manyan biranen Afirka guda 12 za su tafka asarar da ta kai dalar Amurka biliyan 65 a ƙarƙashin yanayin "matsakaicin" sauyin yanayi (RCP4.5) nan da shekarar 2050. Waɗannan biranen su ne Abidjan, Alexandria, Algiers, Cape Town, Casablanca, Dakar, Dar es Salaam, Durban, Lagos, Lomé, Luanda da Maputo. A ƙarƙashin yanayin fitar da hayaki mai yawa (RCP8.5), lalacewar za ta kai dalar Amurka biliyan 86.5. Shi kuma tsarin mafi tsanani na fitar da hayaki tare da ƙarin tasiri daga rashin daidaiton babban ƙanƙarar teku zai iya haifar da asarar da ta kai dalar Amurka biliyan 137.5. Lalacewar daga waɗannan yanayi guda uku idan aka ƙara haɗawa da "al'amura masu ƙarancin yuwuwa amma masu babban lahani" za ta haura zuwa dalar Amurka biliyan 187, dalar Amurka biliyan 206, da dalar Amurka biliyan 397 biye da juna.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter9" /> A cikin waɗannan ƙiyasin, birnin Alexandria na ƙasar Misra kaɗai ya ƙunshi kusan rabin wannan adadi.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter9" /> Daruruwan dubatan mutane a yankunansa na ƙasankantar tudu ka iya buƙatar a canza musu guri a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa.<ref name="Michaelson-2018">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2018/aug/29/alexandria-little-venice-egypt-climate-change-frontline|title=Houses claimed by the canal: life on Egypt's climate change frontline| last=Michaelson| first=Ruth|date=25 August 2018|work=The Guardian|access-date=30 August 2018}}</ref> A duk faɗin yankin kudu da sahara baki ɗaya, lalacewa daga hauhawar matakin teku na iya kaiwa kashi 2–4% na GDP nan da shekarar 2050. Sai dai wannan adadi ya danganta da girman haɓakar tattalin arziki da kuma juriya ko daidaitawa (adaptation) a nan gaba.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter9">Trisos, C. H., I. O. Adelekan, E. Totin, A. Ayanlade, J. Efitre, A. Gemeda, K. Kalaba, C. Lennard, C. Masao, Y. Mgaya, G. Ngaruiya, D. Olago, N. P. Simpson, and S. Zakieldeen 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter09.pdf Chapter 9: Africa]. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E. S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, New York, US, pp. 2043–2121 |doi=10.1017/9781009325844.011.</ref> [[File:Leptis Magna amphitheatre - panoramio.jpg|thumb|left|Sauran ragowar ginin wasan kwaikwayo na Leptis Magna (amphitheater), tare da bayyanar teku a bango]] A cikin dogon lokaci, ƙasashen Misra, Mozambik, da Tanzania ne ka iya samun mafi yawan mutanen da ambaliyar ruwa ta shekara-shekara za ta shafa a tsakanin daukacin ƙasashen Afirka. Wannan hasashe yana nuna cewa ɗumamar yanayi na duniya zai kai 4 °C a ƙarshen ƙarni. Wannan hauhawar tana da alaƙa da yanayin RCP8.5. A ƙarƙashin tsarin RCP8.5, muhimman wuraren tarihi na al'ada guda 10 za su kasance cikin haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa da zaizayar ƙasa a ƙarshen ƙarni. Waɗannan sun haɗa da Casbah ta Algiers, Wurin Binciken Tarihi na Carthage, Kerkouane, Wurin Binciken Tarihi na Leptis Magna, Tsohon Birnin Sousse (Medina of Sousse), Tsohon Birnin Tunis (Medina of Tunis), Wurin Binciken Tarihi na Sabratha, Tsibirin Robben, Tsibirin Saint-Louis da Tipasa. Jimillar wuraren Ramsar guda 15 da sauran wuraren gadon halitta su ma za su fuskanci makamancin wannan haɗari. Waɗannan wuraren su ne Bao Bolong Wetland Reserve, Delta du Saloum National Park, Diawling National Park, Golfe de Boughrara, Kalissaye, Lagune de Ghar el Melh et Delta de la Mejerda, Marromeu Game Reserve, Parc Naturel des Mangroves du Fleuve Cacheu, Seal Ledges Provincial Nature Reserve, Sebkhet Halk Elmanzel et Oued Essed, Sebkhet Soliman, Réserve Naturelle d'Intérêt Communautaire de la Somone, Songor Biosphere Reserve, Tanbi Wetland Complex da Watamu Marine National Park.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter9" /> == Tasirin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki == [[File:Access_to_wood_and_water_appears_to_be_severely_impacted_by_climate_change_in_Kenya_and_Cameroon.png|thumb|Sakamakon bincike na shekarar 2022 ya nuna cewa samun katako da ruwa ya fuskanci gagarumin tasiri sanadiyyar canjin yanayi a ƙasashen Kenya da Kamaru.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bank |first=European Investment |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/20230098-eib-climate-survey-africa-and-middle-east |title=The EIB Climate Survey: Africa and the Middle East |date=2023-06-05 |publisher=European Investment Bank |isbn=978-92-861-5534-5 |language=EN}}</ref>]] Canjin yanayi zai ci gaba da yin tasiri sosai a Afirka saboda abubuwa da dama. Ana riga ana jin waɗannan tasirin kuma za su daɗa tsananta idan ba a ɗauki matakin rage fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli (carbon emissions) a duniya ba. Waɗannan tasirin sun haɗa da hauhawar zafin jiki, fari, sauye-sauyen yanayin ruwan sama, da ƙaruwar sauye-sauyen yanayi na farat ɗaya. Waɗannan yanayi suna da tasiri ga samar da makamashi da yadda ake amfani da shi. Farin da aka yi kwanan nan a ƙasashe da dama na Afirka, wanda ke da alaƙa da canjin yanayi, ya yi mummunan tasiri ga samar da ingantaccen makamashi da kuma ci gaban tattalin arziki a faɗin nahiyar. Afirka za ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin yankunan da suka fi fuskantar mummunan tasirin canjin yanayi.<ref name=":0r">{{Cite book|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap22_FINAL.pdf|title=Africa. In: Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.|year=2014}}</ref> Dalilan da suka sa Afirka ta kasance cikin haɗari suna da yawa, kuma sun haɗa da ƙarancin ƙarfin jurewa ko daidaita rayuwa (adaptive capacity), rashin watsuwar fasahohi da bayanai da za su tallafa wa daidaitawar, da kuma dogaro mai yawa ga tsarin noman daji don hanyoyin rayuwa.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Welborn|first=Lily|title=Africa and climate change: Projecting vulnerability and adaptive capacity|publisher=Institute for Security Studies|year=2018}}</ref> Kasashe da dama a faɗin Afirka an rarraba su a matsayin Ƙasashen da Ba su Cigaba ba Kwata-kwata (Least-Developed Countries - LDCs) waɗanda ke da gurbataccen yanayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, kuma hakan yana nufin suna fuskantar ƙalubale na musamman wajen tunkarar tasirin canjin yanayi.<ref>{{Cite book|last=UNDP/GEF|url=https://www.thegef.org/sites/default/files/publications/CCA-Africa-Final.pdf|title=Climate Change Adaptation in Africa UNDP: Synthesis of Experiences and Recommendations|publisher=UNDP/GEF|year=2018}}</ref> Babban haɗarin da aka gano ga Afirka a cikin Rahoton Kimantawa na Biyar na Kwamitin Haɗin Gwiwa kan Canjin Yanayi (IPCC) ya shafi tsarin halittu (ecosystems), wadatar ruwa, da tsarin noma, tare da tasiri ga wadatar abinci.<ref name=":0r" /> A shekarar 2022, sama da mutane 6,000 daga ƙasashen Afirka guda goma suka halarci binciken yanayi da Babban Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai (European Investment Bank) ya gudanar.<ref name="EIB-2022a"/> Binciken ya gano cewa kashi 88% na mutanen sun bayyana cewa canjin yanayi yana cutar da rayuwarsu, yayin da kashi 61% na mutanen suka bayyana cewa lalacewar muhalli ya yi tasiri ga kudaden shigarsu ko hanyar samun abincinsu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EIB Climate Survey: 88% of African respondents believe that climate change is already affecting their everyday life |url=https://www.eib.org/en/press/all/2022-554-eib-climate-survey-88-of-african-respondents-believe-that-climate-change-is-already-affecting-their-everyday-life |access-date=2023-02-28 |website=European Investment Bank |language=en}}</ref> Waɗannan asarorin yawanci sakamakon fari ne mai tsanani, hauhawar matakin teku ko zaizayar gaɓar teku, ko kuma munanan al'amuran yanayi kamar ambaliyar ruwa ko hadari.<ref name="EIB-2022a">{{Cite web |title=2022-2023 EIB Climate Survey, part 1 of 2: 88% of respondents believe that climate change is already affecting their everyday life |url=https://www.eib.org/en/surveys/climate-survey/5th-climate-survey/africa.htm |access-date=2023-02-28 |website=EIB.org |language=en}}</ref> Sama da rabin mutanen Afirka da aka tattauna da su (kashi 57%) sun ce su ko mutanen da suka sani sun riga sun ɗauki matakai don daidaitawa da illolin canjin yanayi. Daga cikin waɗannan matakan akwai zuba jari a na'urorin kiyaye ruwa don rage radadin fari da kuma share magudanar ruwa kafin ambaliya ta zo.<ref name="EIB-2022a" /> Kashi 34% na dukkan mutanen Afirka da aka tattauna da su sun ce canjin yanayi yana ɗaya daga cikin matsalolin da suka fi addabar ƙasarsu, tare da sauran muhimman matsaloli kamar hauhawar farashin kayayyaki (inflation) da samun damar kula da lafiya.<ref name="EIB-2022a"/> === Tasirin tattalin arziki === Afirka tana yin zafi da sauri fiye da sauran sassan duniya a matsakaita. Sakamakon haka, manyan sassan nahiyar na iya zama marasa mazauni, kuma babban abun da ake samarwa a cikin gida na Afirka (GDP) na iya raguwa da kashi 2% sakamakon hauhawar zafin duniya da digiri 1 °C, sannan da kashi 12% sakamakon hauhawar zafin da digiri 4 °C. Ana sa ran amfanin gona zai ragu ƙwarai sakamakon hauhawar zafi, sannan ana kyautata zaton cewa za a riƙa samun mamakon ruwan sama akai-akai kuma da ƙarfi a faɗin Afirka, wanda ke ƙara haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa.<ref name="WMO-2021">{{Cite web |date=2021-10-18 |title=Climate change triggers mounting food insecurity, poverty and displacement in Africa |url=https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/climate-change-triggers-mounting-food-insecurity-poverty-and-displacement-africa |access-date=2022-07-26 |website=public.wmo.int |language=en }}</ref><ref name="Africa Renewal-2018">{{Cite web |date=2018-12-07 |title=Global warming: severe consequences for Africa |url=https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/december-2018-march-2019/global-warming-severe-consequences-africa |access-date=2022-07-26 |website=Africa Renewal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-27 |title=Climate Change Is an Increasing Threat to Africa |url=https://unfccc.int/news/climate-change-is-an-increasing-threat-to-africa |access-date=2022-07-26 |website=United Nations Climate Change News}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, Afirka tana asarar tsakanin dala biliyan 7 zuwa dala biliyan 15 a shekara saboda canjin yanayi, wanda aka kiyasta zai iya kaiwa dala biliyan 50 nan da shekarar 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Rathi |first1=Akshat |last2=Rao |first2=Mythili |date=2024-05-02 |title=One Bank Is Turning Africa's Climate Vulnerability Into Opportunity |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-05-02/inside-the-bank-financing-africa-s-green-growth |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=www.bloomberg.com}}</ref> === Noma === Noma babban sashe ne mai mahimmanci a Afirka, wanda ke taimakawa ga hanyoyin rayuwa da tattalin arziki a faɗin nahiyar. Mutane da yawa sun dogara da aikin noma a matsayin hanyar haɓaka kansu ta fuskar tattalin arziki da kuma tushen abinci. Mutane da yawa sun dogara ne da albarkatun da yanayi ke tasiri a kansu. An yi hasashen cewa ayyukan noma za su ragu a faɗin yankin Kudu da Hamada na Afirka.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Engel |first=Ulf |title=Yearbook on the African Union Volume 3 (2022) |date=2024 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-68308-2 |editor-last=Engel |editor-first=Ulf |location=Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar}}</ref> A matsakaita, aikin noma a yankin Kudu da Hamada na Afirka yana ba da gudummawar kashi 15% na jimillar GDP.<ref name="OECD/FAO">{{Cite book |last=OECD/FAO |url=http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5778e.pdf |title=OECD‑FAO Agricultural Outlook 2016‑2025 |publisher=OECD Publishing |year=2016 |isbn= 978-92-64-25323-0 |pages=59–61}}</ref> Yanayin labarin ƙasa na Afirka ya sa ta kasance cikin haɗari na musamman ga canjin yanayi, kuma kashi 70% na al'ummar ƙasar sun dogara ne ga noman da ya dogara da ruwan sama don hanyoyin rayuwarsu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Läderach |first1=Peter |last2=Martinez-Valle |first2=Armando |last3=Bourgoin |first3=Clement |last4=Parker |first4=Louis |date=27 March 2019 |title= Vulnerability of the agricultural sector to climate change: The development of a pan-tropical Climate Risk Vulnerability Assessment to inform sub-national decision making |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=14 |issue=3 |article-number=e0213641 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1413641P |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0213641 |pmc=6436735 |pmid=30917146 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Gonaki na ƙananan manoma (smallholder farms) suna daidai da kashi 80% na ƙasashen da ake noma a yankin Kudu da Hamada na Afirka.<ref name="OECD/FAO" /> Hukumar IPCC a shekarar 2007 ta yi hasashen cewa sauye-sauyen yanayi za su gurgunta aikin noma da damar samun abinci.<ref name="ar4 summary of regional impacts">{{cite book |title=Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2007 |editor=Parry, M. L. |display-editors=et al. |chapter=Summary for Policymakers: C. Current knowledge about future impacts |chapter-url=http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/spmsspm-c.html |access-date=13 December 2023 |archive-date=2 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181102223635/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/spmsspm-c.html }}</ref> An ba wa wannan hasashen "babban kwarin gwiwa". Tsarin noma, kiwon dabbobi, da kamun kifi za su kasance cikin babban haɗari na kwari da cututtuka sakamakon canjin yanayi na gaba.<ref name="Dhanush">{{Cite journal |author1=Dhanush, D. |author2=Bett, B. K. |author3=Boone, R. B. |author4=Grace, D. |author5=Kinyangi, J. |author6=Lindahl, J. F. |author7=Mohan, C. V. |author8=Ramírez Villegas, J. |author9=Robinson, T. P. |author10=Rosenstock, T. S. |author11=Smith, J. |date=2015 |title=Impact of climate change on African agriculture: focus on pests and diseases |url=https://cgspace.cgiar.org/rest/bitstreams/55241/retrieve |journal=CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security |access-date=2026-06-09 |archive-date=2023-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716201342/https://cgspace.cgiar.org/rest/bitstreams/55241/retrieve |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kwarin amfanin gona riga suna da alhakin kusan kashi 1/6 na asarar amfanin gona.<ref name="Dhanush" /> Canjin yanayi zai hanzarta yaduwar kwari da cututtuka kuma zai ƙara aukuwar abubuwa masu babban tasiri.<ref name="Dhanush" /> Tasirin canjin yanayi akan aikin noma a Afirka zai haifar da mummunan sakamako ga wadatar abinci da hanyoyin rayuwa. Rashin abinci mai gina jiki iri-iri ya haifar da gazawar samun wasu muhimman sinadarai na jiki. Rashin waɗannan sinadarai na iya haifar da ƙarancin bitamin A da ƙarfe (iron). Wannan ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a lokutan fari da ƙarancin abinci saboda zaɓukan abincin suna da ƙanƙanta. Tsakanin shekarar 2014 da 2018, Afirka ce ke da mafi girman matakan ƙarancin abinci a duniya.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.fao.org/state-of-food-security-nutrition/en/ |title=SOFI 2019 – The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |year=2021 |isbn=978-92-5-134325-8 |language=en |doi=10.4060/CB4474EN |s2cid=241785130}}</ref> Dangane da tsarin noma, dogaro mai yawa akan noman wadatar kai na ruwan sama da kuma ƙarancin amfani da dabarun noma na zamani da suka dace da yanayi (climate smart agriculture) suna taimakawa ga babban haɗarin da sashen ke ciki. Lamarin yana daɗa rudarwa saboda ƙarancin amintattun bayanai da rashin samun damar yin amfani da bayanan yanayi don tallafawa matakan daidaitawa.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dinku|first=Tufa|title=Overcoming challenges in the availability and use of climate data in Africa|url=https://ictupdate.cta.int/en/article/overcoming-challenges-in-the-availability-and-use-of-climate-data-in-africa-sid06fd8a811-e179-4fa5-9c8f-806bd2f27c3e|website=ICT Update CTA|access-date=13 December 2023|archive-date=1 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101070648/https://ictupdate.cta.int/en/article/overcoming-challenges-in-the-availability-and-use-of-climate-data-in-africa-sid06fd8a811-e179-4fa5-9c8f-806bd2f27c3e}}</ref> Tarwatsawar yanayin ruwan sama da aka gani da kuma wanda aka hango sanadiyyar canjin yanayi na iya taƙaita lokutan noma da kuma shafar amfanin gona a sassan Afirka da dama. Bugu da ƙari, sashen noma a Afirka mafi yawancinsa yana ƙarƙashin ƙananan manoma ne waɗanda ke da iyakacin damar samun fasaha da albarkatun da za su daidaita da yanayin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Supporting Sub-Saharan Africa's Farmers – Bayer – Crop Science |url=https://www.cropscience.bayer.com:443/en/stories/2018/supporting-sub-saharan-africas-farmers-closing-the-gap |access-date=2019-08-15 |website=www.cropscience.bayer.com}}</ref> Sauye-sauyen yanayi sun kasance kuma suna ci gaba da zama babban tushen canza-canje a cikin samar da abinci na duniya a faɗin ƙasashe masu tasowa inda samar da abincin ya dogara kacokan akan ruwan sama.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Thornton |first1=Philip K |last2=Ericksen |first2=Polly J |last3=Herrero |first3=Mario |last4=Challinor |first4=Andrew J |title=Climate variability and vulnerability to climate change: a review |journal=Global Change Biology |date=November 2014 |volume=20 |issue=11 |pages=3313–3328 |doi=10.1111/gcb.12581 |bibcode=2014GCBio..20.3313T |pmc=4258067 |pmid=24668802 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=HU|first1=Tongxi|last2=Zhang|first2=Xuesong|last3=Khanal|first3=Sami|last4=Wilson|first4=Robyn|last5=Leng|first5=Guoyong|last6=Toman|first6=Elizabeth|last7=Wang|first7=Xuhui|last8=Zhao|first8=Kaiguang|date=2024-06-19|title=Climate change impacts on crop yields: A review of empirical findings, statistical crop models, and machine learning methods|url=https://bpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com/u.osu.edu/dist/7/24705/files/2024/09/review-climate-impact-crop-yield-machine-learning.pdf|journal=Environmental Modelling & Software|volume=179|issue=106119 |article-number=106119 |doi=10.1016/j.envsoft.2024.106119 |bibcode=2024EnvMS.17906119H }}</ref> Sashen noma yana da saurin shafar canjin yanayi,<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Geoffrey |last1=Sabiiti |first2=Joseph Mwalichi |last2=Ininda |first3=Laban |last3=Ogallo |first4=Franklin |last4=Opijah |first5=Alex |last5=Nimusiima |first6=George |last6=Otieno |first7=Saul Daniel |last7=Ddumba |first8=Jamiat |last8=Nanteza |first9=Charles |last9=Basalirwa |author-link3=Ogallo Laban |title=Nanteza and C. Basalirwa. 2016. Empirical relationship between banana yields and climate variability over Uganda |journal=Journal of Environmental & Agricultural Sciences |volume=7 |date=2016 |pages=3–13 |url=https://jeas.agropublishers.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/JEAS-7-1.pdf }}</ref> musamman sauye-sauyen ruwan sama na shekara-shekara, yanayin zafi, da munanan al'amuran yanayi (fari da ambaliyar ruwa). An yi hasashen cewa waɗannan al'amuran na yanayi za su ƙaru a nan gaba kuma ana sa ran za su haifar da gagarumin sakamako ga sashen noma.<ref name="Sabiiti et al 2018 Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change"/> Wannan zai kasance da mummunan tasiri akan farashin abinci, wadatar abinci, da shawarwari game da amfani da ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite book|section=A1 – 1 Sustainability, food security and climate change: three intertwined challenges|title=Climate-Smart Agriculture Sourcebook|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|url=http://www.fao.org/climate-smart-agriculture-sourcebook/concept/module-a1-introducing-csa/chapter-a1-1/en/|access-date=2019-08-15|archive-date=2019-06-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601030918/http://www.fao.org/climate-smart-agriculture-sourcebook/concept/module-a1-introducing-csa/chapter-a1-1/en|url-status=dead}}</ref> Amfanin gona daga noman ruwan sama a wasu ƙasashen Afirka na iya raguwa da kashi 50% zuwa shekarar 2020.<ref name="Sabiiti et al 2018 Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change" /> Don hana mummunan tasiri na gaba na sauye-sauyen yanayi akan samar da abinci, yana da matakar muhimmanci a daidaita ko ba da shawarar manufofi masu yiwuwa don jure wa ƙaruwar sauye-sauyen yanayi. Ƙasashen Afirka suna buƙatar gina tsarin doka na ƙasa don sarrafa albarkatun abinci daidai da canjin yanayi da ake tsammani. Sai dai, kafin tsara manufofin magance tasirin sauye-sauyen yanayi, musamman ga sashen noma, yana da matakar muhimmanci a sami fahimta mai kyau game da yadda canjin yanayi ke shafar amfanin gona daban-daban.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Shah |first1=Hassnain |last2=Hellegers |first2=Petra |last3=Siderius |first3=Christian |date=2021-01-01 |title=Climate risk to agriculture: A synthesis to define different types of critical moments |journal=Climate Risk Management |volume=34 |article-number=100378 |doi=10.1016/j.crm.2021.100378 |bibcode=2021CliRM..3400378S |issn=2212-0963|doi-access=free }}</ref> Wannan yana da mahimmanci musamman a shekarar 2020 saboda mummunan farmakin fara (locusts) wanda ya yi mummunan tasiri ga aikin noma a gabashin Afirka.<ref name="Rosane-2020">{{cite news|last1=Rosane|first1=Olivia|date=27 January 2020|title=Worst Locust Swarm to Hit East Africa in Decades Linked to Climate Crisis|agency=Ecowatch|url=https://www.ecowatch.com/locust-swarm-east-africa-2644928358.html|access-date=6 February 2020}}</ref> An danganta wannan farmakin sashin jiki ga canjin yanayi - yanayin zafi mafi dumi da mamakon ruwan sama wanda ya haifar da ƙaruwar fara ta hanyar da ba a saba gani ba.<ref name="Rosane-2020" /> A Gabashin Afirka, ana sa ran canjin yanayi zai daɗa yawaita da tsananin fari da ambaliyar ruwa, wanda zai iya yin mummunan tasiri ga sashen noma. Canjin yanayi zai haifar da tasiri daban-daban akan aikin noma a Gabashin Afirka. Bincike daga Cibiyar Binciken Manufofin Abinci ta Duniya (IFPRI) ya nuna ƙaruwar amfanin masara a mafi yawan Gabashin Afirka, amma asarar amfanin gona a sassan Habasha (Ethiopia), Jamhuriyar Dimokiraɗiyyar Kongo (DRC), Tanzania, da kuma arewacin Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=East African agriculture and climate change: A comprehensive analysis |url=http://www.ifpri.org/publication/east-african-agriculture-and-climate-change-comprehensive-analysis |access-date=21 September 2019 |website=International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) |language=en}}</ref> Ana kuma sa ran hasashen canjin yanayi zai rage ƙarfin ƙasar da ake noma don samar da amfanin gona mai inganci da yawa.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2008/09/11/000158349_20080911163038/Rendered/PDF/WPS4717.pdf |title=How Will Climate Change Shift Agro-Ecological Zones And Impact African Agriculture? |author1=Kurukulasuriya, P. |author2=Mendelsohn, R. |date=25 September 2008 |publisher=The World Bank |series=Policy Research Working Papers |doi=10.1596/1813-9450-4717 |hdl=10986/6994 |s2cid=129416028}}</ref> Canjin yanayi a Kenya ana sa ran zai haifar da babban tasiri ga sashen noma, wanda mafi yawansa ya dogara da ruwan sama saboda haka yana cikin babban haɗarin sauye-sauye a yanayin zafi da ruwan sama, da munanan al'amuran yanayi.<ref name="NCCAP-2018">{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Environment and Forestry |title=National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP) 2018–2022. Volume I |url=http://www.environment.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/NCCAP-2018-2022-v2.pdf |access-date=13 December 2023 |archive-date=2 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402131336/http://www.environment.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/NCCAP-2018-2022-v2.pdf }}</ref> Tasirin zai fi fitowa fili a cikin busassun ƙasashe da matsakaitan busassun ƙasashe (ASALs) inda kiwon dabbobi shine mabuɗin aikin tattalin arziki da hanyar rayuwa. A cikin yankunan ASALs, sama da kashi 70% na mutuwar dabbobi yana faruwa ne sakamakon fari.<ref name="NCCAP-2018" /> A cikin shekaru 10 masu zuwa, kashi 52% na adadin shanu na yankunan ASAL suna cikin haɗarin mutuwa saboda tsananin zafi. === Tasiri ga lafiya === Kasashen Afirka ne ke da tsarin kula da lafiyar jama'a mafi rashin inganci a duniya.<ref name="WHO-2014">World Health Organization. (2014). ''The health of the people: what works: the African Regional Health Report 2014''. World Health Organization.</ref> Nauyin cututtuka masu yaduwa kamar zazzabin cizon sauro (malaria), zazzabin tura (schistosomiasis), zazzabin dengue, da sankarau (meningitis), wadanda ke da saurin shafar tasirin yanayi, sun fi yawa a yankin Kudu da Hamada na Afirka. Alal misali, sama da kashi 90 cikin dari na adadin mutanen da ke kamuwa da zazzabin cizon sauro a duniya duk shekara suna Afirka.<ref name="WHO-2014" /> Sauye-sauyen yanayi za su shafi yaduwar kwayoyin cuta gami da canza yadda mutane ke fuskantar hadarin kamuwa da wadannan cututtuka. Bisa rahoton kimantawa na shida na hukumar IPCC, canjin yanayi yana zama babbar barazana ga lafiyar dubun-dubatar mutanen Afirka, domin yana jefa su cikin yanayin zafi ko sanyi mara kyau, munanan al'amuran yanayi, da kuma karuwar yankuna da saurin yaduwar cututtuka masu yaduwa.<ref>{{cite book |type=Final Draft |chapter=Chapter 9:Africa |title=IPCC WGII Sixth Assessment Report |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FinalDraft_Chapter09.pdf}}</ref> Canjin yanayi, wanda ke haifar da karuwar yanayin zafi, guguwa, fari, da hauhawar matakin teku, zai shafi aukuwa da kuma rarrabuwar cututtuka masu yaduwa a fadin duniya.<ref name="Beard-2016">Beard, C. B.; Eisen, R. J.; Barker, C. M.; Garofalo, J. F.; Hahn, M.; Hayden, M.; Schramm, P. J. (2016). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160607130925/https://health2016.globalchange.gov/vectorborne-diseases "Vector-Borne Diseases".] Retrieved 15 February 2017.</ref> A watan Yulin 2021, Hukumar Abinci ta Duniya (WFP) ta dora alhakin matsalar karancin abinci da ke gudana a kudancin Madagascar kacokan a kan canjin yanayi, ba wai a kan yaki ko rikici ba. An bayyana lamarin a matsayin yunwa ta farko da canjin yanayi ya haifar.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Baker |first1=Aryn |title=Climate, Not Conflict. Madagascar's Famine is the First in Modern History to be Solely Caused by Global Warming |url=https://time.com/6081919/famine-climate-change-madagascar/ |access-date=24 July 2021 |magazine=Time |date=20 July 2021 |archive-date=23 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723003745/https://time.com/6081919/famine-climate-change-madagascar/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Rodrigues |first1=Charlene |title=Madagascar famine becomes first in history to be caused solely by climate crisis |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/madagascar-famine-climate-crisis-b1888058.html |access-date=24 July 2021 |work=The Independent |date=22 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Harding|first=Andrew|date=24 August 2021|title=Madagascar on the brink of climate change-induced famine|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58303792|access-date=2021-09-10}}</ref> === Zazzabin cizon sauro (Malaria) === A Afirka, zazzabin cizon sauro yana ci gaba da yin mummunan tasiri ga al'umma. Yayin da canjin yanayi ke ci gaba, takaitattun yankunan da ke iya fuskantar yaduwar zazzabin cizon sauro mai babban hadari a duk tsawon shekara za su tashi daga gabar tekun yammacin Afirka zuwa yankin da ke tsakanin Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Kongo da Uganda, wanda aka sani da Tsaunin Afirka (African Highlands).<ref name="Ryan-2015">{{cite journal|last1=Ryan|first1=Sadie J.|last2=McNally|first2=Amy|last3=Johnson|first3=Leah R.|last4=Mordecai|first4=Erin A.|last5=Ben-Horin|first5=Tal|last6=Paaijmans|first6=Krijn|last7=Lafferty|first7=Kevin D.|year=2015|title=Mapping Physiological Suitability Limits for Malaria in Africa Under Climate Change|journal=Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases|volume=15|issue=12|pages=718–725|doi=10.1089/vbz.2015.1822|pmc=4700390|pmid=26579951|bibcode=2015VBZD...15..718R }}</ref> Kura-kuran kimiyya yayin binciken sauye-sauyen yanayin yaduwar zazzabin cizon sauro a Tsaunin Afirka suna da kama da wadanda ke da alaka da faffadan fahimtar canjin yanayi da zazzabin cizon sauro. Yayin da tsara taswira ta hanyar sauye-sauyen yanayin zafi ke nuna cewa akwai alaka tsakanin karuwar zafi da karuwar yaduwar zazzabin cizon sauro, har yanzu da akwai sauran rashi na bayanai. Sauye-sauyen yawan jama'a a nan gaba wadanda ke shafar cunkoson jama'a, gami da sauye-sauye a dabi'un sauro, na iya shafar saurin yaduwar cutar kuma suna zama abubuwan da ke takaita tantance hadarin bullar zazzabin cizon sauro a nan gaba, wanda hakan kuma ke shafar shiri na dace don tunkarar bullar cutar.<ref name="Ryan-2015" /> Game da saurin yaduwar zazzabin cizon sauro a Tsaunin Afirka, abubuwa da illolin da ke fitowa daga gagarumin sauyin muhalli kamar yanayi mai dumi, sauye-sauyen yanayin gudanar ruwa, da karuwar tasirin ayyukan dan adam kamar sare bishiyoyi (deforestation), suna samar da ingantaccen yanayi don yaduwar zazzabin cizon sauro tsakanin mai dauke da cutar da wanda ake frawa.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Himeidan YE, Kweka EJ |year=2012 |title=Malaria in East African highlands during the past 30 years: impact of environmental changes |journal=Frontiers in Physiology |volume=3 |page=315 |doi=10.3389/fphys.2012.00315 |pmc=3429085 |pmid=22934065 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Musamman ma, zazzabin cizon sauro yana faruwa ne sanadiyyar kwayoyin cuta na "Plasmodium falciparum" da "Plasmodium vivax" wadanda kwarin sauro na "Anopheles" ke dauke da su. Kodayake kwayar cutar "Plasmodium vivax" na iya rayuwa a yanayin zafi mafi karanci, ita kwayar cutar "Plasmodium falciparum" za ta iya rayuwa ne kawai kuma ta hayayyafa a cikin sauro lokacin da yanayin zafi ya haura 20 °C.<ref name="CDC-2018">{{cite web |date=14 November 2018 |title=Where Malaria Occurs |url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/distribution.html |access-date=27 February 2020 |website=Center for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> Karuwar danshi da ruwan sama suma suna taimakawa wajen hayayyafa da rayuwar wannan kwayar cuta.<ref name="Center Science Ed-2011">{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Climate Change and Vector-Borne Disease |url=https://scied.ucar.edu/longcontent/climate-change-and-vector-borne-disease |access-date=27 February 2020 |website=Center for Science Education}}</ref> Kamuwa da zazzabin cizon sauro zai zama babban hadari ga mutane yayin da adadin matan sauro na "Anopheles" masu dauke da kwayar cutar "Plasmodium falciparum" ko "Plasmodium vivax" ke karuwa.<ref name="Center Science Ed-2011" /> Bincike ya nuna karuwar dacewar yanayi gaba daya don yaduwar zazzabin cizon sauro, wanda ke haifar da karuwar yawan mutanen da ke cikin hadarin kamuwa da cutar.<ref name="Caminade-2014">{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Caminade C, Kovats S, Rocklov J, Tompkins AM, Morse AP, Colón-González FJ, Stenlund H, Martens P, Lloyd SJ |date=March 2014 |title=Impact of climate change on global malaria distribution |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=111 |issue=9 |pages=3286–3291 |bibcode=2014PNAS..111.3286C |doi=10.1073/pnas.1302089111 |pmc=3948226 |pmid=24596427 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mafi mahimmanci shine karuwar yautuwar barkewar cutar a wurare masu tsayi (kamar Tsaunin Afirka). Haifawar yanayin zafi a wadannan yankuna na da damar sauya yankunan da da can ba su da zazzabin sauro zuwa yankuna masu fama da barkewar cutar na lokaci-lokaci.<ref name="pmid7656875">{{cite journal |vauthors=Martens WJ, Niessen LW, Rotmans J, Jetten TH, McMichael AJ |date=May 1995 |title=Potential impact of global climate change on malaria risk |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |volume=103 |issue=5 |pages=458–64 |doi=10.1289/ehp.95103458 |pmc=1523278 |pmid=7656875|bibcode=1995EnvHP.103..458M }}</ref> Sakamakon haka, sabbin al'umma za su fuskanci cutar, wanda zai kai ga asarar shekaru masu amfani na koshin lafiya. Bugu da kari, nauyin cutar na iya zama mafi lahani ga yankunan da ba su da karfi da albarkatun da za su magance irin wadannan kalubale da matsaloli yadda ya kamata.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Wu X, Lu Y, Zhou S, Chen L, Xu B |date=January 2016 |title=Impact of climate change on human infectious diseases: Empirical evidence and human adaptation |journal=Environment International |volume=86 |pages=14–23 |doi=10.1016/j.envint.2015.09.007 |pmid=26479830 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2016EnInt..86...14W }}</ref> Yayin da canjin yanayi ke sauya yankunan labarin kasa na yaduwar cutar zuwa Tsaunin Afirka, kalubalen zai kasance shine gano da kuma sarrafa kwarin sauro a yankunan da ba su taba ganinsa ba a baya.<ref name="pmid14654317">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tanser FC, Sharp B, le Sueur D |date=November 2003 |title=Potential effect of climate change on malaria transmission in Africa |journal=Lancet |volume=362 |issue=9398 |pages=1792–8 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14898-2 |pmid=14654317 |s2cid=22850163 |url=https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/24378625 }}</ref> == Tasiri da ke shafar shiyyoyi == === Afirka ta Tsakiya === Afirka ta Tsakiya, a mafi yawancin sassa, yanki ne da ke kewaye da kasa (ba shi da gabar teku) kuma ta fuskar labarin kasa yana fuskantar barazanar canjin yanayi. Saboda tsananin sauye-sauyen yanayi a yankin da kuma dogaro ga aikin noma na ruwan sama, ana sa ran Afirka ta Tsakiya za ta fuskanci lokutan tsananin zafi (heatwaves) masu tsayi da kuma yawaitar mazaunai, gami da karuwar mamakon ruwan sama na matakari na karshe.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Diedhiou |first1=Arona |last2=Bichet |first2=Adeline |last3=Wartenburger |first3=Richard |last4=Seneviratne |first4=Sonia I |last5=Rowell |first5=David P |last6=Sylla |first6=Mouhamadou B |last7=Diallo |first7=Ismaila |last8=Todzo |first8=Stella |last9=Touré |first9=N'datchoh E |last10=Camara |first10=Moctar |last11=Ngatchah |first11=Benjamin Ngounou |last12=Kane |first12=Ndjido A |last13=Tall |first13=Laure |last14=Affholder |first14=François |title=Changes in climate extremes over West and Central Africa at 1.5 °C and 2 °C global warming |journal=Environmental Research Letters |date=June 2018 |volume=13 |issue=6 |article-number=065020 |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/aac3e5 |bibcode=2018ERL....13f5020D |doi-access=free |hdl=20.500.11850/274346 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Matsakaitan zafin duniya a wannan yanki ana sa ran zai karu da digiri 1.5 °C zuwa 2 °C.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Seneviratne |first1=Sonia I. |last2=Donat |first2=Markus G. |last3=Pitman |first3=Andy J. |last4=Knutti |first4=Reto |last5=Wilby |first5=Robert L. |title=Allowable CO2 emissions based on regional and impact-related climate targets |journal=Nature |date=28 January 2016 |volume=529 |issue=7587 |pages=477–483 |doi=10.1038/nature16542 |pmid=26789252 |s2cid=205247437 |url=https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/9482219 }}</ref> Karfin shakar iskar gas mai gurbata muhalli (carbon dioxide) na daji a yankin Kogin Kongo ya ragu. Wannan raguwa ta faru ne saboda karuwar zafi da fari da ke haifar da raguwar girman bishiyoyi. Wannan yana nuna cewa har ma dajin da ba a taba sare bishiyoyinsa ba canjin yanayi yana shafar sa. Wani bincike da aka wallafa a mujallar Nature ya nuna cewa nan da shekarar 2030, dajin Afirka zai shaki kasa da kashi 14 cikin dari na carbon dioxide idan aka kwatanta da abin da yake shaka tsakanin shekarun 2005-2010, kuma ba zai shaki komai ba kwata-kwata nan da shekarar 2035.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Grossman |first1=Daniel |date=4 March 2020 |title=The Congo rainforest is losing ability to absorb carbon dioxide. That's bad for climate change. |language=en |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/the-congo-rainforest-is-losing-its-ability-to-absorb-carbon-dioxide-thats-bad-for-climate-change/2020/03/03/3363d218-5ca9-11ea-9055-5fa12981bbbf_story.html |access-date=6 March 2020}}</ref> === Gabashin Afirka === Ganin cewa kusan gaba daya yankin yana cikin yankuna masu zafi (tropics), ruwan sama a Gabashin Afirka ya dogara ne kacokan a kan sauye-sauyen lokaci na gungun gajimare na ruwan sama na yankunan zafi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nicholson |first=Sharon E. |date=2017 |title=Climate and climatic variability of rainfall over eastern Africa |journal=Reviews of Geophysics |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=590–635 |bibcode=2017RvGeo..55..590N |doi=10.1002/2016RG000544 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Gabashin Afirka yana da siffar sauye-sauyen ruwan sama masu yawa ta fuskar lokaci da sarari saboda ya shimfidu sama da digiri 30 na layi na latitude (ketare layin hantar duniya). Yana samun tasiri daga tekunan Indiya da na Atlantika, kuma yana da manyan siffofin kasa (yankunan tsaunuka) gami da manyan madatsun ruwa na cikin kasa kamar Tafkin Victoria. Saboda haka, yanayin lokutan ruwan sama ya bambanta tun daga lokacin ruwan sama guda daya kacal a shekara a tsakanin watannin Yuli-Agusta a sassan arewa maso yamma (ciki har da Habasha da Sudan ta Kudu, wadanda ta fuskar yanayi ke da alaka da Yammacin Afirka, inda iskar iska mai kawo ruwa ta Yammacin Afirka ke kawo musu ruwan sama) zuwa lokacin ruwan sama guda daya kacal a shekara a tsakanin Disamba - Fabrairu a kudanci (a fadin Tanzania), yayin da yankuna da dama na kusa da layin hantar duniya ke da lokutan ruwan sama guda biyu a shekara,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dunning |first1=Caroline M. |last2=Black |first2=Emily C. L. |last3=Allan |first3=Richard P. |date=2016 |title=The onset and cessation of seasonal rainfall over Africa |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |volume=121 |issue=19 |pages=11,405–11,424 |bibcode=2016JGRD..12111405D |doi=10.1002/2016JD025428 |doi-access=free }}</ref> kusan a tsakanin watannin Maris-Mayu (wato "Dogon Ruwa") da Oktoba zuwa Disamba ("Takaitaccen Ruwa"). Sauye-sauyen ruwan sama a kan kananan siffofi sau da yawa suna da alaka da siffofin tsaunuka da tafkuna. Sauye-sauyen shekara-shekara na iya zama manya, kuma abubuwan sarrafawa da aka sani sun hada da sauye-sauyen yanayin zafin saman teku (SSTs) na kwarurukan tekuna daban-daban, yanayin iska mai fadin gaske na sauye-sauye kamar Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO)<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Vellinga |first1=Michael |last2=Milton |first2=Sean |date=2018 |title=Drivers of interannual variability of the East African 'Long Rains' |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |language=en |volume=144 |issue=1 |pages=861–876 |bibcode=2018QJRMS.144..861V |doi=10.1002/qj.3263 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Finney 2109–2129">{{Cite journal |last1=Finney |first1=Declan L. |last2=Marsham |first2=John H. |last3=Jackson |first3=Lawrence S. |last4=Kendon |first4=Elizabeth J. |last5=Rowell |first5=David P. |last6=Boorman |first6=Penelope M. |last7=Keane |first7=Richard J. |last8=Stratton |first8=Rachel A. |last9=Senior |first9=Catherine A. |date=5 February 2019 |title=Implications of Improved Representation of Convection for the East Africa Water Budget Using a Convection-Permitting Model |journal=Journal of Climate |volume=32 |issue=7 |pages=2109–2129 |bibcode=2019JCli...32.2109F |doi=10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0387.1 |doi-access=free }}</ref> da kuma guguwa mai karfi ta wuraren zafi (tropical cyclones).<ref name="Finney 2109–2129" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kilavi |first1=Mary |last2=MacLeod |first2=Dave |last3=Ambani |first3=Maurine |last4=Robbins |first4=Joanne |last5=Dankers |first5=Rutger |last6=Graham |first6=Richard |last7=Titley |first7=Helen |last8=Salih |first8=Abubakr A. M. |last9=Todd |first9=Martin C. |date=December 2018 |title=Extreme Rainfall and Flooding over Central Kenya Including Nairobi City during the Long-Rains Season 2018: Causes, Predictability, and Potential for Early Warning and Actions |journal=Atmosphere |language=en |volume=9 |issue=12 |page=472 |bibcode=2018Atmos...9..472K |doi=10.3390/atmos9120472 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dogon Ruwa shi ne babban lokacin noman amfanin gona a yankin. Hasashen shekara-shekara na wannan lokaci yana da karanci idan aka kwatanta da Takaitaccen Ruwa, kuma bushewar da aka gani kwanan nan ta sha bamban da hasashen yanayi na samun damina mai zuwa a nan gaba (wanda ake kira "Dambarar yanayin Gabashin Afirka").<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rowell |first1=David P. |last2=Booth |first2=Ben B. B. |last3=Nicholson |first3=Sharon E. |last4=Good |first4=Peter |title=Reconciling Past and Future Rainfall Trends over East Africa |journal=Journal of Climate |date=15 December 2015 |volume=28 |issue=24 |pages=9768–9788 |doi=10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0140.1 |bibcode=2015JCli...28.9768R |s2cid=129146135 }}</ref>). Gabashin Afirka ya shaida yawaitar fari mai tsanani a cikin shekarun baya-bayan nan, gami da ambaliyar ruwa mai barna. Yanayin ruwan sama tun daga shekarun 1980 ya nuna raguwa gaba daya a cikin watannin Maris - Mayu (MAM) yayin da aka sami 'yar karuwa kadan a lokacin ruwan sama na watannin Yuni - Satumba (JJAS) da Oktoba - Disamba (OND),<ref name="Bernhofer 1–9">{{Cite journal |last1=Bernhofer |first1=Christian |last2=Hülsmann |first2= Stephan |last3=Gebrechorkos |first3=Solomon H. |date=6 August 2019 |title=Long-term trends in rainfall and temperature using high-resolution climate datasets in East Africa |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=9 |issue=1 |article-number=11376 |bibcode=2019NatSR...911376G |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-47933-8 |pmc=6684806 |pmid=31388068 }}</ref> kodayake kamar an sami komawa daidai kwanan nan a cikin ruwan saman MAM.<ref name="Wainwright 1–9">{{Cite journal |last1=Wainwright |first1=Caroline M. |last2=Marsham |first2=John H. |last3=Keane |first3=Richard J. |last4=Rowell |first4=David P. |last5= Finney |first5=Declan L. |last6=Black |first6=Emily |last7=Allan |first7=Richard P. |date=12 September 2019 |title='Eastern African Paradox' rainfall decline due to shorter not less intense Long Rains |journal=npj Climate and Atmospheric Science |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |page=34 |doi=10.1038/s41612-019-0091-7 |bibcode=2019npCAS...2...34W |doi-access=free }}</ref> A nan gaba, an kiyasta cewa ruwan sama da yanayin zafi za su canza a fadin Gabashin Afirka.<ref name="Dunning 9719–9738" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Muhati |first1=Godwin Leslie |last2=Olago |first2=Daniel |last3=Olaka |first3= Lydia |date=1 October 2018 |title=Past and projected rainfall and temperature trends in a sub-humid Montane Forest in Northern Kenya based on the CMIP5 model ensemble |journal=Global Ecology and Conservation |volume=16 |article-number=e00469 |doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2018.e00469 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2018GEcoC..1600469M }}</ref><ref name="Rowell 621–633">{{Cite journal |last1=Rowell |first1=David P. |last2=Senior |first2= Catherine A. |last3=Vellinga |first3=Michael |last4=Graham |first4=Richard J. |date=1 February 2016 |title=Can climate projection uncertainty be constrained over Africa using metrics of contemporary performance? |journal=Climatic Change |language=en |volume=134 |issue=4 |pages=621–633 |bibcode=2016ClCh..134..621R |doi=10.1007/s10584-015-1554-4 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Bincike na baya-bayan nan kan kiyasin yanayi ya nuna cewa matsakacin zafi na iya karuwa da kusan digiri 2-3 °C zuwa tsakiyar karni sannan da digiri 2-5 °C a karshen karni.<ref name= "Bornemann 365–384">{{Cite journal |last1=Bornemann |first1=F. Jorge |last2=Rowell |first2=David P. |last3=Evans |first3=Barbara |last4=Lapworth |first4=Dan J. |last5=Lwiza |first5=Kamazima |last6= Macdonald |first6=David M.J. |last7=Marsham |first7=John H. |last8=Tesfaye |first8=Kindie |last9=Ascott |first9=Matthew J. |last10=Way |first10=Celia |date=1 October 2019 |title=Future changes and uncertainty in decision-relevant measures of East African climate |journal=Climatic Change |language=en |volume=156 |issue=3 |pages=365–384 |bibcode=2019ClCh..156..365B |doi=10.1007/s10584-019-02499-2 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Wannan zai dogara ne a kan tsarin fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli gami da yadda ainihin yanayin ke mayar da martani idan aka kwatanta da sakamako daban-daban da kirar tsare-tsare na na'ura (models) suka nuna. Kiyasin kirar yanayi yana nuna cewa za a sami karuwar ruwan sama, musamman a lokacin OND, wanda kuma aka kiyasta zai auku a makare. Wannan jinkiri na takaitaccen lokacin ruwan sama yana da alaka da fadada yanayin zafi mai karfi na Sahara (Saharan Heat Low) karkashin canjin yanayi.<ref name="Dunning 9719–9738">{{cite journal |last1=Dunning |first1=Caroline M. |last2=Black |first2=Emily |last3=Allan |first3=Richard P. |title=Later Wet Seasons with More Intense Rainfall over Africa under Future Climate Change |journal=Journal of Climate |date=December 2018 |volume=31 |issue=23 |pages=9719–9738 |doi=10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0102.1 |bibcode=2018JCli...31.9719D |s2cid=52990163 }}</ref> Sai dai kuma, wasu kirar tsare-tsaren na kiyasin raguwar ruwan sama,<ref name="Rowell 621–633" /><ref name="Bornemann 365–384" /> kuma ga wasu shiyyoyi da lokuta, mafi girman karuwar ruwan sama da aka kiyasta an nuna cewa yana kunshe da hanyoyin da ba su dace ba saboda kura-kurai na tsari na kirar tsare-tsaren.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rowell |first=David P. |date=2019 |title= An Observational Constraint on CMIP5 Projections of the East African Long Rains and Southern Indian Ocean Warming |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=46 |issue=11 |pages=6050–6058 |bibcode=2019GeoRL..46.6050R |doi=10.1029/2019GL082847 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Bugu da kari, sauye-sauyen sinadarai na iska (aerosols) suna tasiri ga sauyin ruwan sama wanda ba a iya kamawa a cikin kiyasin canjin yanayi da dama.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Scannell |first1=Claire |last2=Booth |first2=Ben B. B. |last3=Dunstone |first3=Nick J. |last4=Rowell |first4=David P. |last5=Bernie |first5=Dan J. |last6=Kasoar |first6=Matthew |last7=Voulgarakis |first7=Apostolos |last8=Wilcox |first8=Laura J. |last9=Acosta Navarro |first9=Juan C. |last10=Seland |first10=Øyvind |last11=Paynter |first11=David J. |date=13 September 2019 |title=The Influence of Remote Aerosol Forcing from Industrialized Economies on the Future Evolution of East and West African Rainfall |journal=Journal of Climate |volume=32 |issue=23 |pages=8335–8354 |bibcode=2019JCli...32.8335S |doi=10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0716.1 |doi-access=free |hdl=10044/1/75583 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Rowell 9768–9788">{{Cite journal |last1=Rowell |first1=David P. |last2=Booth |first2=Ben B. B. |last3=Nicholson |first3=Sharon E. |last4=Good |first4=Peter |date=7 October 2015 |title=Reconciling Past and Future Rainfall Trends over East Africa |journal=Journal of Climate |volume=28 |issue=24 |pages=9768–9788 |bibcode=2015JCli...28.9768R |doi=10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0140.1 |s2cid=129146135 }}</ref> Bambanci tsakanin yanayin bushewa na ruwan saman MAM (dogon ruwa) a daidai hantar Gabashin Afirka, tare da yawancin kirar kiyasin da ke nuna za a sami jika a nan gaba an sanya masa lakabi da "dambarar canjin yanayin Gabashin Afirka",<ref name="Rowell 9768–9788" /> kodayake an sami dan farfadowa kwanan nan a cikin ruwan saman.<ref name="Wainwright 1–9" /> Bincike ya nuna cewa yanayin bushewar ba lallai ba ne ya kasance na halitta zalla, amma yana iya kasancewa samfari ne na abubuwa kamar su aerosols maimakon iskar gas mai gurbata muhalli,<ref name="Rowell 9768–9788" /> saboda haka ana bukatar kararin bincike. An nuna bushewar ta faru ne saboda takaitaccen lokacin ruwan sama, kuma tana da alaka da fadada yanayin zafi mai karfi na Larabawa (Arabian Heat Low).<ref name="Wainwright 1–9" /> Sakamakon rashin tabbas a cikin kiyasin ruwan sama, sauye-sauye a farkon lokutan ruwan sama ba su da tabbas a daidai hantar Gabashin Afirka, kodayake kirar kiyasin da dama suna nuna makarin takaitaccen ruwan sama mai yawa.<ref name="Dunning 9719–9738" /> An san cewa tsarin Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) yana ba da gagarumin iko a kan sauye-sauyen shekara-shekara a cikin takaitaccen ruwan sama,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Black |first1=Emily |last2=Slingo |first2=Julia |last3=Sperber |first3=Kenneth R. |date=1 January 2003 |title=An Observational Study of the Relationship between Excessively Strong Short Rains in Coastal East Africa and Indian Ocean SST |journal=Monthly Weather Review |volume=131 |issue=1 |pages=74–94 |bibcode=2003MWRv..131...74B |doi=10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<0074:AOSOTR>2.0.CO;2 |doi-access=free }}</ref> kuma bincike ya nuna cewa tsananin IOD na iya karuwa karkashin canjin yanayi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cai |first1=Wenju |last2=Wang |first2=Guojian |last3=Gan |first3=Bolan |last4=Wu |first4=Lixin |last5=Santoso |first5=Agus |last6=Lin |first6=Xiaopei |last7=Chen |first7=Zhaohui |last8=Jia |first8=Fan |last9=Yamagata |first9=Toshio |date=12 April 2018 |title=Stabilised frequency of extreme positive Indian Ocean Dipole under 1.5 °C warming |journal=Nature Communications |volume=9 |issue=1 |article-number=1419 |bibcode=2018NatCo...9.1419C |doi=10.1038/s41467-018-03789-6 |pmid=29650992 |pmc=5897553 }}</ref> A fadin duniya, ana sa ran canjin yanayi zai kai ga tsanantar ruwan sama, yayin da mamakon ruwan sama ke karuwa cikin sauri tare da dumama fiye da yadda jimillar ruwan sama ke yi.<ref name="Global Warming of 1.5 °C —">{{Cite web |last=IPCC |date=2018 |title=Global Warming of 1.5°C: an IPCC special report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/ |access-date=2020-02-16 |website=IPCC}}</ref> Binciken baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa a fadin Afirka, ana sa ran kirar kiyasin duniya za su gaza kimanta saurin sauyin wannan tsanantar ruwan sama,<ref name="Kendon-2019" /> kuma sauye-sauye a cikin matakan karshe na ruwan sama na iya yaduwa sosai fiye da wadanda kirar kiyasin duniya suka kiyasta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Finney |first1=Declan L. |last2=Marsham |first2=John H. |last3=Rowell |first3=David P. |last4=Kendon |first4= Elizabeth J. |last5=Tucker |first5=Simon O. |last6=Stratton |first6=Rachel A. |last7=Jackson |first7=Lawrence S. |date=22 January 2020 |title=Effects of explicit convection on future projections of mesoscale circulations, rainfall and rainfall extremes over Eastern Africa |journal=Journal of Climate |volume=33 |issue=7 |pages=2701–2718 |bibcode=2020JCli...33.2701F |doi=10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0328.1 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Sassan kudancin Gabashin Afirka suna samun mafi yawan ruwan samansu ne a cikin lokacin ruwan sama guda daya a lokacin sanyin rabin duniyar kudanci: a fadin Tanzania an kiyasta ruwan saman lokaci zai karu karkashin canjin yanayi na gaba, kodayake akwai rashin tabbas.<ref name="Dunning 9719–9738" /> can gaba zuwa kudanci, a fadin Mozambique, an kiyasta takaitaccen lokacin ruwan sama saboda farawa a makare karkashin canjin yanayi na gaba, shi ma tare da wasu rashin tabbas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Bin |last2=Liu |first2=De Li |last3=Waters |first3=Cathy |last4=Yu |first4=Qiang |date=2 October 2018 |title=Quantifying sources of uncertainty in projected wheat yield changes under climate change in eastern Australia |journal=Climatic Change |volume=151 |issue=2 |pages=259–273 |bibcode=2018ClCh..151..259W |doi=10.1007/s10584-018-2306-z |s2cid=158743534 }}</ref> A matsayin misali, kasar Kenya tana da babban hadarin fuskantar tasirin canjin yanayi. Babban hadarin yanayi sun hada da fari da ambaliyar ruwa saboda ruwan sama zai kasance mai tsanani da kuma wuyar hasashe. Kirar tsare-tsare na yanayi sun yi hasashen cewa yanayin zafi zai tashi da digiri 0.5 zuło 2 °C.<ref name="World_Bank">{{cite web |author=World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal |title=Kenya (Vulnerability) |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/kenya/vulnerability |access-date=2021-01-28 |archive-date=2023-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001012517/https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/kenya/vulnerability |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin rukunin gidajen marasa galihu na birnin Nairobi, tasirin dumama na tsarin birni (urban heat island) yana kara tsananta matsalar domin yana haifar da yanayin zafi mafi dumi na kewaye. Wannan yana faruwa ne saboda kayayyakin ginin gidaje, rashin samun iska mai kyau, karancin korayen wurare, da karancin damar samun wutar lantarki da sauran ayyuka.<ref name="Hirch_2017">{{cite web |last=Hirch |first=Aurther |date=November 2017 |title=Effects of climate change likely to be more deadly in poor African settlements |url=https://hub.jhu.edu/2017/11/06/deadly-climate-change-disproportionately-affects-africa/}}</ref> === Arewacin Afirka === === Yammacin Afirka da Sahel === Yannkin Yammacin Afirka za a iya raba shi zuwa kananan shiyyoyin yanayi guda hudu wadanda sune Gabar Tekun Guinea, Sudano-Sahel, Sahel (wanda ya shimfidu gabas zuwa iyakar Habasha) da kuma Sahara,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Agyeman |first1=Richard Yao Kuma |last2=Quansah |first2=Emmannuel |last3=Lamptey |first3=Benjamin |last4=Annor |first4=Thompson |last5=Agyekum |first5=Jacob |date=2018 |title=Evaluation of CMIP5 Global Climate Models over the Volta Basin: Precipitation |journal=Advances in Meteorology |volume=2018 |issue=1 |pages=1–24 |doi=10.1155/2018/4853681 |bibcode=2018AdMet201853681A |doi-access=free}}</ref> kowanne yana da yanayin gudanar iska daban-daban. Zagayowar lokutan ruwan sama ya dogara ne mafi yawancinsa akan motsi na kudu-arewa na gungun iska mai haduwa ta yankunan zafi (ITCZ) wanda ke da siffar haduwar iska mai danshi ta yamma maso kudu da iska mai bushewa ta gabas maso arewa wato Hunutu (Harmattan). == Karba-da-daidaitawa == Don rage tasirin canjin yanayi a kasashen Afirka, ana bukatar matakan karba-da-daidaitawa (adaptation) a matakai da dama – tun daga matakin gida (local) zuwa matakin kasa da na shiyya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://climateanalytics.org/media/schaeffer_et_al__2013__africao__s_a_daptation_gap_technical_report.pdf|title=Africa's Adaptation Gap, Technical Report: Climate Change Impacts, Adaptation Challenges, and Costs for Africa|last=Climate Analytics|website=Climate Analytics|access-date=8 March 2021|archive-date=17 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117055339/https://climateanalytics.org/media/schaeffer_et_al__2013__africao__s_a_daptation_gap_technical_report.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Zaman farko na ayyukan karba-da-daidaitawa a Afirka za a iya siffanta su mafi yawanci a matsayin kanana ta fuskar tsari, wadanda suka mayar da hankali kan zuba jari na musamman a fannin aikin noma da kuma yada fasahohi don tallafawa yanke shawara na daidaitawa.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Troni |first=Jessica |title=Climate change adaptation in Africa: UNDP synthesis of experiences and recommendations |year=2018 |oclc=1079881730}}</ref> A dabarun baya-bayan nan, kokarin shirye-shiryen ya karkata zuwa ga manyan ayyuka da aka tsara su cikin hadin gwiwa, wadanda ke tattauna batutuwan da suka shafi fannoni da dama lokaci guda. A cewar wani bincike na shekarar 2023, kashi 59 cikin dari na bankunan Afirka suna da tsarin manufofin canjin yanayi da aka riga aka kafa, yayin da wani kashi 22 cikin dari ke shirin aiwatar da hakan. Kashi 65 cikin dari na bankunan a halin yanzu suna yin la'akari da hadarin yanayi yayin kimanta sabbin abokan ciniki ko ayyuka, yayin da wani kashi 23 cikin dari ke sa ran yin hakan a nan gaba.<ref name="EIB-2023"/> [[File:Green_finance_opportunities_and_products_(%_of_surveyed_African_banks).png|thumb|upright=1.35|Damammaki da kayayyakin hada-hadar kudi na kore (Green finance) daga bankunan da aka gudanar da bincike a kansu a cikin binciken Bankunan Afirka na Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai<ref name="eib.org">{{Cite web|title=Finance in Africa report finds that banks want to move faster into green lending|url=https://www.eib.org/en/essays/africa-green-lending|access-date=2021-12-10|website=European Investment Bank|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Bank">{{Cite book|last=Bank|first=European Investment|url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/economic-report-finance-in-africa-green-smart-inclusive-private-sector-development|title=Finance in Africa: for green, smart and inclusive private sector development|date=18 November 2021|publisher=European Investment Bank|isbn=978-92-861-5063-0|language=EN}}</ref>]] Inganta fasahar hasashen yanayi a yankin Afirka da ke kudu da Sahara yana da muhimmanci wajen bayar da bayanai don mayar da martani ga canjin yanayi,<ref name="Youds-2021">{{Cite journal|last1=Youds|first1=L.|last2=Parker|first2=D. J.|last3=Adefisan|first3=E. A.|last4=Antwi-Agyei|first4=P.|last5=Bain|first5=C. L.|last6=Black|first6=E. C. L.|last7=Blyth|first7=A. M.|last8=Dougill|first8=A. J.|last9=Hirons|first9=L. C.|date=13 May 2021|title=GCRF African SWIFT White Paper Policy Brief: The future of African weather forecasting|url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/174093/|access-date=2021-05-13|website=eprints.whiterose.ac.uk|language=en|doi=10.5518/100/67}}</ref> domin taimakawa wajen yanke shawara da ke da alaka da karba-da-daidaitawa da canjin yanayi misali.<ref name="Youds-2021" /> Yayin Babban Taron Kasashen da ke Cikin Yarjejeniya karo na 21 (COP21) a shekarar 2015, shugabannin kasashen Afirka sun kaddamar da Tsarin Karba-da-daidaitawa na Afirka (Africa Adaptation Initiative - AAI). Kwamitin gudanarwa na AAI ya kunshi Ofishin Taron Ministocin Afirka kan Muhalli (AMCEN) da kuma shugaban Rukunin Masu Tattaunawa na Afirka (AGN).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://africaadaptationinitiative.org/|title=AAI|accessdate=4 August 2024}}</ref> Haka kuma, Kungiyar Tarayyar Turai tana tallafawa Tsarin Karba-da-daidaitawa na Afirka.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.africa.undp.org/content/rba/en/home/presscenter/pressreleases/2020/european-union-ramps-up-support-to-africa-adaptation-initiative-.html|title = European Union ramps up support to Africa Adaptation Initiative|website = United Nations Development Programme|date = 22 January 2020|access-date = 9 June 2026|archive-date = 10 May 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210510103326/https://www.africa.undp.org/content/rba/en/home/presscenter/pressreleases/2020/european-union-ramps-up-support-to-africa-adaptation-initiative-.html|url-status = dead}}</ref> Kungiyar Tarayyar Turai ta yi gungun gwiwa da Tarayyar Afirka kan inganta dorewar gudanar da albarkatun kasa, juriya ta muhalli, da rage tasirin canjin yanayi (climate change mitigation)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://africa-eu-partnership.org/en/strategic-priority-areas/strengthening-resilience-peace-security-and-governance |title=Strengthening Resilience, Peace, Security and Governance |access-date=13 December 2023 |archive-date=10 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510085847/https://africa-eu-partnership.org/en/strategic-priority-areas/strengthening-resilience-peace-security-and-governance }}</ref> A matakin shiyya, kafa manufofi da ayyuka na shiyya don tallafawa karba-da-daidaitawa a fadin Afirka har yanzu suna matakin farko. Rahoton Kimantawa na Biyar na IPCC (AR5) ya bayyana misalan tsare-tsaren ayyuka na canjin yanayi na shiyyoyi daban-daban, ciki har da wadanda Kungiyar Ci gaban Kasashen Kudancin Afirka (SADC) da Kwamitin Kogin Tafkin Victoria suka samar.<ref name=":0r" /> A matakin kasa, an gudanar da shirye-shiryen farko da dama na daidaitawa ta hanyar Shirye-shiryen Ayyuka na Kasa na Karba-da-daidaitawa (NAPAs) ko Dabarun Mayar da Martani ga Canjin Yanayi na Kasa (NCCRS). Sai dai kuma, aiwatar da su ya kasance cikin jinkiri, tare da samun nasarori mabambanta a fannin isarwa.<ref name = date>{{Cite journal|last1=Pardoe|first1=Joanna|last2=Conway|first2=Declan|last3=Namaganda|first3=Emilinah |last4=Vincent|first4=Katharine|last5=Dougill|first5=Andy|last6=Kashaigili|first6=Japhet|date=2018|title=Climate Change and the Water-Energy-Food Nexus: Policy and Practice in Tanzania.|journal= Climate Policy|volume=18|issue=7|pages=863–877|doi=10.1080/14693062.2017.1386082|doi-access=free}}</ref> Sanya batun canjin yanayi cikin tsare-tsaren tattalin arziki da ci gaba mafi fadin gaske har yanzu yana da iyaka kodayake yana ci gaba da bunkasa.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Lessons learned in preparing national adaptation programmes of action in Eastern and Southern Africa|last1=Osman-Elasha|first1=Balgis|last2=Downing|first2=Tom | publisher = Stockholm Environment Institute|year=2007}}</ref><ref name=":0r" /> A matakin kasa da na gida (subnational), hukumomin larduna da na birni da dama su ma suna samar da dabarunsu na kansu, misali Dabarun Mayar da Martani ga Canjin Yanayi na Western Cape.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.westerncape.gov.za/text/2015/march/western_cape_climate_change_response_strategy_2014.pdf|title=Western Cape Climate Change Response Strategy|last=Western Cape Government|date=2014|access-date=8 March 2021|archive-date=20 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220102835/https://www.westerncape.gov.za/text/2015/march/western_cape_climate_change_response_strategy_2014.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Duk da haka, matakan iya aiki na fasaha da albarkatun da ke akwai don aiwatar da tsare-tsaren gaba daya suna da karanci. An ba da hankali sosai a fadin Afirka ga aiwatar da ayyukan karba-da-daidaitawa na tushen al'umma (community-based adaptation). Akwai amincewa gaba daya cewa mafi kyawun hanyar tallafawa daidaitawa a matakin gida ita ce farawa da irin karfin daidaitawa na cikin gida da ke akwai riga, da kuma yin amfani da ilimin gargajiya da ayyukan gida.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ofoegbu|first1=Chidiebere|last2=Chirwa|first2=Paxie|last3=Francis|first3=Joseph|last4=Babalola|first4=Folaranmi|date=15 May 2017|title=Assessing vulnerability of rural communities to climate change: A review of implications for forest-based livelihoods in South Africa|journal=International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management|volume=9|issue=3|pages=374–386|doi=10.1108/IJCCSM-04-2016-0044 |hdl=2263/61659|hdl-access=free}}</ref> [[File:Climate risk approach (%25 of surveyed African banks).png|thumb|upright=1.35|Sakamakon da ya shafi tsarin fuskantar hadarin yanayi na bankunan Afirka (% na bankunan da aka gudanar da bincike a kansu) daga binciken Bankunan Afirka na Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai na shekarar 2021<ref name="eib.org"/><ref name="Bank"/>]] Hukumar IPCC ta bayyana hanyoyi da dama masu nasara don inganta daidaitawa mai tasiri a Afirka, inda ta bayyana ka'idoji guda biyar na gama gari.<ref name=":0r" /> Wadannan sun hada da: # Habaka tallafi ga hanyoyin daidaitawa masu zaman kansu (autonomous forms of adaptation); # Kara mayar da hankali ga la'akari na al'ada, dabi'u, da hakki na daidaitawa (musamman ta hanyar shigar da mata, matasa, da matalauta da mutane masu rauni sosai a cikin ayyukan daidaitawa); # Hadawa tsakanin zabuka na "hanyoyin sanyaya gwiwa" (soft path) da hanyoyin koyo masu sauki da maimaitawa tare da hanyoyin fasaha da ababen more rayuwa (gami da hada ilimin kimiyya, na gida, da na gargajiya wajen samar da dabarun daidaitawa); # Mayar da hankali kan inganta juriya da aiwatar da zabukan daidaitawa wadanda ba sa da da-na-sani (low-regrets options); da kuma # Gina tsarin gudanarwa mai dacewa da kuma karfafa tsarin koyo na zamantakewa da na hukumomi a cikin ayyukan daidaitawa. Rahoton Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya mai taken "Adaptation to Climate Change in Africa Plan of Action for the Health Sector 2012–2016"<ref name="WHO-2012">World Health Organization. (2012). Adaptation to climate change in Africa plan of action for the health sector 2012–2016. Retrieved from http://www.afro.who.int/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=7699&Itemid=2593</ref> an tsara shi ne don "samar da cikakken martani da hadin gwiwa na fannin lafiya bisa hujjoji ga bukatun karba-da-daidaitawa ga canjin yanayi na kasashen Afirka domin tallafawa kudurori da fifikon gwamnatocin Afirka."<ref name="WHO-2012" /> Tsarin aikin ya kunshi manufofi kamar fadada ayyukan lafiyar jama'a, daidaita kokari a matakin kasa da kasa, karfafa gungun gwiwa da kokarin hadin gwiwa, da kuma inganta bincike kan tasirin canjin yanayi gami da matakan inganci da aka dauka a al'ummomin gida don rage sakamakon canjin yanayi.<ref name="WHO-2012" /> A cewar Asusun Lamuni na Duniya (IMF), yankin Afirka da ke kudu da Sahara yana bukatar kararin dalar Amurka biliyan $30 zuwa $50 kowace shekara a fannin samar da kudade don daidaitawa da tasirin canjin yanayi.<ref name="Bank"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sub-Saharan Africa: One Planet, Two Worlds, Three Stories|url=https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2021/10/20/pr21306-sub-saharan-africa-one-planet-two-worlds-three-stories|access-date=2021-12-06|website=IMF|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Dept|first=International Monetary Fund African|url=https://www.elibrary.imf.org/view/books/086/28915-9781513536835-en/ch02.xml|title=2. Adapting to Climate Change in Sub-Saharan Africa|date=15 April 2020|publisher=International Monetary Fund|isbn=978-1-5135-3683-5|language=en|access-date=13 December 2023|archive-date=23 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523061856/https://www.elibrary.imf.org/view/books/086/28915-9781513536835-en/ch02.xml}}</ref> Kudaden tallafin yanayi a Gabas Ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka sun kai jimillar dalar Amurka biliyan $32.6 (wato kashi 2 cikin dari na jimillar duniya) a shekarar 2019/2020, yayin da juna jari na yanayi a yankin Afirka da ke kudu da Sahara ya kasance dalar Amurka biliyan $43.8 (kashi 3 cikin dari na jimillar duniya).<ref name="EIB-2023">{{Cite book |last=Bank |first=European Investment |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/20230088-finance-in-africa |title=Finance in Africa: Uncertain times, resilient banks: African finance at a crossroads |date=2023-09-27 |publisher=European Investment Bank |isbn=978-92-861-5598-7 |language=EN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-15 |title=Climate Finance Regional Briefing: Middle East and North Africa (2020) - Climate Funds Update |url=https://climatefundsupdate.org/publications/climate-finance-regional-briefing-middle-east-and-north-africa-2020/ |access-date=2023-10-31 |language=en-US}}</ref> A cewar binciken Bankunan Afirka na Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai na shekarar 2021, hukumomin Afirka suna kara fahimtar bukatar magance hatsarin da ke tattare da canjin yanayi kuma suna fara amfani da damammaki a fannin samar da kudaden kore (green financing). Misali, kashi 54 cikin dari na bankunan da aka yi bincike a kansu sun dauki canjin yanayi a matsayin wani lamari na dabarun aiki, kuma fiye da kashi 40 cikin dari suna da ma'aikata da ke mayar da hankali kan fannonin da suka shafi yanayi.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Importer|first=A. P. O.|date=18 November 2021|title=EIB study highlights impact of COVID on African banks and business financing and opportunities for climate finance and digital transformation|url=https://africa.businessinsider.com/apo/eib-study-highlights-impact-of-covid-on-african-banks-and-business-financing-and/205d41n|access-date=2021-12-06|website=Business Insider Africa|language=en}}</ref> Bankunan Afirka da ke kudu da Sahara suna kara fadada ayyukansu na dijital, lamarin da annobar COVID-19 ta hanzarta shi. Mafi yawancin bankunan da aka gudanar da bincike a kansu sun bayyana cewa annobar ta hanzarta takun sauyin dijital (digital transformation), kuma wannan sauyi zai kasance na din-din-din.<ref>{{Cite web|title=EIB President highlights new gender and digital investment initiatives to accelerate economic recovery across Africa|url=https://www.eib.org/en/press/all/2021-165-eib-president-highlights-new-gender-and-digital-investment-initiatives-to-accelerate-economic-recovery-across-africa|access-date=2021-12-06|website=European Investment Bank|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=European Investment Bank Development Report|url=https://www.eib.org/attachments/thematic/the_eib_development_report_2021_en.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616085058/https://www.eib.org/attachments/thematic/the_eib_development_report_2021_en.pdf |archive-date=2021-06-16 }}</ref><ref name="Bank"/> Matalauta da marasa galihu sune suka fi fuskantar barazana, inda ma'aikata 'yan gudun hijira, 'yan gudun hijirar yaki, da sauran rukunoni da aka ware a cikin al'umma ke fuskantar wahala mafi tsanani. Kudin shiga na kowane mutum (GDP per capita) ba shi da tabbacin zai koma matakan shekarar 2019 har sai zuwa shekarar 2024, tare da barazanar sake faduwa kasa, kuma rikicin ya mayar da baya ga raguwar da aka yi hasashen samu na yawan matalauta, a cewar IMF. Idan aka kwatanta da hasashen kafin rikicin, wannan na iya haifar da kararin mutane miliyan 30 a yankin Afirka da ke kudu da Sahara da za su rayu cikin matsananciyar talauci nan da shekarar 2021, gami da kararin mutane miliyan tara a yankin Gabas Ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka (MENA).<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Selassie|first1=Abebe Aemro|last2=Department|first2=Habtamu Fuje IMF African|title=Seven Charts that Show Sub-Saharan Africa at a Crucial Point|url=https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2021/10/20/na102021-seven-charts-that-show-sub-saharan-africa-at-a-crucial-point|access-date=2021-12-06|website=IMF|language=en}}</ref> Ya zuwa shekarar 2023, kusan kashi daya bisa uku na dukkan kudaden tallafin yanayi na Afirka yana kwarara ne zuwa manyan kasuwanni guda biyar: Maroko (kashi 7 cikin dari na juna jari na yanayi na Afirka a cikin 2019/2022), Najeriya (kashi 7), Kenya (kashi 7), Habasha (kashi 6), da Afirka ta Kudu (kashi 5).<ref name="EIB-2023"/> A cikin shekaru goman da suka gabata, juna jari na kai-tsaye na ketare na kore (greenfield foreign direct investment) a fadin duniya ya ragu a kan matakin kashi 3 cikin dari a kowace shekara, inda gudunmuwar Afirka ga duniya ta fado daga kashi 12 cikin dari a shekarar 2017 zuwa kasa da kashi 6 cikin dari a shekarar 2021.<ref name="EIB-2023"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Investment Report 2023 |url=https://unctad.org/publication/world-investment-report-2023 |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=UNCTAD |language=en}}</ref> === Matakan karba-da-daidaitawa a Arewacin Afirka === [[File:Climate change specific personnel (%25 of surveyed African banks).png|thumb|upright=1.35|Ma'aikata na musamman kan canjin yanayi a bankunan Afirka da aka gudanar da bincike a kansu a cikin binciken Bankunan Afirka na Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai (% na bankunan Afirka da aka gudanar da bincike a kansu)]] Babban matakan daidaitawa a arewacin Afirka suna da alaka da karuwar hadarin karancin ruwa (sakamakon haduwar canjin yanayi da ke shafar samun ruwa da kuma karuwar bukatarsa). Ragwar samun ruwa, a gefe guda, yana cudanya da karuwar yanayin zafi don haifar da bukatar daidaitawa tsakanin noman alkama na ruwan sama<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hegazy|first1=A. K.|last2=Medany|first2=M. A.|last3=Kabiel|first3=H. F.|last4=Maez|first4=M. M.|date=2008|title=Spatial and temporal projected distribution of four crop plants in Egypt|journal=Natural Resources Forum|volume=32|issue=4|pages=316–326|doi=10.1111/j.1477-8947.2008.00205.x |bibcode=2008NRF....32..316H }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Drine|first=I.|date=May 2011|title=Climate Change Compounding Risks in North Africa |url=https://www.wider.unu.edu/publication/climate-change-compounding-risks-north-africa|website=United Nations University-World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU-WIDER) |type=Working Paper No. 32}}</ref> da kuma sauyin hadarin cututtuka (misali daga cutar leishmaniasis).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bounoua|first1=L.|last2=Kahime|first2=K.|last3=Houti|first3=L.|last4=Blakey|first4=T.|last5=Ebi|first5=K.L.|last6=Zhang|first6=P.|last7=Imhoff|first7=M.L.|last8=Thome|first8=K.J.|last9=Dudek|first9=C.|date=2013|title=Linking climate to incidence of zoonotic cutaneous Leishmaniasis (L. major) in Pre-Saharan North Africa|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|volume=10|issue=8|article-number=3172–3191|doi=10.3390/ijerph10083172|pmid=23912199|pmc=3774431|doi-access=free|bibcode=2013IJERP..10.3172B }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Toumi|first1=Amine|last2=Chlif|first2=Sadok|last3=Bettaieb|first3=Jihene|last4=Alaya|first4=Nissaf Ben|last5=Boukthir|first5=Aicha|last6=Ahmadi|first6=Zaher E.|last7=Salah|first7=Afif Ben|date=May 2012|editor-last=Ozcel|editor-first=Mehmet Ali|title=Temporal Dynamics and Impact of Climate Factors on the Incidence of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Central Tunisia|journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases|volume=6|issue=5|article-number=e1633|doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0001633|pmid=22563513|pmc=3341328 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Mafi yawancin ayyukan gwamnati na daidaitawa sun mayar da hankali ne a kan fannin samar da ruwa, misali ta hanyar kawar da gishirin ruwan teku (desalination), canja wurin ruwa tsakanin kwaruruka da kuma ginin madatsun ruwa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sowers |first1=Jeannie |last2=Vengosh |first2=Avner |last3=Weinthal |first3=Erika |title=Climate change, water resources, and the politics of adaptation in the Middle East and North Africa |journal=Climatic Change |date=February 2011 |volume=104 |issue=3–4 |pages=599–627 |doi=10.1007/s10584-010-9835-4 |bibcode=2011ClCh..104..599S |hdl=10161/6460 |s2cid=37329318 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> An kuma lura cewa hijira tana zama wata hanya ta daidaitawa ga daidaikun mutane da gidaje a arewacin Afirka.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Scheffran |first1=Jürgen |last2=Marmer |first2=Elina |last3=Sow |first3=Papa |title=Migration as a contribution to resilience and innovation in climate adaptation: Social networks and co-development in Northwest Africa |journal=Applied Geography |date=April 2012 |volume=33 |pages=119–127 |doi=10.1016/j.apgeog.2011.10.002 |bibcode=2012AppGe..33..119S }}</ref> Kamar yankuna da dama, duk da haka, misalan ayyukan daidaitawa na zahiri (sabanin niyyar yin aiki, ko kimanta fuskantar barazana) daga Arewacin Afirka suna da iyaka – wani bincike mai zurfi da aka wallafa a shekarar 2011 === Matakan karba-da-daidaitawa a Yammacin Afirka === Samun ruwa babban hadari ne na musamman a Yammacin Afirka, inda munanan abubuwan da ke faruwa kamar fari ke haifar da rikice-rikicen bil'adama da ke da alaka da lokutan yunwa, karancin abinci, raba mutane da muhallansu, hijira gami da rikici da rashin tsaro. Dabarun daidaitawa za su iya kasancewa na muhalli, na al'ada/na fannin noma (agronomic) da kuma na tattalin arziki.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shaibu |first1=M. T. |last2=Alhassan |first2=S. I. |last3=Panyan |first3=E. K. |last4=Avornyo |first4=F. K. |last5=Konlan |first5=S. P. |last6=Salifu |first6=S. |title=An Assessment of Institutional Importance of Climate Change Adaptation in the Volta River Basin of Northern Ghana |journal=West African Journal of Applied Ecology |date=2018 |volume=26 |pages=27–40 |url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/wajae/article/view/182464 }}</ref> Dabarun daidaitawa suna bayyana fili a fannin aikin noma, inda wasu daga cikinsu bincike na yau da kullum ko tashoshin gwaji suka samar ko suka inganta su.<ref name=":6r">{{Cite journal |last1=Kuwornu |first1=John K. M. |last2=Al-Hassan |first2=Ramatu M. |last3=Etwire |first3=Prince Maxwell |last4=Osei-Owusu |first4=Yaw |date=2013 |title=Adaptation strategies of smallholder farmers to climate change and variability: Evidence from northern Ghana |journal=Information Management and Business Review |volume=5 |issue=5 |pages=233–239 |doi=10.22610/imbr.v5i5.1047 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Sauye-sauyen aikin noma na gargajiya da aka lura da su a arewacin Ghana sun shafi amfanin gona, kasa, ko kuma sun shafi ayyukan al'adu.<ref name=":6r" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Alhassan |first1=S. I. |last2=Shaibu |first2=M. T. |last3=Kuwornu |first3=J. K. M. |last4=Damba |first4=O. T. |title=Factors Influencing Farmers' Awareness and Choice of Indigenous Practices in Adapting to Climate Change and Variability in Northern Ghana |journal=West African Journal of Applied Ecology |date=2018 |volume=26 |pages=1–13 |url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/wajae/article/view/182462 }}</ref> Daidaitawar aikin noma na dogaro da dabbobi sun hada da dabarun gargajiya kamar daidaita yawan abincin da ake ba dabbobi, adana isasshen abinci a lokacin wadata don ciyar da dabbobi a lokacin rani, warkar da raunuka da maganin da aka yi da bawon wasu bishiyoyi, da kuma rike nau'ikan dabbobi na gida wadanda riga suka saba da yanayin arewacin Ghana;<ref>{{Cite book|chapter=Perceptions and Determinants of the Adoption of Indigenous Strategies for Adaptation to Climate Change: Evidence from Smallholder Livestock Farmers, North-West Ghana |editor= Kuwornu, J. K. M. |title=Climate Change in Sub-saharan Africa: The vulnerability and adaptation of food supply chains actors |author1=Shaibu, M. T. |author2=Alhassan, I. S. |author3=Avornyo, F. K. |author4=Lawson, E. T. |author5=Mensah, A. |author6=Gordon, C.|publisher=Vernon Press|year=2019|pages=223–240}}</ref> da fasahoyin samar da dabbobi da suka hada da kiwo, lafiya, abinci/mai gina jiki, da kuma wurin kwana.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fao.org/4/v8180t/v8180t0y.htm|title=A classification of livestock production systems|website=www.fao.org|accessdate=4 August 2024}}</ref> Zabi da kuma amfani da dabarun daidaitawa sun dogara ne a matakai daban-daban a kan abubuwan da suka shafi alkaluman jama'a (demographic factors) kamar girman iyali, shekaru, jinsi, da ilimin shugaban iyali; abubuwan tattalin arziki kamar tushen kudin shiga; girman gona; ilimi game da zabukan daidaitawa; da kuma tsammanin abubuwan da za su faru a nan gaba.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Apata, T. G.|date=2011|title=Factors influencing the perception and choice of adaptation measures to climate change among farmers in Nigeria. Evidence from farm households in Southwest Nigeria|journal=Environmental Economics|volume=2|issue=4|pages=74–83}}</ref> === Matakan karba-da-daidaitawa a Gabashin Afirka === A Gabashin Afirka zabukan daidaitawa sun bambanta, ciki har da inganta amfani da bayanan yanayi, ayyuka a fannin aikin noma da kiwon dabbobi, da kuma fannin albarkatun ruwa. Yin amfani da ingantattun bayanan yanayi da na sararin samaniya, hasashen yanayi, da sauran kayan aikin gudanarwa yana ba da damar samun bayanai akan lokaci da kuma shirye-shiryen mutane a fannoni kamar aikin noma da ke dogaro da yanayi. Wannan yana nufin kwarewa a kan bayanan ruwa da yanayi (hydro-meteorological information) da tsarin gargadi na dauri.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Snow|first1=John|url=https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/librarypage/climate-and-disaster-resilience-/weather-and-climate-systems---africa.html|title=A New Vision for Weather and Climate Services in Africa|date=28 October 2016|publisher=UNDP}}</ref> An bayyana cewa al'ummomin gargajiya suna da ilimi a kan canje-canjen yanayi na tarihi ta hanyar alamun muhalli (misali bayyana da kuma hijirar wasu tsuntsaye, malam buɗe-littafi da sauransu), don haka inganta ilimin gargajiya an dauke shi a matsayin muhimmiyar dabarar daidaitawa. Daidaitawa a fannin aikin noma<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/regulatory-information-sector/agriculture-sectors-crop-naics-111-and-animal-naics-112|title=Agriculture Sectors: Crop (NAICS 111) and Animal (NAICS 112)|date=22 February 2013}}</ref> ya kunshi kara amfani da taki na takin gargajiya da taki na musamman don amfanin gona, amfani da nau'ikan amfanin gona masu juriya da kuma amfanin gona masu nuna da wuri. Taki na gargajiya, musamman takin dabbobi, ana tunanin yana rike da ruwa kuma yana da kwayoyin cuta (microbes) masu mahimmanci wadanda ke fasa abubuwan gina jiki don samar da su ga tsirrai, idan aka kwatanta da takin zamani wanda ke da sinadarai wadanda lokacin da aka sake su ga muhalli saboda yawan amfani da su ke fitar da iskar gas mai dumama yanayi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Biological Manipulation of Manure: Getting What You Want from Animal Manure|url=https://extension.psu.edu/biological-manipulation-of-manure-getting-what-you-want-from-animal-manure|access-date=2020-11-24|website=Penn State Extension|language=en}}</ref> babban rauni daya na fannin aikin noma a Gabashin Afirka shi ne dogaro da aikin noma na ruwan sama.<ref>{{cite report |last1=Hengsdijk |first1=H. |last2=Smit |first2=A. a. M. F. R. |last3=Conijn |first3=J. G. |last4=Rutgers |first4=B. |last5=Biemans |first5=H. |title=Agricultural crop potentials and water use in East Africa |date=2014 |publisher=Plant Research International |oclc=880257653 }}{{page needed|date=January 2024}}</ref> Mafita ta daidaitawa ita ce ingantaccen tsarin ban ruwa da ingantaccen tsarin adana ruwa da amfani da shi. Noman ban ruwa na digo (drip irrigation) an gano shi musamman a matsayin wani zabi mai kiyaye ruwa domin yana tura ruwa kai tsaye zuwa tushen shuka tare da karancin barna. Kasashe kamar Rwanda da Kenya sun ba da fifiko wajen samar da wuraren ban ruwa ta hanyar amfani da tsarin ruwa na magudanar juriya daga koramu da koguna na din-din-din a yankunan da ke fuskantar barazanar fari mai tsawo.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Republic of Rwanda|title=NAPA-RWANDA|url=https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/napa/rwa01e.pdf}}</ref> Lokacin da aka yi ruwan sama mai karfi, yankuna da dama suna fuskantar ambaliyar ruwa sakamakon filaye marasa gashi saboda sare bishiyoyi da karancin ciyayi a kasa. Dabarun daidaitawa da aka duba don wannan shi ne inganta kokarin kiyaye kariya ga kasa, ta hanyar dasa bishiyoyi na gida, kare wuraren dake rike da ruwa da kuma gudanar da filayen kiwo ta hanyar rarraba shiyyoyi.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Abuya|first1=Robina|last2=Said|first2=Mohammed|last3=Atela|first3=Joanes|last4=Muhwanga|first4=Joseph|last5=Moiko|first5=Stephen|last6=Atieno|first6=Fred|last7=Ndiritu|first7=Simon|year=2019|title=Contexualising Pathways to Resilience in Kenya's ASALs under the Big Four Agenda|url=http://www.kenyamarkets.org/publications/kmt-prise-project/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808104609/http://www.kenyamarkets.org/publications/kmt-prise-project/|archive-date=8 August 2019|access-date=8 August 2019|website=Kenya Markets Trust}}</ref> Ga fannin kiwon dabbobi, zabukan daidaitawa sun kunshi gudanar da samarwa ta hanyar dorewar gudanar da kasa da makiyaya a cikin tsarin muhalli. Wannan ya kunshi inganta hanyoyin samar da ciyawa da abincin dabbobi misali ta hanyar ban ruwa da amfani da ruwan da aka tace daga kazanta, da kuma mayar da hankali kan zuba jari wajen adana ciyawa don amfani da ita a lokacin rani. Kula da dabbobi ana daukarsa ne a matsayin hanyar rayuwa maimakon aikin tattalin arziki. A duk fadin kasashen Gabashin Afirka musamman a yankunan busassun filaye (ASALs), an bayyana cewa inganta sayar da dabbobi a matsayin kasuwanci wani zabi ne na daidaitawa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Political Economy Analysis of Kenya's Livestock Sector (Abridged Version)|url=http://www.kenyamarkets.org/publications/political-economy-analysis-of-kenyas-livestock-sector-abridged-version/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808104609/http://www.kenyamarkets.org/publications/political-economy-analysis-of-kenyas-livestock-sector-abridged-version/|archive-date=8 August 2019|access-date=8 August 2019|website=Kenya Markets Trust}}</ref> Wannan ya kunshi amfani da tsarin tattalin arziki wajen samar da abincin dabbobi, gano asalin dabbobi, inganta bukatar kayayyakin dabbobi kamar nama, madara da fata da kuma hadawa da kasuwanni na musamman don inganta kasuwanci da samar da kudin shiga.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kenya Meat End-Market Trends Study|url=http://www.kenyamarkets.org/publications/kenya-meat-end-market-trends-study/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808104612/http://www.kenyamarkets.org/publications/kenya-meat-end-market-trends-study/|archive-date=8 August 2019|access-date=8 August 2019|website=Kenya Markets Trust}}</ref> A fannin albarkatun ruwa, zabukan sun hada da ingantaccen amfani da ruwa ga gidaje, dabbobi da amfani na masana'antu da kuma kare hanyoyin samun ruwa. Kamfen kamar dasa bishiyoyi na gida a wuraren da ke rike da ruwa, sarrafa ayyukan bil'adama kusa da wuraren rike da ruwa musamman aikin noma da matsugunai an gudanar da su don taimakawa wajen kare albarkatun ruwa da kuma samar da damar samun ruwa ga al'ummomi musamman lokacin matsalolin yanayi. '''Kwamoras''' – "NAPA ita ce fadada aiki na Takardar Dabarun Rage Talauci (PRSP), domin ta kunshi a cikin abubuwan da ta sanya a gaba na daidaitawa, aikin noma, kamun kifi, ruwa, gidaje, lafiya, har ma da yawon bude ido, ta hanyar da ba kai tsaye ba, ta hanyar sake gina gangaren kwatami da yaki da zaftarewar kasa, don haka kiyaye duwatsun karkashin teku ta hanyar takaita tabo da ke fitowa daga kasa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Action Programme of Adaptation to climate change (NAPA)|url=http://www.preventionweb.net/files/8507_com01e.pdf}}</ref>" '''Kenya''' ta kafa Dokar Canjin Yanayi ta shekarar 2016 wadda ta kafa hukuma don kula da ci gaba, gudanarwa, aiwatarwa da kuma tsara hanyoyin inganta juriya ga canjin yanayi da ci gaba mai karancin carbon don ci gaba mai dorewa, ta hanyar Gwamnatocin Kasa da na Sassa (Counties), kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, kungiyoyin farar hula, da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki. Kenya ta kuma samar da Tsarin Aikin Canjin Yanayi na Kasa (NCCAP 2018–2022 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223062046/http://www.kcckp.go.ke/nccap-ii-2018-2022/ |date=23 December 2019 }}''')''' wanda ke da nufin ci gaba da manufofin ci gaban kasar ta hanyar samar da hanyoyi da matakai don cimma ci gaba mai juriya ga yanayi mai karancin carbon a hanyar da ta ba da fifiko ga daidaitawa. === Matakan karba-da-daidaitawa a Tsakiyar Afirka === '''Angola''' – "Manufar Shirye-shiryen Ayyuka na Kasa na Karba-da-daidaitawa ita ce gano tare da isar da gaggawa da bukatun kasar nan take game da daidaitawa ga canjin yanayi, don kara juriya ga Angola ga sauyin yanayi da canjin yanayi don tabbatar da nasarar shirye-shiryen rage talauci, manufofin ci gaba mai dorewa da kuma Manufofin Ci Gaban Karni da Gwamnati ke bi."<ref>{{citation |title=Analysis of Human Rights Language in the Cancun Agreements UNFCCC 16th Session of the Conference of the Parties|doi=10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9986-0022}}</ref> === Matakan karba-da-daidaitawa a Kudancin Afirka === An gudanar da tsare-tsare da dama a matakin gida (takamaiman wurare), matakin kasa da na shiyya da nufin karfafa juriya ga canjin yanayi. Wasu daga cikin wadannan sun hada da: Shirin Canjin Yanayi na Shiyya (RCCP),<ref>{{cite web|title=Regional Climate Change Programme, Southern Africa|website=OneWorld|url=https://oneworldgroup.co.za/oneworld-projects/southern-african-regional-climate-change-programme-rccp/|access-date=8 August 2019|archive-date=8 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808044011/https://oneworldgroup.co.za/oneworld-projects/southern-african-regional-climate-change-programme-rccp/|url-status=dead}}</ref> SASSCAL,<ref>{{cite web|title=SASSCAL – Southern African Science Service Centre for Climate Change and Adaptive Land Management|url=http://www.sasscal.org/|access-date=8 August 2019}}</ref> ASSAR,<ref>{{cite web|title=Adaptation at Scale in Semi-Arid Regions|url=http://www.assar.uct.ac.za/|access-date=8 August 2019|website=www.assar.uct.ac.za}}</ref> Karba-da-daidaitawa ga Canjin Yanayi na UNDP,<ref>{{cite web|title=Southern Africa |website=UNDP Climate Change Adaptation |url=https://www.adaptation-undp.org/explore/southern-africa|access-date=8 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808131738/https://www.adaptation-undp.org/explore/southern-africa |archive-date=2019-08-08}}</ref> RESILIM,<ref>{{cite book|title=Risk, Vulnerability & Resilience in the Limpopo River basin: Climate Change, water and biodiversity – a synthesis|publisher=OneWorld|year=2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Resilience in the Limpopo Basin (RESILIM) Program|publisher=Chemonics International Inc|year=2017}}</ref> FRACTAL.<ref>{{cite web|title=FRACTAL — Future Resilience for African CiTies And Lands|url=http://www.fractal.org.za/|access-date=8 August 2019}}</ref> Afirka ta Kudu ta aiwatar da Babban Shirin Bincike na Hanyoyin Daidaitawa na Dogon Lokaci (LTAS) daga watan Afrilu 2012 zuwa Yuni 2014. Wannan binciken ya kuma samar da takardun gaskiya da rahoton fasaha da ya shafi yankin SADC mai taken "Climate Change Adaptation: Perspectives for the Southern African Development Community (SADC)".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.environment.gov.za/sites/default/files/reports/ltasfactsheet_perspectiveforSADC.pdf|title=Climate change adaptation: Southern African Development Community (SADC)|access-date=8 March 2021|archive-date=24 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124013002/https://www.environment.gov.za/sites/default/files/reports/ltasfactsheet_perspectiveforSADC.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> '''Madagascar''' – fannonin da aka ba wa fifiko don daidaitawa sune: aikin noma da kiwon dabbobi, gandun daji, lafiyar jama'a, albarkatun ruwa da yankunan gabar teku.<ref>{{cite web|title=Madagascar|url=http://www.ldc-climate.org/country/madagascar/|website=LDC Climate Change |date=6 January 2018 }}</ref> '''Malawi''' – NAPA ta gano abubuwa masu zuwa a matsayin ayyuka mafi fifiko don daidaitawa: "Inganta juriyar al'umma ga canjin yanayi ta hanyar samar da dorewar hanyoyin rayuwa a karkara, Maido da gandun daji a Upper da Lower Shire Valleys don rage daskarewar kasa da matsalolin kwararar ruwa da ke tattare da hakan, Inganta ayyukan gona a karkashin ruwan sama mara tabbas da sauye-sauyen yanayi, Inganta shirin Malawi don fuskantar fari da ambaliyar ruwa, da kuma Inganta sanya idanu kan yanayi don bunkasa karfin gargadin dauri na Malawi da yanke shawara da kuma dorewar amfani da albarkatun Tafkin Malawi da yankunan gabar tafkin<ref>{{Cite web|title=REPUBLIC OF MALAWI. MALAWI'S NATIONAL ADAPTATION PROGRAMMES OF ACTION (NAPA) ..|url=http://www.unfccc.int/resource/docs/napa/mwi01.pdf}}</ref>". Kuma a cewar Rahoton Yanayi da Ci Gaban Kasa (CCDR) na Bankin Duniya na Malawi, kasar za ta iya "daukar matakai don kaddamar da zuba jari a cikin ababen more rayuwa masu juriya ga yanayi da kuma dakatar da lalacewar kasa da asarar gandun daji don inganta yawan aikin gona da kama carbon" <ref>{{Cite web|title=Climate-Informed Economic Development Key to Malawi's Future Growth and Resilience |website=World Bank |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2022/10/27/climate-informed-economic-development-key-to-malawi-s-future-growth-and-resilience}}</ref>" '''Mauritius''' – yakamata daidaitawa ta mayar da hankali kan fannoni masu fifiko kamar haka: albarkatun gabar teku, aikin noma, albarkatun ruwa, kamun kifi, lafiya da jin dadin rayuwa, canjin amfanin kasa da gandun daji da kuma rayuwun halittu daban-daban.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mauritius |website=UNDP Climate Change Adaptation|date=27 November 2018 |url=https://www.adaptation-undp.org/explore/eastern-africa/mauritius|access-date=8 August 2019}}</ref> '''Mozambique''' – "Tsare-tsaren daidaitawa da aka gabatar sun shafi fannoni daban-daban na ci gaban tattalin arziki da zamantakewa, kuma sun bayyana ayyukan da suka shafi rage tasirin bala'o'i, samar da matakan daidaitawa ga canjin yanayi, yaki da zaftarewar kasa a yankunan da ke da matsananciyar kwararar hamada da yankunan gabar teku, dasa bishiyoyi da kuma gudanar da albarkatun ruwa."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mozambique National Adaptation Programs of Action (NAPA) |website=Climate and Development Learning Platform|url=https://www.climatelearningplatform.org/mozambique-national-adaptation-programme-action-napa|access-date=2019-08-08}}</ref>" '''Rwanda''' ta samar da Shirin Aiki na Kasa na Karba-da-daidaitawa (NAPA 2006) wanda ke dauke da bayanai don jagorantar masu tsara manufofi na kasa da masu tsara shirye-shirye a kan matsaloli masu fifiko da daidaitawa a fannonin tattalin arziki masu mahimmanci.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=January 2012|journal=USAID|title=Climate Change Adaptation in Rwanda|url=https://www.climatelinks.org/sites/default/files/asset/document/rwanda_adaptation_fact_sheet_jan2012.pdf|access-date=2026-06-09|archive-date=2022-02-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207011141/https://www.climatelinks.org/sites/default/files/asset/document/rwanda_adaptation_fact_sheet_jan2012.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kasar ta kuma samar da manufofi na sassa daban-daban kan daidaitawa ga canjin yanayi kamar Vision 2020, Manufar Muhalli ta Kasa da Manufar Aikin Noma da sauransu.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Ochieng|first1=Cosmas|title=Climate Change Adaptation in Rwanda's Agricultural Sector: A Case Study from Kirehe District, Eastern Province|last2=Khaemba|first2=Winnie|last3=Mwaniki|first3=Ruchathi|last4=Kimotho|first4=Stephen|date=September 2017|publisher=Defending the Voiceless - Climate and Environmental Justice in Africa}}</ref> '''Tanzania''' – Tanzania ta bayyana matakan daidaitawa masu fifiko a cikin NAPA dakarunta, da dabarun sassa na kasa daban-daban da kuma sakamakon bincike.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=USAID|title=Climate Change Adaptation in Tanzania|url=https://www.climatelinks.org/sites/default/files/asset/document/tanzania_adaptation_fact_sheet_jan2012.pdf|journal=USAID|access-date=2026-06-09|archive-date=2021-12-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231235521/https://www.climatelinks.org/sites/default/files/asset/document/tanzania_adaptation_fact_sheet_jan2012.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> NAPA ta yi nasarar karfafa sanya batun canjin yanayi a cikin manufofin sassa a Tanzania; sai dai kuma, hadin gwiwar sassa daban-daban da ke da muhimmanci wajen aiwatar da dabarun daidaitawa ya kasance mai iyaka saboda kalubalen hukumomi kamar rashin daidaiton iko, karancin kasafi da kuma tsarin tsuke fuska na sassa.<ref name="date" /> Mafi yawancin ayyukan a Tanzania sun shafi aikin noma da gudanar da albarkatun ruwa (ban ruwa, kiyaye ruwa, taran ruwan sama); sai dai kuma, makamashi da yawon bude ido su ma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=United Republic of Tanzania |website=UNDP Climate Change Adaptation|url= https://www.adaptation-undp.org/explore/eastern-africa/united-republic-tanzania|access-date=8 August 2019}}</ref> '''Zambia''' – "NAPA ta gano bukatun gaggawa na daidaitawa guda 39 da kuma fannoni guda 10 masu fifiko a cikin sassan aikin noma da samar da abinci (kiwon dabbobi, kamun kifi da amfanin gona), makamashi da ruwa, lafiyar bil'adama, albarkatun kasa da namun daji."<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Adaptation Programme of Action on Climate Change (Zambia) |website=The REDD Desk|url=http://www.theredddesk.org/countries/plans/national-adaptation-programme-action-climate-change-zambia|access-date=2019-08-08 |archive-date=2019-08-29|url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829030222/http://theredddesk.org/countries/plans/national-adaptation-programme-action-climate-change-zambia}}</ref> '''Zimbabwe''' – "Sauran matakan dabarun da tsarin NAP zai dauka sune: Karfafa rawar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ke takawa wajen tsara daidaitawa, Habaka karfin Gwamnati na samar da ayyukan da bankuna za su iya ba da kudi ta hanyar horarwa, Inganta gudanar da bayanan baya na yanayi don sanar da tsara canjin yanayi, Tsara dabarun tattara albarkatu na gaba don gano asali da neman kudaden tallafin yanayi na kasa da kasa tunda bukatar kudi a halin yanzu ta kasance mafi yawanci bayan abu ya faru, tare da mayar da hankali kan agajin gaggawa maimakon rage hadarin canjin yanayi, shiri da daidaitawa, Samar da daidaitaccen tsarin sa ido da manufofin kimantawa ga shirye-shirye da ayyuka, tunda hukumomi da dama a cikin gwamnati ba su da tsari na bai-daya na sa ido da kimantawa a halin yanzu."<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Adaptation Plan (NAP) Roadmap for Zimbabwe|url=http://www.napglobalnetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/napgn-en-2019-nap-roadmap-for-zimbabwe.pdf |website=NAP Global Network |date=April 2019}}</ref> '''Lesotho''' – "Babban burin tsarin NAPA sun kunshi: gano al'ummomi da hanyoyin rayuwa da suka fi fuskantar barazana ga canjin yanayi, samar da jerin ayyukan da za su samar da tushen shirin aiki na kasa na karba-da-daidaitawa, da kuma isar da gaggawa da bukatun kasar nan take da kuma abubuwan da suka sa gaba domin gina karfin daidaitawa ga canjin yanayi."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.adaptation-undp.org/sites/default/files/downloads/lso_napa.pdf|title=Lesotho's National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) on Climate Change|accessdate=4 August 2024|archive-date=6 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006210644/https://www.adaptation-undp.org/sites/default/files/downloads/lso_napa.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>" '''Namibia''' – muhimman batutuwa na daidaitawa sune "Samar da abinci da dorewar tushen albarkatun halittu, Dorewar tushen albarkatun ruwa, Lafiyar bil'adama da jin dadin rayuwa gami da bunkasa ababen more rayuwa."<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1163/9789004322714_cclc_2017-0228-011 |title=Youth Files Climate Case with India's Environmental Court |oclc=1312587857 |date=2017 |publisher=Our Children's Trust }}</ref> '''Afirka ta Kudu''' ta amince a watan Agusta 2020 da Dabarunta na Kasa na Karba-da-daidaitawa ga Canjin Yanayi, wanda "ke aiki a matasayin tattaunawa ta bai-daya don kokarin daidaitawa ga canjin yanayi a Afirka ta Kudu, kuma yana samar da tsari inda za a iya bayyana manufofin daidaitawa ga canjin yanayi na kasa don samar da jagoranci ga dukkan sassan tattalin arziki."<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 August 2020 |title=South Africa's National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy approved |url=https://www.dffe.gov.za/mediarelease/nationalclimatechange_adaptationstrategy_ue10november19 |website=Department of Environment, Forestry and Fisheries}}</ref>" == Ilimin gargajiya da sabbin dabarun cikin gida == Yayin da manyan shirye-shiryen gwamnati da asusun kasa da kasa ke tafiyar da manyan manufofin sauyin yanayi, al'ummomin yau da kullum a fadin Afirka sun dogara kacokan ga ilimin yanayin kasa na gargajiya (TEK) domin tsira<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Antwi-Agyei |first1=Philip |last2=Nyantakyi-Frimpong |first2=Hanson |date=2021-01-27 |title=Evidence of Climate Change Coping and Adaptation Practices by Smallholder Farmers in Northern Ghana |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=1308 |doi=10.3390/su13031308 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2021Sust...13.1308A |issn=2071-1050}}</ref>. Wannan wani sashi ne na fahimta, fasaha, da falsafar da al'ummomin gida suka bunkasa danyen daruruwan shekaru ta hanyar saduwa kai tsaye da dabi'a. Wadannan ayyuka da aka gwada cikin lokaci suna ba mutane hanyoyi masu amfani na cikin gida don hango yanayi, adana ruwa, da kuma kiyaye aikin gona da rai duk da sauyin yanayi. === Hasashen yanayi na gargajiya === Tun kafin zuwan wayoyin salula da manhajojin yanayi na zamani, al'ummomin manoma da makiyaya na karkara sun yi amfani da nasu hanyoyin na hango yanayi. Masana na cikin gida suna lura da alamun dabi'a da kyau don hango fari ko mamakon ruwan sama, kamar: * Hanyoyin hijira na ba-zata na tsuntsayen gida. * Takamaiman lokaci na shekara da wasu bishiyoyi ke fara fure. * Sauye-sauyen jagorancin iska da bayyanar taurari da daddare. Alal misali, kungiyoyin makiyaya a Gabashin Afirka suna kallon yadda dabbobinsu ke nuna hali sannan suna bin diddigin zirga-zirgar namun daji don yanke shawarar hanyoyin da za su bi, domin tabbatar da cewa dabbobinsu sun sami ruwa da ciyawa a lokacin fari.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Alemayehu |first1=Dejene |last2=Hizkeal |first2=Yitebarek |date=2022-06-30 |title=The Relevance and Practices of Indigenous Weather Forecasting Knowledge among the Gabra Pastoralists of Southern Ethiopia |url=https://www.jaeid.it/index.php/jaeid/article/view/12295 |journal=Journal of Agriculture and Environment for International Development (JAEID) |volume=116 |issue=1 |pages=59–76 |doi=10.36253/jaeid-12295 |issn=2240-2802}}</ref> A yau, masana kimiyya suna fahimtar cewa hada wadannan alamun gargajiya da kimiyyar yanayi na zamani yana haifar da gargaɗin da manoman gida ke amincewa da shi kuma suke amfani da shi. === Dabarun adana kasa da ruwa === A yankunan da ke fuskantar fadada kwararar hamada da ruwan sama maras tabbas, al'ummomi sun dawo da dabarun sarrafa filaye na da can masu dabarun gaske.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Salack |first1=Seyni |last2=Sanfo |first2=Safiétou |last3=Sidibe |first3=Moussa |last4=Daku |first4=Elidaa K. |last5=Camara |first5=Ibrahima |last6=Dieng |first6=Mame Diarra Bousso |last7=Hien |first7=Koufanou |last8=Torou |first8=Bio Mohamadou |last9=Ogunjobi |first9=Kehinde O. |last10=Sangare |first10=Sheick Ahmed Khalil S. B. |last11=Kouame |first11=Konan Raoul |last12=Koffi |first12=Yao Bernard |last13=Liersch |first13=Stefan |last14=Savadogo |first14=Moumini |last15=Giannini |first15=Alessandra |date=2022-10-25 |title=Low-cost adaptation options to support green growth in agriculture, water resources, and coastal zones |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=12 |issue=1 |article-number=17898 |doi=10.1038/s41598-022-22331-9 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=9596419 |pmid=36284114 |bibcode=2022NatSR..1217898S }}</ref> A yankin Sahel, musamman a Burkina Faso da Nijar, manoma suna amfani da tsohuwar dabarar hakar kasa da ake kira '''Zaï'''<ref name=":2">{{Citation |last1=L. Woomer |first1=Paul |title=Blending Climate Action and Rural Development in Africa's Sahel |date=2023-03-29 |work=Sustainable Rural Development Perspective and Global Challenges |editor-last=Özçatalbaş |editor-first=Orhan |url=https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/81496 |access-date=2026-06-06 |publisher=IntechOpen |language=en |doi=10.5772/intechopen.103817 |isbn=978-1-80355-420-4 |last2=Roobroeck |first2=Dries |last3=Yelognisse Alia |first3=Didier}}</ref> Maimakon yin huda a fili madaidanci, manoma suna gina ramuka masu zurfi a cikin kasa mai tauraro sannan su cika kasan da abubuwan gina jiki na dabi'a kamar takin gargajiya (takin dabba). Wannan tsari mai dabarun gaske yana yin abubuwa guda biyu: yana kama kowane digo na ruwan sama da ba a cika samunsa ba, sannan takin yana janyo gara, wadanda ke hakar rami a karkashin kasa da ke sanyaya kasar da ke da tauraro ta dabi'a domin saiwar shuka ta iya girma.<ref name=":2" /> Manoma kuma suna gina ganyayen duwatsu wadangan katanga ne na duwatsu marasa tsawo da ake jerawa a kan magudanar ruwa na dabi'a na tuddansu. Lokacin da aka yi ruwan sama na ba-zata kuma mai karfi, wadannan layukan duwatsu suna rage gudu ga ruwan da ke gudu da karfi, suna hana shi wanke saman kasa mai kyau da ke dauke da abinci sannan suna ba ruwan lokacin da zai taba cikin kasa.<ref name=":1" /> A kudanci da gabashin Afirka, al'ummomi suna amfani da dabarun aikin gona na dabi'a tare da bishiyoyi ta hanyar ajiye takamaiman bishiyoyi, kamar Faidherbia albida, daidai a cikin gonakin amfanin gona. Wadannan bishiyoyi suna zubar da ganye a lokacin damina sannan su fito da su a lokacin rani, ma'ana ba sa toshe hasken rana daga samun amfanin gona; maimakon haka, suna kara abinci ga kasa ta dabi'a kuma suna rage yanayin zafi na kasa lokacin tsananin zafi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Haskett |first1=Jonathan D. |last2=Simane |first2=Belay |last3=Smith |first3=Caitlin |date=2019-11-01 |title=Energy and Climate Change Mitigation Benefits of Faidherbia albida Agroforestry in Ethiopia |journal=Frontiers in Environmental Science |volume=7 |article-number=146 |doi=10.3389/fenvs.2019.00146 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019FrEnS...7..146H |issn=2296-665X}}</ref> === Banbancen amfanin gona da adana iri === Domin tabbatar da cewa ba su rasa dukkan abincinsu ba a lokacin dogon fari, manoman gida suna aiki kamar nasu masana kimiyya ta hanyar adana irin amfanin gona na gida.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Aniah |first1=Philip |last2=Kaunza-Nu-Dem |first2=Millar Katherine |last3=Ayembilla |first3=Joseph A. |date=April 2019 |title=Smallholder farmers' livelihood adaptation to climate variability and ecological changes in the savanna agro ecological zone of Ghana |journal=Heliyon |language=en |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=e01492 |doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01492 |doi-access=free |pmc=6479268 |pmid=31049426 |bibcode=2019Heliy...501492A }}</ref> Irin amfanin gona na kasuwanci na zamani galibi suna buƙatar cikakken adadin ruwa da takin zamani masu tsada don su tsira. Sabanin haka, amfanin gona na gargajiya kamar geryo, dawa, da rari sun saba danyen daruruwan shekaru don jure fari da kwari ta dabi'a. Al'ummomi suna gudanar da bankunan adana iri na cikin gida don raba wadannan ire-iren amfanin gona masu juriya da juna ta yadda kowa zai kasance yana da amfanin gona da ya dace da sauyin yanayin gidansu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Antwi-Agyei |first1=Philip |last2=Nyantakyi-Frimpong |first2=Hanson |date=2021-01-27 |title=Evidence of Climate Change Coping and Adaptation Practices by Smallholder Farmers in Northern Ghana |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=1308 |doi=10.3390/su13031308 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2021Sust...13.1308A |issn=2071-1050}}</ref> Suna kuma yin aikin hada shuka (intercropping), wato nufin dasa amfanin gona daban-daban daidai kusa da juna, kamar masara da wake.<ref name=":1" /> Waken mai ganye yana sanyaya kasar don kiyaye damshinta, yana tabbatar da cewa ko da masarar ta mutu saboda zafi, iyalai har yanzu suna da madadin amfanin gona da zasu girbe. == Al'umma da al'ada == === Rashin daidaito a binciken sauyin yanayi === Duk da cewa Afirka na daya daga cikin nahiyoyin da sauyin yanayi zai fi shafa, rashin daidaito na tsari da sauran son kai da ke da alaka da binciken kimiyya da tallafi na nufin cewa kadan ne kawai daga cikin kimiyyar da aka wallafa game da sauyin yanayi da tallafin binciken sauyin yanayi ke zuwa ga masana kimiyyar Afirka.<ref name="Carbon Brief-2021">{{Cite web|date=5 October 2021|title=Analysis: The lack of diversity in climate-science research|url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-the-lack-of-diversity-in-climate-science-research|access-date=2021-11-15|website=Carbon Brief|language=en}}</ref> Wani bincike da aka gudanar kan kudaden bincike daga shekarar 1990 zuwa 2020 na sauyin yanayi, ya gano cewa kashi 78% na kudaden bincike kan sauyin yanayi a Afirka an kashe su ne a cibiyoyin Turai da Arewacin Amurka, kuma an kashe kudade da dama ga tsoffin kasashen da Burtaniya ta yi wa mulkin mallaka fiye da sauran kasashe.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Overland |first1=Indra |last2=Fossum Sagbakken |first2=Haakon |last3=Isataeva |first3=Aidai |last4=Kolodzinskaia |first4=Galina |last5=Simpson |first5=Nicholas Philip |last6=Trisos |first6=Christopher |last7=Vakulchuk |first7=Roman |title=Funding flows for climate change research on Africa: where do they come from and where do they go? |journal=Climate and Development |date=14 September 2022 |volume=14 |issue=8 |pages=705–724 |doi=10.1080/17565529.2021.1976609 |s2cid=244210557 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022CliDe..14..705O |hdl=11250/2832233 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Wannan tsari na parachute science (binciken saukar lafima), a daya bangaren yana hana masu bincike na cikin gida gudanar da ayyuka masu muhimmanci saboda ba su da tallafin kudi na gudanar da bincike na gwaje-gwaje, sannan yana rage zuba jari ga dabarun masu bincike na cikin gida da kuma batutuwa masu muhimmanci ga kasashen Kudancin Duniya (Global South), kamar dabarun juriya da sauyin yanayi.<ref name="Carbon Brief-2021" /> Kimanin dorewar ci gaba na gaskiya yana da wahala saboda rashin tsarin zuba jari mai dorewa, da kuma karancin bayanai da iyakancewar damar gudanarwa. A halin yanzu, kasa da rabin manyan asusun fansho na Afirka ne ke bayar da rahoton bayanai kan manufofin dorewa da yadda ake aiwatar da su.<ref>{{cite book |author1=European Investment Bank |title=Unlocking Sustainable Private Sector Growth in the Middle East and North Africa |date=2022 |isbn=978-92-861-5220-7 |hdl=20.500.12657/57821 |doi=10.1596/37601 |hdl-access=free |doi-access=free |s2cid=250211092 }}{{page needed|date=January 2024}}</ref><ref name="EIB-2023"/> Hukumar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Kasuwanci da Ci gaba - Ma'aikatan Kasa da Kasa na Kididdiga da Rahoto (UNCTAD-ISAR) ta kafa Kungiyar Hadin Gwiwar Yankin Afirka don Dorewa da Rahoton SDG a shekarar 2022. Hadin gwiwar yana da mambobi 53 ya zuwa watan Maris na shekarar 2023, ciki har da cibiyoyin sadarwa na kasa na nauyin da ya rataya a wuyan kamfanoni ga al'umma da/ko ma'aikatun gwamnati daga kasashen Afirka 27.<ref name="EIB-2023" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=African Regional Partnership meeting on sustainability and SDG reporting |website=UN Trade and Development |url=https://unctad.org/isar/meeting/african-regional-partnership-meeting-sustainability-and-sdg-reporting |access-date=2023-10-31 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=UNCTAD ANNUAL REPORT 2022 |url=https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/osg2023d1_en.pdf}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} == Mahaɗu == {{Commons category|Climate change in Africa}} * [https://futureclimateafrica.org/ Future Climate For Africa programme] * [https://www.uneca.org/acpc African Climate Policy Centre] (ACCP) goal is to contribute to poverty reduction through successful mitigation and adaptation to climate change in Africa and to improve the capacity of African countries to participate effectively in multilateral climate negotiations. * [https://www.amma2050.org/ African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis 2050] (AMMA-2050) aim to address the challenges of understanding how the monsoon will change in future decades, to 2050, and how this information can be most effectively used to support climate-compatible development in the region. * {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20161113010948/http://cariaa.net/home-0 Collaborative Adaptation Research Initiative in Africa and Asia]}} (CARIAA) builds resilience by supporting collaborative research on climate change adaptation to inform adaptation policy and practice. * [https://wascal.org/ West African Science Service Center on Climate Change and Adapted Land Use] (WASCAL) is a research-focused Climate Service Centre designed to help tackle this challenge and thereby enhance the resilience of human and environmental systems to climate change and increased variability in West Africa. agcqm9qe2lus8ug82tpchagt4c05i2f 0 17135 873599 872389 2026-07-01T12:30:01Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 873599 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Village Chachorni.jpg|thumb|mahuta]] [[Fayil:Refused dump in Mahuta part of Igabi local Government Area of Kaduna state.jpg|thumb|Wajen zuba shara a mahuta]] [[Mafuta Ngusu|Mahuta]] dai gari ne mai matukar tasiri da yawan al'umma A cikin [[Dandume|karamar hukumar Dandume]] a [[jihar Katsina]]. Garin Mahuta gari ne dake gabashin garin Dandume wadda ita ce [[Hedikwatar Tsaro ta Najeriya|hedikwatar]] ƙaramar hukumar dandume. Mahuta na da mazabu ''ward'' wato [[Mazaba|Mazabu]] guda uku (3), Mahuta(A) Mahuta(B) da kuma Mahuta(C) Garin mahuta shi ne gari mafi girma a karamar hukumar bayan cikin garin [[Dandume]] An ƙirkiri garin na mahuta a shekara ta alif da dari tara da tara (1909). Mutanen garin Mahuta suna noma, kiwo da kuma kasuwanci dai dai gwargwadon iko. Bugu da kari Kuma mutanen na garin Mahuta suna kokari wajen neman ilimi musamman na boko da na addinin Musulunci, kuma Allah madaukakin sarki ya albarkaci 'ya'yansu da basirar fahimtar karatu. Bangaren karatun addini ma ba'a barsu abaya ba, kuma akwai makarantun allo wadanda basa kirguwa, banda zaurukan karatuttuka da masallatai, akwai islamiyoyi da dama na bangaren izala da kuma darika. Bangaren karatun zamani ma ba'a barsu a baya ba inda suke da firamare har guda biyar (5), ga kuma sakandire babba da karama. Akwai 'yan secondary, masu N.C.E, Diploma, Degree, Masters, PhD har da ma Farfesa duk a cikin garin Mahuta. A yanzu haka, Shugaban karamar hukumar Dandume, Alhaji Bashir Gyazama dan asalin garin Gyazama ne, wadda a karkashin mazabar Mahuta (A) take, Dan majaliar jaha Mai wakiltar karamar hukumar Dandume Alh. Yahaiya Nuhu Mahuta shima Dan Mahuta ne. Vice Chancellor na Jami'ar Umaru Musa Yar'adua dake Katsina Farfesa Shehu S.S Muhammad Dan Mahuta ne. ==Tarihi== Garin mahuta dai dadadden gari ne da ya samo asali sama da shekara casa'in (90), kuma a wancan lokacin garin ya shahara wajen kasuwanci a yankin, inda garin ke da babbar kasuwar da take tasiri a yankin gaba ɗaya tare da hamshakan manoma a cikin garin dama yankin baki daya. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 9q7g1m80ja6iue9pw10asdflqwyw84l 873600 873599 2026-07-01T12:30:35Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 873600 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Village Chachorni.jpg|thumb|mahuta]] [[Fayil:Refused dump in Mahuta part of Igabi local Government Area of Kaduna state.jpg|thumb|Wajen zuba shara a mahuta]] [[Mafuta Ngusu|Mahuta]] dai gari ne mai matukar tasiri da yawan al'umma A cikin [[Dandume|karamar hukumar Dandume]] a [[jihar Katsina]]. Garin Mahuta gari ne dake gabashin garin Dandume wadda ita ce [[Hedikwatar Tsaro ta Najeriya|hedikwatar]] ƙaramar hukumar dandume. Mahuta na da mazabu ''ward'' wato [[Mazaba|Mazabu]] guda uku (3), Mahuta(A) Mahuta(B) da kuma Mahuta(C) Garin mahuta shi ne gari mafi girma a karamar hukumar bayan cikin garin [[Dandume]] An ƙirƙiri garin na mahuta a shekara ta alif da dari tara da tara (1909). Mutanen garin Mahuta suna noma, kiwo da kuma kasuwanci dai dai gwargwadon iko. Bugu da kari Kuma mutanen na garin Mahuta suna kokari wajen neman ilimi musamman na boko da na addinin Musulunci, kuma Allah madaukakin sarki ya albarkaci 'ya'yansu da basirar fahimtar karatu. Bangaren karatun addini ma ba'a barsu abaya ba, kuma akwai makarantun allo wadanda basa kirguwa, banda zaurukan karatuttuka da masallatai, akwai islamiyoyi da dama na bangaren izala da kuma darika. Bangaren karatun zamani ma ba'a barsu a baya ba inda suke da firamare har guda biyar (5), ga kuma sakandire babba da karama. Akwai 'yan secondary, masu N.C.E, Diploma, Degree, Masters, PhD har da ma Farfesa duk a cikin garin Mahuta. A yanzu haka, Shugaban karamar hukumar Dandume, Alhaji Bashir Gyazama dan asalin garin Gyazama ne, wadda a karkashin mazabar Mahuta (A) take, Dan majaliar jaha Mai wakiltar karamar hukumar Dandume Alh. Yahaiya Nuhu Mahuta shima Dan Mahuta ne. Vice Chancellor na Jami'ar Umaru Musa Yar'adua dake Katsina Farfesa Shehu S.S Muhammad Dan Mahuta ne. ==Tarihi== Garin mahuta dai dadadden gari ne da ya samo asali sama da shekara casa'in (90), kuma a wancan lokacin garin ya shahara wajen kasuwanci a yankin, inda garin ke da babbar kasuwar da take tasiri a yankin gaba ɗaya tare da hamshakan manoma a cikin garin dama yankin baki daya. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} ep6frcb800933a2nzg4ywsopaapc8n1 873759 873600 2026-07-01T19:06:02Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 873759 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Village Chachorni.jpg|thumb|mahuta]] [[Fayil:Refused dump in Mahuta part of Igabi local Government Area of Kaduna state.jpg|thumb|Wajen zuba shara a mahuta]] [[Mafuta Ngusu|Mahuta]] dai gari ne mai matukar tasiri da yawan al'umma A cikin [[Dandume|karamar hukumar Dandume]] a [[jihar Katsina]]. Garin Mahuta gari ne dake gabashin garin Dandume wadda ita ce [[Hedikwatar Tsaro ta Najeriya|hedikwatar]] qaramar hukumar dandume. Mahuta na da mazabu ''ward'' wato [[Mazaba|Mazabu]] guda uku (3), Mahuta(A) Mahuta(B) da kuma Mahuta(C) Garin mahuta shi ne gari mafi girma a karamar hukumar bayan cikin garin [[Dandume]] An qirqiri garin na mahuta a shekara ta alif da dari tara da tara (1909). Mutanen garin Mahuta suna noma, kiwo da kuma kasuwanci dai dai gwargwadon iko. Bugu da kari Kuma mutanen na garin Mahuta suna kokari wajen neman ilimi musamman na boko da na addinin Musulunci, kuma Allah madaukakin sarki ya albarkaci 'ya'yansu da basirar fahimtar karatu. Bangaren karatun addini ma ba'a barsu abaya ba, kuma akwai makarantun allo wadanda basa kirguwa, banda zaurukan karatuttuka da masallatai, akwai islamiyoyi da dama na bangaren izala da kuma darika. Bangaren karatun zamani ma ba'a barsu a baya ba inda suke da firamare har guda biyar (5), ga kuma sakandire babba da karama. Akwai 'yan secondary, masu N.C.E, Diploma, Degree, Masters, PhD har da ma Farfesa duk a cikin garin Mahuta. A yanzu haka, Shugaban karamar hukumar Dandume, Alhaji Bashir Gyazama dan asalin garin Gyazama ne, wadda a karkashin mazabar Mahuta (A) take, Dan majaliar jaha Mai wakiltar karamar hukumar Dandume Alh. Yahaiya Nuhu Mahuta shima Dan Mahuta ne. Vice Chancellor na Jami'ar Umaru Musa Yar'adua dake Katsina Farfesa Shehu S.S Muhammad Dan Mahuta ne. ==Tarihi== Garin mahuta dai dadadden gari ne da ya samo asali sama da shekara casa'in (90), kuma a wancan lokacin garin ya shahara wajen kasuwanci a yankin, inda garin ke da babbar kasuwar da take tasiri a yankin gaba daya tare da hamshakan manoma a cikin garin dama yankin baki daya. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} dxufp51torbmtpivgyoaz1jkxc3qapx 0 17397 873721 547752 2026-07-01T17:31:02Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 873721 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Alhaji Garba Shu'aibu Gashuwa:''' An haife shi ne a shekara ta alif dari tara da hamsin da bakwai miladiyya (1957) C.E. Ya kasance daga cikin marubuta [[waƙoƙin Hausa]] da ke a raye cikin mawakan [[Hausawa|Hausa na]] wannan zamani. ==Labarin farko == Alhaji <ref>"Alhaji" (m) or "Hajiya" (f) is a title given to a Muslim who has made a [[Hajj]], a journey to the Holy City of [[Mecca]] that Muslims perform as a religious duty.</ref> Garba Shu'aib Gashuwa, wanda aka fi sani da "Garba Gashuwa", shi ɗan Najeriya ne kuma mawaƙin zamani na [[Hausawa|Hausa]], shi mawaƙi ne ɗan kasuwa ɗan siyasa da kuma mai ritaya farar hula. An haife shi a Gasamu,<ref>About 237 kilometers from Damaturu, the capital of Yobe State, Nigeria</ref> a Ba-rana Jakusko ƙaramar Yankin [[Yobe|Jihar Yobe]], Arewa maso Gabashin [[Nijeriya]], a shekarata dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da hamsin da bakwai (1957), mahaifinsa Salisu da mahaifiyarsa Salamatu. Mahaifin GarbaGashuwa ɗan asalin garin Badawa ne (Bade) kuma yana da yara hudu, waɗanda suka haɗa da Sa'idu da Isa da Garba (na uku) sai kuma Musa.<ref>Musa Ɗanbade, Garba's youngest sibling, is a well-known oral singer in Hausaland.</ref> A yau, Garba Gashuwa yana zaune a Kano tare da danginsa kuma yana da ’ya’ya da yawa; a cikinsu akwai Musa Garba Gashuwa, haziƙi kuma mashahurin mawaƙi. == Ilimi == Ya fara da shekaru biyu a lokacin da ya halarci karatun Al'ƙur'ani a Gasamu. Bayan kammala karatunsa ya koma Gashuwa, a inda ya karanci ilimin ''[[hadisi]] da fiqhu'' da sauran fannoni da suka shafi ilimin addinin Musulunci. Garba Gashuwa bai taɓa shiga kowace makarantar boko ba, <ref>Birniwa (1987:502)</ref> amma ya koya daga abokai yadda ake karatu da rubutu a rubutun boko. == Ayyuka == === Kasuwanci === Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya fara kasuwanci a garin Bade yana sayar da littattafan addinin musulunci kamar ''Qawa'idi da Yasin'' ''Arashada'' ''da Iza-waqa da'' Ahalari da ''Dala'ilul Khairati''.<ref>Gashuwa (2008:4)</ref> Baya ga kasancewar sa mai sayar da littattafai, ya kasance a lokaci guda mai sayar da takalmi da ''ɗinkin hula.'' Ya zauna a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] tsawon shekaru don bin waɗannan kasuwancin. == Ayyukan Gwamnati == Sannan yayi wa gwamnatin Gashuwa aiki, bayan ya fara ne daga karshe ya koma Kano ya zauna bisa buƙatar Marigayi Malam [[Aminu Kano]]. Naɗinsa na farko da Gwamnatin Jihar Kano ta yi shi ne a Sashen Al’adu na [http://infodigest-ng.com/directory/kano-state-television-ctv-67 CTV-67] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220195208/http://infodigest-ng.com/directory/kano-state-television-ctv-67 |date=2016-12-20 }}, a lokacin gwamnatin Alhaji Aliyu Sabo Bakin Zuwo.<ref>Gashuwa (2008:4-7)</ref> Ya yi aiki a wurin har zuwa shekarar 1989, lokacin da mai kula da mulkin soja Kanar Idris Garba, ya nemi a tura shi zuwa Ofishin [http://infodigest-ng.com/directory/kano-state-history-and-culture-bureau Tarihi da Al’adu na Jihar Kano] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821105941/http://infodigest-ng.com/directory/kano-state-history-and-culture-bureau |date=2016-08-21 }}, inda ya kasance mai ba da shawara. Ya yi aiki a Ofishin har ya zuwa matsayin memba na Kwamitin Daraktocinta, matsayin da ya rike daga shekara ta 1989 zuwa shekara ta 1995. Ya yi ritaya daga aiki a cikin shekara ta 1995, kuma ya sadaukar da rayuwarsa wajen tsara waƙoƙin Hausa a [[Ajami|rubutun Ajami]]. <ref>Gashuwa (2008:6)</ref> == Waƙa == Gashuwa ya samu karɓuwa ne da horo daga Abdu Nguru wani mawaƙi ne, sannan daga baya ya fara a kan batutuwa na Islama kamar: Isra'i ''da Mi'iraj'', da mu'ujizoji da mutuwa (''wafaat'') ta Annabi [[Muhammad]]. Ya na rubuta ayyukansa a rubutun ''Ajami na'' Hausa. Sannan ya fara rubuta waƙoƙin siyasa ne a yayin rangadin yaƙin neman zaɓen Shugaban Kasa na Jam'iyyar Jama'atu ta Kasa, Malam Aminu Kano a shekarar 1978, wanda aka gudanar a [[Gashua]] da kewaye. Sakamakon haka, Aminu Kano ya gayyaci Garba Gashuwa ya zauna a Kano, don ya ci gaba da ba da gudummawarsa ga ci gaban siyasar wancan lokacin.<ref>Gashuwa (2008:5)</ref> Duk lokacin da Gashuwa ya rera wakarsa ta siyasa, masu sauraronsa za su rera waƙa, suna tafa hannayensu.<ref>Birniwa (1987:502)</ref> Baya ga addini da siyasa, Gashuwa ya yi rubuce- rubuce kan wasu batutuwa, kuma ya zuwa yanzu, yana da fiye da 1,000 na waƙoƙin ''Ajami na'' Hausa. == Jigogi da yare da salon waƙoƙin Gashuwa == Da farko, mawaƙan Hausa sun yi amfani da ma'aunin waƙa na Larabci guda goma sha shida (16) kuma har yanzu suna amfani da su. A yau, wasu mawaƙa suna zaɓar salo da jigogi na zamani, kodayake tasirin waƙoƙin Larabci har yanzu yana bayyane. Gashuwa ya gina mafi yawan waƙinsa ne bisa ga waƙoƙin fitaccen mawaƙin nan na ƙasar Hausa, [[Mahaman Shata|Dakta Mamman Shata]] na [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]], tare da jigogin da suka haɗa da addini da siyasa da al'amuran zamantakewar al'umma da ilimi da al'adun gargajiya. Ta hanyar amfani da harshe da kayan waƙa, "yaren wakansa ya zama mai sauƙi kuma ya dace da Hausawa su fahimta". <ref>Birniwa (1987:518-519)</ref> Hakanan yana amfani da kalmomin aro na larabci da na Turanci da [[karin magana]] da [[Karin magana|maganganu marasa]] ma'ana don bayyana ma'anarsa. Ko da yaushe Gashuwa yana buɗewa kuma ya rufe waƙa tare da wani doxology, babu kome da motif. Wani lokacin waƙoƙin nasa su kasance tare da tafa hannu. Garba Gashuwa "ya kamata a rera waƙoƙin siyasa mai tasiri cikin murya mai daɗi, tare da tafa hannu, kuma ya kamata ta ƙunshi karin magana"; tabbas hakan zai ja hankalin masu sauraro. <ref>Birniwa (1987:503)</ref> A ƙasa akwai misalin karin magana a cikin ''wakarsa'' mai suna ''Ɗan Hakin da ka Raina'', " ''Littlearamar ciyawar da'' kuka raina". Wannan ''baitin'' yana cikin ''siga biyar'', yanayin pentastich, tare da “bᾱ” azaman waƙar waje.{{Verse translation|"Verse No. 7" (Hausa Text) {{lang|ha-Latn|Ko shī mᾱ rᾱƙumin dawᾱ yai wani zancē, :Cikin maganᾱtai ta bᾱya mu munka karancē, ::Yanᾱ Allah wadai da naka in yᾱ lᾱlᾱcē, :::Ganin na gidᾱ nᾱ ta turƙusō yᾱ gīgīcē, ::::Allah wadaran abin da bᾱ hairī nᾱ bᾱ.}}|The bush camel (giraffe) made a certain statement, :in a past speech, which we read, ::in which he said, "God curse your brother for demeaning himself", :::When in perplexity, he saw the domestic kneeling down and being loaded, ::::May God curse a bad thing such as this.}} Wannan yanayin yana nuna karin magana a cikin harshen Hausa wanda ke cewa: ::: {{Lang|ha-Latn|Allah wadan naka ya lalace, in ji raƙumin dawa, day a ga ana labtawa na gida kaya.}} :::: " Karka zagi ɗan'uwanka saboda ya kaskantar da kansa", kamar yadda rakumin daji (rakumin daji) ya fada, lokacin da ya ga rakumin gida dauke da kaya mai nauyi.<ref>Birniwa, (1987:506-510)</ref> Garba Gashuwa ya buga ''Fasahar Garba Gashuwa'', "Wakokin Garba Gashuwa" (an fassara shi daga Ajami zuwa rubutun ''Boko''), Anthology, wanda ya ƙunshi 30 daga cikin wakokinsa da yawa, wanda Farfesa Abdulƙadir Ɗangambo na [[Jami'ar Bayero|Jami'ar Bayero, Kano ya shirya.]] (2008), kuma aka buga shi a [[Zariya|Zariya, Jihar Kaduna]], Nijeriya. === Yanayin aiki === Akwai takardar karatu ta digiri (a cikin harshen Hausa) a kan gudummawar da ya bayar wa adabin Hausa, wacce Amina Tijjani ta Jami’ar Bayero ta rubuta a shekara ta 1990. Akwai babban shafi a darasin karatun digiri na biyu na Abdullahi Birniwa, a shekara ta 1987, Jami'ar Usman Danfodio, Sakkwato, Nijeriya, wanda ke nazarin Ɗ''an Hakin da ka Raina'', wanda aka kawo a sama. Da wani kundin karatun digirin digirgir na Jibril Shu'aibu Adamu na Jami'ar Warsaw, Poland, da ya yi amfani da waƙarsa a matsayin ɓangare na kayan aikin da ake nazari. == Wasu daga cikin waƙoƙinsa == ''Han Hakin da ka Raina'' The ( ''littleananan'' ciyawar da kuka raina…) ''Aminu Nuruz Zamᾱni'' ( ''Wahala'' ga Malam Aminu Kano) <ref>According to Birniwa (1987:503), this particular poem influenced the public to a greater extent than any other of his poems.</ref> ''A Jihar Kano mun sam Nasara'' (Mun ci nasara a Jihar Kano) ''Mu'aujizar Manzon Allah (SA W)'' ( ''Mu'ujizozin'' Annabi (SAW)) ''Aikin Hajji'' ( ''Aikin Hajji'' ) ''Ta'aziyyar Tsohon Gwamnan Kano Alhaji Aliyu Sabo Bakin Zuwo'' ( ''Waƙar Makokin'' Marigayi Gwamnan Kano, Alhaji Aliyu Sabo Bakin Zuwo) T ''a'aziyar Tsohon Shugaban Ƙasar Najeriya Janaral Sani Abacha'' ( ''Wakar Baƙin Cikin Tsohon Shugaban Generalasa'' Janar Sani Abacha. ''Rabu da Faɗin Mutum'' (Bari su ce) ''Cin Hanci Haramun ne'' ( ''Cin hanci da rashawa doka'' ce ta haramtacciya) ''Tsafta Cikon Addini ce'' (Tsafta Cikan Addini ne) ''<nowiki/>'Yan Tagwayen Jam'iyyu'' ( ''Tagwayen'' Jam'iyyun Siyasar SDP & NRC ) ''Ilimi Garkuwa Ɗan'adam'' (Ilimi, Garkuwan Dan Adam) ''Ilimi Makamin Bawa'' (Ilimi, Makamin Bawa) ''Ilimi Cikar Ɗan'adam'' (Ilimi, ''Cikewar'' 'Dan Adam) ''Munafurcin Karen Ruwa Jami'in AP P.'' (Munafuncin Ottur, Jam'iyyar APP) ''Mashaya Giya'' ( ''Masu Shaye Shaye'' ) ''Halayen Wasu Mata da Maza'' (Halayyar Wasu Mata da Maza) ''Matan Aure Hattara Dai!'' (Matan gida su yi hankali) == Bayanan kula == {{Reflist|30em}} == Manazarta == * Birniwa, HA 1987. 'Conservatism da Dissent: Nazarin Nazari na NPC / NPN da NEPU / PRP Ayar Siyasar Hausa daga Circa 1946 t0 1983'. Rubutun PhD wanda ba a buga ba. Sashen Harsunan Najeriya. Sakkwato: Jami’ar Sakkwato. * Gashuwa, G. 2008. Fasahar Garba Gashuwa. Zaria: Amana Publishing Limited. * Piłaszewicz, S. 1985. "Littattafai a cikin Harsunan Hausa" a cikin Littattafai a cikin Harsunan Afirka: Bayanai na Ka'idoji da Nazarin Sample, Andrzejewski, BW et al. (eds). Warsaw: Gidan Wallafa na Wiedza Powszechna, shafi na 190-254. * Sa'id, B. 1983/85. “Tsarin Ayoyi Na Wakokin Hausa.” In Harsunan girma, Vol. XIII, (shafi na.&nbsp;49-78). CSNL. Kano: Jami’ar Bayero. * Schuh, RG 1987. "Zuwa ga Nazarin Metrical na Ayar Hausa Prosody" Mutadaarik ". Takardar da aka gabatar a Taro na goma sha takwas na Cibiyar Nazarin Harsunan Afirka 'a' Quebec a Montreal. * Tijjani, A. 1990. “Garba Gashuwa da Wa canza yanayinsa.” BA Hausa Dissertation. Kano: Jami’ar Bayero. * Zima, P. 1974. 'Digraphia: Shari'ar Hausa' a Harshe: Nazarin Kasashen Duniya, 124. Netherlands: Mouton & Co. <\https://aminiya.dailytrust.com/na-je-hajji-sau-goma-a-dalilin-waka-garba-gashuwa<nowiki/>/> . <\https://eng.ichacha.net/mzj/garba%20gashuwa.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008222141/https://eng.ichacha.net/mzj/garba%20gashuwa.html |date=2021-10-08 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008222141/https://eng.ichacha.net/mzj/garba%20gashuwa.html |date=2021-10-08 }}<nowiki/>/> [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Najeriya]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1957]] [[Category:Mawaka]] [[Category:Mutane daga jihar Yobe]] 6k3mgestr5b32w8aegk4l1yaerlghyq 0 17537 873812 526166 2026-07-01T20:53:05Z Ummeeterh 31568 873812 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Owodunni Teriba''' (28 ga [[Fabrairu]], 1938 - 23 ga Afrilu, 2020) masanin Nijeriya ne, Babban Masanin Tattalin Arziki, marubuci kuma farfesa wanda ya yi aiki a wurare daban-daban a Hukumar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka (ECA). == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Teriba an haife ta 28 ga [[Fabrairu]], 1938 a Ijebu Ode, Jihar Ogun ga Kadiri da Ashiata Teriba. Ya kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Ibadan da B.Sc. (Hons) Tattalin Arziki, kuma daga Jami'ar Manchester, [[Ingila]] tare da MA da kuma PhD a cikin Tattalin Arziki.<ref name=mourns>{{cite web |url=https://www.uneca.org/stories/eca-mourns-death-former-chief-economist-owodunni-teriba |title=ECA mourns death of former Chief Economist, Owodunni Teriba |publisher=United Nations Economic Commission for Africa |date=28 April 2020 |accessdate=12 September 2020 |archive-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029002901/https://www.uneca.org/stories/eca-mourns-death-former-chief-economist-owodunni-teriba |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Littafi == * ''Development strategy, investment decision and expenditure patterns of a public development institution; The Western Nigeria Development Corporation, 1949-1962'' (1966)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Teriba, O.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/500545782|title=Development strategy investment decision and expenditure patterns of a public development institution : the case of Western Nigeria Development Corporation, 1949-1962.|date=1966|publisher=Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research|oclc=500545782}}</ref> * ''Nigerian revenue allocation experience 1951-1965: a study in inter-governmental fiscal and financial relations'' (1967)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Teriba, O.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/10455388|title=Nigerian revenue allocation experience 1951-1965: a study in inter-governmental fiscal and financial relations.|date=1967|oclc=10455388}}</ref> * ''The growth of public expenditure in Western Nigeria'' (1967)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Teriba, O.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/10455438|title=The growth of public expenditure in Western Nigeria.|date=1967|oclc=10455438}}</ref> * ''Parliamentary control of Western Nigerian public corporations : a critical appraisal'' (1968)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Teriba, Owodunni.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/772471728|title=Parliamentary control of Western Nigerian public corporations : a critical appraisal|date=1968–69|oclc=772471728}}</ref> * The 1967-69 banking amendments in [[Najeriya|Nigeria]] : an appraisal of financial adaptation in an underdeveloped war economy (1969)<ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=The 1967-69 banking amendments in Nigeria : an appraisal of financial adaptation in an underdeveloped war economy|publisher=|year=1969|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref> * The demand for money in Nigeria (1973)<ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=The demand for money in Nigeria|publisher=Ghana Economic Bulletin of Ghana|year=1973|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref> * ''Illusions and Social Behaviour''. Inaugural Lecture delivered at the University of Ibadan on 9 March 1978 (1978)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Teriba, O.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/19296597|title=Illusions and social behaviour : inaugural lecture delivered at the University of Ibadan on 9th March, 1978|date=1978|publisher=University of Ibadan|isbn=978-121-076-1|oclc=19296597}}</ref> * ''The structure of manufacturing industry in Nigeria'' (1981)<ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=The structure of manufacturing industry in Nigeria. Ibadan, Nigeria, Ibadan University Press, University of Ibadan.|publisher=TERIBA, O., EDOZIEN, E. C., & KAYODE, M. O.|year=1981|isbn=|location=Ibadan, Nigeria|pages=}}</ref> * ''Certificate economics for West Africa'' (1985)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Teriba, O.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/679877726|title=Certificate economics for West Africa|date=1985|publisher=Longman|oclc=679877726}}</ref> * ''The Challenge of African Economic Recovery and Development'' (1991)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Adedeji, Adebayo.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/867932231|title=The Challenge of African Economic Recovery and Development.|date=2014|publisher=Taylor and Francis|isbn=978-1-135-18501-5|oclc=867932231}}</ref> * A view from the UN commission for Africa (1992)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Patel, I. G. (Indraprasad Gordhanbhai), 1924-|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/25788683|title=Policies for African development : from the 1980s to the 1990s|date=1992|publisher=International Monetary Fund|isbn=1-55775-232-X|oclc=25788683}}</ref> == Mutuwa == Odowunni ya mutu yana da shekara 82 a Chicago, [[Amurka]]. Ya rasu ya bar matarsa Yetunde Teriba, ‘ya’ya biyar, da jikoki.<ref name=mourns/> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[category:haifaffun 1938]] [[category:mutuwan 2020]] [[category:maluman Najeriya]] le9a9y86xp9sl8c7wcv8zpwgemj5vj5 0 18054 874088 705855 2026-07-02T05:33:36Z Ummeeterh 31568 874088 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Rosa María Britton Boda.jpg|thumb|Rosa María Britton]] '''Rosa María Britton''' (28 Ga [[Yuli]], 1936 &#x2013; 16 ga Yuli, 2019) Ta kasance likita kuma marubuciya ƴar ƙasar [[Panama (ƙasa)|Panama]] . An haifeta a [[Panama (birni)|Birnin Panama]]. Mafi shaharar litattafan ''nata sune: El ataúd de uso'' (1983), ''El señor de las lluvias y el viento'' (1984), ''No pertenezco a este siglo'' (1991), ''Laberintos de orgullo'' (2002) da ''Suspiros de fantasmas'' (2005). [[Fayil:Rosa María Britton Joven.jpg|thumb|Rosa María Britton]] [[Fayil:Rosa María Britton Condecoración Oncología.jpg|thumb|Rosa María Britton]] Britton ta mutu a ranar 16 ga [[Yuli]], 2019 a Panama City tana da shekara 82. <ref>[https://www.tvn-2.com/videos/noticias/Muere-Rosa-Maria-Britton_2_5351484931.html Muere Rosa María Britton] {{In lang|es}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Marubuta]] [[Category:Mata Marubuta]] [[Category:Waɗanda Suka Samu Kyautar Nobel]] cqsqrjy5oylteqyr7tbzdffoju1gy34 0 18147 873899 715970 2026-07-01T21:55:00Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 873899 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Welcome_doormat.JPG|thumb|Wani ƙofar da aka rubuta da saƙo]] '''Mat''' wani abu ne mai wuya ko mai laushi wanda aka sanya shi a kan bene ko wani wuri mai laushi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date= |title=Definition of mat |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/mat |access-date=2025-08-18 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en}}</ref> Mats yana aiki da dalilai da yawa ciki har da: * yin amfani da abubuwa masu tsabta da suka wuce, kamar ƙofar ƙofa, wanda ke cire datti daga takalma <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date= |title=Definition of mat |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/mat |access-date=2025-08-18 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[[mwod:mat|"Definition of mat"]]. ''www.merriam-webster.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> * kare abin da ke sama da mat, kamar gwagwarmaya ko mat na wasan motsa jiki, <ref name=":0" /> ko mat na rigakafin girgizar ƙasa * kare abin da ke ƙarƙashin mat, kamar wuri mat <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mat |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/mat |access-date=2025-08-18 |website=Cambridge Dictionary}}</ref> == Nau'o'in == [[Fayil:Paillasson_Paris.jpg|thumb|Matar da ke kwance tare da zanen titin [[Faris|Paris]]]] === A cikin gidaje === * A cikin gidaje ko ɗakuna inda mutane ke zaune a ƙasa (ya zama ruwan dare a Japan, Koriya, Indiya, da kuma tsohon China), mats na iya rufe ɗakuna duka, ko kuma a yi amfani da su a wasu wurare don zama ko barci. Hanyar gargajiya ta Jafananci ta mat an san ta da tatami . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-31 |title=A Guide to Tatami and Tatami Mats |url=https://www.japanlivingguide.com/expatinfo/japaneseculture/tatami/ |access-date=2025-08-18 |website=www.japanlivingguide.com |language=en}}</ref> Ana cire takalma kafin shiga waɗannan yankuna don kiyaye datti da tarkace. * A doormat ko ko kofa-mat ne mai gashi, yawanci rectangular amma wani lokacin oval, abu, yawanci sanya nan da nan a waje ko a cikin ƙofar zuwa gida ko wani gini, don ba da damar mutane su sauƙaƙe ko goge takalma su kafin su shiga. Ana yin ƙofofi daga abubuwa masu tsayi, masu tsawo kamar su coir,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Paul |first=Biju E. |date=2020-09-27 |title=Coir sector's rich history to be showcased in museum fast nearing completion |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/Sep/27/coir-sectors-rich-history-to-be-showcased-in-museum-fast-nearing-completion-2202432.html |access-date=2025-08-18 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> palmyra (palm) fiber da stalks, nailan, roba, zane, ko aluminum da sauran karafa. Hakanan ana iya sanin ƙofar a matsayin matattarar maraba, saboda wurin da yake a ƙofar ya zama "maraba" ga baƙi, sabili da haka yana iya ɗaukar wasu kalmomi, saƙo ko alamar [[gaisuwa]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Welcome Mats & Doormats |url=https://www.historyoasis.com/post/history-of-welcome-mats-doormats |access-date=2025-08-18 |website=www.historyoasis.com}}</ref> * Matar majalisa ita ce [[Tabarma|Mat da aka yi da roba]] wanda ke kare dakunan dafa abinci, musamman dakunan wanka na dafa abinci, daga leaks, lalacewar ruwa, mold da zubar da kayan gida waɗanda ke faruwa a cikin ɗakin wanka na kicin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Farris |first=Emily |date=2023-03-01 |title=The 3 Things Everyone Should Have Under the Kitchen Sink |url=https://www.epicurious.com/shopping/the-3-things-everyone-should-have-under-the-kitchen-sink |access-date=2025-08-18 |website=Epicurious |language=en-US}}</ref> * Ana amfani da matattarar wanka a ƙasa na [[Bandaki|gidan wanka]] don samar da wuri mai dumi wanda ba ya zamewa, da kuma shan ƙananan [[ruwa]], kamar tawul.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khare |first=Shagun |title=We Tested the Best Bath Mats—One Even Survived Bath Time With a Splashing Toddler |url=https://www.thespruce.com/best-bath-mats-4158971 |access-date=2025-08-18 |website=The Spruce |language=en}}</ref> [[Fayil:TAPIS_DE_BAIN_DESIGN.jpg|thumb|Tsarin zane-zane]] * Mat na wuri ko mat na hidima wani yanki ne na masana'anta ko wani nau'in kayan da aka yi amfani da shi a kan tebur. Suna tafiya a ƙarƙashin jita-jita da faranti yayin cin abinci. Ɗaya daga cikin dalilan irin waɗannan mats shine samar da shingen zafi da na zahiri tsakanin abin da aka sanya a kansa da teburin da ke ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Druckman |first=Bella |date=10 April 2025 |title=The Very Best Place Mats, According to People Whose Taste We Trust |url=https://nymag.com/strategist/article/best-place-mats-everyday-formal.html |access-date=2025-08-18 |website=The Strategist |language=en}}</ref> === Iabarin da matsinta mota === An tsara matattarar mota don taimakawa kare bene na motar. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan amfani da matattarar mota shine don kiyaye laka, yashi da dusar ƙanƙara daga tuntuɓar bene mai kafet. Wasu suna buƙatar wuraren gyara don tabbatar da cewa sun kasance a cikin matsayi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=6 February 2025 |title=Best Floor Mats of 2025, Tested |url=https://www.caranddriver.com/car-accessories/g46343153/best-floor-mats-tested/ |access-date=2025-08-18 |website=Car and Driver}}</ref> Katin katako da katako na roba sun bambanta a hanyoyi da yawa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=6 February 2025 |title=Best Floor Mats of 2025, Tested |url=https://www.caranddriver.com/car-accessories/g46343153/best-floor-mats-tested/ |access-date=2025-08-18 |website=Car and Driver}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.caranddriver.com/car-accessories/g46343153/best-floor-mats-tested/ "Best Floor Mats of 2025, Tested"]. ''Car and Driver''. 6 February 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Kafet mats yawanci ana yin su da tufted kuma suna da goyon baya mai laushi. A gefe guda, matsunan mota na roba suna da nauyi kuma suna da tsayi mafi girma.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-04-05 |title=Are rubber car mats better than carpet? |url=https://bmmagazine.co.uk/business/are-rubber-car-mats-better-than-carpet/ |access-date=2025-08-18 |website=Business Matters |language=en-GB}}</ref> Duk da yake wasu mats motoci sune launi mai laushi na roba, da yawa suna dauke da alamun kamfanin, haruffa masu zane-zane ko tallace-tallace. Wasu suna cikin nau'in tufafi na kayan kafet. Hakanan suna iya zuwa cikin launuka masu yawa. Kalmomin duniya da na al'ada sun bambanta tsakanin mats na ƙasa waɗanda za su dace da motoci daban-daban da waɗanda aka tsara musamman don dacewa da chassis ɗaya kawai. === Mates na hana gajiya === An tsara "Anti-fatigue mats" don taimakawa mutumin da ke aiki a matsayi na tsaye na dogon lokaci. Yawancin rigakafin gajiya shine haɗuwa da tsarin ergonomic da kuma matattarar matattarar. Cutar tana haifar da binciken ma'auni na yau da kullun da kuma micro motsi wanda ke motsa jini ta hanyar kafafu da ƙananan ƙafar. Wannan yana haifar da ingantaccen yaduwa da ƙarancin gajiya. Ƙarƙashin da ke rufe ƙafafun daga wuri mai wuya, bene mai sanyi, girgizar ƙasa, danshi da sauti.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |title=Industrial Matting – Notrax® Ergonomic Anti-Fatigue & Safety Matting – Notrax® Mats for Professional Use |url=http://www.notrax.eu/cm/208/industrial-matting |website=notrax.eu}}</ref> Tsarin su na musamman yana ƙarfafa mai amfani ya ci gaba da yin micro-motsi wanda ke ba da wadataccen fa'idodin kiwon lafiya, kamar rage ciwon baya, ciwon ƙafa, gajiya, damuwa, da dai sauransu. Mates na rigakafi yana ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da za a iya amfani da su don hana raunin, wanda ya haifar da aiki a tsaye.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anti Fatigue Mats – The Unique Rubber Matting |url=https://mats4u.co.uk/collections/anti-fatigue-mats |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223151749/http://www.matcentre.co.uk/our-blog/anti-fatigue-mats-study.html |archive-date=2014-02-23 |website=matcentre.co.uk}}</ref> A cikin wani binciken da aka yi a Cibiyar Ergonomics a Jami'ar Michigan a 1987, masanin ergonomist Mark Redfern ya kammala cewa wurare daban-daban na tsaye na iya samun sakamako mai ban mamaki akan gajiya ta jiki. Ma'aikatan da suka tsaya a kan matsakaicin gajiya sun sami damar rage matakin gajiya da rashin jin daɗi da kusan kashi 50%.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2021 |title=Anti-Fatigue Mats - The Definitive Guide {{!}} First Mats UK |url=https://www.firstmats.co.uk/blogs/buying-guides/what-are-anti-fatigue-mats |access-date=2021-07-16 |website=www.firstmats.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> Wannan nau'in mat yana ba da shawarar ta Hukumar Tsaro da Lafiya ta Ayyuka. Kewayon kayan da aka saba amfani da su don ƙera mats masu hana gajiya sun haɗa da vinyl, itace, bututun PVC, roba, PVC rufe cell foam, polypropylene, nitrile rubber. An fara amfani da matsakaicin gajiya a masana'antu da layin samarwa inda ma'aikata za su tsaya don mafi yawan sauye-sauyen aikinsu. Mates na rigakafin gajiya sun zo a cikin nau'o'i daban-daban da kayan aiki don aikace-aikacen masana'antu ko kasuwanci don yanayin wurin aiki daban-daban waɗanda suka wanzu da kuma nau'ikan zane-zane na wurin aiki daga benaye na aiki, zuwa manyan layin taro ko tashoshin aiki masu rikitarwa. Yanayin wurin aiki na iya bambanta daga wuraren da suka bushe zuwa wuraren da ke da ruwa ko wuraren da ke cike da mai. Bugu da ƙari masana'antu na musamman na iya buƙatar ƙarin kaddarorin kamar matting mai hana wuta don walda, matting mai laushi mai laushi don fitar da wutar lantarki (ESD), kariya ta rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta don aikace-aikacen masana'antar abinci.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |title=Industrial Matting – Notrax® Ergonomic Anti-Fatigue & Safety Matting – Notrax® Mats for Professional Use |url=http://www.notrax.eu/cm/208/industrial-matting |website=notrax.eu}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.notrax.eu/cm/208/industrial-matting "Industrial Matting – Notrax® Ergonomic Anti-Fatigue & Safety Matting – Notrax® Mats for Professional Use"]. ''notrax.eu''.</cite></ref> A yau, ana amfani da wannan nau'in mat na ergonomic a lokacin baje kolin kasuwanci don rufe bene, a asibitoci da asibitocin yayin tiyata don rufe bene kusa da teburin tiyata don rage gajiyawar likitoci sakamakon ci gaba da tsayawa. Hakanan ana amfani da waɗannan mats a cikin tsabtace gida, musamman don bene na kicin don rage gajiya yayin dafa abinci. === Matsayi mai tsabta ===   Manufar matattarar ɗaki mai tsabta ita ce kiyaye wuraren da ke buƙatar kariya ta ƙarshe daga datti, [[Kwayar cutar Bakteriya|ƙwayoyin cuta]] da duk wani gurɓataccen da aka kawo daga waje. Matsayin ɗaki mai tsabta suna da kyau, mai mannewa, wanda ba ya zamewa wanda ke da yadudduka da yawa na fim mai tsabta wanda ke kama datti da ƙura daga zirga-zirgar ƙafa da ƙafafun. An yi amfani da takalma masu yawa na fim din polyethylene da aka rufe da abin mannewa na acrylic wanda ke kama barbashi. Kowane Layer yana cirewa don bayyana sabon wuri mai tsabta. Tallafin mannewa yana hana ci gaban microbial da gurɓata. Mats da aka yi amfani da su a waje da ɗakuna masu tsabta da dakunan gwaje-gwaje an tsara su don hana abubuwan gurɓata na kasashen waje. Wannan burin ana cimma shi ta hanyar shimfiɗa mai mannewa wanda ke aiki a matsayin shingen tarkace, datti da ƙura da ke manne da takalma. Matsayi mai laushi na ɗaki mai laushi zai iya ƙunsar shingen tsaro guda biyu: ɓangaren farko kafet ne da kansa, yayin da ɓangaren na biyu shine matattarar ƙasa mai laushi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=10 Best Practices for Proper Sticky Mat Usage |url=https://int-enviroguard.com/blog/10-tips-sticky-mats/ |access-date=2025-08-18 |website=int-enviroguard.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Wani nau'in mat da za a yi amfani da shi don kare ɗakuna daga gurɓataccen shine tsabtace mats na bene. Mat din da kansa karamin wanka ne wanda ke dauke da ruwa mai tsabta. An rufe kasan wanka na ƙafa tare da kayan shafa roba masu sassauci don tsaftace takalma yayin da ruwa ke kashe su. Wani madadin matattarar ɗaki mai tsabta shine wanda aka yi daga kayan polymeric. Ana yin samfuran polymeric daga cakuda mahadi masu tsabta na polymeric kuma suna da sake zagayowar rayuwa na shekaru uku zuwa biyar. Lokacin da farfajiyar polymeric ta zama datti, masu aiki na iya tsaftace shi da soso da mop tare da detergent kuma ya bushe farfajilar tare da sqee. Wannan tsari mai saurin tsaftacewa za a iya haɗa shi cikin tsarin tsabta-tsabtace na yau da kullun.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sandle, T. |date=July 2012 |title=Examination of air and surface particulate levels from cleanroom mats and polymeric flooring |journal=[[EJPPS (journal)|European Journal of Parenteral and Pharmaceutical Sciences]] |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=110–117}}</ref> Matsin ya bambanta ta hanyar abun da ke ciki: * Yawancin lokaci ana amfani da mats guda ɗaya na dindindin. Za'a iya yin mats guda ɗaya ko kuma a yi su. Kyakkyawan siffofi na mat guda ɗaya sune rectangular, square, zagaye da elliptic. Ana samar da mats guda ɗaya a cikin manyan girma da launuka iri-iri. Ana amfani da kayan aiki na ainihi da na roba don samar da mats guda ɗaya. * Ana yin matsakaicin layi a matsayin juzu'i wanda zai iya tsawaita mita 20 har zuwa mita 40 don dogon layin samarwa, layin taro da layin kunshe. Mats ana ƙera su a cikin daidaitattun tsayi ko masana'antu zuwa girman al'ada. * Modular mats, wanda aka fi sani da interlocking tiles ko interlocking floor mats, ana ƙera su ta amfani da tsari "jigsaw puzzle". Ba kamar mats guda ɗaya ba, mats masu sassauci sun ƙunshi abubuwa da yawa waɗanda suke da sauƙin haɗuwa ba tare da matsala ba. Idan aka kwatanta da sauran nau'ikan mats, mats masu kulle sun zo a cikin girma da yawa, dangane da yawan ɓangarori a cikin kayan aiki ɗaya. Matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaici ne mai kyau ga wuraren da ba na rectangular ba inda matsakaicin siffar ba su da amfani. Ana amfani da matsakaicin matsakaicin lokaci ɗaya ko na wucin gadi: cibiyoyin motsa jiki da gasa na [[Wasanni]], wasan kwaikwayo na kasuwanci da tarurruka. Modular mats suna buƙatar ƙasa da wuri don ajiya kuma ana iya jigilar su cikin sauƙi. === Mat na ciyawa na roba === Ana amfani da tabarmar roba da ake sawa a ƙasa (rubber grass mats) a wuraren shakatawa na yara, makarantu da gidaje – musamman a inda akwai haɗarin fāɗuwa. Daya daga cikin hanyoyin da aka fi amfani da su kuma mafi sauƙi wajen kariya daga fāɗuwa daga tsayi mai haɗari, ita ce amfani da waɗannan tabarmar roba, wanda ake shimfiɗawa kai tsaye a kan ƙasa ko ciyawa don rage munin rauni idan an fāɗi. A yawanci, ana yin su ne da sabon kayan roba (virgin rubber), kuma suna da ƙirar da ke buɗe sama da kashi 90% na saman su, hakan na ba da damar ciyawa ta girma ta cikin tsarin tabarmar. Wannan yana haifar da mafita mai tsafta, kore da kuma mai ɗaukar ruwa cikin sauƙi – yana taimakawa wajen ƙara aminci a wuraren wasan yara. ----Hakanan ana amfani dashi don abubuwan da suka faru na wucin gadi, kamar bukukuwa ko bukukuwan aure, ana iya amfani da matsunan ciyawa na roba don ƙirƙirar hanyar da za a iya cirewa ko wurin tsayawa kuma taimakawa wajen kare ciyawa daga rushewa ko churn.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rubber Grass Mats: Everything You Ever Need to Know |url=https://www.thegardenrange.co.uk/blog/grass-protection/everything-need-know-rubber-grass-mats/ |access-date=2021-04-27 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Kamar yadda mats yawanci ana ɗaure su cikin ƙasa kuma ana ɗaure kebul zuwa juna, yawanci ana shigar da su da sauri kuma ana iya cire su da sauri ba tare da tasiri ba a kan turfed surface. === Sauran === [[Fayil:Fussmatte_Buerste2.jpg|thumb|Gilashin ƙofar filastik (matar shigarwa) tare da abubuwan da za a iya sakawa kyauta don cire datti mai laushi]] [[Fayil:PVC_Door_Mat.jpg|thumb|Ƙofar PVC, Kolkata, West Bengal]] * Mat mai tsayayya da girgizar ƙasa, wanda ke yin aikin ware girgizar tsakanin abin da ke sama da mat da abin da ke ƙasa. Ana iya amfani da irin wannan mat a lokacin da ake ɗora na'ura mai nauyi wanda ke girgiza, a kan bene na kankare; idan fabs mat na rigakafin girgiza, na'urar tana lalata ƙasa ta hanyar abrasion. Contrawise, wasu injuna, kamar injunan lithography da aka yi amfani da su a cikin guntu, suna buƙatar warewa daga girgizar ƙasa a cikin yankin su, don haka ana ɗora su a kan matsunan rigakafi. An kuma yi amfani da waɗannan a kan hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zhao |first=Caiyou |last2=Ping |first2=Wang |date=2018-07-11 |title=Effect of elastic rubber mats on the reduction of vibration and noise in high-speed elevated railway systems |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0954409717752201 |journal=Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit |language=EN |volume=232 |issue=6 |pages=1837–1851 |doi=10.1177/0954409717752201 |issn=0954-4097 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> * slipmat, wani sashi mai laushi ko kayan roba da aka tsara don ba da damar masu wasan kwaikwayo su juya ko dakatar da rikodin vinyl a kan 'Yan wasan rikodin, ko kuma su karye. * [[bar mat]] (ba beermat ba), wani rectangular yanki na roba ko kayan ado wanda ake amfani da shi don kare saman tebur da / ko tsoma abubuwan sha a cikin mashaya ko mashaya. == Amfani da lafiya da aminci == Matar ƙofar da aka yi amfani da ita sosai na iya kamawa da riƙe datti da allergens, hana yaduwar su cikin sauran ginin, inganta IAQ sosai kuma rage buƙatar tsaftacewa mai yawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 January 2012 |title=Case Study: Improving IAQ and Facility Cleanliness |url=http://www.eaglemat.com/blog/case-study-improving-iaq-and-facility-cleanliness-with-recessed-grill-mats/ |access-date=3 February 2012 |publisher=Eagle Mat and Floor Products}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, yawancin mats na ƙasa suna tsayayya da walda kuma suna iya hana ma'aikata daga zamewa a kan lubricants na masana'antu ko ruwa. Matsayin bene kuma yana samar da wurare masu aminci waɗanda za a yi tafiya, hana zamewa da faduwa waɗanda ke haifar da rauni da lalacewar nauyi. Ana buƙatar matsakaicin zamewa a wurare da yawa don tabbatar da matsakaicin kariya ga ma'aikata da abokan ciniki. Ana samun matsakaitan rigakafi na musamman yanzu waɗanda ke ba da ƙarin juriya ga sunadarai da mai waɗanda wasu lokuta ake samu a cikin masana'antu da saitunan sabis na abinci.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Maynard |first=Wayne |last2=Brogmus |first2=George |date=June 2007 |title=Going beyond the welcome mat: mats are more than a place to wipe your shoes or a nice place to stand when working. |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA167103541&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=00297909&p=HRCA&sw=w&userGroupName=anon%7E1df8bee4&aty=open-web-entry |journal=Occupational Hazards |volume=69 |issue=6}}</ref> Ana amfani da tabarmar roba na musamman da ake yi don rage gajiya (custom made anti-fatigue mats) a wuraren aiki inda ma’aikata ke tsaye na dogon lokaci. Masu aikin sun gano cewa yawan gajiya da ciwon jiki da ma’aikata ke fuskanta na faruwa ne sakamakon rashin dacewar ƙasan da suke aiki a kai. Ƙasa mara tallafi (wato wadda ba ta da taushi ko dacewa da jiki) na haddasa gajiya da ciwon ƙafa, baya da wuya saboda yanda jinin jiki ke wahalar gudana. An tabbatar da cewa amfani da tabarmar rage gajiya na taimakawa wajen ƙara ƙarfin aiki na ma’aikata ta hanyar rage yawan kwanakin da suke ɗauka suna rashin lafiya da kuma raunukan da ke hana motsi yadda ya kamata. ---- == Dubi kuma == * Algal mat, wani nau'in microbial mat da aka kafa a saman ruwa ko a saman duwatsu * Egbere, halitta mai ɗauke da mat a cikin tatsuniyoyin Yoruba[[Addinin Yarabawa|Tarihin Yoruba]] * Marston Mat, wanda aka yi amfani da shi da farko don saurin gina tituna na wucin gadi da kuma saukowa * Mat (hoton hoto) * [[Sallaya|Katin addu'a]] * Roll mat ko barcin barci * Tatami * Matar da aka yi da ita * Matar yoga == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3qvmejas1x9sg8h1x01tkbmjwd8o4ie 0 18178 874118 642577 2026-07-02T06:02:15Z Habibah A Jisambo 26434 874118 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{hujja}} [[Fayil:Kadavallur Sreerama temple 21.jpg|thumb|kauyan kadavallur]] [[Fayil:Kallumpuram Church Perunnal Night.jpg|thumb|Kallumpuram church]] [[Fayil:Kadavallur Sreerama temple 20.jpg|thumb|kadavallur sreerama]] '''Kadavallur''' wani ƙauye ne a arewacin garin gundumar Thrissur a [[Kerala]], [[Indiya]] . Wannan ƙauyen shine iyakar gundumar Thrissur da Malappuram, kuma yana kusa da gundumar Palakkad . <ref>"Google Maps"</ref>Tana da nisan kilomita 35 arewa maso yamma na Thrissur, 10 kilomita arewa da Kunnamkulam, 5 kilomita kudu da Changaramkulam, kilomita 4 kudu maso yamma da Chalissery da kuma kilomita 14, kudu maso yamma na Pattambi . Yana da tsohuwar haikalin da aka keɓe wa Sri Rama . Gidan ibada yana karbar bakuncin vedic na shekara-shekara wanda ake kira Anyonyam, wanda wannan shine muhimmin taron a al'adun namboothiri. == Archaeology. == Hotunan katako guda 29 a bangon Srikoil na haikalin Vishnu da sauran ayyukan fasaha a cikin wannan wurin ibada ana ɗaukar su a matsayin masu mahimmin tarihi, kuma wannan abin tarihi ne na Archaeological Survey na Indiya . == Manazarta. == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗin waje. == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090622072944/http://www.brahmaswammadham.org/Anyonyam.htm Kadavallur Anyonyam yanar gizo] [[Category:Kauyuka a Thrissur district]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] h6py2afasp05f13rdubc1av7zwrppmj 0 18552 873762 856797 2026-07-01T19:16:52Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 873762 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Bikin Kifi na [[Argungu]]''' <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shyllon |first=Folarin |author-link=Folarin Shyllon |date=August 2007 |title=Argungu Fishing Festival in Tilted towers : Promoting the Idea of a Sustainable Cultural Fest |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-cultural-property/article/argungu-fishing-festival-in-northwestern-nigeria-promoting-the-idea-of-a-sustainable-cultural-fest/B8F5B344A3F997E9621152AFAC547A8B |journal=International Journal of Cultural Property |language=en |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=329–337 |doi=10.1017/S094073910707021X |issn=1465-7317 |s2cid=162837565 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> ko Bikin Dance na Argungu bikin ne na shekara-shekara na kwana huɗu a [[Kebbi|Jihar Kebbi]] da sauran jihohin arewa kamar [[Neja|Nijar]] a arewa maso yammacin [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Arewacin Najeriya]]. Yankin ya kunshi yankunan kogi masu kyau na matanfada, mala tare da [[ban ruwa]] da yawa da gonaki (lambu a cikin Hausa). Yawancin mazauna masunta ne Musulmai. [[Kanta Museum|Gidan kayan gargajiya na Kanta]] shine babban cibiyar tarihi a Argungu don baƙi a duk faɗin duniya. Mutane daga ko'ina cikin duniya suna tafiya zuwa Argungu kawai don shaida taron. Babban manufar bikin kamun kifi na Argungu shine don kamun kiɗa da hadin kai. Bikin yawanci taron al'adu ne na kwana huɗu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Argungu Festival: Africa's Biggest Fishing Celebration |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/argungu-festival-africa-s-biggest-fishing-celebration/6AKCWE_EP-keIQ |access-date=2021-07-31 |website=Google Arts & Culture |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Argungu_Fishing_Festival.jpg|thumb|Bikin kamun kifi na Argungu]] Bikin ya fara ne a shekara ta 1934 a matsayin alamar ƙarshen ƙiyayya tsakanin Khalifancin Sokoto da Masarautar Kebbi. Wannan bikin ya kawo babban ci gaba ga ci gaban jihar gaba ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-30 |title=Argungu Fishing Festival: 5 Things You Should Know |url=https://hotels.ng/guides/activities/argungu-festival/ |access-date=2021-07-31 |website=Hotels.ng Guides |language=en-US}}</ref> Yawancin lokaci ana kiranta Bikin Kifi-Frenzy . Ana yin bikin ne don nuna farkon lokacin kamun kifi a Argungu, wani gari da ke gefen kogi a [[Kebbi|Jihar Kebbi]]. Ana yin bikin ne tsakanin Fabrairu da Maris a kowace shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Showcasing The Arugungu fishing festival at Northern Nigeria – Courtesy The Scout Association of Nigeria {{!}} World Scouting |url=https://sdgs.scout.org/post/showcasing-arugungu-fishing-festival-northern-nigeria-courtesy-scout-association-nigeria |access-date=2021-07-31 |website=sdgs.scout.org}}</ref> A shekara ta 2005 kifin da ya ci nasara ya auna kilo 75, kuma yana buƙatar maza huɗu don ɗaga shi a kan ma'auni. A shekara ta 2006, bikin ya haramta kamun kifi saboda damuwa game da tsaro game da ƙananan matakan ruwa. Muhimmancin bikin ga tattalin arziki ya sa gwamnati ta adana kifin kifi ta hanyar hana amfani da taru da taru.<ref>{{Cite web |last=A.A. Eyo and Y. B. Ahmed |title=Management of Inland Capture Fisheries and Challenges to Fish Production in Nigeria |url=http://aquacomm.fcla.edu/4088/1/624.pdf |access-date=2010-10-09 |publisher=Federal College of Freshwater Fisheries Technology }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> An soki aikin Zauro polder, wani shirin [[ban ruwa]] a cikin ambaliyar [[Kogin Rima]] a kudancin Argungu, saboda tafkin yana barazanar ambaliyar wurin gargajiya na bikin.&nbsp; Ayyuka sun hada da: * Nunin sana'a * Gasar jirgin ruwa <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-08 |title=What you need to know about Argungu international fishing festival {{!}} The Nation Newspaper |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/what-you-need-to-know-about-argungu-international-fishing-festival/ |access-date=2022-12-25 |language=en-US}}</ref> * Nunin aikin gona * Ayyukan al'adu * Wasanni na gwagwarmaya <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-30 |title=Argungu Fishing Festival: 5 Things You Should Know |url=https://hotels.ng/guides/activities/argungu-festival/ |access-date=2021-07-31 |website=Hotels.ng Guides |language=en-US}}</ref> * Ayyukan kiɗa * Babban Nasara na Kifi * Gasar yin iyo == Gasar == A ranar ƙarshe ta bikin ana gudanar da gasa inda dubban maza suka yi layi a gefen kogi kuma a sautin harbin bindiga, dukansu sun tsallake cikin kogi kuma suna da sa'a guda don kama kifi mafi girma. Wanda ya ci nasara zai iya kaiwa gida har zuwa US $ 7,500. Masu fafatawa suna ba da izinin amfani da kayan aikin kamun kifi na gargajiya kuma mutane da yawa sun fi son kama kifi gaba ɗaya da hannu (aikin da ya shahara a wasu wurare kuma an san shi da "noodling") don nuna ƙarfin su. == Bikin Kifi na Argungu na 2020 == [[Fayil:Nigerian_Public_Domain_809.jpg|thumb|Mazajen kamun kifi a cikin jirgin ruwa.]] A cikin bikin kamun kifi na Argungu na 2020, mutumin da ya kama kifi mafi girma mai nauyin kilo 78 an ba shi kyautar N10 miliyan, sabbin motoci biyu da kujeru biyu don tafiya ta Hajj. An kuma ba da lambar yabo ta biyu da ta uku. Fiye da masunta 50,000 sun shiga cikin bikin shekara-shekara da aka gudanar a [[Kebbi|Jihar Kebbi]] kuma an rarraba masu nasara bisa ga nauyin kifin da aka kama. Shugaban Najeriya, [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya ziyarci bikin kamun kifi na Argungu na 2020 Bikin a shekarar 2020 shi ne karo na 60 bayan shekaru 10 da aka dakatar da shi a cewar gwamnan jihar [[Abubakar Atiku Bagudu|Abubakar Bagudu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Buhari Visits Kebbi For Argungu Fishing Festival |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2020/03/12/just-in-buhari-arrives-kebbi-for-argungu-fishing-festival/ |access-date=2021-07-31 |website=Channels Television}}</ref> Bugu da kari, daya daga cikin burin bikin shine wadatar da hadin kan al'umma da karfafa manoman kifi na yankin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oladeyi |first=Oluwafikunayomi |date=2024-01-14 |title=The Fascinating Argungu Fishing Festival: A Celebration of Culture and Tradition |url=https://placesandlifestyle.com/the-fascinating-argungu-fishing-festival-a-celebration-of-culture-and-tradition/ |access-date=2024-08-09 |website=Places and Lifestyle |language=en-US}}</ref>&nbsp; == Sabuntawa ta zamani da kwanan nan == [[Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_42.jpg|thumb|'''Shugaba Bola Tinubu a bikin Argungu na 61''']] Bikin ya sami lokacin dakatarwa saboda kalubalen tsaro amma Gwamnatin Jihar Kebbi ta farfado da shi don inganta yawon bude ido da al'adun al'adu. An gudanar da bikin na 61 daga 11 zuwa 14 ga Fabrairu 2026 a Argungu. Taron ya ja hankalin dubban mahalarta da baƙi kuma manyan mutane da yawa sun halarta, ciki har da Shugaba [[Bola Tinubu|Bola Ahmed Tinubu]] da Nasir Idris Babban Gwamnan [[Kebbi|Jihar Kebbi]] . Wannan fitowar ta ƙunshi gasa ta kifi ta gargajiya, nune-nunen al'adu, da sauran ayyukan da ke nuna al'adun al'adu na Jihar Kebbi. === Hotuna daga bikin kifi da al'adu na 61 na Argungu === <gallery> Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_41.jpg Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_45.jpg Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_27.jpg Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_03.jpg Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_05.jpg Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_08.jpg Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_21.jpg Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_75.jpg Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_60.jpg Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_67.jpg Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_74.jpg Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_78.jpg Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_73.jpg Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_72.jpg Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_63.jpg Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_38.jpg </gallery> * Bukukuwan a Najeriya == Manazarta == 05qjuhtfmb0zrma00l5995kzhyaki6d 0 19439 873733 853321 2026-07-01T17:58:32Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 873733 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Abubuwan maƙera.jpg|thumb|sana ar gargajiyan na kera]] [[Fayil:Cattle and sheep.jpg|thumb|sana ar kiwo]] '''Sana'o'in [[Hausawa]] na gargajiya''' na nufin sana'o'inena asalin mutanen [[Hausa Bakwai|Hausa]] na farko wanda aka san su da shu. Wadannan sana'oin sun kasance tushen tattalin arzikin kasashen Hausa tun a farkon, tarihe tarihensu. Daga ciki akwai noma da rini da jima da kira da dai sauransu. == Asalin Sana'a == Sana’a kalma ce da aka aro ta daga harshen [[Larabci]], kuma tana ɗaukar ma’ana ta samar da wani abin amfani ta hanyar hikima a Hausance. Misali, sana’ar ƙira. A gargajiyance, [[Hausawa|Bahaushe]] yana da sana’o’in da yawansu ke da wahalar ƙirguwawa. Daga cikin irin waɗannan sana’o’i akwai manya, akwai kuma ƙanana, akwai na maza, haka zalika akwai kuma na mata, sannan kuma akwai na gama-gari. Sannan kuma masana sun kasa su zuwa kashi uku wadanda suka haɗa da sana’o’in maza da sana’o’in mata da kuma sana’o’in haɗaka ko na gamayya wan da Maza da kuma mata sukeyi. Sana'a na nufin duk wani nema ko hanyar da [[Dan Adam]] zai nemi abinci ta hanyar halak, ko kuma sana'a ita ce duk abinda mutun zai sarrafa domin ya sami wata lada, ya samu ya rayu, rayuwa mai kyau ba tare da wani matsala ba. Ko kuma a takaice mu ce sana'a na nufin dogaro da kai. Sana'ar mutum ita ce a bar alfaharinsa ko ina ya je da ita zai tinkaho. Akwai wasu mawakan Hausa da dama da suka yi tsokaci a kan Sana'a, har wata daga cikinsu tana cewa a lokacin da take zaburar da mata a kan sana'a "Kai ku tashi ku koyi sana'a mata, macen da ba ta sana'a aura ce" kalmar aura a nan tana nufin jaka. Sana’o’in maza su ne sana’o’in da maza zalla ne suka fi yawan yin su. Koda an samu mata a ciki to yawansu bai kai a misalta ba. Misali, sana’ar ƙira da sauransu. Ire- Iren wadannan sanao’in gargajiya na Hausawa sun hada da: # [[Noma]] # [[saƙa]] # [[Fawa]] # [[Sassaka]] # [[Sussuka]] # [[Fatauci]] # [[Su]](Kamun kifi) # [[Dukanci]] # [[Wanzanci]] # [[Kiwo]] # [[Rini]] # [[Jima]] # [[Ƙira]] # [[Farauta]] # [[Kasuwanci]] # Jima == Bayanin su == Bayan mun ga Ire-iren su bari mu tafi zuwa bayaninsu daya bayan daya da kuma abubuwan da suka kunsa. == Noma == "Noma na duke tsohon ciniki shine kirarin noma da Hausawa suke masa da dadewa". A ƙasar hausa dacan babu wata babbar sana’a wadda zance maka kusan kowa yana yinta da ta wuce noma. Inda mafi yawancin Kakanni suke amfani da noma domin cida iyalansu ta hanyar shuka abun da zasu ci da kuma saidawa. Shi noma ya kasu ne zuwa gida biyu ga su kamar haka: #Noma domin cida gida: Mafi yawancin noman da hausawa suke yi a ƙasar hausa a da can musamman talakawan wanda zasu cida iyalinsu ne kawai, wanda zaka ga mutum ya noma abunda zasu ci da iyalinsa kadai. Misalin irin wannan shine wanda yake shuka hatsi irinsu [[masara]], [[dawa]], [[gero]] da ma sauransu waɗanda ake sarrafawa zuwa abincin gargajiya. #Noman Kasuwanci: Nau’i na biyu kuma shine wanda domin sai dawa kaɗai ake yinsa wanda ba a iya ci ya tsaya ba kamar waɗanda suke noma shukoki irin auduga da kuma irinsu ridi da sauransu. Duk da cewa daga baya an runguma noman Masara da Shinkafa da sauransu a matsayin noman kasuwanci. == Kiwo == Kiwo dai itace babbar sana'ar [[Fulani]] kuma sunfi kowace Ƙabila iya kiwo da yawan dabbobi, kamar yadda Noma yake babbar sana'ar Hausawa haka suma Fulani kiwo shine babbar sana'ar su. Sai dai kuma Kiwo na daga cikin sana’oi wanda suka shahara a wajen hausawa wanda suke yi tun kaka da kakanni. Hausawa sun daɗe suna kiwata dabbobi daban-daban kama tun daga mayan dabbobi zuwa ƙananan dabbobi. Misalan wasu daga cikin dabbobin da hausawa suka daɗe suna kiwatawa sun haɗa da [[kaza]], fannin raguna, [[shanu]] rakuma da sauransu. Yawancin dalilin da yake sa ana kiwo shine domin a sai da a samu kuɗi don biyan wasu buƙatun yau-da-kullum, wani lokacin kuma domin a yi aikin noma da su Misali shanun Noma (Ga'in huɗa). ==Rini== Sana’ar hannu ce wadda ake yi, yadda take shine ana canza ma kaya launi ko kuma kala ta hanyar rina su da sinadarai. Da dadewa hausawa sun dade suna rina kayansu wanda wadanda ke rini a hausa ana kiransu da marina. Dalilin yinsa shine don a samu kudi da wanda rini har yanzu ana yinsa a yankunan hausawa daban daban a fadin duniya. == Jima == Tunda daɗewa an daɗe duniya ana jima bama a ƙasar hausa kawai ba, inda ake saida abubuwan da ake haɗa sanadiyyar jima a kasuwa. Jima tana nufin samun fata ta dabbobi a tsaftace ta yadda za’a sarrafa ta zuwa abubuwan amfani. Misalin abubuwan da ake haɗawa daga jima sun haɗa da sulke, takalma, buzu da saurandsu. == DUKANCI == Sana’ar Dukanci, sana’a ce da ake sarrafa fata a mayar da ita wani abu mai amfani kamar takalmi, guga, riga da sauransu domin samun abin masarufi. Baduku shi ne sunan mai yin sana’ar Dukanci. Fatar da masu jima ke samarwa, ita dukawa ke sarrafawa. Akwai unguwar da ta yi fice a kan wannan sana’a a cikin birnin Kano da ake kira Dukawa. -Kayan Aiki Dukawa sukan gudanar da sana’arsu ta dukanci ta hanyar amfani da kayayyakin da suka haɗa da: fata, almakashi, guduma, da sauransu -Kayayyakin da Dukawa ke Yi Matashi (fulo), majingini, buzu, laya, guru, daga, kambu, salka, garkuwa, maratayi, taraha/tintimi, rigar sirdi, ragama, kube, gafaka, zabira, linzami, takalmi, kwari, tandu, burgami, warki, guga, dagumi, sulkami, zugazugi (abin da masu sana'ar ƙira ke hura wuta da shi), taiki, da sauransu. == KIRA == Ko shakka babu kira na daya daga cikin sanaoin gargajiya na hausawa wanda suke yi tun zamanin kaka da kakanni. Yadda ake kira shine za’a samu karfe a sa shi cikin wuta yayi ja yadda za’a sarrafa shi zuwa abubuwan amfani. Wanda yake kira ana kiranshi da makeri shikuma wajen da ake kirar ana kiranta da makera. Misalan abubuwan da ake kerawa sun hada da abubuwan aikin gona akamar su lauje, hauya, gatari, mijagara da sauransu. Akwai kuma abuwan yaki wanda suma a makera ake hada su kamar su Takobi, adda, makari mashi, kibiya da sauransu. == FARAUTA == Farauta na nufin kamo dabbobin daji ta hanyar halbo su ko kuma yi masu tarko yadda za’a kamasu. Farauta ana yinta ne musamman don kamo nama daga daji domin a ci ko kuma a sai da a kasuwa ga wanda suka dauke ta a matsayin kasuwanci. Wanda ya dauki farauta a matsayin kasuwanci ana kiranshi da mafarauci a kasar hausa. ==== Sana'a ==== '''GA JERIN SANA'O'IN HAUSAWA''' 1. ''''''[[Kafinta]]''''' shi Kafinta kala biyu ne akwai na sama akwai kuma na kasa, Kafinta sama shine wanda yake bugun kwano wato rafta da dai sauran su. Shi kuma Kafinta kasa shine mai hada kujeru da gadaje ds. 2. '''''Su/Masunci/Mai kamun kifi''''' Su sana'a ce mai zaman kanta wadda itama akan dogara da ita, tunda zaka ga da yawa masu yin su har bada maganin sanyi suke saboda alakar su da ruwa. Su na daga sana'a da ake gado tun daga iyaye har kakanni. 3. '''''Qira''''' Qira ita sana'a ce mai zaman kanta wadda itama akan dogara da ita wato qira na nufin sana'a ce da ake sanin yadda ake sarrafa karfe da wuta. Itama akan gade ta iyaye da kakanni masu qira na bada maganin wuta.<ref> https://aminiya.dailytrust.com/sanaoi-a-kasar-hausa-wanzanci</ref> 4. '''''[[Kiɗa]]''''' kida itama sana'a ce da akanyi ta a kasar Hausa tun zamanin da, itama akan dogara da ita. Makada sun kasu daban daban akwai makadin noma, na fada, na yan'bori da kuma makadi game gari shi kam kowa yana wa kids sarki, yan'bori manoma ds. 5. '''''[[Sassaka]]''''' itama sana'a ce da mai zaman kanta wadda masassaka keyin ta misali suna sassaka [[turmi]] [[tabarya]], Kota/fartanya ds. 6. '''''Dukanci''''' ita dai sana'a baduku sana'a ce ta sanin yadda ake sarrafa fata da irin guru da layun nan gargajiya wato masu dinka laya. 7. '''''[[Wanzan]]ci''''' itama sana'a wanzaci sana'a wadda Hausawa keyin ta misali sune sukeyin [[aski]], [[kaciya]] ds.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://www.rumbunilimi.com.ng/HausaSanaa.html#gsc.tab=0 |access-date=2021-04-07 |archive-date=2021-01-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128105859/https://www.rumbunilimi.com.ng/HausaSanaa.html#gsc.tab=0 |url-status=dead }}</ref> 8. '''''Dinki'''' sana'a dinki sana'a ce da akeyi don dogaro da kai madunka suna dunka riguna sawa na maza da mata iri daban daban. 9. '''''[[Noma]]''''' shima noma sana'a ce mai mutukar amfani wadda itama da itace wasu suka dogara. 10. '''''[[Kiwo]]''''' sana'a kiwo sana'a ce wadda fulani suka fi shahara a cikin ta, tunba kiwon shanu ba, kusan dukan Annabawa sunyi kiwo. 11. '''''[[Kasuwa]]nci/Fatauci''''' kasuwanci sana'a ce wadda ta samo asali tun daga fiyayyen halittu (S A W) yayin da itace sana'a da aka fi shahara akanta kusan acikin ko wace Al-ummah. 12. '''''Gina/Gini''''' Gina itama ta kasu kashi biyu akwai masu ginin gidaje sai kuma masu ginin tukwane ds. 13. '''''Ɗori''''' itama sana'a ce da mafi yawan ta gadon ta ake daga iyaye da kakanni. Wato madora sune masu dora mutum idan ya karye har ma dabbobi. Da dai sauran sana'o'in Hausawa da bamu ambata ba. Wadannan sune a takaice. Amma akwaisu da yawa bazasu ƙirgu ba. ==== Sana'o'in Mata ==== Suma dai [[mata]]n [[Hausawa]] ba'a barsu a baya ba domin kuwa tun zamanin da suna yin sana'a ballantana wannan zamani 1. ''''[[Kitso]]'''' sana'ar [[Kitso]] sana'a ce da [[mata]] sukeyin ta domin samun yan kwabbai kuma domin su taimaka ma junansu. wasu tun suna yara suke koyo wasu kuma sai sun girma. Amma yanzu sukan bude saloon na zamani. 2. '''''[[Fura]]''''' itama sana'a ce ta [[Mata]] wadda akeyin ta don sai fura wani lokacin ma hada [[Nono]]. 3. '''''[[Tuwo]]''''' itama sana'a ce ta saida tuwo wadda aka fi sani da tuwo-tuwo, mafi yawa [[Mata]] keyin ta. 4. '''''Kaɗi''''' kaɗi sana'a ce ta [[Mata]] wato masu sarrafa [[Auduga]]/kaɗa don yin wasu abubuwa tunba mazari da kuma kayan sawa. Amma yanzu ba'a yi sana'a ta koma ta zamani. 5. '''''Koda''''' itama sana'a ce da mata keyi musamman tsofaffi, sana'a Koda na nufin sussukau mata masu sussukau hatsi musamman gero dawa ds. Amma anfi yin wannan sana'a a kauyuka. Yanzu ma dai ta kusa komawa ta zamani da inji akeyin sussuka. 6. '''''[[Lalle]]/kwalliya''''' itama sana'a ce wadda Mata keyi musamman idan za'a kai sabuwa amarya. Wato lallen Amare. 7. ''''Reda'''' Reda sana'a ce da mata keyi amma a da can lokacin da babu wadatuwar injina musamman kauye. Anayin reda ne wata Nika hatsi masara,dawa, gero da dai sauran su don yin tuwo. Duwatsu ne guda biyu daya sama daya kasa sai adinga zuba hatsi ana gogawa har ya zamo gari. == Amfanin Sana'a == Sana'a tana da amfani sosai don akasar Hausa idan mutum baida sana'a ko aure ba'a bashi babban amfani sana'a tana sa a samu Al-ummah managarciya watau ingantacciya. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} jpb75hzktapreczpqcvfk33vr5e6vh1 0 19852 873578 737139 2026-07-01T12:00:18Z Ummeeterh 31568 /* */ 873578 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Gaskiya Ta Fi Kwabo,'''''"gaskiya da daraja fiye da kwabo". Kwabo shi ne "kashi ɗaya bisa dari" na kuɗin [[Naira|Najeriya.]] Gaskiya ta fi Kwabo gidan jarida ne a [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]], wanda ake bugawa tare da wallafawa sau uku a mako. Ita ce takarda ta farko da aka fara amfani da ita a [[harshen Hausa]], kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin littattafan farko da ke [[arewacin Najeriya]]. ''Editan Gaskiya Ta Fi Kwabo'' shi ne [[Abubakar Imam]]. A cikin shekara ta alif ɗari tara da arba'in da ɗaya (1941) [[Ajami|an ƙara wasu shafuka a cikin Ajami]] zuwa jaridar ga waɗanda ba sa iya karanta rubutun Hausar boko. An ƙira su da "Ƴar Gaskiya".<ref>{{cite web | last = Adamu| first = Yusuf M| title =Print and Broadcast Media in Northern Nigeria | work =kanoonline.com | publisher =Kano Online | date = | url =http://www.kanoonline.com/downloads/Media_in_Northern_Nigeria.pdf| format = pdf | accessdate = 2007-08-01 }}</ref> === JARIDAR GASKIYA TAFI KWABO === '''JARIDAR GASKIYA TAFI KWABO''' Muhimman bayanai guda sha biyu (12) game da GASKIYA TAFI KWABO.<ref>Bbc</ref> 1. Ita ce jaridar [[Hausa]] ta farko a [[Najeriya]]. 2. An kirkire ta a shekarar 1939. 3. Ita ce jaridar hausa mafi sanuwa a yammacin [[Afirka]].<ref>Bbc</ref> 4. Ita ce jaridar [[Hausa]] ta farko a [[duniya]]. 5. Ana buga ta sau uku (3) a sati. Tana fitowa sau uku a sati.<ref>Bbc</ref> 6. Jaridar mallakin gwamnonin arewa a karkashin kamfanin Gaskiya Corporation.<ref>Bbc</ref> 7. Ita ce Jarida ta farko mallakin gwamnati a [[Najeriya]].<ref>bbc</ref> 8. Ta shahara wurin kawo rahotanni Yakin Duniya Na Biyu II.<ref>Bbc</ref> 9. Babban hedkwatan ta a [[Zariya]]. 10. Ita ce jaridar cikin gida mafi jimawa a [[Najeriya]], ta dauki tsawon shekaru saba'in tana aiki.<ref>Bbc</ref> 11. Tana bada gudunmawa wajen gwagwarmayar yada kishin kasa da harshen Hausa.<ref>Bbc</ref> [[Fayil:Jaridar gaskiya3.jpg|thumb|Jaridar gaskiya]] 12. Marubuci Dokta Abubakar Imam ne Editan ta na farko<ref>bbc</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> [[Category:Hausa]] [[Category:Hausa-language mass media]] 60fldurc1wx5ycq8z7sfdxtp7k4rmfc 0 20314 873788 735710 2026-07-01T20:29:37Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 873788 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Dogon Hunter.JPG|thumb|mafarauci rike da bindiga harba ka riga (bindiga mafarauta)]] [[File:Quail Hunting with Dogs.jpg|thumb|dan farauta tareda karnan farauta su biyu]] [[File:Endurance hunting timelapse.jpg|thumb|mafaruci ya biyo barewa]] [[File:Quail Hunting with Dogs.jpg|thumb|hoton mafarauci]] [[Fayil:Bushmen hunters (cropped).png|thumb|Yanda wasu suke farauta asassansu]] [[Fayil:Pieter Bruegel the Elder - Hunters in the Snow (Winter) - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|yar farauta]] '''Farauta''' Sana'a ce dadadda, wanda aka gada tun iyaye kaka, da kakanni, musamman a [[kasa]]r [[Hausa]]. Kuma kusan ace farauta ita ce sana'a ta farko a kasar Hausa kafin zuwan wasu sana'o'in kamar su [[kiwo]], [[noma]], Su, da dai sauran sana'o'i. Kuma wasu suna ganin cewa ita farauta kai tsaye tana nufin (Nema) haka zakaji wasu suna cewa idan kuma zasu fita [[gida]] don zuwa kasuwa ko wani wurin neman abinci, sai kaji sunce "mun fita (farauta) wato nema" haka kuma [[mata]] a cikin gida idan mazajen su zasu fita sai kaji suna cewa a farauto da yawa. A takaice dai farauta na nufin. Nema. Amma a zahiri farauta na nufin fita daga gida zuwa [[daji]] don neman namun daji da kuma tsuntsaye da sauransu, Mafi yawanci [[maza]] ne aka fi sani da sana'ar farauta. suna shiga daji don farauto dabbobin daji,daban daban ko da yake kuma ana samun kadan daga cikin [[mata]] masu kamar [[maza]] suna fita farauta. Akan fita farauta wuni daya, kwana daya har zuwa watanni.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/news/2016/05/160524_nigeria_hunters|date= 25 May 2016|accessdate=20 September 2021|publisher=BBC Hausa.Com|title=Mafarauta na fuskantar kalubale a kudancin Najeriya }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://hausa.legit.ng/1428734-mafarauta-manyan-dabbobi-irinsu-yan-bindiga-da-masu-satar-mutane-zamu-saka-gaba.html|date=10 August 2021|accessdate=20 September 2021|publisher=legit.hausa.ng|last= Khalid|first=Aisha|title=Mafarauta: 'Manyan dabbobi' irin 'yan bindiga da masu satar mutane zamu saka gaba}}</ref>ana Amfani da karnuka da bindigu, kwari da baka, abin kai bugu domin gudanar da farautar. Sarakunan Larabawa da ke farautar tsuntsayen da ke ƙara ƙarfin maza<ref>G</ref> ‎Kungiyar mafarauta daga Abu Dhabi da suka je Pasni<ref>r</ref> ‎hajiyya Hanif ‎Bayanan hoto,Kungiyar mafarauta daga Abu Dhabi, a yankin Pasni a karshen shekarun 1980<ref>gdg</ref> ‎Bayani kan maƙala ‎Marubuci,Daga Saher Baloch ‎Sanya sunan wanda ya rubuta labari,BBC Urdu, Pasni<ref>ffg</ref> ‎29 Maris 2021 ‎A shekarar 1983, sojoji biyu suka tsaya wajen hayar mota da ke garin Pasni a gabar tekun kudu maso gabashin Pakistan. Daya daga cikinsu ya tambayi mai wajen: "Kana da lafiyayyar mota? Za mu kai wani attajirin Balarabe Panjpur." Mai wajen ya ce yana da ita, ya kuma hada su da dansa Hanif dominn ya nuna musu motar.nAn yi hayar motar ne domin Yarima Suroor bin Mohammed al-Nahyan, daya daga cikin 'ya'ya shida na masarautar Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa. Yana son zuwa Panjpur, mai nisan kilomita 100 daga wajen, domin farautar tuje wanda da turanci ake kira houbara bustards, da ba ko ina ake samu ba, da aka yi amanna namansa na karawa maza kuzari a lokacin jima'i. Attajirin ya so motar, don haka ya karba a hannun Hanif a lokacin yana da shekara 31. Daga nan ne muka fara kulla dadaddiyar alaka, in ji Haji Hanif kamar yadda ake kiran shi a halin yanzu.<ref>Nazari</ref> ==Kayan da ake farauta dasu== *Barandami *Adda *Kere *[[Wuƙa|Wuka]] *Kibiya *[[Baka]] *[[Kwari]] *[[Bindiga]] Da dai sauransu akan farauto irin su [[Zomo]], [[barewa]], [[gada]] da sauran su. Mafi yawancin mafarauta sunada magunguna sosai (tambaya) saboda kwankwaman namun jeji. Mafarauci shine tilon mai sana'ar farauta mafarauta kuma jam'in masu yin farauta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://www.rumbunilimi.com.ng/KasarHausaFarauta.html#gsc.tab=0 |access-date=2021-05-28 |archive-date=2021-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418133027/https://www.rumbunilimi.com.ng/KasarHausaFarauta.html#gsc.tab=0 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category: Al'adun Hausawa]] g57i2qf52sdecib9ie5iekbvov7hrif 0 21040 874310 723394 2026-07-02T11:40:48Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 874310 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:NCDC_logo.png |thumb|Tambari Cibiyar]] '''Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka ta Najeriya''' ita ce babbar cibiyar kiwon lafiyar jama'a ta Najeriya. NCDC hukuma ce ta gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya a karkashin ma'aikatar lafiya ta tarayya (Nigeria) kuma tana da hedikwata a Birnin [[Abuja]], [[Najeriya|Nigeria]]. A yanzu haka hukumar na karkashin jagorancin Dakta Chikwe Ihekweazu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.ng/apo/nigeria-centre-for-disease-control-world-health-organization-ncdcwho-map-resources/dw1ey3x|title=Nigeria Centre for Disease Control/ World Health Organization (NCDC/WHO) Map Resources for National Action Plan for Health Security (NAPHS) in 36 States and Federal Capital Territory (FCT)|date=2019-08-01|website=www.pulse.ng|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-24|archive-date=2019-08-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824200057/https://www.pulse.ng/apo/nigeria-centre-for-disease-control-world-health-organization-ncdcwho-map-resources/dw1ey3x|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://saharareporters.com/2019/08/13/yellow-fever-outbreak-no-reagent-nigeria-government-sends-samples-cote-d%E2%80%99ivoire|title=Yellow Fever Outbreak: No Reagent In Nigeria, Government Sends Samples To Cote D’Ivoire|date=2019-08-13|website=Sahara Reporters|access-date=2019-08-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/cholera-ncdc-records-83-suspected-cases-in-adamawa/h8m7ddw|title=83 suspected cases of cholera recorded in Adamawa - NCDC|date=2019-08-22|website=www.pulse.ng|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-24}}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Babban burin hukumar shi ne kare lafiyar jama'a da kiyaye lafiyar su ta hanyar kiyayewa da rigakafin cututtuka masu saurin yaduwa a Najeriya. Hukumar ita ce kuma ke da alhakin kula da tsarin sa ido don tattarawa, yin nazari da kuma karin bayanan da aka tattara kan cututtukan da ke da matukar muhimmanci ga al'ummar Nijeriya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://saharareporters.com/2019/08/13/yellow-fever-outbreak-no-reagent-nigeria-government-sends-samples-cote-d%E2%80%99ivoire|title=Yellow Fever Outbreak: No Reagent In Nigeria, Government Sends Samples To Cote D’Ivoire|date=2019-08-13|website=Sahara Reporters|access-date=2019-08-24}}</ref> Tun daga watan Janairun shekara ta 2020, Ihekweazu ya jagoranci kula da lafiyar al’umma game da cutar COVID-19 a Nijeriya wanda Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka ta Nijeriya (NCDC) ke gudanarwa. Kafin tabbatar da shari'ar farko ta Najeriya a ranar 27 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2020, NCDC ta fara sa ido kan cutar COVID-19 da ta bulla a China kuma ta gudanar da bincike da dama game da barazanar da kasar ke fuskanta. Ta yin amfani da wannan, hukumar ta fara gano albarkatun da ake bukata don kula da lafiyar jama'a da kuma horar da ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://covid19.ncdc.gov.ng/media/files/COVIDResponseMarch1.pdf |access-date=2021-06-11 |archive-date=2021-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513191929/https://covid19.ncdc.gov.ng/media/files/COVIDResponseMarch1.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin shekara guda da amsar, NCDC ta kafa dakunan gwaje-gwajen kiwon lafiya sama da guda 70 a duk fadin Najeriya. A cikin wannan shekarar, NCDC ta kammala aikin dijital na tsarin sanya ido kan cututtukan kasar, ta horar da sama da ma’aikatan lafiya 40,000 kan rigakafin da kuma an kula da kamuwa da cutar, ta kuma samar da tsarin samar da na’urar zamani a tsakanin sauran ayyukan mayar da martani. == Tarihi == An kirkiro da shawarar Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka ta Najeriya a cikin shekara ta 2011 inda wasu sassan a Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Tarayya suka motsa don taimakawa wajen kafa hukumar. Sassan a waccan lokacin sune Sashin Yaduwar Cututtuka, Aikin Cutar Avian da kuma Najeriyar Filin Ilimin Cututtuka da Shirin Horar da Laboratory. [[Muhammadu Buhari|A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2018, Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari]] ya sanya hannu kan kudurin dokar kafa Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka ta Nijeriya. == Kungiya == NCDC nada jimillar ma’aikata guda 217 karkashin jagorancin Darakta Janar na hukumar. Darakta Janar na hukumar kai tsaye ya ba da rahoto ga Ma’aikatar Lafiya ta Tarayya (Ministan Lafiya).<ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/465949-twitter-ban-ncdc-delays-covid-19-update-as-nigeria-records-26-new-cases.html</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category: Kiwon lafiya]] [[Category:Ma'aikatun gwamnati]] [[Category:Ma'aikatun gwamnati na Kasar Najeriya]] [[Category:Ministocin Nijeriya]] [[Category:Hukumomi]] [[Category:Hukumar Kula da Cututtuka ta Najeriya]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 4g3dj03z1cobcf6tqmrw8ow3ynhg19s 0 21302 873771 582959 2026-07-01T20:13:27Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 873771 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Wikitext-wiki_markup-wikipedia.png|thumb| Gyara nuni da ke nuna yaren yin aikin MediaWiki]] [[File:Ward_Cunningham,_Inventor_of_the_Wiki.webm|thumb|Interview with Ward Cunningham, inventor of the wiki]] [[File:Hausa Wikipedia Editathion in Katsina, March 2023 (1).jpg|thumb|Hoton edits na Wikipedia]] A '''wiki''' ( /w ɪ k i / ( </img> / ) WIK -ee ) ne a hypertext bazawa hadin gwiwar editoci da kuma gudanar da kansa sauraro kai tsaye ta amfani da wani web browser. Wiki na yau da kullun yana ƙunshe da shafuka da yawa don batutuwa ko girman aikin kuma ana iya buɗe wa jama'a ko kuma iyakance don amfani a cikin ƙungiya don kiyaye tushen ilimin ta na ciki. Wikis yana kunna software ta wiki, in ba haka ba ana sani da injunan wiki. A wiki engine, kasancewa wani nau'i na wani abun ciki gudanar da tsarin, ya bambanta da sauran yanar gizo na tushen tsarin irin blog software, a cewa abun ciki da aka halitta ba tare da wani a tsare mai ko shugaban, da kuma wikis da kadan muhimmi tsarin, kyale tsarin ya fito bisa ga bukatun masu amfani.<ref name="Easy Wiki Hosting2">{{citation|url=http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/cc700339.aspx|title=Easy Wiki Hosting, Scott Hanselman's blog, and Snagging Screens|date=July 2008|last=Mitchell|first=Scott|publisher=MSDN Magazine|access-date=March 9, 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100316192702/http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/cc700339.aspx|archive-date=March 16, 2010}}</ref> Yawancin injunan Wiki suna ba da izinin rubuta abun ciki ta amfani da harshe mai sauƙi kuma wani lokacin a gyara shi da taimakon edita mai wadataccen rubutu.<ref name="Britannica2">{{citation|title=wiki|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|volume=1|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]]|year=2007|location=London|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1192819/wiki|access-date=April 10, 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080424074513/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1192819/wiki|archive-date=April 24, 2008}}</ref> Akwai nau'ikan injunan wiki da yawa da ake amfani da su, duka ɗayansu da wani ɓangare na sauran software, kamar su tsarin sauro na kwaro. Wasu injunan wiki tushen buɗewa ne, yayin da wasu kuma abin mallakar su ne. Wasu suna ba da izinin sarrafawa kan ayyuka daban-daban (matakan samun dama); misali, haƙƙin gyara na iya ba da izinin canzawa, ƙarawa, ko cire abu. Wasu na iya ba da izinin shiga ba tare da tilasta ikon sarrafawa ba. Wasu ka'idoji za'a iya sanya su don tsara abun ciki. Aikin encyclopedia na yanar gizo, [[Wikipedia]], shine shahararren gidan yanar gizo na tushen wiki, kuma yana daya daga cikin rukunin yanar gizo da aka fi kallo a duniya, kasancewar an shiga cikin manyan mutane ashirin tun 2007.<ref name="Alexa Top Sites3">{{citation|url=http://www.alexa.com/topsites|title=Alexa Top Sites|access-date=December 1, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150302173920/http://www.alexa.com/topsites|archive-date=March 2, 2015}}</ref> Wikipedia ba wiki ɗaya bane amma tarin ɗaruruwan wikis ne, tare da kowane ɗayan takamaiman yare. Baya ga Wikipedia, akwai wasu dubunnan sauran wikis da ake amfani da su, na jama'a da masu zaman kansu, gami da wikis suna aiki azaman albarkatun sarrafa ilimin, kayan aikin sanarwa, gidajen yanar sadarwar jama'a, da intanet. Wikipedia na Ingilishi yana da tarin tarin labarai: ya zuwa Fabrairu 2020, yana da labarai sama da miliyan 6. Ward Cunningham, wanda ya kirkiro software na farko na wiki, WikiWikiWeb, da farko ya bayyana wiki a matsayin "mafi sauki kan layi wanda zai iya aiki."<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.wiki.org/wiki.cgi?WhatIsWiki|title=What is a Wiki|access-date=April 10, 2008|publisher=WikiWikiWeb|last=Cunningham|first=Ward|date=June 27, 2002|author-link=Ward Cunningham|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080416212802/http://www.wiki.org/wiki.cgi?WhatIsWiki|archive-date=April 16, 2008}}</ref> " [[wiktionary:wiki#Hawaiian|Wiki]] " (lafazi [wiki] {{Refn|The realization of the Hawaiian {{IPA|/w/|lang=haw}} [[phoneme]] varies between {{IPA|[w]|lang=haw}} and {{IPA|[v]|lang=haw}}, and the realization of the {{IPA|/k/|lang=haw}} phoneme varies between {{IPA|[k]|lang=haw}} and {{IPA|[t]|lang=haw}}, among other realizations. Thus, the pronunciation of the Hawaiian word ''wiki'' varies between {{IPA|['wiki]|lang=haw}}, {{IPA|['witi]|lang=haw}}, {{IPA|['viki]|lang=haw}}, and {{IPA|['viti]|lang=haw}}. See [[Hawaiian phonology]] for more details.}} ) kalma ce ta Hawaii ma'ana "mai sauri."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mauimapp.com/moolelo/hwnwdshw.htm|title=Hawaiian Words; Hawaiian to English|publisher=mauimapp.com|accessdate=September 19, 2008|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914154748/http://www.mauimapp.com/moolelo/hwnwdshw.htm|archivedate=September 14, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Hasan|first=Heather|title=Wikipedia, 3.5 million articles and counting|year=2012|isbn=9781448855575|page=[https://archive.org/details/wikipedia35milli0000hasa/page/11 11]|url=https://archive.org/details/wikipedia35milli0000hasa/page/11|publisher=New York : Rosen Central|access-date=August 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026122531/https://archive.org/details/wikipedia35milli0000hasa/page/11|archive-date=October 26, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Andrews|first=Lorrin|title=A dictionary of the Hawaiian language to which is appended an English-Hawaiian vocabulary and a chronological table of remarkable events|year=1865|publisher=Henry M. Whitney|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofhawa00andrrich/|page=514|access-date=June 1, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815064248/https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofhawa00andrrich/|archive-date=August 15, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> == Halaye == [[File:Ward_Cunningham_-_Commons-1.jpg|thumb| Ward Cunningham, mai kirkirar wiki.]] Ward Cunningham da kuma marubuci marubuci Bo Leuf, a cikin littafinsu ''na Wiki Way: Quick Collaboration on the Web'', sun bayyana ainihin mahimmancin ra'ayin na Wiki kamar haka:<ref>{{harvnb|Leuf|Cunningham|2001}}. See Ward Cunningham's site {{cite web|url=http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?WikiDesignPrinciples|title=Archived copy|access-date=2002-04-30|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020430181259/http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?WikiDesignPrinciples|archive-date=April 30, 2002}}</ref> * A wiki gayyata duk masu amfani-ba kawai masana-to edit wani page ko don ƙirƙirar sabuwar shafukan cikin wiki Web site, ta amfani kawai wani misali "a fili-vanilla" Web browser ba tare da wani karin add-kan . * Wiki na haɓaka ƙungiyoyi masu ma'ana tsakanin shafuka daban-daban ta hanyar ƙirƙirar haɗin yanar gizo cikin sauƙin fahimta da kuma nuna ko shafin da aka nufa ya kasance ko babu. * Wiki ''ba'' shafi ne da aka kirkira da kyau ba wanda masana da marubuta kwararru suka kirkira kuma aka tsara shi don baƙi na yau da kullun. Madadin haka, yana neman shigar da baƙo / mai amfani na yau da kullun a cikin tsarin ci gaba na ƙirƙirawa da haɗin gwiwa wanda ke canza yanayin gidan yanar gizon koyaushe. Wiki yana bawa al'ummomin editoci da masu ba da gudummawa damar rubuta takardu tare. Duk abin da mutane ke buƙata don ba da gudummawa shi ne kwamfuta, samun [[Yanar gizo|Intanet]] , mashigin yanar gizo, da kuma fahimtar asali ta hanyar sauƙaƙan alama (misali, yaren MediaWiki ). A guda page a wiki website ake matsayin "wiki page", yayin da dukan tarin shafukan, wanda yawanci da kyau-juna ta hyperlinks, shi ne "da wiki". Wiki shine ainihin mahimman bayanai don ƙirƙirar, bincike, da bincike ta hanyar bayanai. Wiki yana ba da izinin layi, mai canzawa, mai rikitarwa, da kuma hanyar sadarwar rubutu, yayin da kuma bayar da damar jayayya ta edita, muhawara, da ma'amala game da abun ciki da tsarawa.<ref name="Legal2">{{citation|title=Legal Issues for Wikis: The Challenge of User-generated and Peer-produced Knowledge, Content and Culture|last1=Black|first1=Peter|last2=Delaney|first2=Hayden|last3=Fitzgerald|first3=Brian|volume=14|publisher=eLaw J.|year=2007|url=https://elaw.murdoch.edu.au/archives/issues/2007/1/eLaw_legal%20issues%20for%20wikis.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121222125337/https://elaw.murdoch.edu.au/archives/issues/2007/1/eLaw_legal%20issues%20for%20wikis.pdf|archive-date=December 22, 2012}}</ref> Tabbatacciyar halayyar fasaha ta wiki shine sauƙin da za'a iya ƙirƙira da sabunta shafuka. Gabaɗaya, babu bita ta mai gudanarwa ko mai tsaron ƙofa kafin karɓar gyare-gyare kuma don haka ya haifar da canje-canje akan gidan yanar gizon. Yawancin wikis suna buɗewa don canzawa ta yawancin jama'a ba tare da buƙatar rajistar asusun masu amfani ba. Za'a iya yin gyare-gyare da yawa a cikin lokaci na ainihi kuma sun bayyana kusan kai tsaye kan layi, amma wannan fasalin yana sauƙaƙa zagi da tsarin. Sabbin wiki masu zaman kansu suna buƙatar ingantaccen mai amfani don shirya shafuka, kuma wani lokacin ma don karanta su. Maged N. Kamel Boulos, Cito Maramba, da Steve Wheeler sun rubuta cewa bude wikis yana samar da tsarin Darwiniyanci na Zamani . "... saboda budewa da hanzari da za a iya gyara shafukan wiki, shafukan suna fuskantar tsarin zabin juyin halitta, ba kamar yadda dabi'a ke mahallin halittu masu rai ba. Jumlolin 'wadanda basu dace ba' da sashe an cika su da juyayi, an shirya su kuma an sauya su idan ba a ɗauke su da 'dacewa' ba, wanda hakan zai haifar da samuwar ingantaccen shafi da kuma dacewa. "<ref name="BMC2">{{citation|title=Wikis, blogs and podcasts: a new generation of Web-based tools for virtual collaborative clinical practice and education|doi=10.1186/1472-6920-6-41|pmc=1564136|journal=BMC Medical Education|volume=6|pmid=16911779|page=41|year=2006|first1=M. N. K.|last1=Boulos|first2=I.|last2=Maramba|first3=S.|last3=Wheeler}}</ref> === Gyarawa === ==== Kewayawa ==== Wasu wiki suna da maɓallin Shirya ko haɗin kai tsaye a kan shafin da ake kallo idan mai amfani yana da izinin gyara shafin. Wannan zai iya kai wa ga wani rubutu na tushen gyara page inda mahalarta za tsarin da kuma format wiki shafukan da taƙaitaccen aiki na bada harshe, wani lokacin da aka sani da ''Wikitext,'' ''Wiki markup'' ko ''Wikicode'' (shi kuma iya kai wa ga wata WYSIWYG gyara page. Ganin da sakin layi bayan tebur a ƙasa ). Misali, fara layin rubutu tare da taurari na iya ƙirƙirar jerin gwano . Salo da tsari na wikitexts na iya bambanta sosai tsakanin aiwatarwar wiki,  wasu daga cikinsu kuma suna ba da izinin alamun HTML . ==== Daidaitawa ==== Wikis sun fi son gyaran rubutu mai sauƙi, tare da ƙananan taro kaɗan da sauƙi fiye da HTML don nuna salo da tsari. Kodayake iyakance damar shiga HTML da Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) na wikis yana iyakance ikon mai amfani don canza tsari da tsara abun cikin wiki, akwai wasu fa'idodi. Iyakantaccen damar zuwa CSS yana haɓaka daidaito a cikin gani da jin, kuma kasancewa da nakasassu na JavaScript yana hana mai amfani aiwatar da lambar da zata iya rage damar wasu masu amfani. ==== Mahimmin tsari ==== {| class="wikitable noprint" ! style="width:33.3%;" |Haɗin MediaWiki (lambar "bayan al'amuran" da aka yi amfani da ita don ƙara tsarawa zuwa rubutu) ! style="width:33.3%;" | Daidaita HTML (wani nau'in lambar "a bayan fage" lambar da aka yi amfani da ita don ƙara tsarawa zuwa rubutu) ! style="width:33.3%;" | Sakamakon da aka bayar (wanda mai kallo ya gani akan fuska) |- style="vertical-align:top;" |<syntaxhighlight lang="moin">"Take some more [[tea]]," the March Hare said to Alice, very earnestly. "I've had '''nothing''' yet," Alice replied in an offended tone, "so I can't take more." "You mean you can't take ''less''," said the Hatter. "It's very easy to take ''more'' than nothing."</syntaxhighlight> |<syntaxhighlight lang="html"><p>"Take some more <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a>," the March Hare said to Alice, very earnestly.</p> <p>"I've had <b>nothing</b> yet," Alice replied in an offended tone, "so I can't take more."</p> <p>"You mean you can't take <i>less</i>," said the Hatter. "It's very easy to take <i>more</i> than nothing."</p></syntaxhighlight> |"Ku ɗauki karin [[shayi]] ," Hare Maris ya ce wa Alice, da gaske. "Ba ni da '''komai''' tukuna," in ji Alice cikin raunin fushi, "don haka ba zan iya ɗaukar ƙari ba." "Kana nufin ba za ka iya rage abu ''ba'' ," in ji Hatter. "Abu ne mai sauki a dauki ''fiye'' da komai." |} ==== Gyara gani ==== Wikis na iya samar da gyaran WYSIWYG ga masu amfani, galibi ta hanyar sarrafa JavaScript wanda ke fassara umarnin tsara hoto a cikin zane mai alama HTML ko wikitext. A cikin waɗannan aiwatarwar, alamar kirkirar sabon shafi, wanda aka yiwa alama na shafin ana samar dashi kuma aka ƙaddamar dashi zuwa ga sabar a bayyane, yana kiyaye mai amfani daga wannan ƙwarewar fasahar. Misalin wannan shine VisualEditor akan Wikipedia. WYSIWYG sarrafawa baya, duk da haka, koyaushe yana samar da duk kayan aikin da ke cikin wikitext, kuma wasu masu amfani sun gwammace kada suyi amfani da editan WYSIWYG. Saboda haka, yawancin waɗannan rukunin yanar gizon suna ba da wasu hanyoyi don shirya wikitext kai tsaye. ==== Tarihin sigar ==== Wasu wikis suna adana rikodin canje-canje da aka yi wa shafukan wiki; sau da yawa, kowane nau'in shafin yana adana. Wannan yana nufin cewa marubuta na iya komawa zuwa tsohuwar tsohuwar shafin idan ya zama dole saboda an yi kuskure, kamar su abubuwan da aka share ba zato ba tsammani ko kuma an lalata shafin don haɗawa da rubutu mai ɓarna ko cutarwa ko wasu abubuwan da ba su dace ba. ==== Shirya takaitawa ==== Yawancin aiwatar da wiki, kamar su MediaWiki, software da ke ba da iko ga [[Wikipedia]], suna ba masu amfani damar kawo ''taƙaitaccen taƙaitaccen'' lokacin da suka gyara shafi. Wannan gajeran rubutu ne da ke taƙaita canje-canjen da suka yi (misali, "Gyara nahawu," ko "Kafaffen tsari a cikin tebur." ). Ba a saka shi a cikin babban rubutun labarin ba amma ana adana shi tare da wannan bita na shafin, yana ba masu amfani damar bayanin abin da aka yi da kuma dalilin da ya sa. Wannan yayi kama da saƙon log lokacin da ake yin canje-canje a cikin tsarin sarrafa sake dubawa . Wannan yana bawa sauran masu amfani damar ganin wane canje-canje aka yi ta wanene kuma me yasa, galibi a cikin jerin taƙaitawa, kwanan wata da sauran gajere, abubuwan da suka dace, jerin waɗanda ake kira "log" ko "tarihi." === Kewayawa === A cikin rubutun mafi yawan shafuka, yawanci akwai hanyoyin haɗin hypertext da yawa zuwa wasu shafuka a cikin wiki. Wannan nau'i na kewayawa ba layi ba ya fi "'yan qasar" zuwa wiki fiye da tsare-tsaren kewayawa da aka tsara. Hakanan masu amfani za su iya ƙirƙirar kowane adadin alamomi ko shafuka na abubuwan ciki, tare da rarrabuwar tsari ko kowane irin ƙungiyar da suke so. Wadannan iya kalubalantar don kula da "da hannu", kamar yadda mahara mawallafa da kuma masu amfani iya haifar da da kuma share pages a wani wucin gadi, unorganized hanya. Wikis na iya samar da hanyoyi ɗaya ko fiye don rarrabasu ko yiwa shafuka alama don tallafawa kula da irin waɗannan shafukan alamomin. Wasu wikis, gami da asali, suna da fasalin backlink, wanda ke nuna duk shafukan da suka danganci shafi da aka bayar. Hakanan yana yiwuwa galibi a cikin wiki don ƙirƙirar hanyar haɗi zuwa shafukan da ba su wanzu ba, a matsayin wata hanya don kiran wasu su raba abin da suka sani game da batun sabon wiki. Masu amfani da Wiki galibi suna iya "yiwa alama" shafuka tare da rukuni ko kalmomin shiga, don sauƙaƙa wa sauran masu amfani samun labarin. Misali, mai amfani da ke kirkirar sabon labari kan hawa keke na yanayi mai sanyi zai iya "yiwa" alamar wannan shafin a karkashin rukunin zirga-zirga, wasannin hunturu da keke. Wannan zai sauƙaƙa wa sauran masu amfani samun labarin. === Haɗawa da ƙirƙirar shafuka === An ƙirƙiri hanyoyin haɗi ta amfani da takamaiman bayani, wanda ake kira "hanyar haɗi". Asali, yawancin wikis{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2013}} yi amfani da CamelCase don sunaye shafuka da ƙirƙirar hanyoyin haɗi. Ana samar da waɗannan ta hanyar amfani da kalmomin cikin jumla tare da cire sararin dake tsakaninsu (kalmar "CamelCase" ita kanta misali ce). Duk da yake CamelCase yana sauƙaƙe alaƙar, yana kuma haifar da haɗi a cikin sigar da ta kauce daga daidaitaccen rubutun. Don haɗi zuwa shafi mai taken kalma ɗaya, dole ne mutum ya riƙa cin gajiyar ɗayan haruffa a cikin kalmar (misali "WiKi" maimakon "Wiki"). Wikis na tushen CamelCase ana iya gane su nan take saboda suna da hanyoyi da yawa da sunaye kamar "TableOfContents" da "BeginnerQuestions." wiki na iya sanya alamar da ke bayyane na irin waɗannan hanyoyin "kyakkyawa" ta hanyar sake sanya sarari, kuma mai yiwuwa kuma ya koma zuwa ƙaramin harka. Wannan sake haɗin hanyar haɗin don inganta sake karantawa na anga, duk da haka, yana iyakance ne ta hanyar asarar bayanan sirri wanda ya haifar da juyawar CamelCase. Misali, "RichardWagner" ya kamata a fassara shi azaman "[[Richard Wagner]]", yayin da ya kamata a sanya "PopularMusic" a matsayin "mashahurin kiɗa". Babu wata hanya mai sauƙi don tantance waɗanne manyan haruffa ya kamata su kasance da manyan bakake. A sakamakon haka, wikis da yawa a yanzu suna da "haɗi kyauta" ta amfani da katako, kuma wasu suna kashe CamelCase ta tsohuwa. === Neman === Yawancin wikis suna ba da aƙalla binciken taken, kuma wani lokacin bincike mai cikakken rubutu . Scaaƙƙarfan binciken ya dogara ne ko injin wiki yana amfani da ɗakunan bayanai. Wasu wikis, kamar PmWiki, suna amfani da fayilolin lebur .<ref name="Augar2">{{cite journal|title=Teaching and learning online with wikis|pages=95–104|last1=Naomi|first1=Augar|first2=Ruth|last2=Raitman|first3=Wanlei|last3=Zhou|publisher=Proceedings of Beyond the Comfort Zone: 21st ASCILITE Conference|citeseerx=10.1.1.133.1456|year=2004}}</ref> Sigogin farko na MediaWiki sun yi amfani da fayilolin lebur, amma Lee Daniel Crocker ne ya sake rubuta shi a farkon shekarun 2000 (shekaru goma) don zama aikin tattara bayanai.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2020}} Shigar da bayanan cikin gida yana da mahimmanci don bincika saurin sauri akan manyan wikis. A madadin haka, ana iya amfani da injunan bincike na waje kamar Google Search a wasu lokuta akan wikis tare da iyakantattun ayyukan bincike don samun ingantaccen sakamako. == Tarihi == [[File:HNL_Wiki_Wiki_Bus.jpg|thumb| Jirgin Wiki Wiki a Filin jirgin saman Honolulu]] WikiWikiWeb shine wiki na farko.<ref name="ebersbach10">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Ebersbach|2008}}</ref> Ward Cunningham ya fara kirkirar WikiWikiWeb a Portland, Oregon, a 1994, kuma ya girka ta a yanar gizo c2.com a ranar 25 ga watan Maris, 1995. Cunningham ne ya sanya masa suna, wanda ya tuna wani ma'aikacin ma'aikatar filin jirgin saman Honolulu da yake gaya masa ya dauki "Wiki Wiki Shuttle" motar da ke tafiya tsakanin tashar jirgin. A cewar Cunningham, "Na zabi wiki-wiki a matsayin mai neman hadin kai don 'hanzari' don haka na kauce wa sanya wadannan abubuwan cikin sauri-yanar gizo."<ref name="cunningham2">{{cite web|last=Cunningham|first=Ward|url=http://c2.com/doc/etymology.html|title=Correspondence on the Etymology of Wiki|date=November 1, 2003|publisher=WikiWikiWeb|access-date=March 9, 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070317120823/http://c2.com/doc/etymology.html|archive-date=March 17, 2007|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name="history2">{{cite web|last=Cunningham|first=Ward|url=http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?WikiHistory|title=Wiki History|publisher=WikiWikiWeb|date=February 25, 2008|access-date=March 9, 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020621221535/http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?WikiHistory|archive-date=June 21, 2002}}</ref> Cunningham, a wani ɓangare, wahayi ne daga [[Apple]] HyperCard, wanda yayi amfani dashi. HyperCard, kodayake, mai amfani ne kawai.<ref name="artima2">{{cite web|title=Exploring with Wiki: A Conversation with Ward Cunningham, Part I|author=Bill Venners|date=October 20, 2003|url=http://www.artima.com/intv/wiki.html|publisher=artima developer|access-date=December 12, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205091836/http://www.artima.com/intv/wiki.html|archive-date=February 5, 2015}}</ref> Apple ya tsara tsarin da zai ba masu amfani damar ƙirƙirar "katunan katunan" kamala masu tallata hanyoyin tsakanin katunan daban. Cunningham ta haɓaka tunanin Vannevar Bush ta hanyar bawa masu amfani damar "yin tsokaci kan kuma sauya rubutun juna."<ref name="hypercard2">{{cite web|last=Cunningham|first=Ward|url=http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?WikiWikiHyperCard|title=Wiki Wiki Hyper Card|publisher=WikiWikiWeb|date=July 26, 2007|access-date=March 9, 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070406064446/http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?WikiWikiHyperCard|archive-date=April 6, 2007|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Cunningham ya ce ya raga sun danganta tare da mutane irin abubuwan da ya haifar da wani sabon adabi zuwa daftarin aiki shirye-shirye alamu, da kuma kayan doki mutane ta halitta sha'awar magana da gaya labaru da fasaha da zai ji dadi ga waɗanda ba a yi amfani da "mawallafa".<ref name="artima2" /> [[Wikipedia|Wikipedia ta]] zama sanannen rukunin wiki, wanda aka ƙaddamar a watan Janairun 2001 kuma ya shiga cikin shahararrun rukunin yanar gizo goma a cikin 2007. A farkon 2000s (shekaru goma), wikis an ƙara karɓuwa a cikin sha'anin azaman software na haɗin gwiwa. Abubuwan amfani na yau da kullun sun haɗa da sadarwa na aikin, intanet, da takaddun aiki, da farko don masu amfani da fasaha. Wasu kamfanoni suna amfani da wikis a matsayin software ɗin haɗin gwiwar su kawai kuma a matsayin maye gurbin intanet ɗin tsaye, kuma wasu makarantu da jami'o'i suna amfani da wikis don haɓaka ilimin rukuni. Zai yiwu a sami amfani da wikis a bayan katangar wuta fiye da Intanet ɗin jama'a. Ranar 15 ga watan Maris, 2007, an sanya kalmar ''wiki'' a cikin ''Dictionary ta Turanci ta Oxford''.<ref name="OED12">{{cite dictionary|url=http://www.oed.com/public/update0703/march-2007-update|title=March 2007 update|dictionary=[[Oxford English Dictionary]]|date=March 1, 2007|last=Diamond|first=Graeme|access-date=March 16, 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110107132110/http://www.oed.com/public/update0703/march-2007-update|archive-date=January 7, 2011|df=mdy-all}}</ref> == Wasu ma'anoni == A ƙarshen 1990s da farkon 2000s, an yi amfani da kalmar "wiki" don koma wa ɗakunan yanar gizo masu daidaitaccen mai amfani da software da ke ba su iko; ma'anar karshen har yanzu ana amfani dashi lokaci-lokaci Mai kirkirar Wiki Ward Cunningham ya rubuta a shekarar 2014 <ref>{{Cite tweet|title=The plural of wiki is wiki. See http://forage.ward.fed.wiki.org/an-install-of-wiki.html|access-date=March 18, 2019}}</ref> cewa bai kamata a yi amfani da kalmar "wiki" don koma wa shafin yanar gizo daya ba, a maimakon haka ya kasance ga tarin shafuka ko shafukan da ake iya amfani da su ta yadda shafin yanar gizo daya ba "wiki ba" amma "misalin wiki". Ya rubuta cewa batun tarayyar wiki, wanda za'a iya daukar nauyin shi kuma a iya shirya shi a wurare sama da daya ta yadda za a rarraba sigar rarraba sigar, yana nufin cewa "wiki" mai hankali guda daya ba shi da ma'ana.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://forage.ward.fed.wiki.org/view/an-install-of-wiki|title=Smallest Federated Wiki|work=wiki.org|access-date=September 28, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928165957/http://forage.ward.fed.wiki.org/view/an-install-of-wiki|archive-date=September 28, 2015}}</ref> == Aiwatarwa == Wiki software nau'ikan kayan aiki ne na hadin gwiwa wanda ke tafiyar da tsarin wiki, wanda ke ba da damar kirkirar shafukan yanar gizo da kuma shirya su ta hanyar amfani da burauzar gidan yanar gizo. Ana iya aiwatar dashi azaman jerin rubutun bayan sabar yanar gizo data kasance ko azaman sabar aikace-aikacen da ke gudana akan sabar yanar gizo ɗaya ko fiye. Ana adana abubuwan a cikin tsarin fayil, kuma ana adana canje-canje ga abun cikin a cikin tsarin sarrafa bayanai na dangantaka. Babban kayan aikin software shine MediaWiki, wanda ke gudanar da [[Wikipedia]]. A madadin, wikis na sirri suna gudana azaman aikace-aikacen keɓaɓɓu a kan kwamfuta ɗaya. Hakanan za'a iya ƙirƙirar Wikis a kan "gonar wiki", inda mai gonar wiki ke aiwatar da software ta ɓangaren uwar garke. Hakanan wasu gonakin wiki zasu iya yin sirri, wikis mai kariya ta sirri. Gidajen wiki kyauta suna ɗauke da talla akan kowane shafi. Don ƙarin bayani, duba Kwatanta gonakin wiki. == Dogara da tsaro == [[File:History_Comparison_Example_(Vector).png|thumb| Rahoton kwatancen tarihi yana nuna canje-canje tsakanin bita biyu na shafi.]] Wikis gabaɗaya an tsara shi tare da falsafar sauƙaƙa gyara kuskuren, maimakon sanya shi wahala yin su. Don haka, yayin da wikis ke buɗe sosai, suna ba da hanya don tabbatar da ingancin ƙarin abubuwan kwanan nan zuwa jikin shafukan. Mafi shahararren, a kusan kowane wiki, shine "Canje-canjen kwanan nan" - takamaiman jerin da ke nuna gyare-gyaren kwanan nan, ko jerin abubuwan gyara da aka yi a cikin lokacin da aka ba su.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Ebersbach|2008}}</ref> Wasu wikis na iya tace jerin don cire ƙananan gyare-gyare da gyare-gyaren da aka yi ta rubutun shigo da atomatik (bot).<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Ebersbach|2008}}</ref> Daga rajistar canji, sauran ayyuka suna da sauki a mafi yawan wikis: tarihin bita yana nuna sigar shafin da ya gabata kuma fasalin ya bambanta canje-canje tsakanin bita biyu. Ta amfani da tarihin bita, edita na iya dubawa da dawo da labarin da ya gabata. Wannan yana ba marubucin babban iko don kawar da gyare-gyare. Za'a iya amfani da fasalin banbanci don yanke hukunci ko wannan ya zama dole. Mai amfani da wiki na yau da kullun na iya duba bambancin gyaran da aka jera a shafin "Canje-canjen Kwanan nan" kuma, idan gyara ne wanda ba za a amince da shi ba, nemi tarihin, ya dawo da bita na baya; wannan tsari ya fi sauƙi ko ƙasa da sauƙi, gwargwadon software na wiki da aka yi amfani da shi.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Ebersbach|2008}}</ref> [[File:Photo de groupe wikiconvention 2019.jpg|thumb|Samar da tsaro ]] Idan aka rasa yin gyare-gyare marasa karɓa a shafin "canje-canje na kwanan nan", wasu injunan wiki suna ba da ƙarin sarrafa abun ciki. Ana iya sa masa ido don tabbatar da cewa shafi, ko saitin shafuka, suna kiyaye ingancin sa. Mutumin da ke son kula da shafuka za a gargaɗe shi da canje-canje ga shafukan, yana ba su damar tabbatar da ingancin sabbin bugu da sauri. Ana iya ganin wannan azaman babban marubuci ne kuma fasalin adawa edita.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Ebersbach|2008}}</ref> Jerin abubuwan kallo shine aiwatarwa gama gari akan wannan. Wasu wikis ma suna aiwatar da "gyare-gyaren da aka sintiri", inda editocin da keɓaɓɓun takardun shaidarka na iya sanya alamar wasu gyare-gyare ba ɓarnata ba. Tsarin "tutar bita da aka buga" na iya hana gyara yin aiki kai tsaye har sai an sake nazarin su.<ref>{{citation|title=Wikipedia's Labor Squeeze and its Consequences|journal=Journal on Telecommunications and High Technology Law|last=Goldman|first=Eric|volume=8}}</ref> === Aminci da amincin abun ciki === Masu sukar tsarin wiki a bayyane suna jayayya cewa waɗannan tsarin za a iya sauƙaƙe su da wasu mutane masu ɓarna (ɓarnata) ko kuma ta hanyar masu kyakkyawar ma'ana amma masu amfani da ƙwarewa waɗanda ke gabatar da kurakurai a cikin abin, yayin da masu faɗakarwa ke tabbatar da cewa al'ummar masu amfani na iya kama irin sharri ko kuskure abun ciki kuma gyara shi Lars Aronsson, masanin tsarin bayanai, ya taƙaita takaddama kamar haka: "Yawancin mutane lokacin da suka fara koyo game da batun wiki, suna ɗaukar cewa gidan yanar gizon da kowa zai iya shirya shi nan da nan zai zama mara amfani ta hanyar shigar da abubuwa masu halakarwa. Yana sauti kamar miƙa gwangwani mai fesawa kusa da bangon kankare mai ruwan toka. Abinda kawai zai iya haifar shine rubutu mara kyau da alama mai sauƙi kuma yawancin ayyukan fasaha ba za a daɗe ba. Duk da haka, da alama yana aiki sosai.”<ref name="ebersbach10">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Ebersbach|2008}}</ref> Babban matsayin edita a fannin likitanci da kuma ilimin kimiyyar kiwon lafiya, wanda masu amfani da shi galibi ke amfani da mujallolin da aka yi nazari game da su ko kuma litattafan jami'a a matsayin tushe, sun haifar da ra'ayin ƙwararrun wikis na ƙwararru.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Barsky|pages=147–150|journal=Journal of the Canadian Health Libraries Association|access-date=November 7, 2011|archive-date=April 30, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430195019/https://circle.ubc.ca/bitstream/handle/2429/497/c07-036.pdf|issn=1708-6892|doi=10.5596/c07-036|issue=4|first1=Eugene|volume=28|url-status=live|url=http://circle.ubc.ca/bitstream/handle/2429/497/c07-036.pdf|title=Introducing Web 2.0: wikis for health librarians|date=December 2007|first2=Dean|last2=Giustini|doi-access=free}}</ref> Wasu wikis suna ba da damar mutum ya haɗa zuwa takamaiman sigar labarai, wanda ya kasance da amfani ga ƙungiyar kimiyya, a cikin wannan ƙwararrun masu duba ƙwararrun takwarorin na iya yin nazarin labarai, haɓaka su da samar da hanyoyin haɗi zuwa amintaccen sigar wannan labarin.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yager|first=Kevin|date=March 16, 2006|title=Wiki ware could harness the Internet for science|journal=Nature|volume=440|issue=7082|pages=278|bibcode=2006Natur.440..278Y|doi=10.1038/440278a|pmid=16541049|doi-access=free}}</ref> Noveck ya nunar da cewa "mambobin kungiyar wiki sun amince da mahalarta, wadanda ke da wata bukata ta kiyaye ingancin kayan aikin, bisa ci gaba da halartar su." A kan batutuwa masu rikitarwa waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin yin rikitarwa, marubucin wiki na iya ƙuntata edita ga masu amfani da ke rajista.<ref name="Noveck2">{{Citation|title=Wikipedia and the Future of Legal Education|last=Noveck|first=Beth Simone|journal=Journal of Legal Education|volume=57|issue=1|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/jled57&div=8&id=&page=|date=March 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703005842/http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals%2Fjled57&div=8&id=&page=|archive-date=July 3, 2014}}{{paywall}}</ref> === Tsaro === Budaddiyar falsafar wiki&nbsp;- bawa kowa damar shirya abun ciki - baya tabbatar da cewa duk manufar edita tana da tarbiya. Misali, lalata abubuwa (sauya abun da wiki ya kunsa zuwa wani abu mai tayar da hankali, kara maganganun banza, cire mugunta abubuwanda ke kunshe cikin kundin bayanai, ko kuma kara wasu bayanan da basu dace ba, kamar bayanan karya) na iya zama babbar matsala. A kan manyan shafukan yanar gizo na wiki, irin su waɗanda [[Wikimedia Foundation|Gidauniyar Wikimedia ke gudanarwa]], ɓarnatar da abubuwa na ''iya'' ɓacewa na wani lokaci. Wikis, saboda yanayin buɗewar su, suna da saukin kamuwa da ganganci, da aka sani da "trolling". Wikis sukan ɗauki tsarin ''tsaro mai laushi'' ga matsalar ɓarnatar da abubuwa, yana mai sauƙaƙewar lalacewa maimakon yunƙurin hana ɓarna. Manyan wikis galibi suna amfani da ingantattun hanyoyin, kamar bot ɗin da ke gano kai tsaye da kuma juya ɓarna da haɓaka JavaScript waɗanda ke nuna haruffa waɗanda aka ƙara su a cikin kowane gyara. Ta wannan hanyar, ana iya iyakance ɓarna ga "ƙaramin ɓarna" ko "ɓarnatar da lalata", inda haruffan da aka ƙara / kawar da su kaɗan ne da cewa bots ba su gano su kuma masu amfani ba sa mai da hankali sosai a kansu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m3m.homelinux.org/wikiMC/index.php/Security|title=Security|publisher=Assothink|access-date=February 16, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106040941/http://m3m.homelinux.org/wikiMC/index.php/Security|archive-date=January 6, 2014}}</ref>  Misali na bot da ke dawo da barna a Wikipedia shine ClueBot NG. ClueBot NG na iya sake gyara, sau da yawa a cikin mintina, idan ba sakan ba. Bot din yana amfani da ilmantarwa na injiniya a madadin abubuwan tarihi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/2/18/5412636/this-machine-kills-trolls-how-wikipedia-robots-snuff-out-vandalism|title=This machine kills trolls|date=February 18, 2014|access-date=September 7, 2014|website=The Verge|last=Hicks|first=Jesse|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827115824/http://www.theverge.com/2014/2/18/5412636/this-machine-kills-trolls-how-wikipedia-robots-snuff-out-vandalism|archive-date=August 27, 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Adadin lalata abubuwa da wiki ya karɓa ya dogara da yadda wiki yake buɗe. Misali, wasu wikis suna ba wa masu amfani mara rajista, wanda aka gano ta adiresoshin IP ɗin su, don shirya abun ciki, yayin da wasu suka iyakance wannan aikin ga masu amfani da rajista kawai. Yawancin wikis suna ba da izinin gyara ba tare da asusun ba.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Ebersbach|2008}}</ref> Hakanan shirya yaƙe-yaƙe na iya faruwa yayin da masu amfani suke maimaita wani shafi zuwa sigar da suke so. A wasu lokuta, masu gyara tare da ra'ayoyi mabanbanta game da abin da abun ciki ya kamata ya bayyana ko kuma wane salon fasali za a yi amfani da shi zai canza kuma ya sake sauya fasalin juna. Wannan yana haifar da cewa shafin ya kasance "maras tabbas" ne daga mahangar masu amfani da gaba ɗaya, saboda duk lokacin da babban mai amfani yazo shafin, zai iya zama daban. Wasu software na wiki suna bawa mai gudanarwa damar dakatar da irin waɗannan yaƙe-yaƙe ta hanyar kulle shafi daga ci gaba da gyara har sai an yanke shawara kan wane nau'in shafin zai fi dacewa.<ref name="Legal2" /> Wasu wikis suna cikin matsayi mafi kyau fiye da wasu don sarrafa halaye saboda tsarin mulki da ke akwai a wajen wiki. Misali, malamin kwaleji na iya kirkirar abubuwan karfafa gwiwa ga dalibai su nuna halin kansu a wiki aji da suke gudanarwa ta hanyar takaita yin gyara ga masu amfani da shiga da kuma nuna cewa duk gudummawar ana iya gano su ga masu bayar da gudummawar. Hakanan za'a iya magance mummunan hali a ƙarƙashin manufofin jami'a.<ref name="Augar2" /> ==== Mai yiwuwar ɓarnatarwar malware ==== Malware kuma na iya zama matsala ga wikis, yayin da masu amfani zasu iya ƙara hanyoyin haɗi zuwa shafukan yanar gizo masu karɓar lambar ƙeta. Misali, an gyara labarin Wikipedia na Jamusanci game da Tsutsa na Blaster don haɗawa da haɗin hyperlink zuwa yanar gizo mai cutarwa. Masu amfani da tsarin [[Microsoft Windows]] mai rauni waɗanda suka bi hanyar haɗin yanar gizon za su kamu da cutar.<ref name="Legal2" />Meauna shine amfani da software wanda ke hana masu amfani adana wani gyara wanda ya ƙunshi hanyar haɗi zuwa shafin da aka lissafa a cikin jerin sunayen shafuka masu ƙeta. <ref>[[metawiki:Spam blacklist/About|Meta.wikimedia.org]]</ref> == Al'umma == === Aikace-aikace === [[File:EnglishWikipedia_29June2017.png|right|thumb| Shafin farko na Wikipedia na Turanci]] Wikipedia na Turanci shine mafi girman tushen masu amfani a tsakanin wikis akan Yanar Gizon Duniya<ref>{{cite web|url=http://s23.org/wikistats/largest_html.php?sort=users_desc&th=8000&lines=500|title=List of largest (Media)wikis|access-date=December 12, 2014|publisher=S23-Wiki|date=April 3, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140825164715/http://s23.org/wikistats/largest_html.php?sort=users_desc&th=8000&lines=500|archive-date=August 25, 2014}}</ref> kuma yana kan gaba a cikin manyan 10 a cikin duk shafukan yanar gizo dangane da zirga-zirga.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alexa.com/topsites|title=Alexa Top 500 Global Sites|access-date=April 26, 2015|publisher=[[Alexa Internet]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150302173920/http://www.alexa.com/topsites|archive-date=March 2, 2015}}</ref> Sauran manyan wikis sun hada da WikiWikiWeb, Memory Alpha, Wikivoyage, da Susning.nu, tushen ilimin yaren Sweden. Misalai na wiki na likitanci da kiwon lafiya sun hada da Ganfyd, bayanin likitanci na hadin gwiwar kan layi wanda kwararrun likitocin suka shirya kuma aka gayyato masana masana ba likita. <ref name="BMC2" /> Yawancin al'ummomin wiki masu zaman kansu ne, musamman a cikin kamfanoni. Ana amfani dasu sau da yawa azaman takaddun ciki don tsarin gida da aikace-aikace. Wasu kamfanoni suna amfani da wikis don bawa abokan ciniki damar taimakawa samar da takaddun software.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Wikis for Collaborative Software Documentation|first1=C.|last1=Müller|first2=L.|last2=Birn|url=http://i-know.tugraz.at/wp-content/uploads/2008/11/47_wikis-for-collaborative-software-documentation.pdf|publisher=Proceedings of I-KNOW '06|date=September 6–8, 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706095145/http://i-know.tugraz.at/wp-content/uploads/2008/11/47_wikis-for-collaborative-software-documentation.pdf|archive-date=July 6, 2011|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Wani bincike da aka yi game da masu amfani da wiki na kamfanoni ya gano cewa za a iya raba su zuwa "masu hada abubuwa" da "masu karawa" na abubuwan da ke ciki. Tasirin gudummawar Synthesizers ya fi shafa da tasirin su ga sauran masu amfani da wiki, yayin da yawan adadin masu bayar da gudummawar ya fi shafa ta hanyar samun damar aiwatar da aikin su na gaggawa.<ref>{{citation|first1=A.|last1=Majchrzak|first2=C.|last2=Wagner|first3=D.|last3=Yates|chapter=Corporate wiki users: results of a survey|title=Proceedings of the 2006 international symposium on Wikis|publisher=Symposium on Wikis|year=2006|pages=99–104|doi=10.1145/1149453.1149472|isbn=978-1-59593-413-0|s2cid=13206858}}</ref> Daga nazarin dubunnan tura wiki, Jonathan Grudin ya kammala nazarin masu ruwa da tsaki da ilimantarwa suna da mahimmanci ga tura wiki cikin nasara.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://research.microsoft.com/apps/pubs/default.aspx?id=138573|title=Wikis at work: Success factors and challenges for sustainability of enterprise wikis – Microsoft Research|first=Jonathan|last=Grudin|website=Research.microsoft.com|year=2015|access-date=June 16, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904031729/http://research.microsoft.com/apps/pubs/default.aspx?id=138573|archive-date=September 4, 2015}}</ref> A shekarar 2005, Gartner Group, lura da yadda shaharar wikis ke karuwa, sun kiyasta cewa zasu zama kayan aikin hadin kai a cikin akalla kashi 50% na kamfanoni nan da shekara ta 2009.<ref>{{citation|first=Michelle|last=Conlin|title=E-Mail Is So Five Minutes Ago|date=November 28, 2005|work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek|url=http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2005-11-27/e-mail-is-so-five-minutes-ago|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017131307/http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2005-11-27/e-mail-is-so-five-minutes-ago|archive-date=October 17, 2012}}</ref> [ yana bukatar sabuntawa ] Ana iya amfani da Wikis don gudanar da aikin.<ref>{{cite web|title=HomePage|url=http://projectmanagementwiki.org|work=Project Management Wiki.org|accessdate=May 8, 2012|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140816221509/http://projectmanagementwiki.org/|archivedate=August 16, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=HomePage|url=http://projectmanagementwiki.org|work=Project Management Wiki.org|accessdate=May 8, 2012|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140816221509/http://projectmanagementwiki.org/|archivedate=August 16, 2014}}</ref> an kuma yi amfani da Wikis a cikin ƙungiyar ilimi don rarrabawa da watsa labarai a kan iyakokin hukumomi da ƙasashen duniya.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1142215.1142259|title=SensorWiki.org: a collaborative resource for researchers and interface designers|isbn=978-2-84426-314-8|first1=M. M.|last1=Wanderley|first2=D.|last2=Birnbaum|first3=J.|last3=Malloch|year=2006|journal=NIME '06 Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on New Interfaces for Musical Expression|publisher=IRCAM – Centre Pompidou|pages=180–183}}</ref> A waɗancan saitunan, an same su da amfani ga haɗin kai kan rubutun tallafi, tsarin dabaru, takaddun sassan, da aikin kwamiti.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Putting Wikis to Work in Libraries|first=Nancy T.|last=Lombardo|volume=27|issue=2|date=June 2008|journal=Medical Reference Services Quarterly|pages=129–145|doi=10.1080/02763860802114223|pmid=18844087|s2cid=11552140}}</ref> A tsakiyar shekarun 2000s, ci gaban da ake samu tsakanin masana'antu game da haɗin kai ya ɗorawa masu tarbiya nauyi don sa ɗaliban ƙwarewa a aikin haɗin gwiwa, wanda hakan ke ƙara ba da sha'awa ga wikis da ake amfani da shi a aji.<ref name="Legal2" /> Wikis sun sami ɗan amfani a cikin aikin lauya da cikin gwamnati. Misalan sun hada da Intellipedia na Hukumar Leken Asiri ta Tsakiya, wanda aka tsara don rabawa da tattara bayanan sirri, DKospedia, wanda Civilungiyar Civilancin Yanci ta usedasar ta Amurka ta yi amfani da shi don taimakawa tare da nazarin takardu game da shigar da fursunoni a cikin Guantánamo Bay;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailykos.com/story/2005/06/09/120607/-SusanHu-s-FOIA-Project-UPDATE|title=SusanHu's FOIA Project UPDATE|access-date=June 25, 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530181455/http://www.dailykos.com/story/2005/06/09/120607/-SusanHu-s-FOIA-Project-UPDATE|archive-date=May 30, 2013}}</ref> da kuma wiki na Kotun ofaukaka Statesara ta Amurka game da Keɓaɓɓu na Bakwai, sun kasance suna sanya dokokin kotu da ba masu aiki damar yin tsokaci da yin tambayoyi. Ofishin Patent da Trademark Office yana aiki da Peer-to-Patent, wiki don bawa jama'a damar yin haɗin gwiwa akan nemo fasahar da ta dace da gwajin aikace-aikacen haƙƙin mallaka. Queens, New York tayi amfani da wiki don baiwa allowan ƙasa damar haɗa kai akan zane da kuma tsara wurin shakatawa na gida. Makarantar Lawell Law School ta kafa kamus na shari'a na wiki da ake kira Wex, wanda ƙarancin wanda zai iya yin gyare-gyare ya kawo cikas ga ci gabansa.<ref name="Noveck2" /> A cikin yanayin ilimin, anyi amfani da wikis a matsayin haɗin gwiwar aiki da tsarin tallafi na bincike.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Au|first=C. H.|date=December 2017|title=Wiki as a research support system — A trial in information systems research|journal=2017 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management (IEEM)|pages=2271–2275|doi=10.1109/IEEM.2017.8290296|isbn=978-1-5386-0948-4|s2cid=44029462}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iaeng.org/publication/WCECS2014/WCECS2014_pp358-363.pdf|title=Using Wiki for Project Collaboration – with Comparison on Facebook|last=Au|first=Cheuk-hang|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412152358/http://www.iaeng.org/publication/WCECS2014/WCECS2014_pp358-363.pdf|archive-date=April 12, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> === City wikis === A birnin wiki (ko gida wiki) ne a wiki amfani da wani ilmi tushe da kuma zamantakewa cibiyar sadarwa don takamaiman Gwargwadon wuri.<ref>Andersen, Michael (November 6, 2009) "[http://www.niemanlab.org/2009/11/welcome-to-davis-calif-six-lessons-from-the-worlds-best-local-wiki/ Welcome to Davis, Calif.: Six lessons from the world’s best local wiki] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130808084426/http://www.niemanlab.org/2009/11/welcome-to-davis-calif-six-lessons-from-the-worlds-best-local-wiki/|date=August 8, 2013}}." Niemen Journalism Lab. Niemen Foundation/Harvard University</ref><ref>McGann, Laura (June 18, 2010) "[http://www.niemanlab.org/2010/06/knight-news-challenge-is-a-wiki-site-coming-to-your-city-local-wiki-will-build-software-to-make-it-simple/ Knight News Challenge: Is a wiki site coming to your city? Local Wiki will build software to make it simple] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625035936/http://www.niemanlab.org/2010/06/knight-news-challenge-is-a-wiki-site-coming-to-your-city-local-wiki-will-build-software-to-make-it-simple/|date=June 25, 2013}}." Niemen Journalism Lab. Niemen Foundation/Harvard University</ref><ref>[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]: Makice, Kevin (July 15, 2009). [http://archive.wired.com/geekdad/2009/07/hey-kid-support-your-local-wiki/ Hey, Kid: Support Your Local Wiki] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427080359/http://archive.wired.com/geekdad/2009/07/hey-kid-support-your-local-wiki/|date=April 27, 2015}}</ref>Kalmar 'birni wiki' ko kuma ta yi daidai da harshen waje (misali Jamusanci 'Stadtwiki') wani lokaci ana amfani dashi don wikis waɗanda ke rufe ba kawai birni ba, amma ƙaramin gari ko kuma duk yanki. Wiki na birni ya ƙunshi bayani game da takamaiman al'amuran abubuwa, ra'ayoyi, mutane da wurare. Mafi yawan waɗannan bayanan bazai dace da [[Insakulofidiya|encyclopedias]] kamar [[Wikipedia|Wikipedia ba]] (misali, labarai akan duk wata hanyar sayar da kayayyaki a cikin gari), amma yana iya dacewa da wiki tare da ƙarin abubuwanda aka sarrafa da masu kallo. Wiki na gari yana iya ƙunsar bayani game da batutuwa masu zuwa, wanda zai iya ko ba zai dace da ilimin wiki na gaba ɗaya ba, kamar: * Cikakkun bayanai game da cibiyoyin jama'a kamar gidajen jama'a, sanduna, masauki ko cibiyoyin zaman jama'a * Sunan mai shi, lokacin buɗewa da ƙididdiga don takamaiman shago * Bayanan kididdiga game da takamaiman hanyar cikin gari * An ɗanɗano dandano na ice cream a parlour ɗin ice cream na gida * Tarihin rayuwar wani shugaban karamar hukuma da sauran mutane === WikiNodes === [[File:Development_of_"Mathe_für_Nicht-Freaks"_from_Sep_2009_to_June_2016.webm|thumb|Visualization of the collaborative work in the German wiki project [[wikibooks:de:Mathe für Nicht-Freaks|Mathe für Nicht-Freaks]]]] WikiNodes shafuka ne akan wikis waɗanda ke bayyana wikis masu alaƙa. Yawancin lokaci ana tsara su a matsayin maƙwabta da wakilai. ''Wiki na maƙwabta'' wiki ne kawai wanda zai iya tattauna abubuwan da ke ciki ko kuma in ba haka ba ya zama mai ban sha'awa. ''Wiki wakili'' wiki ne wanda ya yarda a samar da wasu abubuwa da aka wakilta a wiki.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=WikiNodes|title=Frequently Asked Questions|url=http://wikinodes.wiki.taoriver.net/moin.fcg/FrequentlyAskedQuestions|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070810213702/http://wikinodes.wiki.taoriver.net/moin.fcg/FrequentlyAskedQuestions|archive-date=August 10, 2007}}</ref> Hanya ɗaya ta neman wiki a kan takamaiman batun ita ce bi hanyar sadarwa ta hanyar wiki-node daga wiki zuwa wiki; wani kuma shine ya dauki shafin "yawon bude ido" na Wiki, misali: Wikipedia's Tour Bus Stop . === Mahalarta === Nau'ikan asali huɗu na masu amfani waɗanda ke shiga wikis sune mai karatu, marubuci, mai kula da wiki da mai sarrafa tsarin. Mai kula da tsarin shine ke da alhakin sanyawa da kuma kiyaye injin wiki da kuma uwar garken gidan yanar sadarwar. Mai gudanarwa na wiki yana kula da abubuwan wiki kuma ana samar dashi ƙarin ayyuka game da shafuka (misali kariya ta shafi da sharewa), kuma zai iya daidaita haƙƙin samun masu amfani ta, misali, toshe su daga yin gyara.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Analysis of the use of Wiki-based collaborations in enhancing student learning|last=Cubric|first=Marija|publisher=University of Hertfordshire|year=2007|url=https://uhra.herts.ac.uk/dspace/handle/2299/3672|access-date=April 25, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515005430/https://uhra.herts.ac.uk/dspace/handle/2299/3672|archive-date=May 15, 2011}}</ref> === Dalilan girma === Nazarin wikis ɗari da yawa ya nuna cewa adadi mai yawa na masu gudanarwa don girman abun ciki da aka ba na iya rage haɓaka;<ref>{{cite journal|title=Measuring wiki viability. An empirical assessment of the social dynamics of a large sample of wikis|publisher=The Centre for Research in Social Simulation|first1=C.|last1=Roth|first2=D.|last2=Taraborelli|first3=N.|last3=Gilbert|year=2008|page=3|quote=Figure 4 shows that having a relatively high number of administrators for a given content size is likely to reduce growth.|url=http://nitens.org/docs/wikidyn.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011105517/http://nitens.org/docs/wikidyn.pdf|archive-date=October 11, 2017|df=mdy-all}}</ref> cewa samun damar sarrafa ƙayyade gyara ga masu amfani da ke da riba na rage haɓaka; cewa rashin irin wannan damar sarrafawar yakan haifar da sabon rajistar mai amfani; kuma wannan babban tsarin na gwamnati (watau admins / user) ba su da wani tasiri a kan abubuwan da ke ciki ko karuwar jama'a.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Measuring wiki viability. An empirical assessment of the social dynamics of a large sample of wikis|publisher=The Centre for Research in Social Simulation|first1=C.|last1=Roth|first2=D.|last2=Taraborelli|first3=N.|last3=Gilbert|year=2008|url=http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk:80/1565/1/fulltext.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616204038/http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/1565/1/fulltext.pdf#|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 16, 2012|access-date=November 9, 2018|df=mdy-all}}</ref> == Taruka == Tarurruka masu aiki da tarurruka game da batutuwan da suka shafi wiki sun haɗa da: * Taron Atlassian, taron shekara-shekara don masu amfani da software na Atlassian, gami da Confluence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://summit.atlassian.com/|title=Atlassian Summit homepage|publisher=Summit.atlassian.com|accessdate=June 20, 2011|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613081406/http://summit.atlassian.com/|archivedate=June 13, 2011}}</ref> * OpenSym (wanda ake kira da WikiSym har zuwa shekarar 2014), taron ilimi wanda aka keɓe don bincike game da wikis da buɗe haɗin kai. * SMWCon, taron shekara-shekara na masu amfani da masu haɓaka Semantic MediaWiki.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://semantic-mediawiki.org/wiki/SMWCon|title=SMWCon homepage|publisher=Semantic-mediawiki.org|accessdate=June 20, 2011|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714183910/http://semantic-mediawiki.org/wiki/SMWCon|archivedate=July 14, 2011}}</ref> * TikiFest, taron da aka saba gudanarwa don masu amfani da masu haɓaka Tiki Wiki CMS Groupware.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tiki.org/TikiFest|title=TikiFest homepage|publisher=Tiki.org|accessdate=June 20, 2011|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110630070137/http://tiki.org/TikiFest|archivedate=June 30, 2011}}</ref> * Wikimania, taron shekara-shekara wanda aka keɓe don bincike da aiwatar da [[Wikimedia Foundation|ayyukan Gidauniyar Wikimedia]] kamar Wikipedia. Tsoffin abubuwan da suka shafi wiki sun hada da: * RecentChangesCamp (2006 - 2012 ), rashin daidaituwa kan batutuwan da suka shafi wiki. * RegioWikiCamp (2009–2013), rashin daidaiton taron shekara-shekara kan "regiowikis", ko wikis kan biranen da sauran yankuna.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wiki.regiowiki.eu/Main_Page|title=European RegioWikiSociety homepage|publisher=Wiki.regiowiki.eu|date=June 10, 2011|accessdate=June 20, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090813101324/http://wiki.regiowiki.eu/Main_Page|archivedate=August 13, 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Dokoki == Wikis galibi suna da ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodin mai amfani. Misali Wikipedia, tana da jerin manufofi da jagororin da aka taƙaita a cikin ginshiƙanta guda biyar: Wikipedia encyclopedia ne; Wikipedia tana da ra'ayin tsaka tsaki; Wikipedia kyauta ne; Ya kamata 'yan Wikipedians suyi ma'amala cikin ladabi da ladabi, kuma Wikipedia ba ta da tsayayyun dokoki. Yawancin wikis sun karɓi jerin dokoki. Wani malami ya kafa doka don wiki na aji, "Wiki ga wasu kamar yadda za ku so wiki a wurinku".<ref name="Augar2" /> == Yanayin doka == Haɗin marubuta na haɗin gwiwa, wanda masu amfani daban-daban ke shiga cikin gyara, gyara, da tattara samfurin da aka gama, na iya haifar da editoci su zama masu haya a cikin abin da ya shafi haƙƙin mallaka, ta yadda ba zai yuwu a sake bugawa ba tare da izinin duk masu mallakar su ba, wasu daga cikinsu ba za a iya sanin asalinsu ba saboda ɓata suna ko kuma gyara suna.<ref name="Legal2" /> Inda mutane suka ba da gudummawa ga aikin gama gari kamar encyclopedia, to amma, babu ikon mallakar haɗin gwiwa idan gudummawar ta bambanta kuma ta bambanta.<ref>{{citation|work=Redwood Music Ltd v. B Feldman & Co Ltd|year=1979|publisher=RPC 385}}</ref> Duk da yawancin wikis na bin diddigin gudummawar kowane mutum, aikin bayar da gudummawa ga shafin wiki har yanzu ana iya cewa yana ɗaya daga cikin gyara tare, gyare-gyare, ko tattarawa, wanda zai haifar da mallakar haɗin gwiwa. Wasu batutuwan haƙƙin mallaka ana iya ragewa ta hanyar amfani da lasisin buɗe abun ciki. Shafi na 2 na lasisin Rikodin Kyauta na GNU ya haɗa da takamaiman tanadi don sake neman wiki; Hakanan lasisin Creative Commons sanannu ne. Lokacin da ba a kayyade lasisi ba, lasisin lasisi don karantawa da ƙara abun ciki zuwa wiki ana iya ɗauka ya wanzu bisa larurar kasuwanci da yanayin asalin wiki, kodayake tushen doka don irin wannan lasisin ba zai wanzu a cikin duka ba yanayi.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2013}} Wikis da masu amfani da su na iya zama abin dogaro ga wasu ayyukan da ke faruwa akan wiki. Idan mai amfani da wiki ya nuna halin ko-in-kula kuma ya yi watsi da sarrafawa (kamar hana masu keta hakkin haƙƙin mallaka) da zai iya yi don dakatar da keta haƙƙin mallaka, za a iya ɗaukarsa yana da ƙeta doka, musamman ma idan ana amfani da wiki ne musamman don keta haƙƙin mallaka ko samun kuɗi kai tsaye fa'ida, kamar kudaden shiga na talla, daga ayyukan keta doka.<ref name="Legal2" /> A Amurka, wikis na iya cin gajiyar Sashe na 230 na Dokar Kwatancen Sadarwa, wanda ke kare shafukan yanar gizo da ke aikin <nowiki>''Samaritan Mai Kyau'' na kayan aiki masu cutarwa, ba tare da wata bukata kan inganci ko yawan irin wannan aikin '</nowiki>yan sanda ba.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Self-Regulation: How Wikipedia Leverages User-Generated Quality Control Under Section 230|first1=Kathleen M.|last1=Walsh|first2=Sarah|last2=Oh|date=February 23, 2010|url=http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=sarah_oh|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106040705/http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=sarah_oh|archive-date=January 6, 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Har ila yau, an yi jayayya, cewa aiwatar da wiki na wasu dokoki, irin su nuna wariya, tabbatar da gaskiya, samun abin dogaro, da kuma manufofin bincike-na asali, na iya haifar da haɗarin doka.<ref>{{Citation|last=Myers|first=Ken S.|title=Wikimmunity: Fitting the Communications Decency Act to Wikipedia|journal=Harvard Journal of Law and Technology|publisher=The Berkman Center for Internet and Society|year=2008|ssrn=916529|volume=20|page=163}}</ref> Lokacin da batanci ya faru a kan wiki, bisa ka'ida, duk masu amfani da wiki za a iya daukar nauyinsu, saboda kowane daga cikinsu yana da ikon cire ko gyara kayan batanci daga "wallafar." Abin jira a gani shi ne ko za a dauki wikis a matsayin mafi kusanci da mai ba da sabis na intanet, wanda galibi ba shi da alhaki saboda rashin ikonsa game da abubuwan da aka buga, fiye da mai bugawa.<ref name="Legal2" /> An ba da shawarar cewa masu alamun kasuwanci su kula da irin bayanin da aka gabatar game da alamun kasuwancin su akan wikis, tunda kotuna na iya amfani da waɗannan abubuwan a matsayin shaidar dangane da fahimtar jama'a. Joshua Jarvis ya ce, "Da zarar an gano bayanan da ba su dace ba, mai alamar kasuwanci zai iya shirya shigarwar kawai."<ref>{{citation|journal=Managing Intellectual Property|volume=No. 179|last=Jarvis|first=Joshua|title=Police your marks in a wiki world|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/manintpr179&div=31&id=&page=|pages=101–103|date=May 2008|issue=179|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304044437/http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals%2Fmanintpr179&div=31&id=&page=|archive-date=March 4, 2016}}</ref> == Duba kuma == {{div col}} * [[Comparison of wiki software]] * [[Content management system]] * [[CURIE]] * [[Dispersed knowledge]] * [[List of wikis]] * [[Mass collaboration]] * [[Universal Edit Button]] * [[Wikis and education]] {{div col end}}   == Kara karantawa == {{refbegin}} * {{citation|title=Wiki: Web Collaboration|last=Ebersbach|first=Anja|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]]|year=2008|isbn=978-3-540-35150-4}} * {{citation|title=The Wiki Way: Quick Collaboration on the Web|last1=Leuf|first1=Bo|last2=Cunningham|first2=Ward|publisher=[[Addison–Wesley]]|date=April 13, 2001|isbn=978-0-201-71499-9|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780201714999}} * {{citation|title=Wikipatterns|last=Mader|first=Stewart|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]]|date=December 10, 2007|isbn=978-0-470-22362-8|url=https://archive.org/details/wikipatternsapra00made}} * {{citation|title=Wikinomics: How Mass Collaboration Changes Everything|last=Tapscott|first=Don|publisher=Portfolio Hardcover|date=April 17, 2008|isbn=978-1-59184-193-7|title-link=Mass Collaboration}} {{refend}} == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * {{Curlie|Computers/Software/Groupware/Wiki/}} * [http://www.artima.com/intv/wiki.html ''Binciken Wiki''], hira da Ward Cunningham na Bill Verners * [[wikiindex:Welcome|WikiIndex]] da [https://wikiapiary.com WikiApiary], kundin adireshin wikis * WikiMatrix, gidan yanar gizo ne na kwatankwacin software na wiki da masu [http://www.wikimatrix.org/ masaukin baki] * [https://github.com/WikiTeam/wikiteam WikiTeam], ƙungiyar sa kai ce don adana wikis masu alaƙa da Rukunin Rumbun Ruwa * Murphy, Paula (Afrilu 2006). [https://web.archive.org/web/20110709101821/http://www.ucop.edu/tltc/news/2006/04/wiki.html Topsy-turvy Duniya na Wiki] . Jami'ar California . * [http://c2.com/doc/etymology.html Wasikar Ward Cunningham tare da masana ilimin kimiya] == Manazarta == [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 8hrcmrnfmvnv2g04xayztqe0axckxny 4 21908 873874 873014 2026-07-01T21:28:14Z AmmarBot 13973 Sabunta shafin sabbin editoci 873874 wikitext text/x-wiki Wannan shafin ya na ƙunshe da sabbin editocin da sukayi rajista a Hausa Wikipedia. Robot yana sabunta wannan shafin duk bayan wasu sa'o'i. Kada ku gyara wannan shafin, duk chanjin da akayi, robot zaya yi overwriting din shi a lokacin sabunta shafin. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Numba !Edita !Gudummuwa !Lokacin rajista |- |1 |[[User:Deetailz|Deetailz]] |[[Special:Contributions/Deetailz|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 27 ga Yuni 2026 |- |2 |[[User:Mechstreme|Mechstreme]] |[[Special:Contributions/Mechstreme|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 27 ga Yuni 2026 |- |3 |[[User:Not here1234|Not here1234]] |[[Special:Contributions/Not here1234|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 28 ga Yuni 2026 |- |4 |[[User:Abdul Aminu Rabo|Abdul Aminu Rabo]] |[[Special:Contributions/Abdul Aminu Rabo|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 28 ga Yuni 2026 |- |5 |[[User:Manishkumar193|Manishkumar193]] |[[Special:Contributions/Manishkumar193|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 28 ga Yuni 2026 |- |6 |[[User:Pigrosmov|Pigrosmov]] |[[Special:Contributions/Pigrosmov|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 28 ga Yuni 2026 |- |7 |[[User:Shabazz31091|Shabazz31091]] |[[Special:Contributions/Shabazz31091|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 28 ga Yuni 2026 |- |8 |[[User:Sissi anderson|Sissi anderson]] |[[Special:Contributions/Sissi anderson|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 28 ga Yuni 2026 |- |9 |[[User:Վարս Ասատրյան|Վարս Ասատրյան]] |[[Special:Contributions/Վարս Ասատրյան|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 28 ga Yuni 2026 |- |10 |[[User:Arman1091|Arman1091]] |[[Special:Contributions/Arman1091|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 28 ga Yuni 2026 |- |11 |[[User:Djkddanbaba|Djkddanbaba]] |[[Special:Contributions/Djkddanbaba|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 28 ga Yuni 2026 |- |12 |[[User:Comradekhadija|Comradekhadija]] |[[Special:Contributions/Comradekhadija|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 28 ga Yuni 2026 |- |13 |[[User:Petrs05|Petrs05]] |[[Special:Contributions/Petrs05|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 28 ga Yuni 2026 |- |14 |[[User:Farary|Farary]] |[[Special:Contributions/Farary|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 28 ga Yuni 2026 |- |15 |[[User:Cascades1|Cascades1]] |[[Special:Contributions/Cascades1|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 28 ga Yuni 2026 |- |16 |[[User:Mukhtiey|Mukhtiey]] |[[Special:Contributions/Mukhtiey|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 28 ga Yuni 2026 |- |17 |[[User:ねこの森には帰れない|ねこの森には帰れない]] |[[Special:Contributions/ねこの森には帰れない|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 28 ga Yuni 2026 |- |18 |[[User:Tahir Isah|Tahir Isah]] |[[Special:Contributions/Tahir Isah|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 28 ga Yuni 2026 |- |19 |[[User:GratuitousReshad|GratuitousReshad]] |[[Special:Contributions/GratuitousReshad|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 28 ga Yuni 2026 |- |20 |[[User:Allegratate|Allegratate]] |[[Special:Contributions/Allegratate|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 28 ga Yuni 2026 |- |21 |[[User:Szymasz|Szymasz]] |[[Special:Contributions/Szymasz|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 28 ga Yuni 2026 |- |22 |[[User:Afurkanakin|Afurkanakin]] |[[Special:Contributions/Afurkanakin|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 28 ga Yuni 2026 |- |23 |[[User:Maxidron1|Maxidron1]] |[[Special:Contributions/Maxidron1|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 28 ga Yuni 2026 |- |24 |[[User:Veryxen023|Veryxen023]] |[[Special:Contributions/Veryxen023|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 28 ga Yuni 2026 |- |25 |[[User:ScottyNolan|ScottyNolan]] |[[Special:Contributions/ScottyNolan|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 28 ga Yuni 2026 |- |26 |[[User:GhostlyMage|GhostlyMage]] |[[Special:Contributions/GhostlyMage|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 29 ga Yuni 2026 |- |27 |[[User:Phúc 12 December 2014|Phúc 12 December 2014]] |[[Special:Contributions/Phúc 12 December 2014|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 29 ga Yuni 2026 |- |28 |[[User:Muplan|Muplan]] |[[Special:Contributions/Muplan|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 29 ga Yuni 2026 |- |29 |[[User:Jesustaro|Jesustaro]] |[[Special:Contributions/Jesustaro|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 29 ga Yuni 2026 |- |30 |[[User:SasaKam|SasaKam]] |[[Special:Contributions/SasaKam|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 29 ga Yuni 2026 |- |31 |[[User:Mohamad abbo|Mohamad abbo]] |[[Special:Contributions/Mohamad abbo|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 29 ga Yuni 2026 |- |32 |[[User:Noxiacharl|Noxiacharl]] |[[Special:Contributions/Noxiacharl|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 29 ga Yuni 2026 |- |33 |[[User:Habiba Abubakar Sahabi|Habiba Abubakar Sahabi]] |[[Special:Contributions/Habiba Abubakar Sahabi|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 29 ga Yuni 2026 |- |34 |[[User:Deleuzeposting|Deleuzeposting]] |[[Special:Contributions/Deleuzeposting|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 29 ga Yuni 2026 |- |35 |[[User:Australand000111|Australand000111]] |[[Special:Contributions/Australand000111|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 29 ga Yuni 2026 |- |36 |[[User:Vvbbnnmm bakura ali|Vvbbnnmm bakura ali]] |[[Special:Contributions/Vvbbnnmm bakura ali|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 29 ga Yuni 2026 |- |37 |[[User:A Hakeem H|A Hakeem H]] |[[Special:Contributions/A Hakeem H|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 29 ga Yuni 2026 |- |38 |[[User:Prince Nasir Ibrahim|Prince Nasir Ibrahim]] |[[Special:Contributions/Prince Nasir Ibrahim|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 29 ga Yuni 2026 |- |39 |[[User:Abu sufwan|Abu sufwan]] |[[Special:Contributions/Abu sufwan|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 29 ga Yuni 2026 |- |40 |[[User:Usaini Danjuma|Usaini Danjuma]] |[[Special:Contributions/Usaini Danjuma|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 29 ga Yuni 2026 |- |41 |[[User:Tukur dk|Tukur dk]] |[[Special:Contributions/Tukur 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|Litinin, 29 ga Yuni 2026 |- |50 |[[User:Aishamusadk1|Aishamusadk1]] |[[Special:Contributions/Aishamusadk1|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 29 ga Yuni 2026 |- |51 |[[User:Umar shehu isa|Umar shehu isa]] |[[Special:Contributions/Umar shehu isa|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 29 ga Yuni 2026 |- |52 |[[User:Olksolo|Olksolo]] |[[Special:Contributions/Olksolo|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 29 ga Yuni 2026 |- |53 |[[User:Musabala2015|Musabala2015]] |[[Special:Contributions/Musabala2015|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 29 ga Yuni 2026 |- |54 |[[User:Ezadoo|Ezadoo]] |[[Special:Contributions/Ezadoo|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 29 ga Yuni 2026 |- |55 |[[User:CelesteQuill|CelesteQuill]] |[[Special:Contributions/CelesteQuill|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 29 ga Yuni 2026 |- |56 |[[User:Umar shehu dkura|Umar shehu dkura]] |[[Special:Contributions/Umar shehu dkura|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 29 ga Yuni 2026 |- |57 |[[User:Faruk Surajo|Faruk Surajo]] |[[Special:Contributions/Faruk Surajo|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 29 ga Yuni 2026 |- |58 |[[User:Pmesbell|Pmesbell]] |[[Special:Contributions/Pmesbell|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 29 ga Yuni 2026 |- |59 |[[User:Grammyy|Grammyy]] |[[Special:Contributions/Grammyy|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 29 ga Yuni 2026 |- |60 |[[User:Kashub.1999|Kashub.1999]] |[[Special:Contributions/Kashub.1999|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 29 ga Yuni 2026 |- |61 |[[User:Steveprutz|Steveprutz]] |[[Special:Contributions/Steveprutz|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 29 ga Yuni 2026 |- |62 |[[User:BlackJack5671|BlackJack5671]] |[[Special:Contributions/BlackJack5671|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 29 ga Yuni 2026 |- |63 |[[User:Znuddel|Znuddel]] |[[Special:Contributions/Znuddel|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 29 ga Yuni 2026 |- |64 |[[User:Dagabbamanna|Dagabbamanna]] |[[Special:Contributions/Dagabbamanna|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 30 ga Yuni 2026 |- |65 |[[User:Salsabeel453|Salsabeel453]] |[[Special:Contributions/Salsabeel453|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 30 ga Yuni 2026 |- |66 |[[User:BtiyKy|BtiyKy]] |[[Special:Contributions/BtiyKy|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 30 ga Yuni 2026 |- |67 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|Talata, 30 ga Yuni 2026 |- |76 |[[User:Thatwaffles|Thatwaffles]] |[[Special:Contributions/Thatwaffles|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 30 ga Yuni 2026 |- |77 |[[User:Yaron daddy|Yaron daddy]] |[[Special:Contributions/Yaron daddy|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 30 ga Yuni 2026 |- |78 |[[User:Shahinurislambabu75|Shahinurislambabu75]] |[[Special:Contributions/Shahinurislambabu75|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 30 ga Yuni 2026 |- |79 |[[User:Kkmejpn|Kkmejpn]] |[[Special:Contributions/Kkmejpn|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 30 ga Yuni 2026 |- |80 |[[User:Mdaclp|Mdaclp]] |[[Special:Contributions/Mdaclp|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 30 ga Yuni 2026 |- |81 |[[User:Diannaa|Diannaa]] |[[Special:Contributions/Diannaa|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 30 ga Yuni 2026 |- |82 |[[User:Abdollahi570|Abdollahi570]] |[[Special:Contributions/Abdollahi570|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 30 ga Yuni 2026 |- |83 |[[User:Mrr7782|Mrr7782]] |[[Special:Contributions/Mrr7782|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 30 ga Yuni 2026 |- |84 |[[User:Ibnjafarmahuta12|Ibnjafarmahuta12]] |[[Special:Contributions/Ibnjafarmahuta12|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 30 ga Yuni 2026 |- |85 |[[User:Anaxicrates|Anaxicrates]] |[[Special:Contributions/Anaxicrates|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 30 ga Yuni 2026 |- |86 |[[User:Mahammad bello mahmood|Mahammad bello mahmood]] |[[Special:Contributions/Mahammad bello mahmood|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 30 ga Yuni 2026 |- |87 |[[User:Regpath|Regpath]] |[[Special:Contributions/Regpath|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 1 ga Yuli 2026 |- |88 |[[User:Eckygaz|Eckygaz]] |[[Special:Contributions/Eckygaz|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 1 ga Yuli 2026 |- |89 |[[User:Gustavo Cabana|Gustavo Cabana]] |[[Special:Contributions/Gustavo Cabana|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 1 ga Yuli 2026 |- |90 |[[User:Altuur|Altuur]] |[[Special:Contributions/Altuur|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 1 ga Yuli 2026 |- |91 |[[User:Cyh917henry|Cyh917henry]] |[[Special:Contributions/Cyh917henry|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 1 ga Yuli 2026 |- |92 |[[User:Cysgonium|Cysgonium]] |[[Special:Contributions/Cysgonium|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 1 ga Yuli 2026 |- |93 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|Laraba, 1 ga Yuli 2026 |- |110 |[[User:Anna.Malgorzata.Elzbieta|Anna.Malgorzata.Elzbieta]] |[[Special:Contributions/Anna.Malgorzata.Elzbieta|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 1 ga Yuli 2026 |- |111 |[[User:HyBoxwood|HyBoxwood]] |[[Special:Contributions/HyBoxwood|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 1 ga Yuli 2026 |- |112 |[[User:Katuada|Katuada]] |[[Special:Contributions/Katuada|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 1 ga Yuli 2026 |- |113 |[[User:The joy of all things|The joy of all things]] |[[Special:Contributions/The joy of all things|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 1 ga Yuli 2026 |- |114 |[[User:ZOOVANCHO180|ZOOVANCHO180]] |[[Special:Contributions/ZOOVANCHO180|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 1 ga Yuli 2026 |- |} 5veuure2bqghl8dspeyjiukd5dqk8pw 0 22047 873790 687387 2026-07-01T20:31:50Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 873790 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kogin kongo''' (Kongo: Nzâdi Kôngo, Faransanci: Kongo fleuve, Fotigal: Rio Congo), wanda a da ake kira da '''Kogin Zaire''', shine kogi na biyu mafi tsayi a [[Afirka]], gajere kaɗan ne kawai fiye da Kogin Nilu, ''kazalika'' da kogi na biyu mafi girma a duniya ta hanyar fitarwa, suna bin ''Amazon'' kawai. Har ila yau, shine mafi zurfin rafin da aka yi rikodin a duniya, tare da zurfin da ya zarce 220 m (720 ft).<ref name="usgs2008">{{cite web|title=Discharge and Other Hydraulic Measurements for Characterizing the Hydraulics of Lower Congo River, July 2008|first=Kevin|last=Oberg|date=July 2008|publisher=U.S. Geological Survey|url=http://hydroacoustics.usgs.gov/publications/Measurements4LowerCongo-6.pdf|access-date=2012-03-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015143546/http://hydroacoustics.usgs.gov/publications/Measurements4LowerCongo-6.pdf|archive-date=2011-10-15|url-status=live}}</ref> Tsarin Kogin Congo-Lualaba-Chambeshi yana da tsawon kilomita 4,700 (mi mi 2,920), wanda ya sa ya zama kogi mafi tsayi na tara a duniya. Chambeshi yanki ne na Kogin Lualaba, kuma Lualaba shine sunan Kogin Kongo wanda yake hawan Boyoma Falls, wanda yakai 1,800 km (1,120 mi). An auna shi tare da Lualaba, babban harajin, Kogin Congo yana da tsawon 4,370 km (2,715 mi). Babbar kogi ce kaɗai ta ƙetare mashigar teku sau biyu.<ref>Forbath, Peter. ''The River Congo'' (1979), p. 6. "Not until it crosses the equator will it at last turn away from this misleading course and, describing a remarkable counter-clockwise arc first to the west and then to the southwest, flow back across the equator and on down to the Atlantic. In this the Congo is exceptional. No other major river in the world crosses the equator even once, let alone twice."</ref> Kogin Kongo yana da yanki kusan kusan 4,000,000 km2 (1,500,000 sq mi), ko kuma 13% na duk ƙasar Afirk Sunan Congo/Kongo kogin ya samo asali ne daga Masarautar Kongo sau ɗaya da ke gefen kudu na kogin. Shi kuma masarautar an sanya mata suna ne don asalin Bantu ''Kongo'' 'yan asalin, wanda aka sani a cikin karni na 17 da "Esikongo".<ref>{{cite book|title=Africa's Urban Past|first=David|last=Anderson|date=2000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0IwMwBVfr0sC&pg=PA79|page=79|isbn=9780852557617|access-date=2017-05-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222054121/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0IwMwBVfr0sC&pg=PA79|archive-date=2017-12-22|url-status=live}}</ref> Kudancin masarautar Kongo ya dace da irin wannan masarautar Kakongo, wanda aka ambata a 1535. Abraham Ortelius a taswirar duniyarsa ta 1564 wacce aka yiwa lakabi da "Manicongo" birni a bakin kogin.<ref>[[Manikongo]] was properly the title of the kings of Kongo; their capital was at the site of modern [[M'banza-Kongo]], capital of Angola's northwestern [[Zaire Province]]. Ortelius had no knowledge of the [[orography]] of Africa and drew fictitious courses for its rivers; his Congo upstream of its [[estuary]] turns sharply south, flowing through what would correspond to [[Angola]] and [[Botswana]].</ref> Sunayen kabilu a cikin ''Kongo'' wataƙila sun samo asali ne daga kalma don taron jama'a ko taron kabilu. An gabatar da sunan zamani na mutanen Kongo ko Bakongo a farkon karni na 20. Sunan ''Zaire'' daga asalin Fotigal ne na kalmar Kikongo, ''nzere'' ("kogi"), taƙaitaccen ''nzadi o nzere'' ("kogin haɗiye kogi").<ref>{{cite book|author=Peter Forbath|title=The River Congo|date=1977|page=19}}</ref> An san kogin da suna ''Zaire'' a ƙarni na 16 da 17; ''Congo'' yana da alama ya maye gurbin ''Zaire'' a hankali cikin amfani da Ingilishi a cikin ƙarni na 18, kuma ''Congo'' ita ce sunan Ingilishi da aka fi so a cikin littattafan karni na 19, ko da yake nassoshi ga ''Zahir'' ko ''Zaire'' kamar yadda sunan da mazaunan ke amfani da shi ya zama gama gari.<ref>{{cite book|author=James Barbot|title=An Abstract of a Voyage to Congo River, Or the Zair and to Cabinde in the Year 1700|date=1746}} {{cite book|author=James Hingston Tuckey|title=Narrative of an Expedition to Explore the River Zaire, Usually Called the Congo, in South Africa, in 1816|url=https://archive.org/details/narrativeofexped00tuck|date=1818|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180521164926/https://archive.org/details/narrativeofexped00tuck|archive-date=2018-05-21|url-status=live}} {{cite book|quote=Congo River, called ''Zahir'' or ''Zaire'' by the natives|author=John Purdy|title=Memoir, Descriptive and Explanatory, to Accompany the New Chart of the Ethiopic Or Southern Atlantic Ocean|date=1822|page=112}}</ref> Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo da Jamhuriyar Congo an sanya mata suna, kamar yadda ita ma Jamhuriyar Congo da ta gabata wacce ta sami 'yencin kai a shekarar 1960 daga Jamhuriyar Congo. Jamhuriyar Zaire a tsakanin shekarata 1971–1997 kuma an sanya mata sunan kogin a cikin Faransanci da Fotigal. == Fasalin da hanya == Kogin kongo ya kwashe murabba'in kilomita 4,014,500 (1,550,000 sq mi),<ref name="bossche">{{cite book|last=Bossche|first=J.P. vanden|author2=G. M. Bernacsek|title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Volume 1|year=1990|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|isbn=978-92-5-102983-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA338|pages=338–339|access-date=2015-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425222339/https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA338|archive-date=2016-04-25|url-status=live}}</ref> yankin da ya fi Indiya girma. Fitar da kasar Kongo a bakin ta ya fara ne daga 23,000 zuwa 75,000 cubic meters a kowane dakika (810,000 zuwa 2,650,000 cu ft/s), tare da matsakaita na mita dubu 41,000 a dakika daya (1,400,000 cu ft/s).<ref name="bossche" /> Kogin da raƙuman ruwa suna gudana ta cikin Kongo Rainforest, yanki na biyu mafi girma a cikin gandun daji a duniya, na biyu kawai bayan dajin Amazon na Kudancin Amurka. Har ila yau, kogin yana da babbar gudana ta biyu a duniya, bayan Amazon; babban tafki mafi girma na biyu na kowane kogi, a bayan Amazon; kuma yana daya daga cikin koguna mafiya zurfi a duniya, a zurfin da ya fi mita 220 (ƙafa 720).<ref name="usgs2008"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Monster Fish of the Congo|url=http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/series/explorer/3826/Overview|work=National Geographic Channel|year=2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206040928/http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/series/explorer/3826/Overview|archive-date=2010-12-06}}</ref> Saboda magudanar ruwansa ya hada da yankuna arewa da kudu na mai kwatankwacin, magudanar tata tana da karko, tunda koyaushe akwai akalla wani bangare na kogin dake fuskantar damina.<ref>[http://rainforests.mongabay.com/congo/congo_river.html The Congo River] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020093113/https://rainforests.mongabay.com/congo/congo_river.html|date=2017-10-20}}. Rainforests.mongabay.com. Retrieved on 2011-11-29.</ref> Tushen Kongo suna cikin tsaunuka da tsaunuka na Gabashin Afirka, da kuma tafkin Tanganyika da tafkin Mweru, waɗanda ke ciyar da Kogin Lualaba, wanda daga baya ya zama Kongo ƙasa da Boyoma Falls. Gabaɗaya ana ɗaukar Kogin Chambeshi a cikin Zambiya a matsayin tushen Kongo daidai da yarda da ƙa'idar da aka yarda da ita a duk duniya ta yin amfani da mafi tsada, kamar yadda ake amfani da Kogin Nilu. Kwango yana kwarara gaba ɗaya zuwa arewa maso yamma daga Kisangani a ƙasa da faɗuwar Boyoma, sannan a hankali ya lanƙwasa kudu maso yamma, yana wucewa ta Mbandaka, yana haɗuwa da Kogin Ubangi, yana gudu zuwa Kogin Malebo (Stanley Pool). Kinshasa (a dā Léopoldville) da Brazzaville suna gefen ɓangarorin kogin a Kogin, inda kogin ya taƙaita kuma ya faɗo ta hanyar wasu ƙyauran ido a cikin manyan kwaruruka (waɗanda aka fi sani da suna Livingstone Falls), wanda Matadi da Boma ke gudana. teku a ƙaramin garin Muanda. Kogin Kongo ɗayan ɗayan rarrabuwar kawuna ne na lardin Mid-Afirka mafi girma, wanda kuma hakan wani ɓangare ne na rukunin manya-manyan sassan Afirka. === Jigilar ruwa === Kogin yana jigila a kowace shekara ta tan miliyan 86 na rarar da aka dakatar da ita zuwa Tekun Atlantika da kuma ƙarin kashi 6% na nauyin gado.<ref name="hani">{{cite journal|last1=Hanibal Lemma|first1=and colleagues|title=Bedload transport measurements in the Gilgel Abay River, Lake Tana Basin, Ethiopia (Table 7)|journal=Journal of Hydrology|date=2019|volume=577|pages=123968|doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.123968}}</ref> === Kananan Congo === Kananan Kongo ya zama 'ƙananan' sassan babban kogin; wannan shine bangaren kogin daga bakin kogin a gabar tekun Atlantika zuwa tagwayen manyan biranen Brazzaville a Jamhuriyar Congo da Kinshasa a cikin DR Congo. A cikin wannan ɓangaren kogin, akwai manyan rairayi biyu zuwa babban Kogin Kongo, duka a gefen hagu ko kudu. Kogin Kwilu ya samo asali ne daga tsaunukan da ke kusa da iyakar Angola kuma ya shiga Kongo kusan kilomita 100 daga Matadi. Dayan kuwa shi ne Kogin Inkisi, wanda ke gudana ta hanyar arewa daga Lardin Uíge a Angola zuwa haduwa da Kongo a Zongo mai nisan kilomita 80 daga tagwayen manyan biranen. Dangane da yawan saurin gudu, musamman, Livingstone Falls, wannan ɓangaren kogin ba a ci gaba da sarrafa shi ta jiragen ruwa. === Utarungiyoyin ruwa zuwa ga Kogin Congo === [[File:CongoLualaba_watershed_plain_political.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CongoLualaba_watershed_plain_political.png|thumb|Hanya da Lambatu na Kogin Congo tare da ƙasashe masu alama]] [[File:CongoLualaba_watershed_topo.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CongoLualaba_watershed_topo.png|thumb|Hanya da Lambatu na Kogin Congo tare da inuwar yanayin kasa.]] Tafkin magudanan ruwa na Kogin Kongo ya hada da yawancin Afirka ta Tsakiya. Babban kogi da rabin ruwa ne: ''An ware domin daga gabobin da ke zuwa sama.'' Kananan Kongo (bakin kogi zuwa Kinshasa) Kadangaren Kinshasa, daga bakin kogin Banana, akwai wasu manyan rarar ruwa, duk suna gefen hagu. * Mpozo * Kwilu * Inkisi Tsakiyar Kongo (Kinshasa zuwa Fadar ruwan Boyoma) * Kwa-Kassai (hagu) - 2150 km - 881,900 km2, 9,900 m3/s * Fimi ** Lukenie * Kwango * Sankuru * Lefini (dama) * Sangha (dama) - kilomita 1,400, 213,400 km2, 2,471 m3/s↵ * Kadéï * Ubangi / (dama) - kilomita 2,270, 772,800 km2, 4,000 m3 / s↵ * Mbomou * Uele * Tshuapa ko Ruki River (hagu) - kilomita 1,000 * Lulonga * Lopori * Maringa * Mongala * Kogin Itimbiri * Aruwimi Lomami River (hagu) – 1,400&nbsp;km * Lindi Babban Kongo (Sama daga Fadar ruwan Boyoma) Daga can gaba ta Fadar ruwan Boyoma kusa da Kisangani, ana kiran kogin Congo da Kogin Lualaba. * Yawancin rarar banki na dama * Luvua ** Luapula *** Chambeshi == Mahimmancin tattalin arziki == [[File:Oxfam_East_Africa_-_Mbandaka_market.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oxfam_East_Africa_-_Mbandaka_market.jpg|thumb|Garin Mbandaka tashar jiragen ruwa ce da ke kan iyakar Kogin Congo.]] [[File:Congo_maluku.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Congo_maluku.jpg|right|thumb|Kogin Congo a Maluku.]] Ko da yake Livingstone Falls ya hana shiga daga teku, kusan dukkanin Kongo da ke sama da su ana iya sauƙaƙewa cikin sassa, musamman tsakanin Kinshasa da Kisangani. Manyan ruwa masu aikin ruwa sun yi aiki da kogin har zuwa kwanan nan. Kogin Kongo har yanzu yana da hanyar rayuwa a cikin ƙasa mai ƙarancin hanyoyi ko hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa.<ref>See, for instance, [[Thierry Michel]]'s film [http://www.congo-river.com/ Congo River] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091129055817/http://www.congo-river.com/|date=2009-11-29}}</ref> Layin dogo yanzu ya tsallake manyan faduwa guda uku, kuma yawancin kasuwancin Afirka ta Tsakiya suna wucewa tare da kogin, gami da jan ƙarfe, man dabino (kamar ƙwaya), sukari, kofi, da auduga.<ref>{{Cite web|title=DR Congo – AFRICAN FINE COFFEES ASSOCIATION (AFCA)|url=https://afca.coffee/portfolio-item/dr-congo/|access-date=2021-04-24|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-04-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424160919/https://afca.coffee/portfolio-item/dr-congo/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kogin yana da mahimmancin amfani da wutar lantarki, kuma Inga Dams da ke ƙasa da Pool Malebo sun fara cin ribar kogin Kongo. === Wutar lantarki === Kogin Kongo shine kogi mafi iko a Afirka. A lokacin damina sama da cubic mita dubu 50 (1,800,000 cu ft) na ruwa a kowane dakika yana kwarara zuwa Tekun Atlantika. Damar dama ga Kogin Kongo da rafuka don samar da wutar lantarki suna da yawa. Masana kimiyya sun kirga cewa duk yankin Kogin Kongo yana da kashi 13 cikin 100 na karfin samar da wutar lantarki a duniya. Wannan zai samar da wadatacciyar wutar lantarki ga dukkan bukatun wutar lantarki na kudu da Sahara.<ref name="weetlogs.scilogs.be">[http://weetlogs.scilogs.be/index.php?op=ViewArticle&articleId=331&blogId=27 Alain Nubourgh, Belgian Technical Cooperation (BTC)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902053441/http://weetlogs.scilogs.be/index.php?op=ViewArticle&articleId=331&blogId=27|date=2011-09-02}}. Weetlogs.scilogs.be (2010-04-27). Retrieved on 2011-11-29.</ref> A halin yanzu akwai shuke-shuke masu samar da wutar lantarki arba'in a cikin Kogin Kongo. Mafi girma su ne madatsun ruwa na Inga, kimanin kilomita 200 (mil 120) kudu maso yamma na Kinshasa. An fara aikin ne a farkon shekarun 1970, lokacin da aka kammala madatsar ruwa ta farko.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Showers|first=Kate B.|s2cid=145515488|date=2011-09-01|title=Electrifying Africa: An Environmental History with Policy Implications|journal=Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography|language=en|volume=93|issue=3|pages=193–221|doi=10.1111/j.1468-0467.2011.00373.x|issn=1468-0467}}</ref> Tsarin (kamar yadda aka tsara tun asali) ya bukaci gina madatsun ruwa guda biyar wadanda da zasu iya samar da dumbin karfin megawatt 34,500. Har zuwa yau madatsun ruwa na Inga I da Inga II ne kawai aka gina, suna samar da 1,776 MW.<ref name="weetlogs.scilogs.be" /> A watan Fabrairun 2005, kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki mallakar kasar Afirka ta Kudu, Eskom, ya sanar da shawarar fadada zamani ta hanyar ingantawa da kuma gina sabon madatsar ruwa. Aikin zai kawo mafi girman kayan aikin zuwa gigawatt 40 (54,000,000 hp), ninki biyu na na madatsar ruwa ta Three Gorges na China.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/congo/story/0,12292,1425023,00.html|title=Could a $50bn plan to tame this mighty river bring electricity to all of Africa?|work=World news|publisher=The Guardian|location=London|first=Jeevan|last=Vasagar|date=2005-02-25|access-date=2010-04-30}}</ref> Ana fargabar cewa wadannan sabbin madatsun ruwa na iya haifar da bacewar yawancin nau'ikan kifaye da ke 'yan asalin kogin.<ref name="RoughWaters">{{Cite web|last=Norlander|first=Britt|date=20 April 2009|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1590/is_13_65/ai_n31583235/|archive-url=https://archive.is/20120708055831/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1590/is_13_65/ai_n31583235/|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 July 2012|title=Rough waters: one of the world's most turbulent rivers is home to a wide array of fish species. Now, large dams are threatening their future|publisher=Science World}}</ref> == Tarihin halitta == [[File:Chutes_Livingstone.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chutes_Livingstone.jpg|thumb|Farkon Faɗuwar Livingstone (Lower Congo Rapids) kusa da Kinshasa]] Tsarin Kogin Kongo na yanzu an kafa shi tsakanin shekaru 1.5 zuwa 2 miliyan BP, a lokacin Pleistocene.<ref name="Beadle1981">{{cite book|author=Leonard C. Beadle|title=The inland waters of tropical Africa: an introduction to tropical limnology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iAIUAQAAIAAJ|access-date=2 April 2011|year=1981|publisher=Longman|isbn=978-0-582-46341-7|page=475|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140105070147/http://books.google.com/books?id=iAIUAQAAIAAJ|archive-date=5 January 2014|url-status=live}} "It is hypothesized that in the late Pliocene or early Pleistocene, a coastal Lower Guinean river captured Malebo Pool, connecting the previously interior Congo Basin to the ocean." Thieme et al., ''Freshwater Ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: A Conservation Assessment'' Ecoregions Assessments'', Island Press, 2005, [https://books.google.com/books?id=3nkL9NqqlscC&pg=PA297 p. 297] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224132925/https://books.google.com/books?id=3nkL9NqqlscC&pg=PA297|date=2019-12-24}}.''</ref> Wataƙila a wannan lokacin an kame manyan kogunan ruwa na Kongo da yawa daga waɗansu kogunan da ke kusa da su, ciki har da Uele da Ubangi na sama daga tsarin Chari<ref>Cooper, John E. and Hull, Gordon; ''Gorilla Pathology and Health: With a Catalogue of Preserved Materials'', p. 371 {{ISBN|9780128020395}}</ref> da Kogin Chambeshi<ref>Skelton, P.H. 1994. ‘Diversity and distribution of freshwater fishes in East and Southern Africa’, in ''Biological diversity in African fresh and brackish water fishes'', Symposium Paradi(G.G. Teugels, J.F. Guégan, and J.J. Albaret, editors), pp. 95–131. ''Annals of the Royal Central African Museum'' (Zoology) No. 275.</ref> tare da wasu manyan kogunan Kasai<ref>Gupta, Avijit (editor); ''Large Rivers: Geomorphology and Management'', p. 327 {{ISBN|9780470849873}}</ref> na sama daga tsarin Zambezi. Samuwar Kogin Kongo na iya haifar da ilimin ''allopatric'' na bonobo da chimpanzee na yau da kullun daga kakanninsu na kwanan nan.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Caswell JL, Mallick S, Richter DJ|title=Analysis of chimpanzee history based on genome sequence alignments|journal=PLOS Genet.|volume=4|issue=4|pages=e1000057|year=2008|pmid=18421364|pmc=2278377|doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1000057|display-authors=etal}}</ref> Bonobo yana da yawan gaske ga gandun daji masu dausayi a yankin, kamar yadda sauran nau'ikan halittu masu ban sha'awa irin su biri na fadama Allen, biri na dryas, kwayar halittar ruwa, okapi, da kifin na Kongo.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kingdon|first=Jonathan|author-link=Jonathan Kingdon|year=1997|title=The Kingdon Guide to African Mammals|publisher=Academic Press Limited|location=London|isbn=978-0-1240-8355-4|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/kingdonfieldguid00jona}}</ref><ref>{{cite iucn|author=BirdLife International|year=2008|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/141356/0|title=''Afropavo congensis''|access-date=2 May 2011}}</ref> Dangane da rayuwar ruwa, Kogin Kongo yana da wadataccen nau'in jinsi, kuma daga cikin sanannun abubuwan da aka sani na endemics.<ref name="Smithsonian2009">{{cite web|title=Evolution in the Deepest River in the World|first=Kyle|last=Dickman|date=2009-11-03|publisher=Smithsonian Magazine|work=Science & Nature|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/Evolution-in-the-Deepest-River-in-the-World.html|access-date=2009-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111109072934/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/Evolution-in-the-Deepest-River-in-the-World.html|archive-date=2011-11-09|url-status=live}}</ref> Ya zuwa shekarar 2009, an rubuta kusan nau'ikan kifi 800 daga Basin Kogin Kongo (ba kirgawa Tafkin Tanganyika ba, wanda yake hade amma yanayin ya banbanta sosai),<ref name="Witte2009">{{cite book|author1=Frans Witte|author2=Martien J. P. van Oijen|author3=Ferdinand A. Sibbing|year=2009|chapter=Fish Fauna of the Nile|editor=Henri J. Dumont|title=The Nile|publisher=Springer|pages=647–675|isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6}}</ref> kuma manyan bangarori sun kasance kusan ba a bincika su ba.<ref name="SudanicCongoOubangi">Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (2008). ''[http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=535 Sudanic Congo&nbsp;– Oubangi.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005204356/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=535|date=2011-10-05}}'' Accessed 2 May 2011.</ref> Misali, sashen da ke Salonga National Park, wanda yake kusan girman Belgium, har yanzu ba'a sameshi ba kwata-kwata a shekarar 2006.<ref name="Schliewen2006">{{cite journal|author1=Schliewen, U.K.|author2=M.L.J. Stiassny|s2cid=86533120|year=2006|title=A new species of Nanochromis (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from Lake Mai Ndombe, central Congo Basin, Democratic Republic of Congo|journal=Zootaxa|volume=1169|pages=33–46|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.1169.1.2}}</ref> Anyi bayanin sabbin nau'in kifayen a kimiyyance tare da wasu abubuwan yau da kullun daga Kogin Kongo kuma yawancin nau'ikan da basu dace ba.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Schwarzer, J.|author2=B. Misof|author3=U.K. Schliewen|year=2011|title=Speciation within genomic networks: a case study based on Steatocranus cichlids of the lower Congo rapids|journal=Journal of Evolutionary Biology|volume=25|issue=1|pages=138–148|doi=10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02409.x|pmid=22070232|doi-access=free}}</ref> Kongo tana da mafi yawan bambancin kowane tsarin kogin Afirka; idan aka kwatanta, wadanda suka fi kudi a gaba sune Niger, Volta da Nile wadanda suke da kusan nau'o'in kifi 240, 140 da 130, bi da bi.<ref name="Witte2009" /><ref name="Winemiller2008">{{cite book|authors=Winemiller, K.O.; A.A. Agostinho; and É.P. Caramaschi|chapter=Fish Ecology in Tropical Streams|title=Tropical Stream Ecology|editor=Dudgeon, D.|year=2008|pages=107–146|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-088449-0}}</ref> Saboda wannan da kuma manyan bambance-bambancen muhalli tsakanin yankuna a cikin kwandunan Kongo - gami da wuraren zama kamar su rafukan kogi, rafuka masu zurfi, rafuka, fadama da tabkuna - ana raba shi sau da yawa ecoregions (maimakon ɗauke shi a matsayin guda ecoregion). Daga cikin wadannan ecoregions, ''the Lower Kongo'' ''Rapids'' shi kadai yana da fiye da nau'in kifi 300,<ref name="weis">{{cite web|last1=Weisberger|first1=Mindy|title=Dying Fish Revealed Congo Is World's Deepest River|url=https://www.livescience.com/congo-river-fish-with-bends.html|website=livescience.com|publisher=LiveScience|date=12 January 2020|access-date=14 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114030815/https://www.livescience.com/congo-river-fish-with-bends.html|archive-date=14 January 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> gami da kusan 80 endemics<ref name="RoughWaters" /> yayin da bangaren kudu maso yamma (Kasai Basin) shi kadai yake da fiye da nau'in kifi sama da 200, wanda kusan kashi daya cikin hudu suna da cutar.<ref name="Kasai">Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (2008). ''[http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=546 Kasai.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005204417/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=546|date=2011-10-05}}'' Accessed 2 May 2011.</ref> Iyalan manyan kifayen - aƙalla a sassan kogin - su ne Cyprinidae (irin su carp / cyprinids, kamar su Labeo simpsoni), Mormyridae (giwayen giwa), Alestidae (tetras na Afirka), Mochokidae (kifayen da ke dafa abinci), da Cichlidae (cichlids).<ref name="UpperLualaba">Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (2008). ''[http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=545 Upper Lualaba.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005204143/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=545|date=2011-10-05}}'' Accessed 2 May 2011.</ref> Daga cikin 'yan ƙasar da ke cikin kogin akwai babbar, tigerfish mai girman gaske mai cin nama. Uku daga cikin abubuwan da ba a saba da su ba sune masu farin jini (wadanda ba su da launi ba) da makaho ''Lamprologus lethops'', wanda aka yi imanin cewa yana rayuwa kamar zurfin mita 160 (520 ft) a kasa,<ref name="RoughWaters" /> ''Heterochromis multidens'', wanda ya fi kusanci da cichlids na Amurka fiye da sauran cichlids na Afirka,<ref>Kullander, S.O. (1998). ''A phylogeny and classification of the South American Cichlidae (Teleostei: Perciformes).'' pp. 461–498 in Malabarba, L., et al. (eds.), Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical Fishes, Porto Alegre.</ref> da ''Caecobarbus geertsii'', sanannen kifin kifi kawai a Afirka ta Tsakiya.<ref>{{cite book|authors=Proudlove, G.|title=Subterranean fishes of the world|year=2006|isbn=978-2-9527084-0-1}}</ref> Hakanan akwai kwaɗi da katantanwa masu ɗumbin yawa.<ref name="UpperLualaba" /><ref name="LowerCongoRapids">Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (2008). ''[http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=549 Lower Congo Rapids.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005204434/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=549|date=2011-10-05}}'' Accessed 2 May 2011.</ref> An shirya madatsun ruwa masu yawa da ke rafin kogin, kuma waɗannan na iya haifar da hallaka da yawa daga cikin cututtukan endemics.<ref name="RoughWaters" /> Yawancin nau'ikan kunkuru, da siririn-snouted, Nile da dwarf kada ne 'yan asalin yankin Kogin Kongo. Manateate na Afirka suna zaune a ƙananan sassan kogin.<ref>{{cite iucn|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22104/0|title=''Trichechus senegalensis''|author=Powell, J.|author2=Kouadio, A.|name-list-style=amp|year=2008|access-date=22 September 2014}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Bincike === [[File:Congo by Mercator 1623 (3769167).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Congo by Mercator 1623 (3769167).jpg|thumb|Taswirar ƙarni na 17 na mashigar ƙasar Congo]] [[File:Routes_of_European_explorers_in_Africa,_to_1853.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Routes_of_European_explorers_in_Africa,_to_1853.jpg|thumb|A cikin wannan taswirar 1853 na Afirka, sauran Yankin da ba a Binciko ba ya dace sosai da kwarin Congo]] Dukan tekun Kongo mutane ne na Bantu, waɗanda ke cikin kabilu ɗari-ɗari (duba ƙabilun Jamhuriyar Demokiradiyar Kongo). Fadada Bantu an kiyasta ya isa Kongo ta Tsakiya da kusan 500 BC, da Upper Kongo a ƙarni na farko AD. Ragowar mutanen asalin ƙasar da gudun hijirar Bantu ta raba da muhallansu, wadanni / Abatwa na mawakiyar Ubangian, sun kasance a cikin gandun daji masu nisa na Kogin Kongo. An kafa Masarautar Kongo ne kusan 1400 daga haɗuwa da masarautun Mpemba Kasi & Mbata da ke gefen hagu na ƙananan Kogin Congo. Ikon mallakarsa a bakin kogi ya kasance iyakance ga abin da ya dace da lardin Bas-Kongo na yau. Binciken Turai na Kongo ya fara ne a 1482, lokacin da mai binciken Fotigal Diogo Cão ya gano bakin kogin<ref name="EB1911">{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Congo|volume=6|page=917|first=Frank Richardson|last=Cana}}</ref> (wataƙila a watan Agusta 1482), wanda ya sanya alama ta Padrão, ko ginshiƙin dutse (har yanzu yana nan, amma kawai a gutsuttsura) da aka gina akan Shark Point. Cão kuma ya hau kan kogin don ɗan gajeren taƙawa, yana ƙulla hulɗa da Masarautar Kongo. Ba a san cikakken tafkin kogin ba a duk farkon zamaninmu.<ref>The [[Dieppe maps]] of the mid-16th century show the Congo only as a minor river while having the [[Nile]] run throughout the continent, rising in Southern Africa. The same interpretation is in essence still found in Jan Blaeu's ''[[:Fayil:Congo map 1690.jpg|Atlas Maior]]'' of 1660. Jacques Bellin's [[:Fayil:Congo map 1754.jpg|map of the Congo]] in ''Histoire Generale Des Voyages'' by [[Antoine François Prévost]] (1754) shows awareness of the river reaching further inland, to the provinces of ''Sundi'' and ''Pango'', but has no detailed knowledge of its course.</ref> Kogin Kongo na sama yana gudana yamma da Albertine Rift.<ref name="EB1911" /> Ba a san alakar ta da Kongo ba har 1877. Yankin arewa maso gabashin gabashin Kwango ya sami fadada Nilotic a wani lokaci tsakanin ƙarni na 15 da 18, ta wurin kakannin Kudancin Luo masu magana da mutanen Alur. Francisco de Lacerda da ke bin Zambezi ya isa ga mafi girman ɓangaren Kongo (Kazembe a cikin babban kwarin Luapula) a cikin 1796. Kogin Kongo na sama, wanda ake kira Lualaba ya fara cinikin bawan Larabawa ne a karni na 19. Nyangwe an kafa shi ne a matsayin sansanin 'yan baranda a wajajen 1860. David Livingstone shi ne Bature na farko da ya isa Nyangwe a cikin Maris 1871.<ref name="EB1911" /> Livingstone ya ba da shawarar ya tabbatar da cewa Lualaba ya hade da Kogin Nilu, amma a ranar 15 ga watan Yuli, ya ga kisan kiyashin da Larabawa suka yi wa 'yan Afirka kusan 400 a Nyangwe, abin da ya faru ya ba shi tsoro matuka kuma ya ruguza don ci gaba da aikinsa don nemo tushen Kogin. , don haka ya juya zuwa Tafkin Tanganyika.<ref name="Livingstone 1871">Livingstone, David (2012). ''Livingstone's 1871 Field Diary. A Multispectral Critical Edition.'' UCLA Digital Library: Los Angeles, CA. Available <http://livingstone.library.ucla.edu/1871diary/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905100511/http://livingstone.library.ucla.edu/1871diary/|date=2014-09-05}}></ref><ref name="Jeal 1973">See also Jeal, Tim (1973). ''Livingstone.'' New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Pp. 331–335.</ref> [[File:Advance_Column_of_the_Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition_1890.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Advance_Column_of_the_Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition_1890.jpg|thumb|Henry M Stanley tare da jami'ai na jaridar Advance Column, Cairo, 1890. Daga hagu: Dr. Thomas Heazle Parke, Robert H. Nelson, Henry M. Stanley, William G. Stairs, da Arthur J. M. Jephson]] Tsakanin tsakiyar Kongo ya kasance ba a bincika ba daga gabas ko yamma, har zuwa ziyarar Henry Morton Stanley na 1876-77. A lokacin daya daga cikin tambayoyin karshe na budewa na binciken Afirka (ko kuma hakika duniya) ko Kogin Lualaba ya ciyar da Kogin Nilu (ka'idar Livingstone), Kongo<ref>Jeal, 2007 pp. 188–219.</ref> ko ma Neja. An ba da kuɗi a cikin 1874, aikin binciken na farko zuwa Afirka zuwa Stanley ya fara ne a Zanzibar, kuma ya isa Lualaba a ranar 17 ga Oktoba, 1876. A kan hanya sai ya isa Nyangwe, cibiyar wani yanki mara doka da ke ɗauke da ƙabilu masu cin naman da Tiipu Tip ya kafa sana'arsa ta bayi. Stanley ya sami nasarar hayar da karfi daga Tippu Tip, don tsare shi na tsawon kilomita 150 na gaba (mil 90) ko makamancin haka, na kwanaki 90. Jam’iyyar ta bar Nyangwe ta hanyar wuce gona da iri ta dajin Matimba. A ranar 19 ga Nuwamba suka sake isa Lualaba. Tun da yake wucewa cikin dajin ya yi nauyi, Tippu Tip ya juya tare da ƙungiyarsa a ranar 28 ga Disamba, ya bar Stanley da kansa, tare da mutane 143, ciki har da yara 8 da mata 16. Suna da kwale-kwale 23. Farkon haduwarsa da wata kabila ta gari ita ce Wenya mai cin naman mutane. Gaba ɗaya Stanley zai ba da rahoton tarurruka marasa kyau 32 a kan kogin, wasu tashin hankali, kodayake ya yi ƙoƙari don tattaunawa kan hanyar lumana. Amma kabilun sun yi kaffa-kaffa saboda kwarewar da suke da ita daga waje ita ce ta 'yan kasuwar bayi. Ranar 6 ga Janairu, 1877, bayan kilomita 640 (mi 400), sun isa Boyoma Falls (wanda ake kira Stanley Falls na ɗan lokaci bayan haka), wanda ya ƙunshi ido bakwai da suka shafi kilomita 100 (60 mi) wanda dole ne su tsallaka kan tudu. Ya dauke su zuwa Fabrairu 7 don isa ƙarshen faduwar. Anan Stanley ya sami labarin cewa ana kiran kogin ''Ikuta Yacongo'',<ref>Jeal, 2007 p. 199; February 7, 1877,</ref> yana tabbatar masa da cewa ya isa Kongo kuma 'yan Lualaba ba su ciyar da Kogin Nilu. Daga wannan lokacin, kabilun sun kasance ba mutane ba ne, amma suna da bindigogi, a bayyane sakamakon tasirin Portuguese. Bayan 'yan makonni hudu da kilomita 1,900 (kilomita 1,200) daga baya ya isa Stanley Pool (yanzu Pool Malebo), wurin da biranen yau suke Kinshasa da Brazzaville. Karin zuwa can gaba shine Faɗuwar Livingstone, wanda aka laƙabawa da suna Livingstone bai taɓa kasancewa a Kwango ba: jerin faɗuwa 32 da saurin gudu tare da faɗuwar mita 270 (900 ft) sama da kilomita 350 (220 mi). A ranar 15 ga Maris suka fara gangarowar faduwar jirgin, wanda ya dauki tsawon watanni biyar kuma ya ci rayuka da dama. Daga Isangile Falls, biyar ya faɗo daga ƙafa, sun rairaye kwale-kwalen da Lady Alice kuma suka bar kogin, da nufin zuwa tashar Boma ta Portugal ta ƙasa. A ranar 3 ga watan Agusta sun isa ƙauyen Nsada. Daga nan ne Stanley ya aika mutane huɗu da wasiƙu zuwa Boma, yana neman abinci don mutanensa da ke cikin yunwa. A ranar 7 ga watan Agusta taimako ya zo, wakilan sun aiko shi daga kamfanin ciniki na Liverpool Hatton & Cookson. A ranar 9 ga watan Agusta sun isa Boma, kwana 1,001 tun barinsu daga Zanzibar a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 1874. Daga nan jam’iyyar ta kunshi mutane 108, ciki har da yara uku da aka haifa a lokacin tafiyar. Wataƙila (wallafe-wallafen Stanley suna ba da adadi marasa daidaituwa), ya rasa mutane 132 ta hanyar cuta, yunwa, nutsar da ruwa, kisa da ƙauracewa.<ref>Jeal, 2007 p. 217. {{cite book|title=Through the Dark Continent|last=Stanley|first=Henry M.|year=1988|pages=432 pages|publisher=Dover Publications|isbn=978-0-486-25667-2}}</ref> Kinshasa an kafa shi azaman tashar kasuwanci ta Stanley a cikin 1881 kuma aka sanya masa suna Léopoldville don girmama Leopold II na Belgium. Leopold II ya yi ikirarin cewa an ba da kwandon Kongo ne a matsayin ƙasar Kongo mai 'Yanci a cikin 1885. [[File:Monument_aux_pionniers_belges_au_Congo_001.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Monument_aux_pionniers_belges_au_Congo_001.jpg|thumb|Bayanin Kogin Congo ta hanyar Thomas Vinçotte.<ref>Brussels, Monument to Congo pionniers, 50th Jubileum Park.</ref>]] Kogin Kongo sananne ne saboda rashin gadoji da ke ratsa manyan koguna, kodayake akwai jiragen ruwa da yawa da za a iya ratsa kogin Congo da kuma manyan bakin ruwa. Babban dalilin shine fadin Kogin Kongo da kuma manyan koguna, kuma na biyu shine rashin kudi domin kafa mashigar kogi na dindindin. === Gadaji akan Kongo dacewa da Lualaba === Akwai gadoji biyu kacal a kan kogin Kongo da suka dace da kuma manyan kwarraru, wadanda ake samun su a cikin DR Kongo: * Gadar Matadi, kilomita 148 daga bakin kogin, a tashar jirgin ruwa ta Matadi a lardin Kongo ta Tsakiya. * Gadar Kongolo a kan Kogin Lualaba, kimanin kilomita 3,900 tare da harajin daga bakin kogin, kusa da garin Kongolo, a lardin gabashin Katanga. === Gadaji a kan rafin Uele da Kibali === Akwai gada daya a kan Kogin Uele, da kuma biyu a kan Kogin Kibali, wanda duka suke a arewacin lardin Haut-Uele na DR Kongo: * Gadar Niangara a kan Uele, kimanin kilomita 2,000 tare da harajin daga bakin kogin, kusa da garin Niangara. * Gadar Dungu a kan Kibali, kimanin kilomita 2,050 tare da harajin daga bakin kogin, kusa da garin Dungu, a haɗuwar Kogin Dungu da Kibali, inda aka kafa kogin Uele. * Gadar Kalimva akan Kibali, kusan kilomita 2,250 tare da harajin daga bakin kogi, kusa da garin Kalimva. === Gadaji a kan kogin Lulua === Akwai aƙalla gadoji huɗu a kan Kogin Lulua a lardin Kasai na DR Kongo * Tsakanin garuruwan Luebo da Tshimpumpu. * Kusa da garin Kananga. * A garin Sanduwa. * Yammacin garin Diongo (kuma wurin gadar Railway ne akan hanyar Railway ta Benguela). === Gadaji a kan kogin Kongo === Akwai aƙalla gada ɗaya a kan kogin Kongo a lardin Kongo na DR Kongo: * A garin Cité Pont-Kongo. == Jirgin ruwa a cikin Kogin Kongo == === Jirgin ruwa a kan Kongo daidai === '''Iyakar Angola - DR Kongo:''' * Babu '''Kananan Kongo''' (Matadi - Pioka): * Mafuambo - Kinganga, kusan kilomita 200 daga bakin. * Kusa da Luozi, kusan kilomita 250 daga bakin. '''iyakar DR Congo - Jamhuriyar Kongo:''' * Kinshasa - Brazzaville, jirgin da ke tsakanin tagwayen manyan biranen - tashar jirgin ruwan kasa da kasa mafi hada-hada tsakanin Afirka. '''Babban Kongo''' (Irebu - Ubundu): * Kusa da Isangi, kusan kilomita 1250 daga bakin. * A Kisangani, kusan kilomita 1500 daga bakin. * A Ubundu, kusan kilomita 1700 daga bakin === Jirgin ruwa akan Kogin Kasai da raƙuman ruwa: === * A Bendela a Kogin Kasai. * A Bandundu a Kogin Kwilu. * Kudancin Bandundu akan Kogin Kwilu. * A Loange akan Kogin Loange === Jirgin ruwa a kogin Ubangi === * '''Iyakar DR Kongo - Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya:''' Zongo - Bangui === Jirgin ruwa a kan kogin Mbomou === * '''Iyakar DR Kongo - Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya:''' Ndu – Bangassou === Jirgin ruwa a kan kogin Lulua === * Kusa da garin Tshinkenke, a lardin Kasai na DR Kongo. * Kusa da garin Mpungu, a lardin Kasai na DR Kongo. === Jirgin ruwa a kan kogin Uele === * Tsallakar kogin Uele a Bondo. * Tsallaka kogin Uele a Malengoya. * Tsallaka kogin Uele a Bambili. A kan ƙananan raƙuman ruwa na Kongo akwai ƙetara mashigai da yawa. == Manazarta == <references /> == Majiya == * Forbath, Peter. ''The River Congo: The Discovery, Exploration and Exploitation of the World's Most Dramatic River''. New York: E. P. Dutton, 1979. == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * The Royal Geography Society's Hidden Journeys project:↵ ** The River Congo Basin ** Audio slideshow: The River Congo: Following in Explorer Sir Henry Morton Stanley's Footsteps – Tim Butcher recounts his trip through the Congo on the route of 19th-century explorer Sir Henry Morgan Stanley. * Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law Peace Palace Library * Map of the Congo River basin at Water Resources eAtlas * The Congo Project, ''American Museum of Natural History'' gzwtgzv5xwmvx3k89j6x0pq36u5l5vo 0 22141 874297 871684 2026-07-02T11:23:07Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 874297 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Gyara mukala}} {{databox}} [[File:Coca-Cola_car_Curitiba.jpg |thumb| Wata motar kamfanin a Brazil]] [[File:Mh_RHB_gt12_ganzreklame_cocacola.jpg |thumb| Tambarin kamfanin da akayi ado da shi a jikin wani jirgin Kasa]] [[File:Coca-Cola Life Logo.png|thumb]] [[File:Coca Cola Life Cans.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Coca-Cola peach 280ml bottle-front PNr°0880.jpg|thumb|hoton coca cola]] [[Fayil:Coca Cola Zero 1L Sense Sucre Cara B.jpg|thumb|Coca-cola]] Kamfanin '''Coca-Cola''' wani kamfanin kayan ruwa na shaye-shaye ne na ƙasashe daban daban na Amurka wanda aka kafa a ƙarƙashin Dokar Janar,ta Kamfanin Coca cola kuma tana da hedkwata a [[Atlanta]], Georgia.<ref>Elmore, 2013, p. 717</ref> Kamfanin Coca-Cola yana da bukatu a cikin masana'antu, sayarwa, da tallan abubuwan sha da giya,da ruwan sha. Kamfanin ya samar da Coca-Cola, wanda aka kirkira a cikin shekara ta 1886 daga masanin magunguna John Stith Pemberton.<ref>"Coca-Cola". ''Fortune''. Retrieved June 9, 2024</ref> A cikin shekara ta 1889, an siyar da dabara da alama $ 2,300 (kimanin dala 67,000 a yau) ga Asa Griggs Candler, Fortune 500 Companies 2018: Who Made the List". ya kafa Kamfanin Coca-Cola a Atlanta a shekara ta 1892.<ref>Best Global Brands - The 100 Most Valuable Global Brands". ''Interbrand''. Retrieved June 9, 2024.</ref> Kamfanin ya kuma yi amfani da tsarin rarraba kamfani tun shekara ta 1889. Kamfanin yafi samar da ruwan sanyi, wanda daga nan ake sayar dashi ga wasu kwalban kwalba a duk faɗin duniya wadanda ke rike da yankuna na musamman.<ref>Eschner, Kat (March 29, 2017). "Coca-Cola's Creator Said the Drink Would Make You Smarter". ''Smithsonian Magazine''. Archived from the original on August 14, 2019. Retrieved October 7, 2019. <q>So Pemberton concocted a recipe using coca leaves, kola nuts and sugar syrup. "His new product debuted in 1886: 'Coca-Cola: The temperance drink,'" writes Hamblin.</q></ref> Kamfanin yana da man gorar kwalba a Arewacin Amurka, Coca-Cola Refreshments. An kuma lissafa hajojin kamfanin a kan NYSE kuma wani bangare ne na DJIA da alamun S&P 500 da S&P 100.<ref>Greenwood, Veronique (September 23, 2016). "The little-known nut that gave Coca-Cola its name". ''BBC''. Archived from the original on August 8, 2020. Retrieved January 21, 2023.</ref>Kamfanin Coca-Cola shine kamfanin samar da shara na roba a duniya.<ref>Ivana Kottasova (February 18, 2014). "Does formula mystery help keep Coke afloat?". ''CNN''. Archived from the original on March 21, 2022. Retrieved March 21, 2022.</ref> edit == Mazarta==Fortune 500 Companies 2018: Who Made the List". == == Tarihi == A watan Yulin shekarata alif 1886, masanin harhada magunguna John Stith Pemberton daga Columbus, <ref>Richard Gardiner, "The Civil War Origin of Coca-Cola in Columbus, Georgia," ''Muscogiana: Journal of the Muscogee Genealogical Society'' (Spring 2012), Vol. 23: 21–24.</ref>Georgia ya kirkiri ainihin abin shan Coca-Cola, wanda aka tallata a matsayin taimako ga saukin ciwon kai,<ref>"Coca-Cola Inventor was Local Pharmacist". ''Columbus Ledger''. Archived from the original on May 11, 2011. Retrieved March 13, 2011.</ref> <ref>"Columbus helped make Coke's success". ''Columbus Ledger-Enquirer''. March 27, 2011. Archived from the original on November 10, 2012. Retrieved August 12, 2012.</ref><ref>Patent Office, United States (1886). ''Annual Report of the Patent Office, 1885''. Archived from the original on April 23, 2023. Retrieved April 26, 2014.</ref><ref>"pemberton_1.jpg". Archived from the original on September 8, 2013. Retrieved April 26, 2014 – via columbusstate.edu.</ref>don sanya shi da farko sayarwa a shagunan sayar da magani a matsayin abin sha na magani, Pemberton ya ci gaba da haɗuwa da gwaje-gwaje kuma ya isa Burinsa a cikin watan Mayu, sabon samfurin wanda har yanzu ba a ambata sunansa ba ko abin sha mai kanshi,<ref>Pendergrast, Mark (2000). ''For God, Country and Coca-Cola''. Basic Books. p. 25. ISBN <bdi>978-0-465-05468-8</bdi>.</ref> an shirya shi don kasuwa kuma an samar dashi don sayarwa. An yaba wa marubucin littafin Pemberton, Frank M. Robinson da sanya sunan samfurin da kuma ƙirƙirar tambarinsa. <ref>Blanding, Michael (2010). ''The Coke machine : the dirty truth behind the world's favorite soft drink''. New York: Avery. pp. 14. ISBN <bdi>9781583334065</bdi>. OCLC 535490831.</ref>Robinson ya zabi sunan Coca-Cola ne saboda manyan abubuwan hada shi guda biyu (ganyen coca da goro kola) kuma saboda yana kama da hadin baki. John Pemberton ya huta kuma ya bar Robinson don yinwa da hadaka, tare da sayar da Coca-Cola shi kadai. Ya inganta abin sha tare da iyakantaccen kasafin kuɗin da yake dashi, kuma yayi nasara.<ref>"Spanish town claims origins of Coca-Cola". ''USA Today''. Archived from the original on March 2, 2020. Retrieved June 8, 2020.</ref><ref>Montón, Lorena (September 18, 2024). "El origen español de la Coca-Cola es real". ''RTVE'' (in Spanish). Retrieved September 21, 2024.</ref> [[Fayil:222mL Can of Coca-Cola Y3000.jpg|thumb|Coca-cola]] A cikin shekara ta alif dubu daya da Dari takwas da tamanin da Tara (1889),<ref>Hayes, Jack. "Coca-Cola Television Advertisements: Dr. John S. Pemberton". ''Nation's Restaurant News''. Archived from the original on January 6, 2007. Retrieved January 21, 2007.</ref> wani Ba'amurke dan kasuwa Asa Griggs Candler ya kuma kammala siyan samfurin Coca-Cola da alama daga magadan Pemberton.<ref>Eschner, Kat (March 29, 2017). "Coca-Cola's Creator Said the Drink Would Make You Smarter". ''Smithsonian Magazine''. Archived from the original on August 14, 2019. Retrieved October 7, 2019. <q>So Pemberton concocted a recipe using coca leaves, kola nuts and sugar syrup. "His new product debuted in 1886: 'Coca-Cola: The temperance drink,'" writes Hamblin.</q></ref> Zuwa shekara ta alif dubu daya da Dari takwas casa'in da biyar (1895), ana sayar da Coca-Cola a kowace jiha a cikin gungiyar. A cikin shekara ta 1919, an siyar da kamfanin ga Ernest Woodruff's Trust Company of Georgia.<ref>Eschner, Kat (March 29, 2017). "Coca-Cola's Creator Said the Drink Would Make You Smarter". ''Smithsonian Magazine''. Archived from the original on August 14, 2019. Retrieved October 7, 2019. <q>So Pemberton concocted a recipe using coca leaves, kola nuts and sugar syrup. "His new product debuted in 1886: 'Coca-Cola: The temperance drink,'" writes Hamblin.</q></ref> Tallan farko na Coca-Cola ya karanta <ref>Harford, Tim (May 11, 2007). "The Mystery of the 5-Cent Coca-Cola: Why it's so hard for companies to raise prices". ''Slate''. Archived from the original on May 14, 2007. Retrieved May 12, 2007.</ref>"Coca Cola. Mai dadi! Mai wartsakewa! Hiarfafawa! Varfafawa!" Candler na daya daga cikin businessan kasuwar da suka fara amfani da fataucin mutane a cikin<ref>Themes for Coca-Cola Advertising (1886–1999)". Archived from the original on March 3, 2007. Retrieved February 11, 2007.</ref>dabarun tallata shi. kimanin kashi 60% na kasuwar sa.<ref>Pendergrast, Mark (2000). ''For God, Country and Coca-Cola''. Basic Books. p. 32. ISBN <bdi>978-0-465-05468-8</bdi>.</ref>Zuwa shekara ta alif dubu daya da Dari Tara da tamanin da hudu(1984), Kamfanin Kamfanin Coca-Cola ya ragu zuwa 21.8% saboda sabbin masu fafatawa, watau Pepsi<ref>Pendergrast, Mark (2000). ''For God, Country and Coca-Cola''. Basic Books. p. 42. ISBN <bdi>978-0-465-05468-8</bdi>.</ref> === Samu === Coca-Cola ta sami Minute Maid a shekara ta 1960 akan adadin da ba a bayyana ba. A cikin shekarata dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da tamanin da biyu (1982), <ref>Pendergrast, Mark (2000). ''For God, Country and Coca-Cola''. Basic Books. pp. 44–45. ISBN <bdi>978-0-465-05468-8</bdi>.</ref>ta sami gidan kallon fina-finai na Columbia Hotuna kan dala miliyan 692. An sayar da Columbia ga Sony kan dala biliyan 3 a shekara ta 1989.<ref>Candler, Charles Howard (1950). ''Asa Griggs Candler''. Georgia: Emory University. p. 81.</ref> Kamfanin ya kuma sayi kamfanin Cola na Indiya mai suna Thums Up a cikin shekara ta (1993, )da Barq a shekara ta 1995.<ref>Pendergrast, Mark (2000). ''For God, Country and Coca-Cola''. Basic Books. pp. 45–47. ISBN <bdi>978-0-465-05468-8</bdi>.</ref>A shekara ta 1999, Coca-Cola ta sayi kashi 50% na hannun jarin Inca Kola akan dala miliyan 200, daga baya ta mallaki kasuwancin kasashen ketare da kuma samar da ita. A shekara ta dubu biyu da daya (2001), ta sayi nau'ikan ruwan 'ya'yan itace, santsu, da sanduna na Odwalla na dala miliyan 181. Ya ba da sanarwar dakatar da Odwalla a cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da ashirin (2020). A cikin shekara ta 2007, ta samo Fuze Beverage daga wanda ya kafa Lance Collins da Castanea Partners na kimanin dala miliyan 250.<ref>Pendergrast, Mark (2000). ''For God, Country and Coca-Cola''. Basic Books. p. 46. ISBN <bdi>978-0-465-05468-8</bdi>.</ref> Ƙoƙarin da kamfanin ya yi a shekara ta( 2009 )na sayen kamfanin samar da ruwan 'yan kasar Sin Huiyuan Juice Group ya kare lokacin da China ta ki amincewa da tayin dala biliyan biyu da miliyan ɗari huɗu, a bisa dalilin kamfanin da ya haifar zai zama mallakinta ne kawai. Hakanan an yi tunanin kishin kasa a matsayin dalili na soke yarjejeniyar.<ref>Pendergrast, Mark (2000). ''For God, Country and Coca-Cola''. Basic Books. p. 49. ISBN <bdi>978-0-465-05468-8</bdi>.</ref> A shekara ta (2011), ta sami ragowar hannun jarin a cikin Shayi na Gaskiya, bayan da ta sayi kashi arbain (40%) a shekara ta 2008 akan dala miliyan 43. <ref>Pendergrast, Mark (2000). ''For God, Country and Coca-Cola''. Basic Books. pp. 48–49. ISBN <bdi>978-0-465-05468-8</bdi>.</ref>A shekara ta 2013, ta kammala sayen ZICO, kamfanin ruwan kwakwa. A watan Agustan shekara ta 2014, ta sami kashi 16.7% <ref>"This Day in Georgia History – Coca-Cola Sale Completed – GeorgiaInfo". ''usg.edu''. Archived from the original on November 15, 2016. Retrieved June 8, 2020.</ref><ref>Robert W. Woodruff (1889–1985)". ''New Georgia Encyclopedia''. Archived from the original on March 30, 2019. Retrieved June 8, 2020.</ref>(a halin yanzu kashi 19.36% saboda hannun jarin sayen jari) hannun jarin Monster Beverage na dala biliyan $ 2.15 tare da zaki don hadaka shi zuwa 25%, a matsayin wani bangare na hadin gwiwar dabarun dogon lokaci wanda ya hada da kasuwanci da rarrabawa kawance, da kuma sauya layin samfur. A shekarar 2015, kamfanin ya dauki karamin hannun jari a kamfanin kera ruwan sanyi, Suja Life LLC.<ref>Wood, Benjamin; Ruskin, Gary; Sacks, Gary (January 2020). "How Coca-Cola Shaped the International Congress on Physical Activity and Public Health: An Analysis of Email Exchanges between 2012 and 2014". ''International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health''. '''17''' (23): 8996. doi:10.3390/ijerph17238996. ISSN 1660-4601. PMC 7730322. <nowiki>PMID 33287097</nowiki>.</ref> A watan Disambar 2016, ta sayi yawancin ayyukan SABMiller na Coca-Cola. Kamfanin Coca-Cola yana da hannun jari na kashi 68.3% a cikin Kamfanin kwalba na Coca-Cola na Afirka. Hedkwatar Coca-Cola ta kwalba ta Afirka da ke [[Port Elizabeth]] Afirka ta Kudu. Kamfanin Coca-Cola ya sami kashi 40% na hannun jari a Chi Ltd a ranar 30 ga Janairun shekara ta (2016). Kamfanin Coca-Cola ya sami ragowar kashi 60% na kamfanin na Chi Ltd a ranar 30 ga watan Janairu, shekara ta 2019. A shekarar (2017), Kamfanin Coca-Cola ya sayi ruwan sha mai haske na kasar Mexico mai suna Topo Chico.<ref>World of Coke exhibit shares story of forgotten 'Sprite Boy'". Archived from the original on April 2, 2023. Retrieved April 2, 2023.</ref> A ranar 31 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta (2018), ta amince ta sayi Kofin Kofi daga Whitbread kan £ 3.9bn. Samun ya rufe a ranar 3 ga watan Janairu, shekara ta 2019. A watan Agusta na shekara ta (2018), Kamfanin Coca-Cola ya sayi Moxie kan wani adadin da ba a bayyana ba. A ranar 14 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta (2018), Kamfanin Coca-Cola ya sanar da sha'awar tsiraru game da Jikin Jiki. A ranar 19 ga Satumba, (2018,) Kamfanin Coca-Cola ya sami Organic & Raw Trading Co. Pty Ltd wanda ya kera MOJO Kombucha a Willunga, Ostiraliya. A ranar 5 ga watan Oktoba, shekara ta (2018), Kamfanin Coca-Cola ya sami kaso 22.5% a MADE Group daga masu kafa kamfanin guda uku: Luke Marget, Matt Dennis, da Brad Wilson. Kamfanin Coca-Cola ya mallaki kaso 30.8% a Coca-Cola Amatil Ltd; saboda haka, Kamfanin Coca-Cola ya mallaki karin hannun jari na 6.93% a cikin MADE Group ta hannun jarin mallakarsa a Coca-Cola Amatil Ltd.<ref>"Coca-Cola Enterprises : Our Story". Coca-Cola Enterprises. Archived from the original on April 17, 2015.</ref> == Haraji da Sayarwa == Dangane da rahoton shekara-shekara na Kamfanin Coca-Cola na shekarar 2005,<ref>Barbara Mikkelson and David P. Mikkelson, "The Claus That Refreshes," snopes.com, February 27, 2001. Retrieved June 10, 2005. Archived May 26, 2012, at archive.today</ref><ref>See George McKay 'Consumption, Coca-colonisation, cultural resistance – and Santa Claus' Archived April 10, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, in Sheila Whiteley, ed. (2008) ''Christmas, Ideology and Popular Culture''. Edinburgh University Press, pp. 50–70.</ref>ya sayar da kayayyakin sha a fiye da kasashe 200 a wannan shekaran Rahoton na (2005) ya ci gaba da cewa daga cikin abubuwan sha fiye da biliyan 50 na kowane nau'in da ake ci a duk duniya, yau da kullun, abubuwan sha masu alamar kasuwanci mallakar ko lasisi ga asusun Coca-Cola na kusan dala biliyan 1.5. Daga cikin wadannan, abubuwan sha masu alamar kasuwanci "Coca-Cola" ko "Coke" sun kai kusan kashi 78% na jiyawan galan da aka<ref>The White Rock Collectors Association, "Did White Rock or The Coca-Cola Company create the modern Santa Claus Advertisement? Archived December 13, 2021, at the Wayback Machine," whiterocking.org, 2001 . Retrieved January 19, 2007</ref><ref>White Rock Beverages, "Coca-Cola's Santa Claus: Not The Real Thing!," BevNET.com, December 18, 2006 . Retrieved January 19, 2007. Archived January 17, 2007, at the Wayback Machine</ref> a sayar. A cikin shekara ta 2010, an ba da sanarwar cewa Coca-Cola ta zama alama ta farko da ta kai sama da fam biliyan 1 a siyar da kayan masarufi na Burtaniya na shekara-shekara.<ref>"Coke means Coca-Cola". Coca-Cola Conversations. June 16, 2008. Archived from the original on February 26, 2011. Retrieved March 13, 2011.</ref> A cikin (2017), tallace-tallace na Coca-Cola ya ragu da kashi 11% daga shekarar da ta gabata saboda dandanon dandano na canzawa daga abubuwan sha.<ref>McKelvey, Steve M. (2006). "Coca-Cola vs. PepsiCo — A 'Super' Battleground for the Cola Wars?". ''Sport MarHeting Quarterly''. '''15''': 114–123. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.392.5206</ref> == Hannun Jari == Tun daga shekarar 1919, Coca-Cola kamfani ne na kasuwanci da jama'a. An jera hannun jarinsa a Kasuwar Hannun Jari ta New York a karkashin alamar “KO”. Shareaya daga cikin hannun jarin da aka saya a 1919 akan $40, tare da duk ribar da aka sake samu, zai kai dala miliyan 9.8 a cikin 2012, an sami karuwar kashi 10.7% na shekara -shekara don hauhawar farashin kayayyaki. Wani bankin da ya gada na SunTrust ya karbi $ 100,000 don yin rubutacciyar sadaukarwar jama'a ta Coca-Cola ta 1919; bankin ya sayar da hannun jarin sama da dala biliyan biyu a (2012). A cikin 1987, Coca-Cola ya sake zama daya daga cikin hannun jari 30 wanda ya gunshi Matsayin Masana'antar Dow Jones, wanda galibi ana ambaton shi azaman wakili don aikin kasuwar hannun jari; a baya ta kasance hannun jari na Dow daga 1932 zuwa 1935. Coca-Cola ta biya rabon kudi tun daga 1920 kuma, kamar na 2019, yana hadaka ta kowace shekara tsawon shekaru 57 kai tsaye. == Ma'aikata da Masu Gudanarwa == Wadannan sunaye masu zuwa sune mahimman masu gudanarwa tun daga Yuli 2021 (ban da mukaman VP da shugabannin yanki) * James Quincey (Shugaban Hukumar kuma babban jami'in zartarwa) * Brian Smith (shugaban kasa da babban jami'in aiki) * Manuel Arroyo (babban jami'in talla) * Alfredo Rivera (Shugaban gungiya ta Arewacin Amirka) * Lisa Chang (babban jami'in jama'a) * Marcelo Boffi (shugaban, Kamfanin Bottling Investments Group) * Monica Howard Douglas (babban lauya) * Nancy Quan (babban jami'in fasaha) * Barry Simpson (babban jami'in watsa labarai) * Beatriz Perez (shugaban sadarwa, dorewa & hadin gwiwa dabarun) * John Murphy (babban jami'in kudi) * Giles Leclerc (Shugaban, The McDonald's Division) Wadannan sunaye masu zuwa duk daraktoci tunda daga watan Nuwamba 2016: * [[File:Muhtar Kent 2010.jpg|thumb]]Muhtar Kent * Herbert A. Allen Jr. * Ronald W. Allen * Marc Bolland * Ana Botin * Howard G. Buffett * Richard M. Daley * Barry Diller * Helene D. Gayle * Alexis M. Herman * Bobby Kotick * Mariya Elena Lagomasino * Sam Nuni * David B. Weinberg == Kayan Sha na Kwalba == Gabadaya, Kamfanin Coca-Cola da rassansa kawai suna samar da ruwan syrup, wanda daga nan ake sayar da shi ga kwalba daban-daban a duk duniya wadanda ke rike da ikon mallakar Coca-Cola na gida. Masu shaye-shayen Coca-Cola, wadanda ke rike da kwangilolin kebabbu na yanki tare da kamfanin, suna samar da samfuran da aka gama a cikin gwangwani da kwalabe daga mai da hankali, a hade tare da tsaftataccen ruwa da kayan zaki. Daga nan sai kwalaben su sayar, rarraba, da sayar da kayan Coca-Cola ga shagunan sayar da kayayyaki, injinan siyarwa, gidajen abinci, da masu rarraba sabis na abinci. A wajen Amurka, wadannan kwalaben kuma suna sarrafa kasuwancin kayan marmari. Tun daga shekarun 1980, kamfanin ya ba da himma sosai wajen karfafa dunkulewar kwalba, tare da kamfanin galibi yana da hannun jari na wadannan "kwalaben anga." === Wajen Arewacin Amurka === Manyan kayan kwalba na kamfanin da suke a wajen Arewacin Amurka sune: * Coca-Cola Europacific Partners PLC, based in the United Kingdom (western Europe) (Company owns 19.36%) * National Beverage Company Sal, basedin Beirut, Lebanon * International Beverages Pvt. Ltd., based in Bangladesh (Fully owned subsidiary of The Coca-Cola Company) * Coca-Cola Bottling Shqipëria, based in Albania * Coca-Cola Beverages Philippines, based in the Philippines (fully owned subsidiary of The Coca-Cola Company) * Coca-Cola FEMSA, based in Mexico (Mexico, Argentina, [[Brazil]], Colombia, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Panama, Uruguay and Venezuela) (Company owns 27.8%) * Arca Continental, also based in Mexico (parts of Mexico and Latin America and in US under Coca-Cola Southwest Beverages LLC in the state of Texas and parts of New Mexico, Oklahoma and Arkansas ) (independent) * Embotelladora Andina S.A, based in Chile (southern South America) (Company owns 14.7% of series A common stock outstanding & 14.7% of series B common stock outstanding) * Coca-Cola Beverages Africa, based in Port Elizabeth, South Africa (southern and eastern Africa) (company owns 68.3%) * Coca-Cola Beverages Korea, based in South Korea (independent; owned by LG Household & Health Care) * Coca-Cola HBC AG, originally based in Greece but now located in Switzerland (Greece, Ireland, Eastern Europe, Russia, and Nigeria) (Company owns 23.2%) * Coca-Cola Icecek Based in Turkey (Turkey, South West Asia, Arabia) (Company owns 20.1%) * Swire, based in Hong Kong (China, Taiwan, Hong Kong) (independent) * Kirin Company, based in Japan (independent) * Coca-Cola Bottlers Japan (through a holding company, Company owns 16.3%) * PT Coca-Cola Bottling Indonesia (Company owns 29.4%) (Coca-Cola Amatil ltd owns 70.6%) * Coca-Cola Bottlers Uzbekistan (Company owns 42.9%) === Acikin Kasar Amurka === A cikin Amurka, kamfanin yana tsallake kwalba ta hanyar kera da siyar da ruwan sihirin kai tsaye ga dillalan kayan marmari da aka ba da izini da wasu dillalan kayan marmari. Tun daga shekarar 2014, bayan siyan kadarorin Arewacin Amurka na Coca-Cola Enterprises, kamfanin kai tsaye ya mallaki 100% na Coca-Cola Refreshments, jigon kwalba na samfuran Coca-Cola a Arewacin Amurka, wanda ke wakiltar kusan 90% na Canada da 80% na kasar Amirka. Sauran manyan masu kayan kwalba a Amurka sune: * Coca-Cola Consolidated, based in Charlotte, North Carolina (company owns 34.8%) * Coca-Cola Beverages Northeast based in Bedford, New Hampshire, and owned by Kirin Company * Coca-Cola Bottling Company United, based in Birmingham, Alabama (independent) * Swire Coca-Cola USA, based in Salt Lake City, Utah and owned by Swire Group A watan Satumba na 2015, kamfanin ya ba da sanarwar sayar da tsirrai da yankuna da dama ga Swire, Consolidated, da United, da ƙirƙirar Coca-Cola National Supply System wanda ke sarrafa 95% na yankin a Amurka. == Dangantakar abokin ciniki da sa hannun jama'a == Bayan Martin Luther King, Jr. ya lashe lambar yabo ta Nobel ta zaman l(afiya ta 1964, shirye-shiryen bukin cin abinci na kabilanci a cikin Atlanta da har yanzu ba a raba shi ba da farko mashahuran 'yan kasuwa na birnin sun tallafa sosai har Coca-Cola ta shiga tsakani. J. Paul Austin, shugaban kuma Shugaba na Coca-Cola, da Magajin gari Ivan Allen ya kira manyan shugabannin kasuwancin Atlanta zuwa ɗakin cin abinci na bene na goma sha takwas, inda Austin ya gaya musu dalla-dalla, 'Abin kunya ne a sami Coca-Cola a garin da ya ki karrama wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel. Mu kasuwanci ne na duniya. Kamfanin Coca-Cola baya buƙatar Atlanta. Duk kuna buƙatar yanke shawara ko Atlanta tana buƙatar Kamfanin Coca-Cola. ' A cikin awanni biyu na ƙarshen wannan taron, an sayar da kowane tikitin cin abincin dare. -Andrew Young. A cikin shekara ta 2012 duka, Coca-Cola ya ba da gudummawar $1,700,500 zuwa wani kamfen na siyasa na dala miliyan 46 da aka sani da "The Coalition Against The Costed Food Labeling Producation, wanda Manoma da Masu Samar da Abinci suka dauki nauyinsa". An kafa wannan ƙungiya don adawa da yunƙurin ɗan ƙasa, wanda aka sani da Shawara ta 37, yana buƙatar laƙabin laƙabin abinci mai ɗauke da abubuwan da aka gyara na asali. A cikin shekarar 2012, an jera Coca-Cola a matsayin abokin kamfen na (RED), tare da wasu samfura kamar Nike, Girl, American Express, da Converse. Manufar kamfen ɗin ita ce hana watsa kwayar cutar kanjamau daga uwa zuwa yaro kafin shekarar 2015 (jigon kamfen ɗin shine "Yaƙi don Samar da Cutar Kanjamau"). == Samar da filastik da sharar gida == Kamfanin Coca-Cola shine babban mai samar da dattin filastik a duniya, tsawon shekaru biyu a jere yana samar da fiye da tan miliyan 3 na kunshin filastik a kowace shekara gami da kwalaben filastik biliyan 110. Babban jami’in kamfanin na duniya ya yarda cewa Coca-Cola ba ta da niyyar rage amfani da kwalaben roba; a zahiri, kamfanin ya yi "kokari cikin nutsuwa" don rage adadin dattin filastik da yake samarwa, wani bangare ta hanyar adawa da dokar lissafin kwalba. Shugaban dindindin Bea Perez ya ce za su ci gaba da amfani da filastik, suna masu cewa "abokan ciniki kamar su saboda sun real kuma suna da nauyi ”. == Masu suka == Tun farkon shekarun 2000, sukar da ake yi kan amfani da kayayyakin Coca-Cola gami da kamfanin da kanta, ya karu tare da damuwa kan illolin kiwon lafiya, lamuran muhalli, gwajin dabbobi, ayyukan kasuwanci na tattalin arziki da batutuwan ma'aikata. Kamfanin Coca-Cola ya fuskanci shari'o'i da yawa game da waɗannan sukar daban-daban. == Tallace-Tallace == [[File:Coca-Cola advertisement tents at Taipei Dragon Boat Festival 20170530b.jpg|thumb]] Tallace-tallace na Coca-Cola ya kasance "cikin mafi ƙima a cikin tarihin tallan tallace-tallace," tare da sananne kuma babban tasiri akan shahararrun al'adu da al'umma gaba ɗaya. Coca-Cola tana talla ta hanyar tallan kai tsaye, kafofin watsa labarai na yanar gizo, kafofin watsa labarun, saƙon rubutu, da tallan tallace-tallace. Kamfanin yana kuma yin tallace -tallace ta hanyar tallan wayar salula a cikin sakonnin rubutu, misali. kamfen na hoto ko bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo da sauri. Haɗin fan ya kai miliyan 86 a duk duniya a duk tashoshin kafofin watsa labarun: hulɗar kan layi, da abubuwan zamantakewa, al'adu, ko wasanni. A cikin wurin siyarwar, manyan motocin isar da kayan shaye -shaye kai tsaye (tallan wayar hannu) da wurin masu sanyaya siyarwa da injinan siyarwa suna da tambarin ja mai haske. Dangane da hidimar abinci, Coca-Cola shawara ce ta haɗa abinci wanda yanzu ya zama tushen abinci, alal misali, don popcorn, burgers, soyayyen, da karen kare mai zafi. == Samfura da Bugawa == Tun daga shekarar 2020, Kamfanin Coca-Cola yana ba da samfura sama da 500 a cikin ƙasashe sama da 200. A watan Satumba na 2020, kamfanin ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai yanke fiye da rabin samfuran sa, sakamakon tasirin tattalin arziƙin da cutar ta COVID-19 ta haifar. === Kadarorin da ba abinci ba === ==== Hotunan Columbia ==== Coca-Cola ya sayi Hotunan Columbia a cikin 1982, saboda ƙarancin darajar ɗakin ɗakin studio. Kamfanin fina-finai shi ne studio na farko kuma kaɗai da Coca-Cola ta mallaka. A lokacin mallakar ɗakin, Columbia ta saki shahararrun fina -finai da suka haɗa da Ghostbusters, Stripes, The Karate Kid, da wasu wasu. Koyaya, shekaru biyu bayan gazawa da gazawar kasuwanci na fim ɗin Ishtar na 1987, Columbia ta ɓace sannan aka sayar da ita ga Sony a Tokyo a 1989. ==== Duniyar Coca-Cola ==== Coca-Cola tana aiki da abin sha mai taushi mai jan hankali na yawon shakatawa a Atlanta, Jojiya; Duniyar Coca-Cola baje kolin abubuwa da yawa. Yana nuna samfuran dandano da gidan kayan tarihi, tare da wurare a Las Vegas, Nevada, da Lake Buena Vista, Florida. === Alamu === ==== Sauran abubuwan sha ==== Kamfanin Coca-Cola ya kuma samar da wasu sauran abubuwan sha masu taushi ciki har da Fanta (wanda aka gabatar da shi kusan 1941) da Sprite. Asalin Fanta ya samo asali ne tun lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu a lokacin takunkumin kasuwanci kan Jamus akan ruwan sila, wanda hakan yasa ba zai yiwu a sayar da Coca-Cola a Jamus ba. Max Keith, shugaban ofishin Jamus na Coca-Cola a lokacin yaƙin, ya yanke shawarar ƙirƙirar sabon samfuri don kasuwar Jamus, wanda aka yi kawai daga samfuran da ke cikin Jamus a lokacin, wanda suka sanya wa suna Fanta. Abin sha ya zama abin bugawa, kuma lokacin da Coke ya sake komawa bayan yaƙin, ya karɓi alamar Fanta. Fanta asalinsa abin sha ne mai ɗanɗano mai ruwan lemu wanda zai iya zuwa cikin kwalaben filastik ko gwangwani. Ya kasance yana samuwa a cikin dandano daban -daban yanzu kamar innabi, peach, innabi, apple, abarba, da strawberry. A cikin 1961, Coca-Cola ya gabatar da Sprite, abin sha mai laushi na lemun tsami, wani daga cikin masu siyar da kamfani da martanin sa zuwa 7 Up. Tab shine ƙoƙarin Coca-Cola na farko don haɓaka abin sha mai laushi, ta amfani da saccharin azaman madadin sukari. An gabatar da shi a 1963, an sayar da samfurin har zuwa faduwar 2020, kodayake tallace -tallace ya ragu tun lokacin gabatar da Diet Coke. Coca-Cola Afirka ta Kudu kuma ta saki Valpre Bottled "har yanzu" da "Mai kyalkyali" ruwa. A cikin 1969, kamfanin ya fitar da Simba, wanda shine abin shan Mountain Dew, kuma yana da fakiti wanda ke da hamada na Afirka, cike da Zakin Afirka a matsayin alamar alama. Alamar taken ita ce "Simba - Tana Kayar da Ƙishirwar Afirka." Hakanan a cikin 1969, kamfanin ya fitar da layin samfura a ƙarƙashin sunan Santiba, wanda aka yi niyya don haɗa hadaddiyar giyar da amfani da ƙungiya, samfuran da suka haɗa da ruwan Quinine da Ginger Ale. Kamar Simba da aka ambata a sama, layin Santiba na samfuran bai daɗe ba a kasuwa. ==== Abokin-Kari ==== Ba a ƙera shi ba, Coca-Cola BreakMate ya kasance mai ɗanɗano ɗanɗano uku da Coca-Cola da Siemens suka gabatar a 1988. An yi niyyar amfani da shi a ofisoshi tare da mutane biyar zuwa hamsin, sashinsa mai sanyi ya riƙe kwantena filastik guda uku guda ɗaya. na soda syrup da tankin CO2. Kamar maɓuɓɓugar soda, ya gauraye syrup a cikin rabo 1: 5 tare da ruwan carbonated. A Arewacin Amurka, Coca-Cola ta dakatar da sassan BreakMate a 2007 kuma ta daina rarraba syrup a 2010. ==== Abin sha mai kara lafiya ==== A cikin shekarun 1990s, kamfanin ya mayar da martani ga karuwar masu amfani da shaye-shaye masu lafiya ta hanyar gabatar da sabbin samfuran abubuwan sha marasa carbonated. Waɗannan sun haɗa da Minute Maid Juices to Go, Powerade sports sports, Nestea shayi mai ɗanɗano (a cikin haɗin gwiwa tare da Nestlé), Fruitopia abin sha, da ruwan Dasani, da sauransu. A cikin 2001, ƙungiyar Minute Maid ta ƙaddamar da Simply Orange iri na juices ciki har da ruwan lemu. A cikin 2016, Coca-Cola Indiya ta gabatar da Vio don shiga cikin rukunin madara mai ƙima. Samfurin yana kafa harsashin sabon sashin Coca-Cola bayan abubuwan sha, ruwa da juices. A cikin 2004, wataƙila don mayar da martani ga ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan abinci mai ƙarancin carbohydrate kamar abincin Atkins, Coca-Cola ta ba da sanarwar niyyarta ta haɓaka da siyar da madaidaicin carbohydrate zuwa Coke Classic, wanda aka yiwa lakabi da C2 Cola. C2 ya ƙunshi cakuda babban fructose masara syrup, aspartame, sucralose, da potassium Acesulfame. An tsara C2 don yin kwaikwayon ɗanɗano na Coca-Cola Classic. Ko da tare da ƙasa da rabin kuzarin abinci da carbohydrates na madaidaicin abin sha mai laushi, C2 ba shine maye gurbin abin sha mai kalori mai ƙima kamar Diet Coke. C2 ya ci gaba da siyarwa a Amurka a ranar 11 ga Yuni, 2004, kuma a Kanada a watan Agusta 2004; an maye gurbinsa a 2013 ta Coca-Cola Life. Farawa daga 2009, Kamfanin Coca-Cola ya saka hannun jari a Innocent Drinks, da farko tare da ƙaramin gungumen azaba, yana ƙaruwa zuwa 90% a farkon kwata na 2013. A cikin Mayu 2014 lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da Finley, abin sha mai daɗin ɗanɗano mai 'ya'yan itace, a Faransa. An ƙaddamar da shi a wasu ƙasashe daga baya, ciki har da Belgium da Luxembourg a cikin Satumba 2014. Coca-Cola ya fara haɓaka abin sha a Belgium a 2001. Tun daga 2014, abin sha an yi niyya ne ga manya, kuma yana da ƙarancin sukari tare da dandano huɗu. ==== Siyarwan da yafi kyau ==== [[File:Coca-Cola-truck-Peterbilt.jpg|thumb]] Coca-Cola shine abin sha mafi siyarwa a cikin yawancin ƙasashe, kuma an gane shi a matsayin lamba ta ɗaya a duniya a 2010. Yayin da Gabas ta Tsakiya ke ɗaya daga cikin yankuna kaɗan na duniya inda Coca-Cola ba shine abin sha na farko ba, Coca-Cola tana riƙe kusan kashi 25% na kasuwar (zuwa kashi 75% na Pepsi) kuma tana da ci gaba mai lamba biyu a 2003. Hakazalika, a Scotland, inda Irn-Bru da ake samarwa a cikin gida ya kasance mafi shahara, alkaluman 2005 sun nuna cewa duka Coca-Cola da Diet Coke sun fi Irn-Bru girma. A Peru, Inca Kola na asali ya shahara fiye da Coca-Cola, wanda hakan ya sa Coca-Cola ta shiga tattaunawa da kamfanin abin sha mai laushi kuma ta sayi kashi 50% na hannun jarin ta. A Japan, mafi kyawun sayar da abin sha mai taushi ba cola bane, kamar yadda (gwangwani) shayi da kofi suka fi shahara. Don haka, mafi kyawun alamar Kamfanin Coca-Cola babu Coca-Cola, amma Georgia. A watan Mayun 2016, Kamfanin Coca-Cola ya dakatar da samar da abin sa hannu a Venezuela saboda karancin sukari. Tun daga wannan lokacin, Kamfanin Coca-Cola yana amfani da "ƙaramin ƙera albarkatun ƙasa" don yin sa hannunsu a shaye-shaye guda biyu a Venezuela. ==== Bayani ==== A ranar 6 ga Yuli, 2006, an kama wani ma'aikacin Coca-Cola da wasu mutane biyu da tuhuma kan kokarin sayar da bayanan sirrin kasuwanci ga mai yin gasa abin sha mai laushi PepsiCo kan dala miliyan 1.5. Girke-girke na Coca-Cola, wataƙila sirrin da kamfanin ya fi kula da shi, bai taɓa yin haɗari ba; a maimakon haka, bayanin yana da alaƙa da sabon abin sha a cikin ci gaba. Shugabannin Coca-Cola sun tabbatar da cewa takardun sirrin cinikayyar da ake magana da su gaskiya ne kuma mallakar kamfanin ne. Takardun kotun sun ce an bayar da akalla gilashin gilashi guda daya dauke da samfurin sabon abin sha. Kamfanin PepsiCo ne ya tona asirin wannan makirci, wanda ya sanar da hukumomi lokacin da maharan suka tunkare shi. ==== Green tea ==== Kamfanin ya ba da sanarwar sabon "kalori mara kyau" abin sha na koren shayi, Enviga, a cikin 2006, tare da ƙoƙarin dabarun sayar da kofi Far Coast da Chaqwa. ==== Glaceau ==== A ranar 25 ga Mayu, 2007, Coca-Cola ta ba da sanarwar cewa za ta sayi Glaceau, mai kera abubuwan sha masu haɓaka bitamin (ruwan bitamin), ruwan daɗaɗɗa, da abubuwan ƙona makamashi, akan dala biliyan 4.1 a tsabar kuɗi. ==== Huiyuan Juice ==== A ranar 3 ga Satumba, 2008, Coca-Cola ta sanar da aniyarta ta yin tayin kuɗi don siyan China Huiyuan Juice Group Limited (wanda ke da kashi 42% na kasuwar ruwan 'ya'yan itace mai tsami) na $ 2.4bn (HK $ 12.20 a kowane rabon). Ma'aikatar cinikayya ta kasar Sin ta toshe yarjejeniyar a ranar 18 ga Maris, 2009, tana mai cewa yarjejeniyar za ta cutar da kananan kamfanonin ruwan 'ya'yan itace na cikin gida, da za ta iya kara farashin kasuwar ruwan' ya'yan itace, da takaita zabin masu amfani. ==== Coke na Karamin Gwangwanin ==== A watan Oktoban 2009, Coca-Cola ya bayyana sabon ƙaramin kalori mai kalori 90 wanda ke ɗauke da oza na ruwa 7.5. Ana iya siyar da ƙaramin ƙarami a cikin fakiti 8. Duk da kashe kusan kashi 30 cikin ɗari na kowane oda, ƙaramin gwangwani ya sadu da adadi mai kyau na tallace -tallace. ==== Gwangwanin zuwa Hutu ==== A watan Nuwamba na 2011, Coca-Cola ya bayyana wani tsari na yanayi don gwangwani na Coke na yau da kullun a zaman wani haɗin gwiwa tare da Asusun Kula da namun daji na Duniya. Koyaya, an cire shi wata ɗaya kacal bayan sakin saboda korafin mabukaci game da irin wannan kallon na gwangwani na azurfa da aka saba amfani da su don Diet Coke. Akwai kuma korafi game da karkacewa daga jajaye na gargajiya kamar launi na gwangwani na Coca-Cola a baya. ==== Dama a cikin abin sha mai suna Monster ==== An ba da sanarwar a ranar 14 ga Agusta, 2014, cewa Coca-Cola Co tana biyan kuɗin dalar Amurka biliyan 2.15 don hannun jarin kashi 16.7 na kamfanin Monster Beverage Corp don faɗaɗa kasuwa don shaye-shayen makamashi. Mallakar Coke a cikin Full Throttle and Burn za a canza shi zuwa Monster. Maimakon haka, Monster zai canza ikon mallakar sa a cikin Hansen's Natural Sodas da Peace Iced Tea da Blue Sky Soda zuwa Kamfanin Coca-Cola. Muhtar Kent, tsohon babban jami'in gudanarwa na Coke, ya bayyana cewa kamfanin yana da zabin kara hannun jarinsa zuwa kashi 25 amma ba zai iya wuce wannan kaso a cikin shekaru hudu masu zuwa ba. Sakamakon raba hannun jarin da kwamitin daraktocin kamfanin Monster Beverage Corporation ya yi, hannun jarin Kamfanin Coca-Cola ya karu zuwa kashi 19.36% 102121602. ==== Abin sha mai Bugarwa ==== A cikin 2021, Coca-Cola Co ta yi amfani da alamar ruwan ma'adinai na Mexico mai suna Topo Chico don ƙaddamar da kewayon masu siyar da kayan maye masu ƙarfi a cikin Ingila da Amurka. == Daukan Nauyi == Kudin talla na Coca-Cola ya kai dala biliyan 3.256 a shekarar 2011. === Wasanni === Coca-Cola ta dauki nauyin gasar Kwallon Kafa ta Ingila daga farkon kakar 2004-05 (farkon Agusta 2004) zuwa farkon kakar 2010/11, lokacin da Kungiyar Kwallon kafa ta maye gurbin ta da NPower. Cola ya ɗauki nauyin sansanin ƙwallon ƙafa na Coca-Cola, wanda ya gudana a Pretoria, Afirka ta Kudu yayin gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2010, lokacin da ɗaruruwan matasa daga ko'ina cikin duniya suka sami damar haɗuwa tare da raba kaunar wasan, wani ɓangare saboda Mafi kyawun Sayi ƙoƙarin ta hanyar shirin su na @15. Sauran manyan tallafin sun haɗa da AFL, NHRA, NASCAR, PGA Tour, NCAA Championships, Wasannin Olympics, NRL, FIFA World Cup, Premier League da UEFA European Championships. Kamfanin ya yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Panini don samar da kundin kwali na kwatankwacin kwatankwacin gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2006, kuma sun yi haɗin gwiwa don kowane Kofin Duniya tun. Kowace faɗuwa, Coca-Cola shine mai tallafawa Gasar TOUR ta Coca-Cola da aka gudanar a Gabashin Golf Golf Club a Atlanta, Georgia. Gasar yawon shakatawa ita ce lokacin ƙare gasar PGA Tour. A cikin Filipinas, tana da ƙungiya a cikin Ƙungiyar Kwando ta Philippine, Powerade Tigers A cikin 2017, Major League Baseball ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru da yawa tare da Coca-Cola don zama abin sha mai laushi, wanda ya maye gurbin Pepsi. Ƙungiyoyin MLB goma sha takwas (Los Angeles Angels, Houston Astros, Toronto Blue Jays, Atlanta Braves, St. Louis Cardinals, Los Angeles Dodgers, San Francisco Giants, New York Mets, Washington Nationals, San Diego Padres, Philadelphia Phillies, Pittsburgh Pirates, Texas Rangers , Tampa Bay Rays, Cincinnati Reds, Boston Red Sox, Rockies na Colorado da Chicago White Sox) suna da kayayyakin Coca-Cola da aka sayar a wuraren wasanninsu. Tun lokacin kakar 2019 shine mai tallafawa taken Uzbekistan Super League a ƙwallon ƙafa, kuma a hukumance ana kiran wannan gasar Coca-Cola Uzbekistan Super League. Coca-Cola ta kuma dauki nauyin gasar Overwatch league tun kakar wasa ta biyu. Sun kuma tallafawa duk manyan wasannin gasa na Overwatch kamar gasar cin kofin duniya. A watan Fabrairu 2020, Coca-Cola ta zama mai tallafawa taken jerin eNASCAR iRacing. A watan Oktoba 2018, Coca-Cola ya fara ɗaukar nauyin ƙungiyar Formula 1 McLaren tare da sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekara 1 da yawa tun daga lokacin. === Talabijin === Kamfanin ya ɗauki nauyin shahararren jerin waƙoƙin-gasar Fox Id American Idol daga 2002 zuwa 2014. Coca-Cola ya kasance mai daukar nauyin wasan kwaikwayo na dare a PBS, Charlie Rose a Amurka. Coca-Cola kuma babban mai samarwa ne na Coke Studio (Pakistan). Fassara ce ta fara a Brazil, MTV Brasil ta watsa shi kuma akwai gyare -gyare iri -iri na Coke Studio kamar Coke Studio (Indiya) da Coke Studio (Afirka). === Gidajen shakatawa === Duk da cewa ba lallai bane yana da haƙƙin suna ga kowane abu a duk wuraren, kamfanin yana tallafawa kuma yana ba da abubuwan sha a wuraren shakatawa da yawa, galibi cikin iyawa ta musamman. Wannan ya haɗa da Walt Disney Parks da Resorts, Merlin Entertainment, Universal Parks & Resorts, Tutoci shida, Cedar Fair, da SeaWorld Entertainment waɗanda shida ne daga cikin manyan mashahuran wuraren shakatawa na duniya guda tara (ba a sani ba ko OCT Parks China, the Rukunin Chimelong, ko Fantawild, na huɗu, na bakwai, da na takwas mafi girman masu gudanar da filin shakatawa bi da bi, suna amfani da Coca-Cola). Har ila yau kamfanin yana tallafawa kai tsaye, tare da haƙƙin suna, Coca-Cola London Eye da Coca-Cola Orlando Eye. Har ila yau kamfanin yana gudanar da cibiyoyin baƙi na "Coca-Cola" a Isra'ila, Belgium da Turkiyya. = Yadda sunan Coca-Cola ya samo asali = 27 Satumba 2016 '''Mai yiwuwa ka taba jin cewa lemon Coca-Cola na dauke da wasu sinadarai wadanda ke iya sa mutune su riƙa matuƙar sha'awar shan sa: wato hodar iblis.'''<ref>BBC</ref> Sunan Coca ya samo asali ne daga ganyen coca inda mutumin daya ƙirkiro lemon John Pemberton, dake sayar da magunguna a birnin Atlanta ya hada ganyen goro da ruwan sukari. A wancan lokacin a farkon ƙarni a 19, an saba harhada ganyen coca da giya kuma dubarar Pemberton wajen hada sukari wata hanya ce ta kaucewa dokoki da suka haramta sayar da barasa. Amma a bangare guda kuma sunan yana nufin sauran kayayyaki da ba'a san su ba amma kuma suna da ƙarfi sosai- wato goro. ɓawon goron idan baka taɓa gani bai kai tsawon inci biyu ba kuma launin shudi ne. Cikin sa yana yin jajaja, ko kuma fari-fari. A ƙasashen yammacin Afrika, masu cin goro sun maida shi wani abu da ke ƙara musu kuzari. Saboda ƙwallon ya na dauke da sinarin caffeine da theobromine, wadanda ake samu a ganyen gahawa da kuma chakulan.<ref>Bbc</ref> == Manazarta == </https://www.worldofcoca-cola.com/> </https://www.theglobalfund.org/en/private-ngo-partners/delivery-innovation/coca-cola/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104224455/https://www.theglobalfund.org/en/private-ngo-partners/delivery-innovation/coca-cola/ |date=2021-11-04 }}\> </https://www.coca-colacompany.com\> <\https://m.youtube.com/user/CocaColaCo?reload=9&skip_registered_account_check=true&noapp=1\> p3ro0f4wo9re0l15h4xt2zjgtngn6jt 874299 874297 2026-07-02T11:23:57Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 874299 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Gyara mukala}} {{databox}} [[File:Coca-Cola_car_Curitiba.jpg |thumb| Wata motar kamfanin a Brazil]] [[File:Mh_RHB_gt12_ganzreklame_cocacola.jpg |thumb| Tambarin kamfanin da akayi ado da shi a jikin wani jirgin Kasa]] [[File:Coca-Cola Life Logo.png|thumb]] [[File:Coca Cola Life Cans.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Coca-Cola peach 280ml bottle-front PNr°0880.jpg|thumb|hoton coca cola]] [[Fayil:Coca Cola Zero 1L Sense Sucre Cara B.jpg|thumb|Coca-cola]] Kamfanin '''Coca-Cola''' wani kamfanin kayan ruwa na shaye-shaye ne na ƙasashe daban daban na Amurka wanda aka kafa a ƙarƙashin Dokar Janar,ta Kamfanin Coca cola kuma tana da hedkwata a [[Atlanta]], Georgia.<ref>Elmore, 2013, p. 717</ref> Kamfanin Coca-Cola yana da bukatu a cikin masana'antu, sayarwa, da tallan abubuwan sha da giya,da ruwan sha. Kamfanin ya samar da Coca-Cola, wanda aka qirqira a cikin shekara ta 1886 daga masanin magunguna John Stith Pemberton.<ref>"Coca-Cola". ''Fortune''. Retrieved June 9, 2024</ref> A cikin shekara ta 1889, an siyar da dabara da alama $ 2,300 (kimanin dala 67,000 a yau) ga Asa Griggs Candler, Fortune 500 Companies 2018: Who Made the List". ya kafa Kamfanin Coca-Cola a Atlanta a shekara ta 1892.<ref>Best Global Brands - The 100 Most Valuable Global Brands". ''Interbrand''. Retrieved June 9, 2024.</ref> Kamfanin ya kuma yi amfani da tsarin rarraba kamfani tun shekara ta 1889. Kamfanin yafi samar da ruwan sanyi, wanda daga nan ake sayar dashi ga wasu kwalban kwalba a duk faɗin duniya wadanda ke rike da yankuna na musamman.<ref>Eschner, Kat (March 29, 2017). "Coca-Cola's Creator Said the Drink Would Make You Smarter". ''Smithsonian Magazine''. Archived from the original on August 14, 2019. Retrieved October 7, 2019. <q>So Pemberton concocted a recipe using coca leaves, kola nuts and sugar syrup. "His new product debuted in 1886: 'Coca-Cola: The temperance drink,'" writes Hamblin.</q></ref> Kamfanin yana da man gorar kwalba a Arewacin Amurka, Coca-Cola Refreshments. An kuma lissafa hajojin kamfanin a kan NYSE kuma wani bangare ne na DJIA da alamun S&P 500 da S&P 100.<ref>Greenwood, Veronique (September 23, 2016). "The little-known nut that gave Coca-Cola its name". ''BBC''. Archived from the original on August 8, 2020. Retrieved January 21, 2023.</ref>Kamfanin Coca-Cola shine kamfanin samar da shara na roba a duniya.<ref>Ivana Kottasova (February 18, 2014). "Does formula mystery help keep Coke afloat?". ''CNN''. Archived from the original on March 21, 2022. Retrieved March 21, 2022.</ref> edit == Mazarta==Fortune 500 Companies 2018: Who Made the List". == == Tarihi == A watan Yulin shekarata alif 1886, masanin harhada magunguna John Stith Pemberton daga Columbus, <ref>Richard Gardiner, "The Civil War Origin of Coca-Cola in Columbus, Georgia," ''Muscogiana: Journal of the Muscogee Genealogical Society'' (Spring 2012), Vol. 23: 21–24.</ref>Georgia ya kirkiri ainihin abin shan Coca-Cola, wanda aka tallata a matsayin taimako ga saukin ciwon kai,<ref>"Coca-Cola Inventor was Local Pharmacist". ''Columbus Ledger''. Archived from the original on May 11, 2011. Retrieved March 13, 2011.</ref> <ref>"Columbus helped make Coke's success". ''Columbus Ledger-Enquirer''. March 27, 2011. Archived from the original on November 10, 2012. Retrieved August 12, 2012.</ref><ref>Patent Office, United States (1886). ''Annual Report of the Patent Office, 1885''. Archived from the original on April 23, 2023. Retrieved April 26, 2014.</ref><ref>"pemberton_1.jpg". Archived from the original on September 8, 2013. Retrieved April 26, 2014 – via columbusstate.edu.</ref>don sanya shi da farko sayarwa a shagunan sayar da magani a matsayin abin sha na magani, Pemberton ya ci gaba da haɗuwa da gwaje-gwaje kuma ya isa Burinsa a cikin watan Mayu, sabon samfurin wanda har yanzu ba a ambata sunansa ba ko abin sha mai kanshi,<ref>Pendergrast, Mark (2000). ''For God, Country and Coca-Cola''. Basic Books. p. 25. ISBN <bdi>978-0-465-05468-8</bdi>.</ref> an shirya shi don kasuwa kuma an samar dashi don sayarwa. An yaba wa marubucin littafin Pemberton, Frank M. Robinson da sanya sunan samfurin da kuma ƙirƙirar tambarinsa. <ref>Blanding, Michael (2010). ''The Coke machine : the dirty truth behind the world's favorite soft drink''. New York: Avery. pp. 14. ISBN <bdi>9781583334065</bdi>. OCLC 535490831.</ref>Robinson ya zabi sunan Coca-Cola ne saboda manyan abubuwan hada shi guda biyu (ganyen coca da goro kola) kuma saboda yana kama da hadin baki. John Pemberton ya huta kuma ya bar Robinson don yinwa da hadaka, tare da sayar da Coca-Cola shi kadai. Ya inganta abin sha tare da iyakantaccen kasafin kuɗin da yake dashi, kuma yayi nasara.<ref>"Spanish town claims origins of Coca-Cola". ''USA Today''. Archived from the original on March 2, 2020. Retrieved June 8, 2020.</ref><ref>Montón, Lorena (September 18, 2024). "El origen español de la Coca-Cola es real". ''RTVE'' (in Spanish). Retrieved September 21, 2024.</ref> [[Fayil:222mL Can of Coca-Cola Y3000.jpg|thumb|Coca-cola]] A cikin shekara ta alif dubu daya da Dari takwas da tamanin da Tara (1889),<ref>Hayes, Jack. "Coca-Cola Television Advertisements: Dr. John S. Pemberton". ''Nation's Restaurant News''. Archived from the original on January 6, 2007. Retrieved January 21, 2007.</ref> wani Ba'amurke dan kasuwa Asa Griggs Candler ya kuma kammala siyan samfurin Coca-Cola da alama daga magadan Pemberton.<ref>Eschner, Kat (March 29, 2017). "Coca-Cola's Creator Said the Drink Would Make You Smarter". ''Smithsonian Magazine''. Archived from the original on August 14, 2019. Retrieved October 7, 2019. <q>So Pemberton concocted a recipe using coca leaves, kola nuts and sugar syrup. "His new product debuted in 1886: 'Coca-Cola: The temperance drink,'" writes Hamblin.</q></ref> Zuwa shekara ta alif dubu daya da Dari takwas casa'in da biyar (1895), ana sayar da Coca-Cola a kowace jiha a cikin gungiyar. A cikin shekara ta 1919, an siyar da kamfanin ga Ernest Woodruff's Trust Company of Georgia.<ref>Eschner, Kat (March 29, 2017). "Coca-Cola's Creator Said the Drink Would Make You Smarter". ''Smithsonian Magazine''. Archived from the original on August 14, 2019. Retrieved October 7, 2019. <q>So Pemberton concocted a recipe using coca leaves, kola nuts and sugar syrup. "His new product debuted in 1886: 'Coca-Cola: The temperance drink,'" writes Hamblin.</q></ref> Tallan farko na Coca-Cola ya karanta <ref>Harford, Tim (May 11, 2007). "The Mystery of the 5-Cent Coca-Cola: Why it's so hard for companies to raise prices". ''Slate''. Archived from the original on May 14, 2007. Retrieved May 12, 2007.</ref>"Coca Cola. Mai dadi! Mai wartsakewa! Hiarfafawa! Varfafawa!" Candler na daya daga cikin businessan kasuwar da suka fara amfani da fataucin mutane a cikin<ref>Themes for Coca-Cola Advertising (1886–1999)". Archived from the original on March 3, 2007. Retrieved February 11, 2007.</ref>dabarun tallata shi. kimanin kashi 60% na kasuwar sa.<ref>Pendergrast, Mark (2000). ''For God, Country and Coca-Cola''. Basic Books. p. 32. ISBN <bdi>978-0-465-05468-8</bdi>.</ref>Zuwa shekara ta alif dubu daya da Dari Tara da tamanin da hudu(1984), Kamfanin Kamfanin Coca-Cola ya ragu zuwa 21.8% saboda sabbin masu fafatawa, watau Pepsi<ref>Pendergrast, Mark (2000). ''For God, Country and Coca-Cola''. Basic Books. p. 42. ISBN <bdi>978-0-465-05468-8</bdi>.</ref> === Samu === Coca-Cola ta sami Minute Maid a shekara ta 1960 akan adadin da ba a bayyana ba. A cikin shekarata dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da tamanin da biyu (1982), <ref>Pendergrast, Mark (2000). ''For God, Country and Coca-Cola''. Basic Books. pp. 44–45. ISBN <bdi>978-0-465-05468-8</bdi>.</ref>ta sami gidan kallon fina-finai na Columbia Hotuna kan dala miliyan 692. An sayar da Columbia ga Sony kan dala biliyan 3 a shekara ta 1989.<ref>Candler, Charles Howard (1950). ''Asa Griggs Candler''. Georgia: Emory University. p. 81.</ref> Kamfanin ya kuma sayi kamfanin Cola na Indiya mai suna Thums Up a cikin shekara ta (1993, )da Barq a shekara ta 1995.<ref>Pendergrast, Mark (2000). ''For God, Country and Coca-Cola''. Basic Books. pp. 45–47. ISBN <bdi>978-0-465-05468-8</bdi>.</ref>A shekara ta 1999, Coca-Cola ta sayi kashi 50% na hannun jarin Inca Kola akan dala miliyan 200, daga baya ta mallaki kasuwancin kasashen ketare da kuma samar da ita. A shekara ta dubu biyu da daya (2001), ta sayi nau'ikan ruwan 'ya'yan itace, santsu, da sanduna na Odwalla na dala miliyan 181. Ya ba da sanarwar dakatar da Odwalla a cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da ashirin (2020). A cikin shekara ta 2007, ta samo Fuze Beverage daga wanda ya kafa Lance Collins da Castanea Partners na kimanin dala miliyan 250.<ref>Pendergrast, Mark (2000). ''For God, Country and Coca-Cola''. Basic Books. p. 46. ISBN <bdi>978-0-465-05468-8</bdi>.</ref> Ƙoƙarin da kamfanin ya yi a shekara ta( 2009 )na sayen kamfanin samar da ruwan 'yan kasar Sin Huiyuan Juice Group ya kare lokacin da China ta ki amincewa da tayin dala biliyan biyu da miliyan ɗari huɗu, a bisa dalilin kamfanin da ya haifar zai zama mallakinta ne kawai. Hakanan an yi tunanin kishin kasa a matsayin dalili na soke yarjejeniyar.<ref>Pendergrast, Mark (2000). ''For God, Country and Coca-Cola''. Basic Books. p. 49. ISBN <bdi>978-0-465-05468-8</bdi>.</ref> A shekara ta (2011), ta sami ragowar hannun jarin a cikin Shayi na Gaskiya, bayan da ta sayi kashi arbain (40%) a shekara ta 2008 akan dala miliyan 43. <ref>Pendergrast, Mark (2000). ''For God, Country and Coca-Cola''. Basic Books. pp. 48–49. ISBN <bdi>978-0-465-05468-8</bdi>.</ref>A shekara ta 2013, ta kammala sayen ZICO, kamfanin ruwan kwakwa. A watan Agustan shekara ta 2014, ta sami kashi 16.7% <ref>"This Day in Georgia History – Coca-Cola Sale Completed – GeorgiaInfo". ''usg.edu''. Archived from the original on November 15, 2016. Retrieved June 8, 2020.</ref><ref>Robert W. Woodruff (1889–1985)". ''New Georgia Encyclopedia''. Archived from the original on March 30, 2019. Retrieved June 8, 2020.</ref>(a halin yanzu kashi 19.36% saboda hannun jarin sayen jari) hannun jarin Monster Beverage na dala biliyan $ 2.15 tare da zaki don hadaka shi zuwa 25%, a matsayin wani bangare na hadin gwiwar dabarun dogon lokaci wanda ya hada da kasuwanci da rarrabawa kawance, da kuma sauya layin samfur. A shekarar 2015, kamfanin ya dauki karamin hannun jari a kamfanin kera ruwan sanyi, Suja Life LLC.<ref>Wood, Benjamin; Ruskin, Gary; Sacks, Gary (January 2020). "How Coca-Cola Shaped the International Congress on Physical Activity and Public Health: An Analysis of Email Exchanges between 2012 and 2014". ''International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health''. '''17''' (23): 8996. doi:10.3390/ijerph17238996. ISSN 1660-4601. PMC 7730322. <nowiki>PMID 33287097</nowiki>.</ref> A watan Disambar 2016, ta sayi yawancin ayyukan SABMiller na Coca-Cola. Kamfanin Coca-Cola yana da hannun jari na kashi 68.3% a cikin Kamfanin kwalba na Coca-Cola na Afirka. Hedkwatar Coca-Cola ta kwalba ta Afirka da ke [[Port Elizabeth]] Afirka ta Kudu. Kamfanin Coca-Cola ya sami kashi 40% na hannun jari a Chi Ltd a ranar 30 ga Janairun shekara ta (2016). Kamfanin Coca-Cola ya sami ragowar kashi 60% na kamfanin na Chi Ltd a ranar 30 ga watan Janairu, shekara ta 2019. A shekarar (2017), Kamfanin Coca-Cola ya sayi ruwan sha mai haske na kasar Mexico mai suna Topo Chico.<ref>World of Coke exhibit shares story of forgotten 'Sprite Boy'". Archived from the original on April 2, 2023. Retrieved April 2, 2023.</ref> A ranar 31 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta (2018), ta amince ta sayi Kofin Kofi daga Whitbread kan £ 3.9bn. Samun ya rufe a ranar 3 ga watan Janairu, shekara ta 2019. A watan Agusta na shekara ta (2018), Kamfanin Coca-Cola ya sayi Moxie kan wani adadin da ba a bayyana ba. A ranar 14 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta (2018), Kamfanin Coca-Cola ya sanar da sha'awar tsiraru game da Jikin Jiki. A ranar 19 ga Satumba, (2018,) Kamfanin Coca-Cola ya sami Organic & Raw Trading Co. Pty Ltd wanda ya kera MOJO Kombucha a Willunga, Ostiraliya. A ranar 5 ga watan Oktoba, shekara ta (2018), Kamfanin Coca-Cola ya sami kaso 22.5% a MADE Group daga masu kafa kamfanin guda uku: Luke Marget, Matt Dennis, da Brad Wilson. Kamfanin Coca-Cola ya mallaki kaso 30.8% a Coca-Cola Amatil Ltd; saboda haka, Kamfanin Coca-Cola ya mallaki karin hannun jari na 6.93% a cikin MADE Group ta hannun jarin mallakarsa a Coca-Cola Amatil Ltd.<ref>"Coca-Cola Enterprises : Our Story". Coca-Cola Enterprises. Archived from the original on April 17, 2015.</ref> == Haraji da Sayarwa == Dangane da rahoton shekara-shekara na Kamfanin Coca-Cola na shekarar 2005,<ref>Barbara Mikkelson and David P. Mikkelson, "The Claus That Refreshes," snopes.com, February 27, 2001. Retrieved June 10, 2005. Archived May 26, 2012, at archive.today</ref><ref>See George McKay 'Consumption, Coca-colonisation, cultural resistance – and Santa Claus' Archived April 10, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, in Sheila Whiteley, ed. (2008) ''Christmas, Ideology and Popular Culture''. Edinburgh University Press, pp. 50–70.</ref>ya sayar da kayayyakin sha a fiye da kasashe 200 a wannan shekaran Rahoton na (2005) ya ci gaba da cewa daga cikin abubuwan sha fiye da biliyan 50 na kowane nau'in da ake ci a duk duniya, yau da kullun, abubuwan sha masu alamar kasuwanci mallakar ko lasisi ga asusun Coca-Cola na kusan dala biliyan 1.5. Daga cikin wadannan, abubuwan sha masu alamar kasuwanci "Coca-Cola" ko "Coke" sun kai kusan kashi 78% na jiyawan galan da aka<ref>The White Rock Collectors Association, "Did White Rock or The Coca-Cola Company create the modern Santa Claus Advertisement? Archived December 13, 2021, at the Wayback Machine," whiterocking.org, 2001 . Retrieved January 19, 2007</ref><ref>White Rock Beverages, "Coca-Cola's Santa Claus: Not The Real Thing!," BevNET.com, December 18, 2006 . Retrieved January 19, 2007. Archived January 17, 2007, at the Wayback Machine</ref> a sayar. A cikin shekara ta 2010, an ba da sanarwar cewa Coca-Cola ta zama alama ta farko da ta kai sama da fam biliyan 1 a siyar da kayan masarufi na Burtaniya na shekara-shekara.<ref>"Coke means Coca-Cola". Coca-Cola Conversations. June 16, 2008. Archived from the original on February 26, 2011. Retrieved March 13, 2011.</ref> A cikin (2017), tallace-tallace na Coca-Cola ya ragu da kashi 11% daga shekarar da ta gabata saboda dandanon dandano na canzawa daga abubuwan sha.<ref>McKelvey, Steve M. (2006). "Coca-Cola vs. PepsiCo — A 'Super' Battleground for the Cola Wars?". ''Sport MarHeting Quarterly''. '''15''': 114–123. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.392.5206</ref> == Hannun Jari == Tun daga shekarar 1919, Coca-Cola kamfani ne na kasuwanci da jama'a. An jera hannun jarinsa a Kasuwar Hannun Jari ta New York a karkashin alamar “KO”. Shareaya daga cikin hannun jarin da aka saya a 1919 akan $40, tare da duk ribar da aka sake samu, zai kai dala miliyan 9.8 a cikin 2012, an sami karuwar kashi 10.7% na shekara -shekara don hauhawar farashin kayayyaki. Wani bankin da ya gada na SunTrust ya karbi $ 100,000 don yin rubutacciyar sadaukarwar jama'a ta Coca-Cola ta 1919; bankin ya sayar da hannun jarin sama da dala biliyan biyu a (2012). A cikin 1987, Coca-Cola ya sake zama daya daga cikin hannun jari 30 wanda ya gunshi Matsayin Masana'antar Dow Jones, wanda galibi ana ambaton shi azaman wakili don aikin kasuwar hannun jari; a baya ta kasance hannun jari na Dow daga 1932 zuwa 1935. Coca-Cola ta biya rabon kudi tun daga 1920 kuma, kamar na 2019, yana hadaka ta kowace shekara tsawon shekaru 57 kai tsaye. == Ma'aikata da Masu Gudanarwa == Wadannan sunaye masu zuwa sune mahimman masu gudanarwa tun daga Yuli 2021 (ban da mukaman VP da shugabannin yanki) * James Quincey (Shugaban Hukumar kuma babban jami'in zartarwa) * Brian Smith (shugaban kasa da babban jami'in aiki) * Manuel Arroyo (babban jami'in talla) * Alfredo Rivera (Shugaban gungiya ta Arewacin Amirka) * Lisa Chang (babban jami'in jama'a) * Marcelo Boffi (shugaban, Kamfanin Bottling Investments Group) * Monica Howard Douglas (babban lauya) * Nancy Quan (babban jami'in fasaha) * Barry Simpson (babban jami'in watsa labarai) * Beatriz Perez (shugaban sadarwa, dorewa & hadin gwiwa dabarun) * John Murphy (babban jami'in kudi) * Giles Leclerc (Shugaban, The McDonald's Division) Wadannan sunaye masu zuwa duk daraktoci tunda daga watan Nuwamba 2016: * [[File:Muhtar Kent 2010.jpg|thumb]]Muhtar Kent * Herbert A. Allen Jr. * Ronald W. Allen * Marc Bolland * Ana Botin * Howard G. Buffett * Richard M. Daley * Barry Diller * Helene D. Gayle * Alexis M. Herman * Bobby Kotick * Mariya Elena Lagomasino * Sam Nuni * David B. Weinberg == Kayan Sha na Kwalba == Gabadaya, Kamfanin Coca-Cola da rassansa kawai suna samar da ruwan syrup, wanda daga nan ake sayar da shi ga kwalba daban-daban a duk duniya wadanda ke rike da ikon mallakar Coca-Cola na gida. Masu shaye-shayen Coca-Cola, wadanda ke rike da kwangilolin kebabbu na yanki tare da kamfanin, suna samar da samfuran da aka gama a cikin gwangwani da kwalabe daga mai da hankali, a hade tare da tsaftataccen ruwa da kayan zaki. Daga nan sai kwalaben su sayar, rarraba, da sayar da kayan Coca-Cola ga shagunan sayar da kayayyaki, injinan siyarwa, gidajen abinci, da masu rarraba sabis na abinci. A wajen Amurka, wadannan kwalaben kuma suna sarrafa kasuwancin kayan marmari. Tun daga shekarun 1980, kamfanin ya ba da himma sosai wajen karfafa dunkulewar kwalba, tare da kamfanin galibi yana da hannun jari na wadannan "kwalaben anga." === Wajen Arewacin Amurka === Manyan kayan kwalba na kamfanin da suke a wajen Arewacin Amurka sune: * Coca-Cola Europacific Partners PLC, based in the United Kingdom (western Europe) (Company owns 19.36%) * National Beverage Company Sal, basedin Beirut, Lebanon * International Beverages Pvt. Ltd., based in Bangladesh (Fully owned subsidiary of The Coca-Cola Company) * Coca-Cola Bottling Shqipëria, based in Albania * Coca-Cola Beverages Philippines, based in the Philippines (fully owned subsidiary of The Coca-Cola Company) * Coca-Cola FEMSA, based in Mexico (Mexico, Argentina, [[Brazil]], Colombia, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Panama, Uruguay and Venezuela) (Company owns 27.8%) * Arca Continental, also based in Mexico (parts of Mexico and Latin America and in US under Coca-Cola Southwest Beverages LLC in the state of Texas and parts of New Mexico, Oklahoma and Arkansas ) (independent) * Embotelladora Andina S.A, based in Chile (southern South America) (Company owns 14.7% of series A common stock outstanding & 14.7% of series B common stock outstanding) * Coca-Cola Beverages Africa, based in Port Elizabeth, South Africa (southern and eastern Africa) (company owns 68.3%) * Coca-Cola Beverages Korea, based in South Korea (independent; owned by LG Household & Health Care) * Coca-Cola HBC AG, originally based in Greece but now located in Switzerland (Greece, Ireland, Eastern Europe, Russia, and Nigeria) (Company owns 23.2%) * Coca-Cola Icecek Based in Turkey (Turkey, South West Asia, Arabia) (Company owns 20.1%) * Swire, based in Hong Kong (China, Taiwan, Hong Kong) (independent) * Kirin Company, based in Japan (independent) * Coca-Cola Bottlers Japan (through a holding company, Company owns 16.3%) * PT Coca-Cola Bottling Indonesia (Company owns 29.4%) (Coca-Cola Amatil ltd owns 70.6%) * Coca-Cola Bottlers Uzbekistan (Company owns 42.9%) === Acikin Kasar Amurka === A cikin Amurka, kamfanin yana tsallake kwalba ta hanyar kera da siyar da ruwan sihirin kai tsaye ga dillalan kayan marmari da aka ba da izini da wasu dillalan kayan marmari. Tun daga shekarar 2014, bayan siyan kadarorin Arewacin Amurka na Coca-Cola Enterprises, kamfanin kai tsaye ya mallaki 100% na Coca-Cola Refreshments, jigon kwalba na samfuran Coca-Cola a Arewacin Amurka, wanda ke wakiltar kusan 90% na Canada da 80% na kasar Amirka. Sauran manyan masu kayan kwalba a Amurka sune: * Coca-Cola Consolidated, based in Charlotte, North Carolina (company owns 34.8%) * Coca-Cola Beverages Northeast based in Bedford, New Hampshire, and owned by Kirin Company * Coca-Cola Bottling Company United, based in Birmingham, Alabama (independent) * Swire Coca-Cola USA, based in Salt Lake City, Utah and owned by Swire Group A watan Satumba na 2015, kamfanin ya ba da sanarwar sayar da tsirrai da yankuna da dama ga Swire, Consolidated, da United, da ƙirƙirar Coca-Cola National Supply System wanda ke sarrafa 95% na yankin a Amurka. == Dangantakar abokin ciniki da sa hannun jama'a == Bayan Martin Luther King, Jr. ya lashe lambar yabo ta Nobel ta zaman l(afiya ta 1964, shirye-shiryen bukin cin abinci na kabilanci a cikin Atlanta da har yanzu ba a raba shi ba da farko mashahuran 'yan kasuwa na birnin sun tallafa sosai har Coca-Cola ta shiga tsakani. J. Paul Austin, shugaban kuma Shugaba na Coca-Cola, da Magajin gari Ivan Allen ya kira manyan shugabannin kasuwancin Atlanta zuwa ɗakin cin abinci na bene na goma sha takwas, inda Austin ya gaya musu dalla-dalla, 'Abin kunya ne a sami Coca-Cola a garin da ya ki karrama wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel. Mu kasuwanci ne na duniya. Kamfanin Coca-Cola baya buƙatar Atlanta. Duk kuna buƙatar yanke shawara ko Atlanta tana buƙatar Kamfanin Coca-Cola. ' A cikin awanni biyu na ƙarshen wannan taron, an sayar da kowane tikitin cin abincin dare. -Andrew Young. A cikin shekara ta 2012 duka, Coca-Cola ya ba da gudummawar $1,700,500 zuwa wani kamfen na siyasa na dala miliyan 46 da aka sani da "The Coalition Against The Costed Food Labeling Producation, wanda Manoma da Masu Samar da Abinci suka dauki nauyinsa". An kafa wannan ƙungiya don adawa da yunƙurin ɗan ƙasa, wanda aka sani da Shawara ta 37, yana buƙatar laƙabin laƙabin abinci mai ɗauke da abubuwan da aka gyara na asali. A cikin shekarar 2012, an jera Coca-Cola a matsayin abokin kamfen na (RED), tare da wasu samfura kamar Nike, Girl, American Express, da Converse. Manufar kamfen ɗin ita ce hana watsa kwayar cutar kanjamau daga uwa zuwa yaro kafin shekarar 2015 (jigon kamfen ɗin shine "Yaƙi don Samar da Cutar Kanjamau"). == Samar da filastik da sharar gida == Kamfanin Coca-Cola shine babban mai samar da dattin filastik a duniya, tsawon shekaru biyu a jere yana samar da fiye da tan miliyan 3 na kunshin filastik a kowace shekara gami da kwalaben filastik biliyan 110. Babban jami’in kamfanin na duniya ya yarda cewa Coca-Cola ba ta da niyyar rage amfani da kwalaben roba; a zahiri, kamfanin ya yi "kokari cikin nutsuwa" don rage adadin dattin filastik da yake samarwa, wani bangare ta hanyar adawa da dokar lissafin kwalba. Shugaban dindindin Bea Perez ya ce za su ci gaba da amfani da filastik, suna masu cewa "abokan ciniki kamar su saboda sun real kuma suna da nauyi ”. == Masu suka == Tun farkon shekarun 2000, sukar da ake yi kan amfani da kayayyakin Coca-Cola gami da kamfanin da kanta, ya karu tare da damuwa kan illolin kiwon lafiya, lamuran muhalli, gwajin dabbobi, ayyukan kasuwanci na tattalin arziki da batutuwan ma'aikata. Kamfanin Coca-Cola ya fuskanci shari'o'i da yawa game da waɗannan sukar daban-daban. == Tallace-Tallace == [[File:Coca-Cola advertisement tents at Taipei Dragon Boat Festival 20170530b.jpg|thumb]] Tallace-tallace na Coca-Cola ya kasance "cikin mafi ƙima a cikin tarihin tallan tallace-tallace," tare da sananne kuma babban tasiri akan shahararrun al'adu da al'umma gaba ɗaya. Coca-Cola tana talla ta hanyar tallan kai tsaye, kafofin watsa labarai na yanar gizo, kafofin watsa labarun, saƙon rubutu, da tallan tallace-tallace. Kamfanin yana kuma yin tallace -tallace ta hanyar tallan wayar salula a cikin sakonnin rubutu, misali. kamfen na hoto ko bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo da sauri. Haɗin fan ya kai miliyan 86 a duk duniya a duk tashoshin kafofin watsa labarun: hulɗar kan layi, da abubuwan zamantakewa, al'adu, ko wasanni. A cikin wurin siyarwar, manyan motocin isar da kayan shaye -shaye kai tsaye (tallan wayar hannu) da wurin masu sanyaya siyarwa da injinan siyarwa suna da tambarin ja mai haske. Dangane da hidimar abinci, Coca-Cola shawara ce ta haɗa abinci wanda yanzu ya zama tushen abinci, alal misali, don popcorn, burgers, soyayyen, da karen kare mai zafi. == Samfura da Bugawa == Tun daga shekarar 2020, Kamfanin Coca-Cola yana ba da samfura sama da 500 a cikin ƙasashe sama da 200. A watan Satumba na 2020, kamfanin ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai yanke fiye da rabin samfuran sa, sakamakon tasirin tattalin arziƙin da cutar ta COVID-19 ta haifar. === Kadarorin da ba abinci ba === ==== Hotunan Columbia ==== Coca-Cola ya sayi Hotunan Columbia a cikin 1982, saboda ƙarancin darajar ɗakin ɗakin studio. Kamfanin fina-finai shi ne studio na farko kuma kaɗai da Coca-Cola ta mallaka. A lokacin mallakar ɗakin, Columbia ta saki shahararrun fina -finai da suka haɗa da Ghostbusters, Stripes, The Karate Kid, da wasu wasu. Koyaya, shekaru biyu bayan gazawa da gazawar kasuwanci na fim ɗin Ishtar na 1987, Columbia ta ɓace sannan aka sayar da ita ga Sony a Tokyo a 1989. ==== Duniyar Coca-Cola ==== Coca-Cola tana aiki da abin sha mai taushi mai jan hankali na yawon shakatawa a Atlanta, Jojiya; Duniyar Coca-Cola baje kolin abubuwa da yawa. Yana nuna samfuran dandano da gidan kayan tarihi, tare da wurare a Las Vegas, Nevada, da Lake Buena Vista, Florida. === Alamu === ==== Sauran abubuwan sha ==== Kamfanin Coca-Cola ya kuma samar da wasu sauran abubuwan sha masu taushi ciki har da Fanta (wanda aka gabatar da shi kusan 1941) da Sprite. Asalin Fanta ya samo asali ne tun lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu a lokacin takunkumin kasuwanci kan Jamus akan ruwan sila, wanda hakan yasa ba zai yiwu a sayar da Coca-Cola a Jamus ba. Max Keith, shugaban ofishin Jamus na Coca-Cola a lokacin yaƙin, ya yanke shawarar ƙirƙirar sabon samfuri don kasuwar Jamus, wanda aka yi kawai daga samfuran da ke cikin Jamus a lokacin, wanda suka sanya wa suna Fanta. Abin sha ya zama abin bugawa, kuma lokacin da Coke ya sake komawa bayan yaƙin, ya karɓi alamar Fanta. Fanta asalinsa abin sha ne mai ɗanɗano mai ruwan lemu wanda zai iya zuwa cikin kwalaben filastik ko gwangwani. Ya kasance yana samuwa a cikin dandano daban -daban yanzu kamar innabi, peach, innabi, apple, abarba, da strawberry. A cikin 1961, Coca-Cola ya gabatar da Sprite, abin sha mai laushi na lemun tsami, wani daga cikin masu siyar da kamfani da martanin sa zuwa 7 Up. Tab shine ƙoƙarin Coca-Cola na farko don haɓaka abin sha mai laushi, ta amfani da saccharin azaman madadin sukari. An gabatar da shi a 1963, an sayar da samfurin har zuwa faduwar 2020, kodayake tallace -tallace ya ragu tun lokacin gabatar da Diet Coke. Coca-Cola Afirka ta Kudu kuma ta saki Valpre Bottled "har yanzu" da "Mai kyalkyali" ruwa. A cikin 1969, kamfanin ya fitar da Simba, wanda shine abin shan Mountain Dew, kuma yana da fakiti wanda ke da hamada na Afirka, cike da Zakin Afirka a matsayin alamar alama. Alamar taken ita ce "Simba - Tana Kayar da Ƙishirwar Afirka." Hakanan a cikin 1969, kamfanin ya fitar da layin samfura a ƙarƙashin sunan Santiba, wanda aka yi niyya don haɗa hadaddiyar giyar da amfani da ƙungiya, samfuran da suka haɗa da ruwan Quinine da Ginger Ale. Kamar Simba da aka ambata a sama, layin Santiba na samfuran bai daɗe ba a kasuwa. ==== Abokin-Kari ==== Ba a ƙera shi ba, Coca-Cola BreakMate ya kasance mai ɗanɗano ɗanɗano uku da Coca-Cola da Siemens suka gabatar a 1988. An yi niyyar amfani da shi a ofisoshi tare da mutane biyar zuwa hamsin, sashinsa mai sanyi ya riƙe kwantena filastik guda uku guda ɗaya. na soda syrup da tankin CO2. Kamar maɓuɓɓugar soda, ya gauraye syrup a cikin rabo 1: 5 tare da ruwan carbonated. A Arewacin Amurka, Coca-Cola ta dakatar da sassan BreakMate a 2007 kuma ta daina rarraba syrup a 2010. ==== Abin sha mai kara lafiya ==== A cikin shekarun 1990s, kamfanin ya mayar da martani ga karuwar masu amfani da shaye-shaye masu lafiya ta hanyar gabatar da sabbin samfuran abubuwan sha marasa carbonated. Waɗannan sun haɗa da Minute Maid Juices to Go, Powerade sports sports, Nestea shayi mai ɗanɗano (a cikin haɗin gwiwa tare da Nestlé), Fruitopia abin sha, da ruwan Dasani, da sauransu. A cikin 2001, ƙungiyar Minute Maid ta ƙaddamar da Simply Orange iri na juices ciki har da ruwan lemu. A cikin 2016, Coca-Cola Indiya ta gabatar da Vio don shiga cikin rukunin madara mai ƙima. Samfurin yana kafa harsashin sabon sashin Coca-Cola bayan abubuwan sha, ruwa da juices. A cikin 2004, wataƙila don mayar da martani ga ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan abinci mai ƙarancin carbohydrate kamar abincin Atkins, Coca-Cola ta ba da sanarwar niyyarta ta haɓaka da siyar da madaidaicin carbohydrate zuwa Coke Classic, wanda aka yiwa lakabi da C2 Cola. C2 ya ƙunshi cakuda babban fructose masara syrup, aspartame, sucralose, da potassium Acesulfame. An tsara C2 don yin kwaikwayon ɗanɗano na Coca-Cola Classic. Ko da tare da ƙasa da rabin kuzarin abinci da carbohydrates na madaidaicin abin sha mai laushi, C2 ba shine maye gurbin abin sha mai kalori mai ƙima kamar Diet Coke. C2 ya ci gaba da siyarwa a Amurka a ranar 11 ga Yuni, 2004, kuma a Kanada a watan Agusta 2004; an maye gurbinsa a 2013 ta Coca-Cola Life. Farawa daga 2009, Kamfanin Coca-Cola ya saka hannun jari a Innocent Drinks, da farko tare da ƙaramin gungumen azaba, yana ƙaruwa zuwa 90% a farkon kwata na 2013. A cikin Mayu 2014 lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da Finley, abin sha mai daɗin ɗanɗano mai 'ya'yan itace, a Faransa. An ƙaddamar da shi a wasu ƙasashe daga baya, ciki har da Belgium da Luxembourg a cikin Satumba 2014. Coca-Cola ya fara haɓaka abin sha a Belgium a 2001. Tun daga 2014, abin sha an yi niyya ne ga manya, kuma yana da ƙarancin sukari tare da dandano huɗu. ==== Siyarwan da yafi kyau ==== [[File:Coca-Cola-truck-Peterbilt.jpg|thumb]] Coca-Cola shine abin sha mafi siyarwa a cikin yawancin ƙasashe, kuma an gane shi a matsayin lamba ta ɗaya a duniya a 2010. Yayin da Gabas ta Tsakiya ke ɗaya daga cikin yankuna kaɗan na duniya inda Coca-Cola ba shine abin sha na farko ba, Coca-Cola tana riƙe kusan kashi 25% na kasuwar (zuwa kashi 75% na Pepsi) kuma tana da ci gaba mai lamba biyu a 2003. Hakazalika, a Scotland, inda Irn-Bru da ake samarwa a cikin gida ya kasance mafi shahara, alkaluman 2005 sun nuna cewa duka Coca-Cola da Diet Coke sun fi Irn-Bru girma. A Peru, Inca Kola na asali ya shahara fiye da Coca-Cola, wanda hakan ya sa Coca-Cola ta shiga tattaunawa da kamfanin abin sha mai laushi kuma ta sayi kashi 50% na hannun jarin ta. A Japan, mafi kyawun sayar da abin sha mai taushi ba cola bane, kamar yadda (gwangwani) shayi da kofi suka fi shahara. Don haka, mafi kyawun alamar Kamfanin Coca-Cola babu Coca-Cola, amma Georgia. A watan Mayun 2016, Kamfanin Coca-Cola ya dakatar da samar da abin sa hannu a Venezuela saboda karancin sukari. Tun daga wannan lokacin, Kamfanin Coca-Cola yana amfani da "ƙaramin ƙera albarkatun ƙasa" don yin sa hannunsu a shaye-shaye guda biyu a Venezuela. ==== Bayani ==== A ranar 6 ga Yuli, 2006, an kama wani ma'aikacin Coca-Cola da wasu mutane biyu da tuhuma kan kokarin sayar da bayanan sirrin kasuwanci ga mai yin gasa abin sha mai laushi PepsiCo kan dala miliyan 1.5. Girke-girke na Coca-Cola, wataƙila sirrin da kamfanin ya fi kula da shi, bai taɓa yin haɗari ba; a maimakon haka, bayanin yana da alaƙa da sabon abin sha a cikin ci gaba. Shugabannin Coca-Cola sun tabbatar da cewa takardun sirrin cinikayyar da ake magana da su gaskiya ne kuma mallakar kamfanin ne. Takardun kotun sun ce an bayar da akalla gilashin gilashi guda daya dauke da samfurin sabon abin sha. Kamfanin PepsiCo ne ya tona asirin wannan makirci, wanda ya sanar da hukumomi lokacin da maharan suka tunkare shi. ==== Green tea ==== Kamfanin ya ba da sanarwar sabon "kalori mara kyau" abin sha na koren shayi, Enviga, a cikin 2006, tare da ƙoƙarin dabarun sayar da kofi Far Coast da Chaqwa. ==== Glaceau ==== A ranar 25 ga Mayu, 2007, Coca-Cola ta ba da sanarwar cewa za ta sayi Glaceau, mai kera abubuwan sha masu haɓaka bitamin (ruwan bitamin), ruwan daɗaɗɗa, da abubuwan ƙona makamashi, akan dala biliyan 4.1 a tsabar kuɗi. ==== Huiyuan Juice ==== A ranar 3 ga Satumba, 2008, Coca-Cola ta sanar da aniyarta ta yin tayin kuɗi don siyan China Huiyuan Juice Group Limited (wanda ke da kashi 42% na kasuwar ruwan 'ya'yan itace mai tsami) na $ 2.4bn (HK $ 12.20 a kowane rabon). Ma'aikatar cinikayya ta kasar Sin ta toshe yarjejeniyar a ranar 18 ga Maris, 2009, tana mai cewa yarjejeniyar za ta cutar da kananan kamfanonin ruwan 'ya'yan itace na cikin gida, da za ta iya kara farashin kasuwar ruwan' ya'yan itace, da takaita zabin masu amfani. ==== Coke na Karamin Gwangwanin ==== A watan Oktoban 2009, Coca-Cola ya bayyana sabon ƙaramin kalori mai kalori 90 wanda ke ɗauke da oza na ruwa 7.5. Ana iya siyar da ƙaramin ƙarami a cikin fakiti 8. Duk da kashe kusan kashi 30 cikin ɗari na kowane oda, ƙaramin gwangwani ya sadu da adadi mai kyau na tallace -tallace. ==== Gwangwanin zuwa Hutu ==== A watan Nuwamba na 2011, Coca-Cola ya bayyana wani tsari na yanayi don gwangwani na Coke na yau da kullun a zaman wani haɗin gwiwa tare da Asusun Kula da namun daji na Duniya. Koyaya, an cire shi wata ɗaya kacal bayan sakin saboda korafin mabukaci game da irin wannan kallon na gwangwani na azurfa da aka saba amfani da su don Diet Coke. Akwai kuma korafi game da karkacewa daga jajaye na gargajiya kamar launi na gwangwani na Coca-Cola a baya. ==== Dama a cikin abin sha mai suna Monster ==== An ba da sanarwar a ranar 14 ga Agusta, 2014, cewa Coca-Cola Co tana biyan kuɗin dalar Amurka biliyan 2.15 don hannun jarin kashi 16.7 na kamfanin Monster Beverage Corp don faɗaɗa kasuwa don shaye-shayen makamashi. Mallakar Coke a cikin Full Throttle and Burn za a canza shi zuwa Monster. Maimakon haka, Monster zai canza ikon mallakar sa a cikin Hansen's Natural Sodas da Peace Iced Tea da Blue Sky Soda zuwa Kamfanin Coca-Cola. Muhtar Kent, tsohon babban jami'in gudanarwa na Coke, ya bayyana cewa kamfanin yana da zabin kara hannun jarinsa zuwa kashi 25 amma ba zai iya wuce wannan kaso a cikin shekaru hudu masu zuwa ba. Sakamakon raba hannun jarin da kwamitin daraktocin kamfanin Monster Beverage Corporation ya yi, hannun jarin Kamfanin Coca-Cola ya karu zuwa kashi 19.36% 102121602. ==== Abin sha mai Bugarwa ==== A cikin 2021, Coca-Cola Co ta yi amfani da alamar ruwan ma'adinai na Mexico mai suna Topo Chico don ƙaddamar da kewayon masu siyar da kayan maye masu ƙarfi a cikin Ingila da Amurka. == Daukan Nauyi == Kudin talla na Coca-Cola ya kai dala biliyan 3.256 a shekarar 2011. === Wasanni === Coca-Cola ta dauki nauyin gasar Kwallon Kafa ta Ingila daga farkon kakar 2004-05 (farkon Agusta 2004) zuwa farkon kakar 2010/11, lokacin da Kungiyar Kwallon kafa ta maye gurbin ta da NPower. Cola ya ɗauki nauyin sansanin ƙwallon ƙafa na Coca-Cola, wanda ya gudana a Pretoria, Afirka ta Kudu yayin gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2010, lokacin da ɗaruruwan matasa daga ko'ina cikin duniya suka sami damar haɗuwa tare da raba kaunar wasan, wani ɓangare saboda Mafi kyawun Sayi ƙoƙarin ta hanyar shirin su na @15. Sauran manyan tallafin sun haɗa da AFL, NHRA, NASCAR, PGA Tour, NCAA Championships, Wasannin Olympics, NRL, FIFA World Cup, Premier League da UEFA European Championships. Kamfanin ya yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Panini don samar da kundin kwali na kwatankwacin kwatankwacin gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2006, kuma sun yi haɗin gwiwa don kowane Kofin Duniya tun. Kowace faɗuwa, Coca-Cola shine mai tallafawa Gasar TOUR ta Coca-Cola da aka gudanar a Gabashin Golf Golf Club a Atlanta, Georgia. Gasar yawon shakatawa ita ce lokacin ƙare gasar PGA Tour. A cikin Filipinas, tana da ƙungiya a cikin Ƙungiyar Kwando ta Philippine, Powerade Tigers A cikin 2017, Major League Baseball ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru da yawa tare da Coca-Cola don zama abin sha mai laushi, wanda ya maye gurbin Pepsi. Ƙungiyoyin MLB goma sha takwas (Los Angeles Angels, Houston Astros, Toronto Blue Jays, Atlanta Braves, St. Louis Cardinals, Los Angeles Dodgers, San Francisco Giants, New York Mets, Washington Nationals, San Diego Padres, Philadelphia Phillies, Pittsburgh Pirates, Texas Rangers , Tampa Bay Rays, Cincinnati Reds, Boston Red Sox, Rockies na Colorado da Chicago White Sox) suna da kayayyakin Coca-Cola da aka sayar a wuraren wasanninsu. Tun lokacin kakar 2019 shine mai tallafawa taken Uzbekistan Super League a ƙwallon ƙafa, kuma a hukumance ana kiran wannan gasar Coca-Cola Uzbekistan Super League. Coca-Cola ta kuma dauki nauyin gasar Overwatch league tun kakar wasa ta biyu. Sun kuma tallafawa duk manyan wasannin gasa na Overwatch kamar gasar cin kofin duniya. A watan Fabrairu 2020, Coca-Cola ta zama mai tallafawa taken jerin eNASCAR iRacing. A watan Oktoba 2018, Coca-Cola ya fara ɗaukar nauyin ƙungiyar Formula 1 McLaren tare da sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekara 1 da yawa tun daga lokacin. === Talabijin === Kamfanin ya ɗauki nauyin shahararren jerin waƙoƙin-gasar Fox Id American Idol daga 2002 zuwa 2014. Coca-Cola ya kasance mai daukar nauyin wasan kwaikwayo na dare a PBS, Charlie Rose a Amurka. Coca-Cola kuma babban mai samarwa ne na Coke Studio (Pakistan). Fassara ce ta fara a Brazil, MTV Brasil ta watsa shi kuma akwai gyare -gyare iri -iri na Coke Studio kamar Coke Studio (Indiya) da Coke Studio (Afirka). === Gidajen shakatawa === Duk da cewa ba lallai bane yana da haƙƙin suna ga kowane abu a duk wuraren, kamfanin yana tallafawa kuma yana ba da abubuwan sha a wuraren shakatawa da yawa, galibi cikin iyawa ta musamman. Wannan ya haɗa da Walt Disney Parks da Resorts, Merlin Entertainment, Universal Parks & Resorts, Tutoci shida, Cedar Fair, da SeaWorld Entertainment waɗanda shida ne daga cikin manyan mashahuran wuraren shakatawa na duniya guda tara (ba a sani ba ko OCT Parks China, the Rukunin Chimelong, ko Fantawild, na huɗu, na bakwai, da na takwas mafi girman masu gudanar da filin shakatawa bi da bi, suna amfani da Coca-Cola). Har ila yau kamfanin yana tallafawa kai tsaye, tare da haƙƙin suna, Coca-Cola London Eye da Coca-Cola Orlando Eye. Har ila yau kamfanin yana gudanar da cibiyoyin baƙi na "Coca-Cola" a Isra'ila, Belgium da Turkiyya. = Yadda sunan Coca-Cola ya samo asali = 27 Satumba 2016 '''Mai yiwuwa ka taba jin cewa lemon Coca-Cola na dauke da wasu sinadarai wadanda ke iya sa mutune su riƙa matuƙar sha'awar shan sa: wato hodar iblis.'''<ref>BBC</ref> Sunan Coca ya samo asali ne daga ganyen coca inda mutumin daya ƙirkiro lemon John Pemberton, dake sayar da magunguna a birnin Atlanta ya hada ganyen goro da ruwan sukari. A wancan lokacin a farkon ƙarni a 19, an saba harhada ganyen coca da giya kuma dubarar Pemberton wajen hada sukari wata hanya ce ta kaucewa dokoki da suka haramta sayar da barasa. Amma a bangare guda kuma sunan yana nufin sauran kayayyaki da ba'a san su ba amma kuma suna da ƙarfi sosai- wato goro. ɓawon goron idan baka taɓa gani bai kai tsawon inci biyu ba kuma launin shudi ne. Cikin sa yana yin jajaja, ko kuma fari-fari. A ƙasashen yammacin Afrika, masu cin goro sun maida shi wani abu da ke ƙara musu kuzari. Saboda ƙwallon ya na dauke da sinarin caffeine da theobromine, wadanda ake samu a ganyen gahawa da kuma chakulan.<ref>Bbc</ref> == Manazarta == </https://www.worldofcoca-cola.com/> </https://www.theglobalfund.org/en/private-ngo-partners/delivery-innovation/coca-cola/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104224455/https://www.theglobalfund.org/en/private-ngo-partners/delivery-innovation/coca-cola/ |date=2021-11-04 }}\> </https://www.coca-colacompany.com\> <\https://m.youtube.com/user/CocaColaCo?reload=9&skip_registered_account_check=true&noapp=1\> 1n93wg14rs7pkk92gpslkxorfah6ti7 874304 874299 2026-07-02T11:27:51Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 874304 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Gyara mukala}} {{databox}} [[File:Coca-Cola_car_Curitiba.jpg |thumb| Wata motar kamfanin a Brazil]] [[File:Mh_RHB_gt12_ganzreklame_cocacola.jpg |thumb| Tambarin kamfanin da akayi ado da shi a jikin wani jirgin Kasa]] [[File:Coca-Cola Life Logo.png|thumb]] [[File:Coca Cola Life Cans.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Coca-Cola peach 280ml bottle-front PNr°0880.jpg|thumb|hoton coca cola]] [[Fayil:Coca Cola Zero 1L Sense Sucre Cara B.jpg|thumb|Coca-cola]] Kamfanin '''Coca-Cola''' wani kamfanin kayan ruwa na shaye-shaye ne na ƙasashe daban daban na Amurka wanda aka kafa a ƙarƙashin Dokar Janar,ta Kamfanin Coca cola kuma tana da hedkwata a [[Atlanta]], Georgia.<ref>Elmore, 2013, p. 717</ref> Kamfanin Coca-Cola yana da bukatu a cikin masana'antu, sayarwa, da tallan abubuwan sha da giya,da ruwan sha. Kamfanin ya samar da Coca-Cola, wanda aka qirqira a cikin shekara ta 1886 daga masanin magunguna John Stith Pemberton.<ref>"Coca-Cola". ''Fortune''. Retrieved June 9, 2024</ref> A cikin shekara ta 1889, an siyar da dabara da alama $ 2,300 (kimanin dala 67,000 a yau) ga Asa Griggs Candler, Fortune 500 Companies 2018: Who Made the List". ya kafa Kamfanin Coca-Cola a Atlanta a shekara ta 1892.<ref>Best Global Brands - The 100 Most Valuable Global Brands". ''Interbrand''. Retrieved June 9, 2024.</ref> Kamfanin ya kuma yi amfani da tsarin rarraba kamfani tun shekara ta 1889. Kamfanin yafi samar da ruwan sanyi, wanda daga nan ake sayar dashi ga wasu kwalban kwalba a duk fadin duniya wadanda ke rike da yankuna na musamman.<ref>Eschner, Kat (March 29, 2017). "Coca-Cola's Creator Said the Drink Would Make You Smarter". ''Smithsonian Magazine''. Archived from the original on August 14, 2019. Retrieved October 7, 2019. <q>So Pemberton concocted a recipe using coca leaves, kola nuts and sugar syrup. "His new product debuted in 1886: 'Coca-Cola: The temperance drink,'" writes Hamblin.</q></ref> Kamfanin yana da man gorar kwalba a Arewacin Amurka, Coca-Cola Refreshments. An kuma lissafa hajojin kamfanin a kan NYSE kuma wani bangare ne na DJIA da alamun S&P 500 da S&P 100.<ref>Greenwood, Veronique (September 23, 2016). "The little-known nut that gave Coca-Cola its name". ''BBC''. Archived from the original on August 8, 2020. Retrieved January 21, 2023.</ref>Kamfanin Coca-Cola shine kamfanin samar da shara na roba a duniya.<ref>Ivana Kottasova (February 18, 2014). "Does formula mystery help keep Coke afloat?". ''CNN''. Archived from the original on March 21, 2022. Retrieved March 21, 2022.</ref> edit == Mazarta==Fortune 500 Companies 2018: Who Made the List". == == Tarihi == A watan Yulin shekarata alif 1886, masanin harhada magunguna John Stith Pemberton daga Columbus, <ref>Richard Gardiner, "The Civil War Origin of Coca-Cola in Columbus, Georgia," ''Muscogiana: Journal of the Muscogee Genealogical Society'' (Spring 2012), Vol. 23: 21–24.</ref>Georgia ya qirqiri ainihin abin shan Coca-Cola, wanda aka tallata a matsayin taimako ga saukin ciwon kai,<ref>"Coca-Cola Inventor was Local Pharmacist". ''Columbus Ledger''. Archived from the original on May 11, 2011. Retrieved March 13, 2011.</ref> <ref>"Columbus helped make Coke's success". ''Columbus Ledger-Enquirer''. March 27, 2011. Archived from the original on November 10, 2012. Retrieved August 12, 2012.</ref><ref>Patent Office, United States (1886). ''Annual Report of the Patent Office, 1885''. Archived from the original on April 23, 2023. Retrieved April 26, 2014.</ref><ref>"pemberton_1.jpg". Archived from the original on September 8, 2013. Retrieved April 26, 2014 – via columbusstate.edu.</ref>don sanya shi da farko sayarwa a shagunan sayar da magani a matsayin abin sha na magani, Pemberton ya ci gaba da haduwa da gwaje-gwaje kuma ya isa Burinsa a cikin watan Mayu, sabon samfurin wanda har yanzu ba a ambata sunansa ba ko abin sha mai kanshi,<ref>Pendergrast, Mark (2000). ''For God, Country and Coca-Cola''. Basic Books. p. 25. ISBN <bdi>978-0-465-05468-8</bdi>.</ref> an shirya shi don kasuwa kuma an samar dashi don sayarwa. An yaba wa marubucin littafin Pemberton, Frank M. Robinson da sanya sunan samfurin da kuma qirqirar tambarinsa. <ref>Blanding, Michael (2010). ''The Coke machine : the dirty truth behind the world's favorite soft drink''. New York: Avery. pp. 14. ISBN <bdi>9781583334065</bdi>. OCLC 535490831.</ref>Robinson ya zabi sunan Coca-Cola ne saboda manyan abubuwan hada shi guda biyu (ganyen coca da goro kola) kuma saboda yana kama da hadin baki. John Pemberton ya huta kuma ya bar Robinson don yinwa da hadaka, tare da sayar da Coca-Cola shi kadai. Ya inganta abin sha tare da iyakantaccen kasafin kuɗin da yake dashi, kuma yayi nasara.<ref>"Spanish town claims origins of Coca-Cola". ''USA Today''. Archived from the original on March 2, 2020. Retrieved June 8, 2020.</ref><ref>Montón, Lorena (September 18, 2024). "El origen español de la Coca-Cola es real". ''RTVE'' (in Spanish). Retrieved September 21, 2024.</ref> [[Fayil:222mL Can of Coca-Cola Y3000.jpg|thumb|Coca-cola]] A cikin shekara ta alif dubu daya da Dari takwas da tamanin da Tara (1889),<ref>Hayes, Jack. "Coca-Cola Television Advertisements: Dr. John S. Pemberton". ''Nation's Restaurant News''. Archived from the original on January 6, 2007. Retrieved January 21, 2007.</ref> wani Ba'amurke dan kasuwa Asa Griggs Candler ya kuma kammala siyan samfurin Coca-Cola da alama daga magadan Pemberton.<ref>Eschner, Kat (March 29, 2017). "Coca-Cola's Creator Said the Drink Would Make You Smarter". ''Smithsonian Magazine''. Archived from the original on August 14, 2019. Retrieved October 7, 2019. <q>So Pemberton concocted a recipe using coca leaves, kola nuts and sugar syrup. "His new product debuted in 1886: 'Coca-Cola: The temperance drink,'" writes Hamblin.</q></ref> Zuwa shekara ta alif dubu daya da Dari takwas casa'in da biyar (1895), ana sayar da Coca-Cola a kowace jiha a cikin gungiyar. A cikin shekara ta 1919, an siyar da kamfanin ga Ernest Woodruff's Trust Company of Georgia.<ref>Eschner, Kat (March 29, 2017). "Coca-Cola's Creator Said the Drink Would Make You Smarter". ''Smithsonian Magazine''. Archived from the original on August 14, 2019. Retrieved October 7, 2019. <q>So Pemberton concocted a recipe using coca leaves, kola nuts and sugar syrup. "His new product debuted in 1886: 'Coca-Cola: The temperance drink,'" writes Hamblin.</q></ref> Tallan farko na Coca-Cola ya karanta <ref>Harford, Tim (May 11, 2007). "The Mystery of the 5-Cent Coca-Cola: Why it's so hard for companies to raise prices". ''Slate''. Archived from the original on May 14, 2007. Retrieved May 12, 2007.</ref>"Coca Cola. Mai dadi! Mai wartsakewa! Hiarfafawa! Varfafawa!" Candler na daya daga cikin businessan kasuwar da suka fara amfani da fataucin mutane a cikin<ref>Themes for Coca-Cola Advertising (1886–1999)". Archived from the original on March 3, 2007. Retrieved February 11, 2007.</ref>dabarun tallata shi. kimanin kashi 60% na kasuwar sa.<ref>Pendergrast, Mark (2000). ''For God, Country and Coca-Cola''. Basic Books. p. 32. ISBN <bdi>978-0-465-05468-8</bdi>.</ref>Zuwa shekara ta alif dubu daya da Dari Tara da tamanin da hudu(1984), Kamfanin Kamfanin Coca-Cola ya ragu zuwa 21.8% saboda sabbin masu fafatawa, watau Pepsi<ref>Pendergrast, Mark (2000). ''For God, Country and Coca-Cola''. Basic Books. p. 42. ISBN <bdi>978-0-465-05468-8</bdi>.</ref> === Samu === Coca-Cola ta sami Minute Maid a shekara ta 1960 akan adadin da ba a bayyana ba. A cikin shekarata dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da tamanin da biyu (1982), <ref>Pendergrast, Mark (2000). ''For God, Country and Coca-Cola''. Basic Books. pp. 44–45. ISBN <bdi>978-0-465-05468-8</bdi>.</ref>ta sami gidan kallon fina-finai na Columbia Hotuna kan dala miliyan 692. An sayar da Columbia ga Sony kan dala biliyan 3 a shekara ta 1989.<ref>Candler, Charles Howard (1950). ''Asa Griggs Candler''. Georgia: Emory University. p. 81.</ref> Kamfanin ya kuma sayi kamfanin Cola na Indiya mai suna Thums Up a cikin shekara ta (1993, )da Barq a shekara ta 1995.<ref>Pendergrast, Mark (2000). ''For God, Country and Coca-Cola''. Basic Books. pp. 45–47. ISBN <bdi>978-0-465-05468-8</bdi>.</ref>A shekara ta 1999, Coca-Cola ta sayi kashi 50% na hannun jarin Inca Kola akan dala miliyan 200, daga baya ta mallaki kasuwancin kasashen ketare da kuma samar da ita. A shekara ta dubu biyu da daya (2001), ta sayi nau'ikan ruwan 'ya'yan itace, santsu, da sanduna na Odwalla na dala miliyan 181. Ya ba da sanarwar dakatar da Odwalla a cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da ashirin (2020). A cikin shekara ta 2007, ta samo Fuze Beverage daga wanda ya kafa Lance Collins da Castanea Partners na kimanin dala miliyan 250.<ref>Pendergrast, Mark (2000). ''For God, Country and Coca-Cola''. Basic Books. p. 46. ISBN <bdi>978-0-465-05468-8</bdi>.</ref> Ƙoƙarin da kamfanin ya yi a shekara ta( 2009 )na sayen kamfanin samar da ruwan 'yan kasar Sin Huiyuan Juice Group ya kare lokacin da China ta ki amincewa da tayin dala biliyan biyu da miliyan ɗari huɗu, a bisa dalilin kamfanin da ya haifar zai zama mallakinta ne kawai. Hakanan an yi tunanin kishin kasa a matsayin dalili na soke yarjejeniyar.<ref>Pendergrast, Mark (2000). ''For God, Country and Coca-Cola''. Basic Books. p. 49. ISBN <bdi>978-0-465-05468-8</bdi>.</ref> A shekara ta (2011), ta sami ragowar hannun jarin a cikin Shayi na Gaskiya, bayan da ta sayi kashi arbain (40%) a shekara ta 2008 akan dala miliyan 43. <ref>Pendergrast, Mark (2000). ''For God, Country and Coca-Cola''. Basic Books. pp. 48–49. ISBN <bdi>978-0-465-05468-8</bdi>.</ref>A shekara ta 2013, ta kammala sayen ZICO, kamfanin ruwan kwakwa. A watan Agustan shekara ta 2014, ta sami kashi 16.7% <ref>"This Day in Georgia History – Coca-Cola Sale Completed – GeorgiaInfo". ''usg.edu''. Archived from the original on November 15, 2016. Retrieved June 8, 2020.</ref><ref>Robert W. Woodruff (1889–1985)". ''New Georgia Encyclopedia''. Archived from the original on March 30, 2019. Retrieved June 8, 2020.</ref>(a halin yanzu kashi 19.36% saboda hannun jarin sayen jari) hannun jarin Monster Beverage na dala biliyan $ 2.15 tare da zaki don hadaka shi zuwa 25%, a matsayin wani bangare na hadin gwiwar dabarun dogon lokaci wanda ya hada da kasuwanci da rarrabawa kawance, da kuma sauya layin samfur. A shekarar 2015, kamfanin ya dauki karamin hannun jari a kamfanin kera ruwan sanyi, Suja Life LLC.<ref>Wood, Benjamin; Ruskin, Gary; Sacks, Gary (January 2020). "How Coca-Cola Shaped the International Congress on Physical Activity and Public Health: An Analysis of Email Exchanges between 2012 and 2014". ''International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health''. '''17''' (23): 8996. doi:10.3390/ijerph17238996. ISSN 1660-4601. PMC 7730322. <nowiki>PMID 33287097</nowiki>.</ref> A watan Disambar 2016, ta sayi yawancin ayyukan SABMiller na Coca-Cola. Kamfanin Coca-Cola yana da hannun jari na kashi 68.3% a cikin Kamfanin kwalba na Coca-Cola na Afirka. Hedkwatar Coca-Cola ta kwalba ta Afirka da ke [[Port Elizabeth]] Afirka ta Kudu. Kamfanin Coca-Cola ya sami kashi 40% na hannun jari a Chi Ltd a ranar 30 ga Janairun shekara ta (2016). Kamfanin Coca-Cola ya sami ragowar kashi 60% na kamfanin na Chi Ltd a ranar 30 ga watan Janairu, shekara ta 2019. A shekarar (2017), Kamfanin Coca-Cola ya sayi ruwan sha mai haske na kasar Mexico mai suna Topo Chico.<ref>World of Coke exhibit shares story of forgotten 'Sprite Boy'". Archived from the original on April 2, 2023. Retrieved April 2, 2023.</ref> A ranar 31 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta (2018), ta amince ta sayi Kofin Kofi daga Whitbread kan £ 3.9bn. Samun ya rufe a ranar 3 ga watan Janairu, shekara ta 2019. A watan Agusta na shekara ta (2018), Kamfanin Coca-Cola ya sayi Moxie kan wani adadin da ba a bayyana ba. A ranar 14 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta (2018), Kamfanin Coca-Cola ya sanar da sha'awar tsiraru game da Jikin Jiki. A ranar 19 ga Satumba, (2018,) Kamfanin Coca-Cola ya sami Organic & Raw Trading Co. Pty Ltd wanda ya kera MOJO Kombucha a Willunga, Ostiraliya. A ranar 5 ga watan Oktoba, shekara ta (2018), Kamfanin Coca-Cola ya sami kaso 22.5% a MADE Group daga masu kafa kamfanin guda uku: Luke Marget, Matt Dennis, da Brad Wilson. Kamfanin Coca-Cola ya mallaki kaso 30.8% a Coca-Cola Amatil Ltd; saboda haka, Kamfanin Coca-Cola ya mallaki karin hannun jari na 6.93% a cikin MADE Group ta hannun jarin mallakarsa a Coca-Cola Amatil Ltd.<ref>"Coca-Cola Enterprises : Our Story". Coca-Cola Enterprises. Archived from the original on April 17, 2015.</ref> == Haraji da Sayarwa == Dangane da rahoton shekara-shekara na Kamfanin Coca-Cola na shekarar 2005,<ref>Barbara Mikkelson and David P. Mikkelson, "The Claus That Refreshes," snopes.com, February 27, 2001. Retrieved June 10, 2005. Archived May 26, 2012, at archive.today</ref><ref>See George McKay 'Consumption, Coca-colonisation, cultural resistance – and Santa Claus' Archived April 10, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, in Sheila Whiteley, ed. (2008) ''Christmas, Ideology and Popular Culture''. Edinburgh University Press, pp. 50–70.</ref>ya sayar da kayayyakin sha a fiye da kasashe 200 a wannan shekaran Rahoton na (2005) ya ci gaba da cewa daga cikin abubuwan sha fiye da biliyan 50 na kowane nau'in da ake ci a duk duniya, yau da kullun, abubuwan sha masu alamar kasuwanci mallakar ko lasisi ga asusun Coca-Cola na kusan dala biliyan 1.5. Daga cikin wadannan, abubuwan sha masu alamar kasuwanci "Coca-Cola" ko "Coke" sun kai kusan kashi 78% na jiyawan galan da aka<ref>The White Rock Collectors Association, "Did White Rock or The Coca-Cola Company create the modern Santa Claus Advertisement? Archived December 13, 2021, at the Wayback Machine," whiterocking.org, 2001 . Retrieved January 19, 2007</ref><ref>White Rock Beverages, "Coca-Cola's Santa Claus: Not The Real Thing!," BevNET.com, December 18, 2006 . Retrieved January 19, 2007. Archived January 17, 2007, at the Wayback Machine</ref> a sayar. A cikin shekara ta 2010, an ba da sanarwar cewa Coca-Cola ta zama alama ta farko da ta kai sama da fam biliyan 1 a siyar da kayan masarufi na Burtaniya na shekara-shekara.<ref>"Coke means Coca-Cola". Coca-Cola Conversations. June 16, 2008. Archived from the original on February 26, 2011. Retrieved March 13, 2011.</ref> A cikin (2017), tallace-tallace na Coca-Cola ya ragu da kashi 11% daga shekarar da ta gabata saboda dandanon dandano na canzawa daga abubuwan sha.<ref>McKelvey, Steve M. (2006). "Coca-Cola vs. PepsiCo — A 'Super' Battleground for the Cola Wars?". ''Sport MarHeting Quarterly''. '''15''': 114–123. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.392.5206</ref> == Hannun Jari == Tun daga shekarar 1919, Coca-Cola kamfani ne na kasuwanci da jama'a. An jera hannun jarinsa a Kasuwar Hannun Jari ta New York a karkashin alamar “KO”. Shareaya daga cikin hannun jarin da aka saya a 1919 akan $40, tare da duk ribar da aka sake samu, zai kai dala miliyan 9.8 a cikin 2012, an sami karuwar kashi 10.7% na shekara -shekara don hauhawar farashin kayayyaki. Wani bankin da ya gada na SunTrust ya karbi $ 100,000 don yin rubutacciyar sadaukarwar jama'a ta Coca-Cola ta 1919; bankin ya sayar da hannun jarin sama da dala biliyan biyu a (2012). A cikin 1987, Coca-Cola ya sake zama daya daga cikin hannun jari 30 wanda ya gunshi Matsayin Masana'antar Dow Jones, wanda galibi ana ambaton shi azaman wakili don aikin kasuwar hannun jari; a baya ta kasance hannun jari na Dow daga 1932 zuwa 1935. Coca-Cola ta biya rabon kudi tun daga 1920 kuma, kamar na 2019, yana hadaka ta kowace shekara tsawon shekaru 57 kai tsaye. == Ma'aikata da Masu Gudanarwa == Wadannan sunaye masu zuwa sune mahimman masu gudanarwa tun daga Yuli 2021 (ban da mukaman VP da shugabannin yanki) * James Quincey (Shugaban Hukumar kuma babban jami'in zartarwa) * Brian Smith (shugaban kasa da babban jami'in aiki) * Manuel Arroyo (babban jami'in talla) * Alfredo Rivera (Shugaban gungiya ta Arewacin Amirka) * Lisa Chang (babban jami'in jama'a) * Marcelo Boffi (shugaban, Kamfanin Bottling Investments Group) * Monica Howard Douglas (babban lauya) * Nancy Quan (babban jami'in fasaha) * Barry Simpson (babban jami'in watsa labarai) * Beatriz Perez (shugaban sadarwa, dorewa & hadin gwiwa dabarun) * John Murphy (babban jami'in kudi) * Giles Leclerc (Shugaban, The McDonald's Division) Wadannan sunaye masu zuwa duk daraktoci tunda daga watan Nuwamba 2016: * [[File:Muhtar Kent 2010.jpg|thumb]]Muhtar Kent * Herbert A. Allen Jr. * Ronald W. Allen * Marc Bolland * Ana Botin * Howard G. Buffett * Richard M. Daley * Barry Diller * Helene D. Gayle * Alexis M. Herman * Bobby Kotick * Mariya Elena Lagomasino * Sam Nuni * David B. Weinberg == Kayan Sha na Kwalba == Gabadaya, Kamfanin Coca-Cola da rassansa kawai suna samar da ruwan syrup, wanda daga nan ake sayar da shi ga kwalba daban-daban a duk duniya wadanda ke rike da ikon mallakar Coca-Cola na gida. Masu shaye-shayen Coca-Cola, wadanda ke rike da kwangilolin kebabbu na yanki tare da kamfanin, suna samar da samfuran da aka gama a cikin gwangwani da kwalabe daga mai da hankali, a hade tare da tsaftataccen ruwa da kayan zaki. Daga nan sai kwalaben su sayar, rarraba, da sayar da kayan Coca-Cola ga shagunan sayar da kayayyaki, injinan siyarwa, gidajen abinci, da masu rarraba sabis na abinci. A wajen Amurka, wadannan kwalaben kuma suna sarrafa kasuwancin kayan marmari. Tun daga shekarun 1980, kamfanin ya ba da himma sosai wajen karfafa dunkulewar kwalba, tare da kamfanin galibi yana da hannun jari na wadannan "kwalaben anga." === Wajen Arewacin Amurka === Manyan kayan kwalba na kamfanin da suke a wajen Arewacin Amurka sune: * Coca-Cola Europacific Partners PLC, based in the United Kingdom (western Europe) (Company owns 19.36%) * National Beverage Company Sal, basedin Beirut, Lebanon * International Beverages Pvt. Ltd., based in Bangladesh (Fully owned subsidiary of The Coca-Cola Company) * Coca-Cola Bottling Shqipëria, based in Albania * Coca-Cola Beverages Philippines, based in the Philippines (fully owned subsidiary of The Coca-Cola Company) * Coca-Cola FEMSA, based in Mexico (Mexico, Argentina, [[Brazil]], Colombia, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Panama, Uruguay and Venezuela) (Company owns 27.8%) * Arca Continental, also based in Mexico (parts of Mexico and Latin America and in US under Coca-Cola Southwest Beverages LLC in the state of Texas and parts of New Mexico, Oklahoma and Arkansas ) (independent) * Embotelladora Andina S.A, based in Chile (southern South America) (Company owns 14.7% of series A common stock outstanding & 14.7% of series B common stock outstanding) * Coca-Cola Beverages Africa, based in Port Elizabeth, South Africa (southern and eastern Africa) (company owns 68.3%) * Coca-Cola Beverages Korea, based in South Korea (independent; owned by LG Household & Health Care) * Coca-Cola HBC AG, originally based in Greece but now located in Switzerland (Greece, Ireland, Eastern Europe, Russia, and Nigeria) (Company owns 23.2%) * Coca-Cola Icecek Based in Turkey (Turkey, South West Asia, Arabia) (Company owns 20.1%) * Swire, based in Hong Kong (China, Taiwan, Hong Kong) (independent) * Kirin Company, based in Japan (independent) * Coca-Cola Bottlers Japan (through a holding company, Company owns 16.3%) * PT Coca-Cola Bottling Indonesia (Company owns 29.4%) (Coca-Cola Amatil ltd owns 70.6%) * Coca-Cola Bottlers Uzbekistan (Company owns 42.9%) === Acikin Kasar Amurka === A cikin Amurka, kamfanin yana tsallake kwalba ta hanyar kera da siyar da ruwan sihirin kai tsaye ga dillalan kayan marmari da aka ba da izini da wasu dillalan kayan marmari. Tun daga shekarar 2014, bayan siyan kadarorin Arewacin Amurka na Coca-Cola Enterprises, kamfanin kai tsaye ya mallaki 100% na Coca-Cola Refreshments, jigon kwalba na samfuran Coca-Cola a Arewacin Amurka, wanda ke wakiltar kusan 90% na Canada da 80% na kasar Amirka. Sauran manyan masu kayan kwalba a Amurka sune: * Coca-Cola Consolidated, based in Charlotte, North Carolina (company owns 34.8%) * Coca-Cola Beverages Northeast based in Bedford, New Hampshire, and owned by Kirin Company * Coca-Cola Bottling Company United, based in Birmingham, Alabama (independent) * Swire Coca-Cola USA, based in Salt Lake City, Utah and owned by Swire Group A watan Satumba na 2015, kamfanin ya ba da sanarwar sayar da tsirrai da yankuna da dama ga Swire, Consolidated, da United, da ƙirƙirar Coca-Cola National Supply System wanda ke sarrafa 95% na yankin a Amurka. == Dangantakar abokin ciniki da sa hannun jama'a == Bayan Martin Luther King, Jr. ya lashe lambar yabo ta Nobel ta zaman l(afiya ta 1964, shirye-shiryen bukin cin abinci na kabilanci a cikin Atlanta da har yanzu ba a raba shi ba da farko mashahuran 'yan kasuwa na birnin sun tallafa sosai har Coca-Cola ta shiga tsakani. J. Paul Austin, shugaban kuma Shugaba na Coca-Cola, da Magajin gari Ivan Allen ya kira manyan shugabannin kasuwancin Atlanta zuwa ɗakin cin abinci na bene na goma sha takwas, inda Austin ya gaya musu dalla-dalla, 'Abin kunya ne a sami Coca-Cola a garin da ya ki karrama wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel. Mu kasuwanci ne na duniya. Kamfanin Coca-Cola baya buƙatar Atlanta. Duk kuna buƙatar yanke shawara ko Atlanta tana buƙatar Kamfanin Coca-Cola. ' A cikin awanni biyu na ƙarshen wannan taron, an sayar da kowane tikitin cin abincin dare. -Andrew Young. A cikin shekara ta 2012 duka, Coca-Cola ya ba da gudummawar $1,700,500 zuwa wani kamfen na siyasa na dala miliyan 46 da aka sani da "The Coalition Against The Costed Food Labeling Producation, wanda Manoma da Masu Samar da Abinci suka dauki nauyinsa". An kafa wannan ƙungiya don adawa da yunƙurin ɗan ƙasa, wanda aka sani da Shawara ta 37, yana buƙatar laƙabin laƙabin abinci mai ɗauke da abubuwan da aka gyara na asali. A cikin shekarar 2012, an jera Coca-Cola a matsayin abokin kamfen na (RED), tare da wasu samfura kamar Nike, Girl, American Express, da Converse. Manufar kamfen ɗin ita ce hana watsa kwayar cutar kanjamau daga uwa zuwa yaro kafin shekarar 2015 (jigon kamfen ɗin shine "Yaƙi don Samar da Cutar Kanjamau"). == Samar da filastik da sharar gida == Kamfanin Coca-Cola shine babban mai samar da dattin filastik a duniya, tsawon shekaru biyu a jere yana samar da fiye da tan miliyan 3 na kunshin filastik a kowace shekara gami da kwalaben filastik biliyan 110. Babban jami’in kamfanin na duniya ya yarda cewa Coca-Cola ba ta da niyyar rage amfani da kwalaben roba; a zahiri, kamfanin ya yi "kokari cikin nutsuwa" don rage adadin dattin filastik da yake samarwa, wani bangare ta hanyar adawa da dokar lissafin kwalba. Shugaban dindindin Bea Perez ya ce za su ci gaba da amfani da filastik, suna masu cewa "abokan ciniki kamar su saboda sun real kuma suna da nauyi ”. == Masu suka == Tun farkon shekarun 2000, sukar da ake yi kan amfani da kayayyakin Coca-Cola gami da kamfanin da kanta, ya karu tare da damuwa kan illolin kiwon lafiya, lamuran muhalli, gwajin dabbobi, ayyukan kasuwanci na tattalin arziki da batutuwan ma'aikata. Kamfanin Coca-Cola ya fuskanci shari'o'i da yawa game da waɗannan sukar daban-daban. == Tallace-Tallace == [[File:Coca-Cola advertisement tents at Taipei Dragon Boat Festival 20170530b.jpg|thumb]] Tallace-tallace na Coca-Cola ya kasance "cikin mafi ƙima a cikin tarihin tallan tallace-tallace," tare da sananne kuma babban tasiri akan shahararrun al'adu da al'umma gaba ɗaya. Coca-Cola tana talla ta hanyar tallan kai tsaye, kafofin watsa labarai na yanar gizo, kafofin watsa labarun, saƙon rubutu, da tallan tallace-tallace. Kamfanin yana kuma yin tallace -tallace ta hanyar tallan wayar salula a cikin sakonnin rubutu, misali. kamfen na hoto ko bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo da sauri. Haɗin fan ya kai miliyan 86 a duk duniya a duk tashoshin kafofin watsa labarun: hulɗar kan layi, da abubuwan zamantakewa, al'adu, ko wasanni. A cikin wurin siyarwar, manyan motocin isar da kayan shaye -shaye kai tsaye (tallan wayar hannu) da wurin masu sanyaya siyarwa da injinan siyarwa suna da tambarin ja mai haske. Dangane da hidimar abinci, Coca-Cola shawara ce ta haɗa abinci wanda yanzu ya zama tushen abinci, alal misali, don popcorn, burgers, soyayyen, da karen kare mai zafi. == Samfura da Bugawa == Tun daga shekarar 2020, Kamfanin Coca-Cola yana ba da samfura sama da 500 a cikin ƙasashe sama da 200. A watan Satumba na 2020, kamfanin ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai yanke fiye da rabin samfuran sa, sakamakon tasirin tattalin arziƙin da cutar ta COVID-19 ta haifar. === Kadarorin da ba abinci ba === ==== Hotunan Columbia ==== Coca-Cola ya sayi Hotunan Columbia a cikin 1982, saboda ƙarancin darajar ɗakin ɗakin studio. Kamfanin fina-finai shi ne studio na farko kuma kaɗai da Coca-Cola ta mallaka. A lokacin mallakar ɗakin, Columbia ta saki shahararrun fina -finai da suka haɗa da Ghostbusters, Stripes, The Karate Kid, da wasu wasu. Koyaya, shekaru biyu bayan gazawa da gazawar kasuwanci na fim ɗin Ishtar na 1987, Columbia ta ɓace sannan aka sayar da ita ga Sony a Tokyo a 1989. ==== Duniyar Coca-Cola ==== Coca-Cola tana aiki da abin sha mai taushi mai jan hankali na yawon shakatawa a Atlanta, Jojiya; Duniyar Coca-Cola baje kolin abubuwa da yawa. Yana nuna samfuran dandano da gidan kayan tarihi, tare da wurare a Las Vegas, Nevada, da Lake Buena Vista, Florida. === Alamu === ==== Sauran abubuwan sha ==== Kamfanin Coca-Cola ya kuma samar da wasu sauran abubuwan sha masu taushi ciki har da Fanta (wanda aka gabatar da shi kusan 1941) da Sprite. Asalin Fanta ya samo asali ne tun lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu a lokacin takunkumin kasuwanci kan Jamus akan ruwan sila, wanda hakan yasa ba zai yiwu a sayar da Coca-Cola a Jamus ba. Max Keith, shugaban ofishin Jamus na Coca-Cola a lokacin yaƙin, ya yanke shawarar ƙirƙirar sabon samfuri don kasuwar Jamus, wanda aka yi kawai daga samfuran da ke cikin Jamus a lokacin, wanda suka sanya wa suna Fanta. Abin sha ya zama abin bugawa, kuma lokacin da Coke ya sake komawa bayan yaƙin, ya karɓi alamar Fanta. Fanta asalinsa abin sha ne mai ɗanɗano mai ruwan lemu wanda zai iya zuwa cikin kwalaben filastik ko gwangwani. Ya kasance yana samuwa a cikin dandano daban -daban yanzu kamar innabi, peach, innabi, apple, abarba, da strawberry. A cikin 1961, Coca-Cola ya gabatar da Sprite, abin sha mai laushi na lemun tsami, wani daga cikin masu siyar da kamfani da martanin sa zuwa 7 Up. Tab shine ƙoƙarin Coca-Cola na farko don haɓaka abin sha mai laushi, ta amfani da saccharin azaman madadin sukari. An gabatar da shi a 1963, an sayar da samfurin har zuwa faduwar 2020, kodayake tallace -tallace ya ragu tun lokacin gabatar da Diet Coke. Coca-Cola Afirka ta Kudu kuma ta saki Valpre Bottled "har yanzu" da "Mai kyalkyali" ruwa. A cikin 1969, kamfanin ya fitar da Simba, wanda shine abin shan Mountain Dew, kuma yana da fakiti wanda ke da hamada na Afirka, cike da Zakin Afirka a matsayin alamar alama. Alamar taken ita ce "Simba - Tana Kayar da Ƙishirwar Afirka." Hakanan a cikin 1969, kamfanin ya fitar da layin samfura a ƙarƙashin sunan Santiba, wanda aka yi niyya don haɗa hadaddiyar giyar da amfani da ƙungiya, samfuran da suka haɗa da ruwan Quinine da Ginger Ale. Kamar Simba da aka ambata a sama, layin Santiba na samfuran bai daɗe ba a kasuwa. ==== Abokin-Kari ==== Ba a ƙera shi ba, Coca-Cola BreakMate ya kasance mai ɗanɗano ɗanɗano uku da Coca-Cola da Siemens suka gabatar a 1988. An yi niyyar amfani da shi a ofisoshi tare da mutane biyar zuwa hamsin, sashinsa mai sanyi ya riƙe kwantena filastik guda uku guda ɗaya. na soda syrup da tankin CO2. Kamar maɓuɓɓugar soda, ya gauraye syrup a cikin rabo 1: 5 tare da ruwan carbonated. A Arewacin Amurka, Coca-Cola ta dakatar da sassan BreakMate a 2007 kuma ta daina rarraba syrup a 2010. ==== Abin sha mai kara lafiya ==== A cikin shekarun 1990s, kamfanin ya mayar da martani ga karuwar masu amfani da shaye-shaye masu lafiya ta hanyar gabatar da sabbin samfuran abubuwan sha marasa carbonated. Waɗannan sun haɗa da Minute Maid Juices to Go, Powerade sports sports, Nestea shayi mai ɗanɗano (a cikin haɗin gwiwa tare da Nestlé), Fruitopia abin sha, da ruwan Dasani, da sauransu. A cikin 2001, ƙungiyar Minute Maid ta ƙaddamar da Simply Orange iri na juices ciki har da ruwan lemu. A cikin 2016, Coca-Cola Indiya ta gabatar da Vio don shiga cikin rukunin madara mai ƙima. Samfurin yana kafa harsashin sabon sashin Coca-Cola bayan abubuwan sha, ruwa da juices. A cikin 2004, wataƙila don mayar da martani ga ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan abinci mai ƙarancin carbohydrate kamar abincin Atkins, Coca-Cola ta ba da sanarwar niyyarta ta haɓaka da siyar da madaidaicin carbohydrate zuwa Coke Classic, wanda aka yiwa lakabi da C2 Cola. C2 ya ƙunshi cakuda babban fructose masara syrup, aspartame, sucralose, da potassium Acesulfame. An tsara C2 don yin kwaikwayon ɗanɗano na Coca-Cola Classic. Ko da tare da ƙasa da rabin kuzarin abinci da carbohydrates na madaidaicin abin sha mai laushi, C2 ba shine maye gurbin abin sha mai kalori mai ƙima kamar Diet Coke. C2 ya ci gaba da siyarwa a Amurka a ranar 11 ga Yuni, 2004, kuma a Kanada a watan Agusta 2004; an maye gurbinsa a 2013 ta Coca-Cola Life. Farawa daga 2009, Kamfanin Coca-Cola ya saka hannun jari a Innocent Drinks, da farko tare da ƙaramin gungumen azaba, yana ƙaruwa zuwa 90% a farkon kwata na 2013. A cikin Mayu 2014 lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da Finley, abin sha mai daɗin ɗanɗano mai 'ya'yan itace, a Faransa. An ƙaddamar da shi a wasu ƙasashe daga baya, ciki har da Belgium da Luxembourg a cikin Satumba 2014. Coca-Cola ya fara haɓaka abin sha a Belgium a 2001. Tun daga 2014, abin sha an yi niyya ne ga manya, kuma yana da ƙarancin sukari tare da dandano huɗu. ==== Siyarwan da yafi kyau ==== [[File:Coca-Cola-truck-Peterbilt.jpg|thumb]] Coca-Cola shine abin sha mafi siyarwa a cikin yawancin ƙasashe, kuma an gane shi a matsayin lamba ta ɗaya a duniya a 2010. Yayin da Gabas ta Tsakiya ke ɗaya daga cikin yankuna kaɗan na duniya inda Coca-Cola ba shine abin sha na farko ba, Coca-Cola tana riƙe kusan kashi 25% na kasuwar (zuwa kashi 75% na Pepsi) kuma tana da ci gaba mai lamba biyu a 2003. Hakazalika, a Scotland, inda Irn-Bru da ake samarwa a cikin gida ya kasance mafi shahara, alkaluman 2005 sun nuna cewa duka Coca-Cola da Diet Coke sun fi Irn-Bru girma. A Peru, Inca Kola na asali ya shahara fiye da Coca-Cola, wanda hakan ya sa Coca-Cola ta shiga tattaunawa da kamfanin abin sha mai laushi kuma ta sayi kashi 50% na hannun jarin ta. A Japan, mafi kyawun sayar da abin sha mai taushi ba cola bane, kamar yadda (gwangwani) shayi da kofi suka fi shahara. Don haka, mafi kyawun alamar Kamfanin Coca-Cola babu Coca-Cola, amma Georgia. A watan Mayun 2016, Kamfanin Coca-Cola ya dakatar da samar da abin sa hannu a Venezuela saboda karancin sukari. Tun daga wannan lokacin, Kamfanin Coca-Cola yana amfani da "ƙaramin ƙera albarkatun ƙasa" don yin sa hannunsu a shaye-shaye guda biyu a Venezuela. ==== Bayani ==== A ranar 6 ga Yuli, 2006, an kama wani ma'aikacin Coca-Cola da wasu mutane biyu da tuhuma kan kokarin sayar da bayanan sirrin kasuwanci ga mai yin gasa abin sha mai laushi PepsiCo kan dala miliyan 1.5. Girke-girke na Coca-Cola, wataƙila sirrin da kamfanin ya fi kula da shi, bai taɓa yin haɗari ba; a maimakon haka, bayanin yana da alaƙa da sabon abin sha a cikin ci gaba. Shugabannin Coca-Cola sun tabbatar da cewa takardun sirrin cinikayyar da ake magana da su gaskiya ne kuma mallakar kamfanin ne. Takardun kotun sun ce an bayar da akalla gilashin gilashi guda daya dauke da samfurin sabon abin sha. Kamfanin PepsiCo ne ya tona asirin wannan makirci, wanda ya sanar da hukumomi lokacin da maharan suka tunkare shi. ==== Green tea ==== Kamfanin ya ba da sanarwar sabon "kalori mara kyau" abin sha na koren shayi, Enviga, a cikin 2006, tare da ƙoƙarin dabarun sayar da kofi Far Coast da Chaqwa. ==== Glaceau ==== A ranar 25 ga Mayu, 2007, Coca-Cola ta ba da sanarwar cewa za ta sayi Glaceau, mai kera abubuwan sha masu haɓaka bitamin (ruwan bitamin), ruwan daɗaɗɗa, da abubuwan ƙona makamashi, akan dala biliyan 4.1 a tsabar kuɗi. ==== Huiyuan Juice ==== A ranar 3 ga Satumba, 2008, Coca-Cola ta sanar da aniyarta ta yin tayin kuɗi don siyan China Huiyuan Juice Group Limited (wanda ke da kashi 42% na kasuwar ruwan 'ya'yan itace mai tsami) na $ 2.4bn (HK $ 12.20 a kowane rabon). Ma'aikatar cinikayya ta kasar Sin ta toshe yarjejeniyar a ranar 18 ga Maris, 2009, tana mai cewa yarjejeniyar za ta cutar da kananan kamfanonin ruwan 'ya'yan itace na cikin gida, da za ta iya kara farashin kasuwar ruwan' ya'yan itace, da takaita zabin masu amfani. ==== Coke na Karamin Gwangwanin ==== A watan Oktoban 2009, Coca-Cola ya bayyana sabon ƙaramin kalori mai kalori 90 wanda ke ɗauke da oza na ruwa 7.5. Ana iya siyar da ƙaramin ƙarami a cikin fakiti 8. Duk da kashe kusan kashi 30 cikin ɗari na kowane oda, ƙaramin gwangwani ya sadu da adadi mai kyau na tallace -tallace. ==== Gwangwanin zuwa Hutu ==== A watan Nuwamba na 2011, Coca-Cola ya bayyana wani tsari na yanayi don gwangwani na Coke na yau da kullun a zaman wani haɗin gwiwa tare da Asusun Kula da namun daji na Duniya. Koyaya, an cire shi wata ɗaya kacal bayan sakin saboda korafin mabukaci game da irin wannan kallon na gwangwani na azurfa da aka saba amfani da su don Diet Coke. Akwai kuma korafi game da karkacewa daga jajaye na gargajiya kamar launi na gwangwani na Coca-Cola a baya. ==== Dama a cikin abin sha mai suna Monster ==== An ba da sanarwar a ranar 14 ga Agusta, 2014, cewa Coca-Cola Co tana biyan kuɗin dalar Amurka biliyan 2.15 don hannun jarin kashi 16.7 na kamfanin Monster Beverage Corp don faɗaɗa kasuwa don shaye-shayen makamashi. Mallakar Coke a cikin Full Throttle and Burn za a canza shi zuwa Monster. Maimakon haka, Monster zai canza ikon mallakar sa a cikin Hansen's Natural Sodas da Peace Iced Tea da Blue Sky Soda zuwa Kamfanin Coca-Cola. Muhtar Kent, tsohon babban jami'in gudanarwa na Coke, ya bayyana cewa kamfanin yana da zabin kara hannun jarinsa zuwa kashi 25 amma ba zai iya wuce wannan kaso a cikin shekaru hudu masu zuwa ba. Sakamakon raba hannun jarin da kwamitin daraktocin kamfanin Monster Beverage Corporation ya yi, hannun jarin Kamfanin Coca-Cola ya karu zuwa kashi 19.36% 102121602. ==== Abin sha mai Bugarwa ==== A cikin 2021, Coca-Cola Co ta yi amfani da alamar ruwan ma'adinai na Mexico mai suna Topo Chico don ƙaddamar da kewayon masu siyar da kayan maye masu ƙarfi a cikin Ingila da Amurka. == Daukan Nauyi == Kudin talla na Coca-Cola ya kai dala biliyan 3.256 a shekarar 2011. === Wasanni === Coca-Cola ta dauki nauyin gasar Kwallon Kafa ta Ingila daga farkon kakar 2004-05 (farkon Agusta 2004) zuwa farkon kakar 2010/11, lokacin da Kungiyar Kwallon kafa ta maye gurbin ta da NPower. Cola ya ɗauki nauyin sansanin ƙwallon ƙafa na Coca-Cola, wanda ya gudana a Pretoria, Afirka ta Kudu yayin gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2010, lokacin da ɗaruruwan matasa daga ko'ina cikin duniya suka sami damar haɗuwa tare da raba kaunar wasan, wani ɓangare saboda Mafi kyawun Sayi ƙoƙarin ta hanyar shirin su na @15. Sauran manyan tallafin sun haɗa da AFL, NHRA, NASCAR, PGA Tour, NCAA Championships, Wasannin Olympics, NRL, FIFA World Cup, Premier League da UEFA European Championships. Kamfanin ya yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Panini don samar da kundin kwali na kwatankwacin kwatankwacin gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2006, kuma sun yi haɗin gwiwa don kowane Kofin Duniya tun. Kowace faɗuwa, Coca-Cola shine mai tallafawa Gasar TOUR ta Coca-Cola da aka gudanar a Gabashin Golf Golf Club a Atlanta, Georgia. Gasar yawon shakatawa ita ce lokacin ƙare gasar PGA Tour. A cikin Filipinas, tana da ƙungiya a cikin Ƙungiyar Kwando ta Philippine, Powerade Tigers A cikin 2017, Major League Baseball ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru da yawa tare da Coca-Cola don zama abin sha mai laushi, wanda ya maye gurbin Pepsi. Ƙungiyoyin MLB goma sha takwas (Los Angeles Angels, Houston Astros, Toronto Blue Jays, Atlanta Braves, St. Louis Cardinals, Los Angeles Dodgers, San Francisco Giants, New York Mets, Washington Nationals, San Diego Padres, Philadelphia Phillies, Pittsburgh Pirates, Texas Rangers , Tampa Bay Rays, Cincinnati Reds, Boston Red Sox, Rockies na Colorado da Chicago White Sox) suna da kayayyakin Coca-Cola da aka sayar a wuraren wasanninsu. Tun lokacin kakar 2019 shine mai tallafawa taken Uzbekistan Super League a ƙwallon ƙafa, kuma a hukumance ana kiran wannan gasar Coca-Cola Uzbekistan Super League. Coca-Cola ta kuma dauki nauyin gasar Overwatch league tun kakar wasa ta biyu. Sun kuma tallafawa duk manyan wasannin gasa na Overwatch kamar gasar cin kofin duniya. A watan Fabrairu 2020, Coca-Cola ta zama mai tallafawa taken jerin eNASCAR iRacing. A watan Oktoba 2018, Coca-Cola ya fara ɗaukar nauyin ƙungiyar Formula 1 McLaren tare da sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekara 1 da yawa tun daga lokacin. === Talabijin === Kamfanin ya ɗauki nauyin shahararren jerin waƙoƙin-gasar Fox Id American Idol daga 2002 zuwa 2014. Coca-Cola ya kasance mai daukar nauyin wasan kwaikwayo na dare a PBS, Charlie Rose a Amurka. Coca-Cola kuma babban mai samarwa ne na Coke Studio (Pakistan). Fassara ce ta fara a Brazil, MTV Brasil ta watsa shi kuma akwai gyare -gyare iri -iri na Coke Studio kamar Coke Studio (Indiya) da Coke Studio (Afirka). === Gidajen shakatawa === Duk da cewa ba lallai bane yana da haƙƙin suna ga kowane abu a duk wuraren, kamfanin yana tallafawa kuma yana ba da abubuwan sha a wuraren shakatawa da yawa, galibi cikin iyawa ta musamman. Wannan ya haɗa da Walt Disney Parks da Resorts, Merlin Entertainment, Universal Parks & Resorts, Tutoci shida, Cedar Fair, da SeaWorld Entertainment waɗanda shida ne daga cikin manyan mashahuran wuraren shakatawa na duniya guda tara (ba a sani ba ko OCT Parks China, the Rukunin Chimelong, ko Fantawild, na huɗu, na bakwai, da na takwas mafi girman masu gudanar da filin shakatawa bi da bi, suna amfani da Coca-Cola). Har ila yau kamfanin yana tallafawa kai tsaye, tare da haƙƙin suna, Coca-Cola London Eye da Coca-Cola Orlando Eye. Har ila yau kamfanin yana gudanar da cibiyoyin baƙi na "Coca-Cola" a Isra'ila, Belgium da Turkiyya. = Yadda sunan Coca-Cola ya samo asali = 27 Satumba 2016 '''Mai yiwuwa ka taba jin cewa lemon Coca-Cola na dauke da wasu sinadarai wadanda ke iya sa mutune su riƙa matuƙar sha'awar shan sa: wato hodar iblis.'''<ref>BBC</ref> Sunan Coca ya samo asali ne daga ganyen coca inda mutumin daya ƙirkiro lemon John Pemberton, dake sayar da magunguna a birnin Atlanta ya hada ganyen goro da ruwan sukari. A wancan lokacin a farkon ƙarni a 19, an saba harhada ganyen coca da giya kuma dubarar Pemberton wajen hada sukari wata hanya ce ta kaucewa dokoki da suka haramta sayar da barasa. Amma a bangare guda kuma sunan yana nufin sauran kayayyaki da ba'a san su ba amma kuma suna da ƙarfi sosai- wato goro. ɓawon goron idan baka taɓa gani bai kai tsawon inci biyu ba kuma launin shudi ne. Cikin sa yana yin jajaja, ko kuma fari-fari. A ƙasashen yammacin Afrika, masu cin goro sun maida shi wani abu da ke ƙara musu kuzari. Saboda ƙwallon ya na dauke da sinarin caffeine da theobromine, wadanda ake samu a ganyen gahawa da kuma chakulan.<ref>Bbc</ref> == Manazarta == </https://www.worldofcoca-cola.com/> </https://www.theglobalfund.org/en/private-ngo-partners/delivery-innovation/coca-cola/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104224455/https://www.theglobalfund.org/en/private-ngo-partners/delivery-innovation/coca-cola/ |date=2021-11-04 }}\> </https://www.coca-colacompany.com\> <\https://m.youtube.com/user/CocaColaCo?reload=9&skip_registered_account_check=true&noapp=1\> ghktqhf0xwzmo1hqhjobdq0wlxptwfm 0 22387 873781 857855 2026-07-01T20:23:03Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 873781 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:CSU salary.jpg|thumb|Daidaiton Albashi]] [[File:It%27s_Time_For_Equal_Pay_For_Equal_Work_(Gillibrand_2020).png |thumb|It's Time For Equal Pay For Equal Work ]] '''Daidaiton albashi don aikin daidai''' shine batun [[Hakkin ma'aikata na shiga bayan gida|haƙƙin ma'aikata]] wanda za'a baiwa mutane a wurin aiki guda albashi ɗaya.Kuma an fi amfani da shi a cikin yanayin nuna wariyar jinsi, dan gane da bambancin biyan jinsi . Daidaita albashi ya shafi cikakken adadin biyan da fa'idodi, gami da biyan kuɗi na yau da kullun, biyan bashin albashi, kari da alawus. Wasu ƙasashe sun yi ƙaura fiye da na wasu don magance daidaiton albashi. == Labarin farko == [[File:President_John_F._Kennedy_Signs_the_Equal_Pay_Act_(14006725897).jpg|left|thumb|Shugaba [[John F. Kennedy]] ya sanya hannu kan Dokar Biya Daidai ]] Yayin da aikin kwadago ya zama gama-gari a lokacin juyin juya halin Masana'antu, galibi ana biyan mata ƙasa da takwarorinsu na maza don wannan aiki, ko don wani dalili bayyanan ne cewa su mata ne ko kuma a ƙarƙashin wani dalili. Ka'idar dai-daiton albashi don aiki iri ɗaya ya taso ne a sames ɓangaren farko na mata, tare da ƙoƙarin farko na samun albashi daidai yana da nasaba da gwagwarmayar ƙungiyar kwadago a ƙarni na goma sha tara a ƙasashe masu ci gaban masana'antu: misali, jerin yajin aiki da mata masu haɗin kai a cikin [[Birtaniya]] a cikin shekara ta( 1830s. ) Matsin lamba daga Ƙungiyoyin Kwadago na da tasiri iri daban-daban, inda a wasu lokuta ƙungiyoyin kwadago ke ƙarfafa ra'ayin mazan jiya. Carrie Ashton Johnson ' yar asalin Amurka ce wacce ta danganci albashi daidai da na mata a cikin ma'aikatun masana'antu game da batun zaɓen mata . A cikin shekarar (1895) jaridar Chicago Tribune ta naƙalto tana cewa, "Idan aka ba wa mata kuri'a, za a samu albashi dai-dai wa daida." Koyaya, bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago da majalisun dokoki na ƙasashe masu ci gaban masana'antu kamfanoni, guraren aiki, a hankali suka rungumi ƙa'idar daidaita biyan albashi don aikin dai-dai; Misali ɗaya na wannan tsari shi ne gabatarwar Ingilishi na Dokar Daidaita Doka ta (1970) don amsa duka ga Yarjejeniyar Rome da yajin aikin mashin ɗin Ford na shekarata (1968) A cikin recentan shekarun nan ƙungiyoyin kwadagon Turai gaba ɗaya suna matsa lamba ga jihohi da masu ba da aiki don ci gaba ta wannan hanyar. == Dokar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ta duniya. == A dokar kare haƙƙin bil adama ta ƙasa da ƙasa, sanarwa kan biyan ɗaya dai-dai ita ce Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Dai-daita ta 1951, Yarjejeniyar 100 ta Ƙungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya, ƙungiyar [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . Yarjejeniyar ta bayyana cewa :: Kowane Memba zai, ta hanyar dacewa da hanyoyin aiki don kayyade adadin albashi sa ba ka dai, zai inganta kuma, gwargwadon yadda ya dace da irin wadannan hanyoyin, tabbatar da aikace-aikacen ga dukkan ma'aikata ka'idar samun lada daidai ga maza da mata ma'aikata don aiki na daidai darajar. [[File:Money in notes.jpg|thumb|Kudi da ake Albashi da su]] Haka kuma an biya albashi daidai don aiki daidai da Mataki na 7 na Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Tsarin Al'adu da Al'adu, <ref>''[[International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights]], article 7''</ref> Mataki na 4 na Yarjejeniyar Zamantakewa ta Turai, <ref>''[[European Social Charter]]: Part II, Article 4, section 4''</ref> da Mataki na 15 na Yarjejeniyar Afirka kan Hakkokin' Yan Adam da na Jama'a . <ref>''[[African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights]], Article 15''</ref> Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya ya kuma yi shelar "ka'idojin samun daidaiton albashi don daidai wa daida". Ƙa'idojin kariya huɗu na EEOC suna ba da izini ba daidai ba don aiki daidai lokacin da aka saita albashi "bisa ga (i) tsarin manya; (ii) tsarin cancanta; (iii) tsarin da ke auna yawan kuɗi ta hanyar amfani da su na yau da kullum; ko ( iv) ... duk wani abu banda jima'i. " <ref name="EEOC">U.S Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. [http://www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/publications/fs-epa.cfm ''EEOC Facts About Equal Pay and Compensation Discrimination''], accessed on August 26, 2011.</ref> Bambancin albashi saboda ɗayan waɗannan abubuwan ba ya keta yarjejeniyar. == Halin doka ta hanyar iko. == === Tarayyar Turai / Yankin Tattalin Arzikin Turai === Bayan Yaƙin Turai ya ga daidaitaccen tsari game da shigar mata cikin kasuwar kwadago da dokoki don inganta albashi dai-dai na aiki iri daya a duk ƙasashen Gabas da Yamma. Wasu ƙasashe da ke cikin EU yanzu, gami da Faransa, Jamus, da Poland, sun riga sun tsara ƙa'idar biyan kuɗi daidai don aiki daidai a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin su kafin kafuwar EU (duba jadawalin da ke ƙasa). Lokacin da Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Turai, daga baya [[Tarayyar Turai]] (EU), aka kafa a cikin 1957, maƙasudin biyan kuɗi daidai don aiki iri ɗaya an laƙaba shi a matsayin babbar mahimmanci daga cikin abubuwan da ake da su. Mataki na 141 na Yarjejeniyar Rome ta ce 'kowace Memberungiyar Memberasa za ta tabbatar da cewa an yi amfani da ƙa'idar biyan kuɗi daidai ga mata da mata don aiki iri ɗaya ko aiki iri ɗaya.' Yayin da yake ci gaba da zamantakewar al'umma, wannan shawarar ba lallai ba ce ta nuna ɗabi'un ci gaba da yawa a tsakanin waɗanda suka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar: :: Duk da yake ana yawan kallon wannan a matsayin misali na ci gaban al'ummomin Turai, wasu suna jayayya cewa Mataki na 141 (a baya 119) an haɗa shi da yawa a matsayin sassauci ga Farantawa da suka riga suna da dokar biyan kuɗi daidai kuma suna tsoron za su kasance a kwatankwacin hasara. <ref>New JNCHES Equality Working Group, 'The Gender Pay Gap - A Literature Review', p. 7 fn. 15, citing Townsend-Smith, ''Sex Discrimination in Employment'' (London: Sweet and Maxwell, 1989).</ref> An fayyace dokar EEC a cikin 1975, ta ɗaure da umarnin kai tsaye daidai na biyan albashi 75/117 / EEC. Wannan ya hana duk wani bambanci da kabilanci a dalilin jima'i dangane da biya; wannan da sauran umarnin an hade su cikin Umarni ɗaya a 2006 (2006/54 / EC). <ref>New JNCHES Equality Working Group, 'The Gender Pay Gap - A Literature Review', p. 7.</ref> A matakin ƙasa ƙa'idar daidaitaccen albashi gabaɗaya ya kasance cikakke cikakke a cikin dokokin ƙasashe membobin EU 28 da ƙarin ƙasashe na Yankin Tattalin Arziƙin Turai (EEA), Iceland, Liechtenstein da Norway. Candidateasashen candidatean takarar EU na Macedonia da Turkiyya suma sun dai-daita dokokinsu bisa ƙa'idodin EU. Babban dokar ƙasa game da daidaiton biyan kuɗi tsakanin maza da mata don ƙasashen Turai daban-daban kamar haka. {| class="wikitable" !Kasa ! Babban tanadin doka |- | Austria | Dokar 1979 kan Daidaita Daidaitawa a kan Maza da Mata (kamar yadda aka gyara tun) |- | Belgium | Doka ta 1999 game da Daidaitawar Kula da Maza da Mata (Labarai na 12 da 25) da Dokar Sarauta ta 9 Disamba 1975 |- | Bulgaria | Daidaita albashi don aikin daidai wanda aka haɗa a cikin lambar aiki |- | Jamhuriyar Czech | Biyan aiki don doka an tsara shi. 1/1992 Coll. kan biya, albashi na karin lokaci, da matsakaita kudin shiga da kuma Dokar ba. 43/1991 Coll. akan albashi da alawus na kari akan kari a jihar da wasu kungiyoyi da hukumomi. |- | Denmark | Dokar 1976 kan Daidaitawa Maza da Mata, kamar yadda aka yi kwaskwarima tun lokacin da ya haɗa da ƙarin maki |- | Kasar Finland | Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1995 (sashi na 5, sakin layi 4) da Dokar Daidaito tsakanin Maza da Mata (sashe na 8, sakin layi na 2) |- | Faransa | Tsarin Mulki na 1946 da Labarai L.140.2 kuma daga nan sai Dokar Ma'aikata |- | Jamus | Tsarin Mulki na 1949 ko "Dokar Asali" (Mataki na uku) |- | Girka | Tsarin Mulki na 1975 (Mataki na 22 (1)), kamar yadda aka gyara a 2001, da Doka 1484/1984 (Mataki na 4) |- | Hungary | Daidai da albashi don aiki iri daya a baya an sanya shi cikin kundin tsarin mulki, amma ya canza; yanzu akwai daidaito tsakanin maza da mata, kuma albashin yana cikin Dokar Kodago. |- | Iceland | Dokar Daidaita Daidaiton ta 1961 (# 60/1961), 1976 Doka don Daidaita tsakanin mata da maza (# 78/1976 ), Dokar 2008 kan Matsayin Daidaito da 'Yancin Daidaita Mata da Maza (# 10/2008) ) da kuma kwaskwarimar da aka kara wa dokar a shekarar 2017: Doka kan takardar shedar biyan kudi daidai gwargwadon Daidaitan Daidaitaccen Biyan da aka gabatar a shekarar 2012 (ÍST 85: 2012 ) |- | Ireland | Dokar Daidaito Aikin Kuɗi ta 1998 (IE9909144F), soke dokar 1974 na Anti-Nuna Bambanci (Biya) da Dokar Daidaito Aikin 1977 |- | Isra'ila | Dokar 1998 don Daidaitan Daidaitawa a Aiki da 1996 don Doka Daidaita wa Ma'aikata Mata da Maza Masu Aiki |- | Italiya | Tsarin Mulki (Labarai na 3 da 37), Doka 903/1977 (Mataki na 2), da Doka 125/1991 |- | Latvia | Daidaita albashi don aikin daidai wanda aka haɗa a cikin lambar aiki |- | Liechtenstein | Daidaita albashi don aikin daidai wanda aka haɗa a cikin lambar farar hula |- | Lithuania | Daidaita albashi don aikin daidai wanda aka haɗa a cikin lambar aiki |- | Luxembourg | Dokar 1981 da ta shafi daidaito tsakanin maza da mata da Dokar Grand-Ducal ta 1974 game da daidaita biyan maza da mata daidai (Labarai na 1, 2, 3 (1), 3 (2) da 4) |- | Malta | Tsarin Mulki (Mataki na 14) da Dokar Daidaito ga Maza da Mata |- | Netherlands | Tsarin Mulki (Mataki na 1) da Dokar 1994 game Daidaita Daidaitawa |- | Norway | Dokar 1978 kan Daidaitan Jinsi |- | Poland | Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1997, Fasali na II, Mataki na 33.2 ya tanadi daidaiton albashi don ka'idojin aiki daidai, wanda tuni ya kasance a cikin Tsarin Mulki na 1952. |- | Fotigal | Tsarin Mulki (Mataki na 59) da Doka ta 105/1997 da suka shafi daidaito a wurin aiki da aiki |- | Romania | Daidaita albashi don aikin daidai wanda aka kunsa a cikin kundin tsarin mulki |- | Slovakiya | Daidaita albashi don aikin daidai wanda aka kunsa a cikin kundin tsarin mulki |- | Spain | Tsarin Mulki (Mataki na 35) da Dokar Ma'aikata (Labarai na 17 da 28). |- | Sweden | Dokar 1980 akan Daidaito tsakanin maza da mata / Daidaita damar dama, kamar yadda aka yiwa kwaskwarima tun |- | Birtaniya | Dokar Daidaito Daidai ta 1970, kamar yadda Dokokin Daidaita Daidaita na 1983 suka yi kwaskwarima, da Dokar Nuna Bambancin Namiji na 1975 da 1986, wanda Dokar Daidaito ta 2010 ta maye gurbinsu. |} '''Dokar Sabuntawa ta 2018''' ''game da Takaddun Shaida Daidaito dangane da Daidaitan Biyan Kuɗi a Iceland'' Iceland ta gabatar da Daidaiton Batun Daidaita a 2012, ÍST 85: 2012 (Daidaitaccen tsarin kula da albashi - Bukatu da shiriya).kungiyar kwadagon Icelandic, ƙungiyar masu ba da aiki da kuma jami'an gwamnati ne suka haɓaka matsayin tare da manufar cewa zai taimaka wa ma'aikata wajen hana wariyar albashi da kuma ba su damar zama sanannu. A cikin 2017, gwamnatin Icelandic ta yanke shawarar ƙara kwaskwarima ga Dokokin 2008 na Dokoki kan Matsayin Daidaita Da Rightsancin Mata Da Maza (# 10/2008). Kwaskwarimar doka ce ta takaddar takaddar biyan albashi daidai kuma an fara aiki da ita a ranar 1 ga Janairu a 2018. Dangane da kamfanonin gyare-gyare da cibiyoyin da ke daukar ma'aikata 25, ko sama da haka, a kowace shekara, za a bukaci samun takardar shaidar biyan kudi domin tabbatar da shaida Manufar wannan takaddar takaddar dole ce ta tilasta zartar da doka ta yanzu da ke haramta ayyukan nuna banbanci dangane da jinsi kuma yana buƙatar cewa mata da maza da ke aiki don mai aiki ɗaya za a biya su daidai albashi kuma su more daidaito na aiki don aiki iri ɗaya ko ayyuka iri ɗaya. === Amurka. === ==== Dokar Tarayya: Dokar Biyan Daidaitawa ta 1963 da Take VII na Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama na 1964 ==== A ƙarni na 20, mata sun kai kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na ma'aikata na Amurka amma har yanzu ana biyansu ƙasa da maza, ko dai aiki ɗaya ne ko wani aiki na daban. Akwai dokoki daban-daban na mata a wasu jihohi kamar, ba sa aiki da dare da kuma taƙaita lokacin aikinsu. Mata sun fara shiga karin ayyukan masana'anta lokacin da aka gwabza Yaƙin Duniya na II ya fara maye gurbin maza waɗanda suka shiga soja. Gibin albashi ya ci gaba da ƙaruwa yayin yaƙin. Hukumar Kwadago ta Kasa ta sanya manufofi don taimakawa wajen samar da daidaito ga matan da ke maye gurbin maza kai tsaye. Yunkurin farko na dokar biyan albashi daidai a Amurka, HR 5056, "Haramta Nuna Bambanci a Kan Lamarin Jima'i," 'yar majalisa Winifred C. Stanley na Buffalo, NY ce ta gabatar da ita a ranar 19 ga Yuni, 1944. Shekaru 20, bayan haka, dokar da gwamnatin tarayya ta zartar a shekarar 1963 ta sanya doka ba ta biyan maza da mata kudaden albashi daban-daban na aiki iri daya kan ayyukan da ke bukatar kwarewa iri daya, yana daga cikin kokarinsu, da kuma daukar nauyinsu, kuma ana aiwatar da su a karkashin irin wannan yanayin aikin. Shekara daya bayan zartar da Dokar Biyan Daidaita, Majalisa ta zartar da Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta 1964. Lakabi na VII na wannan aikin ya sanya haramtacciyar wariya dangane da launin fata, addinin, launin, ko jinsi na mutum. <ref>"Civil Rights Act of 1964." 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2000e-17</ref> Take na VII ya kai hari kan nuna wariyar jinsi da yawa fiye da Dokar Daidaito Daidaitawa ba kawai ga lada ba har zuwa biyan da ake amfaji da shi Kuma ana Kiran shi da mahimmancin diyya, sharuɗɗa, halaye ko gata na aiki. Don haka tare da Dokar Biyan Daidaitawa da Take na VII, mai ba da aiki ba zai iya hana mata albashi daidai dokar dai ta Samar da abubuwa da dama na aiki daidai ba; hana mata canja wuri, karin girma, ko karin albashi; sarrafa kimantawar aiki don mayar da albashin mata; ko kuma ware maza da mata da gangan zuwa aiki gwargwadon jinsi. <ref>Williams, Robert et al. Closer Look at Comparable Worth: A Study of the Basic Questions to be Addressed in Approaching Pay Equity. National Foundation for the Study of Equal Employment Policy: Washington, DC, 1984, pg. 28.</ref> Tunda Majalisar na yin muhawara kan wannan kudirin a daidai lokacin da Dokar Daidaita Daidata ta fara aiki, akwai damuwa kan yadda wadannan dokokin biyu za su yi mu'amala, wanda ya kai ga zartar da Gyaran Sanata Bennett. Wannan Kwaskwarimar ta ce: "Ba zai zama aikin ba bisa ka'ida ba a karkashin wannan karamin juzu'i ga duk wani mai aiki ya banbanta ta hanyar jima'i ... idan irin wannan bambancin yana da izini ta tanadin [Daidaita Dokar Biya]." An sami rudani kan fassarar wannan Kwaskwarimar, wacce aka bar wa kotuna don warwarewa. <ref>Webber, Katie. "Comparable Worth—Its Present Status and the Problem of Measurement." Hamline Journal of Public Law, Vol. 6, No. 38 (1985), pg. 37.</ref> Don haka dokar tarayya ta Amurka yanzu ta ce "masu ba da aiki ba za su iya nin ƙa'idojin na daga cikin nasarori da aka sami, ƙoƙari da nauyi, kuma akwai abubuwan da ake aiwayar da suaiwatar da su a ƙarƙashin irin wannan yanayin aiki a cikin tsari ɗaya." <ref name="EEOC"/> ==== Jihar New York ==== A cikin 1944, jihar New York ta haramta nuna wariya game da albashi dangane da jinsin mutum. A ranar 10, ga Yulin 2019, Gwamnan New York Andrew Cuomo ya sanya hannu kan dokar doka wacce ke ba da tabbacin samun daidaiton albashi don aikin daidai ba tare da la'akari da jinsin mutum ba. Wannan ya ginu ne a kan dokar 1944 ta hana ma’aikata daga tambayar ‘yan takarar aiki game da albashin da suka biya a baya, wata baraka a tarihin aiwatar da daidaiton biyan albashin su dangane da jinsi. Cuomo ya sanya hannu kan dokar tare tare da faretin cin Kofin Duniya na Mata na 2019, a Birnin New York. ==== Jihar Washington. ==== A [[Washington (jiha)|Washington]], Gwamna Evans ya aiwatar da nazarin daidaiton albashi a 1973, da wani a 1977. <ref name="Remick">Remick, Helen. "'A Want of Harmony': Perspectives on Wage Discrimination and Comparable Worth." Ed. Remick, Helen. Comparable Worth and Wage Discrimination: Technical Possibilities and Political Realities. Temple University Press: Philadelphia, 1984, pg. 102.</ref> Sakamakon ya nuna karara cewa lokacin da ake kwatanta ayyuka na maza da mata sun kasance babu kusan wani juyi tsakanin matsakaitan ayyuka iri daya kuma a kowane bangare, an sami rata kashi ashirin cikin dari. Misali, ma'aikacin sabis na abinci yana samun $ 472, a kowane wata, kuma Direban Motar Isarwa ya sami $ 792, duk da cewa an ba su duka lamba ɗaya "maki" a kan ma'auni kwatankwacin jihar. Abin takaici ga jihar, kuma ga ma'aikatan jihar, magajinsa Gwamna Dixie Lee Ray ya kasa aiwatar da shawarwarin binciken (wanda ya bayyana karara cewa mata sun yi kasa da kashi 20 cikin dari fiye da maza). <ref>Stewart, Debra A. "State Initiatives in the Federal System: The Politics and Policy of Comparable Worth in 1984." Publius, Vol. 15, No. 3 (Summer 1985), pg. 84.</ref> Don haka a cikin 1981, AFSCME sun gabatar da korafin nuna wariyar jinsi tare da EEOC, akan wasu mahimman dokokin Gwamnatin Washington. Kotun Yankin ta yanke hukuncin cewa tunda jihar tayi wani bincike na nuna wariyar jinsi a cikin jihar, ta gano cewa akwai bambanci sosai a cikin albashi, kuma basu yi wani abu ba don inganta wadannan bambance-bambance, wannan ya zama nuna wariya a karkashin Title VII wanda yake "mamayewa da niyya . " <ref>American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees, AFL-CIO (AFSCME), et al. v. State of Washington et al. No. C 82-465T (District Court for the Western District of Washington), 1983.</ref> Daga nan Kotun ta umarci Jiha da ta biya mata sama da 15,500, kudaden da aka biya daga 1979, bisa la'akari da nazarin 1983 na kwatankwacin darajar. <ref>Legler, Joel Ivan. "City, County and State Government Liability for Sex-Based Wage Discrimination After County of Washington v. Gunther and AFSCME v. Washington." The Urban Lawyer, Vol. 17, No. 2 (Spring 1985), pg. 241.</ref> Wannan ya wuce $ 800&nbsp;miliyan. Koyaya, Kotun ofaukaka forara ta Amurka game da Yanki na Tara ta soke wannan shawarar, tana mai bayyana cewa Washington koyaushe tana buƙatar albashin ma'aikatansu don yin daidai da kasuwar 'yanci, kuma nuna wariya yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da bambancin albashi. Kotun ta ce, "Jiha ba ta haifar da banbancin kasuwa ba ... [kuma] ba doka ko dabaru da suke ganin tsarin kasuwar 'yanci wani kamfani ne da ake zargi." <ref>American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees, AFL-CIO (AFSCME), et al. v. State of Washington et al. 770 F.2d 1401 (9th Cir), 1985.</ref> Duk da yake karar ba ta yi nasara ba a karshe, hakan ya haifar da dokar jihohi don kara albashin ma’aikatan jihar. Kudaden aiwatar da wannan tsarin biyan kudi daidai yake kashi 2.6% na kudin ma'aikata ga jihar. <ref>"[http://www.pay-equity.co/info-Q&A.html National Committee on Pay Equity]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}," pay-equity.co, Accessed Nov. 8, 2010</ref> ==== Minnesota ==== A cikin [[Minnesota]], jihar ta fara yin la’akari da ingantacciyar manufa mai dacewa a ƙarshen shekarun 1970, lokacin da Minnesotaungiyar Minnesotaungiyar Minnesota ta Majalisar kan Tattalin Arzikin Mata ta umarci Hay Associates don gudanar da bincike. Sakamakon ya kasance abin birgewa kuma yayi daidai da sakamakon a Washington (akwai tazarar kashi 20% tsakanin maza da mata masu biya). Hay Associates ya tabbatar da cewa a cikin shekaru 19 tun da aka zartar da Dokar Daidaito Daidai, nuna bambancin albashi ya ci gaba har ma ya karu daga 1976 zuwa 1981. <ref>Cook, Alice H. Comparable Worth: A Case book of experiences in states and localities. Industrial Relations Center: University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1985, pg. 141</ref> Ta yin amfani da tsarin su, sun lura cewa yayin da aka ba masu direbobin bayarwa da masu buga takardu dukkansu maki 117, kowannensu "ya dace" ga jihar, an ba direban isar da kayan isar da sako (wata sana'a ce da maza suka mamaye) a duk wata yayin da aka biya ma'aikacin magatakarda. (wata mata ta mamaye sana'a) ana biyan ta $ 1,115, a wata. <ref>"Pay Equity: The Minnesota Experience: Fifth Edition." Legislative Commission on the Economic Status of Women, April 1994, pg. 13.</ref> Binciken ya kuma nuna cewa mata ba su da yawan gaske a cikin manaja da mukamai na kwararru, kuma galibi ana rarraba ayyukan gwamnati ta hanyar jima'i. Binciken daga karshe ya ba da shawarar cewa jihar ta dauki matakai da dama na ayyuka: 1) kafa kyawawan abubuwan da za a iya kwatanta su da ayyukan mata; 2) keɓe kuɗi don inganta rashin daidaiton biyan kuɗi; 3) karfafawa mata gwiwa don tabbatar da mata da tsiraru 4) ci gaba da nazarin yanayin don inganta shi. Majalisar Dokokin Minnesota ta motsa nan da nan don mayar da martani. A 1983 jihar ta kasafta 21.8&nbsp;dala miliyan don fara gyara banbance banbancen ma’aikatan jihar. <ref>Stewart, Debra A. "State Initiatives in the Federal System: The Politics and Policy of Comparable Worth in 1984." Publius, Vol. 15, No. 3 (Summer 1985), pg. 91.</ref> Daga 1982, zuwa 1993, albashin mata a jihar ya ƙaru da kashi 10%. Kamar yadda jaridar Star Tribune ta ruwaito, a shekara ta 2005 mata a cikin gwamnatin jihar ta Minnesota sun samar da dala 97, a kan dala, hakan ya sanya jihar ta Minnesota a matsayin daya daga cikin mafiya daidaito ga mata ma’aikatan jihar a kasar. Shekaru biyar bayan haka a shekara ta 2010, an cimma cikakkiyar daidaiton kuɗin biyan mata a cikin aikin yi a jihar, tare da maimaitawa, yawanci ƙananan canje-canje a cikin ƙananan hukumomi da ke faruwa a kai a kai. ==== Dokar tarayya: Lilly Ledbetter Dokar Biyan Gaskiya ==== [[File:Comifuro 13 ATM queue.jpg|thumb|lokacin albashi dai dai dan gaskiya]] A shekarar 2009, [[Barack Obama|Shugaba Obama ya]] rattaba hannu kan dokar biyan kudi ta Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay, inda ya ba mata damar kai karar ma’aikata saboda rashin biyansu albashi har na tsawon kwanaki 180, bayan an biya su kudin da ba su dace ba. A ranar 29, ga Janairun 2016, ya sanya hannu a kan dokar zartarwa wacce ta tilasta wa dukkan kamfanoni da akalla ma’aikata 100 su bayyana albashin dukkan ma’aikatan ga gwamnatin tarayya, tare da ragin albashin ta hanyar jinsi, jinsi, da kuma kabilanci. Manufar ita ce a ƙarfafa masu ba da aiki su ba da albashi daidai don aiki daidai ta hanyar ƙara nuna gaskiya. ==== Massachusetts ==== A watan Agusta na 2016, Gwamnan Massachusetts Charlie Baker ya sanya hannu kan kudurin doka don inganta kan Dokar Biyan Daidaita ta Massachusetts da ta riga ta kasance. A ranar 1 ga watan Yulin, 2018, wannan gyaran da aka sabunta ya fara aiki ne don kare ma'aikata daga tambayar wanda ya dauke su albashinsu na baya. Gwamna Baker ya nemi canji a tsarin na yanzu bayan ya fahimci cewa mata a bangarorin su, a matsakaita, suna yin cent 76 akan dala idan aka kwatanta da maza masu yin aiki iri ɗaya. A karkashin sabunta Dokar Biyan Daidaitawa ta Massachusetts, ba a ba masu aiki damar samun banbanci a cikin albashi ga ma'aikatan da ke yin aikin da ke bukatar irin kwarewa, kokari, da nauyi. Dokar Biyan Daidaitawa ta Massachusetts kawai tana ba da izinin bambance-bambance a cikin biyan lokacin da ya dogara da cancanta, yawan shekaru, kudaden shiga da aka samu, ilimi, da wuri ko tafiya. A lokacin isowarsa a shekarar 2018, Dokar Biyan Daidaitawa ta Massachusetts ta zama mai ba da karfi mafi karfi na neman a biya su daidai tsakanin masu jinsi a Amurka. Ta zama jiha ta farko da ta samar da tabbaci na kariya ga masu daukar aiki a karkashin yanayin da suka gudanar da binciken kansu na ayyukan biyansu. Don kiyayewa, akwai buƙatar a tabbatar da rikodin ƙoƙarin da aka yi don rufe ɓarna a cikin biyan kafin su zama masu alhakin nunka daga cikin ma'aikacin da aka nuna wariyar. ==== Dokokin jihohi da na kananan hukumomi, 2010s ==== California da New York City sun amince da dokokin da suka haramtawa ma’aikata yin tambaya game da tarihin albashi don tantance albashin da za a bayar don sabon aiki. Ana nufin wannan don rage gibin biyan jinsi ta hanyar rage tasirin wariyar da ta gabata. Sauran jihohin Amurka da yawa suna yin la'akari da irin waɗannan dokokin, har zuwa Mayu 2017. === Ostiraliya === A cikin 1948, Sanarwar Duniya game da 'Yancin Dan-Adam ta fara fahimtar daidaiton albashi don aiki daidai. Kungiyar kwadago ta duniya ce ta fitar da Yarjejeniyar Biyar Daidai. Taron ya bayyana cewa yana bada shawarar a ayyana ayyuka bisa yanayin aikin maimakon wanda yake aikin. Mata da maza sun shiga cikin zanga-zangar, suna kiran gwamnati da ta gyara babban taron 1951 da kuma biyan kuɗin doka daidai a Australiya. A cikin 1969, akwai karar da Unionungiyar Ma'aikatan Masana'antu ta Australasian ta kawo game da Nama da liedungiyar Cinikin Kawancen. Ma’aikata sun yi ta jayayya kan a biya kowane ma’aikaci albashi daidai kuma hukuncin da hukumar ta yanke shi ne cewa mace ta ba da mafi karancin albashi a kashi 85 na na mazan. Wannan shawarar ta taimaka wajen biyan albashi daidai ga matan da ke aiki iri daya da maza za su yi, amma sauran matan duk sun samu kashi 85 cikin 100. A cikin 1972 an sake sake yanke shawara kuma dokoki sun nuna cewa ko mata ko maza waɗanda ke aiki a irin wannan aikin da ke da ƙima iri ɗaya, sun cancanci ƙimar aiki ɗaya. A karkashin tsohuwar tsarin gyara albashin Australiya, "an biya albashi daidai na aiki daidai wa daida" na mata a shekarar 1969. An sanya dokar hana nuna wariya saboda jinsi a shekarar 1984. === Kanada === A amfani da Kanada, ana amfani da sharuɗɗan ''biyan daidaito'' da ''daidaiton biya'' ɗan bambanci da na sauran ƙasashe. Sharuɗɗan biyu suna nuni da ra'ayoyi daban daban na shari'a. ''Biyan daidaito'', ko daidaiton albashi don aikin daidai, yana nufin buƙatar cewa a biya maza da mata kuɗi ɗaya idan suna yin aiki iri ɗaya a ƙungiya ɗaya. Misali, dole ne a biya mace mai aikin wutar lantarki daidai da na lantarki a namiji a kungiya daya. An halatta bambance-bambance masu ma'ana idan saboda girma ko cancanta. Dokar tana buƙatar ''daidaiton biyan kuɗi'' a kowane ɗayan hurumin zartar da doka na Kanada (yankuna goma, yankuna uku, da gwamnatin tarayya). Lura cewa dokar tarayya tana aiki ne kawai ga waɗancan ma'aikata a cikin wasu masana'antun da gwamnatin ke sarrafawa kamar bankuna, masu watsa shirye-shirye, da kamfanonin jiragen sama, don kaɗan. Ga yawancin ma'aikata, dokar da ta dace ita ce ta lardin ko yanki. Ga ma'aikata da aka tsara ta tarayya, ana bada tabbacin daidaiton biya a karkashin Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Kanada . A Ontario, ana buƙatar daidaiton biyan kuɗi a ƙarƙashin Dokar Ka'idodin Aiki na Ontario.   Kowane yanki na Kanada yana da doka iri ɗaya, kodayake sunan doka zai bambanta. Sabanin haka, ''daidaiton biyan kuɗi'', a cikin mahallin Kanada, yana nufin cewa dole ne a biya mata ayyukan maza da kuma ayyukan mata-na ƙima iri ɗaya idan a cikin ma'aikaci ɗaya. Ana kiran kalmar Kanada game da ''daidaiton biyan kuɗi'' a matsayin "kwatankwacin darajar" a cikin Amurka. Misali, idan ma'aikatan jinya da ma'aikatan wutar lantarki ana ganin suna da ayyuka daidai wa daida, dole ne a biya su ɗaya. Wata hanyar rarrabe ra'ayoyin ita ce a lura da cewa ''daidaiton biyan kudi yana'' magana ne kan 'yancin mata ma'aikata a matsayinsu na daidaiku, yayin da ''daidaiton biyan yake'' magana kan' yancin mata da mata suka mamaye a matsayin kungiya. Wasu yankuna na Kanada suna da ''dokokin biyan kuɗi'' yayin da wasu basu da, saboda haka wajibcin rarrabe tsakanin ''daidaiton biyan kuɗi'' da ''biyan daidaito'' a cikin amfanin Kanada. Misali, a Ontario, ''ana tabbatar da daidaiton biyan kudi'' ta hanyar Dokar Ka’idojin Aiki ta Ontario yayin da ''aka tabbatar da daidaiton'' albashi ta dokar Ontario Pay Equity Act. A gefe guda kuma, larduna uku na yamma (British Columbia, Alberta, da Saskatchewan) suna da ''dokar daidaita daidaito'' amma ba su da dokar ''biyan haraji.'' Wasu larduna (alal misali, Manitoba) suna da dokoki waɗanda ke buƙatar ''daidaiton biyan kuɗi'' ga masu ba da ma'aikatun gwamnati amma ba na ma'aikata masu zaman kansu ba; a halin yanzu, ''dokar daidaita daidaiton biya'' ta shafi kowa da kowa. === Indiya === ==== Kare tsarin mulki ==== A zaman wani bangare na Ka'idodinta na Manufofin Siyasa, Tsarin Mulki na Indiya ta hanyar Mataki na 39 ya tanadi cewa dukkan jihohi suna jagorantar manufofinsu don samun daidaito a kan aiki daidai ga maza da mata, da kuma tabbatar da cewa maza da mata suna da 'yancin yin isassun hanyoyin rayuwa. Duk da cewa wadannan Ka'idojin Ba su da hurumin zartar da su ta kowace kotu, amma suna da mahimmanci ga shugabancin kasar kuma jiha wajibi ne ta yi la’akari da su yayin zartar da dokoki. Duk da cewa “biyan albashi iri daya don aiki iri daya” ba bayyanannen haqqin tsarin mulki bane, an karanta shi a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki ta hanyar fassarar Labarai na 14, 15 da 16 - wanda ke tabbatar da daidaito a gaban doka, kariya daga nuna wariya da daidaito a cikin lamuran aikin gwamnati. Kotun Koli ta Indiya ita ma ta ayyana wannan a matsayin wata manufa ta tsarin mulki, ga kowane mutum kuma yana iya samunta ta hanyar aiwatar da hakkokinsu na yau da kullun da aka shimfida a cikin Labarai na 14 zuwa 16. A cikin mashahurin hukuncin Kotun Koli, an kalubalanci yanayin aikin masu karbar iska ta Air India. Sharuɗɗan aiki sun buƙaci yin ritayar tilas ga mata: (i) bayan sun kai shekaru 33; (ii) idan sun yi aure cikin shekaru huɗu na hidimar; itama doka ce da aka yarda da ita ko (iii) akan ciki na farko. Kotun duk da haka ta yi fatali da wadannan tanade-tanaden kuma ta kasance masu nuna son kai da nuna wariya saboda ta saba wa doka ta 14, 15 da 16 ta Kundin Tsarin Mulki. ==== Kariyar doka ==== A shekarar 1976, an zartar da dokar ba da lada daidai da nufin samar da lada daidai ga maza da mata ma’aikata da kuma hana nuna banbanci dangane da jinsi a dukkan al’amuran da suka shafi aikin yi da damar aiki. Wannan dokar ba wai kawai ta samar wa mata da 'yancin neman a biya su daidai ba ne, amma duk wani rashin daidaito dangane da tsarin daukar ma'aikata, horas da aiki, karin girma, da sauyawa a tsakanin kungiyar ana iya kalubalantar ta a karkashin wannan Dokar. Koyaya, girmanta bai kai ga yanayin da: (i) mace ke ƙoƙarin bin ƙa'idodin dokokin ba mata kulawa ta musamman ba; da (ii) ana bai wa mace kulawa ta musamman saboda haihuwar ɗa, ko sharuɗɗan da suka shafi ritaya, aure ko mutuwa. Kamfanoni da masu ɗaukan ma'aikata ɗayansu ana iya ɗaukar nauyinsu don kiyaye ƙa'idodin da aka tsara a ƙarƙashin wannan Dokar. A cikin shari'oi daban-daban, Kotun Koli ta Indiya ma ta nuna cewa nuna wariyar jinsi yana faruwa ne kawai lokacin da maza da mata suka yi aiki iri daya ko aiki iri daya Wanda ake bukata. Koyaya, ya fayyace cewa ana buƙatar ɗaukar sassauƙa yayin yanke shawarar wane irin aiki ne zai iya zama kwatankwacin yin la'akari da ayyukan da aka aiwatar a matsayin ɓangare na aikin, kuma ba ayyukan da za a iya yi ba. === Taiwan === Taiwan ta kafa dokar daidaita daidaito tsakanin maza da mata a aikin yi a shekara ta 2002. Yana tsara cewa dole ne mai ba da aiki ya ba da albashi ɗaya ga ma'aikatan da suke yin aiki iri ɗaya. Doka ta tanadi cewa, ma’aikata ba za su nuna wariya ga ma’aikata ba saboda bambancin jinsi ko jinsi a batun biyan albashi. Ma'aikata zasu sami albashi daidai don aiki iri ɗaya ko ƙimarsu ɗaya. Koyaya, idan irin waɗannan bambance-bambancen sakamakon tsarin manya ne, kyauta da tsarin horo zai tabbatar daya taimaka sosai, tsarin cancanta ko wasu dalilai masu gamsarwa na abubuwan da ba na jima'i ba ko kuma waɗanda ba na jima'i ba, ƙuntatawa da aka ambata a sama ba zai yi aiki ba. Masu ba da aiki ba za su iya bin hanyoyin rage albashin sauran ma’aikata ba don guje wa ka’idar sakin layin da ya gabata. == Sukar == Sukar da ka'idar biyan albashi daidai na awanni masu aiki da mata ke aiki daidai da kananan ayyuka ta hanyar azuzuwan kariya sun hada da sukar hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su don cimma hakan da kuma hanyar da ake auna rata. Wasu  sunyi imani cewa ayyukan gwamnati don daidaita bambancin biyan jinsi na haifar da tsoma baki ga tsarin musayar son rai. Suna jayayya batun na asali shine cewa mai aikin shine mamallakin aikin, ba gwamnati bane ko ma'aikaci. Mai ba da aikin yi shawarwari game da aikin kuma ya biya gwargwadon aikinsa, ba bisa ga aikin aiki ba. Batun tare da hakan shine maza ana ganin su manyan masu aiki ne bisa irin kwarewar da mace zata iya yi. Kasuwanci mai zaman kansa ba zai so ya rasa mafi kyawun wa'inda sune masu yin sa ba ta hanyar rama musu ƙasa kaɗan kuma zai iya rashin karfin biyan payingan ƙwararrun masu yin sa saboda yawan aiki zai ragu. <ref name="Caveat for Employers">Vedantam, Shankar (2009) "[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/05/31/AR2009053102081.html Caveat for Employers]." Washington Post, June 1, 2009, page A8</ref> <ref name="Subtle, and stubborn, race bias">Jackson, Derrick (2009) "[http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/editorial_opinion/editorials/articles/2009/07/06/subtle_and_stubborn_race_bias/ Subtle, and stubborn, race bias]." Boston Globe, July 6, 2009, page A10</ref> Koyaya, Women'sungiyar Mata mai zaman kanta ta faɗi wani binciken wanda ke nuna hangen nesa na albashi mai yiwuwa ya ɓace "lokacin da aka sarrafa shi don ƙwarewa, ilimi, da yawan shekarun aiki". <ref>O'Neill, June. "The Gender Gap in Wages, circa 2000" American Economic Review, Vol. 93, No. 2 (May 2003), pp. 309-314.</ref> == Bambanci tsakanin daidaiton albashi don aiki dai-dai da biya dai-dai na aiki daidai yake == {| class="wikitable" !Daidaita albashi don aikin dai-dai ! Daidaita albashi don aiki dai-dai wa daida |- | Daidaitan albashi yana kwatankwacin albashin masu rike da mukamai a ayyuka iri daya ko makamancin haka. | Adadin biyan kuɗi yana kwatanta ƙimar da albashin ayyuka daban-daban, kamar nas da ma'aikacin lantarki. |- | Ko maza ko mata na iya yin korafin cewa aikinsu ba shi da daraja. Idan aka biya namiji mai rike da mukami kasa da mace mai aiki a wannan aikin, zai iya shigar da kara. Hakanan, mace ko miji na iya yin gunaguni idan aka biya ta ko aka biya ta ƙasa da namiji ko mace a cikin aiki ɗaya. | Mutane (maza da mata) ne kawai a cikin aikin da aka tanada wa mata waɗanda ke iya yin korafin cewa ba a daraja aikinsu. Idan ma'aikaci daya ya biya masu aikin jinya kasa da ma'aikatan lantarki, to za su iya shigar da kara. |} A cewar Cibiyar Kula da Daidaituwar Cigaba ta Washington ta amfani da bayanai daga Ofishin Labarun Labarun Labarun, ayyukan da suka fi yawan maza yawanci ana biyansu da kyau ba tare da la'akari da kwarewa ko matakin ilimi ba. <ref>https://www.payscale.com/data/gender-pay-gap</ref> Misali, sau da yawa yana buƙatar irin wannan ƙwarewar da ilimi don zama lantarki kamar yadda yake don zama mai jinya. Koyaya, masu aikin lantarki, fannin da maza suka fi yawa, suna samun albashi fiye da masu jinya, fannin da ya mamaye mata. A cikin yanayi inda, misali, wutar lantarki ke yin aikin su ƙafa 200 sama da ƙasan bene na rijiyar mai, to ya kamata acigaba da amfaninda it's hard biya ya zama mafi girma saboda haɗarin sun yi yawa haka. Koyaya, wannan baya bayanin rata tsakanin matsakaicin aikin masu wutar lantarki. Sukar da aka yi wa daidaitaccen albashi don aiki iri ɗaya shi ne rashin ingantattun hanyoyin daidaitawa, ya dogara ne da abubuwan da ke ƙarkashin ikon mallaka kuma ba ya dogara da ainihin hujjoji da ƙididdiga Kamar yadda yake a misalin da ya gabata, bincika ya tabbata da cewa magana ce ta ƙarya cewa masu aikin lantarki ke samun kuɗi fiye da masu jinya. Dangane da ƙididdigar masu aikin wutar lantarki suna samun ~ 1015 $ / mako-mako ( <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://beta.bls.gov/dataViewer/view/timeseries/LEU0254666500 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2021-07-12 |archive-date=2021-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185351/https://beta.bls.gov/dataViewer/view/timeseries/LEU0254666500 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ) yayin da masu jinya ke samun ~ 1223 $ / mako-mako ( <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://beta.bls.gov/dataViewer/view/timeseries/LEU0254541300 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2021-07-12 |archive-date=2021-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190033/https://beta.bls.gov/dataViewer/view/timeseries/LEU0254541300 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ), don haka a wannan yanayin yana tabbatar da cewa ma’aikatan jinya, filin da mace ta mamaye, sun fi ma’aikatan lantarki yawa, namiji mamaye filin. == Dokokin nuna gaskiya == [[File:Gender_Pay_Inequality.jpg|thumb|222x222px| Mace rike da wata alama da ke nuna cewa tana samun kasa da "shi" (abokin aikin maza) na aiki daya.]] Dokar nuna gaskiya ita ce buɗewa, da ka'idojin fa'idoji waɗanda ke ɗaukar kasuwanci da gwamnatoci. Dokokin nuna gaskiya suna tilasta kamfanoni su bayyana albashin ga ma'aikata, masu daukar ma'aikata, da kuma gwamnati. Tsarancin biyan jinsi an bayyana shi azaman matsakaicin bambanci tsakanin biyan diyya da aka baiwa ga jinsunan mu maza da mata don aikinsu ko aikinsu. An sanya dokokin nuna gaskiya don rage wannan gibin na biyan albashi. Waɗannan dokokin sun haifar da ragin kashi biyu cikin ɗari a gibin jinsi ta hanyar samar da albashi ga jama'a, wanda ya sauƙaƙa ganin banbancin biyan kowane jinsi. Ba tare da dokokin nuna gaskiya ba, masu ba da aiki suna ɗaukar mata da yawa idan aka kwatanta da maza saboda ƙananan albashi. Masu ba da aikin da ke ɗaukar nauyin maza da mata daidai suke ɗora wa kamfanoni ƙimar albashi, saboda albashin maza ya fi tsada sosai kuwa. Garuruwan da suka aiwatar da dokokin nuna gaskiya sun nuna shaidar mahimman canje-canje a cikin albashin mata saboda nuna gaskiya. Bayyananniyar ba wai kawai a cikin gwamnati da ma'aikata ba ne, amma a tsakanin ma'aikata, ba wa mata da maza abokan aiki damar lura da albashin juna. Mata, musamman, na iya amfani da wannan bayanin don samun daidaiton biyan kuɗi. Wannan na iya taimakawa wajen rage rashin daidaiton biyan kuɗi na mata lokacin da suke aiki iri ɗaya da na mazaje. == Duba kuma == * ''Allonby v.'' ''Accrington da Kwalejin Rossendale'' * Daidaita Ranar Biya * Mata na talauci * Gibin biyan jinsi a Indiya * Rufin gilashi * Dokar farashi ɗaya * Mata kayan abu == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * [http://www.evendon.net/PublicService/cgi-bin/HandOff-1_0.cgi?SC2006+05-1074_Ledbetter_v_Goodyear_Tire__Rubber_Co+0001#top Ledbetter v Goodyear Kotun Koli] * [http://www.three-peaks.net/equalpay.htm Biyan Binciken Adalci] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200123150337/http://www.three-peaks.net/equalpay.htm |date=2020-01-23 }} * [http://www.cnn.com/2004/US/Careers/10/22/equal.pay/ Rahoton CNN] "[https://web.archive.org/web/20081202014937/http://digital.library.unt.edu/govdocs/crs/search.tkl?q=pay+equity&search_crit=title&search=Search&date1=Anytime&date2=Anytime&type=form Karanta Sabis ɗin Binciken Kasuwanci (CRS) game da Biyan Kuɗi] * [https://reuther.wayne.edu/taxonomy/term/581 Hotunan Tarihi da bayanai game da gwagwarmayar biyan kuɗi.] Walter P. Reuther Library of Labour da Harkokin Gari. Jami'ar Jihar Wayne. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150518234720/http://www.marxist.com/women/equal_pay.html "Duk Me Ya Faru Daidai Daidai?"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20150518234720/http://www.marxist.com/women/equal_pay.html Rubutun Markisanci] * [http://www.pay-equity.co/day-kit.html Biyan Kungiyar Daidaita] * [http://epowertv.blogspot.com/2005_05_01_epowertv_archive.html "Shin Zaɓin Gap Mata ne Zaɓaɓɓu", Rachel Bondi] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140221222926/http://viewer.zmags.com/showmag.php?mid=pfgsh#/page14/ "Gaskiya Bayan Albashin Mata a Mining", Jack Caldwell da Cecilia Jamasmie] ==Manazarta== [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] hyozbiysi29tf2cydngpp6dojgu3u3u 0 22410 874133 465393 2026-07-02T07:11:47Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 874133 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Ritt zum Kufenstechen.jpg|thumb|Mutum yana wasa a cikin Jama’a.]] '''Shiga cikin jama'a''', wanda kuma aka sani da S'''a [[Dan Kassawa FC|hannun ɗan ƙasa]]''' shine shigar da jama'a cikin ayyukan kowace ƙungiya ko aikin sa Kai. Kasancewar jama'a nayi kama to amma yafi hada-hada tsakanin masu ruwa da tsaki. Gaba ɗaya sa hannun jama'a yana nema da kuma sauƙaƙe sa hannun waɗanda ke iya shafar ko sha'awar yanke shawara. Wannan na iya kasancewa dangane da mutane, [[Gwamnati|gwamnatoci]], cibiyoyi, kamfanoni da duk wasu abubuwan da suka shafi bukatun jama'a. Ka'idar shigar jama'a ya nuna cewa wannan shawarar ta shafi suna da 'yancin kasancewa cikin tsarin yanke hukunci. Kasancewar jama'a yana nuna cewa gudummawar jama'a zai rinjayi shawarar. Shiga cikin jama'a ana iya ɗaukarsa a matsayin nau'i na ƙarfafawa kuma a matsayin muhimmin ɓangare na gudanar da mulkin farar hula na demokaraɗiyya. Dangane da yanayin kula da ilimin ne wasu ke ganin kafa tsarin tafiyar da aiki tare a mai gudanarwa ta hanyar haɗa kai da kuma hada hadin kai, wanda aka tsara ta hanyar sha'awar kasancewar dukkan al'umma ko al'ummomi. Kasancewar jama'a wani bangare ne na ka'idojin "mutane masu cibiya" ko kuma "tsaka-tsakin mutane", waɗanda suka samo asali a cikin al'adun Yammacin shekaru talatin da suka gabata, kuma suna da ɗan fa'idar ilimi, kasuwanci, manufofin jama'a da shirye-shiryen taimakon ƙasa da ƙasa. Jama'a na hallara aka cigaba da humanis ƙungiyoyi. Na halartar jama'a na cigaba a matsayin wani ɓangare na canjin yanayin mutane na farko. Dangane da haka halartar jama'a na iya ƙalubalantar batun cewa "babba ya fi kyau" da kuma ma'anar tsarin sarauta, ciyar da wasu dabaru na "ƙarin kawuna sun fi ɗaya" kuma suna jayayya cewa sa hannun jama'a na iya ɗorewa mai amfani kuma mai ɗorewa. An sanya wayar da jama'a za su taka a cigaban tattalin arziki da cigaban dan Adam a Yarjejeniyar Afirka ta shekarar 1990 don Kasancewar Jama'a a Cigaba da Sauyi. [[File:Swapnochowa - A Non Governmental Organization.jpg|thumb|Ƙungiyoyin jama'ah]] A cikin shekarata 1990, masu aikin sun kafa kungiyar horaswa ta Duniya don a samu Masu Amincewa da Jama'a don mayar da martani ga ƙaruwar sha'awar aikin, sannan kuma suka kafa kungiyar horaswa ta Duniya don Kasancewar Jama'a (IAP2). An kafa aikinta sosai a duniya kuma ƙungiyar ƙasashen Duniya ta Haɗin Jama'a yanzu tana da ƙungiyoyi masu alaƙa a duk faɗin duniya. == Ta filin wasa == === Zane Zane === === Kasafin Kuɗi === Kasafin kudi sa hannu tsari ne na shawarwarin demokwaradiyya da yanke shawara, inda talakawan birni ke yanke shawarar yadda za su ware wani bangare na kasafin kuɗin birni ko na jama'a. Kasancewar kasafin kudi na ba da gudummawa yawanci ana yin sa ne da fasali daban-daban na muhimmanci: ana gano abubuwan fifikon ciyarwa ta hanyar membobin al'umma, zaben wakilan kasafin kuɗi don wakiltar al'ummomi daban-daban, gudanarwa da taimakon fasaha ta ma'aikatan gwamnati, majalisun kananan hukumomi da na manyan jami'ai don yin shawara da jefa kuri'a kan bayar da fifikon kuɗi, da aiwatar da ayyukan cikin gida mai tsarin kai tsaye. Birane dake a duk duniya su na iya amfani da kasafin kuɗaɗen shiga, kuma an yada shi sosai a Porto Alegre, [[Brazil]], sune farkon tsarin tsara kasafin kuɗi na farko wanda aka fara daga shekarata 1989. === Cigaba === [[File:Political_rights_are_important_and_without_people_participation_development_actions_fails--_TVP.webmsd.webm|thumb|Hoto mai magana segment in 2011: "Idan ba hada aikin jama’a ci gaba ya samu nakasa.” - [[wikibooks:Development Cooperation Handbook/Interviews/Shiva Kumar|S.Kumar]] ]] A cikin ka'idar ci gaban tattalin arziki, akwai makarantar cigaba da Haɗin kai. Bukatar ƙara sa hannu a cikin jama'a a cikin taimakon agaji da cigaba ya haifar da kafa wata yar-takamaiman mahallin, takamaiman hanyoyin, ''matrices'', koyarwa da kuma hanyoyin wucin gadi. Waɗannan sun haɗa da ƙwarewa da aiki; Binciken aiki tare (PAR), kimanta karkara cikin sauri (RRA) da ƙididdigar ƙauyuka (PRA); nazarin tasirin sarrafa tasiri (AIC); hanyoyin "Bude sarari"; Manufofin Shirye-shiryen Shirye-shiryen Buga (ZOPP); nazarin yanayin rauni da iya aiki bincike . === Gado === Kusan masana duniya sunyi aiki tare da al'ummomin yankin su. Al'ummomin gida sune muhimman masu ruwa da tsaki don al'adun gargajiya. <ref>ICCROM. ''People-Centred Approaches to the Conservation of Cultural Heritage: Living Heritage''. 2015 https://www.iccrom.org/sites/default/files/PCA_Annexe-2.pdf</ref> An yarda da shawarwari tare da al'ummomin gida bisa tsari a cikin tsarin tafiyar da al'adu. Su na da muhimmanci don bayyana muhimmancin wuri / rukunin al'adu, in ba haka ba suna fuskantar haɗarin kula da ƙimomin da yawa, suna mai da hankali kan ra'ayoyin “masana”. <ref>Clark, Kate. “Preserving What Matters. Value-Led Planning for Cultural Heritage Sites.” ''Conservation, The GCI Newsletter'' 16, no. 3 (2001): 5-12. </ref> Wannan haka lamarin yake a cikin kula da al'adun gargajiya har zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni na ashirin 20. Canjin yanayi ya fara ne tare da Yarjejeniyar Burra ta (ICOMOS) Ostiraliya a 1979 sannan daga baya aikin (GCI) ya inganta shi a kusa da 2000. <ref>Avrami, Erica C., Randall Mason, and Marta De la Torre. 2000. ''Values and Heritage Conservation: Research Report''. Los Angeles, CA: Getty Conservation Institute. <nowiki>http://hdl.handle.net/10020/gci_pub/values_heritage_research_report</nowiki></ref> <ref>De la Torre, Marta, ed. 2002. ''Assessing the Values of Cultural Heritage: Research Report''. Los Angeles, CA: Getty Conservation Institute. </ref> A yau, wanda ake kira “adana-mai kiyayewa” yana a tushe na kula da kayan gado don shafukan WH:an kafa masu ruwa da tsaki da ƙimomin ƙa'idojin babban mataki ne na ƙirƙirar Tsarin Gudanarwa don waɗannan rukunin yanar gizon. Tunanin masu ruwa da tsaki ya fadada ya hada da al'ummomin yankin. Matsayi daban-daban na ƙananan hukumomi, cibiyoyin bincike, masana'antu, ƙungiyoyin agaji, da al'ummomi dukkansu muhimman ƙungiyoyi ne. Ayyuka su kamar [https://sites.unicef.org/knowledge-exchange/index_85493.html musayar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503231103/https://sites.unicef.org/knowledge-exchange/index_85493.html |date=2021-05-03 }} ilimi, shawarwari, nune-nunen, al'amuran ilimi, yaƙin neman zaɓe, da sauransu duk hanyoyi ne masu tasiri don shiga cikin gari. Misali, kungiyoyin bada agaji na gari a Homs, [[Siriya|Syria]] suna gudanar da ayyuka da dama tare da al'ummomin yankin don kare al'adunsu. Wani shiri na kiyayewa a garin Dangeil na kasar Sudan, yayi amfani da alakar zamantakewar al'umma da tattalin arziki tare da al'umma don ganin aikin ya ci gaba cikin dogon lokaci. A Ostiraliya, al'ummomin yan asalin kungiyoyi su na da matakan kula da tsare-tsare da gudanar da shirye-shirye don kulawa, a saka idanu da kula da wuraren al'adun gargajiya da shimfida wurare, musamman waɗanda ke ƙunshe da fasahar dutsen. === Jaridu === === Manufofin jama'a === A wasu ƙasashen sa hannun jama'a ya zama babbar ƙa'idar aiwatar da manufofin jama'a . A Burtaniya da Kanada an lura cewa duk matakan [[gwamnati]] sun fara da gina dan ƙasa da masu ruwa da tsaki cikin tsarin aiwatar da manufofin su. Wannan na iya haɗawa da manyan shawarwari, binciken ƙungiyar mai da hankali, tattaunawar ta kan layi, ko jarabawar 'yan ƙasa masu ba da shawara. Akwai hanyoyi daban-daban na halartar jama'a, ko da yake waɗanda sukan raba fasali ɗaya (don jerin sama da 100, da rubutun hanyoyin, duba Rowe da Frewer, 2005). <ref>Rowe, G. and Frewer, L.J. (2005) A typology of public engagement mechanisms, Science, Technology, & Human Values, 30 (2), 251-290.</ref> Ana kallon halartar jama'a a matsayin kayan aiki, wanda aka yi niyya don sanar da tsarawa, tsarawa ko ba da kuɗi na ayyuka. Hakanan ana iya amfani da halartar jama'a don auna manyan manufofin, kimanta tasiri, da kuma gano darussa don aikin koda yaushe. Duk kundin tsarin mulki na yau da kullun da mahimman ka'idoji sun ƙunshi kuma sun bayyana ra'ayi da ƙa'idar ƙaƙƙarfan ikon mallakar, wanda ke da muhimmanci cewa mutane sune tushen asalin ikon jama'a ko ikon gwamnati. Manufar shahararren masarauta ita ce kawai a cikin al'umar da aka tsara don aiwatar da siyasa, ra'ayin mutane gaba daya shine kawai madaidaicin matakin siyasa. Ana iya ɗaukarsa a matsayin wani muhimmin abu a cikin tsarin ƙididdigewa, da kuma wakilcin dimokiradiyya. Sabili da haka, mutane suna da haƙƙin mallaka kai tsaye koda su shiga kai tsaye cikin aiwatar da manufofin jama'a da kuma yin doka. A cikin Amurka shiga cikin jama'a a cikin tsarin mulki yana nufin tsarin da dokokin da aka gabatar suke batun yin bayani game da jama'a na wani takamaiman lokaci. Halartar jama'a galibi ne abin tilastawa ne ga ƙa'idodin da hukumomin zartarwa na gwamnatin Amurka dake gabatarwa. Ƙa'idojin ko manufofin hukumar na iya ba da umarnin sauraren jama'a a wannan lokacin. === Kimiyya === === Sauran === == Yadar da amincwar jama'a == A cikin 'yan shekarun nan rashin amincewa da jama'a ga hukumomi da' yan siyasa ya zama abin damuwa a cikin yawancin al'ummomin dimokiradiyya. Kasancewa cikin jama'a ana daukar shi a matsayin babbar hanyar magance rikice-rikicen amincewa da shugabanci na jama'a, musamman a Burtaniya, Turai, da sauran ƙasashe masu mulkin demokaraɗiyya. Manufar ita ce cewa ya kamata jama'a su shiga cikin cikakkiyar manufa ta yadda hukumomi za su nemi ra'ayoyin jama'a da kuma shiga, maimakon daukar jama'a kamar kawai masu karbar shawarar siyasa. Babban tunanin da masu ra'ayin siyasa, masu sharhi kan zamantakewa, har ma da 'yan siyasa ke yi shine, kasancewar jama'a na kara yarda da jama'a ga hukumomi, da inganta tasirin dan kasa, inganta manufofin dimokaraɗiyya har ma da inganta ingancin yanke shawara kan manufofi. Koyaya, har yanzu ba a tabbatar da fa'idar da aka sanya ba na kasancewar jama'a cikin dawo da amanar jama'a. <ref>Rowe, G. and Frewer, L.J. (2000) Public participation methods: A framework for evaluation, Science, Technology, & Human Values, 25 (1), 3-29.</ref> <ref>Rowe, G. and Gammack, J.G. (2004) Promise and perils of electronic public engagement, Science and Public Policy, 31 (1), 39-54.</ref> == Amincewa da nuna gaskiya == Hakanan ana iya kallon halartar jama'a a matsayin haɓaka lissafin kuɗi. Hujjar ita ce kasancewar shigar jama'a na iya zama wata hanya ga al'ummomin da ke halartar su tuhumi hukumomin gwamnati da aiwatar da su. <ref name="autogenerated2">Nazrul Islam, Nazrul Isable Martinez and Wang Xi, "Environmental Law in Developing Countries: Selected Issues, IUCN, 2002, pg.7</ref> A cikin Burtaniya ana amfani da 'yan ƙasa don tabbatar da adalci da mutuntar da fursunoni. Masu ba da agaji sun hada da Hukumar Kula da Masu Zaman Kansu mai zaman kanta da ke bayar da rahoto game da adalci da tsare mutuncin fursunoni. == Muhalli da cigaba mai dorewa == A cikin shekarun nan kasancewar sa hannun jama'a ya zama wani muhimmin ɓangare na magance matsalolin muhalli da kawo ci gaba mai ɗorewa. A wannan yanayin iyakokin dogaro ne kawai ga tsarin mulki na yanke shawara, kuma ana jayayya cewa sa hannun jama'a yana ba gwamnatoci damar aiwatar da manufofi da kafa dokoki da suka dace da al'ummomi da la'akari da bukatunsu. <ref name="autogenerated2">Nazrul Islam, Nazrul Isable Martinez and Wang Xi, "Environmental Law in Developing Countries: Selected Issues, IUCN, 2002, pg.7</ref> An yarda da kasancewar jama'a a matsayin ƙa'idar muhalli, duba da Ka'idoji da Manufofin Muhalli, kuma an sanya shi cikin sanarwar Rio. == Fassara mai muhimmanci == An soki ra'ayi da aikin shigar da jama'a, galibi ana amfani da tsarin nazarin ''Foucauldian''. Irin waɗannan asusun suna ba da cikakken bayani game da yadda sa hannu zai iya zama hanyar ɗaukar ayyukan al'umma a cikin tsarin mulki da ikon duk da cewa an kuma lura cewa kamawa da ƙarfafawa na iya kasancewa tare. === Kasancewar jama'a cikin tafiyar da muhalli === Tare da kara rikitarwa game da lamuran muhalli, sa hannun jama'a ya zama kan gaba cikin nazarin ilimi game da muhawara ta zamani game da tsarin muhalli . Akwai maganganu da yawa da ke nuna fifikon tsarin ba da gudummawa, wanda ke jaddada cewa shigar jama'a muhimmin abu ne a cikin harkokin kula da muhalli wanda ke bayar da gudummawa wajen yanke shawara mai kyau. An san cewa matsalolin muhalli ba za a iya magance su ta hanyar gwamnati ita kadai ba. <ref>Pring, G. and Noé, S.Y. (2002) 'The Emerging International Law of Public Participation Affecting Global Mining, Energy, and Resource Development' in Zillman, D.M., Lucas, A. and Pring, G.(eds) ''Human Rights in Natural Resource Development: Public Participation in the Sustainable Development of Mining and Energy Resources'', Oxford University Press, Oxford, P 76.</ref> Kasancewa cikin yanke shawara game da muhalli ya danganta jama'a da tsarin kula da muhalli. Ta hanyar shigar da jama'a, wadanda su ne asalin dalilan biyu da kuma magance matsalolin muhalli, a tattaunawar muhalli, za a iya cimma nasara a bayyane da rikon amana, don haka ya tabbatar da halaccin dimokiradiyya na yanke shawara cewa kyakkyawan shugabancin muhalli ya dogara ne. <ref name="two">Bulkeley, H. and Mol, A.P.J. (2003), 'Participation and Environmental Governance: Consensus, Ambivalence and Debate', ''Environmental Values'' '''12''' (2): 143–54.</ref> Za a iya yarda da shi, kasancewa mai ƙarfi daga cikin jama'a game da kula da muhalli na iya ƙara himma tsakanin masu hannun jari, wanda ke ƙarfafa bin doka da kiyaye dokokin muhalli. (GIS) na iya samar da kayan aiki mai mahimmanci don irin wannan aikin duba (GIS) da shugabancin muhalli. Bugu da kari, wasu masu adawa suna jayayya cewa 'yancin shiga a yanke shawara kan muhalli hakki ne na tsari wanda za a iya gani a matsayin wani bangare na babban hakki na kare muhalli. <ref name="four">Du Plessis, A. (2008), 'Public Participation, Good Environmental Governance and Fulfillment of Environmental Rights', ''Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal'', '''11'''(2): 170-201.(4)</ref> Daga wannan mahangar, ana sa ran gudanar da muhalli zai yi aiki cikin tsarin da ya dace da "ka'idar tsarin mulki na adalci (hada daidaito)", wanda babu makawa yana bukatar cikar "'yancin muhalli" kuma a karshe yana kira ga shiga jama'a. Bugu da kari, a cikin yanayin rashin tabbas na kimiyya game da al'amuran muhalli, halartar jama'a na taimakawa wajen magance irin wannan rashin tabbas da kuma cike gibin da ke tsakanin matsalolin muhalli da aka ayyana a kimiyance da gogewa da kimar masu ruwa da tsaki. <ref>Fischer, F. (2000) ''Citizens, Experts and the Environment'', Durham, NC: Duke University Press, p.222.</ref> Ta hanyar kokarin hadin gwiwa na gwamnati da masana kimiyya tare da hadin gwiwar jama'a, ana fatan samun kyakkyawan shugabanci na muhalli ta hanyar yanke shawara mafi dacewa. [[File:Gammelgården Ljungdalen Mars 2013.jpg|thumb|Lafiyar Muhalli]] Kodai ace akwai yarjejeniyoyi da dama, amma batun shigar da jama'a cikin yanke shawara game da muhalli ya kasance mai dorewa game da hakikanin sakamakon tasirin mahalarta muhalli. Masu sukar suna jayayya cewa sa hannu ga jama'a ya kan mai da hankali ne kan cimma matsaya tsakanin 'yan wasan da suke da dabi'u daya kuma suke neman sakamako iri daya. Ko yaya, rashin tabbas na yawancin batutuwan muhalli zai lalata ingancin shiga cikin jama'a, kasancewar a lokuta da dama masu wasan kwaikwayo sunzo kan teburin tattaunawa suna da ra'ayi mabanbanta game da matsala da kuma mafita wanda da wuya a haɗa shi cikin yarjejeniya saboda rashin dacewar mukamai daban-daban. <ref>Pellizzoni, L. (2003): 'Uncertainty and Participatory Democracy', ''Environmental Values'' '''12'''(2): 195-224.</ref> Wannan na iya haifar da haɗarin fifikon ƙwararru, wanda ke haifar da ƙarin wariya kamar yadda waɗanda ke adawa da yarjejeniya za su kasance sanannu a cikin shawarar yanke shawara game da muhalli, wanda ya keta ƙimar amfani da tsarin mahalarta don samar da shawarwarin muhalli na dimokiradiyya. Wannan ya haifar da ƙarin tambaya game da shin yarda ya kamata ya zama ma'aunin nasarar nasarar halartar. <ref>Owens, S. (2000). 'Engaging the public: information and deliberation in environmental policy', ''Environment and Planning A'', 32: 1141–8.</ref> Kamar yadda Davies ya bayar da shawara, dimokiradiyya mai ba da gudummawa ba za ta iya ba da tabbaci ga fa'idodin muhalli ba 'idan akwai ra'ayoyi masu gasa game da yanayin da ya kamata ya kasance da kuma abin da ke da muhimmanci'. <ref>Davies, A. (2001). 'What silence knows – planning, public participation and environmental values', ''Environmental Values'', 10: 77–102.</ref> Sakamakon haka, wanene ya kamata ya shiga cikin waɗanne matakai a yayin yanke shawara game da muhalli kuma mecece maƙasudin irin wannan sahun ya zama jigon mahawara kan shigar jama'a a matsayin babban batun tafiyar da muhalli. <ref name="two">Bulkeley, H. and Mol, A.P.J. (2003), 'Participation and Environmental Governance: Consensus, Ambivalence and Debate', ''Environmental Values'' '''12''' (2): 143–54.</ref> === Kimiyyar ɗan kasa === Kimiyyar ɗan ƙasa kalma ce da aka kirkira da aka saba amfani da ita don bayyana kasancewar waɗanda ba masana kimiyya ba a cikin binciken kimiyya. Ikirarin shigar da masana ƙwararrun masana kimiyya cikin binciken siyasa yana da muhimmanci. <ref>Richardson, Liz. "Engaging the Public in Policy Research: Are Community Researchers the Answer?" Politics and Governance, vol. 2, no. 1, 2014, pp. 32–44.</ref> Ilimi ne da ya rataya a wuyan saukake "demokradiyya ta hanyar binciken manufofin". Wannan yana da fa'idodi da yawa: sanya 'yan ƙasa cikin ba kawai gudummawar bayanai ba, har ma da ƙira da haɓaka bincike kanta. Mabuɗin cin nasara wajen amfani da kimiyyar ɗan ƙasa ga cigaban manufofi shi ne bayanan da suka "dace, masu ƙarfi, kuma sanannen ƙwarewa don ƙirar tushen shaidu". Matsalolin amfani da kimiyyar dan kasa ga cigaban siyasa sun hada da rashin dacewa tsakanin bayanan da aka tattara da kuma manufar da ake magana akai da kuma shakku dangane da bayanan da wadanda ba masana suka tattara ba. <ref name=":0">Chapman, Colin and Crona Hodges. "Can Citizen Science Seriously Contribute to Policy Development?: A Decision Maker's View." Analyzing the Role of Citizens Science in Modern Research. IGI Global, 2017. 246-261.</ref> == 'Yancin shiga jama'a == Mataki na 21 na [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Sanarwar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam na Duniya ya]] nuna 'yancin kowane mutum ya shiga cikin al'amuran kasarsa, kai tsaye ko kuma ta hanyar zabar wakilai. Hakanan, 'yancin shiga siyasa na nufin' yancin da hukuma mai mulki ke jajircewa wajen samar da 'yanci ga yan kasa, gami da 'yancin zabar da zabar wakilai, rike mukaman gwamnati bisa ka'idar daidaiton dama, shiga cikin sirri da tarurrukan jama'a, da 'yancin kafa da shiga jam'iyyun siyasa. Shafuka na 20 da 27 na Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan Hakkokin dan Adam da Siyasa sun yi irin wannan sanarwa game da haƙƙin shiga cikin harkokin al'amuran jama'a. A wasu yankuna doka ta tanadi haƙƙin shigar jama'a. Hakanan ana iya ɗaukar haƙƙin shiga cikin jama'a a matsayin [[Hakkokin Yan-adam|haƙƙin ɗan adam]], ko kuma bayyanuwar haƙƙin toancin haɗuwa da yancin taro. Kamar yadda [[Holand|Netherlands]], Jamus, Denmark da Sweden, suna da damar shiga cikin jama'a da 'yancin samun bayanai a cikin tsarin shari'arsu tun kafin Tsararru. [[Dimokaraɗiyya|Dimokiradiyya]] da sa hannun jama'a suna da alaƙa da al'ummomin dimokiraɗiyya waɗanda suka haɗa haƙƙoƙin shiga jama'a cikin dokokinsu ƙarnuka da yawa. Misali, a Amurka 'yancin koke ya kasance wani bangare na Kwaskwarimar kundin tsarin mulkin Amurka na farko tun shekara ta 1791. A kwanan nan, tun daga shekarun 1970 a cikin New Zealand dokoki da yawa (misali: kiwon lafiya, ƙaramar hukuma, kula da muhalli) suna buƙatar jami'an gwamnati su "tuntuɓi" waɗanda abin ya shafa kuma su yi la'akari da ra'ayinsu yayin yanke shawara. Ingantaccen halartar jama'a ya dogara da jama'a da samun dama ingantacce kuma mai gamsarwa. Saboda haka dokoki game da sa hannun jama'a galibi suna magana ne a kan batun haƙƙin sani, samun bayanai da 'yanci na bayanai. Hakanan ana iya haɓaka haƙƙin shiga cikin yanayin daidaito da haƙƙin ƙungiya, wanda ake nufi don tabbatar da daidaito da kuma cikakken halartar ƙungiyar da aka ayyana a cikin al'umma. Misali, a yanayin nakasassu. === Bayanin Rio kan Muhalli da Cigaba === Sanarwar ta Rio ta 1992 ta ƙunshi shigar jama'a cikin ƙa'idodinta 27. Ka'ida ta 10 ta ce "an fi dacewa da magance matsalolin muhalli tare da sa hannun dukkan 'yan ƙasa da abin ya shafa, a matakin da ya dace". Bayanin na Rio ya cigaba, yana jawo kusanci tsakanin samun dama ga bayanai da kuma halartar jama'a:<blockquote>A matakin kasa, kowane mutum yana da damar da ta dace game da yanayin da hukumomin gwamnati ke rike da shi, gami da bayanai kan abubuwa masu hadari da ayyukan cikin al'ummominsu, da kuma damar shiga cikin tsarin yanke shawara. Jihohi za su taimaka da karfafa wayar da kan jama'a da kuma halartar su ta hanyar samar da bayanai a ko'ina. Za a samar da ingantacciyar hanyar yin shari'a da gudanarwa, gami da gyara da magance su. </blockquote> === Yarjejeniyar kan Hakkokin Nakasassu === Yarjejeniyar 2006 kan Hakkokin Nakasassu ta amince da cewa "nakasa ta samo asali ne daga cudanya tsakanin mutane da nakasa da halaye na gari da na muhalli wadanda ke hana su cikakkiyar damar aiwatar da tasiri a cikin al'umma daidai da na wasu" kuma "masu nakasa suna cigaba don fuskantar shinge a shigarsu a matsayinsu na daidaikun alumma." Yarjejeniyar ta sanya halartar nakasassu daya daga cikin ka'idojinta, yana mai cewa "Ka'idodin Babban Taron na yanzu zai kasance Cikakken kuma ingantacce shiga tare da hada kan cikin al'umma" wanda daga baya ya sanya 'yancin nakasassu su shiga a dama da su daidai a cikin al'umma, ilimi, kowane bangare na rayuwa (a mahallin zaman lafiya da gyaranta), siyasa da rayuwar jama'a, rayuwar al'adu, hutu da wasanni. == Duba kuma == == Manazarta == [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 9j520uep61wpd16tb3uqtc39d51g1d4 0 23482 873709 869244 2026-07-01T16:44:25Z Ummun Sultan 23935 An kirkira ta fassara "Career" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350221454|Chigozie Atuanya]]" 873709 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zeal Chigozie Atuanya''' // ⓘ (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga Satumba, 1980) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Najeriya, furodusa kuma ɗan kasuwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ezeh/Nigeriafilms.com |first=Maryjane |title=Chigozie Atunaya Leaving The Movies For The Field? - nigeriafilms.com |url=http://www.nigeriafilms.com/news/29612/61/chigozie-atunaya-leaving-the-movies-for-the-field.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605071530/http://www.nigeriafilms.com/news/29612/61/chigozie-atunaya-leaving-the-movies-for-the-field.html |archive-date=5 June 2016 |access-date=6 June 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Nigeria: I'll Preserve Igbo Culture With Movies - Atuanya |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201602250115.html |access-date=6 June 2016 |publisher=}}</ref> Shi ne Shugaba na Skybridimpex roof da Uncle Lala'sTV == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haife shi a [[Aba]], [[Abiya|Jihar Abia]], Najeriya, Atuanya ya fito daga Nri a [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]] . <ref name="Staff">{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Uyo Gist |date=2024-08-18 |title=Chigozie Atuanya Biography And Net Worth |url=https://www.uyomoneygist.com/2024/08/18/chigozie-atuanya-biography-and-net-worth/ |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=Uyo Money Gist |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin gudanar da gwamnati daga [[Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Enugu]] . <ref name="nollywoodcommunity.com">{{Cite web |last= |date=13 September 2015 |title=Happy birthday to Chigozie Atuanya, born September 13! |url=http://nollywoodcommunity.com/happy-birthday-to-chigozie-atuanya-born-september-13/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624132021/http://nollywoodcommunity.com/happy-birthday-to-chigozie-atuanya-born-september-13/ |archive-date=June 24, 2016 |access-date=6 June 2016 |publisher=}}</ref> == Sana'a == Atuanya ya fara fitowa a fina-finansa na farko a shekarar 1998 mai suna ''King Jaja of Opobo'' kuma tun daga lokacin ya fara shirya fina-finai da dama. <ref name="nollywoodcommunity.com2">{{Cite web |last= |date=13 September 2015 |title=Happy birthday to Chigozie Atuanya, born September 13! |url=http://nollywoodcommunity.com/happy-birthday-to-chigozie-atuanya-born-september-13/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624132021/http://nollywoodcommunity.com/happy-birthday-to-chigozie-atuanya-born-september-13/ |archive-date=June 24, 2016 |access-date=6 June 2016 |publisher=}}</ref> Ya kasance abin koyi ga Delta Soap, yana fitowa a daya daga cikin tallace-tallacen talabijin dinsu. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Birthday Mates: Chigozie Atuanya and Monalisa Chinda (Born September 13) - Nigeria Movie Network |url=http://www.nigeriamovienetwork.com/articles/birthday-mates-chigozie-atuanya-and-monalisa-chinda-born-september-13_959.html |access-date=6 June 2016 |publisher=}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Atuanya ta auri Jennifer Obianuju Oranika, wacce ta kammala karatun lauya daga [[Igbinedion University|Jami'ar Igbinedion]], Jihar Edo. An yi auren ma'auratan a ranar 31 ga Maris, 2013, sannan aka yi auren fari a ranar 3 ga Agusta, 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Weddings |first=BellaNaija |date=2013-08-03 |title=Nollywood Actor Chigozie Atuanya Ties the Knot with his damsel Jennifer Oranika |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2013/08/nollywood-actor-chigozie-atuanya-ties-the-knot-with-his-damsel-jennifer-oranike/ |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> Suna da 'ya mace, Kaima, wacce aka haifa a ranar 6 ga Satumba, 2014. == Fim ɗin da aka zaɓa == * ''Gargaɗi na Ƙarshe'' (2002) * ''Arziki Mai Tausayi'' (2003) * ''Babbar Uwa'' * ''Mala'ikana'' (2004) * ''Jin Daɗin Shawagi'' (2005) * ''Maciji Mai Tattaki 3'' * ''Mugun daji'' * ''<nowiki/>'Yan Lumba'' (2008) * ''Ƙungiyar Mata'' (2011) a matsayin Mike * ''Fararen Farauta'' (2010) * ''Jin Daɗin Ruwa'' (2005) a matsayin Robert * ''<nowiki/>'Yar'uwata Mai Daɗi'' (2006) * ''Matsa Biyu'' (2006) * ''Fadar Sarauta (2005)'' * ''[[Chetanna]]'' (2015) a matsayin Emeka * ''[[Brother's Keeper (2014 fim)|Mai Tsaron Ɗan'uwa]]'' (2014) a matsayin Mai Kisan Kai * ''<nowiki/>'Yar Asalin'' (2018) a matsayin Chike * ''An Sata'' (2019) * ''Nkem'' (2020) * ''Disunion'' (2020) a matsayin Kalu * ''Obidike'' (2022) a matsayin Obidike * ''Ajiye Gimbiya'' (2022) a matsayin Nkemjika * ''Haɗuwa Mai Kyau'' (2022) * ''Mr Wife'' (2023) a matsayin Chibuzor [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ==Manazarta == Career == Atuanya ya fara fitowa a fim din 1998 mai taken King Jaja na Opobo kuma tun daga lokacin ya ci gaba da samarwa da kuma fitowa a fina-finai da yawa.<ref name="nollywoodcommunity.com2">{{Cite web |last= |date=13 September 2015 |title=Happy birthday to Chigozie Atuanya, born September 13! |url=http://nollywoodcommunity.com/happy-birthday-to-chigozie-atuanya-born-september-13/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624132021/http://nollywoodcommunity.com/happy-birthday-to-chigozie-atuanya-born-september-13/ |archive-date=June 24, 2016 |access-date=6 June 2016 |publisher=}}</ref> .<ref name="nollywoodcommunity.com">{{cite web |author= |date=13 September 2015 |title=Happy birthday to Chigozie Atuanya, born September 13! |url=http://nollywoodcommunity.com/happy-birthday-to-chigozie-atuanya-born-september-13/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624132021/http://nollywoodcommunity.com/happy-birthday-to-chigozie-atuanya-born-september-13/ |archive-date=June 24, 2016 |accessdate=6 June 2016 |publisher=}}</ref> pxslq6ogkdg1m9tlj5he82kfli8g0hi 0 23760 873731 861007 2026-07-01T17:57:03Z HyBoxwood 46552 [[w:zh:Template_talk:中华人民共和国国徽#編輯請求_2026-04-17_将svg替换为File:中華人民共和國國徽.svg]] 873731 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}{{hujja} [[File:中華人民共和國國徽.svg|thumb]] [[File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg|thumb|tutar china]] '''Tarihin Kasar Sin''' ya kunshi dubban shekaru Aru Aru. Litattafan farko sun kasance daga kusan shekaru alif, 1250 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isah A.s ammah an san wasu abubuwa game da lokutan baya. Tarihin kasar Sin ya kunshi lokuta da dauloli da dama. Ana iya raba shi zuwa sassa masu kamar haka: [[File:Chinese Academic of History.jpg|thumb|ginin akadami na chana]]. == Tarihi == Tarihi yana nufin tarihin wani lokaci kafin kowane rubutaccen rikodin. A irin wannan yanayi, yana da matukar wahala a fadi wani abu tabbatacce game da tarihin China ko wata kasa. Ko da a lokacin, masana tarihi sun yi imani da wasu bayanai game da chaina na wancan lokacin. Kimanin shekaru miliyan da suka wuce Homo erectus, wani nau'in dan Adam na farko, ya rayu a China. Daga baya, kimanin shekaru alif, 65,000 da suka gabata,<ref name="neolithic period in china">{{cite web|title=Neolithic Period in China|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/cneo/hd_cneo.htm|work=Timeline of Art History|publisher=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]| date= October 2004|access-date=10 February 2008}}</ref> 'yan Adam na zamani Homo sapiens sun isa China daga Afirka. Don neman abinci, suna farautar namun daji. Sun kuma fara karba da tattara 'ya'yan itatuwa, wanda a karshe ya haifar da koyon Sinanci don yin noma a shekara ta alif, 5000 K.Z. Sun fara noman shinkafa da wataila wasu nau'ukan hatsi. A shekara ta 2500 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isah, A.s zamanin Tagulla ya zo China. Ajin masu mulki tare da sarakuna sun shigo cikin al'umma.{{sfn|Zhu|Potts|Pan|Yao|2008|pp=1077, 1084–1085}} The better-known Peking Man ({{lang|zh-hans|北京猿人}}; near Beijing) of 700,000–400,000 [[Before Present|BP]],{{sfn|Wilkinson|2018|p=737}} == Tsohon Tarihi == === Daular Xia === Wasu masana suna tunanin cewa kimanin shekaru alif, 4000 da suka gabata, daular Xia ta yi mulkin kasar Sin. Yu (Da Yu) shi ne farkon mai mulkin wannan daular. Akwai wasu sahihan labarai masu aminci game da Yu (wanda zai iya zama almara), a lokacin sa, da sauran sarakunan daular Xia. === Daular Shang === Daga lokacin daular Shang, akwai wasu rubutattun tarihi. An yi rubuce-rubuce a kan tasoshin Oracle. An samu irin wannan kasusuwa da harsashi da yawa. Masana sun kuma yi imanin cewa a yau Henan shi ne babban birni na tara kuma na karshe na sarakunan daular Shang.<ref name="neolithic period in china"/> Yawancin masana tarihi na kasar Sin na wancan lokacin, suna tunanin cewa daulolin daya na bin daya ce. Ammah kuma yana iya yiwuwa dauloli biyu suna mulki a sassa daban -daban na kasar Sin a lokaci guda. Don haka, wasu masana suna tunanin cewa daular Xia da daular Shang suna iya yin mulki tare lokaci daya, a wasu yankuna daban-daban na kasar Sin. === Daular Zhou === Game da shekara ta al1f, 046 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, daular Zhou ta ci sarkin karshe na daular Shang da yaki kuma ta hau karagar mulki. Sun canza babban birnin daga Henan zuwa wani wuri kusa da [[Xi'an|Xi'an na yanzu]], kusa da Kogin Yellow. Daular Zhou kuma ta kawo sabuwar ka'ida ga kasar Sin China (duba Dokar Sama). Kusan dukkan daulolin sarakunan China sun ci gaba da maimaita wannan ka'idar. Sarakunan wannan daular sun ci sabbin yankuna da yawa. A karon farko a tarihin kasar Sin, China. da adadi mai yawa na mutane, kuma sun tashi daga wannan yanki zuwa wani yanki domin yin sulhu. === Lokacin bazara da kaka === Lokacin bazara da kaka ya kusan karni na 8 BC. Daular Zhou ta cigaba, ammah karfin ta ya ragu yayin da ubangiji ya samu filaye da mabiya. Sarakuna da yawa sun yi mulki a sassa daban-daban na kasar Sin. China ta zama jahohi masu rarrabuwar kawuna, kowanne sarki daban ke mulkin sa. A wasu lokuta, wani Sarki yana mulkin kauyen da ke da karamin sansanin soja. A wannan lokacin na China, sabbin layin tunani da yawa sun tashi. Wasu daga cikinsu har yanzu suna cigaba da zama masu mahimmanci. Su ne Confucianism, [[Taoism]], Legalism da Mohism . === Lokacin jahohi === Lokacin bazara da kaka ya cigaba kusan shekara alif 300. Ya zuwa karni na 5 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, sauran manyan china guda bakwai ne suka rage. Sun kwace dukkan kananan wurare. Waɗannan jihohi sun cigaba da yakar juna. Masana tarihi sun kira wannan lokacin lokacin Yaƙin Jihohi saboda yaƙe -yaƙe da faɗa tsakanin waɗannan jihohin. A shekara ta 221BC, Ying Zheng, Sarkin jihar Qin, ya haɗe dukkanin jihohi bakwai. Ya mai da kansa Sarkin China kuma ya kafa daular Qin. == Masarautar China == === Daular Qin === [[File:GreatWallTower.jpg|right|thumb|225x225px| Babban Ginin China]] Daular Qin sarauta ce mai matuƙar muhimmanci a tarihin ƙasar Sin. Sun bi falsafar Legalism. Babban birninsu yana Xianyang. A ƙarƙashin Sarkin wannan daular, China ta zama ƙasa mai ƙarfi. An yi sabbin abubuwa da yawa a karon farko. An bi tsarin doka mai tsauri. An bunƙasa harshe da aka rubuta. An yi amfani da kuɗin gama gari. An fara gina babbar ganuwar China. === Daular Han === Liu Bang ne ya kafa daular Han bayan daular Qin ta ƙare. A lokacin daular Han, yankin ƙasar Sin ya fadada, kuma an samu cigaba da yawa a fannin kimiyya da fasaha. An ɗauke shi a zaman zinare a tarihin ƙasar Sin. === Masarautu Uku === Lokacin Masarautu Uku (Sinawa na gargajiya: 三國; Sinawa da aka sauƙaƙe: 三国; pinyin: Sānguó) lokaci ne na tarihi inda aka raba China zuwa jihohin Cao Wei, Shu Han, da Wu Wu ta Gabas. Daular Han ta Gabas ta rasa duk wani iko. Daga ƙarshe, sarkin daular Han ya yi murabus. === Daular Jin === === Daular Sui === Daular Sui (隋朝 朝 Suí cháo; 581-618) Sarkin Wen, ko ''Yang Jian ne ya kafa shi''. Babban birninta shi ne Chang'an ( [[Xi'an|Xi'an na yanzu]] ). Daular tana da mahimmanci saboda ta sake haɗa kan Kudanci da Arewacin China kuma an gina Babban Canal a wancan lokacin. [[File:Unglazed pottery funerary figurines of horses Tang Dynasty (618-907 CE) China Penn Museum 02.jpg|thumb]] === Daular Tang === Gidan Li (李) ne ya kafa daular Tang, wanda ya hau mulki a lokacin faɗuwar Daular Sui. A zamanin daular aka katse wani ɗan gajeren lokaci da biyu Zhou daular (16 Oktoba 690-3 Maris 705) a lokacin da Empress Wu Zetian ke gudanar da da'awar da kursiyin, zama na farko da kawai Sin Empress . Babban birnin Tang, Chang'an ([[Xi'an|Xi'an na]] yau), shi ne birni mafi girma a duniya a lokacin. Yawancin masana tarihi suna ganin daular Tang a matsayin babban matsayi a cikin wayewar kasar Sin kuma a matsayin zamanin zinare na al'adun [https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/cosmopolitan duniya.] === Dauloli Biyar da Masarautu Goma === === Daular Song === [[File:Yuan Sakyamuni Statue.jpg|thumb|gunkin yuan]] === Daular Yuan === Daular Yuan ta fara mulkin Genghis Khan, shugaban Mongoliya wanda ya karɓe iko daga daular Song. An ɗauke shi bare ne ba wayewa ba. Jikansa, Kublai Khan, na ɗaya daga cikin mashahuran sarakunan daular Yuan. Ya buɗe ƙasar Sin ga sauran al'adu da yawa kuma ya kyautata rayuwar Sinawa sosai. [[File:1 zhangjiajie huangshizhai wulingyuan panorama 2012.jpg|thumb]] === Daular Ming === A shekara ta 1368, tawayen da Zhu Yuanzhang ke jagoranta ya ɓarke a Kudancin ƙasar Sin, daga ƙarshe ya kifar da daular Yuan. Daga nan Zhu Yuanzhang ya kafa daular Ming a Nanjing, babban birninta har sai da Sarki Yongle ya canza babban birnin zuwa [[Beijing]]. A ƙarni na 15, wani mutum mai suna Zheng He ya dauki mafi yawan sojojin ruwa na Ming ya kuma bincika [[tekun Indiya]], ya kawo dukiya da iko ga Daular Ming. Masarautar ta sami lokacin wadata har zuwa 1449, lokacin da Yakin Tumu ya ɓarke. A cikin yaƙin 'yan ƙabilar Mongol na Yuan sun kame Sarkin kuma sun kewaye babban birnin. Bayan yakin da Mongols, Ming ya fara raguwa. A wannan lokacin, daular ta yi yaƙe-yaƙe biyu tare da Jafananci (na farko kan masu fashin teku na [[Japan]] ya faru a Kudu Maso Gabashin China; na biyu a kan sojojin Toyotomi Hideyoshi wadanda suka mamaye Koriya), da yaki kaya tare da Fotigal na [[Macau|Macao]]. Waɗannan yaƙe -yaƙe a ƙarshe sun raunana daular da ke raguwa. A cikin 1616, tawaye ya ɓarke a Manchuria da Shanxi. Shekaru ashirin da takwas bayan haka, Manchus ya ƙetare Babban Ganuwar, ya mamaye babban birnin, ya lalata 'yan tawayen Shanxi. [[File:Badaling China Great-Wall-of-China-01.jpg|left|thumb]] [[File:Chinese architecture.jpg|thumb]] [[File:1 aerial yangshuo panorama 2017.jpg|thumb]] === Daular Qing === == Zamani ==   === Jamhuriyar China === === Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin === Mao Zedong shi ne shugaban Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin daga 1949 har zuwa rasuwarsa a 1976. A ƙarni na 21 ƙasar Sin ta zama ƙasa mafi arziki a duniya ta fuskar GDP . [[File:Wong Tai Sin (40173932).jpeg|thumb]] [[File:Cantonese Han noble lady with her servants in 1900s.png|thumb]] === Hotuna === [[File:Pudong Shanghai November 2017 panorama.jpg|left|thumb]] == Sauran shafukan yanar gizo == * [http://www-chaos.umd.edu/history/toc.html Tarihin China: Teburin Abun ciki] - Ƙungiyar Hargitsi a Jami'ar Maryland * [http://www.ihp.sinica.edu.tw/database/index.htm Database na kasar Sin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120090606/http://www.ihp.sinica.edu.tw/database/index.htm |date=2016-11-20 }} ta Academia Sinica * [http://saturn.ihp.sinica.edu.tw/~wenwu/ww.htm Rubuce -rubucen Rubuce -rubuce da Database] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200506031332/http://saturn.ihp.sinica.edu.tw/~wenwu/ww.htm |date=2020-05-06 }} na Academia Sinica * [http://www.badley.info/history/China.index.html China Chronology Duniya Tarihi Database] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101108032715/http://www.badley.info/history/China.index.html |date=2010-11-08 }} Archived * Archived [http://www.automaticfreeweb.com/index.cfm?s=ancientasianworld Tsohon Duniyar Asiya ta Asiya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515023548/http://www.automaticfreeweb.com/index.cfm?s=ancientasianworld |date=2012-05-15 }} Tarihi, al'adu da ilimin kimiya na tsohuwar nahiyar [[Asiya]]. Labarai da hotuna da yawa * [http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/history.htm Jagorar duniya don nazarin China] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121129203455/http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/history.htm |date=2012-11-29 }} Archived * [http://www.chinahistoryforum.com/ Dandalin Tarihin Kasar Sin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702175728/http://www.chinahistoryforum.com/ |date=2017-07-02 }} * [http://www.history-forum.com/forum/ Tarihi Forum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712213414/http://www.history-forum.com/forum/ |date=2011-07-12 }} - Tattauna tarihin kasar Sin a [http://www.history-forum.com tarihi Forum ta] [http://www.history-forum.com/forum/forum-1.html Asian Tarihi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512061404/http://www.history-forum.com/forum/forum-1.html |date=2013-05-12 }} sashe * [http://authors.history-forum.com/liang_jieming/chinesesiegewarfare/ Sin Siege Yin yãƙi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070621201559/http://authors.history-forum.com/liang_jieming/chinesesiegewarfare/ |date=2007-06-21 }} - Mechanical harbi da Siege Makamai tsufa - An kwatanta Tarihi sayi zuwa gare ku daga [http://www.history-forum.com Tarihi Forum] * [http://www.benbest.com/history/China.html Tarihin Saukaka na China] * [http://pem.org/yinyutang/ ''Yin Yu Tang: Gidan Sinawa Ya''] bincika abubuwan da ke cikin kayan gine -gine na cikin gida a lokacin daular Qing da kuma alaƙar sa da al'adun gargajiyar Sinawa da al'adun tarihi. * [http://www.aall.ufl.edu/EMC/ ''Farkon na da China''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060719230513/http://www.aall.ufl.edu/EMC/ |date=2006-07-19 }} Archived jarida ce da aka sadaukar da ita ga malanta na ilimi wanda ya shafi lokacin kusan tsakanin ƙarshen Han da farkon zamanin Tang. * [http://www.geocities.com/crmaozedong/index.html Hoton Fagen Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu] * [https://www.loc.gov/today/cyberlc/feature_wdesc.php?rec=4043 Kasar Sin ta sake gano Tarihin da ta mallaka na tsawon] minti 100 kan tarihin kasar Sin wanda mashahurin masani/marubuci Yu Ying-shih, Farfesa Emeritus na Nazarin Asiya ta Gabas da Tarihi a Jami'ar Princeton ya bayar. * [http://sd71.bc.ca/sd71/school/courtmid/Library/subject_resources/socials/CHINA.htm Abubuwan albarkatu ga ɗaliban Makarantar Tsakiya Ana] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080105233305/http://sd71.bc.ca/sd71/school/courtmid/Library/subject_resources/socials/CHINA.htm |date=2008-01-05 }} iya karanta albarkatun da ake iya karantawa ga ɗalibai a aji 5-9 - fiye da hanyoyin haɗi 250. * [[citizendium:China,_history|China, tarihi]] -Citizendium [[Category:Sin]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] == manazarta == pfjrz4kuxrhkq067jq16opwtd0dxj1j 0 23782 874045 711714 2026-07-01T23:44:28Z Habibah A Jisambo 26434 874045 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bikin Asikoe''' biki ne na shekara -shekara wanda sarakuna da mutanen Anfoega ke yi a Yankin Volta na Ghana. Yawancin lokaci ana yin bikin ne a cikin watan Maris.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Editor|date=2016-02-24|title=Festivals in Ghana|url=https://touringghana.com/festivals/|access-date=2020-08-21|website=touringghana.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=GhanaReview International--- Ghana Tourism|url=http://ghanareview.com/festivals2.html|access-date=2020-08-21|website=ghanareview.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ghana Festivals – Tour Ghana|url=https://tourghana.com/ghana-festivals/|access-date=2020-08-21|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=May 2021|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Festivals – Slutchtours|url=http://www.slutchtours.com/?page_id=21|access-date=2020-08-21|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-01-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118192700/http://www.slutchtours.com/?page_id=21|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Bukukuwa. == Yayin bikin, ana maraba da baƙi don raba abinci da abin sha. Mutanen sun sanya tufafin gargajiya kuma akwai durbar sarakuna. Akwai kuma raye -raye da kade -kade.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Major Festivals|url=http://www.ghanaembassyiran.com/en/page/majorfestivals|access-date=2020-08-21|website=www.ghanaembassyiran.com|archive-date=2020-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926072838/http://ghanaembassyiran.com/en/page/majorfestivals|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Muhimmanci. == Ana yin wannan biki don nuna alamar wani abin da ya faru a baya. == Manazarta. == ciof3i4xjjt0ys64arpzynwb0y4x2y7 0 23902 874136 733919 2026-07-02T07:17:19Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 874136 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Aerial_view_of_the_Amazon_Rainforest.jpg|thumb| Yankin gandun dajin Amazon a [[Brazil]]. A wurare masu zafi rainforests na [[Amurka ta Kudu|South America]] dauke da most bambancin jinsunan a [[Duniya]].<ref>[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/12/051205163236.htm Why The Amazon Rainforest Is So Rich In Species]. ScienceDaily.com (5 December 2005). Retrieved on 28 March 2013.</ref>]] [[File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_Af_present.svg|thumb| Yankunan yanayi na gandun daji na wurare masu zafi (Af).]] [[Fayil:Epping Forest UK ward map 2022.svg|thumb|taswiran Daji na amurka na epping tsare tsaran daji]] '''Gandun Daji''' na wurare masu zafi sune gandun dajin da ke faruwa a yankunan dajin yanayi na wurare masu zafi wanda babu lokacin bazara duk watanni suna da matsakaicin hazo na akalla (60)&nbsp;mm - kuma ana iya kiran shi dausayi mai tsayin [[Dazuzzuka na Karni na 21st|dazuzzuka]]. Ana samun gandun daji na gaskiya a tsakanin digiri (10) Arewa da kudu na mai daidai tawa (duba taswira); su ne wani sa na wurare masu zafi da gandun daji daya a uku wajen a cikin (28)-mataki latitudes (a cikin ''Equatorial zone tsakanin Tropic of Cancer kuma Tropic of Capricorn'' ). A cikin rabe -raben ''biome'' na Asusun kula da Dabbobi na Duniya, gandun daji na wurare masu zafi sune nau'in gandun daji mai yalwar ruwa mai zafi (ko gandun daji mai zafi) wanda kuma ya haɗa da gandun daji na yanayi mai faɗi . == Ciga Bayani == [[File:Rio_Madre_de_Dios,_Peru.JPG|left|thumb| Dajin ruwan [[Amazon|kogin Amazon]] [[Peru|a Peru]]]] Ana iya rarrabe gandun daji na wurare masu zafi a cikin kalmomi biyu: zafi da rigar zafi. Ma'ana yanayin zafi na wata ya wuce {{Convert|18|C|F}} a duk watanni na shekara. <ref>Woodward, Susan. </ref> Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara -shekara bai wuce {{Convert|1680|mm|in}} kuma yana iya wuce {{Convert|10|m|in}} ko da yake yawanci yana tsakanin {{Convert|1750|mm|in}} da {{Convert|3000|mm|in}} . Wannan babban hazo sau da yawa yakan haifar da [[Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa)|ƙasa]] mara kyau saboda leaching wato abubuwan da ke narkewa a ƙasa. Gandun dazuzzuka masu zafi suna nuna ɗimbin halittu. Kusan kashi 40% zuwa 75% na duk nau'ikan halittun 'yan asalin gandun daji ne. Gandun dazuzzukan gida ne na rabin dukkan dabbobi masu rai da tsirrai a doron ƙasa. <ref name="MI">The Regents of the [[University of Michigan]]. </ref> Za a iya samun kashi biyu bisa uku na duk tsirrai masu furanni a cikin gandun daji. ya kadada na gandun daji na iya ƙunsar nau'ikan kwari iri -iri 42,000, har zuwa bishiyoyi 807 na nau'ikan 313 da nau'ikan tsirrai 1,500 mafi girma. <ref name="Newman, Arnold 2002" /> An kira dazuzzukan daji na wurare masu zafi " mafi girman kantin magani na duniya ", saboda an gano sama da kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na magungunan halitta a cikinsu. <ref>[http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2013/02/venom/holland-text The bite that heals] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117075557/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2013/02/venom/holland-text |date=2013-01-17 }}.</ref> Wataƙila za a iya samun miliyoyin nau'in tsirrai, kwari da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda har yanzu ba a gano su a cikin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi ba. Gandun daji na wurare masu zafi suna daga cikin mawuyancin yanayin muhallin halittu a duniya, saboda rarrabuwa mai yawa sakamakon ayyukan ɗan adam. Rarrabuwa na mazaunin da ke haifar da tsarin ilimin ƙasa kamar volcanism da canjin yanayi ya faru a baya, kuma an gano su a matsayin manyan direbobi na ƙwarewa. Koyaya, lalacewar mazaunin cikin sauri ana tsammanin shine ɗayan manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da gushewar nau'in. An sha fama da gandun daji na wurare masu zafi na gandun daji da tsabtace [[Gandun daji|aikin gona]] a cikin karni na 20, kuma yankin da gandun daji ke rufe a duniya yana raguwa cikin sauri. <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2008/sep/01/forests.brazil Brazil: Deforestation rises sharply as farmers push into Amazon], The Guardian, 1 September 2008</ref> <ref>[http://www.asianews.it/index.php?l=en&art=5728 China is black hole of Asia's deforestation], Asia News, 24 March 2008</ref> === Tarihi === Gandun daji na wurare masu zafi sun wanzu a doron duniya miliyoyin shekaru. Yawancin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi a yau suna kan gutsurarrun curare zamanin Mesozoic na Gondwana .Rabuwa da filin ya haifar da babban rashi na bambancin halittu masu rai yayin da a lokaci guda kuma yanayin bushewar yanayi ya haifar da rarrabuwar dabbobi masu rarrafe. Rarraba ya bar gandun daji na wurare masu zafi waɗanda ke cikin manyan yankuna biyar na duniya: Amurka mai zafi, Afirka, kudu maso gabashin Asiya, Madagascar, da New Guinea, tare da ƙaramin waje a Ostiraliya. Ko yaya, takamaiman asalin gandun dazuzzuka har yanzu ba a tabbatar da shi ba saboda ƙarancin burbushin halittu. === Sauran nau'ikan gandun daji na wurare masu zafi === Dabbobi da yawa na iya bayyana kama da, ko hade ta hanyar ecotones da, gandun daji na wurare masu zafi: [[File:Hand-Luggage-Only-1.jpg|thumb| Hillawe Falls a cikin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi na Hawaii a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]]] ; Gandun daji na wurare masu zafi : [[File:Rain_Forest_Daintree_Australia.jpg|thumb| Daintree "gandun daji" a cikin Queensland hakika gandun daji ne na yanayi.]] Gandun daji na wurare masu zafi na damina suna samun ruwan sama gaba ɗaya tare da lokacin damina mai zafi da lokacin sanyi mai sanyi. Wasu bishiyoyi a cikin waɗannan gandun daji suna zubar da wasu ko duk [[ganye]] a lokacin bazara, don haka a wasu lokutan ake kiransu da "gandun daji mai gauraye na wurare masu zafi". Ana samun su a sassan Kudancin Amurka, a Amurka ta Tsakiya da kewayen [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]], a [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka ta]] gabar teku, sassan yankin na Indiya, da kuma yawancin Indochina . ; Gandun daji na Montane : Ana samun waɗannan a cikin wuraren tsaunuka masu sanyi da sauyin yanayi, ana kiransu dazuzzukan girgije a tsaunukan da suka fi tsayi. Dangane da latitude, mafi ƙarancin iyakar gandun daji na montane akan manyan tsaunuka yawanci tsakanin 1500 zuwa 2500&nbsp;m yayin da iyakar babba yawanci daga 2400 zuwa 3300&nbsp;m. ; Ambaliyar dazuzzukan : Ana samun dazuzzukan fadama na ruwan zafi, ko “gandun daji da ambaliyar ruwa”, a cikin kwarin Amazon ( Várzea ) da sauran wurare. == Tsarin gandun daji == An raba gandun dazuzzuka zuwa sassa daban-daban, ko yadudduka, tare da tsirrai da aka tsara su a cikin tsayin daka daga saman ƙasa zuwa rufi. Kowane Leya wata al'umma ce ta musamman da ke ɗauke da tsirrai da dabbobi daban-daban waɗanda aka saba da su don rayuwa a cikin wannan madaidaicin. Leya mai fitowa kawai ya kebanta da gandun daji na wurare masu zafi, yayin da sauran kuma ana samun su a cikin gandun daji. === Dajin da kasar === [[File:Gorilla_gorilla04.jpg|thumb| Gorilla mai faɗi ta yamma]] Gandun daji, mafi ƙasƙanci, yana karɓar kashi 2% kawai na hasken rana. Shuke -shuke da suka dace da ƙananan haske ne kawai za su iya girma a wannan yankin. A nesa daga bakin kogi, fadama da tsaunuka, inda ake samun gindin ciyawa mai yawa, kasan gandun daji yana da ƙarancin ciyayi saboda ƙarancin shigar hasken rana. Wannan ingantaccen ingancin yana ba da izinin sauƙaƙan motsi na manyan dabbobi kamar: kamar okapi ( ''Okapia johnstoni'' ), tapir ( ''Tapirus'' sp. ), Sumatran rhinoceros ( ''Dicerorhinus sumatrensis'' ), da birai kamar gorilla mai faɗi ta yamma ( ''Gorilla gorilla'' ), da kuma yawancin nau'ikan dabbobi masu rarrafe, dabbobi masu rarrafe, da kwari. Har ila yau gandun dajin yana ɗauke da gurɓataccen tsirrai da ƙwayoyin dabbobi, waɗanda ke ɓacewa da sauri, saboda yanayin ɗumi da ɗumi yana haɓaka lalata da sauri. Yawancin nau'ikan fungi da ke girma anan suna taimakawa lalata dabbobi da sharar gida. === Kasan labarin layer === Layer na ƙasa yana tsakanin alfarwa da gandun daji. Ƙasa gida ce ga tsuntsaye da yawa, ƙananan dabbobi masu shayarwa, kwari, dabbobi masu rarrafe, da masu farauta. Misalai sun haɗa da [[damisa]] ( ''Panthera pardus'' ), kwaɗi masu guba ( ''Dendrobates'' sp.), Coati-wutsiya ( ''Nasu nasua'' ), boa constrictor ( ''Boa constrictor'' ), da yawancin nau'in [[Buzuzu|Coleoptera]] . Tsirrai da ke cikin wannan Layer gaba ɗaya sun ƙunshi shuke-shuke masu jure inuwa, ganye, ƙananan bishiyoyi, da manyan kurangar inabi waɗanda ke hawa cikin bishiyoyi don ɗaukar hasken rana. Kusan kashi 5% ne kawai na hasken rana ke karya rufin don isa ga ƙasan da ke haifar da tsirrai na ƙasa da gaske ba sa girma zuwa 3 m (10&nbsp;ƙafa). A matsayin karbuwa ga waɗannan ƙananan matakan haske, tsire -tsire marasa tushe sau da yawa sun haɓaka manyan ganye. Yawancin tsirrai da za su yi girma zuwa matakin alfarwa suna cikin ƙasa. [[File:FRIM_canopy.JPG|thumb| Rufin a Cibiyar Binciken Gandun Daji Malaysia]] === Layer mai rufi === Rufin shine babban sashin dajin, yana yin rufi akan yadudduka biyu da suka rage. Ya ƙunshi yawancin manyan bishiyoyi, yawanci tsayinsu ya kai 30-45 m. Dogayen bishiyoyi masu faffadan ganye suna da manyan tsire-tsire. Ana samun mafi yawan wuraren halittu masu rai a cikin rufin gandun daji, saboda galibi yana tallafawa tarin furannin epiphytes, gami da orchids, bromeliads, mosses da lichens. Waɗannan tsirrai na epiphytic suna haɗe da kututtuka da rassa kuma suna samun ruwa da ma'adanai daga ruwan sama da tarkace waɗanda ke tattara kan tsirrai masu goyan baya. Dabbobi ((Fauna) yayi kama da wanda aka samo a cikin ɓoyayyen ɓoyayyiyar ƙasa, amma ya bambanta. Ana ba da shawarar cewa jimillar wadatattun nau'in arthropod na rufin na wurare masu zafi na iya kaiwa miliyan 20. Sauran nau'ikan da ke rayuwa a cikin wannan ƙirar sun haɗa da nau'ikan avian da yawa irin su hornbill mai launin rawaya-casqued wattled ( ''Ceratogymna elata'' ), sunbird [[Aku|mai launin shuɗi]] ( ''Anthreptes collaris'' ), parrot launin toka ( ''Psitacus erithacus'' ), keucen-billed toucan ( ''Ramphastos sulfuratus'' ), macaw mai launin ja ( ''Ara macao)'' ) da kuma sauran dabbobi kamar biri na gizo -gizo ( ''Ateles'' sp. ), ''Babban abin hadiye na'' Afirka (Papilio antimachus), mai yatsun kafa uku ( ''Bradypus tridactylus'' ), kinkajou ( ''Potos flavus'' ), da tamandua ( ''Tamandua tetradactyla'' ). === Layer ta gaugawa === Layer mai fitowa yana ƙunshe da ƙaramin adadi na manyan [[Bishiya|bishiyoyi]], waɗanda ake kira masu ''fitowa'', waɗanda ke girma sama da babban rufin, suna kaiwa tsayin 45-55.&nbsp;m, ko da yake a wasu lokuta wasu nau'ikan tsiro zasu yi girma zuwa 70-80&nbsp;m tsayi. Wasu misalan masu tasowa sun haɗa da: ''Balizia elegans'', ''Dipteryx panamensis'', ''Hieronyma alchorneoides'', ''Hymenolobium mesoamericanum'', ''Lecythis ampla'' da ''Terminalia oblonga'' . Waɗannan bishiyoyin suna buƙatar su iya jure yanayin zafi da iska mai ƙarfi da ke faruwa a saman rufin a wasu yankuna. Dabbobi daban-daban na (faunal) da yawa suna zaune a cikin wannan Layer kamar gaggafa mai kambi ( ''Stephanoaetus coronatus'' ), sarki colobus ( ''Colobus polykomos'' ), da babban fox mai tashi ( ''Pteropus vampyrus'' ). Koyaya, stratification ba koyaushe yake bayyana ba. Gandun daji suna da ƙarfi kuma canje -canje da yawa suna shafar tsarin gandun daji. Bishiyoyin da ke fitowa ko alfarwa suna rushewa, alal misali, suna haifar da gibi. Buɗewa a cikin gandun dajin an yarda da su da mahimmanci don kafawa da haɓaka bishiyoyin dazuzzuka. An kiyasta cewa wataƙila kashi 75% na nau'in bishiyar a tashar Sashen Halittar La Selva, Costa Rica suna dogaro ne da buɗaɗɗen katako don tsiro iri ko don girma fiye da girman tsiro, misali. == Ilimin halittu == === Yanayi === [[File:El_bosque_inundado_amazonico-cosmocaixa-2009_(2).JPG|thumb| Gandun daji na wurare masu zafi a Barcelona]] Gandun daji na wurare masu zafi suna kusa da kusa da mai daidaitawa, sabili da haka yana da abin da ake kira sauyin yanayi wanda ke da muhimman sigogin yanayi uku: zazzabi, ruwan sama, da tsananin lokacin bazara. Sauran sigogin da ke shafar gandun daji na wurare masu zafi sune tarin carbon dioxide, hasken rana, da wadatar nitrogen. Gaba ɗaya, yanayin yana kunshe da yanayin zafi da yawan ruwan sama na shekara -shekara. Ko yaya, yawan ruwan sama yana canzawa a cikin shekara yana haifar da yanayi mai danshi da bushewa. An rarrabe gandun daji na Tropical da yawan ruwan sama da ake samu a kowace shekara, wanda ya ba da damar masana kimiyyar muhalli su ayyana bambance-bambancen da ke cikin gandun dajin waɗanda suke kama da juna a tsari. Dangane da rarrabuwa na yanayin halittu na wurare masu zafi, ainihin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi suna samun ruwan sama da shekara 2&nbsp;m da yawan zafin jiki na shekara sama da digiri 24 na Celsius, tare da yuwuwar ƙimar evapotranspiration (PET) na <0.25. Ko yaya, yawancin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi ana iya rarrabe su a matsayin gandun daji mai ɗumi ko rigar, waɗanda suka bambanta dangane da ruwan sama. Ilimin kimiyyar gandun daji na Tropical- kuzari, abun da ke ciki, da aiki- suna kula da canje-canje a yanayi musamman canje-canjen ruwan sama. === Ƙasa === ==== Nau'o'in ƙasa ==== Nau'o'in ƙasa suna da sauyi sosai a cikin wurare masu zafi kuma sakamakon haɗuwar abubuwa masu yawa kamar yanayi, ciyayi, matsayi na ƙasa, kayan iyaye, da shekarun ƙasa. Yawancin ƙasa na wurare masu zafi ana rarrabe su da muhimmin leshi da ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki, duk da haka akwai wasu yankuna waɗanda ke ɗauke da ƙasa mai albarka. Ƙasa a cikin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi sun faɗi cikin rarrabuwa guda biyu waɗanda suka haɗa da ultisols da oxisols . Ultisols an san su da yanayi, ƙasa mai launin jan yumɓu, ƙarancin abinci mai muhimmanci kamar alli da potassium. Hakanan, oxisols acidic ne, tsofaffi, yawanci ja ne, mai ɗimbin yawa da narkewa, duk da haka suna da kyau idan aka kwatanta da ultisols. Abun yumɓu na ultisols yana da girma, yana sa ya zama da wahala ruwa ya shiga kuma ya ratsa ta. Launin ja na ƙasa duka sakamakon zafi mai zafi da danshi ke haifar da oxide na baƙin ƙarfe da aluminium, waɗanda basa narkewa cikin ruwa kuma tsire -tsire ba sa ɗaukar su cikin sauƙi. Siffofin ƙasa da halayen jiki suna da alaƙa mai ƙarfi da haɓakar ƙasa sama da tsarin gandun daji da juzu'i. Kayayyakin jiki na ƙasa suna sarrafa yawan jujjuyawar itace yayin da kaddarorin sunadarai kamar wadataccen nitrogen da phosphorus ke sarrafa ƙimar girma na gandun daji. Ƙasa na gabas da tsakiyar Amazon da kuma gandun daji na kudu maso gabashin Asiya tsofaffi ne da ma'adinai yayin da ƙasa ta yammacin Amazon ([[Ecuador]] da Peru) da yankunan volcanic na Costa Rica matasa ne da ma'adinai. Yawan aiki na farko ko samar da itace ya kasance mafi girma a yammacin Amazon kuma mafi ƙasƙanci a gabashin Amazon wanda ya ƙunshi ƙasa mai ɗimbin yawa da aka ƙira da oxisols. Bugu da ƙari, ƙasa ta Amazonian tana da ɗimbin yawa, yana sa su zama marasa ma'adanai kamar phosphorus, potassium, calcium, da magnesium, waɗanda ke fitowa daga tushen dutsen. Ko yaya, ba duk gandun daji na wurare masu zafi suna faruwa akan ƙasa mara kyau na abinci mai gina jiki ba, amma a kan ambaliyar ruwa mai wadataccen abinci mai gina jiki da ƙasa mai aman wuta a cikin tsaunukan Andean, da kuma yankunan dutsen kudu maso gabashin Asiya, Afirka, da Amurka ta Tsakiya. <ref>[http://www.mongabay.com/ Environmental news and information]. mongabay.com. </ref> Oxisols, marasa haihuwa, yanayi mai zurfi da lecha mai ƙarfi, sun haɓaka akan tsoffin garkuwar Gondwanan . Rushewar kwayan cuta na hana taruwar humus. A taro na baƙin ƙarfe ne da aluminum oxides da laterization aiwatar bada oxisols wani haske ja launi da kuma wani lokacin samar mines a adibas (misali, haƙar ). A kan ƙaramin abu, musamman na asalin dutsen mai fitar da wuta, ƙasa na wurare masu zafi na iya zama mai yawan haihuwa. ==== Maimaita kayan abinci ==== Wannan babban ɓarna yana haifar da matakan phosphorus a cikin ƙasa, hazo, matsanancin yanayin zafi da yawan al'ummomin ƙwayoyin cuta. Baya ga ƙwayoyin cuta da sauran ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, akwai yalwar sauran masu lalata kamar fungi da gandun daji waɗanda ke taimakawa cikin aikin. Sake sarrafa abinci mai gina jiki yana da muhimmanci saboda a ƙarƙashin wadatar albarkatun ƙasa yana sarrafa abubuwan da ke sama da tsarin al'umma na gandun daji na wurare masu zafi. Waɗannan filayen galibi suna da ƙarancin phosphorus, wanda ke hana haɓakar kayan aiki na farko ko ɗaukar carbon. Ƙasa tana ɗauke da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta kamar ƙwayoyin cuta, waɗanda ke lalata juzu'in ganyaye da sauran kwayoyin halitta zuwa nau'ikan inorganic na carbon da shuke -shuke ke amfani da su ta hanyar wani tsari da ake kira rarrabuwa. Yayin aiwatar da rugujewar al'ummomin ƙwayoyin cuta suna numfashi, suna ɗaukar iskar oxygen da sakin carbon dioxide. Ana iya kimanta ƙimar rarrabuwa ta hanyar auna iskar oxygen. Babban yanayin zafi da hazo yana ƙaruwa da ɓarna, wanda ke ba da damar dattin [[shuka]] ya ruɓe cikin sauri a yankuna masu zafi, yana sakin abubuwan gina jiki waɗanda tsirrai ke ɗauka nan da nan ta cikin ruwa ko ƙasa. Yanayin yanayi na numfashi ana sarrafa shi ta faɗuwar ɗanyen ganyaye da hazo, ƙarfin tuƙin yana motsa carbon mai ruɓewa daga datti zuwa ƙasa. Yawan iskar numfashi shine mafi girma a farkon damina saboda damina na baya -bayan nan yana haifar da ɗimbin ganyayyaki don haka mafi yawan adadin kwayoyin halitta ana shiga cikin ƙasa. ==== Tushen Jijiyoyin ==== Wani fasali na yawancin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi na wurare daban daban shine tushen bishiyoyi. Maimakon shiga cikin zurfin ƙasa mai zurfi, Tushen buttress yana ƙirƙirar cibiyar sadarwa mai ɗorewa a farfajiya don ingantaccen amfani da abubuwan gina jiki a cikin mawuyacin yanayi mai fa'ida da gasa. Yawancin abubuwan gina jiki a cikin ƙasa na gandun daji na wurare masu zafi suna faruwa kusa da farfajiya saboda saurin juyawa da ɓarna na ƙwayoyin cuta da ganye. Saboda wannan, tushen jijiyoyin yana faruwa a farfajiya don bishiyoyin su iya haɓaka haɓakawa da yin gasa tare da saurin ɗaukar sauran bishiyoyi. Waɗannan tushen kuma suna taimakawa haɓakawa da adana ruwa, haɓaka sararin samaniya don musayar gas, da tattara dattin ganye don ƙarin abinci mai gina jiki. Bugu da ƙari, waɗannan tushen suna rage yaƙar ƙasa kuma suna haɓaka ƙimar abinci mai gina jiki yayin ruwan sama mai ƙarfi ta hanyar karkatar da ruwa mai wadataccen abinci mai gina jiki wanda ke gangarowa a cikin akwati zuwa ƙananan gudana yayin da kuma ke aiki a zaman shinge ga kwararar ƙasa. Hakanan, manyan wuraren da waɗannan tushen ke haifar suna ba da goyan baya da kwanciyar hankali ga bishiyoyin gandun daji, waɗanda galibi suna girma zuwa manyan mahimman wurare. Wannan ƙarin kwanciyar hankali yana ba wa waɗannan bishiyoyin damar yin tsayayya da tasirin guguwa mai ƙarfi, don haka rage faruwar bishiyoyin da suka faɗi. === Gandun daji === Gado shine tsarin muhalli wanda ke canza tsarin al'adun halittu akan lokaci zuwa mafi daidaituwa, tsarin al'umma daban -daban bayan tashin hankali na farko ga al'umma. Hargitsi na farko sau da yawa wani abu ne na halitta ko abin da ɗan adam ya haifar. Hargitsi na halitta sun haɗa da guguwa, fashewar aman wuta, motsi kogi ko wani abu kamar ƙaramin itace da ya faɗi wanda ke haifar da gibi a cikin gandun daji. A cikin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi, waɗannan rikice -rikicen dabi'a an yi rikodin su sosai a cikin burbushin halittu, kuma ana yaba su da ƙarfafawa da ƙima. Ayyukan amfani da ƙasa na ɗan Adam sun haifar da sare bishiyoyi masu yawa. A cikin ƙasashe da yawa na wurare masu zafi irin su Costa Rica an watsar da waɗannan ƙasashen da aka sare dazuka kuma an ba da izinin gandun daji su sake rayuwa ta hanyar maye gurbi. Waɗannan dazuzzukan dazuka na matasa ana kiransu dazuzzukan sakandare ko gandun daji na biyu. == Halittar halittu da ƙwarewa == [[File:Young_orang_utan.JPG|thumb| Matasa orangutan a Bukit Lawang, Sumatra]] Gandun dazuzzuka masu zafi suna nuna banbanci iri -iri a cikin tsirrai da dabbobi. Tushen wannan ƙwarewar ta musamman ta kasance shekaru masu bincike da masana kimiyyar muhalli . An ƙirƙiro da ra'ayoyi da yawa don me yasa kuma yadda yanayin zafi zai iya bambanta. === Gasar Interspecific === Gasar da ba ta dace ba ta samo asali ne daga ɗimbin yawa na nau'in da ke da irin wannan wadatar a cikin wurare masu zafi da ƙarancin albarkatun da ake da su. Dabbobin da suka “rasa” gasar na iya zama ko sun lalace ko nemo wani sabon salo. Gasar kai tsaye galibi tana haifar da wani nau'in ya mamaye wani ta wata fa'ida, a ƙarshe yana fitar da shi daga lalacewa. Raba rarrabuwa shine sauran zaɓi don nau'in. Wannan shine rarrabuwa da raba albarkatun da ake buƙata ta amfani da mazauna daban -daban, tushen abinci, murfi ko bambance -bambancen ɗabi'a. Wani nau'in da ke da kayan abinci iri ɗaya amma lokutan ciyarwa daban -daban shine misalin rarrabuwar kawuna. === Tsarin Pliestocene === Jürgen Haffer ya haɓaka ka'idar Pleistocene refugia a cikin shekarar 1969 tare da labarinsa ''Ƙwarewar Tsuntsayen Daji na Amazon'' . Haffer ya ba da bayanin ƙwararre ne sakamakon rabe-raben gandun dajin da ke rarrabewa ta hanyar shimfidar ciyayi marasa gandun daji a lokacin ƙanƙara na ƙarshe. Ya kira waɗannan facin na yankunan dazuzzukan mafaka kuma a cikin waɗannan facin ƙwararrun allopatric ya faru. Tare da ƙarshen lokacin ƙanƙara da ƙaruwa cikin ɗimbin yanayi, gandun daji ya fara faɗaɗa kuma mafaka sun sake haɗawa. Wannan ka'idar ta zama batun muhawara. Masana kimiyya har yanzu suna da shakku kan ko wannan ka'ida halal ce ko a'a. Shaidar kwayoyin halitta tana nuna ƙwarewa ta faru a wasu takamaiman shekaru miliyan 1-2 da suka gabata, kafin Pleistocene . == Girman mutum == === Mazauni === Gandun daji na wurare masu zafi sun mamaye rayuwar ɗan Adam tsawon shekaru da yawa, tare da kabilun Indiya da yawa a Kudanci da Amurka ta Tsakiya, waɗanda ke cikin 'yan asalin Amurkawa, Kwangiyoyin Kwango a Afirka ta Tsakiya, da kabilu da yawa a Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, kamar Dayak mutane da mutanen Penan a [[Borneo]] . Albarkatun abinci a cikin gandun daji sun bazu sosai saboda ɗimbin ilmin halittu kuma abin da abinci ke da shi ya ta'allaka ne ga alfarwa kuma yana buƙatar kuzari mai yawa don samu. Wasu kungiyoyin na mafarauci-gayya sun maida su ba kome Rainforest a kan wani dalilai na yanayi amma suka zauna da farko a cikin m savanna da kuma bude [[Gandun Daji|gandun daji]] [[Biophysical environment|muhallin]] inda abinci ne yafi m. Sauran mutanen da aka bayyana a matsayin mazauna dazuzzukan daji masu farauta ne waɗanda ke rayuwa da yawa ta hanyar siyar da samfuran gandun daji masu ƙima kamar fata, fuka-fuka, da zuma tare da mutanen aikin gona da ke zaune a wajen dajin. === Mutanen asali === [[File:Índios_isolados_no_Acre_7.jpg|thumb| Membobin wata ƙabila da ba a tuntuɓe ba sun gamu da su a jihar Acre ta [[Brazil]] a 2009]] Yawancin 'yan asalin ƙasar suna rayuwa a cikin gandun dajin a matsayin masu farauta, ko kuma su cigaba da zama a matsayin ɗan ƙaramin manoma na ɗan lokaci wanda ke ba da babban rabo ta hanyar siyar da samfuran gandun daji masu ƙima kamar fata, fuka-fuka, da zuma tare da mutanen aikin gona da ke zaune a wajen dajin. Jama'a sun zauna a cikin dazuzzukan dubun dubatan shekaru kuma sun kasance ba za a iya samun su ba wanda kwanan nan aka gano wasu kabilu. Waɗannan mutanen 'yan asalin suna fuskantar barazana ƙwarai daga masu aikin katako don neman katako na tsufa kamar Ipe, Cumaru da Wenge, da kuma manoma waɗanda ke neman faɗaɗa ƙasarsu, ga shanu (nama), da waken soya, waɗanda ake amfani da su don ciyar da shanu a cikin Turai da China. <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/apr/22/brazil-rainforest-awa-endangered-tribe 'They're killing us': world's most endangered tribe cries for help]. </ref> <ref>Sibaja, Marco (6 June 2012) [https://web.archive.org/web/20120608152357/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/06/06/brazils-indigeneous-awa-tribe_n_1574374.html Brazil's Indigenous Awa Tribe At Risk]. </ref> A ranar 18 ga Janairun 2007, FUNAI ta kuma ba da rahoton cewa ta tabbatar da kasancewar kabilu 67 da ba a tuntuɓe ba a Brazil, daga 40 a 2005. Da wannan kari, [[Brazil|yanzu Brazil]] ta mamaye tsibirin [[Sabuwar Gini|New Guinea]] a matsayin kasar da ke da yawan kabilun da ba a tuntube su ba. <ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSN17285256 Brazil sees traces of more isolated Amazon tribes]. </ref> Lardin Irian Jaya ko Yammacin Papua a tsibirin New Guinea yana da kimanin ƙungiyoyin kabilu 44 da ba a tuntube su ba. <ref>[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/2191 BBC: First contact with isolated tribes?] survivalinternational.org (25 January 2007)</ref> [[File:Living_on_the_rainforest.jpg|thumb| Masu farautar farauta a cikin Basin Kongo a 2014]] Mutanen ƙungiyoyin farauta ne waɗanda ke zaune a cikin gandun dajin da ke cikin gandun dajin da ke da ɗan gajeren tsayi (a ƙasa da mita ɗaya da rabi, ko 59&nbsp;inci, a matsakaita). Daga cikin wannan rukunin akwai mutanen Efe, Aka, Twa, Baka, da Mbuti na Afirka ta Tsakiya. Ko yaya, kalmar pygmy ana ɗaukarta mai daɗi don haka kabilu da yawa sun fi son kada a yi musu lakabi da haka. <ref name="focus">[http://www.fao.org/docrep/w1033e/w1033e03.htm Forest peoples in the central African rain forest: focus on the pygmies]. fao.org</ref> Wasu sanannun 'yan asalin Amurkawa, ko Amerindians, sun haɗa da Huaorani, Ya̧nomamö, da Kayapo mutanen Amazon . Tsarin aikin gona na gargajiya da ƙabilu ke yi a cikin Amazon ya dogara ne akan noman guguwa (wanda kuma aka sani da kashe -kashe da ƙonawa ko canza shuki) kuma ana ɗaukarsa tashin hankali. A zahiri, idan ana duban matakin ƙulle -ƙullen mutum ɗaya ana ɗaukar ayyukan noman gargajiya da amfani. Misali, yin amfani da bishiyoyin inuwa da raguwa duk suna taimakawa adana kwayoyin halittar ƙasa, wanda shine mahimmanci wajen kula da haɓakar ƙasa a cikin ƙasa mai tsananin zafi da ƙura. Akwai bambancin gandun daji a Asiya, gami da mutanen Lumad na Philippines da mutanen Penan da Dayak na Borneo. Dayaks ƙungiya ce mai ban sha'awa musamman saboda an san su da al'adun farautar gargajiya. An buƙaci sabbin kawunan mutane don yin wasu ayyukan ibada kamar Iban "kenyalang" da Kenyah "mamat". Pygmies da ke zaune a kudu maso gabashin Asiya ana kiran su " Negrito ". === Albarkatu === ==== Abincin da aka noma da kayan yaji ==== [[Doya|Yam]], kofi, cakulan, [[ayaba]], [[mangoro]], [[gwanda]], macadamia, avocado, da rake duk asalinsu sun fito ne daga gandun daji na wurare masu zafi kuma har yanzu galibi ana yin su ne a kan shuka a yankuna waɗanda a da suke dajin farko. A tsakiyar shekarun 1980 da 1990, suna cin tan miliyan 40 na ayaba a duk duniya a kowace shekara, tare da tan miliyan 13 na mangoro. Fitar da kofi na Amurka ta Tsakiya ya kai dala biliyan 3 a 1970. Yawancin bambancin kwayoyin da aka yi amfani da su wajen gujewa barnar da sabbin kwari ke haifarwa har yanzu ana samun su ne daga gandun daji. Gandun daji na wurare masu zafi sun samar da [[Ɗan'ice|'ya'yan itatuwa]] 250 da ake nomawa, idan aka kwatanta da 20 kawai ga gandun daji . Dazuka a cikin [[Sabuwar Gini|New Guinea]] kadai sun ƙunshi nau'in bishiyoyi 251 tare da 'ya'yan itatuwa masu cin abinci, waɗanda 43 kawai aka kafa a matsayin noman da aka noma a shekarar 1985. <ref>Myers, N. (1985). </ref> === Sabis na yanayin ƙasa === Baya ga amfanin ɗan Adam, gandun daji kuma suna da abubuwan da ba a cirewa waɗanda galibi ana taƙaita su a zaman ayyukan muhalli . Dazuzzukan ruwan sama suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kula da bambancin halittu, keɓewa da adana carbon, ƙa'idojin yanayi na duniya, kula da cututtuka , da tsaba . Rabin ruwan sama da ake samu a yankin Amazon dazuzzukan ke samarwa. Danshi daga cikin gandun daji yana da muhimmanci ga ruwan sama a [[Brazil]], [[Paraguay]], [[Argentina]] [[Gandun daji|Yanke daji]] a yankin gandun daji na Amazon shine ɗayan manyan dalilan da ke haifar da matsanancin fari na 2014-2015 a [[Brazil]] Ga shekaru talatin da suka gabata, adadin iskar carbon da ke cike da gandun daji na wurare masu zafi na duniya ya ragu, a cewar wani binciken da aka buga a 2020 a cikin mujallar Nature. A cikin 2019 sun ɗauki iskar carbon mai kashi uku bisa uku fiye da yadda suka samu a shekarun 1990, saboda tsananin zafi, fari da sare itatuwa. Gandun daji na wurare masu zafi na iya zama tushen carbon a cikin 2060s. === Yawon shakatawa === [[File:Monteverde_puente.jpg|thumb| Tafiya mai ban mamaki don ganin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi a [[Costa Rica]]]] Duk da mummunan tasirin yawon shakatawa a cikin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi, akwai kuma wasu muhimman sakamako masu kyau. * A cikin 'yan shekarun nan yanayin yawon shakatawa a wurare masu zafi ya ƙaru. Yayin da gandun dazuzzuka ke ƙara zama ruwan dare, mutane suna tafiya zuwa ƙasashe waɗanda har yanzu suna da wannan mazaunin daban -daban. Mazauna yankin suna cin gajiyar ƙarin kuɗin shiga da baƙi suka kawo, haka kuma wuraren da ake ganin suna da ban sha'awa ga baƙi galibi ana kiyaye su. ''Ecotourism na iya zama abin ƙarfafawa don kiyayewa, musamman lokacin da yake haifar da canjin tattalin arziƙi.'' Ecotourism na iya haɗawa da ayyuka iri-iri ciki har da kallon dabbobi, yawon shakatawa na daji da ma kallon abubuwan al'adu da ƙauyuka na asali. Idan ana yin waɗannan ayyukan daidai, wannan na iya zama da fa'ida ga mazauna gida da na flora da fauna na yanzu. * Haɓaka yawon buɗe ido ya haɓaka tattalin arziƙi, yana ba da damar ƙarin kudaden shiga don shiga cikin kare mazaunin. Yawon shakatawa na iya ba da gudummawa kai tsaye ga kiyaye muhimman wurare da mazauninsu. Za a iya amfani da kudaden shiga daga kudaden shiga wurin shakatawa da makamantansu musamman don biyan kariya da gudanar da yankunan da ke da muhalli. Kudaden shiga daga haraji da yawon buɗe ido yana ba da ƙarin ƙarfafawa ga gwamnatoci don ba da gudummawar kudaden shiga don kare gandun daji. * Har ila yau, yawon shakatawa yana da yuwuwar haɓaka darajar jama'a game da muhalli da kuma faɗaɗa matsalolin matsalolin muhalli lokacin da yake kusantar da mutane kusa da muhalli. Irin wannan karuwar wayar da kan jama'a na iya haifar da ɗabi'ar da ta dace da muhalli. Yawon shakatawa ya yi tasiri mai kyau kan kokarin kare namun daji da kokarin kariya, musamman a Afirka amma kuma a Kudancin Amurka, Asiya, Australia, da Kudancin Pacific. <ref>Fotiou, S. (October 2001). </ref> == Kiyayewa == === Barazana === ==== Sare Dazuzzuka ==== ===== Hakar ma'adinai da hakowa ===== [[File:OkTediMine.jpg|right|thumb| Ok Tedi Mine a kudu maso yammacin Papua New Guinea]] Adadin ƙananan ƙarfe ( zinariya, azurfa, coltan ) da burbushin mai ( mai da iskar gas ) suna faruwa a ƙarƙashin gandun daji na duniya. Waɗannan albarkatun suna da muhimmanci ga ƙasashe masu tasowa kuma galibi ana ba da fifikon su don ƙarfafa ci gaban tattalin arziki. [[Hakar ma'adinai]] da hakowa na iya buƙatar ci gaban ƙasa mai yawa, wanda ke haifar da [[Gandun daji|sare]] bishiyoyi kai tsaye. A [[Ghana]], wata ƙasa ta Yammacin Afirka, sare bishiyoyin da aka yi shekaru da yawa na aikin hakar ma'adinai ya bar kusan kashi 12% na asalin dazuzzukan ƙasar. <ref>Ismi, A. (1 October 2003), [http://www.policyalternatives.ca/publications/monitor/october-2003-canadian-mining-companies-set-destroy-ghanas-forest-reserves Canadian mining companies set to destroy Ghana’s forest reserves], Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives Monitor, Ontario, Canada.</ref> ===== Juyowa zuwa ƙasar noma ===== Tare da kirkirar aikin gona, mutane sun sami damar share sassan gandun daji don samar da albarkatu, suna mai da shi zuwa filin noma . Irin waɗannan mutane, duk da haka, suna samun abincinsu da farko daga filayen gona da aka share daga cikin gandun daji <ref name="Philip L. Walker 1998">Walker, Philip L.; Sugiyama, Larry and Chacon, Richard (1998) [http://pages.uoregon.edu/sugiyama/docs/Diet%20and%20Dental%20Health.pdf "Diet, Dental Health, and Cultural Change among Recently Contacted South American Indian Hunter-Horticulturalists"], Ch. 17 in ''Human Dental Development, Morphology, and Pathology''. </ref> da farauta da cin abinci a cikin gandun daji don ƙarin wannan. Batun da ke tasowa shine tsakanin manomi mai zaman kansa da ke biya wa iyalinsa bukatun da bukatun duniya baki ɗaya. Wannan batun bai ga ɗan cigaba ba saboda babu wani tsari da aka kafa don duk ɓangarorin da za'a taimaka. Aikin gona a kan ƙasar dazuzzuka ba tare da wahala ba. Ƙasa dazuzzukan ƙanƙara sau da yawa kuma suna lalacewa da ma'adanai da yawa, kuma ruwan sama mai ƙarfi zai iya hanzarta fitar da abubuwan gina jiki daga yankin da aka share don noman. Mutane irin su Yanomamo na Amazon, suna amfani da aikin kashe-kashe da ƙonawa don shawo kan waɗannan ƙuntatawa da ba su damar shiga cikin zurfin cikin yanayin dazuzzukan daji. Ko yaya, waɗannan ba mazaunan gandun daji ba ne, a maimakon haka suna zaune ne a cikin gonakin da aka share <ref name="Philip L. Walker 1998"/> waɗanda ke yin ƙaura zuwa cikin gandun daji. Har zuwa 90% na abincin Yanamomo na yau da kullun ya fito ne daga tsirrai masu noma. <ref name="Philip L. Walker 1998" /> An dauki wani mataki ta hanyar ba da shawarar lokutan faduwa na kasar da ke ba da damar gandun daji na biyu ya yi girma ya cika kasa. Ayyuka masu fa'ida kamar maido da ƙasa da kiyayewa na iya amfanar da ƙaramin manomi kuma ya ba da damar ingantaccen samarwa akan ƙananan filayen ƙasa. ==== Canjin yanayi ==== Yankuna na wurare masu zafi suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen rage gurɓataccen iskar carbon dioxide . Ƙasashe masu zafi (galibi gandun daji na Amazon ) ana kiransu da nutsewar carbon .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2013}} A matsayin manyan masu rage carbon da iskar gas da na ƙasa da methane, lalata su yana ba da gudummawa ga haɓaka tarkon makamashin duniya, iskar gas.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2013}} Canjin yanayi ya ba da gudummawa sosai ta hanyar lalata gandun daji. An yi wasan kwaikwayo wanda aka cire duk gandun daji a Afirka. Yin kwaikwaiyo ya nuna karuwar yanayin zafin yanayi ta 2.5 zuwa 5 digiri Celsius. === Kariya === Ƙoƙarin karewa da adana wuraren dazuzzukan wurare masu zafi iri -iri ne kuma sun bazu. Tsarin kula da gandun daji na wurare masu zafi ya fito ne daga tsananin kiyaye mazaunin zuwa gano dabarun gudanarwa mai dorewa ga mutanen da ke zaune a cikin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi. Manufofin kasa da kasa sun kuma bullo da wani shirin karfafawa kasuwa da ake kira Rage Rage fitar da hayaki daga gandun dazuzzuka da lalata gandun daji (REDD) don kamfanoni da gwamnatoci su fara fitar da iskar carbon dinsu ta hanyar saka hannun jari na kudi cikin kiyaye gandun dajin. == Duba kuma == == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 17bto44qqhdeltqszf1ylmmf6gdonfh 0 24197 874138 784449 2026-07-02T07:19:25Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 874138 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Hujja}}<ref>"Microsoft buys Nokia's Devices and Services Unit, unites Windows Phone 8 and its hardware maker". The Verge. 2 September 2013. Retrieved 3 September 2013.</ref>[[Fayil:Nokia 6230 Black.jpg|thumb|mota kirar nokiya]] Kamfanin '''Nokia''' (asalin Nokia Oyj, wanda ake kira Nokia; salo a matsayin NOKIA) <ref>Natively Nokia Oyj in Finnish, and Nokia Abp in Swedish. UK: /ˈnɒkiə/, US: /ˈnoʊkiə/, Finnish: [ˈnokiɑ</ref> <ref>Articles of Association of Nokia Corporation" (PDF). Nokia Corporation. Retrieved 8 June 2023.</ref>shi ne sadarwa ta ƙasashe da yawa na Finnish, fasahar bayanai, da kamfanin lantarki, wanda aka kafa a 1865. Babban hedkwatar Nokia yana Espoo, Finland, a cikin babban [[Helsinki]] yankin birni, amma ainihin tushen kamfanin yana cikin yankin [[Tampere]] na Pirkanmaa. A cikin shekara ta 2020, Nokia ta ɗauki kusan mutane 92,000 a cikin ƙasashe sama da 100, sun yi kasuwanci a cikin ƙasashe sama da 130, kuma sun ba da rahoton kudaden shiga na shekara -shekara na kusan billion 23 biliyan. <ref>"Nokia" (in Finnish). YTJ.fi. Archived from the original on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 2 March 2013.</ref>Nokia kamfani ne mai iyaka na jama'a wanda aka jera a kan Helsinki Stock Exchange da New York Stock Exchange.<ref>HS: Nokian juuret ovat Tammerkosken rannalla (in Finnish)</ref> Shi ne kamfani mafi girma na 415 a duniya wanda aka auna ta kudaden shiga na <ref>Morris, Iain. "Nokia has cut 11,000 jobs in effort to boost profit". Light Reading.</ref>shekara ta 2016 bisa ga Fortune Global 500, inda ya hau matsayi na 85 a sekara ta 2009. Sashi ne na ƙimar kasuwar hannun jari ta Euro Stoxx 50.<ref>Report for Q4 and Full Year 2018" (PDF). Nokia Corporation. 21 March 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 May 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2019.</ref> [[Fayil:CeBIT 2005 Nokia-branded Mini.jpg|thumb|Mota kirar nokiya]] Kamfanin ya yi aiki a masana'antu daban -daban a cikin shekaru 150 da suka gabata. <ref>"Nokia – FAQ". Nokia Corporation. Archived from the original on 8 February 2009. Retrieved 16 March 2009.</ref>An kafa ta ne a matsayin injin daskarewa kuma an daɗe ana haɗa ta da roba da igiyoyi amma tun daga shekarun 1990 ta mai da hankali kan manyan hanyoyin sadarwa, haɓaka fasaha, da lasisi<ref>"Fortune Global 500 (100) – 2009 (Fortune ) – Ranking The Brands". ''Rankingthebrands.com''. Retrieved 28 March 2019.</ref>. Nokia babbar mai ba da gudummawa ce ga masana'antar wayar tafi -da -gidanka, bayan da ta taimaka wajen haɓaka ƙa'idodin GSM, 3G, da LTE (kuma a halin yanzu a cikin 5G), <ref>Global 500 2016". Fortune. 2017. Archived from the original on 10 May 2019. Retrieved 24 August 2017.</ref><ref>"Euro Stoxx 50". Boerse-frankfurt.de. Retrieved 24 August 2017.</ref><ref>Thom Holwerda (11 October 2012). "The story of Nokia's Maemo and MeeGo". OS News.</ref>kuma ya kasance babban mai siyar da wayoyin hannu da wayoyin hannu a duk duniya. Nokia na ɗaya daga cikin manyan samfuran da Samsung ke biye da su a farkon shekarun 2000 amma ya yi <ref>"This is the new Nokia". ''The Verge''. 18 November 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.</ref>gwagwarmaya a kasuwanni saboda Nokia ba ta saka hannun jari wajen kera wayoyin hannu na taɓawa ba a lokacin. <ref>"Full Text: Nokia CEO Stephen Elop's 'Burning Platform' Memo". The Wall Street Journal. 9 February 2011. Archived from the original on 11 February 2011.</ref><ref>Sampsa Kurri (11 October 2012), The story of Nokia MeeGo, archived from the original on 16 October 2012</ref>Bayan haɗin gwiwa tare da Microsoft da gwagwarmayar kasuwar Nokia ta gaba, Microsoft ta sayi kasuwancin wayar salula, ta ƙirƙirar Microsoft Mobile a matsayin wanda zai gaje ta a 2014.<ref>Ovide, Shira. "Microsoft in $7.17 Billion Deal for Nokia Cellphone Business". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 3 September 2013</ref> Bayan siyarwar, Nokia ta fara mai da hankali sosai kan kasuwancin kayayyakin sadarwar ta da Intanet na fasahar abubuwa, alama. karkatar da sashen taswirar ta Anan da siyan Alcatel-Lucent, gami da ƙungiyar bincike ta Bell Labs. Kamfanin sannan kuma yayi gwaji tare da haƙiƙanin gaskiya da lafiyar dijital, na ƙarshe ta hanyar siyan Withings<ref>Microsoft closes Nokia deal, pays more than expected". CNET</ref>. Alamar Nokia ta koma kasuwar wayar hannu da wayoyin hannu a cikin shekara ta 2016 ta hanyar tsarin lasisi tare da HMD Global. Nokia na ci gaba da zama babban mai ba da lasisin lasisi ga mafi yawan manyan dillalan wayar hannu. Tun daga shekara ta 2018, Nokia ita ce ta uku mafi girma a duniya wajen samar da kayan aikin sadarwa.<ref>Coupland, Douglas. "The Ghost of Invention: A Visit to Bell Labs". Wired.</ref> Finns sun kalli kamfanin da alfahari da ƙasa, kamar yadda kasuwancin wayoyin salula ya sa ya zama babban kamfani mafi girma a duniya da alama daga Finland. A mafi girmansa a cikin shekara ta 2000, <ref>"How Nokia reinvented itself". ''CNNMoney Switzerland''. Archived from the original on 24 October 2018. Retrieved 28 March 2019.</ref><ref>"Nokia celebrates first day of combined operations with Alcatel-Lucent". Nokia. Archived from the original on 16 January 2016. Retrieved 15 January 2016.</ref><ref>"Nokia plans to acquire Withings to accelerate entry into Digital Health". 26 April 2016. Archived from the original on 19 May 2016. Retrieved 1 June 2016.</ref><ref>Best, Jo. "'Mobile phones are our history, not our future': Nokia on where next for hardware". ZDNet. Retrieved 28 March 2019.</ref>yayin kumbon sadarwa,<ref>Scott Barr, Chris (18 May 2016). "Microsoft sells Nokia brand use to Foxconn and HMD global". SlashGear. Retrieved 16 May 2017.</ref> <ref>"Nokia's key to success: A strong portfolio combined with aggressive licensing – Filing Analytics". Filinganalytics.io. Retrieved 28 March 2019</ref>Nokia ta kai kashi 4% na GDP na ƙasar, 21% na jimlar fitar da kayayyaki, da 70% na babban birnin kasuwar musayar hannayen jari na Helsinki.<ref>"Ericsson, Samsung gain share in network gear as ZTE slumps". Reuters.com. 23 August 2018. Archived from the original on 28 March 2019. Retrieved 28 March 2019.</ref><ref>Vilpponen, Antti (4 September 2013). "Nokia: Finland mourns the demise of its proud tech heritage". The Guardian.</ref><ref>Kelly, Gordon. "Finland and Nokia: an affair to remember". Wired UK.</ref><ref>Bloomberg (4 September 2013). "Finland mourns loss of national icon Nokia".</ref> == Labari== === 1865–1967 === [[File:Nokia_Toilet_paper.JPG|thumb| Rolls na bayan gida wadanda kamfanin Nokia suka samar a shekarun 1960, Cibiyar Tarihi ta Vapriikki, Tampere]] Tarihin Nokia ya samo asali ne daga shekara ta 1865, lokacin da injiniyan hakar ma'adinai na Finnish-Swede Fredrik Idestam ya kafa injin sarrafa ruwa a bakin tekun Tammerkoski kusa da garin Tampere, Finland (sannan a Daular Rasha)<ref>HS: Nokian juuret ovat Tammerkosken rannalla (in Finnish)</ref>. An buɗe injin injin na biyu a cikin sekara ta 1868 kusa da garin makwabta na <ref>HS: Nokian juuret ovat Tammerkosken rannalla (in Finnish)</ref>Nokia, inda aka sami ingantattun albarkatun ruwa. A cikin shekara ta 1871, Idestam, tare da abokinsa Leo Mechelin, sun kafa kamfani ɗaya kuma sun kira shi Nokia Ab (a cikin Yaren mutanen [[Sweden]], Kamfanin Nokia shine kwatankwacin Ingilishi), bayan wurin da injin daskarewa na biyu. Idestam ya yi ritaya a shekara ta 1896, inda ya mayar da Mechelin shugaban kamfanin; ya fadada zuwa samar da wutar lantarki ta shekara ta 1902, wanda Idestam ya yi adawa da shi. A cikin shekara ta 1904 Suomen Gummitehdas (Ayyukan Rubber na Finnish), kasuwancin roba wanda Eduard Polón ya kafa, ya kafa masana'anta kusa da garin Nokia kuma ya yi amfani da sunanta. A cikin shekara ta 1922, a cikin Finland mai cin gashin kanta a yanzu, Nokia Ab ta shiga haɗin gwiwa tare da Finber Rubber Works da Kaapelitehdas (masana'antar kebul), duk a yanzu tare a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Polón. Kamfanin roba ya yi girma cikin sauri lokacin da ya koma yankin Nokia a cikin shekara ta 1930 don cin gajiyar samar da wutar lantarki, kuma kamfanin kebul ba da jimawa ba ma ya yi. Nokia a lokacin ta kuma sanya masu ba da agaji don amfanin farar hula da na soja, daga shekara ta 1930 har zuwa farkon shekara ta 1990.<ref>"Start01". Gasmasklexikon.com. Retrieved 23 November 2016.</ref> === 1967–1990 === [[File:Patteriston_komentopaikka_Hämeenlinna_4.JPG|thumb| LV 317M rediyo na soja a cikin gidan kayan gargajiya na Hämeenlinna]] A cikin shekara ta 1967, kamfanoni uku - Nokia, Kaapelitehdas, da Finber Rubber Works - sun haɗu don ƙirƙirar sabon Kamfanin Nokia, wanda aka sake tsara shi zuwa manyan kamfanoni huɗu: gandun daji, kebul, roba, da lantarki. A farkon shekara ta 1970, ta shiga harkar sadarwa da masana'antar rediyo. Nokia ta fara kera kayan aikin soji ga dakarun tsaron Finland (Puolustusvoimat), kamar mai magana da yawun Sanomalaite M/90 a shekara ta 1983, da kuma mashin gas na M61 wanda aka fara kirkirar shi a shekara ta 1960. Yanzu Nokia kuma tana kera ƙwararrun rediyo ta wayar hannu, sauya wayoyin tarho, capacitors da sunadarai. Bayan yarjejeniyar kasuwanci ta Finland da [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] a shekara ta 1960, Nokia ta fadada zuwa kasuwar Soviet. Ba da daɗewa ba ya faɗaɗa kasuwanci, wanda ya fara daga musayar tarho ta atomatik zuwa robotik da sauransu; a ƙarshen shekara ta 1970, Tarayyar Soviet ta zama babbar kasuwa ga Nokia, tana taimakawa wajen samar da riba mai yawa. Nokia kuma ta yi aiki tare da fasahar kimiyya tare da Tarayyar Soviet. Gwamnatin Amurka ta ƙara shakkar wannan haɗin gwiwar bayan ƙarshen Yakin Cacar Baki détente a farkon shekara ta 1980s. Nokia ta shigo da abubuwa da yawa da Amurka ta ƙera kuma ta yi amfani da su cikin samfura don Soviets, kuma a cewar Mataimakin Ministan Tsaro na Amurka, Richard Perle, Nokia tana da haɗin gwiwa a asirce tare da The Pentagon wanda ya ba Amurka damar bin diddigin ci gaban fasaha a cikin. Tarayyar Soviet ta hanyar kasuwanci tare da Nokia. Wannan zanga -zangar ce ta kasuwancin Finland tare da ɓangarorin biyu, saboda ba ta tsaka tsaki ba a lokacin Yaƙin Cacar Baki.<ref>COMPANY NEWS; Nokia Oy Buys Stake in Ericsson". ''The New York Times''. Reuters. 21 January 1988. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 14 August 2017</ref> A cikin shekara ta 1977, Kari Kairamo ya zama Shugaba kuma ya canza kasuwancin kamfanin. A wannan lokacin, Finland ta zama abin da ake kira "Nordic [[Japan]]". A karkashin jagorancinsa, Nokia ta sami kamfanoni da yawa ciki har da mai yin talabijin Salora a shekara ta 1984, sai kuma kayan lantarki na Sweden da mai yin kwamfuta kwamfuta Luxor AB a 1985, da kuma kamfanin kera talabijin na Faransa Oceanic a shekara ta 1987. Wannan ya sanya Nokia ta zama mafi girman masana'antar talabijin ta Turai (bayan Philips da Thomson). An ci gaba da amfani da samfuran da ake da su har zuwa ƙarshen kasuwancin talabijin a shekara ta 1996. [[File:Nokia_Mikko_display_and_keyboard.JPG|thumb| Nokia Mikko 3 karamin na'ura mai kwakwalwa, 1978]] [[File:Mobira_Cityman_450.JPG|thumb| Mobira Cityman 450, 1985]] A cikin shekara ta 1987, Nokia ta sami Schaub-Lorenz, ayyukan mabukaci na Standard Elektrik Lorenz (SEL) na Jamus, wanda ya haɗa da samfuran "Schaub-Lorenz" da "Graetz"<ref>"Nokia's Secret Code Perhaps the least hierarchical big company in the world, Nokia has been winning big in wireless. But its Finnish recipe for innovation is about to be put to the test. – May 1, 2000". Fortune (magazine).</ref>. Asalinsa wani ɓangare ne na Kamfanin Hadin gwiwar Ƙasashen Duniya da Telegraph (ITT) na Amurka, kuma bayan da aka siyar da samfuran a ƙarƙashin alamar "ITT Nokia", duk da siyar da SEL ga Compagnie Générale d'Electricité (CGE), magabacin Alcatel, a shekara ta 1986 . A ranar 1 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 1988, Nokia ta sayi sashen Tsarin Bayanai na Ericsson, wanda ya samo asali a matsayin rukunin komputa na Datasaab na jirgin saman Sweden da kamfanin kera mota Saab. Tsarin Bayani na Ericsson ya yi tashoshin Alfaskop, masu buga rubutu, masu amfani da ƙananan na'urori da PCS masu jituwa na IBM. Haɗin tare da sashen Tsarin Bayanai na Nokia - wanda tun a shekara ta 1981 yana da layin kwamfutoci na sirri da ake kira MikroMikko - ya haifar da sunan Nokia Data. Nokia ta kuma mallaki Mobira, wani kamfanin wayar tafi da gidanka, wanda shine ginshiƙin kasuwancin wayar hannu ta gaba. A cikin shekara ta 1981, Mobira ta ƙaddamar da sabis na Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT), cibiyar sadarwar wayar salula ta duniya ta farko kuma ta farko don ba da izinin yawo na ƙasa da ƙasa. A cikin shekara ta 1982, Mobira ta ƙaddamar da wayar mota ta Mobira Senator, wayar Nokia ta farko. A wancan lokacin, kamfanin ba shi da sha'awar kera wayoyin hannu, wanda hukumar zartarwa ke ɗauka daidai da na James Bond: na'urori masu yuwuwa da na gaba. Bayan duk waɗannan abubuwan da aka saya, tushen samun kuɗin Nokia ya zama dalar Amurka biliyan 2.7. Shugaba Kairamo ya kashe kansa a ranar 11 ga watan Disamba shekara ta 1988. A cikin shekara ta 1987, Kaapelitehdas ya daina kera igiyoyi a masana'antar ta Helsinki bayan shekaru 44, yana rufe ƙananan kamfanin.<gallery> File:Mobira 800-NDB.JPG|Mobira 800-NDB fitilar da ba ta shugabanci wacce take a cikin sigar gidan kayan gargajiyar ta Sojojin Sama na Finland File:Lasersuunnin merivoimien vuosipäivä 2013 Kotka 3.JPG|Nokia MAC 8532 wajan kera laser a baya wadanda manyan bindigogin bakin ruwa na kasar Finnish suke amfani dasu File:Patteriston komentopaikka Hämeenlinna 2.JPG|Nunin gidan kayan tarihin Hämeenlinna wanda ke dauke da jami'in kula da wuta tare da kalkuleta na Nokia a cikin rundunar kwamandan manyan bindigogi na Finnish File:MikroMikko 4 TT m216 Tekniikan museo 02.jpg|Late 1980s MikroMikko 4 TT m216 computer desktop in the Museum of Technology, Helsinki, Finland File:Itt-nokia television and vhs-video.jpeg|ITT Nokia talabijin tare da ITT Nokia VCR (ITT / SEL) File:Mobira kaukohakulaite.png|Motar Mobira ta 1986 </gallery> === 1990–2010 === [[File:Jorma_Ollila_2013.jpg|thumb| Jorma Ollila, wacce ta lura da hauhawar kamfanin Nokia a kasuwar wayoyin hannu a matsayin Shugaba daga shekarar 1992 zuwa 2006]] Bayan nadin Simo Vuorilehto a matsayin <ref>"Nokia Announces Final Sale of its Television Manufacturing Business". Nokia.</ref>Shugaba, an shirya wani babban gyara. Tare da ƙungiyoyi 11 a cikin kamfanin, Vuorilehto ya karkatar da sassan masana'antu da ya ɗauka a matsayin marasa dabaru. Nokian Tires (Nokian Renkaat), mai kera taya da aka kirkira a matsayin wani bangare na Ayyukan Rubber na Finland a shekara ta 1932, ya rabu da Kamfanin Nokia a shekara ta 1988<ref>Nokia First to Launch Digital Satellite Receiver in The UK". Nokia.</ref>. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, a shekara ta 1990, Ayyukan Rubber na Finnish sun bi sahu. A shekara ta 1991 Nokia ta sayar da sashen na’urar kwamfuta, Nokia Data, ga Kamfanin International Computers Limited (ICL), wanda ya kasance farkon Fujitsu Siemens. Masu saka hannun jari sun yi tunanin hakan a matsayin matsalar kudi kuma farashin hannun jarin Nokia ya fadi sakamakon hakan. Finland yanzu ma tana fuskantar koma bayan tattalin arziki mafi muni a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar rayuwa, kuma rushewar Tarayyar Soviet, babban abokin ciniki, ya kara dagula al'amura. [[Fayil:Nokia ST.jpg|thumb]] Vuorilehto ya yi murabus a cikin Janairu a shekara ta 1992 kuma ya maye gurbinsa da Jorma Ollila, wacce ta kasance shugabar kasuwancin wayar hannu daga shekara ta 1990 kuma ta ba da shawara game da sayar da wannan rukunin. Ollila ya yanke shawarar juyar da Nokia zuwa kamfanin 'telecom-oriented', daga ƙarshe ya kawar da rarrabuwa kamar kasuwancin wutar lantarki. Wannan dabarar ta tabbatar da nasara sosai kuma kamfanin ya haɓaka cikin sauri a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. Ribar aikin Nokia ya tashi daga mara kyau a shekara ta 1991 zuwa dala biliyan 1 a shekara ta 1995 kuma kusan dala biliyan Hudu 4 a shekara ta 1999. Wayar Nokia ta farko mai cikakken šaukuwa bayan Sanatan Mobira shine Mobira Cityman 900 a shekara ta 1987. Nokia ta taimaka wajen haɓaka ƙirar wayar hannu ta GSM a cikin shekara ta 1980s, kuma ta haɓaka hanyar sadarwar GSM ta farko tare da Siemens, magabacin Nokia Siemens Network. Firayim Ministan Finland Harri Holkeri ne ya yi kiran GSM na farko a ranar 1 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 1991, ta amfani da kayan aikin Nokia a kan hanyar sadarwa ta MHz 900 da Nokia ta gina kuma Radiolinja ke sarrafawa. A cikin Nuwamba 1992, Nokia 1011 ta ƙaddamar, wanda ya sa ta zama farkon wayar salula ta GSM ta kasuwanci. Salora Oy a matsayin reshen Nokia ya ƙare a 1989 lokacin da aka haɗa rarrabuwa zuwa Nokia-Mobira Oy. An ci gaba da amfani da alamar don talabijin har zuwa shekara ta 1995. A ranar 12 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 1996, Nokia ta ba da sanarwar sayar da kasuwancin tallan ta ga Kamfanin Semi-Tech na Kanada/Hong Kong. An rufe kamfanin kera talabijin a Jamus a watan Satumbar a shekara ta 1996. Sayarwar ta haɗa da masana'anta a [[Turku]], da haƙƙin amfani da samfuran Nokia, Finlux, Luxor, Salora, Schaub-Lorenz da Oceanic har zuwa ƙarshen shkara ta 1999. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan samfuran daga baya an sayar da su ga wasu kamfanoni. Nokia ita ce ta fara ƙaddamar da tauraron dan adam na dijital a Burtaniya, wanda aka sanar a cikin watan Maris shekara ta 1997. A watan Agusta shekara ta 1997 Nokia ta gabatar da na’urar tauraron dan adam ta farko tare da tallafin Common Interface (CI). A cikin shekara ta 1998 Nokia ta zama zaɓaɓɓen mai siyar da kayayyaki don samar da akwatunan akwatin gidan talabijin na dijital na farko na duniya ta British Digital Broadcasting (BDB), wanda a ƙarshe aka ƙaddamar da shi a matsayin ONdigital.[[File:Digital-tv-box_från_Nokia.jpg|thumb| Babban Mediamaster na Nokia saiti]] A watan Oktoban shekara ta 1998, Nokia ta riski Motorola ta zama babbar wayar salula mafi siyarwa, kuma a watan Disamba ta kera wayar salula ta miliyan dari. Babban dalilin da yasa Nokia tayi girma akan manyan masu fafatawa da ita Motorola da Ericsson shine cewa ta sami damar kula da kasuwar matasa masu amfani da masu amfani da kayan kwalliya, mafi mahimmanci tare da wayoyin hannu na Nokia 5110 da 3210 waɗanda ke nuna babban kewayon launuka masu canzawa da canzawa- murfin da ake kira Xpress-on. Daya daga cikin wayoyin zamani na farko a cikin shekara ta 1992, daga agogon Switzerland Swatch, ya dogara ne akan wayar Nokia ta 101. <ref>"Nokia Announces Heads of Agreement to Sell Its Remaining Television Business". Nokia.</ref>Kamfanin zai kuma samar da rukunin Vertu, yana ƙirƙirar wayoyin hannu masu alatu. Nokia ta yi iƙirarin a watan Afrilu shekara ta 1996 masu sa ido na 447Xav da 447K su zama na farko tare da masu magana da sitiriyo da ƙaramin woofer. A watan Mayu shekara ta 1999 Nokia ta gabatar da samfuran LAN na farko mara waya. A watan Janairun 2000 ViewSonic ya sayi samfuran Nuni na Nokia, rabon yin nunin don kwamfutoci na sirri. A ranar 26 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 2001 Nokia ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Telefonica don samar da modem ɗin DSL da magudanar ruwa a [[Ispaniya|Spain]]. A cikin 1997, Nokia ta kafa haɗin gwiwa tare da kamfanin lantarki na Brazil Gradiente inda aka basu lasisin kera ire -iren wayoyin salula na Nokia a cikin gida ƙarƙashin sunayen Nokia da Gradiente. A cikin shekara ta 1998, Nokia ta kafa kamfanin Symbian Ltd. wanda Psion ke jagoranta don ƙirƙirar sabon tsarin aiki don PDAs da wayoyin hannu masu wayo a matsayin magajin EPOC32. Sun saki Nokia 9210 Communicator da ke gudanar da Symbian OS a shekara ta 2001 kuma daga baya a waccan shekarar ta kirkiri dandalin Symbian Series 60, daga baya suka gabatar da ita tare da wayar kyamarar su ta farko, Nokia 7650. Dukansu Nokia da Symbian sun zama manyan kayan masarufi na wayoyi da mai yin software bi da bi, kuma a watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2004 Nokia ta zama babban mai hannun jari na Symbian Ltd. Nokia ta mallaki kamfani baki daya a watan Yunin shekara ta 2008 sannan ta kafa Gidauniyar Symbian a matsayin wanda zai gaje ta. A cikin shekara ta 1998 kawai, kamfanin yana da kuɗin shiga na dala biliyan 20 wanda ya sami ribar dala biliyan 2.6. Zuwa shekarar 2000 Nokia ta dauki mutane sama da 55,000 aiki, kuma tana da kaso 30% a kasuwar wayar tafi da gidanka, kusan ninki biyu na babbar gasa, Motorola. Kamfanin yana aiki a kasashe 140 tun daga shekara ta 1999. An ba da rahoton a lokacin cewa wasu mutane sun yi imanin Nokia kamfanin Japan ne. Tsakanin shekara ta 1996 zuwa shekara ta 2001, yawan kudin da Nokia ta samu ya karu ninki biyar, daga € 6.5 biliyan zuwa € 31bn. [[File:Nokia_mobile_phones.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px| Tarin wayoyin hannu na Nokia daga shekarun 2000]] Daga nan za a san kamfanin a matsayin mai nasara kuma mai kirkirar wayoyin kyamara. Nokia 3600/3650 ita ce wayar kamara ta farko da aka sayar a Arewacin Amurka a shekasra ta 2003. A watan Afrilu shekara ta 2005 Nokia ta yi hadin gwiwa da mai kera kyamarar kyamarar Jamus Carl Zeiss AG. A cikin wannan watan Nokia ta gabatar da Nseries, wanda zai zama layin wayoyin salula na shekaru shida masu zuwa. Nokia N95 da aka gabatar a watan Satumba na shekarar 2006 ya yi nasara sosai kuma an kuma ba shi lambar yabo a matsayin "mafi kyawun na'urar daukar hoto" a Turai a shekara ta 2007. Wanda ya gaje shi N82 ya nuna walƙiyar xenon, wanda ya taimaka mata lashe lambar "mafi kyawun hoton wayar hannu" a Turai a shekara ta 2008. N93 a shekara ta 2006 an san shi da camcorder na musamman da kuma karkatacciyar ƙirar da ke sauyawa tsakanin clamshell da matsayi kamar camcorder. An kuma san su sosai da N8 tare da babban firikwensin 12-megapixel a cikin shekara ta 2010; 808 PureView a cikin shekara ta 2012 tare da firikwensin 41-megapixel; da tutar Lumia 920 a cikin shekara ta 2012 wanda ya aiwatar da ingantattun fasahar PureView. Nokia ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka fara wasan caca ta hannu saboda shaharar Snake, wanda aka riga aka ɗora shi akan samfura da yawa. A cikin shekara ta 2002, Nokia ta yi ƙoƙarin kutsawa cikin kasuwar caca ta hannu tare da N-Gage. Shugaban nishaɗi da kafofin watsa labarai na Nokia, Ilkka Raiskinen, ya taɓa yin ƙaulin "Game Boy na yara 'yan shekara 10", yana mai bayyana cewa N-Gage ya fi dacewa da masu sauraro da suka manyanta. Koyaya, na'urar ta gaza, ta kasa ƙalubalantar jagoran kasuwar Nintendo. Nokia ta yi ƙoƙarin farfado da N-Gage a matsayin dandamali na wayoyin salula na S60, wanda a ƙarshe aka ƙaddamar da su a shekara ta 2008. A cikin Q1a shekara ta 2004, kasuwar wayar salula ta Nokia ta ragu sosai zuwa 28.9%, ƙasa daga 34.6% a shekara da ta gabata. Koyaya, zuwa shekara ta 2006 kamfanin ya sake samun ci gaba kuma a cikin Q4 a shekara ta 2007 ya kai adadi mafi girma na 40.4%. Rabon kasuwar wayoyin salula a waccan kwata shine 51%. Nokia ita ce babbar mai siyarwa a lokacin a duk yankuna bar Arewacin Amurka. Nokia ta ƙaddamar da gwajin talabijin ta wayar hannu a 2005 a Finland tare da abun ciki wanda mai watsa labarai na jama'a Yle ya bayar. Ayyukan suna dogara ne akan ma'aunin DVB-H. Ana iya duba shi tare da babbar wayar Nokia 7710 tare da kayan haɗi na musamman wanda ke ba shi damar karɓar siginar DVB-H. Nokia ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Arqiva da O2 don ƙaddamar da gwaji a Burtaniya a watan Satumba shekara ta 2005. A cikin shekara ta 2005 Nokia ta haɓaka tsarin aiki na tushen Linux wanda ake kira Maemo, wanda ya yi jigilar wannan shekarar akan Nokia 770 Internet Tablet. A ranar 1 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 2006, Jorma Ollila ta zama shugaban kamfanin kuma ta yi ritaya a matsayin Shugaba, wanda Olli-Pekka Kallasvuo ya maye gurbinsa.[[File:Nokia_Sao_Paulo_Flagship.jpg|left|thumb| Babban shagon Nokia a [[São Paulo]], Brazil a shekara 2009]] A watan Agusta na shekara ta 2007, Nokia ta gabatar da Ovi, sunan laima don sabbin aiyukan Intanet na kamfanin wanda ya haɗa da dandalin N-Gage da Nokia Music Store. Shagon Ovi ya fuskanci gagarumar gasa da Apple App Store lokacin da aka gabatar da shi a shekara ta 2008. A watan Oktobar shekara ta 2008 Nokia ta sanar da Nokia 5800 XpressMusic, na’urar farko da za ta yi jigilar kaya tare da sabon S60 5th Edition, wanda aka fi sani da Symbian^1, farkon maimaita dandamali tun lokacin da aka kirkiro Gidauniyar Symbian. A watan Nuwambashekara ta 2008 Nokia ta sanar da cewa za ta kawo karshen sayar da wayoyin hannu a Japan saboda karancin kasuwa. Kasuwar wayar salula ta Nokia ta kai kololuwa a shekarar 2008 da kashi 38.6. A wannan shekarar, Nokia ta sanar da siyan Trolltech da haɓaka software ta Qt. Qt ya kasance babban ɓangaren dabarun Nokia har zuwa shekara ta 2011, kuma a ƙarshe an sayar da shi a cikin shekara ta 2012. Nokia a takaice ta koma kasuwar kwamfuta tare da ɗan littafin netbook 3G a watan Agusta shekara ta 2009. === 2010–2014 === [[File:As_Time_Goes_By_(Nokia_9000_Communicator_&_E7).jpg|thumb| Mai Sadarwa na Nokia 9000 (1996) kusa da Nokia E7 Sadarwa (2011)]] [[File:Nokia_&_Microsoft_Lumia_devices.png|thumb| Nokia da Microsoft Lumia na'urorin.]] [[File:Ristoonstage.jpg|left|thumb| Risto Siilasmaa, shugaban Nokia daga 2012 zuwa 2020.]] [[File:Bürogebäude_früheres_Nokia-Werk_Bochum-Riemke_(2009).jpg|thumb| Tsohon kamfanin Nokia a Bochum, Jamus]] [[File:Nokia_(8111386420).jpg|thumb| Alamar talla ta Nokia a Dublin, Ireland]]A ƙarshen shekara ta 2009 zuwa 2010, an gabatar da Xseries da ke mai da hankali kan kiɗa da Cseries mai mai da hankali. A watan Afrilu shekara ta 2010 Nokia ta gabatar da na’urar tafi da gidanka ta gaba, Nokia N8, wacce za ta kasance ta farko da za ta fara aiki a kan Symbian^3. Sai dai an yi jinkiri tsawon watanni da dama wanda hakan ya bata sunan kamfanin, musamman bayan gazawar tutar da ta yi a baya N97 da gasa mai tsauri daga Apple da kamfanin Google mai tasowa. A ranar 10 ga watan Satumba shekara ta 2010, an kori Olli-Pekka Kallasvuo a matsayin Shugaba kuma an sanar da cewa Stephen Elop daga Microsoft zai dauki matsayin Babban Daraktan Nokia, inda ya zama darakta na farko da ba Finnish ba a tarihin Nokia. An yi iƙirarin cewa masu saka hannun jari sun matsa wa hukumar Nokia lamba don ɗaukar wani baƙo don girgiza gudanarwa kuma ya rabu da al'adar "Nokia hanya". Ollila ya kuma sanar da cewa zai yi murabus daga shugabancin Nokia kafin shekarar 2012. A ranar 11 ga watan Maris shekara ta 2011 Nokia ta sanar da cewa ta biya Elop dala miliyan shida na sanya hannu a matsayin "diyyar asarar kudin shiga daga tsohon ma'aikacin sa", a kan dala miliyan 1.4 na shekara albashi. Tsohon Symbian OS ya zama tushen budewa gaba daya a watan Fabrairu 2010. Sai dai, a watan Nuwamban 2010 an sanar da cewa Symbian Foundation na rufe kuma Nokia za ta sake karbe ikon tsarin aikin Symbian a karkashin lasisin rufewa. Zuwa yanzu Nokia ita ce kawai kamfanin da ya rage ta amfani da dandamali, tare da mai jigilar NTT DoCoMo a Japan, bayan duka Samsung da Sony Ericsson sun koma Android. A halin da ake ciki, a cikin 2010 don burin Nokia na Linux, Nokia ta haɗu tare da Intel don ƙirƙirar aikin MeeGo, bayan haɗuwar Maemo na Nokia da Moblin na Intel. Dandalin Symbian na Nokia wanda ya kasance babban dandamali na wayoyin hannu a Turai da [[Asiya]] tsawon shekaru da yawa yana saurin tsufa kuma yana da wahala ga masu haɓakawa bayan bayyanar iOS da Android. Don magance wannan, Nokia ta shirya yin tsarin aikin su na MeeGo Linux, a ƙarƙashin ci gaba, ƙirar kamfanin akan wayoyin komai da ruwanka. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan fara aikin Shugaba na Elop, hukumar Nokia ta kore shi ikon canza dabarun wayoyin hannu na kamfanin, gami da canza tsarin aiki. Tsohon soja Anssi Vanjoki, shugaban sashen wayoyin salula, ya bar kamfanin a wannan lokacin. Fitowar sa ta ƙarshe shine a Nokia World 2010 lokacin da aka gabatar da Nokia E7 da wasu na'urorin Symbian^3. A ranar 11 ga Fabrairu 2011, Nokia ta ba da sanarwar "haɗin gwiwa mai mahimmanci" tare da Microsoft, wanda a ƙarƙashinsa zai karɓi Windows Phone 7 a matsayin babban tsarin aikin sa akan wayoyin komai da ruwanka, tare da haɗa ayyukansa da dandamali tare da nasa, gami da Bing azaman injin bincike, da haɗawa. Bayanan Maps na Nokia cikin Taswirorin Bing. Elop ya bayyana cewa Nokia ta zabi kada ta yi amfani da Android saboda a bayyane yake cewa ba zai iya "bambance" abubuwan da ake bayarwa ba, tare da masu sukar sun kuma lura cewa alakar sa ta baya da Microsoft na iya yin tasiri ga shawarar. Kodayake MeeGo "Harmattan" -bn N9 an sadu da kyakkyawar tarba a cikin 2011, Nokia ta riga ta yanke shawarar kawo ƙarshen ci gaba akan MeeGo kuma kawai ta mai da hankali kan haɗin gwiwar Microsoft, kodayake Shugaba ya ce "sabbin abubuwa" na N9 za su ci gaba makomar, wacce a ƙarshe ta hau kan dandalin Asha a 2013. Bayan sanarwar haɗin gwiwar Microsoft, kasuwar kasuwar Nokia ta lalace; wannan ya faru ne saboda buƙatar faduwar Symbian lokacin da masu amfani suka fahimci hankalin Nokia da kulawa zai kasance a wani wuri. Kamfanin ya sanya babban asara a cikin kwata na biyu na 2011 - kawai asarar su ta biyu a cikin shekaru 19. Wayar Nokia ta farko ta Wayar Windows ita ce Lumia 800, wacce ta iso a watan Nuwamba na 2011. Faduwar tallace -tallace a 2011, wanda ba a inganta shi sosai tare da layin Lumia a 2012, ya haifar da manyan asara a jere. Zuwa tsakiyar 2012 farashin hannayen jarin kamfanin ya fadi kasa da $ 2. Shugaba Elop ya ba da sanarwar rage farashin farashi a watan Yuni ta hanyar zubar da ma’aikata 10,000 zuwa karshen shekara da kuma rufe masana'antar kera Salo. Firayim Ministan na Finland ya kuma ba da sanarwar cewa gwamnati ba za ta ceci kamfanin daga asusun jihar na gaggawa ba. A kusa da wannan lokacin Nokia ta fara sabon aikin da aka yiwa lakabi da "Meltemi", dandamali ga wayoyin komai da ruwanka. Tare da kawancen Microsoft kuma a ƙarƙashin kulawar Elop, Nokia kuma ta sake mai da hankali kan kasuwar Arewacin Amurka inda wayoyin Nokia suke, sabanin sauran ƙasashen duniya, kusan ba su da mahimmanci na shekaru da yawa. Wannan dabarar ta fara ne a cikin Janairu 2012 tare da gabatar da wayar Nokia Lumia 900 tare da haɗin gwiwar kamfanin AT&T na Amurka. A watan Maris na shekarar 2011, Nokia ta bullo da wani sabon nau'in kamfani mai suna "Pure". A ranar 1 ga Agustan 2011, Nokia ta ba da sanarwar cewa za ta yi amfani da sabon tsarin lambar lambobi uku don samfuran wayar hannu kuma ta daina amfani da haruffa, ta yadda za a kawo ƙarshen Nseries, Eseries, da Cseries na ɗan gajeren lokaci. A wannan ranar aka gabatar da Nokia 500 tare da sabon tsarin. Nokia ta yi amfani da sunaye masu lamba uku a wayoyin analog a shekarun 1990. Lokacin da aka sanar da Lumia 920 a watan Satumbar 2012, 'yan jaridu sun gan ta a matsayin babbar babbar Windows Phone wacce za ta iya ƙalubalanci abokan hamayya saboda tsarinta na ci gaba. Elop ya ce kyakkyawan martanin da aka yi masa ya haifar da bege da kyakkyawan fata a kamfanin. Kamfanin yana kuma samun nasarori a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa tare da jerin Asha, waɗanda ke siyarwa da ƙarfi. Kodayake tallace -tallace da wayoyin salula na Nokia sun karu sosai a cikin 2013, gami da a kasuwar Arewacin Amurka, har yanzu bai isa ba don gujewa asarar kuɗi. Ollila ta sauka daga kujerarta a ranar 4 ga Mayu 2012 kuma Risto Siilasmaa ya maye gurbin ta A watan Satumba na shekarar 2013 Nokia ta sanar da sayar da sashen wayar salula da na’urorinta ga Microsoft. Sayarwar tana da kyau ga Nokia don gujewa ƙarin adadi na kuɗi mara kyau, kazalika ga Babban Manajan Microsoft Steve Ballmer, wanda ke son Microsoft ta samar da ƙarin kayan masarufi kuma ta mayar da ita zuwa kamfanin na'urori da sabis. Shugaban Nokia, Risto Siilasmaa, ya bayyana yarjejeniyar a matsayin mai hankali (a cikin fa'idar masu hannun jarin Nokia), amma mai wahalar gaske - masana sun yarda cewa Nokia za ta kasance cikin rikicin kuɗi idan ba ta sayar da rabon ga Microsoft ba. Manazarta sun yi imanin cewa Ballmer ya matsa don siyan saboda tsoron cewa Nokia tana gab da ɗaukar Android kuma ta yi watsi da ƙawancen su da Microsoft. Tabbas, a cikin Janairu 2014 an gabatar da Nokia X wanda ke gudana akan sigar Android ta musamman. Abin mamaki ne da ɗan ban mamaki wanda ke zuwa makonni kaɗan kacal daga ƙarshen siyan Microsoft. Wasu, ciki har da magajin Ballmer Satya Nadella, suna jin cewa Microsoft na tunanin haɗe ƙungiyoyin software ɗin su da injiniyan kayan masarufi na Nokia da zai “hanzarta” haɓaka Windows Phone. An kammala siyarwar a watan Afrilun 2014, inda Microsoft Mobile ta zama magajin sashen na'urorin wayoyin Nokia. Nokia kuma ta tashi daga hedkwatarsa ​​zuwa wani katafaren gini da ke Karaportti. A lokacin, Ballmer da kansa yana yin ritaya a matsayin Shugaba na Microsoft kuma Satya Nadella ya maye gurbinsa, wanda ya yi adawa da siyan wayoyin salula na Nokia, tare da shugaban [[Bill gate|Bill Gates]]. Microsoft ya rubuta kadarorin da aka saya daga Nokia a shekarar 2015. A shekara ta 2014, darajar tambarin Nokia a duniya bisa ga Interbrand ya faɗi zuwa matsayi na 98, raguwa mai kaifi daga wuri na 5 da yake a 2009. Faduwar Nokia a kasuwar wayar tafi -da -gidanka ya sami bayanai daban -daban daga manazarta, tare da rarrabuwar kawuna game da shawarar Shugaba na yin watsi da shi. tsarin aiki na cikin gida da kuma yin amfani da Windows Phone a 2011. Masu bincike da yawa sun yanke shawarar cewa Nokia ta sha wahala daga zurfafa gwagwarmaya a cikin gudanarwa. Tsoffin ma’aikatan sun yi iƙirarin cewa gudanarwar ta yi kumbura ta hanyar nasarar farko da suka zama masu gamsuwa da lokaci. Wasu daga ƙungiyar masu tasowa ta Symbian sun yi iƙirarin cewa babban jami'in kamfanin ya ƙi ɗaruruwan sabbin abubuwa a cikin shekarun 2000 da suka gabatar, gami da sake rubuta lambar Symbian gaba ɗaya. Wani tsohon ma'aikacin Nokia ya yi ikirarin cewa ana gudanar da kamfanin ne a matsayin "tsarin mulki irin na Soviet". A watan Yulin 2013, Nokia ta sayi hannun jarin Siemens a cikin haɗin gwiwar Nokia Siemens Networks na dala biliyan 2.2, ta mai da shi wani kamfani mallakinsa gaba ɗaya wanda ake kira Nokia Solutions and Networks, har sai da aka sake masa suna zuwa Nokia Networks ba da daɗewa ba. A lokacin fafutukar neman kuɗaɗen kuɗi na Nokia, sashen sadarwar sa mai riba tare da Siemens ya ba da kuɗin shiga da yawa; don haka, sayan ya tabbatar da inganci, musamman bayan siyar da na’urorin wayar salularsa. === 2014–2016 === Bayan siyar da sashin na'urorin wayar hannu, Nokia ta mai da hankali kan kayan aikin hanyar sadarwa ta hanyar Nokia Networks. A watan Oktoba na 2014, Nokia da China Mobile sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar tsarin dala miliyan 970 don isar da kayayyaki tsakanin 2014 da 2015. A ranar 17 ga Nuwamban 2014, shugaban Kamfanin Fasaha na Nokia Ramzi Haidamus ya bayyana cewa kamfanin ya shirya sake shigar da kasuwancin kayan masarufi a matsayin mai kera ƙira na asali, yana ba da lasisin ƙirar kayan cikin gida da fasaha ga masana<nowiki>'antun na uku. Haidamus ya bayyana cewa alamar Nokia tana da '' mahimmanci '' amma '' yana raguwa da ƙima, kuma wannan shine dalilin da ya sa yana da mahimmanci mu canza wannan yanayin cikin sauri, nan ba da jimawa ba ''. Kashegari, Nokia ta ƙaddamar da N1, kwamfutar hannu ta Android da Foxconn ta ƙera, a matsayin samfur na farko bayan siyarwar Microsoft. Haidamus ya jaddada cewa na'</nowiki>urorin da aka fito da su a ƙarƙashin waɗannan yarjejeniyar lasisi za a riƙe su cikin manyan ƙimar ingancin samarwa, kuma za su "yi kama da jin kamar Nokia ta gina ta". Shugaban kamfanin Nokia Rajeev Suri ya bayyana cewa kamfanin ya shirya sake shigar da kasuwancin wayar salula ta wannan hanyar a cikin 2016, bayan karewar sharuddan da ba ta gasa da Microsoft. A cewar Robert Morlino, mai magana da yawun Nokia Technologies, Nokia ta shirya bin tsarin lasisin alama maimakon tallan na'urorin tafi-da-gidanka kai tsaye saboda siyar da sashin na'urorin wayar hannu ga Microsoft. Kamfanin ya ɗauki tsauraran matakai don farfado da kansa, a bayyane ta hanyar ɗaukar ƙwararrun software, gwajin sabbin samfura da neman abokan hulɗa. A ranar 14 ga Yuli 2015, Shugaba Rajeev Suri ya tabbatar da cewa kamfanin zai dawo kasuwar wayoyin hannu a cikin 2016. A ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2015, Nokia ta sanar da OZO, kyamarar gaskiya ta 360-digiri, tare da firikwensin hoto na 2K guda takwas. Rarraba bayan samfurin, Nokia Technologies, ya yi iƙirarin cewa OZO zai kasance mafi ingantaccen dandamali na yin fim na VR. Sanarwar manema labarai ta Nokia ta bayyana cewa OZO zai kasance "na farko a cikin shirin da aka tsara na hanyoyin watsa labarai na dijital," tare da tsammanin samfuran fasaha a nan gaba. An bayyana OZO cikakke a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba a Los Angeles. OZO, wanda aka ƙera don amfani da ƙwararru, an yi niyyar siyar da shi akan dalar Amurka 60,000; duk da haka, an rage farashinsa da $ 15,000 kafin a sake shi, kuma an jera shi akan gidan yanar gizon sa a matsayin $ 40,000. A ranar 14 ga Afrilu 2015, Nokia ta tabbatar da cewa tana tattaunawa da kamfanin kayan aikin sadarwa na Faransa Alcatel-Lucent dangane da yiwuwar hadewa. Kashegari, Nokia ta ba da sanarwar cewa ta amince ta sayi Alcatel-Lucent akan € 15.6 biliyan a cikin yarjejeniyar hannun jari. Shugaba Rajeev Suri yana jin cewa siyan zai ba Nokia wata fa'ida mai mahimmanci a haɓaka fasahar mara waya ta 5G. Sayen ya haifar da gasa mai ƙarfi ga kamfanoni masu hamayya da Ericsson da Huawei, waɗanda Nokia da Alcatel-Lucent suka zarce ta jimlar kuɗin shiga a 2014. Masu hannun jarin Nokia suna riƙe da kashi 66.5% na sabon haɗin kamfani, yayin da masu hannun jarin Alcatel-Lucent ke riƙe da 33.5% . Ya kamata a kula da rukunin Bell Labs, amma Nokia za ta maye gurbin alamar Alcatel-Lucent. A watan Oktoban shekarar 2015, bayan amincewar yarjejeniyar da ma'aikatar kasuwanci ta kasar Sin ta yi, hadakar tana jiran amincewar hukumomin Faransa. Duk da niyyar farko ta siyar da rukunin kebul na jirgin ruwa daban daban, daga baya Alcatel-Lucent ya bayyana cewa ba zai yi ba. An rufe hadewar a ranar 14 ga watan Janairun 2016, amma bai cika ba sai ranar 3 ga Nuwamba 2016. Daga saye, yanzu Nokia kuma ita ce mai mallakar alamar wayar hannu ta Alcatel, wacce ke ci gaba da samun lasisin kamfanin TCL. A ranar 3 ga Agusta 2015, Nokia ta sanar da cewa ta cimma yarjejeniya don sayar da sashen taswirar dijital na nan ga ƙungiyar BMW, Daimler AG da Volkswagen Group akan € 2.8 biliyan. An rufe yarjejeniyar a ranar 3 ga Disamba 2015.[[File:NokiaBuilding4.jpg|thumb| Ginin ofishin Nokia a Markham, Ontario, Kanada a cikin 2016-asalin ofishin Alcatel-Lucent]] [[File:Nokia_Flexi_Zone_Micro_BTS_FWEA_spec_tag_20150811.jpg|thumb| Tashar watsa labarai ta tushe ta Flexi Zone (2015)]] === 2016–2019 === A ranar 26 ga Afrilu 2016, Nokia ta sanar da aniyarta ta sayen kamfanin kera na’urar lafiya na Faransa mai suna Andings kan dalar Amurka miliyan 191. An haɗa kamfanin zuwa sabon sashin Lafiya na Dijital na Fasahar Nokia. Daga baya Nokia ta kashe kuɗin siyan kuma a watan Mayu 2018 an sake sayar da sashin lafiya ga Éric Carreel, wanda ya kafa kamfanin Withings kuma tsohon Shugaba. A ranar 18 ga Mayu 2016, Microsoft Mobile ta sayar da kasuwancin wayar ta Nokia mai alama ga HMD Global, sabon kamfani wanda tsohon babban jami'in Nokia Jean-Francois Baril ya kafa, da wata masana'anta mai alaƙa a Vietnam ga kamfanin FoxHn na FIH Mobile. Daga baya Nokia ta shiga yarjejeniyar lasisin na dogon lokaci don sanya HMD keɓaɓɓen kera wayoyin Nokia da allunan da aka yi wa alama a wajen Japan, suna aiki tare da Foxconn. Yarjejeniyar ta kuma ba HMD haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka da software na wayoyin hannu. Daga baya HMD ta sanar da wayar Nokia 6 mai tushen Android a cikin Janairu 2017. A Mobile World Congress, HMD ya kuma ƙaddamar da wayoyin salula na Nokia 3 da Nokia 5, da kuma sake tunanin ƙirar wayar Nokia mai lamba 3310. Duk da cewa Nokia ba ta da saka hannun jari a kamfanin, suna da wasu bayanai a cikin sabbin na'urorin. A ranar 28 ga Yuni 2016 Nokia ta nuna a karon farko cibiyar sadarwa mai shirye-shiryen 5G. A watan Fabrairun 2017 Nokia ta aiwatar da haɗin 5G a [[Oulu]], Finland ta amfani da ma'aunin 5GTF, wanda Verizon ke goyan baya, akan kayan aikin gine-gine na Intel. A watan Yuli na 2017, Nokia da Xiaomi sun ba da sanarwar cewa sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar haɗin gwiwar kasuwanci da yarjejeniyar patent na shekaru da yawa, gami da lasisin ƙetare ga kowane kamfani mai daidaitattun lamuran salula. A waccan shekarar, darajar alama ta Nokia ta kasance ta 188th ta Brand Finance, tsallake wurare 147 daga 2016. An danganta hauhawar ta ga fayil ɗin lafiya da sabbin wayoyin hannu da HMD Global suka haɓaka. A cikin Janairu 2018, Nokia ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya tare da NTT Docomo, babban kamfanin wayar hannu na Japan, don samar da tashoshin rediyo mara waya na 5G a cikin kasar nan da 2020. Daga baya a wannan watan, Nokia ta sanar da layin ReefShark na chipsets 5G, tana mai cewa tana ninka bandwidth zuwa 84 Gbit/s. A watan Maris, Solidium, hannun jarin gwamnatin Finland, ya sayi hannun jarin 3.3% a Nokia wanda darajarsa ta kai million 844 miliyan. A watan Mayu, Nokia ta ba da sanarwar cewa ta sami kamfanin IoT na California, SpaceTime Insight.[[File:Nokia_6_12.jpg|thumb| 2017 Nokia 6]]A watan Janairun 2019, gwamnatin Kanada ta ba da sanarwar cewa za ta ba da dala miliyan 40 don tallafawa binciken Nokia kan fasahar 5G. Wani bincike na 2019 ya nuna cewa wayoyin Nokia sun yi aiki mafi kyau fiye da abokan hamayyar Samsung, LG, Xiaomi, da Huawei wajen sabuntawa zuwa sabon sigar Android. Binciken, wanda Counterpoint Research ya yi, ya gano cewa kashi 96 na wayoyin Nokia ko dai an aika su ko an sabunta su zuwa sabuwar sigar Android tun lokacin da aka saki Pie a cikin 2018. An gano masu fafatawa da Nokia kusan kusan kashi 80 cikin ɗari. === 2020 - yanzu === A ranar 2 ga Maris, 2020, Nokia ta sanar da Pekka Lundmark a matsayin sabon Shugaba. Daga baya a wannan watan, Nokia ta kammala siyan Elenion Technologies, wani kamfani da ke Amurka wanda ke mai da hankali kan fasahar silikon photonics don haɓaka tattalin arziƙin samfuran haɗin haɗin kai. A ranar 27 ga Mayu, 2020, Sari Baldauf ya gaji Risto Siilasmaa a matsayin shugabar kwamitin gudanarwa, kuma an nada Kari Stadigh a matsayin mataimakiyar kujera. A watan Yuni, Nokia ta lashe kwangilar 5G mai kimanin dala miliyan 450 daga Taiwan Mobile don gina cibiyar sadarwa ta gaba mai aiki na telecom a matsayin mai siyarwa kawai. A watan Oktoba, Nokia ta sanar da kwangila tare da NASA don gina hanyar sadarwar wayar hannu ta 4G don amfani da 'yan sama jannati a duniyar wata. Kwangilar dala miliyan 14.1 ta hannun kamfanin Bell Labs ne, kuma ana sa ran fara shirin a 2022. A cikin 2020, Flipkart ya haɗu tare da Nokia don tallata samfuran masu amfani da Nokia a Indiya. Waɗannan sun haɗa da talabijin, kwamfutar tafi -da -gidanka da na’urar sanyaya daki. == Ayyuka na yanzu == Nokia julkinen osakeyhtiö (kamfanin haɗin gwiwa na jama'a) da aka jera akan Nasdaq Nordic/Helsinki da New York. Nokia ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tattalin arzikin Finland, kuma babban ma'aikaci ne a cikin ƙasar, yana aiki tare da abokan haɗin gwiwa na gida da ƙananan kamfanoni. Nokia ta ba da gudummawar kashi 1.6% ga GDP na Finland kuma ya kai kusan kashi 16% na fitar da ƙasar a 2006. Nokia ta ƙunshi ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci guda biyu tare da ƙarin rassa da kamfanoni masu alaƙa. === Nokia Networks === Nokia Networks shine babban kamfanin Nokia Corporation. Kamfanin sadarwar bayanai ne na ƙasashe da yawa da kamfanin kayan aikin sadarwa wanda ke da hedikwata a Espoo, Finland, kuma shine masana'antun kayan aikin sadarwa na uku mafi girma a duniya, wanda aka auna ta kudaden shiga na 2017 (bayan Huawei da Cisco). A cikin Amurka tana gasa tare da Ericsson akan gina cibiyoyin sadarwa na 5G don masu aiki, yayin da aka hana Huawei Technologies da ZTE Corporation yadda yakamata. Tana da ayyuka a cikin kasashe kusan 150. Nokia Networks tana samar da hanyoyin sadarwa mara waya da madaidaiciya, hanyoyin sadarwa da dandamali na sabis da sabis na ƙwararru ga masu aiki da masu ba da sabis. Yana mai da hankali kan GSM, EDGE, 3G/W-CDMA, LTE da hanyoyin sadarwar rediyo na WiMAX, suna tallafawa manyan cibiyoyin sadarwa tare da haɓaka IP da damar aiki da ayyuka da yawa. An ƙaddamar da asalin alamar Nokia Siemens Networks (NSN) a Babban Taron Duniya na 3GSM a Barcelona a watan Fabrairu na 2007 a matsayin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Nokia (50.1%) da Siemens (49.9%), duk da cewa yanzu mallakar Nokia ce gaba ɗaya. A watan Yulin 2013, Nokia ta sake dawo da duk hannun jarin da ke cikin Nokia Siemens Networks kan kudi dalar Amurka biliyan 2.21 sannan ta sake mata suna zuwa Nokia Solutions da Networks, jim kadan bayan haka ta canza zuwa Nokia Networks.[[File:Nokia_Networks_Munich_Office,_April_2017_-02.jpg|thumb| A cikin ofishin Nokia Networks a [[München|Munich]], Jamus]] === Fasahar Nokia === Fasahar Nokia wani bangare ne na Nokia wanda ke haɓaka samfuran masu amfani da fasahar lasisi gami da alamar Nokia. Abubuwan da suka fi mayar da hankali sune hoto, fahimta, haɗin mara waya, sarrafa wutar lantarki da kayan aiki, da sauran fannoni kamar shirin lasisin IP. Ya ƙunshi dakunan gwaje -gwaje guda uku: Labarin Tsarin Rediyo, a wuraren samun rediyo, haɗin gida mara waya da aiwatar da rediyo; Lab Technologies Lab, a cikin wuraren watsa labarai da hulɗa; da Sensor da Lab Technologies Lab, a cikin wuraren ingantattun hanyoyin gano hanyoyin, hanyoyin hulɗa, nanotechnologies da fasahar jimla. Fasahar Nokia kuma tana ba da gudummawar jama'a a cikin ci gaban ta ta Invent tare da shirin Nokia. An ƙirƙira shi a cikin 2014 bayan sake fasalin kamfanin Nokia. A cikin Nuwamba 2014, Nokia Technologies ta ƙaddamar da samfurin ta na farko, kwamfutar kwamfutar hannu ta Nokia N1. A watan Yuli na 2015, Nokia Technologies ta gabatar da kyamarar VR mai suna OZO, wanda aka ƙera don ƙwararrun masu ƙirƙirar abun ciki kuma aka haɓaka su a Tampere, Finland. Tare da na'urori masu auna firikwensin rufewa guda 8 da makirufo 8, samfurin zai iya kama bidiyon 3D na stereoscopic da sauti na sararin samaniya. A ranar 31 ga Agusta 2016, Ramzi Haidamus ya sanar da cewa zai sauka daga mukaminsa na shugaban kamfanin Nokia Technologies. Brad Rodrigues, tsohon shugaban dabaru da bunƙasa kasuwanci, ya ɗauki matsayin shugaban rikon kwarya. A ranar 30 ga Yuni 2017, Gregory Lee, tsohon Shugaba na Samsung Electronics a Arewacin Amurka, an nada shi Shugaban Kamfanin Fasaha na Nokia da Shugaba.[[File:NSN-tampere.jpg|thumb|180x180px| Ginin ofishin Nokia a Tampere, Finland.]] === Labarin Bell na Nokia ===  Nokia Bell Labs kamfani ne na bincike da ci gaban kimiyya wanda ya taɓa zama hannun R&D na Tsarin Bell na Amurka. Ya zama wani kamfani na Nokia Corporation bayan kwace Alcatel-Lucent a cikin 2016. === Farashin NGP === NGP Capital (tsohon Nokia Growth Partners) babban kamfani ne na kamfani na duniya, yana mai da hankali kan saka hannun jari a matakin haɓaka "Intanet na abubuwa" (IoT) da kamfanonin fasahar wayar hannu. NGP tana riƙe da saka hannun jari a ko'ina cikin Amurka, Turai, China da Indiya. Fayil ɗin su ya ƙunshi kamfanoni a cikin fasahar tafi -da -gidanka waɗanda suka haɗa da ɓangarorin Haɗin Kasuwanci, Kiwon Lafiya na Dijital, Mai amfani da IoT, da Haɗin Mota. Bayan tallafin dala miliyan 350 ga kamfanonin IoT a cikin 2016, NGP tana sarrafa kadarorin dala biliyan 1. Nokia a baya ta inganta kirkire -kirkire ta hanyar tallafa wa kamfani tun daga 1998 tare da Nokia Venture Partners, wanda aka sake masa suna BlueRun Ventures kuma aka sake shi a 2005. Nokia Growth Partners (NGP) an kafa shi ne a 2005 a matsayin asusu na kamfani na ci gaba a matsayin ci gaban farkon nasarorin Nokia Venture Partners. A cikin 2017, an canza sunan kamfanin zuwa NGP Capital. Manyan fitowar NGP sun haɗa da GanJi, UCWeb, Whistle, Rocket Fuel, Swype, Summit Microelectronics da Netmagic. === Networks na Nuage === Nuage Networks kamfani ne wanda ke ba da hanyoyin sadarwar da aka ayyana ta software. Alcatel-Lucent ne ya kafa shi a cikin 2013 don haɓaka rufin software don sarrafa kansa da tsara girgije. Ya kasance wani ɓangare na Nokia biyo bayan siyan Alcatel-Lucent a cikin 2016. A cikin 2017 Nuage ya kulla yarjejeniya tare da Vodafone da Telefonica don samar da gine-ginen SD-WAN ga sabobin su. BT ya riga ya kasance abokin ciniki tun daga 2016. Yarjejeniyar da China Mobile a cikin Janairu 2017 kuma ta yi amfani da fasahar sadarwar da aka ayyana ta Nuage don sabobin girgije na jama'a 2,000 a cibiyoyin bayanan data kasance a China, kuma wani a watan Oktoba 2017 tare da Kamfanin Inshorar China Pacific. Kamfanin yana tushen Mountain View, California kuma Shugaba shine Sunil Khandekar. === Alcatel Mobile === Alcatel Mobile alama ce ta wayar hannu mallakar Nokia tun 2016. An ba shi lasisi tun 2005 ga kamfanin TCL na China lokacin yana ƙarƙashin ikon Alcatel (daga baya Alcatel-Lucent) a cikin kwangilar har zuwa 2024. === HMD Global === HMD Global kamfani ne na wayar tafi da gidanka da ke Espoo, Finland. Alamar Nokia ta sami lasisin tsoffin ma’aikatan Nokia waɗanda suka kafa HMD Global kuma suka gabatar da na’urorin da ke da alamar Nokia a kasuwa a cikin 2017. Nokia ba ta da saka hannun jari a kamfanin amma tana riƙe da wasu bayanai a ci gaban na'urorin ta. === Alcatel Submarine Networks === Alcatel Submarine Networks (ASN) shine mai ba da mafita na hanyoyin sadarwa na ƙarƙashin teku. Ƙungiyar kasuwanci tana haɓaka fasaha kuma tana ba da sabis na shigarwa don hanyoyin haɗin kebul na jirgin ruwa na ruwa a cikin tekuna na duniya. == Harkokin kamfanoni == === Gudanar da kamfanoni === An raba iko da gudanar da Nokia tsakanin masu hannun jari a wani babban taro da Kungiyar Shugabancin Rukunan Nokia (hagu), karkashin jagorancin kwamitin gudanarwa (dama). Shugaban hukumar da sauran membobin Kungiyar Jagorancin Nokia ne hukumar gudanarwa ta nada. Shugaban Kungiyar Shugabancin Nokia ne kaɗai zai iya zama membobin kwamitin daraktoci da ƙungiyar Jagorancin Nokia Group. Kwamitocin Kwamitin Daraktoci sun ƙunshi Kwamitin Bincike, Kwamitin Ma'aikata, da Kwamitin Gudanarwa da Nomination. Ana gudanar da ayyukan kamfanin a cikin tsarin da Dokar Kamfanonin Finnish, Labarin Ƙungiyar Nokia, da Ka'idodin Gudanar da Kamfanoni, waɗanda kwamitin riƙo na rikon kwarya suka ƙara. A ranar 25 ga Nuwamba 2019, Nokia ta sanar da cewa za ta daina aikin Babban Jami'in Aiki (COO) tare da rarraba ayyukanta ga sauran shugabannin kamfanin. A sakamakon haka, Babban Jami'in Ayyuka Joerg Erlemeier ya yanke shawarar sauka, daga ranar 1 ga Janairu 2020. ==== Tsoffin jami'an kamfanoni ==== {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" |Manyan jami'an gudanarwa ! ! colspan="2" | Shugabannin kwamitin gudanarwa |- ! ''Suna'' ! ''Lokaci'' ! ! ''Suna'' ! ''Lokaci'' |- | Björn Westerlund | 1967-1977 | | Lauri J. Kivekäs | 1967-1977 |- | Kari Kairamo | 1977-1988 | | Björn Westerlund | 1977–1979 |- | | | | Mika Tiivola | 1979-1986 |- | | | | Kari Kairamo | 1986-1988 |- | Simo Vuorilehto | 1988-1992 | | Simo Vuorilehto | 1988-1990 |- | | | | Mika Tiivola | 1990-1992 |- | Jorma Ollila | 1992-2006 | | Casimir Ehrnrooth | 1992-1999 |- | Olli-Pekka Kallasvuo | 2006–2010 | | Jorma Ollila | 1999–2012 |- | Stephen Elop | 2010–2014 | | | |- | Rajeev Suuri | 2014–2020 | | Risto Siilasmaa | 2012–2020 |- | Pekka Lundmark | Aug 2020 | | Sari Baldauf | 2020 - yanzu |} === Hannun jari === Nokia kamfani ne mai iyakance na jama'a kuma shine mafi tsufa kamfanin da aka jera a ƙarƙashin wannan suna akan Helsinki Stock Exchange, wanda aka fara a 1915. Nokia tana da jeri na biyu a Kasuwar Hannun Jari ta New York tun 1994. An cire hannun jarin Nokia daga hannun jari na London Musanya a 2003, Kasuwar Paris a 2004, Stockholm Stock Exchange a 2007 da Frankfurt Stock Exchange a 2012. Saboda samun Alcatel-Lucent a 2015, Nokia ta sake lissafa hannun jarinsa a Kasuwar Hannun Jari ta Paris kuma an haɗa shi a cikin alamar CAC 40 a ranar 6 ga Janairu 2016 amma daga baya aka cire ta a ranar 18 ga Satumba 2017. A 2007, Nokia tana da babban darajar kasuwa na billion 110 biliyan; zuwa 17 Yuli 2012 wannan ya faɗi zuwa € 6.28 biliyan, kuma zuwa 23 ga Fabrairu 2015, ya ƙaru zuwa billion 26.07 biliyan. Kasuwancin Nokia a shekarar 2020 ya kai biliyan 21.76. === Al'adar kamfanoni === Bayanin al'adun kamfani na hukuma na Nokia tun daga shekarun 1990 ana kiranta The Nokia Way. Yana nanata saurin da sassaucin yanke shawara a cikin ɗakin kwana, ƙungiyar yanar gizo. Harshen kasuwancin hukuma na Nokia shine Turanci. An rubuta duk takaddun a cikin Ingilishi, kuma ana amfani da shi a cikin sadarwar intra-company na hukuma. A cikin 1992, Nokia ta karɓi ƙimar da aka ayyana tare da mahimman kalmomin girmamawa, nasara, sabuntawa da ƙalubale. A watan Mayu 2007, kamfanin ya sake fasalta ƙimarsa bayan ya fara jerin tattaunawa a duk rassansa na duniya game da abin da sabbin ƙimar kamfanin ya kamata su kasance. Dangane da shawarwarin ma'aikaci, an ayyana sabbin dabi'un kamar: Shiga Kai, Cimma Tare, Sha'awar Innovation da Dan Adam. A watan Agustan 2014, Nokia ta sake fasalta darajarta bayan sayar da kasuwancin Na'urorin ta, ta sake amfani da ƙimar 1992 na asali. === Hedikwatar === Nokia tana tushen a Karaportti a Espoo, Finland, kusa da babban birnin Helsinki. Ya kasance babban ofishin su tun daga shekarar 2014 bayan ƙaura daga gidan Nokia da aka gina a cikin Espoo a matsayin wani ɓangare na siyar da kasuwancin wayar hannu ga Microsoft. Ginin a Karaportti a baya shine hedikwatar NSN (yanzu Nokia Networks).[[File:Nokian_pääkonttori_Keilaniemessä.jpg|thumb| Tsohon gidan Nokia, babban ofishin Nokia har zuwa Afrilu 2014. Ginin yana gabar Tekun Finland a Keilaniemi, Espoo, kuma an gina shi tsakanin 1995 da 1997. Wurin aiki ne na ma'aikatan Nokia sama da 1,000. ]] == Kyaututtuka da karramawa == A cikin 2018, Nokia ta sami lambar yabo ta Jagorancin Lights don mafi kyawun samfurin kebul/samfurin bidiyo kuma an sanya shi cikin jerin kamfanonin kamfanonin da'a na duniya na 2018 na Ethisphere. == Tarihin Logo == <gallery> File:Nokian logo (1865).svg|''Alamar Nokia Osakeyhtiö'', 1865. File:Nokia logo 1965.svg|''Alamar Nokia Osakeyhtiö'', 1965. File:Suomen Kumitehtaan logo (1965).svg|Alamar Rubber Finnish ( ''[[Suomen Kumitehdas]]'' ), 1965–1986. File:Nokia nuolilogo.svg|Alamar Nokia 'Arrows', bayan haɗewa da Kamfanin ''[[Kaapelitehdas|Kebul]]'' (Kaapelitehdas) da Ayyukan Rubber na Finnish (1966-1992). Ana amfani dashi a cikin talla da samfura har zuwa c. 1997. File:Nokia Connecting People.svg|Nokia ta gabatar da [[Advertising slogan|taken tallan]] ''ta "Haɗa Mutane"'' a 1992, wanda Ove Strandberg ya ƙirƙira. File:Nokia - 2005 logo.svg|An fara gabatar da sabon taken taken (Nokia Sans font) a 2005. Nokia Sans Nokia tayi amfani da ita a cikin samfura tun 2002. File:Nokia wordmark.svg|Bold version da aka gabatar a 2007. Kamfanin ya daina amfani da taken da tambarin sa a shekarar 2011. File:Nokia typefaces.png|Tarihin nau'in kamfanin Nokia </gallery> == Jayayya == === NSN ta samar da damar kutse ga Iran === A shekarar 2008, Nokia Siemens Networks, hadin gwiwa tsakanin Nokia da Siemens AG, an ba da rahoton cewa sun bai wa kamfanin sadarwa na kasar Iran fasahar da ta ba ta damar katse hanyoyin sadarwar Intanet na 'yan kasarta. An ba da rahoton cewa fasahar ta ba Iran damar amfani da binciken fakiti mai zurfi don karantawa da canza abun cikin imel, kafofin watsa labarun, da kiran wayar kan layi. Fasahar "tana ba wa hukumomi damar toshe sadarwa ba kawai ba amma don sa ido don tattara bayanai game da daidaikun mutane, tare da canza shi don dalilai na ɓarna". A lokacin zanga-zangar bayan zabe a Iran a watan Yunin 2009, an ba da rahoton cewa, shiga Intanet ta Iran ya ragu zuwa kasa da goma na saurin sa na yau da kullun, wanda kwararru ke zargin ya faru ne saboda amfani da binciken fakiti mai zurfi. A watan Yulin 2009, Nokia ta fara fuskantar kauracewa kayayyakinsu da aiyukansu a Iran. Kauracewar ta kasance ta masu amfani da tausayawa motsin zanga-zangar bayan zaɓen da kuma farmakin kamfanonin da ake ganin suna haɗin gwiwa da gwamnatin. Buƙatar wayar hannu ta faɗi kuma masu amfani sun fara guje wa saƙon SMS. Nokia Siemens Networks ta ba da sanarwar a cikin wata sanarwar manema labarai cewa ta ba wa Iran kawai "damar kutse na halal kawai don sa ido kan kiran murya na gida" kuma "ba ta ba da cikakken fakiti fakiti, takunkumin yanar gizo, ko damar tace Intanet ga Iran". === Lex Nokia === A cikin 2009, Nokia ta goyi bayan wata doka a Finland wanda ke ba kamfanoni damar sanya ido kan sadarwar ma'aikatan su a yayin da ake zargin bayanai sun ɓace. Nokia ta musanta jita -jitar cewa kamfanin ya yi tunanin cire babban ofishinta daga Finland idan ba a canza dokokin sa ido na lantarki ba. Kafafen yada labarai na kasar Finland sun yi wa dokar lakabi da Lex Nokia saboda an aiwatar da ita ne sakamakon matsin lambar Nokia. An kafa dokar, amma tare da tsauraran sharudda don aiwatar da tanade -tanaden ta. Babu wani kamfani da ya yi amfani da tanadinsa kafin 25 ga Fabrairu 2013, lokacin da Ofishin Ombudsman na Kariyar Bayanai ya tabbatar da cewa kwanan nan birnin Hämeenlinna ya ba da sanarwar da ake buƙata. === Rikicin patent na Nokia -Apple === A watan Oktoban 2009, Nokia ta shigar da karar Apple Inc. a Kotun Gundumar Amurka ta Delaware inda ta yi ikirarin cewa Apple ya keta hakkokinsa guda 10 da suka shafi sadarwa mara waya ciki har da canja wurin bayanai. Apple ya yi saurin mayar da martani tare da shigar da ƙara a cikin Disamba 2009 yana zargin Nokia da keta haƙƙin mallaka 11. Babban mashawarcin kamfanin Apple, Bruce Sewell ya ci gaba da wani mataki inda ya ce, "Dole ne sauran kamfanoni su yi gogayya da mu ta hanyar kirkirar fasahar su, ba kawai ta hanyar satar namu ba." Wannan ya haifar da takaddama ta doka tsakanin manyan kamfanonin sadarwa biyu tare da Nokia ta shigar da wata kara, a wannan karon tare da Hukumar Ciniki ta Amurka (ITC), tana zargin Apple da keta hakkin mallakarsa a "kusan dukkan wayoyin hannu, 'yan wasan kiɗa da kwamfutoci". . Nokia ta ci gaba da rokon kotu da ta hana duk kayayyakin da Amurka ke shigowa da su daga Apple, ciki har da iPhone, Macintosh da iPod. Apple ya musanta ta hanyar shigar da ƙara tare da ITC a cikin Janairu 2010. A watan Yunin 2011, Apple ya zauna tare da Nokia kuma ya amince da kimantawa da biyan dala miliyan 600 da sarauta ga Nokia. Kamfanonin biyu sun kuma amince kan wasu lasisin lasisi na wasu fasahohin da suka mallaka. === Ana zargin kaucewa biyan haraji a Indiya === An tuhumi reshen Indiya na Nokia a cikin Janairu 2013 tare da rashin biyan harajin Indiya da aka Rage daga Tushen da keta ƙa'idodin farashin canja wuri a Indiya. TDS ɗin da ba a biya ba na billion 30 biliyan, wanda aka tara a cikin shekaru shida, ya kasance saboda sarautar da reshen Indiya ya biya wa kamfanin mahaifanta. === Sabunta bayanan Nokia 7 Plus === A watan Maris na 2019, labarai sun bayyana cewa ana zargin wayoyin Nokia 7 Plus na kamfanin suna aika bayanan masu amfani na sirri zuwa China sama da watanni da yawa. A cewar masu binciken, na'urar ta aika da fakitin bayanan da ba a rufa masu asiri ba ciki har da wurin yanki, lambar katin SIM, da lambar serial na wayar zuwa ga uwar garken kasar Sin da ba a san ko wane lokaci ba da “aka kunna wayar, allon ya kunna ko budewa.” Bayanai sun isa su bi motsi da ayyukan wayar a ainihin lokacin. Mamallakin kamfanin Nokia HMD Global ya musanta cewa an yi irin wannan aika -aika, yana mai cewa maimakon hakan ya faru ne sakamakon kuskure a cikin tsarin shiryawa na software na wayar. Ofishin Ofishin Jakadancin Kariyar Bayanai na Finland ya kaddamar da bincike kan lamarin bisa zaton "an canja bayanan sirri." == Duba kuma == Nokia Networks Nokia - wani gari a Pirkanmaa, Finland Tarihin Nokia Jolla - kamfanin da tsoffin ma'aikatan Nokia suka fara wanda ke haɓaka Linux Sailfish OS, ci gaba da Linux MeeGo OS Twig Com - Asali Benefon, tsohon kamfanin kera wayar hannu ne wanda tsoffin mutanen Nokia suka fara, yanzu shine mai kera lafiyar mutum da samfuran bin diddigin GPS. Microsoft Mobile - sake sunan sabuwar na'urar Nokia da Sabis na Sabis bayan Microsoft ta saya HMD Global-ci gaban Microsoft na na'urorin Nokia na tushen Android == Manazarta == <references group="lower-alpha" /> 5b1lk9ps5lj1vwqmpt0vkf8nn22io8g 0 25480 873770 542795 2026-07-01T20:09:47Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 873770 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Infobox grapheme|type=[[Alphabet]]}} [[Fayil:Latin letter T.svg|thumb|T babba da karama]] '''T''', ko '''t''', shine [[Harfa|harafi na]] ashirin a cikin haruffan [[Turanci|Ingilishi na zamani da]] haruffan Latin na ISO na, asali .Its sunan Turanci ne <nowiki><i id="mwFw">Tee</i></nowiki> (pronounced /t I / ) am'i ''tees.'' <ref>"T", ''Oxford English Dictionary,'' 2nd edition (1989); ''Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged'' (1993); "tee", ''op. cit''.</ref> An samo shi daga haruffan Semitic taw (ת, ܬ, ت) ta harafin Girkanci,τ ( tau ) A cikin Ingilishi, galibi ana amfani da shi don wakiltar muryar alveolar marar sauti, sautin kuma yana nuni a cikin Haifar Fassarar Ƙasa ta Duniya. Shi ne baƙaƙe da aka fi amfani da shi kuma harafi na biyu na gama-gari a cikin rubutun harshen Turanci. == Labarin da tarihi== {| class="wikitable" !Dan Fodiyo<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> ''Taw'' ! Etruscan<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> T ! Girkanci<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> ''Tau'' |- align="center" |</img> |</img> |</img> |} ''Taw'' ita ce wasika ta ƙarshe ta haruffan Yammacin Turai da haruffan Ibrananci . Ƙimar sauti ta Semitic ''Taw'', haruffan Girkanci Tαw ( ''Taw'' ) Tsohuwar Italic da Latin T sun kasance daidai gwargwado, suna wakiltar [ t ] a kowane ɗayan waɗannan; kuma ya kiyaye ainihin asalin sa a mafi yawan waɗannan haruffan. == Yi amfani da tsarin rubutu == === Turanci === A Turanci, ⟩ yawanci tana nufin da voiceless alveolar plosive ( International karin lafazi Alphabet da X-SAMPA : /t /) kamar yadda a ''tart,'' ''Tee,'' ko ''dangantaka,'' sau da yawa tare da muradinta a farkon kalmomi ko kafin ya jaddada vowels. A digraph ⟩ sau da yawa yayi dace da sauti {{IPA|/ʃ/}} (a voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant ) kalma-juya daga tsakiya a lokacin da ya bi ta hanyar wani wasali, kamar yadda a cikin ''al'umma,'' ''rabo,'' ''sulhu,'' da kuma ''Croatia.'' Harafin ⟩ dace da affricate {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}} a wasu kalmomi a sakamakon yod-coalescence (misali, a cikin kalmomi ƙare da "-ture", kamar ''gaba)'' A na kowa digraph ne ⟩ wanda yawanci wakiltar wani hakori fricative, amma lokaci-lokaci wakiltar {{IPA|/t/}} (as a ''Thomas'' da ''thyme.'' ) A cikin 'yan kalmomin asalin Faransanci na zamani, harafin T yana yin shiru a ƙarshen kalma; waɗannan sun haɗa da ''croquet'' da ''halarta na farko'' . === Wasu harsuna === A orthographies na sauran harsuna, ⟩ ne sau da yawa amfani {{IPA|/t/}} da voiceless hakori plosive {{IPA|/t̪/}} ko kama da sautuna. === Sauran tsarin === A International karin lafazi Alphabet, ⟩ kwatanta da voiceless alveolar plosive . == Haruffa masu alaƙa == === Zuriyar da haruffa masu alaƙa a cikin haruffan Latin === [[File:Teisko.vaakuna.svg|thumb| T mai lanƙwasa T da aka nuna a rigar makamai na tsohuwar gundumar Teisko, wanda aka haɗe zuwa [[Tampere]].]] * T tare da diacritics : Ť ť Ṫ ṫ ṫ ẗ Ţ ţ Ṭ ṭ Ʈ ʈ Ț ț ț ƫ Ṱ Ṱ ṱ Ṯ ṯ Ŧ Ŧ ŧ Ⱦ ⱦ ⱦ ᶵ * Ꞇ : William Pryce ya yi amfani da Insular T don ƙaddara haɓakar hakoran hakora [θ] * ʇ : Juya ƙaramin t ana amfani da shi cikin [[Haruffa Sautin Duniya|Harafin Sautin Ƙasa na Duniya]] * Harafin Sautin Uralic -alamomin musamman masu alaƙa da T: ** === Kakanni da 'yan uwan juna a wasu haruffa === * Ƙari : Harafin Semitic Taw, wanda daga baya aka samo alamun da ke gaba ** Τ : Harafin Girkanci Tau ***   : [[Harafin 'yan Koftik]] Taw, wanda ya samo asali daga Girkanci Tau *** Da : Harafin Cyrillic [[Т|Te]], shima ya fito daga Tau ***   : [[Harafin Gothic|Gothic]] harafin tius, wanda ya samo asali daga Girkanci Tau *** Ƙari : Tsohon Italic T, wanda ya samo asali daga Girkanci Tau, kuma shine kakan Latin T na zamani ****   : Harafin [[Runes|Runic]] [[Tiwaz rune|teiwaz]], wanda wataƙila ya samo asali daga tsohuwar Italic T * ፐ. : Ofaya daga cikin haruffan haruffa 26 na rubutun Ge'ez . The Ge'ez abugida ya bunƙasa a ƙarƙashin rinjayar nassi na Kirista ta hanyar ƙara lafazin lafazi na wajibi zuwa haruffan baƙaƙe. Pesa ፐ is is ta dogara ne akan Tawe te . === Alamu da aka samo, alamomi da gajarta === * Ƙari : Alamar kasuwanci * Ƙari : Mongolian tögrög * Ƙari : Kazakhstani tenge == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin waje == * {{Commons-inline|T}} * {{Wiktionary-inline|T}} * {{Wiktionary-inline|t}} {{Haruffan Latin}} f3i7vims5a6e6h2ozx4d5d893xd9z08 0 26354 873816 712050 2026-07-01T20:57:17Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 873816 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Sabah_Al-Salim_and_Michel_Murr_1968.png |thumb| Sabah Al-Salim tare da Michel Murr 1968]] [[File:Shaikh_Abdullah_III_Al-Salim_Al-Sabah.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Sarkin Kuwait, Shaikh Abdullah III Al salim Al sabah]] '''Sarkin Kuwait''' shi ne masarauta, [[shugaban kasa]] kuma [[Shugaban Gwamnati|shugaban gwamnatin]] [[Kuwaiti (ƙasa)|Kuwait]], ofis mafi iko a ƙasar. Sarakunan Kuwait membobi ne na daular Al Sabah. Sheikh Mishal Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah ya zama Sarkin Kuwait a ranar 16 ga Disamba na shekara ta 2023, bayan rasuwar Nawaf Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah. Ya hau kan karagar mulki a ranar 16 ga Disamba shekara ta 2023. == Dokoki da hadisai na gado == Maye gadon sarautar Kuwait ya taƙaita ga zuriyar Mubarak Al-Sabah. Matsayin Sarki kuma bisa al'ada yana canzawa tsakanin manyan rassa biyu na dangin Al Sabah, rassan Al-Ahmed da Al-Salem. Sarkin da ke kan karagar mulki dole ne ya naɗa magaji a cikin shekara guda da hawansa sarauta; wanda aka zaɓa don yin la'akari a matsayin Yarima mai jiran gado dole ne ya zama babban memba na dangin Al Sabah. Sarki ne ke naɗa firaministan. === Labarin diyya === An ayyana diyya ta shekara ga Sarkin. A halin yanzu an saita diyyar shekara -shekara zuwa 50miliyan KWD . == Sarakunan Kuwait == == Sarakunan Kuwait == {{Succession table monarch | name1 = Sheikh<br/>'''[[Sabah I bin Jaber]]''' | nickname1 = Sabah I | native1 = {{lang|ar|صباح بن جابر}} | life1 = {{circa}} 1700–1776<br/>(aged 75–76) | reignstart1 = 1752 | reignend1 = 1776 | notes1 = According to the official Kuwaiti sources, Sabah I was unanimously chosen for the position of [[sheikh]].<ref name="Persian Gulf 1905">Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf, Oman, and Central Arabia, Geographical, Volume 1, Historical Part 1, John Gordon Lorimer,1905, p1000</ref> | family1 = [[House of Al Sabah|Al Sabah]] | image1 = | alt1 = Sabah I bin Jaber of Kuwait | name2 = Sheikh<br/>'''[[Abdullah I Al-Sabah]]''' | nickname2 = Abdullah I | native2 = {{lang|ar|عبدالله الأول الصباح}} | life2 = 1740–1814<br/>(aged 73–74) | reignstart2 = 1776 | reignend2 = 3 May 1814 | notes2 = Youngest son of Sabah I bin Jaber | family2 = Al Sabah | image2 = | alt2 = Abdullah I Al-Sabah of Kuwait | name3 = Sheikh<br/>'''[[Jaber I Al-Sabah]]''' | nickname3 = Jaber I | native3 = {{lang|ar|جابر الصباح}} | life3 = 1775–1859<br/>(aged 83–84) | reignstart3 = 3 May 1814 | reignend3 = 1859 | notes3 = Eldest son of Abdullah I Al-Sabah | family3 = Al Sabah | image3 = | alt3 = Jaber I Al-Sabah of Kuwait | name4 = Sheikh<br/>'''[[Sabah II Al-Sabah]]''' | nickname4 = Sabah II | native4 = {{lang|ar|صباح الثاني الصباح}} | life4 = 1784–1866<br/>(aged 81–82) | reignstart4 = 1859 | reignend4 = November 1866 | notes4 = Eldest son of Jaber I Al-Sabah | family4 = Al Sabah | image4 = | alt4 = Sabah II Al-Sabah of Kuwait | name5 = Sheikh<br/>'''[[Abdullah II Al-Sabah]]''' | nickname5 = Abdullah II | native5 = {{lang|ar|عبدالله الثاني الصباح}} | life5 = 1814–1892<br/>(aged 77–78) | reignstart5 = November 1866 | reignend5 = 1892 | notes5 = Eldest son of Sabah II Al-Sabah | family5 = Al Sabah | image5 = | alt5 = Abdullah II Al-Sabah of Kuwait | name6 = Sheikh<br/>'''[[Muhammad Al-Sabah]]''' | nickname6 = Muhammad I | native6 = {{lang|ar|محمد الصباح}} | life6 = 1838–1896<br/>(aged 57–58) | reignstart6 = May 1892 | reignend6 = 1896 | notes6 = Second son of Sabah II Al-Sabah | family6 = Al Sabah | image6 = | alt6 = Muhammad Al-Sabah of Kuwait | name7 = Sheikh<br/>'''[[Mubarak Al-Sabah]]''' | nickname7 = Mubarak I the Great | native7 = {{lang|ar|مبارك الصباح}} | life7 = 1844 – 28 November 1915<br/>(aged 70- 71) | reignstart7 = 18 May 1896 | reignend7 = 28 November 1915 | notes7 = Son of Sabah II Al-Sabah | family7 = Al Sabah | image7 = Mubarak bin Sabah as-Sabah.jpg | alt7 = Mubarak Al-Sabah of Kuwait | name8 = Sheikh<br/>'''[[Jaber II Al-Sabah]]''' | nickname8 = Jaber II | native8 = {{lang|ar|جابر الثاني الصباح}} | life8 = 1860 – 2 February 1917<br/>(aged 56-57) | reignstart8 = 28 November 1915 | reignend8 = 2 February 1917 | notes8 = Eldest son of Mubarak Al-Sabah | family8 = Al Sabah | image8 = الشيخ جابر المبارك الصباح حاكم الكويت.jpg | alt8 = Jaber II Al-Sabah of Kuwait | name9 = Sheikh<br/>'''[[Salim Al-Mubarak Al-Sabah]]''' | nickname9 = Salim I | native9 = {{lang|ar|سالم المبارك الصباح}} | life9 = 1864 – 23 February 1921<br/>(aged 56–57) | reignstart9 = 5 February 1917 | reignend9 = 23 February 1921 | notes9 = Second son of Mubarak Al-Sabah | family9 = Al Sabah | image9 = Salim bin Mubarak as-Sabah.jpg | alt9 = Salim Al-Mubarak Al-Sabah of Kuwait | name10 = Sheikh<br/>'''[[Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah]]''' | nickname10 = Ahmad I | native10 = {{lang|ar|احمد الجابر الصباح}} | life10 = 1885 – 29 January 1950<br/>(aged 64–65) | reignstart10 = 29 March 1921 | reignend10 = 29 January 1950 | notes10 = Son of Jaber II Al-Sabah | family10 = Al Sabah | image10 = أحمد الجابر الصباح.jpg | alt10 = Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah of Kuwait | name11 = Sheikh<br/>'''[[Abdullah Al-Salim Al-Sabah]]''' | nickname11 = Abdullah III | native11 = {{lang|ar|عبدالله السالم الصباح}} | life11 = 1895 – 24 November 1965<br/>(aged 70) | reignstart11 = 29 January 1950 | reignend11 = 24 November 1965 | notes11 = Eldest son of Salim Al-Mubarak Al-Sabah | family11 = Al Sabah | image11 = Shaikh Abdullah III Al-Salim Al-Sabah.jpg | alt11 = Abdullah Al-Salim Al-Sabah of Kuwait | name12 = Sheikh<br/>'''[[Sabah Al-Salim Al-Sabah]]''' | nickname12 = Sabah III | native12 = {{lang|ar|صباح السالم الصباح}} | life12 = {{Birth date|1913|04|12|df=y}} – {{Death date and age|1977|12|31|1913|04|12|df=y}} | reignstart12 = 24 November 1965 | reignend12 = 31 December 1977 | notes12 = Youngest son of Salim Al-Mubarak Al-Sabah | family12 = Al Sabah | image12 = Sabah III as-Salim as-Sabah (cropped).jpg | alt12 = Sabah Al-Salim Al-Sabah of Kuwait | name13 = Sheikh<br/>'''[[Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah]]'''<br/>{{efn|In exile in [[Ta'if]], [[Saudi Arabia]] between 2 August 1990 and 15 March 1991, due to the [[Ba'athist Iraq|Iraqi]] [[Invasion of Kuwait|invasion]] and [[Military occupation|occupation]], and the subsequent [[Gulf War]].}} | nickname13 = Jaber III | native13 = {{lang|ar|جابر الأحمد الصباح}} | life13 = {{Birth date|1926|06|29|df=y}} – {{Death date and age|2006|01|15|1926|06|29|df=y}} | reignstart13 = 31 December 1977 | reignend13 = 15 January 2006 | notes13 = Third son of Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah | family13 = Al Sabah | image13 = Jabir al-Ahmad al-Jabir Al Sabah 1998.jpg | alt13 = Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah of Kuwait | name14 = Sheikh<br/>'''[[Saad Al-Salim Al-Sabah]]''' | nickname14 = Saad I | native14 = {{lang|ar|سعد السالم الصباح}} | life14 = 1930 – 13 May 2008<br/>(aged 78) | reignstart14 = 15 January 2006 | reignend14 = 24 January 2006<br/>{{efn|Deposed by the National Assembly and abdicated simultaneously due to illness.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060405230511/http://edition.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/meast/01/24/kuwait/ PM set to become new Kuwait emir]; ''CNN'', 24 January 2006.</ref>}} | notes14 = Eldest son of Abdullah Al-Salim Al-Sabah | family14 = Al Sabah | image14 = Saad Al-Salim Al-Sabah.jpg | alt14 = Saad Al-Salim Al-Sabah of Kuwait | name15 = Sheikh<br/>'''[[Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah]]''' | nickname15 = Sabah IV | native15 = {{lang|ar|صباح الأحمد الجابر الصباح}} | life15 = {{Birth date|1929|06|16|df=y}} – {{Death date and age|2020|09|29|1929|06|16|df=y}} | reignstart15 = 29 January 2006 | reignend15 = 29 September 2020 | notes15 = Fourth son of Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah | family15 = Al Sabah | image15 = Sheikh Sabah IV (cropped).jpg | alt15 = Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah of Kuwait | name16 = Sheikh<br/>'''[[Nawaf Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah]]''' | nickname16 = Nawaf I | native16 = {{lang|ar|نواف الأحمد الجابر الصباح}} | life16 = {{Birth date and age|1937|06|25|df=y}} | reignstart16 = 30 September 2020 | reignend16 = Incumbent | notes16 = Sixth son of Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah | family16 = Al Sabah | image16 = Nawaf Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah (cropped).jpg | alt16 = Nawaf Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah of Kuwait }} == Duba kuma == * Siyasar Kuwait  == Manazarta ==   == Hanyoyin waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090216200545/http://da.gov.kw/ Amiri Diwan na gidan yanar gizon Kuwait] [[Category:Sarakuna]] [[Category:Sarakuna na Afrika]] [[Category:Sarauta]] i219kwr4s6m4ii916v3tyh4424x7wxr 0 27178 874034 445497 2026-07-01T23:28:26Z Habibah A Jisambo 26434 874034 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''The Last Image''''' ( {{Lang-ar|الصور الأخير}} fassara. Al-soura al-akhira, {{Lang-fr|La dernière image}}, Hausa; Hoton Ƙarshe) fim din wasan kwaikwayo ne na Aljeriya a shekarar 1986 wanda Mohammed Lakhdar-Hamina ya jagoranta.<ref name="DailyStar">{{cite web |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/print_post/mohammed-lakhdar-hamina-42270 |title=Mohammed Lakhdar-Hamina |accessdate=5 October 2014 |work=The Daily Star}}</ref> An shigar da shi a cikin 1986 Cannes Film Festival.<ref name="festival-cannes.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/797/year/1986.html |title=Festival de Cannes: La dernière image |accessdate=11 July 2009 |work=festival-cannes.com}}</ref> An zaɓi fim ɗin a matsayin shigarwar Aljeriya don Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin Harshen Waje a Kyautar Kwalejin 59th, amma ba a yarda da shi a matsayin wanda aka zaɓa ba. <ref>Margaret Herrick Library, Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences</ref> == Ƴan wasa. == * Véronique Jannot a matsayin Claire Boyer * Merwan Lakhdar-Hamina a matsayin Mouloud * Michel Boujenah a matsayin Simon Attal * Jean Bouise a matsayin Langlois * Jean-Francois Balmer a matsayin Miller * Hassan El-Hassani a matsayin Touhami * José Artur a matsayin Forrestier * Malik Lakhdar-Hamina a matsayin Bachir * Mustapha El Anka as Kabrane * Mustapha Preur a matsayin Boutaleb * Geneviève Mnich a matsayin Madame Lanier * Brigitte Catillon a matsayin Madame Lenguenel * Rachid Fares a matsayin Omar * Claude Melki a matsayin Yakubu, mai cin abinci * Mohammed Lakhdar-Hamina a matsayin Oncle Amar ==Manazarta.== {{reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{IMDb title|id=0091385|title=The Last Image}} [[Category: Fina-finan Aljeriya]] [[Category:Fina-finai]] [[Category:Sinima a Afrika]] 0ksawqxbf4b2bzcpvp1x4tj36him7x5 0 27547 874035 427493 2026-07-01T23:29:49Z Habibah A Jisambo 26434 874035 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Emeka Ike.jpg|thumb]] '''Emeka Ike''' (An haife shi 22 Maris 1967) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na [[Najeriya]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Emeka Ike Biography, Profile, Movies, Latest News & Life History |url=https://naijagists.com/emeka-ike-biography-profile-movies-life-history-latest-news/ |accessdate=17 October 2020}}</ref> Ya kasance baƙo na musamman a [[Monrovia]] a kan bikin kaddamar da sabon rumfar Cibiyar Canjin [[Dimokuraɗiyya|Dimokuradiyya]] CDC, a [[Laberiya]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Emeka Ike Archives|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/tag/emeka-ike/|access-date=2021-02-24|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/06/why-i-stopped-fighting-agn-leadership-emeka-ike/ | title=Why I stopped fighting AGN leadership – Emeka Ike | publisher=vanguardngr.com | accessdate=10 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://thenet.ng/2012/12/photo-meet-the-woman-in-emeka-ikes-life/ | title=PHOTO: Meet the woman in Emeka Ike’s life | publisher=thenet.ng | accessdate=10 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.punchng.com/feature/midweek-revue/my-mother-sold-akara-to-train-me-emeka-ike/ |title=My mother sold akara to train me –Emeka Ike |publisher=punchng.com |accessdate=10 September 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911004731/http://www.punchng.com/feature/midweek-revue/my-mother-sold-akara-to-train-me-emeka-ike/ |archivedate=11 September 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://dailypost.ng/2014/03/19/actor-emeka-ike-allegedly-separates-wife/ | title=Actor Emeka Ike allegedly separates from wife | publisher=dailypost.ng | accessdate=10 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/07/im-angry-at-nollywood-emeka-ike/ | title=I’m angry at Nollywood – Emeka Ike | publisher=vanguardngr.com | accessdate=10 September 2014}}</ref> == Fina-finai. == * ''After My Heart'' * ''Test My Heart'' * ''Strength of a woman'' * ''A Can of Worms'' * ''Love Affair'' * ''Stigma'' * ''My Love'' * ''Secret Act'' * ''Housemates and the man'' * ''The Snake Girl'' * ''My Last Wedding'' * ''Heavy Battle'' * ''Wind of Love'' * ''100 Days in the Jungle'' * ''Not Man Enough'' * ''Felony'' * ''Day break'' * ''Working for Love'' * ''Under Pressure'' == Magana == {{reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{IMDb name|1300029}} * {{Twitter|emeka_emeka}} [[Category:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Category:Ƴan Fim]] 282lwmn0yem1icc9rvqd1xtnfvc054k 0 27565 874126 608853 2026-07-02T06:52:58Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 874126 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Alhaji '''Abdulsalam Sanyaolu''' (An haife shi a watan Yuli 1923 kuma ya mutu a ranar 31 ga Oktoba, 2024) [[Ɗan Nijeriya|ɗan wasan]] kwaikwayo ne na [[Najeriya]] daga [[Abeokuta]], [[Ogun|jihar Ogun]] . Ya fi yin fim a harshen [[Yarbanci]] da kuma a [[Sinima a Najeriya|Simimar Najeriya]] a cikin " [[Nollywood]] ". == Sana'a == Alhaji Abdulsalam Sanyaolu ya fara aiki ne a shekarar 1953 a wata coci a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]].<ref name="saharaweeklyarticle2015">{{cite web|url=http://www.saharaweeklyng.com/my-father-used-charm-on-me-to-make-me-lose-interest-in-acting-charles-olumo-agbako/|work=Sahara Weekly|accessdate=22 January 2017|title=My Father used charm on me to make me lose interest in Acting – Charles Olumo Agbako|date=2015-10-27|archive-date=2017-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202014845/http://www.saharaweeklyng.com/my-father-used-charm-on-me-to-make-me-lose-interest-in-acting-charles-olumo-agbako/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta== {{reflist}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== *https://www.nigeriafilms.com/more/80-interviews/9635-my-only-regret-alhaji-abdulsalam-sanyaolu-a-k-a-charles-olumo-or-agbako {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126153312/https://www.nigeriafilms.com/more/80-interviews/9635-my-only-regret-alhaji-abdulsalam-sanyaolu-a-k-a-charles-olumo-or-agbako |date=2021-11-26 }} *http://www.saharaweeklyng.com/im-not-pasumas-biological-father-charles-olumo-aka-agbako/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126151820/https://saharaweeklyng.com/im-not-pasumas-biological-father-charles-olumo-aka-agbako/ |date=2021-11-26 }} [[Category:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Category:Ƴan Fim]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] bjzh5fusxejhi1i0ipj3fzcjg3lhlyi 0 29155 873876 506332 2026-07-01T21:30:31Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 873876 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Blaise Compaoré 2014 White House.png|thumb|Blaise Compaoré]] [[Fayil:Blaise Compaoré at CTBTO (13 June 2013).jpg|thumb|hoton blaise]] [[Fayil:Blaise Compaore in public.jpg|thumb|blaise compaore]] [[Fayil:Blaise Compaore on woman's day event.jpg|thumb|blaise compaore]] '''Blaise Compaoré''' (an haife shi ranar uku ga watan Fabrairu a shekarar 1951) <ref name="Profiles">''Profiles of People in Power: The World's Government Leaders'' (2003), page 76&#x2013;77.</ref> <ref name="CV">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130813150939/http://presidence.bf/page.php?sid=8 "Biographie du président"], website of the Presidency {{In lang|fr}}.</ref> ɗan [[Burkina Faso|siyasan Burkinabé]] ne wanda ya kasance shugaban kasar Burkina Faso daga shekarar, 1987 zuwa 2014. Ya kuma kasance babban abokin [[Thomas Sankara|tafiyar Shugaba Thomas Sankara]] a shekarun 1980, kuma a watan Oktoban shekara ta, 1987, ya jagoranci juyin mulkin da a lokacin aka kashe Thomas Sankara. Babban abokin sa ne kuma amininsa. Daga baya, ya bullo da manufar "gyara", tare da jujjuya manufofin gwamnatin sa domin su hadu da na Duniya Wanda Sankara ke bi. Ya ci zabe a shekara ta, 1991, 1998, 2005, da 2010 a cikin abin da ake ganin rashin adalci yunƙurinsa na yiwa kundin tsarin mulkin kwaskwarima don tsawaita wa'adin mulkinsa na shekaru 27 ya haifar da tashin hankalin Burkinabé na shekara ta, 2014. A ranar 31 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta, 2014, Compaoré ya yi murabus, inda ya tsere zuwa kasar [[Côte d'Ivoire|Ivory Coast]] . == Farkon aiki == An haifi Compaoré a [[Ouagadougou]], babban birnin Burkina Faso (wanda ake kira Upper Volta) sannan ya girma a Ziniaré <ref name="france24.com">[http://www.france24.com/en/20101120-apathetic-voters-likely-hand-compaore-landslide-victory-burkina-faso-election "Apathetic voters likely to hand Compaore landslide victory "], france24.com</ref> Ya kai matsayin kyaftin a rundunar Voltaïc. Compaoré ya sadu da [[Thomas Sankara]] a shekarar, 1976 a cibiyar horar da sojoji a [[Moroko|Maroko]], daga baya kuma aka ɗauki Compaoré da Sankara abokai na kud da kud. Compaoré ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a juyin mulkin da aka yi wa sauye sauye da Jean-Baptiste Ouedraogo . Ya auri Chantal Compaoré (née Chantal Terrasson) tun a shekarar, 1985. [[Fayil:Blaise Compaoré 2010 monochrome rogné.jpg|thumb|Blaise Compaoré]] A karkashin jagorancin Sankara, wanda ya kasance daga shekarar, 1983 zuwa 1987, Compaoré ya kasance mataimakinsa <ref name="NYT">[https://www.nytimes.com/1984/09/02/world/around-the-world-new-cabinet-named-in-bourkina-fasso.html "AROUND THE WORLD; New Cabinet Named In Bourkina Fasso"], ''The New York Times'', 2 September 1984.</ref> kuma memba ne na Majalisar Juyin Juya Halin Kasa. <ref name="Profiles">''Profiles of People in Power: The World's Government Leaders'' (2003), page 76&#x2013;77.</ref> Ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Kasa a Fadar Shugaban Kasa <ref name="Profiles" /> <ref name="CV"/> <ref name="NYT" /> sannan daga baya ya zama Ministan Shari’a. <ref name="CV" /> == Siyasa == [[Fayil:Blaise Compaoré with Obamas 2014.jpg|thumb|Blaise Compaoré]] Compaore ya shiga cikin juyin mulkin shekara ta, 1983 da 1987, inda ya karbi mulki bayan na biyu wanda aka kashe magabacinsa Sankara. An zabe shi Shugaban kasa a shekarar, 1991, a zaben da 'yan adawa suka kaurace masa, aka sake zabensa a shekara ta, 1998 zuwa 2005, da kuma 2010. <ref>[http://www.blnz.com/news/2010/11/23/Burkina_Faso_opposition_claims_election_75e0.html "Burkina Faso president re-elected by landslide"], BLNZ. 25 November 2010</ref> === 1983 juyin mulki === Tun yana dan shekara 33, Compaoré ya shirya juyin mulki, wanda ya kori Manjo Jean-Baptiste Ouedraogo a ranar 4 ga watan Agustan shekarar, 1983. <ref>The date of the 194th anniversary of the Abolition of Feudal Privileges in France may have been chosen for symbolic purposes, but there is no evidence of this.</ref> [[Libya]] ta goyi bayan juyin mulkin, wanda a lokacin, yana dab da yaƙi da [[Faransa]] a [[Cadi|Chadi]] <ref>Chad was at war with Libya. </ref> (duba Tarihin Chadi ). Sauran manyan mahalarta taron sun hada da Kyaftin Henri Zongo, Manjo Jean-Baptiste Boukary Lingani da Kyaftin [[Thomas Sankara]] &#x2014; wanda aka ayyana a matsayin Shugaba. [[Fayil:Blaise Compaoré avec sa fille, 1998.jpg|thumb|Blaise Compaoré]] A lokacin yakin Agacher Strip tare da Mali a watan Disambar shekarar, 1985, Compaoré ya umarci sojojin Burkinabé da suka rarrabu zuwa kananan kungiyoyi kuma suka yi amfani da dabaru na yaki da tankokin Mali. === Juyin mulkin 1987 === Compaoré ya karbi mulki a ranar 15 ga watan Oktoban shekara ta, 1987 a juyin mulkin da aka kashe Sankara. Tabarbarewar dangantaka da Faransa da makwabciyarta Ivory Coast shine dalilin bayar da juyin mulkin. Compaoré ya bayyana kisan Sankara a matsayin "hatsari", amma ba a taɓa bincika yanayin yadda ya kamata ba. Bayan darewa kan kujerar shugabancin kasar, ya sake dawo da dimbin manufofin Sankara, yana mai cewa manufofin sa "gyara" ne na juyin juya halin Burkinabé. Da farko suna yin hukunci cikin nasara tare da Henri Zongo da Jean-Baptiste Boukary Lingani, a cikin watan Satumba na shekarar, 1989 an kama waɗannan mutane biyu, ana tuhumarsu da shirya kifar da gwamnati, an yi musu taƙaitaccen hukunci, kuma an kashe su. <ref>[http://www.bookrags.com/tandf/burkina-faso-independence-to-the-tf/ "Burkina Faso (Upper Volta): Independence to the Present"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200827012208/http://www.bookrags.com/tandf/burkina-faso-independence-to-the-tf/ |date=2020-08-27 }}, Encyclopedia of African History</ref> === Zaben 1991 da 1998 === [[Fayil:Blaise Compaore in public.jpg|thumb|Blaise Compaoré]] An zabi Compaoré a matsayin shugaban kasa a shekarar, 1991 a zaben da manyan jam'i un adawa suka kauracewa domin nuna rashin amincewa da irin hanyar da Compaoré ya saba amfani da ita a matsayin farko. Kashi 25 cikin dari na masu kada kuri'a ne kawai suka kada kuri'a. A shekara ta, 1998, an sake zabensa a karon farko. A shekara ta, 2003, an cafke mutane da dama da ake zargi da shirya makarkashiya, biyo bayan zargin yunkurin juyin mulki da aka yi wa Compaoré. A watan Agustan shekara ta, 2005, ya bayyana aniyarsa ta tsayawa takarar shugaban kasa mai zuwa. 'Yan siyasa' yan adawa sun ɗauki wannan a matsayin abin da ya sabawa kundin tsarin mulki saboda gyaran kundin tsarin mulkin da aka yi a shekara ta, 2000 wanda ya takaita shugaban ƙasa zuwa wa'adi biyu, da rage tsawon wa'adin daga bakwai zuwa shekaru biyar. Magoya bayan Compaoré sun yi jayayya da wannan, suna cewa ba za a iya amfani da kwaskwarimar ta koma baya ba, <ref>[http://www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=48557&SelectRegion=West_Africa&SelectCountry=BURKINA_FASO "Burkina Faso: Compaore's decision to bid for re-election raises opposition hackles"], IRIN, 11 August 2005.</ref> kuma a watan Oktoba shekara ta, 2005, majalisar tsarin mulki ta yanke hukuncin cewa saboda Compaoré ya kasance shugaban kasa a shekara ta, 2000, gyaran ba zai yi aiki ba har zuwa karshen wa'adin mulkinsa na biyu a ofis, ta hanyar ba shi damar gabatar da takararsa a zaɓen shekara ta, 2005. === Zaben 2005 === [[File:Palais_Kossyam_2013.jpg|thumb| Palais Kossyam, tun a shekarar, 2005 gidan zama na shugaban ƙasa]] A ranar 13 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta, 2005, aka sake zaɓar Compaoré a matsayin shugaban ƙasa, inda ya kayar da abokan hamayya 12 kuma ya sami kashi 80.35 na ƙuri'un. Kodayake jam’iyyun adawa goma sha shida sun ba da sanarwar haɗin gwiwa don kawar da Compaoré tun da farko a cikin tseren, a ƙarshe babu wanda ya so ya ba da matsayinsa a tseren ga wani shugaba a cikin kawancen, kuma yarjejeniyar ta ɓaci. Bayan nasarar Compaoré, an rantsar da shi a wani wa'adi a ranar 20 ga watan Satumban shekara ta, 2005. === Zanga -zangar 2011 === A ranar 14 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta, 2011, an ba da rahoton Compaoré ya tsere daga [[Ouagadougou]] babban birnin kasar zuwa garinsu Ziniare bayan da masu gadin sojoji suka fara tayar da kayar baya a barikinsu bisa rahotannin alawus da ba a biya ba. Daga karshe ayyukan su ya bazu zuwa harabar fadar shugaban kasa da sauran sansanonin sojojin. <ref name="BBC" /> Cikin dare an ji karar harbe -harbe a harabar fadar shugaban kasa kuma an ga motar daukar marasa lafiya tana barin harabar. Sojoji sun kuma yi awon gaba da shaguna a cikin birnin cikin dare. === Tashin hankali na 2014 === [[Fayil:Blaise Compaoré at the CTBTO (13 June 2013).jpg|thumb|Blaise Compaoré]] A watan Yuni na shekara ta, 2014 jam'iyyar Compaoré mai mulki, Congress for Democracy and Progress (CDP), ta kira shi da ya shirya kuri'ar raba gardama da za ta ba shi damar sauya kundin tsarin mulki domin neman sake tsayawa takara a shekara ta, 2015. In ba haka ba, za a tilasta masa sauka daga mukaminsa saboda iyakokin wa'adin. A ranar 30 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta, 2014, an shirya Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa za ta yi muhawara kan wani kwaskwarima ga kundin tsarin mulkin da zai bai wa Compaoré damar sake tsayawa takarar shugaban kasa a shekarar, 2015. Masu hamayya sun yi zanga -zangar adawa da hakan ta hanyar kutsa kai cikin majalisar dokokin da ke Ouagadougou, inda suka fara harbe -harbe a cikinta tare da wawashe ofisoshi. BBC ta ruwaito hayakin da ke tashi yana fitowa daga ginin. <ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-29831262 "Burkina Faso parliament set ablaze"], BBC News, 30 October 2014. </ref> Mai magana da yawun 'yan adawa Pargui Emile Paré, na Jam'iyyar People's Movement for Socialism / Federal Party ya bayyana zanga -zangar a matsayin "bakar ruwan Burkina Faso, kamar ta Larabawa". <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/30/protesters-storm-burkina-faso-parliament-constitution-vote-president-blaise-compaore "Protesters storm Burkina Faso's parliament"]. </ref> [[Fayil:Ceremonial reception of the President of Burkina Faso, H. E. Blaise Compaore at the Rashtrapati Bhavan forecourt.jpg|thumb|Blaise Compaoré]] Compaoré ya mayar da martani kan abubuwan da suka faru ta hanyar yin watsi da canje -canjen kundin tsarin mulkin, rushe gwamnati, ayyana dokar ta -baci, da bayar da tayin aiki tare da 'yan adawa don magance rikicin. Daga baya a ranar, sojoji, karkashin Janar Honore Traore, sun ba da sanarwar cewa za su kafa gwamnatin rikon kwarya "cikin shawara da dukkan bangarorin" kuma an rusa majalisar ta kasa; ya hango "komawa ga tsarin mulkin" a cikin shekara guda. Bai bayyana ko wace rawa ba, idan akwai, ya yi tunanin Compaore a lokacin rikon kwarya. <ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29840100 "Burkina Faso army announces emergency measures"], BBC News, 30 October 2014.</ref> <ref>Hervé Taoko and Alan Cowell, [https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/31/world/africa/burkina-faso-protests-blaise-compaore.html "Government of Burkina Faso collapses"], ''The New York Times'', 30 October 2014.</ref> Compaoré ya ce a shirye yake ya bar ofis a karshen mika mulki. <ref>[http://www.dw.de/compaore-says-will-step-down-as-burkina-faso-president/a-18031319 "Compaore says will step down as Burkina Faso president"], Deutsche Welle, 30 October 2014.</ref> A ranar 31 ga watan Oktoba, Compaoré ya ba da sanarwar cewa ya bar kujerar shugabancin kasar kuma akwai "madafan iko". Ya kuma yi kira da a gudanar da zabe cikin 'yanci da gaskiya cikin kwanaki 90. Bayan haka jami'in tsaron fadar shugaban kasa Yacouba Isaac Zida ya zama shugaban kasa a matsayin rikon kwarya. An ba da rahoton cewa wani jerin gwanon motoci dauke da muggan makamai da ake kyautata zaton yana dauke da Compaoré yana kan hanyar zuwa kudancin garin Pô . Koyaya, ta karkata kafin ta isa garin sannan ya tsere zuwa Ivory Coast tare da goyon bayan Shugaba [[Alassane Ouattara]] . <ref>[http://www.aa.com.tr/en/world/413642--burkina-fasos-ex-president-in-safe-place-zida "Burkina Faso president arrives in Ivory Coast"], Anadolu Agency, 1 November 2014.</ref> <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20241201012506/https://archive.ph/20141101230603/http://www.thestate.com/2014/11/01/3782776/burkina-faso-president-in-ivory.html "Burkina Faso appoints new transitional leader"], Associated Press, 1 November 2014.</ref> <ref>[http://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/11/ex-burkina-president-compaore-ivory-coast/ "Ex-Burkina president Compaore in Ivory Coast"], Vanguard, 1 November 2014.</ref> Mako guda bayan haka, ''Jeune Afrique ya'' buga wata hira da Compaoré inda ya yi zargin cewa "wani ɓangare na 'yan adawa yana aiki tare da sojoji" don shirya masa juyin mulki kuma "tarihi zai gaya mana idan sun yi daidai." Ya kara da cewa "ba zai so babban makiyinsa" ya kasance a wurin Zida ba. <ref>[https://news.yahoo.com/burkina-main-players-consider-transition-plan-075825461.html "Burkina Faso transition talks move forward"], AFP, 9 November 2014.</ref> A farko [[shugaban kasa]] cewa ya kasance a cikin ofishin for fiye da wani gajeren lokaci bayan Blaise Campaoré ne [[Roch Marc Christian Kaboré|Roch Marc Kirista Kabore]] kamar yadda na 29 ga watan Disamba shekara ta, 2015. == Yakin Basasar Saliyo == Compaoré ya gabatar da Charles Taylor ga abokinsa [[Muammar Gaddafi]] . Compaoré ya kuma taimaki Taylor a farkon shekarun 1990 ta hanyar tura masa sojoji da albarkatu. <ref>Liberia's civil war: Nigeria, ECOMOG, and regional security in West Africa. </ref> <ref>A dirty war in West Africa: the RUF and the destruction of Sierra Leone, Volume 2005, Part 2. </ref> == Matsayin ƙasa da ƙasa == [[File:Ansar_Dine_et_MNLA_à_Ouagadougou.PNG|thumb| Wakilan Ansar Dine da MNLA a [[Ouagadougou]], tare da Blaise Compaoré (16 Nuwamba 2012)]] A cikin 1993, Shugaba Compaoré ya jagoranci tawagar Burkina-Faso da ta halarci Babban Taron Kasa da Kasa na Tokyo kan Ci gaban Afirka. <ref>Japan, Ministry for Foreign Affairs (MOFA): [http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/africa/ticad/list/africa.html 28 African nations]</ref> Compaoré ya kasance mai aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani a al'amuran yankin. A ranar 26 ga Yuli 2006, an sanya shi a matsayin mai shiga tsakani na Tattaunawar Inter-Togo, wanda aka yi a Ouagadougou a watan Agusta 2006 <ref>"Inter-Togolese dialogue resumes in Ouagadougou", republicoftogo.com (nl.newsbank.com), 9 August 2006.</ref> kuma ya haifar da yarjejeniya tsakanin gwamnati da jam'iyyun adawa. <ref>[http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=60422 "TOGO: Political agreement aims to end 12-year feud "], IRIN, 21 August 2006.</ref> Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani a rikicin Ivory Coast, inda ya karya yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da Shugaban Ivory Coast [[Laurent Gbagbo]] da sabon Shugaban Sojoji Guillaume Soro suka sanya wa hannu a Ouagadougou ranar 4 ga Maris 2007. <ref>[http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=70514 "COTE D'IVOIRE: New peace agreement"], IRIN, 5 March 2007.</ref> A watan Maris na 2012, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani a tattaunawa tsakanin wakilan juyin mulkin Mali da wasu shugabannin yankin. BBC ta lura a cikin 2014 cewa "shine mafi tsananin kawance ga Faransa da Amurka a yankin," kuma "duk da tarihin kansa na goyan bayan 'yan tawaye da rura wutar yakin basasa a unguwar Afirka ta Yamma ... mafi mahimmanci, ya yi amfani da nasa cibiyoyin sadarwa don taimakawa ƙasashen Yammacin Turai da ke yaƙi da ta'addanci na Islama a cikin Sahel. " {{As of|2016|January|}}, the capital is in the grip of a terrorist attack. Jihadists who had suites and tables in town, following agreements with Campaoré of non-aggression. As a result, the military group of the presidential guard received enormous credits while the army was impoverished to avoid any military coup.<ref>[https://www.franceinter.fr/emissions/geopolitique/geopolitique-14-aout-2017 "France Inter, Géopolitique, Anthony Bellanger, Radio France August 14th 2017.]</ref> Ya yi aiki a kan Hadin gwiwar Kasashe Masu Rarraba Kasashe Masu Yaki da Barazanar Cyber (IMPACT). == Ra'ayin Siyasa == [[Fayil:Blaise Compaore on woman's day event.jpg|thumb|Blaise Compaoré]] A cikin wata hira da mujallar ''Famille Chrétienne'', Shugaba Compaoré ya tabbatar da cewa ra'ayin kauracewa jima'i ba shi kadai ne na Cocin Roman Katolika ba kuma kungiyoyin Turai masu zaman kansu da ba su yarda da ɗabi'ar gargajiya ba suna cin riba daga halin da ake ciki don shiga tsakanin al'amuran yankin Afirka. . == Laifi == A watan Afrilu na 2021, wata kotun soji a Burkina Faso ''ta gurfanar da Compaoré a gaban kotu'', wanda aka tuhuma da kisan gillar da aka yi wa tsohonsa Thomas Sankara a shekarar 1987.   == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20030704084318/http://www.african-geopolitics.org/show.aspx?ArticleId=3110 Pascal Drouhaud yayi hira da Blaise Compaoré] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050525235542/http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=10129&Valider=OK Reporters Without Borders, Burkina Faso 2004 Rahoton Shekara-shekara] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060104071314/http://www.ifex.org/en/content/view/full/48/ IFEX: Sa ido kan 'yancin yada labarai a Burkina Faso] ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} pezr1tn7ecpkw57s4wb724vka7q84sg 0 29323 874032 704643 2026-07-01T23:25:07Z Habibah A Jisambo 26434 874032 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Binciken ciwon daji''' yana nufin gano, cewon [[Sankara|kansa]] kafin bayyanar [[Cututtukan kirji|cututtuka]]. <ref name="NIH2">{{cite web|url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/screening/overview/Patient|title=What Is Cancer Screening?|publisher=[[National Cancer Institute]]|date=2010-01-13}}</ref> Wannan na iya haɗawa da gwajin jini, gwajin [[fitsari]], gwajin DNA, da koma, wasu gwaje-gwaje, ko hoton likita .<ref name="NIH2" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/newsevents/newsroom/pressannouncements/ucm599560.htm|title=Press Announcements - FDA authorizes, with special controls, direct-to-consumer test that reports three mutations in the BRCA breast cancer genes|date=2019-09-10}}</ref> Amfanin dubawa cikin sharuddan [[Rigakafin Cutar Daji|rigakafin ciwon daji]], gano wuri da wuri da Kuma magani na gaba dole ne a auna shi da kowane lahani. Nunawa na duniya, wanda kuma aka sani da gwajin taro ko tantance yawan jama'a, ya haɗa da tantance kowa, yawanci a cikin takamaiman rukunin shekaru.<ref name="Wilson2">{{cite book|last1=Wilson|first1=JMG|last2=Jungner|first2=G|year=1968|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/php/WHO_PHP_34.pdf|title=Principles and Practice of Screening for Disease|location=Geneva|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]|series=Public Health Papers|volume=34|access-date=2022-02-14|archive-date=2011-06-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604205519/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/php/WHO_PHP_34.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Zaɓen tantancewa yana gano mutanen da aka san suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansa, kamar mutanen da ke da tarihin iyali na ciwon ddaji.<ref>https://powerfulpatients.org/ha/tag/cancer-patients/{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Nunawa na iya haifar da sakamako mai kyau na ƙarya da hanyoyin ɓarna na gaba.<ref name="Croswell20092">{{cite journal|last1=Croswell|first19=DJ|last15=Crawford|first15=ED|last16=Fouad|first16=MN|last17=Gelmann|first17=EP|last18=Lamerato|first18=L|last19=Reding|last20=Schoen|last14=Church|first20=RE|title=Cumulative incidence of false-positive results in repeated, multimodal cancer screening|journal=[[Annals of Family Medicine]]|volume=7|issue=3|pages=212–22|year=2009|pmid=19433838|pmc=2682972|doi=10.1370/afm.942|first14=TR|first13=D|first1=JM|last7=Fagerstrom|last2=Kramer|first2=BS|last3=Kreimer|first3=AR|last4=Prorok|first4=PC|last5=Xu|first5=JL|last6=Baker|first6=SG|first7=R|last13=Chia|last8=Riley|first8=TL|last9=Clapp|first9=JD|last10=Berg|first10=CD|last11=Gohagan|first11=JK|last12=Andriole|first12=GL|display-authors=4}}</ref> Hakanan dubawa na iya haifar da sakamako mara kyau na ƙarya, inda aka rasa ciwon daji da ke wanzu. Rikici yana tasowa lokacin da ba a bayyana ba idan fa'idodin tantancewar sun zarce kasadar tsarin tantancewar da kanta, da kuma duk wani gwaji da jiyya na bin diddigi.<ref name="SIcancerscreening2">{{cite journal|last1=Nogueira|first1=Felipe|title=Screening for prostate and breast cancer: It's more complex than you may think|journal=Skeptical Inquirer|date=2019|volume=43|issue=1|pages=50–53}}</ref> Gwaje-gwajen nunawa dole ne su kasance masu tasiri, lafiyayye, jurewa da kyau tare da ƙarancin ƙima na sakamako mara kyau na ƙarya . Idan an gano alamun ciwon daji, ana yin ƙarin gwaje-gwaje masu mahimmanci da ɓarna don isa ga ganewar asali. Yin gwajin cutar kansa zai iya haifar da rigakafin cutar kansa da kuma ganewar asali a baya. Ganewar asali na farko na iya haifar da ƙarin ƙimar magani mai nasara da tsawaita rayuwa. Duk da haka, yana iya zama ƙarya don ƙara lokacin mutuwa ta hanyar nuna son kai ko tsayin lokaci . == Amfanin likitanci. == Manufar gwajin cutar kansa ita ce samar da bayanan lafiya masu amfani waɗanda za su iya jagorantar jiyya.<ref name="Consumer Reports March 20132">{{cite journal|title=Cancer Tests You Need and Don't|journal=Consumer Reports|date=March 2013|url=http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/magazine/2013/03/the-cancer-tests-you-need-and-those-you-don-t/index.htm|accessdate=27 February 2017}}</ref>  Binciken na iya taimakawa wajen gano ciwon daji a farkon matakai. Kyakkyawan gwajin cutar kansa ba zai zama mafi kusantar haifar da lahani ba fiye da samar da bayanai masu amfani.<ref name="Consumer Reports March 20132" /> Gabaɗaya, gwajin cutar kansa yana da haɗari kuma bai kamata a yi shi ba sai da alamar likita .<ref name="Consumer Reports March 20132" /> Daban-daban hanyoyin duban cutar kansa suna da haɗari daban-daban, amma gwaje-gwaje masu kyau suna raba wasu halaye.<ref name="Consumer Reports March 20132"/> Idan gwajin ya gano ciwon daji, to sakamakon gwajin shima yakamata ya haifar da zabin magani.<ref name="Consumer Reports March 20132" /> Gwaje-gwaje masu kyau sun zo tare da bayanin majiyyaci na dalilin da yasa wannan mutumin yana da isasshen haɗarin kansa don tabbatar da gwajin.<ref name="Consumer Reports March 20132" /> Wani ɓangare na ƙwarewar gwaji shine don mai ba da kiwon lafiya don bayyana yadda sakamakon tabbataccen ƙarya na gama gari ya kasance don majiyyaci ya fahimci mahallin sakamakon su.<ref name="Consumer Reports March 20132" /> Idan akwai gwaje-gwaje da yawa, to yakamata a gabatar da gwajin gwaji tare da wasu zaɓuɓɓuka.<ref name="Consumer Reports March 20132" /> == Hatsari == Binciken cutar kansa yana da cece-kuce a lokuta lokacin da har yanzu ba a san ko gwajin ya ceci rayuka ba.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Osório|first1=Flávia|last2=Lima|first2=Manuela Polidoro|last3=Chagas|first3=Marcos Hortes|title=Assessment And Screening Of Panic Disorder In Cancer Patients: Performance Of The PHQ-PD|journal=Journal of Psychosomatic Research|date=January 2015|volume=78|issue=1|pages=91–94|pmid=25242741|doi=10.1016/j.jpsychores.2014.09.001}}</ref> Nunawa na iya haifar da ingantaccen sakamako na gaskiya na ƙarya da kuma hanyoyin cin zarafi na gaba.<ref name="Croswell20092"/> Rigimar ta taso lokacin da ba a bayyana ba idan fa'idodin tantancewar sun zarce haɗarin gwaje-gwajen bincike na bin diddigin da kuma maganin ciwon daji. Ba a nuna gwajin cutar kansa ba sai dai idan tsawon rayuwa ya wuce shekaru biyar kuma amfanin ba shi da tabbas fiye da shekaru 70.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Spalding|first1=MC|last2=Sebesta|first2=SC|title=Geriatric screening and preventive care|journal=[[American Family Physician]]|volume=78|issue=2|pages=206–15|date=July 15, 2008|pmid=18697503|url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/2008/0715/p206.html}}</ref> Ana la'akari da abubuwa da yawa don tantance ko fa'idodin tantancewar sun zarce kasada da tsadar aikin tantancewar.<ref name="NIH2"/> Waɗannan abubuwan sun haɗa da: * Matsalolin da za a iya samu daga gwajin nunawa: Wasu nau'ikan gwaje-gwajen nunawa, kamar hotunan X-ray, suna fallasa jiki ga radiation ionizing mai cutarwa. Akwai ƙaramin damar cewa radiation a cikin gwajin zai iya haifar da sabon ciwon daji a cikin mutum mai lafiya. Binciken mammography, wanda ake amfani da shi don gano ciwon nono, ba a ba da shawarar ga maza ko matasa mata ba saboda suna iya cutar da su ta hanyar gwajin fiye da amfana da shi. Sauran gwaje-gwaje, kamar duban fata don ciwon daji, ba su da wani babban haɗari na cutarwa ga majiyyaci. Gwajin da ke da babban lahani ana ba da shawarar ne kawai lokacin da fa'idodin kuma ya yi yawa. * Yiwuwar gwajin gano kansa daidai: Idan gwajin ba shi ''da hankali'', to yana iya rasa kansa. Idan gwajin ba ''takamaiman'' ba, to yana iya kuskure ya nuna ciwon daji a cikin mutum mai lafiya. Duk gwaje-gwajen gwajin cutar kansa suna haifar da abubuwan da suka dace na ƙarya da na ƙarya, kuma galibi suna samar da ƙarin tabbataccen ƙarya. Masana sunyi la'akari da adadin kurakurai lokacin yin shawarwari game da gwajin, idan akwai, don amfani. Gwaji na iya yin aiki mafi kyau a wasu jama'a fiye da wasu. Ƙimar tsinkaya mai kyau ita ce ƙididdige yiwuwar cewa sakamakon gwaji mai kyau yana wakiltar ciwon daji a cikin wani mutum da aka ba shi, bisa sakamakon mutanen da ke da irin abubuwan haɗari. * Yiwuwar ciwon kansa ya kasance: Binciken ba ya da amfani ga cututtukan daji da ba kasafai ba. Ba kasafai ake yi wa matasa ba, tunda ciwon daji cuta ce da ake samu a cikin mutanen da suka haura shekaru 50. Kasashe galibi suna mai da hankali kan shawarwarin tantancewarsu kan manyan nau'ikan cutar kansar da ake iya magancewa da ake samu a yawan al'ummarsu. Alal misali, {asar Amirka ta ba da shawarar yin nazari na duniya don [[Ciwon daji mai launi|ciwon daji]] na hanji, wanda ya zama ruwan dare a Amurka, amma ba don ciwon ciki ba, wanda ba shi da yawa; Sabanin haka, [[Japan]] ta ba da shawarar auna cutar kansar ciki, amma ba cutar kansar hanji ba, wadda ba ta da yawa a Japan. Shawarwari na tantancewa sun dogara da haɗarin mutum, tare da mutanen da ke da haɗari waɗanda ke karɓar gwajin farko da yawa fiye da masu ƙarancin haɗari. * Matsalolin da za a iya samu daga hanyoyin biyowa: Idan gwajin gwajin ya tabbata, ana yin ƙarin gwaje-gwajen bincike akai-akai, kamar biopsy na nama. Idan gwajin ya haifar da alamun ƙarya da yawa, to, mutane da yawa za su yi amfani da hanyoyin kiwon lafiya marasa buƙata, wasu daga cikinsu na iya zama haɗari. * Ko akwai maganin da ya dace kuma ya dace: An hana yin gwajin gwaji idan babu ingantaccen magani.<ref name="Wilson2"/> Lokacin da ba a sami ingantacciyar magani mai dacewa ba, to, ganewar cutar mai saurin kisa yana haifar da lahani mai mahimmanci na tunani da tunani. Misali, gwajin cutar kansa na yau da kullun bai dace ba a cikin tsoho mai rauni sosai, saboda maganin duk wani ciwon daji da aka gano zai iya kashe majiyyaci. * Ko ganowa da wuri yana inganta sakamakon jiyya: Ko da lokacin da ake samun magani, wani lokacin ganowa da wuri ba ya inganta sakamakon. Idan sakamakon maganin ya kasance daidai da cewa ba a yi gwajin ba, to, shirin kawai na tantancewa shine ƙara tsawon lokacin da mutum ya rayu tare da sanin cewa yana da ciwon daji. Ana kiran wannan al'amari son zuciya-lokaci . Shirin tantancewa mai fa'ida yana rage adadin shekarun yuwuwar rayuwa da aka rasa (tsawon rayuka) da kuma daidaita rayuwar nakasassu da aka rasa (rayuwar lafiya). * Ko ciwon daji zai taɓa buƙatar magani: Ganewar ciwon daji a cikin mutumin da kansar ba zai taɓa cutar da shi ba ana kiransa overdiagnosis . Ciwon daji ya fi yawa a tsakanin tsofaffi masu ciwon daji masu saurin girma. Damuwa game da [[Kanjamau|cutar kanjamau]] ya zama ruwan dare ga ciwon nono da prostate. * Ko gwajin ya kasance karbuwa ga marasa lafiya: Idan gwajin gwajin yana da nauyi sosai, kamar buƙatar lokaci mai yawa, zafi mai yawa, ko halayen da ba a yarda da su a al'ada ba, to mutane za su ƙi shiga.<ref name="Wilson2" /> * Farashin gwajin: Wasu ƙwararrun Ma'aikata ta Amurka, ta yi watsi da batun kuɗi gaba ɗaya. Yawancin, duk da haka, sun haɗa da nazarin ingancin farashi wanda, duk sauran daidai yake, yana son gwaje-gwaje marasa tsada akan gwaje-gwaje masu tsada, da ƙoƙarin daidaita farashin shirin nunawa akan fa'idodin amfani da waɗannan kuɗi don wasu shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya . Waɗannan ƙididdigar yawanci sun haɗa da jimillar kuɗin shirin nunawa ga tsarin kiwon lafiya, kamar ba da odar gwaji, yin gwajin, bayar da rahoton sakamakon, da biopsies don sakamakon da ake tuhuma, amma ba yawanci farashin mutum ba, kamar na ɗan lokaci da aka ɗauka. nesa da aiki. * Matsayin da ake iya magance ciwon daji: idan mutum yana da ƙarancin tsawon rayuwa ko kuma yana cikin matakan ƙarshe na rashin lafiya, to irin wannan majiyyaci na iya samun rayuwa mafi kyau ta hanyar yin watsi da ciwon daji ko da an gano shi. Idan ganewar ciwon daji ba zai haifar da canji a cikin kulawa ba to gwajin ciwon daji ba zai iya haifar da sakamako mai kyau ba. Ƙwararren bincike a cikin wannan yanayin yana faruwa, alal misali, a cikin marasa lafiya da ke fama da cututtuka na ƙarshen zamani da kungiyoyi suna ba da shawarar yin gwajin cutar kansa ga irin waɗannan marasa lafiya.<ref name="ASNfive2">{{Cite web|author=American Society of Nephrology|author-link=American Society of Nephrology|title=Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question|publisher=[[ABIM Foundation]]|work=Choosing Wisely|url=http://www.choosingwisely.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/5things_12_factsheet_Amer_Soc_Neph1.pdf|accessdate=August 17, 2012|archive-date=April 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412042543/http://www.choosingwisely.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/5things_12_factsheet_Amer_Soc_Neph1.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="ESRDcancerfinancal2">{{Cite journal|last1=Chertow|first1=GM|last2=Paltiel|first2=AD|last3=Owen|first3=WF|last4=Lazarus|first4=JM|title=Cost-effectiveness of cancer screening in end-stage renal disease|doi=10.1001/archinte.1996.00440110117016|journal=[[JAMA Internal Medicine|Archives of Internal Medicine]]|volume=156|issue=12|pages=1345–50|year=1996|pmid=8651845}}</ref> == Ta nau'in == == Ciwon nono == Binciken ciwon nono shine gwajin likita na asymptomatic, a fili mata masu lafiya don [[Sankaran Nono|ciwon nono]] a yunƙurin cimma ganewar asali a baya. Manufar ganowa da wuri shine a nemo ciwon daji lokacin da za'a iya magance shi. An yi amfani da gwaje-gwajen gwaji da yawa, gami da gwaje-gwaje na asibiti da na kai, mammography, gwajin nono na asibiti, jarrabawar nono, thermography, samfurin nama da hoton maganadisu. Mammography ita ce hanyar da aka fi amfani da ita don tantance ciwon nono ga matan da suka kai shekaru 50 zuwa sama. Akwai [https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/screening-tests-and-early-detection/american-cancer-society-recommendations-for-the-early-detection-of-breast-cancer.html mammograms na 3D] yanzu ana amfani da su kuma ga matan da ke da haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansar nono suna iya samun MRI. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Publishing|first=Harvard Health|title=Breast cancer screening: Options beyond the mammogram|url=https://www.health.harvard.edu/womens-health/breast-cancer-screening-options-beyond-the-mammogram|access-date=2021-04-05|website=Harvard Health|date=13 June 2014}}</ref> Ana la'akari da abubuwan haɗari na ciwon nono don yanke shawara idan ana buƙatar gwajin gwaji kuma idan haka ne wanda ya fi dacewa ga mutum.<ref>{{Citation|last=PDQ Screening and Prevention Editorial Board|title=Breast Cancer Screening (PDQ®): Patient Version|date=2002|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65715/|work=PDQ Cancer Information Summaries|publisher=National Cancer Institute (US)|pmid=26389160|access-date=2020-04-30}}</ref> ==Ciwon mahaifa == [[File:Ca_in_situ,_cervix.jpg|thumb| Hoton microscope na glandar mahaifa yana nuna wani yanki na dysplasia epithelial babba.]] Binciken mahaifa ta hanyar gwajin Pap ko wasu hanyoyin yana da matukar tasiri wajen ganowa da kuma hana [[ciwon daji na mahaifa]], kodayake akwai haɗarin wuce gona da iri a cikin mata matasa har zuwa shekaru 20 ko sama da haka, waɗanda ke da saurin samun ƙwayoyin cuta da yawa waɗanda ke sharewa. ta halitta.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lixin|first8=Wang|pmid=25410572|doi=10.1186/1471-2458-14-1185|pages=1185|issue=1|volume=14|date=2014|journal=BMC Public Health|title=Prevalence And Risk Factors For Cervical Neoplasia: A Cervical Cancer Screening Program In Beijing|first10=Guo|last10=Xiuhua|first9=Zheng|last9=Zihe|last8=Wei|first1=Tao|first7=Luo|last7=Yanxia|first6=Wu|last6=Lijuan|first5=Pan|last5=Lei|first4=Gao|last4=Qi|first3=Li|last3=Xia|first2=Han|last2=Lili|pmc=4256817}}</ref> Akwai kewayo mai yawa a cikin shekarun da aka ba da shawarar da za a fara nunawa a duniya. Dangane da ka'idodin Turai na 2010 don gwajin cutar kansar mahaifa, shekarun da za a fara gwajin ya bambanta tsakanin shekaru 20-30, "amma ba fi son kafin shekaru 25 ko 30 ba", ya danganta da nauyin cutar a cikin yawan jama'a da albarkatun da ake da su.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Arbyn|title=European Guidelines for Quality Assurance in Cervical Cancer Screening. Second edition--summary document|doi=10.1093/annonc/mdp471|pmid=20176693|pages=448–58|issue=3|volume=21|date=Mar 2010|journal=Annals of Oncology|author9=von Karsa, L|first=M|author8=Herbert, A|author7=Wiener, H|author6=Segnan, N|author5=Schenck, U|author4=Ronco, G|author3=Jordan, J|author2=Anttila, A|pmc=2826099}}</ref> A Amurka adadin ciwon sankarar mahaifa ya kai kashi 0.1 cikin Kashi 100 na mata ‘yan kasa da shekaru 20, don haka kungiyar Cancer ta Amurka da kuma kwalejin likitocin mata na Amurka suna ba da shawarar cewa a fara tantancewar tun daga shekara 21, ba tare da la’akari da shekaru a lokacin jima’i ba. ko wasu halaye masu alaƙa da haɗari.<ref>{{cite web|title=SEER Stat Fact Sheets: Cervix Uteri Cancer|url=http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/cervix.html|accessdate=8 April 2014}}</ref><ref name="Kar20132">{{cite journal|last=Karjane|first=N|author2=Chelmow, D|title=New cervical cancer screening guidelines, again|journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America|date=June 2013|volume=40|issue=2|pages=211–23|pmid=23732026|doi=10.1016/j.ogc.2013.03.001}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=Center for Disease Control|title=Cervical Cancer Screening Guidelines for Average-Risk Women|url=https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/cervical/pdf/guidelines.pdf|accessdate=17 April 2014}}</ref> Ga mata masu lafiya masu shekaru 21-29 waɗanda ba su taɓa yin smear mara kyau ba, gwajin cutar kansar mahaifa tare da cytology na mahaifa (Pap smear) ya kamata ya faru kowace shekara 3, ba tare da la’akari da matsayin rigakafin HPV ba.<ref name="Committee on Practice 1222–382">{{cite journal|last=Committee on Practice|first=Bulletins—Gynecology|title=ACOG Practice Bulletin Number 131: Screening for cervical cancer|journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology|date=Nov 2012|volume=120|issue=5|pages=1222–38|pmid=23090560|doi=10.1097/AOG.0b013e318277c92a}}</ref> Abin da aka fi so don mata masu shekaru 30-65 shine "gwaji tare", wanda ya haɗa da haɗin gwajin cytology na mahaifa da gwajin HPV, kowane shekaru 5. <ref name="Committee on Practice 1222–382" /> Duk da haka, yana da kyau a gwada wannan rukunin shekaru tare da yin gwajin Pap kadai a kowace shekara 3.<ref name="Committee on Practice 1222–382" /> A cikin matan da suka haura shekaru 65, ana iya dakatar da yin gwajin cutar kansar mahaifa idan babu sakamakon binciken da bai dace ba a cikin shekaru 10 da suka gabata kuma babu tarihin CIN 2 ko sama da haka.<ref name="Committee on Practice 1222–382" /> ==Ciwon daji na hanji == [[File:SB_polyp.jpg|thumb| Polyp na hanji wanda za'a iya gane shi ta hanyar sigmoidoscopy . Wasu polyps za su haɓaka zuwa kansa idan ba a cire su ba.]] Binciken [[Ciwon daji mai launi|ciwon daji]] na launin fata, idan an yi shi da wuri, yana da ''kariya'' domin kusan dukkanin<ref>{{Cite journal|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=What Can I Do to Reduce My Risk of Colorectal Cancer?|url=https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/colorectal/basic_info/prevention.htm|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|date=April 2, 2014|accessdate=March 5, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Colon cancer|url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000262.htm|journal=MedlinePlus|date=March 2, 2015|accessdate=March 5, 2015}}</ref> ciwon daji na launin fata ya samo asali ne daga ci gaban da ake kira <nowiki><i id="mwrA">polyps</i></nowiki>, wanda za'a iya samuwa kuma a cire shi a lokacin colonoscopy (duba ''polypectomy colonic'' ). A Amurka M Services Task Force ya bayar da shawarar nunawa ga [[Ciwon daji mai launi|colorectal ciwon daji]] ta amfani da fecal occult jini gwaji, sigmoidoscopy, ko colonoscopy, a manya, farko a shekaru 50 da shekaru da kuma ci gaba har shekaru 75 years. <ref name="USP20082">{{cite web|title=Screening for Colorectal Cancer|url=http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf08/colocancer/colors.htm|publisher=[[United States Preventive Services Task Force]]|accessdate=29 June 2014|date=October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706045502/http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf08/colocancer/colors.htm|archive-date=6 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ga mutane sama da 75 ko waɗanda ke da tsawon rayuwar ƙasa da 10&nbsp;ba a ba da shawarar duba shekaru ba. Sabuwar hanyar enzyme don tantance ciwon daji na launin fata shine gwajin M2-PK,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Tonus|journal=[[World Journal of Gastroenterology]]|pmc=3419997|pmid=22912551|date=August 2012|pages=4004–11|issue=30|volume=18|title=Faecal pyruvate kinase isoenzyme type M2 for colorectal cancer screening: A meta-analysis|first1=C|first4=G|last4=Neupert|first3=K|last3=Koss|first2=M|last2=Sellinger|doi=10.3748/wjg.v18.i30.4004}}</ref> wanda ke iya gano ciwon jini da kuma ciwon daji marasa jini da kuma polyps. <ref name="USP20082" /> A cikin shekarar 2008, Kaiser Permanente Colorado ya aiwatar da wani shiri wanda ya yi amfani da kira mai sarrafa kansa kuma ya aika da na'urorin gwajin rigakafi na fecal ga marasa lafiya waɗanda suka wuce lokacin gwajin [[Ciwon daji mai launi|cutar kansar]] launin fata. Shirin ya kara yawan adadin membobin da suka cancanta da aka tantance da kashi 25 cikin dari. <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality]]|url=https://innovations.ahrq.gov/profiles/automated-calls-followed-mailed-kits-significantly-increase-colorectal-cancer-screening|title=Automated Calls Followed by Mailed Kits Significantly Increase Colorectal Cancer Screening Rate in Those Overdue for Testing|date=2013-02-13|accessdate=2013-05-13}}</ref> Multi-Target Stool DNA Test (Cologuard) da Plasma SEPT9 DNA Methylation Test (Epi proColon) an yarda da FDA.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm409021.htm|title=FDA approves first non-invasive DNA screening test for colorectal cancer|date=2014-08-11|accessdate=2017-01-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Tepus|first1=Melanie|last2=Yau|first2=Tung On|title=Non-Invasive Colorectal Cancer Screening: An Overview|journal=Gastrointestinal Tumors|date=20 May 2020|volume=7|issue=3|pages=62–73|doi=10.1159/000507701|pmid=32903904|pmc=7445682|language=en|issn=2296-3774|doi-access=free}}</ref> A Ingila, ana yin gwajin manya a duk shekara ta hanyar gwajin jini na faecal a tsakanin shekarun 60 zuwa 74,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cancerscreening.nhs.uk/bowel/|title=Population screening programmes: NHS bowel cancer screening (BCSP) programme - GOV.UK}}</ref> kuma kwanan nan ya wuce shekaru daga 50 zuwa 74. ==Prostate ciwon daji == Lokacin da ake yin gwajin [[Ciwon daji na prostate|cutar kansar prostate]], gwajin PSA na iya gano ƙananan ciwon daji waɗanda ba za su taɓa zama masu barazanar rai ba, amma da zarar an gano su za su kai ga jiyya. Wannan yanayin, wanda ake kira overdiagnosis, yana sanya maza cikin haɗari don rikitarwa daga jiyya maras muhimmanci kamar tiyata ko radiation. Bibiyar hanyoyin da ake amfani da su don gano cutar kansar prostate ( prostate biopsy ) na iya haifar da illa, gami da zubar jini da kamuwa da cuta. Maganin ciwon daji na prostate na iya haifar da rashin natsuwa (rashin iya sarrafa kwararar fitsari) da tabarbarewar karfin mazakuta (rashin karfin jima'i).<ref>{{cite web|title=Screening for Prostate Cancer|date=May 2012|url=http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/prostatecancerscreening/prostatecancerfact.pdf|series=Understanding Task Force Recommendations|publisher=[[United States Preventive Services Task Force]]|type=consumer brochure|access-date=2022-02-14|archive-date=2015-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223214622/http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/prostatecancerscreening/prostatecancerfact.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> A sakamakon haka, a cikin 2012, da Amurka ke hana ayyukan hana daukar nauyin su (USPSF) da takamammen antigen (PSA) don cutar kansa da [[Ciwon daji na prostate|cutar cututtukan cutar sankara]] ba, " yayin da kowa ke son taimakawa wajen hana mace-mace daga cutar sankara ta prostate, hanyoyin gwajin PSA na yanzu da kuma maganin ciwon daji da aka gano a allo ba shine amsar ba."<ref>{{cite web|title=Screening for Prostate Cancer|url=http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/prostatecancerscreening.htm|date=May 2012|publisher=[[United States Preventive Services Task Force]]|access-date=2014-07-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708060359/http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/prostatecancerscreening.htm|archive-date=2014-07-08|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality]]|url=https://innovations.ahrq.gov/perspectives/trends-cancer-screening|title=Trends in Cancer Screening: A Conversation With Two Cancer Researchers|date=2013-04-17|accessdate=2013-09-26}}</ref> Kwanan nan, Fenton's 2018 bita <ref name="Fenton2">{{cite journal|last1=Fenton|first1=J.J.|last2=Weyrich|first2=M.S.|last3=Durbin|first3=S.|title=Prostate-specific antigen-based screening for prostate cancer: A systematic evidence review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force.|journal=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality|date=2018|volume=154}}</ref> (wanda aka gudanar don USPSTF) ya mayar da hankali kan manyan nau'o'in sarrafawa guda biyu masu inganci na farashi da fa'idodin binciken PSA, kuma binciken ya kwatanta al'amurra masu rikitarwa da ke hade da binciken ciwon daji. Fenton ya bayar da rahoton cewa, tantance maza 1,000 a duk shekara hudu na shekaru 13 yana rage mace-mace daga cutar sankara ta prostate da guda ɗaya kawai. Musamman ma, daga cikin waɗancan maza 1,000: 243 sun sami alamar ciwon daji a lokacin gwajin PSA (mafi yawansu sannan suna da biopsy); daga cikinsu, 3 dole ne a kwantar da su a asibiti don matsalolin ƙwayoyin cuta; An gano 35 tare da ciwon gurguwar prostate (saboda haka adadin ƙararrawar ƙarya daga ainihin gwajin PSA shine> 85%); Daga cikin wadancan 35, 3 sun guje wa cutar sankara ta prostate da kuma 1 sun guje wa mutuwa ta hanyar ciwon gurguwar prostate yayin da 9 suka sami rashin ƙarfi ko rashin iya yoyon fitsari saboda jinyarsu sannan 5 sun mutu sakamakon cutar kansar prostate duk da cewa an yi musu magani. A cikin shawarwarin su na 2018, USPSTF ta kiyasta cewa 20% -50% na maza da aka gano da cutar sankara ta prostate bayan ingantaccen gwajin PSA suna da ciwon daji wanda, ko da ba a kula da su ba, ba zai taɓa girma, yadawa, ko cutar da su ba<ref name="USPSTF 20182">{{cite web|last1=USPSTF|title=USPSTF, Published Final Recommendations, Prostate Cancer Screening|url=https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/UpdateSummaryFinal/prostate-cancer-screening1|website=U.S. Preventive Services Task Force|accessdate=31 December 2018|archive-date=1 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101100550/https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/UpdateSummaryFinal/prostate-cancer-screening1|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="SIcancerscreening2" /> Yawancin ƙungiyoyin likitocin Arewacin Amurka suna ba da shawarar yanke shawara na keɓaɓɓu game da tantancewa, la'akari da kasada, fa'idodi, da abubuwan da majiyyata suka zaɓa.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Comparative Effectiveness of Alternative Prostate-Specific Antigen–Based Prostate Cancer Screening Strategies: Model Estimates of Potential Benefits and Harms|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=158|issue=3|pages=145–53|date=February 2013|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-158-3-201302050-00003|pmid=23381039|last1=Gulati|first1=Roman|last2=Gore|first2=John L.|last3=Etzioni|first3=Ruth|pmc=3738063}}</ref> ==Ciwon daji na huhu == Nazarin bincike don ciwon huhu na huhu an yi shi ne kawai a cikin yawan haɗari masu haɗari, kamar masu shan taba da ma'aikata masu bayyanar da sana'a ga wasu abubuwa.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=O'Brien|first1=Mary|title=Lung Cancer Screening: Is There A Future?|journal=Indian Journal of Medical and Paediatric Oncology|date=2014|volume=35|issue=4|pages=249–252|doi=10.4103/0971-5851.144984|pmid=25538400|pmc=4264269}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2010s shawarwarin da hukumomin kiwon lafiya suka bayar suna nuna goyon baya ga gwajin cutar kansar huhu, wanda mai yuwuwa ya zama sananne a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa. A watan Disamban shekarar 2013 The Amurka Ayyukan da ke hana ayyukansa (Uspstf) ya ba da shawarar shaidar [[Ciwon Huhun Daji|cutar]] ta shekara-shekara don karancin ciwon kai lissafta tomography a cikin manya masu shekaru 55 zuwa 80 waɗanda ke da tarihin fakitin shekaru 30 na shan taba kuma a halin yanzu suna shan taba ko kuma sun daina a cikin shekaru 15 da suka gabata. Yakamata a daina tantancewa da zarar mutum bai sha taba ba har tsawon shekaru 15 ko kuma ya sami matsalar lafiya wanda ke da iyakacin tsawon rai ko kuma iyawa ko kuma niyyar yin tiyatar huhu na curative.”<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/uspslung.htm|title=Lung Cancer Screening|year=2013|publisher=[[United States Preventive Services Task Force]]|access-date=2010-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101104055403/http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/uspslung.htm|archive-date=2010-11-04|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Ciwon daji na Pancreatic == Gano farkon gano ciwon daji na pancreatic biomarkers an cika shi ta amfani da tsarin rigakafi na tushen SERS.<ref name=":12">{{cite journal|last=Banaei|first=N|display-authors=etal|title=Multiplex detection of pancreatic cancer biomarkers using a SERS-based immunoassay|journal=Nanotechnology|volume=28|issue=45|pages=455101|date=September 2017|doi=10.1088/1361-6528/aa8e8c|pmid=28937361|bibcode=2017Nanot..28S5101B}}</ref> A SERS-base multiplex proteinbiomarker gano dandamali a cikin guntu microfluidic don ganowa ana amfani da shi don gano furotin biomarkers da yawa don tsinkayar nau'in cuta da masu mahimmancin halittu da haɓaka damar ganowa tsakanin cututtuka tare da masu siyar da halittu masu kama (PC, OVC, da pancreatitis).<ref name=":22">{{cite journal|last=Banaei|first=N|display-authors=etal|title=Machine learning algorithms enhance the specificity of cancer biomarker detection using SERS-based immunoassays in microfluidic chips|journal=RSC Advances|volume=9|issue=4|pages=1859–1868|date=January 2019|doi=10.1039/c8ra08930b|bibcode=2019RSCAd...9.1859B|doi-access=free}}</ref> An yarda da cewa gabaɗaya gwajin manyan ƙungiyoyi don ciwon daji na [[Ciwon Daji na Pancreatic|pancreatic]] ba zai iya yin tasiri a halin yanzu ba, kuma a waje gwaje-gwajen asibiti babu shirye-shirye don wannan. A Turai Society for Medical Oncology bada shawarar yau da kullum nunawa tare da endoscopic duban dan tayi da kuma MRI / CT Dabarar ga waɗanda a babban hadarin daga gaji halittar jini,<ref name="ESMOPA2">{{cite journal|last1=Seufferlein|title=Pancreatic adenocarcinoma: ESMO-ESDO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up.|doi=10.1093/annonc/mds224|pmid=22997452|pages=vii33–40|volume=23 Suppl 7|date=Oct 2012|journal=Annals of Oncology|first5=Group|first1=T|last5=ESMO Guidelines Working|first4=P|last4=Rougier|first3=E|last3=Van Cutsem|first2=JB|last2=Bachet|doi-access=free}}</ref> a layi tare da wasu shawarwari, <ref name="Lancet2">{{cite journal|last1=Vincent|title=Pancreatic cancer.|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62307-0|pmid=21620466|pages=607–20|issue=9791|volume=378|date=13 Aug 2011|journal=Lancet|first5=M|first1=A|last5=Goggins|first4=RH|last4=Hruban|first3=R|last3=Schulick|first2=J|last2=Herman|pmc=3062508}}</ref> wanda zai iya kuma sun hada da CT. Don tantancewa, ana iya amfani da hanyoyin duban CT na musamman, kamar CT scan multiphase.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|title=Tests for Pancreatic Cancer|url=https://www.cancer.org/cancer/pancreatic-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/how-diagnosed.html|website=www.cancer.org|language=en|access-date=2020-04-30}}</ref> Ga matsakaitan mutanen da ke cikin haɗarin, ba a ba da shawarar yin gwaje-gwaje na yau da kullun don ciwon daji na pancreatic ba a halin yanzu. <ref name=":02" /> ==Ciwon daji na baka == Ayyukan rigakafin na Amurka (Uspstf) a cikin 2013 sun gano cewa shaidar ta isa don tantance daidaiton fa'idodi da cutar kansa ba tare da masu samar da kulawa ba.<ref name="US2013Oral2">{{cite web|title=Final Recommendation Statement: Oral Cancer: Screening - US Preventive Services Task Force|url=https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/RecommendationStatementFinal/oral-cancer-screening1|website=www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org|accessdate=23 November 2017|language=en|date=November 2013}}</ref> Cibiyar Nazarin Likitocin Iyali ta Amurka ta zo ga irin wannan matsaya yayin da Ƙungiyar Ciwon daji ta Amurka ta ba da shawarar cewa manya sama da shekaru 20 waɗanda ke yin gwajin lafiya na lokaci-lokaci yakamata a bincika kogon baki don ciwon daji.<ref name="US2013Oral2" /> Ƙungiyar Haƙori ta Amurka ta ba da shawarar cewa masu ba da sabis su kasance a faɗake don alamun ciwon daji yayin gwaje-gwaje na yau da kullun. <ref name="US2013Oral2" /> Wasu ƙungiyoyin likitocin haƙori kuma suna ba da shawarar gwajin cutar kansar baki. <ref>{{cite web|title=Oral Cancer Screening|url=http://www.crdha.ca/the-profession/professional-resources/working-with-clients/oral-cancer-screening.aspx|website=www.crdha.ca|accessdate=24 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911081434/http://www.crdha.ca/the-profession/professional-resources/working-with-clients/oral-cancer-screening.aspx|archive-date=11 September 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Sauran cututtukan daji == Babu isassun shedar da za a ba da shawarar don ko ƙin [[Ciwon daji na fata|gwajin cutar kansar fata]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/uspsskca.htm|title=Screening for Skin Cancer|year=2009|publisher=[[United States Preventive Services Task Force]]|access-date=2010-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110108054103/http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/uspsskca.htm|archive-date=2011-01-08|url-status=dead}}</ref> da kansar mafitsara .<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/uspsblad.htm|title=Screening for Bladder Cancer|date=August 2011|publisher=[[United States Preventive Services Task Force]]|access-date=2010-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100823053849/http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/uspsblad.htm|archive-date=2010-08-23|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ba a ba da shawarar yin gwaje-gwaje na yau da kullun don kansar ƙwanƙwasa<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/uspstest.htm|title=Screening for Testicular Cancer|date=April 2011|publisher=[[United States Preventive Services Task Force]]|access-date=2010-12-21|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160515181437/http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/uspstest.htm|archive-date=2016-05-15|url-status=dead}}</ref> da kansar kwai ba<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/uspsovar.htm|title=Screening for Ovarian Cancer|date=September 2012|publisher=[[United States Preventive Services Task Force]]|access-date=2010-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101023221553/http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/uspsovar.htm|archive-date=2010-10-23|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Bincike == ==Hoton jiki duka == Ana samun cikakkun sikanin CT na jiki don gwajin cutar kansa, amma irin wannan nau'in hoto na likitanci don bincika cutar kansa a cikin mutane ba tare da bayyananniyar alamun bayyanar ba na iya haifar da matsaloli kamar haɓakar haɓakar ionizing radiation . Koyaya, sikanin maganadisu na maganadisu ( MRI ) ba su da alaƙa da haɗarin radiation, kuma ana ƙididdige sikanin MRI don amfani da su wajen tantance cutar kansa.<ref name="MRI2">{{cite journal|last1=Lauenstein|first1=TC|last2=Semelka|first2=RC|date=September 2006|title=Emerging techniques: Whole-body screening and staging with MRI.|journal=Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging|volume=24|issue=3|pages=489–98|pmid=16888774|doi=10.1002/jmri.20666|doi-access=free}}</ref> Akwai babban haɗarin gano abin da ake kira ''incidentalomas'' - raunuka marasa kyau waɗanda za a iya fassara su azaman ciwon daji kuma suna sanya marasa lafiya cikin haɗari mai yuwuwa ta hanyar bin hanyoyin da za a bi.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lumbreras|first1=B|last2=Donat|first2=L|last3=Hernández-Aguado|first3=I|date=April 2010|title=Incidental findings in imaging diagnostic tests: a systematic review|journal=The British Journal of Radiology|volume=83|issue=988|pages=276–289|doi=10.1259/bjr/98067945|issn=0007-1285|pmc=3473456|pmid=20335439}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} == Ci gaba da karatu == ** {{cite journal|last1=Smith|first1=RA|last2=Cokkinides|first2=V|last3=Eyre|first3=HJ|title=Cancer screening in the United States, 2007: A review of current guidelines, practices, and prospects|journal=[[CA – A Cancer Journal for Clinicians|CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians]]|volume=57|issue=2|pages=90–104|year=2007|doi=10.3322/canjclin.57.2.90|pmid=17392386|doi-access=free}} ** {{cite book|editor1-last=Aziz|editor1-first=Khalid|editor2-first=George Y.|editor2-last=Wu|title=Cancer Screening: A Practical Guide for Physicians|publisher=Humana Press|year=2002|series=Current Clinical Practice|isbn=9780896038653}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.cancerscreening.nhs.uk/ Shirye-shiryen gwajin cutar kansa na NHS] * Bincike [http://www.cancerhelp.org.uk/help/default.asp?page=106 don ciwon daji], Cancer Research UK * [http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/screening/overview/healthprofessional Binciken] Ciwon daji, Cibiyar Ciwon daji ta Kasa * [http://www.emedicinehealth.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=60167 Binciken Ciwon daji] a eMedicine * [http://www.coloncancercheck.ca/ ColonCancerCheck] gami da takaddun gaskiya a cikin yaruka 24 a Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Ontario da Kulawar Tsawon Lokaci * http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Health/health/cancer/Cancer-Screening/criteria * [http://www.cancer.org/Healthy/FindCancerEarly/CancerScreeningGuidelines/chronological-history-of-acs-recommendations Yadda shawarwarin nunawa suka canza cikin lokaci] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224225735/http://www.cancer.org/healthy/findcancerearly/cancerscreeningguidelines/chronological-history-of-acs-recommendations |date=2016-12-24 }} daga Ƙungiyar Ciwon daji ta Amirka [[Category:Cutar daji]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] caerstx2ym560dw1tuxbmwriyk7qwst 0 29406 873774 848147 2026-07-01T20:17:44Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 873774 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Horticulture and Gardening}} iya nufin:Lambu [[Fayil:Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_New_York_May_2015_010.jpg|alt=see caption|thumb|Wani bangare na Brooklyn Botanic Garden wanda ke da itatuwan sheri na <nowiki><i id="mwDw">Prunus</i></nowiki> 'Kanzan' mai ruwan hoda]] [[Fayil:Skylands3.jpg|thumb|Gidan lambu na [[New Jersey]] a Skylands EstateGidan Skylands]] Gidan lambu wuri ne da aka tsara, yawanci a waje, an ware shi don noma, nuni, da jin daɗin tsire-tsire da sauran nau'ikan yanayi. Abu daya da ke nuna ko da '''lambun''' daji mafi girma shine ''iko''. Gidan lambu na iya haɗawa da kayan halitta da na wucin gadi. Gidajen lambu galibi suna da siffofi na zane ciki har da siffofinai, wauta, pergolas, trellises, stumperies, gadajen rafi masu bushewa, da siffofin ruwa kamar maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, tafkuna (tare da ko ba tare da kifi ba), magudanan ruwa ko koguna. Wasu lambuna don dalilai na ado ne kawai, yayin da wasu kuma suna samar da amfanin gona, wani lokacin a wurare daban-daban, ko kuma wani lokacin an haɗa su da tsire-tsire masu ado. An rarrabe lambunan samar da abinci daga [[Gona|gonaki]] ta hanyar karamin sikelin su, hanyoyin da suka fi dacewa da aiki, da kuma manufar su (murna da nishaɗi ko haɓaka kai maimakon samar da sayarwa, kamar a lambun kasuwa). Gidajen furanni sun haɗu da tsire-tsire daban-daban, launuka, rubutu, da ƙanshi don ƙirƙirar sha'awa da jin daɗin ji.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anguelovski |first=Isabelle |title=Urban gardening |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311871937}}</ref> Hanyar da aka fi sani da ita a yau ita ce ''lambun'' zama ko ''lambun'' jama'a, amma kalmar lambun ta kasance ta al'ada. Zoos, waɗanda ke nuna dabbobin daji a cikin wuraren zama na halitta, an kira su lambunan zoological. Gidajen Yammacin kusan a duk duniya sun dogara ne akan tsire-tsire, tare da lambu, wanda ke nuna ƙuƙwalwa, sau da yawa yana nuna gajeren nau'in lambu. Wasu nau'ikan lambuna na gargajiya na gabas, kamar lambunan Zen, duk da haka, suna amfani da tsire-tsire kaɗan ko a'a. Gidajen lambu, a gefe guda, kamar lambunan lambu na Ingila da aka fara bunkasa a karni na 18, na iya yanke shawarar barin furanni gaba ɗaya. [[Gine-gine na shimfidar wuri]] aiki ne na sana'a tare da gine-ginen shimfidar wurare waɗanda ke da alaƙa da ƙira a ma'auni da yawa kuma suna aiki a kan ayyukan jama'a da masu zaman kansu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fusco |first=Dana |year=2001 |title=Creating relevant science through urban planning and gardening |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/tea.1036 |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Research in Science Teaching |publisher=Wiley Online Library |volume=38 |issue=8 |pages=860–877 |bibcode=2001JRScT..38..860F |doi=10.1002/tea.1036 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506175506/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/tea.1036 |archive-date=6 May 2023 |access-date=6 May 2023}}</ref> == Magagganu == Maganar kalmar lambu tana nufin kewaye: daga ''lambun'' Ingilishi na Tsakiya ne, daga lambun Anglo-Faransa, lambun, na asalin Jamusanci; kama da lambun Tsohon Jamusanci, ''Garce'', kewaye ko fili, kamar a [[Stuttgart]]. Dubi Grad (Slavic settlement) don ƙarin cikakkiyar etymology. Kalmomin yadi, ''kotu'', da Latin ''Hortus'' (ma'anar "gidan lambu", saboda haka ''<nowiki><i id="mwWQ">Yankin</i></nowiki> lambu'' da gonar inabi), sune cognates - duk suna nufin sararin samaniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Etymology of words referring to enclosures, probably from a Sanskrit stem. In German, for example, Stutt'''gart'''. The word is generic for compounds and walled cities, as in Stalin'''grad''', and the Russian word for city, ''gorod''. Gird and girdle are also related |url=http://www.yourdictionary.com/library/garden.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213101107/http://www.yourdictionary.com/library/garden.html |archive-date=13 February 2010 |publisher=Yourdictionary.com}}</ref> Kalmar "gidan lambu" a cikin Turanci na Burtaniya tana nufin ƙaramin Yankin mai rufewa, yawanci kusa da gini.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oxford Dictionaries |url=http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/garden?view=uk |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929105345/http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/garden?view=uk |archive-date=29 September 2007 |access-date=24 May 2007 |website=Oxford Dictionaries}}</ref> Wannan za a kira shi a matsayin yadi a cikin Turanci na Amurka. == Amfani da shi == [[Fayil:'JardimBotanico.BotanicalGarden.CuritibaParanaBrasilBrazil.JPG|thumb|Wani bangare na ra'ayi daga lambun Botanical na Curitiba (Kudancin Brazil): parterres, furanni, maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, siffofi, greenhouses da waƙoƙi sun haɗa da wurin da aka yi amfani da shi don nishaɗi da nazarin da kare tsire-tsire.]] Gidan lambu na iya samun amfani mai kyau, aiki, da kuma nishaɗi: * Haɗin kai tare da yanayi Shuka Shuka Shuke-shuke ** [[Noma|Shuka shuke-shuke]] ** Koyon da aka samo asali daga lambu * Binciken yanayi Tsuntsaye da kwari Bincike akan sauye-sauye ** Kula da tsuntsaye da kwari ** Tunanin sauye-sauyelokutan * Relaxation Tsayar da nau'ikan gnomes na lambu Abincin dare na iyali a kan terrace Yara suna wasa a cikin lambu Karatu da shakatawa a cikin hammock Kula da furanni Pottering a cikin shed Basking a cikin hasken rana mai dumi Tserewa daga hasken rana da zafi ** Sanya nau'ikan Gnomes na lambu daban-daban ** Abincin dare na iyali a kan teburin ** Yara suna wasa a cikin lambu ** Karatu da shakatawa a cikin hammock ** Kula da fure ** Yin tukwane a cikin shellzubar ** Basking a cikin Hasken rana mai dumi ** Tserewa daga hasken rana da zafi * Girma mai amfani Fure don yankewa da kawowa ciki don kyawawan kayan lambu da kayan lambu don dafa abinci ** Fure don yankewa da kawowa ciki don kyawawan cikin gida ** Sabbin ganye da kayan lambu don dafa abinci == Tarihi == {{Authority control}} === Asiya === ==== China ==== {{Horticulture and Gardening}} [[Fayil:Humble_Administrator's_Garden_7193_(6399187813).jpg|thumb|Tsarin halitta na lambun kasar Sin da aka sanya a cikin wuri mai faɗi, gami da pavilion]] Lambunan gargajiya na farko da aka sani a tarihi a kasar '''China''' an ƙirƙire su ne a cikin kwarin '''Kogin Yellow (Kogin Rawaya)''', a zamanin '''daular Shang''' (1600–1046 KZ). Waɗannan lambuna sukan kasance manyan filaye ne da aka kewaye da ganuwa, inda sarakuna da masu mulki ke farautar dabbobi, ko kuma inda ake shuka '''<nowiki/>'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan lambu'''. Rubuce-rubucen farko daga wannan zamani – da aka sassaƙa a kan '''kawaran kwarkwata''' – sun haɗa haruffa guda uku na kasar Sin da ke nufin "lambu": '''''you'', ''pu'', da ''yuan'''''. * '''''You''''' na nufin lambun sarauta inda ake ajiye '''tsuntsaye da dabbobi'''. * '''''Pu''''' na nufin lambun da ake shuka '''tsirrai ko itatuwa'''. A zamanin '''daular Qin''' (221–206 KZ), kalmar '''''yuan''''' ta zama harafin da ake amfani da shi don nufin '''duk wani lambu'''. Tsohon harafin '''''yuan''''' a rubutun gargajiya na kasar Sin yana nuna ƙananan hoton lambu: yana cikin murabba’i (wanda ke wakiltar '''katanga'''), tare da wasu alamomi da ke iya wakiltar '''tsarin gini''', '''ƙaramar tafki''', da kuma '''gona ko itacen rumman'''. Wani shahararren lambun sarauta daga ƙarshen zamanin mulkin '''Shang''' shi ne '''Dandalin Ɗaukaka, Tafki da Filin Shakatawa na Ruhaniya''' (''Lingtai, Lingzhao, Lingyou'') wanda '''Sarki Wenwang''' ya gina a '''yammacin babban birninsa, Yin'''. An bayyana wannan lambun a cikin '''Littafin Wakoki na Gargajiya (Classic of Poetry)''' kamar haka: : Sarki yana tafiya a cikin Park of the Spirit, : Dabbobin suna durƙusa a kan ciyawa, suna ciyar da 'ya'yansu. : Dabbobin suna da kyau kuma suna da kyau. : Cranes masu tsabta suna da fuka-fuki na fari mai haske. : Sarki ya yi tafiya zuwa Ruwa na Ruhu, : Ruwa yana cike da kifi, wanda ke yawo. Wani lambun sarauta na farko shine ''Shaqui'', ko Dunes of Sand, wanda mai mulkin Shang na ƙarshe, Sarki Zhou (1075-1046 BC) ya gina. Ya ƙunshi ƙasa, ko ''tai'', wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin dandalin kallo a tsakiyar babban filin shakatawa. An bayyana shi a daya daga cikin litattafan gargajiya na farko na wallafe-wallafen Sinanci, ''Tarihin Babban Masanin Tarihi'' (''Shiji''). A cewar ''Shiji'', daya daga cikin shahararrun fasalulluka na wannan lambun shine tafkin ruwan inabi da gandun daji (酒池肉林). An gina babban tafki, babba don ƙananan jiragen ruwa da yawa, a filin fadar, tare da linings na ciki na dutse mai siffar oval daga bakin teku. Daga baya aka cika tafkin da ruwan inabi. An gina wani karamin tsibiri a tsakiyar tafkin, inda aka dasa bishiyoyi, wanda ke da nama da aka gasa da aka rataye daga rassan su. Sarki Zhou da abokansa da ƙwaraƙwarai sun yi yawo a cikin jiragensu, suna shan ruwan inabi da hannayensu kuma suna cin nama da aka gasa daga bishiyoyi. Daga baya masana falsafa da masana tarihi na kasar Sin sun ambaci wannan lambun a matsayin misali na lalacewa da mummunan dandano. A Lokacin bazara da kaka (722-481 BC), a cikin 535 BC, Sarki Jing na Daular Zhou ne ya gina Terrace na Shanghua, tare da manyan gidaje masu kyau. A cikin 505 KZ, an fara wani lambu mai zurfi, Terrace na Gusu. An samo shi a gefen dutse, kuma ya haɗa da jerin wuraren da aka haɗa da tashoshi, tare da tafkin inda jiragen ruwa a cikin nau'in blue dragons ke tafiya. Daga mafi girman tudu, ra'ayi ya kai har zuwa Tafkin Tai, Babban Tafkin. ==== Indiya ==== ''Manasollasa'' rubutu ne na [[Sanskrit]] na ƙarni na goma sha biyu wanda ke ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ƙirar lambu da sauran batutuwa iri-iri. Dukkanin wuraren shakatawa na jama'a da lambunan gandun daji an bayyana su, tare da kimanin nau'ikan bishiyoyi 40 da aka ba da shawarar ga wurin shakatawa a cikin babi na ''Vana-krida''. <ref name="sadhalenenebim" /> {{Sfn|Shrigondekar|1961}} ''Shilparatna'', wani rubutu daga karni na sha shida, ya bayyana cewa lambunan furanni ko wuraren shakatawa na jama'a ya kamata su kasance a arewacin garin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Singh |first=Ram Bachan |year=1976 |title=Cities and parks in ancient India |journal=Ekistics |volume=42 |issue=253 |pages=372–376 |jstor=43618748}}</ref> ==== Japan ==== {{Authority control}} [[Fayil:Saihouji-kokedera01.jpg|right|thumb|Gidan lambu a haikalin Saihō-ji a [[Kyoto]], ya fara ne a shekara ta 1339.]] Gidajen lambu na farko da aka rubuta a Japan sune lambunan jin daɗi na sarakuna da manyan mutane. An ambaci su a cikin gajerun wurare da yawa na {{Transl|ja|[[Nihon Shoki]]}}, tarihin farko na tarihin Japan, wanda aka buga a 720 AZ. A cikin bazara na 74 AZ, tarihin ya rubuta: "Sarkin sarakuna Keikō ya sanya wasu carp a cikin tafki, kuma ya yi farin ciki don ganin su da safe da maraice". A shekara mai zuwa, "Sarkin sarakuna ya kaddamar da jirgin ruwa mai kwalliya biyu a cikin tafkin Ijishi a Ihare, kuma ya shiga cikin jirgin tare da ƙwaraƙwaransa na sarki, kuma sun yi biki tare da kyau". A cikin 486, tarihin ya rubuta cewa "Sarkin sarakuna Kenzō ya shiga cikin lambun kuma ya yi biki a gefen rafi mai juyawa". ==== Koriya ====   Gidajen Koriya wani nau'in lambu ne wanda aka bayyana a matsayin na halitta, na al'ada, mai sauƙi da ba a tilasta shi ba, yana neman haɗuwa da duniyar halitta. Suna da tarihin da ya koma sama da shekaru dubu biyu, amma ba a san su sosai a yamma ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://eng.buddhapia.com/_Service/_ContentView/ETC_CONTENT_2.ASP?pk=0000593886&sub_pk=&clss_cd=0002202991&top_menu_cd=0000000329&Menu_code=0000008706&sub_menu= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928232957/http://eng.buddhapia.com/_Service/_ContentView/ETC_CONTENT_2.ASP?pk=0000593886&sub_pk=&clss_cd=0002202991&top_menu_cd=0000000329&Menu_code=0000008706&sub_menu= |archive-date=28 September 2011 |access-date=18 May 2011}}</ref> Tsohon rubuce-rubuce sun kasance a zamanin Masarauta Uku (57 BC - 668 AD) lokacin da gine-gine da lambunan fada suka nuna ci gaban da aka lura a Tarihin Koriya na Masarauta uku. === Turai === [[Fayil:Ricostruzione_del_giardino_della_casa_dei_vetii_di_pompei_(mostra_al_giardino_di_boboli,_2007)_01.JPG|thumb|Sake gina lambun a Gidan Vettii a Pompeii.]] Ba a gane lambu a matsayin nau'in fasaha a Turai ba har zuwa tsakiyar karni na 16 lokacin da ya shiga cikin maganganun siyasa, a matsayin alama ce ta manufar "jamhuriyar kirki". Bayyana hotuna na Utopia na Aljanna ta Adnin, lokacin wadata da wadata inda mutane ba su san yunwa ko rikice-rikicen da suka taso daga rikice-rikice na dukiya ba. John Evelyn ya rubuta a farkon karni na 17, "babu rayuwa mai wahala to na Gard'ners mai kyau; amma aiki cike da kwanciyar hankali da gamsuwa; Halitta da Koyarwa, da sauransu kamar (idan akwai) suna ba da gudummawa ga Piety da Contemplation. " A zamanin Enclosures, an tsara haɗin gwiwar noma na zamanin feudal a cikin wallafe-wallafen "fantasies na 'yanci koma baya zuwa lambu da jeji". ==== Faransa ==== Bayan yakin da '''Sarki Charles na Takwas''' ya yi a '''Italiya a shekarar 1495''', inda ya ga lambuna da ƙasaitattun fadodi na '''Naples''', sai ya dawo da '''masana Italiya''' da '''masu ƙirar lambuna''' kamar '''Pacello da Mercogliano''' daga Naples. Ya umarci a gina '''lambunan salon Italiya''' a fadar sa da ke '''Château d'Amboise''', da kuma wani gidan sa na keɓe a '''Château Gaillard''', dukansu a Amboise. '''Wanda ya gaje shi, Sarki Henry na II''', wanda shi ma ya yi tafiya zuwa Italiya kuma ya haɗu da '''Leonardo da Vinci''', ya ƙirƙiri wani lambu na salon Italiya a kusa da '''Château de Blois'''. Daga '''shekarar 1528''', '''Sarki Francis na I''' ya ƙirƙiri sababbin lambuna a '''Château de Fontainebleau''', waɗanda suka ƙunshi '''famfofan ruwa (fountains)''', '''parterres (shafukan furanni masu zane-zane)''', daji na '''bishiyoyin pine''' da aka kawo daga '''Provence''', da kuma '''grotto (kogo na ƙirƙira)''' na farko a Faransa. '''Château de Chenonceau''' kuma yana da lambuna biyu da aka gina a sabon salon nan: ɗaya an gina shi ne don '''Diane de Poitiers''' a '''shekarar 1551''', sai kuma na biyu don '''Catherine de' Medici''' a '''shekarar 1560'''. A shekarar '''1536''', '''Philibert de l'Orme''', wani ɗan ƙira (architect) da ya dawo daga '''Rome''', ya ƙirƙiri lambunan '''Château d'Anet''' bisa ƙa'idodin '''daidaito da tsari na Italiya'''. Tsarin tsari da daidaiton lambun Anet — tare da '''parterres''', filayen ruwa, da shuke-shuke da aka haɗa da kyau — ya zama '''ɗaya daga cikin mafi farko kuma mafi tasiri''' a cikin salon lambun Faransa na gargajiya. '''Lambun salon Faransa na gargajiya''' (''a Faransanci: jardin à la française'') yana bambanta da ƙa'idodin ƙirar '''lambun shimfiɗar Ingila''' (''a Faransanci: jardin à l'anglaise''), wato, '''tilasta yanayi''' maimakon barin sa cikin halittarsa ba tare da katsalandan ba. A al'ada, lambunan Faransa na gargajiya sukan ƙunshi '''parterre (shafin furanni mai zane-zane), siffofi masu lissafi, da kuma bishiyu da aka yanke su cikin tsari''', sabanin salon Ingila inda '''tsirrai da shrubs suke girma kamar ba tare da wata matsala ko ƙirƙira ba.''' A tsakiyar ƙarni na 17, '''daidaito na k'wak'walwa (axial symmetry)''' ya zama sananne a cikin salon lambunan Faransa, musamman ta hanyar masu ƙira irin su '''Andre Mollet''' da '''Jacques Boyceau'''. Boyceau ya rubuta cewa: ''"Duk wani abu, ko da kuwa yana da kyau nawa, zai zama ba cikakke ba idan ba a tsara shi da kyau cikin daidaito ba."'' Misali mai kyau na salon Faransa na gargajiya shine '''lambunan Tuileries''' da ke birnin Paris, wanda aka fara ƙirƙira su a lokacin mulkin '''Sarki Henry na II''' a tsakiyar ƙarni na 16. Daga baya an sake ƙirƙirar su cikin salon Faransa na gargajiya a lokacin '''Sarki Louis na XIV (Rana Sarki – Sun King).''' An tsara lambunan cikin layuka masu daidaito: dogayen jerin bishiyoyin '''elm''' ko '''chestnut''', ganuwar bushes da aka yanke daidai, tare da '''parterres''', domin su nuna '''nasarar tsari da ikon ɗan adam akan yanayi.''' Gidan lambu na Faransa ya sami rinjaye daga lambun lambu na Ingila kuma ya sami shahara a ƙarshen karni na sha takwas. ==== Ƙasar Ingila ==== Kafin zamanin Grand Manner, an sami wasu muhimman lambuna a Burtaniya waɗanda aka haɓaka a ƙarƙashin tasirin nahiyar. Al'adun lambu na gida na Burtaniya galibi suna da amfani a cikin manufa, maimakon kyawawan abubuwa, ba kamar manyan lambuna da aka samo mafi yawa a filin masarauta ba kuma ba a saba gani ba a jami'o'i. Tudor Gardens ya jaddada bambanci maimakon sauye-sauye, wanda aka rarrabe ta launi da mafarki. Ba a yi niyyar su a matsayin kari ga gida ko gine-gine ba, amma an yi su ne a matsayin wurare masu zaman kansu, an shirya su don girma da nuna furanni da tsire-tsire masu ban sha'awa. Masu lambu sun nuna zane-zanen su a cikin lambuna masu ma'ana, tare da shirye-shirye masu rikitarwa waɗanda suka haɗa da katako na akwatin da aka haɗa, da kuma ganyayyaki masu ƙanshi kamar rosemary. Hanyoyin yashi suna gudana tsakanin shinge na maɗaura masu buɗewa yayin da maɗaura da aka rufe sun cika da furanni masu launi ɗaya. Ana sanya lambunan maɗaukaki da na parterre a ƙasa mai laushi, kuma wuraren da aka tanada don terraces daga inda za'a iya kallon rikitarwa na lambunan. Henry Wotton ya bayyana lambunan Jacobean a matsayin "rashin jituwa mai ban sha'awa" a cikin 1624. A karkashin tasirin Renaissance na Italiya, lambunan Caroline sun fara zubar da wasu rikice-rikice na ƙirar da ta gabata, suna nuna farkon yanayin zuwa ga ƙirar haɗin kai wanda ya ɗauki gine-ginen gini cikin la'akari, kuma yana nuna wani tsawo mai tsawo wanda za'a iya kallon gida da lambu. Gidan lambu na Caroline da ya tsira kawai yana cikin Bolsover Castle a Derbyshire, amma yana da sauƙi don jawo hankalin sha'awa sosai. A lokacin mulkin Charles II, an gina sabbin gidaje masu yawa na Baroque; yayin da a Ingila Oliver Cromwell ya nemi ya lalata lambunan Tudor, Jacobean da Caroline. == Tsarin == {{Authority control}}Zane na lambu shine tsari na ƙirƙirar tsare-tsare don shimfidawa da dasa lambuna da shimfidar wurare. Ana iya tsara lambuna ta masu lambu da kansu, ko [[Noman Kayan Lambu (Horticulture)|noma]] masu sana'a. Ana horar da masu zanen lambu masu sana'a a cikin ka'idodin ƙira da aikin lambu, kuma suna da ilimi da gogewa na amfani da tsire-tsire. Wasu ƙwararrun masu zanen lambu suma gine-ginen shimfidar wuri ne, matakin horo na yau da kullun wanda yawanci yana buƙatar digiri mai zurfi kuma sau da yawa lasisi na sana'a. Abubuwan ƙirar lambu sun haɗa da shimfidar wuri mai wauta, kamar hanyoyi, duwatsu, ganuwar, fasalulluka na ruwa, wuraren zama da bene, da kuma tsire-tsire da kansu, tare da la'akari da bukatun lambu, bayyanarsu ta yanayi zuwa yanayi, tsawon rayuwa, al'adar girma, girman, saurin girma, da haɗuwa da wasu tsire-shuke da fasalulluke. Yawancin lambuna sun kunshi cakuda abubuwa na halitta da na gine-gine, kodayake har ma lambuna 'na halitta' koyaushe halitta ce ta wucin gadi. Abubuwan halitta da ke cikin lambu galibi sun haɗa da tsire-tsire (kamar bishiyoyi da ciyawa), fauna (kamar arthropods da tsuntsaye), ƙasa, ruwa, iska da haske. Abubuwan da aka gina sun haɗa da ba kawai hanyoyi ba, patios, bene, siffofi, tsarin magudanar ruwa, fitilu da gine-gine (kamar sheds, gazebos, pergolas da follies), har ma da gine-ginen rayuwa kamar gadajen furanni, tafkuna da lawns. Ana kuma la'akari da bukatun lambu na kulawa. Ciki har da lokacin ko kudaden da ake samu don kulawa ta yau da kullun, (wannan na iya shafar zaɓin shuke-shuke game da saurin girma) yadawa ko shuka shuke-huke (shekara ko mai ɗorewa), lokacin fure, da sauran halaye da yawa. Za'a iya raba zane-zanen lambu zuwa ƙungiyoyi biyu, lambuna na al'ada da na halitta. Abu mafi mahimmanci a cikin kowane zane na lambu shine yadda za a yi amfani da lambu, wanda aka bi da nau'ikan salon da ake so, da kuma yadda sararin lambu zai haɗu da gida ko wasu gine-gine a yankunan da ke kewaye. Dukkanin wadannan la'akari suna ƙarƙashin iyakokin kasafin kuɗi. Za'a iya magance iyakokin kasafin kuɗi ta hanyar salon lambu mai nau'o'i tare da ƙananan tsire-tsire da kayan shimfidar wuri masu tsada, tsaba maimakon sod don ciyawa, da tsire-shuke da ke girma da sauri; a madadin haka, masu mallakar lambu na iya zaɓar ƙirƙirar lambun su a tsawon lokaci, yanki da yanki.{{Sfn|Chen|2010}}  {{Reflist}} == Nau'o'in == {| class="wikitable" |+ ! !Nau'o'in lambuna |- |'''Takamaiman shuka ko manufa''' |Alpine lambun, bog lambun, cactus lambun, fernery, lambun furanni, lambun moss, lambun inabi, lambun jiki (mai gabatarwa ga lambunan botanical), lambun pollinator, lambun rose, lambun ruwa, lambun lambun daji (don ci gaba da rayuwar daji na gida), lambun botanical, lambun kasuwa (ƙananan samar da amfanin gona), lambun nasara (abin da aka shuka na lokacin yaƙi), lambun hydroponic lambun ruwa (bincike shuke-shuke-shuka masu gudu ba tare da gwaji ba), da shuke-shawa). |- |'''Takamaiman salon ko kyawawan abubuwa''' |Bonsai, lambun launi (Gidan lambu na monochromatic ko lambuna da aka tsara tare da tsarin launi mai ban sha'awa), lambun Dutch, dakin lambu (gidan da aka rufe wanda ke da tasirin "kamar ɗaki"), lambun Jamus, lambun Girka, lambun knot (gidan lambun da ke cikin murabba'i), lambun Maryamu (gidan tare da siffar budurwa Maryamu), lambun wata, lambun Mughal, lambun da aka ambata, lambun gargajiya, lambun daji, lambun fasalin fasalin Farisa, lambun girbi, lambun Farisa, gonar dajin, lambun shayi, lambun farisa, lambuna, lambun tropical, lambun, lambun shakatawa, lambun sha'awa, lambun abinci, lambun zen'awa, |- |'''Matsayi''' |Gidan lambu na baya, lambun makaranta, lambun gida, lambun gandun daji, lambun gaba, lambun al'umma, lambun zama, lambun rufin, lambun kicin, lambun inuwa |- |'''Abubuwan da ake amfani da su''' |Gidan kwalba, terrarium, [[Gidan Gishiri|greenhouse]], bango mai kore, lambu mai rataye, lambun kwantena, lambun zane-zane, lambun gado, lambun dutse, firam mai sanyiTsarin sanyi |} == Tasirin muhalli == Masu lambu na iya haifar da lalacewar muhalli ta hanyar da suke lambu, ko kuma suna iya inganta yanayin yankin su. Lalacewar da masu lambu ke yi na iya haɗawa da lalacewar mazauna na halitta kai tsaye lokacin da aka halicci gidaje da lambuna; lalacewar mahalli na kai tsaye da lalacewa don samar da kayan lambu kamar su peat, dutse don lambunan dutse, da kuma amfani da ruwan famfo don ban ruwa a lambun kanta; mutuwar rayayyun halittu masu rai a cikin lambun kanta, kamar kashewa ba kawai na slugs da [[Dodon kodi|kwari]] ba kawai ba har ma da masu cinye su kamar su ba tare da masu cin ganyayyaki ba; mutuwar rayarwa ta hanyar masu cin ganyen shuke-shuke da masu cin zarafin yanayi sun haifar da masu cin abinci ba; mutuwar masu cin ganyayewa da masu cin gashin kansu. === Canjin yanayi === Masu lambu na iya taimakawa wajen hana canjin yanayi ta hanyoyi da yawa, gami da amfani da bishiyoyi, shrubs, shuke-shuke na ƙasa da sauran tsire-tsire masu tsire-shuke a cikin lambunansu, juya sharar gida zuwa kwayoyin halitta na ƙasa maimakon ƙone shi, kiyaye ƙasa da man fetur da iska, guje wa peat, sauyawa daga kayan aikin wutar lantarki zuwa kayan aikin hannu ko canza ƙirar lambunansu don ba a buƙata ba, da amfani da tsire-mai gyara nitrogen maimakon taki.<ref name="David S.Ingram, Daphne Vince-Prue and Peter J. Gregory (2008)">{{Cite book|edition=Daphne}}</ref> Canjin yanayi zai yi tasiri da yawa a kan lambuna; wasu binciken sun nuna cewa mafi yawansu za su kasance marasa kyau. Gidajen lambu kuma suna ba da gudummawa ga canjin yanayi. Masu lambu na iya samar da iskar gas a hanyoyi da yawa. Manyan iskar gas guda uku sune [[carbon dioxide]], [[methane]], da nitrous oxide. Masu lambu suna samar da carbon dioxide kai tsaye ta hanyar yawan noma ƙasa da lalata carbon na ƙasa, ta hanyar ƙone sharar lambu a kan wuta, ta hanyar amfani da kayan aikin wutar lantarki waɗanda ke ƙone man fetur ko amfani da wutar lantarki da aka samar da man fetur, da kuma amfani da peat. Masu lambu suna samar da methane ta hanyar tarwatsa ƙasa da yin ta anaerobic, da kuma barin tarin takin su ya zama tarwatsawa da anaerobic. Masu lambu suna samar da nitrous oxide ta hanyar amfani da karin Nitrogen taki lokacin da tsire-tsire ba sa girma sosai don nitrogen a cikin taki ya canza ta hanyar kwayoyin ƙasa zuwa nitrous oxides. == Ruwa == Wasu masu lambu na iya kula da lambun su ba tare da amfani da ruwan waje ba. Misalan da ke Birtaniya sun haɗa da '''Lambun Botanical na Ventnor''' da ke tsibirin Wight, wasu sassan lambun '''Beth Chatto''' a Essex, '''Sticky Wicket Garden''' a Dorset, da kuma lambunan '''Kungiyar Kula da Lambuna ta Royal''' a '''Harlow Carr''' da '''Hyde Hall'''. '''Lambunan ruwa (rain gardens)''' kuma suna shan ruwan sama da ke zuba a saman filaye masu ƙarfi (kamar titi ko dakalin bene), maimakon barin ruwan ya shiga magudanan ruwa. == Dubi kuma == * Lissafin labaran lambu * Bayani game da aikin lambu da noma * Jerin masu sana'a na lambu * Jerin littattafai / wallafe-wallafen lambu da lambu == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} === Ayyukan da aka ambata === *   *   == Haɗin waje == * {{Commons-inline}} g23xwvtftxamophvdi99i39lxlv225j 0 29806 873664 692717 2026-07-01T14:20:51Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 873664 wikitext text/x-wiki hoton wurin zubda shara[[Fayil:Wysypisko.jpg|thumb|bola ]] [[Fayil:Waste in Sierra Leone.jpg|thumb|Yankin bola]] Wurin zubar da '''[[ƙasa]]''', wanda kuma aka sani da '''tip''', '''juji''', '''zubar da shara''', '''juji''', ko '''filin''' juji, wuri ne na zubar da kayan [[Shara|sharar gida]]. '''''Landfill''''' shine mafi tsufa kuma mafi yawan nau'in zubar da shara, koda yake tsarin binne sharar tare da kullun, tsaka-tsaki da murfin ƙarshe kawai ya fara ne a cikin shekarata 1940s. A da, an bar tarkace a cikin tudu ko kuma a jefar da shi cikin rami;<ref>[[Amfani da sharar gida]]</ref> a ilmin kimiyya na kayan tarihi ana kiran wannan a matsayin midden. Ana amfani da wasu wuraren zubar da shara damfilin na sarrafa sharar, kamar ajiya na ɗan lokaci, ƙarfafawa da canja wuri, ko don matakai daban-daban na sarrafa kayan [[Shara|sharar]], kamar rarrabuwa, magani, ko sake amfani da su. Sai dai idan ba a daidaita su ba, za a iya fuskantar girgizar ƙasa mai tsanani ko kuma ruwan ƙasa a lokacin girgizar ƙasa. Da zarar an cika wurin da ke kan wurin zubar da shara za a iya dawo da shi don wasu amfani kamar su [[Tasirin muhalli na Yaki|taki.]] == Ayyuka. == [[File:Landfill.jpg|right|thumb| Ɗaya daga cikin wuraren zubar da ƙasa da yawa da Dryden, Ontario, Kanada ke amfani da shi]] Masu [[Gudanar da Tsarin Ruwa da Ruwa na ƙasa|gudanar]] da guraben aikin gona masu inganci don sharar da ba su da haɗari sun cika ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun bayanai ta hanyar amfani da dabaru zuwa: <ref>https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/dsd/dsd_aofw_ni/ni_pdfs/NationalReports/finland/WASTE.pdf</ref> # tsare sharar gida zuwa ƙaramin yanki gwargwadon yiwuwa # ƙanƙantar datti don rage girma Hakanan zasu iya rufe sharar gida (yawanci yau da kullun) tare da yadudduka na ƙasa ko wasu nau'ikan kayan kamar guntun itace da ƙananan barbashi. A yayin gudanar da aikin shara, ma'auni ko gada na iya auna motocin tattara sharar idan sun iso kuma ma'aikata na iya duba kaya don sharar da ba ta dace da ka'idojin yarda da sharar ba. Bayan haka, motocin da ke tattara shara suna amfani da hanyar sadarwar da ake da su a kan hanyarsu ta zuwa fuska ko aiki, inda suke sauke abubuwan da ke ciki. Bayan an ajiye lodi, compactors ko bulldozers na iya yaɗawa da tattara sharar a fuskar aiki. Kafin barin iyakoki na zubar da shara, motocin tattara shara na iya wucewa ta wurin tsabtace ƙafafu. Idan ya cancanta, sai su koma kan gadar awo don sake yin awo ba tare da kayansu ba. Tsarin awo na iya haɗa kididdiga akan yawan sharar da ke shigowa yau da kullun, wanda ma'ajin bayanai za su iya riƙe don adana rikodi. Baya ga manyan motoci, wasu wuraren zubar da ruwa na iya samun kayan aikin da za su yi amfani da kwantenan layin dogo. Amfani da "rail-haul" yana ba da izinin zama wuraren ajiyar ƙasa a wurare masu nisa, ba tare da matsalolin da ke tattare da tafiye-tafiyen manyan motoci da yawa ba Ko rashin tsarin su. Yawanci, a cikin fuskar aiki, ƙaƙƙarfan sharar ana rufe shi da ƙasa ko madadin kayan yau da kullun. Madadin kayan da ke rufe sharar sun haɗa da guntuwar itace ko wasu "sharar kore", da yawa da aka fesa akan samfuran kumfa, sinadarai "kafaffen" bio-solids, da barguna na wucin gadi. Ana iya ɗaga bargo a wuri da daddare sannan a cire washegari kafin a yi sharar gida. Wurin da aka mamaye yau da kullun ta ƙaƙƙarfan sharar gida da abin rufewa ana kiransa tantanin halitta na yau da kullun. Ƙunƙarar sharar gida yana da mahimmanci don tsawaita rayuwar ma'aunin. Abubuwan da suka haɗa da damfara sharar, kauri-layin sharar da adadin wucewar da compactor akan sharar yana shafar yawan sharar. == Zagayowar rayuwar tsabtace shara. == Kalmar ''firar ƙasa'' yawanci gajarta ce don ƙasƙan ƙasa na birni ko tsabtace shara. An fara gabatar da waɗannan wuraren a farkon ƙarni na 20, to amma sun sami amfani sosai a cikin shekarun 1960s da 1970s, a ƙoƙarin kawar da buɗaɗɗen juji da sauran ayyukan “marasa tsafta”. Wurin tsaftar shara kayan aikin injiniya ne wanda ke rarraba da kuma killace sharar gida. Ana nufin wuraren tsabtace ƙasa a matsayin masu sarrafa halittu ( bioreactors ) wanda ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta za su rushe hadadden sharar gida zuwa mafi sauƙi, ƙananan mahadi masu guba a kan lokaci. Dole ne a tsara waɗannan injiniyoyi da sarrafa su bisa ga ƙa'idodi da ƙa'idodi (Duba injiniyan muhalli ). Yawancin lokaci, bazuwar aerobic shine mataki na farko da ake rushe sharar gida a cikin wani wuri. Wadannan suna biye da matakai hudu na lalata anaerobic. Yawancin lokaci, ƙaƙƙarfan abu mai ƙarfi a cikin lokaci mai ƙarfi yana ruɓe da sauri yayin da manyan ƙwayoyin halitta suna raguwa zuwa ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta. Wadannan ƙananan kwayoyin halitta sun fara narkewa kuma suna motsawa zuwa yanayin ruwa, sannan kuma hydrolysis na wadannan kwayoyin halitta, da kuma hydrolyzed mahadi sa'an nan yin canji da kuma volatilization kamar carbon dioxide (CO <sub>2</sub> ) da methane (CH <sub>4</sub> ), tare da sauran sharar gida. sauran a cikin m da ruwa matakai da ake bi. A lokacin farkon matakai, ƙananan ƙarar kayan abu ya kai ga leachate, kamar yadda kwayoyin halitta masu lalacewa na sharar gida ke raguwa cikin sauri. A halin yanzu, buƙatar iskar oxygen ɗin sinadarai na leachate yana ƙaruwa tare da ƙara yawan mahaɗar abubuwan da ba za a iya jurewa ba idan aka kwatanta da mafi yawan abubuwan da ke cikin leachate ɗin. Nasarar jujjuyawar da kuma daidaita sharar ta dogara ne akan yadda yawan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta ke aiki a cikin syntrophy, watau hulɗar jama'a daban-daban don samar da bukatun juna na abinci.: Zagayowar rayuwar wurin zubar da shara na birni tana da matakai daban-daban guda biyar: <ref>U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2007) Landfill bioreactor performance: second interim report: outer loop recycling & disposal facility - Louisville, Kentucky, EPA/600/R-07/060</ref> === Daidaitawar farko (Mataki na I) === Yayin da aka sanya sharar a cikin rumbun ƙasa, wuraren da ba kowa ba sun ƙunshi babban adadin oxygen na kwayoyin halitta ( <sub>O2</sub> ). Tare da ƙarawa da ƙaƙƙarfan sharar gida, abun cikin O <sub>2</sub> na ɓangarorin ɓoyayyun halittu na ƙasa yana raguwa a hankali. Yawan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta suna girma, ana samun yawa yana ƙaruwa. Aerobic biodegradation ya mamaye, watau farkon mai karɓar lantarki shine O <sub>2</sub> . === Canji (Mataki na II) === O <sub>2</sub> yana raguwa da sauri ta yawan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta. Ragewar O <sub>2</sub> yana haifar da ƙarancin motsa jiki da ƙarin yanayin anaerobic a cikin yadudduka. Masu karɓa na farko na lantarki a lokacin canji sune nitrates da sulfates tun lokacin da O <sub>2</sub> ke gudun hijira ta CO <sub>2</sub> a cikin iskar gas. === Samuwar Acid (Mataki na III) === Hydrolysis na juzu'in da ba za a iya cirewa daga cikin dattin datti yana farawa a lokacin samar da acid, wanda ke haifar da saurin tattara fatty acids (VFAs) a cikin lechate. Ƙara yawan abun ciki na acid Organic yana rage leachate pH daga kusan 7.5 zuwa 5.6. A lokacin wannan lokaci, madaidaitan mahadi kamar VFAs suna ba da gudummawar buƙatun iskar oxygen (COD). Dogon sarka mai canzawa Organic acid (VOAs) ana canza su zuwa acetic acid (C <sub>2</sub> H <sub>4</sub> O <sub>2</sub> ), CO <sub>2</sub>, da hydrogen gas (H <sub>2</sub> ). Yawan adadin VFAs yana haɓaka buƙatun iskar oxygen na biochemical (BOD) da na Muryar Amurka, wanda ke fara samar da H <sub>2</sub> ta ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta, wanda ke haɓaka haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta na H <sub>2</sub> -oxidizing. Tsarin ƙarni na H <sub>2</sub> yana da ɗan gajeren lokaci domin ya cika a ƙarshen lokacin samar da acid. Haɓakawa a cikin biomass na ƙwayoyin cuta na acidogenic yana ƙara yawan lalata kayan sharar gida da cin abinci mai gina jiki. Ƙarfe, waɗanda gabaɗaya sun fi narkewar ruwa a ƙananan pH, na iya zama mafi wayar hannu a wannan lokacin, wanda zai haifar da ƙara yawan ƙarfe a cikin leachate. === Methane fermentation (Mataki na IV) === Hanyoyin samar da acid na tsaka-tsaki (misali, acetic, propionic, da butyric acid) an canza su zuwa CH <sub>4</sub> da CO <sub>2</sub> ta ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta na methanogenic. Kamar yadda methanogens ke daidaita VFAs, ruwan pH na ƙasa yana komawa zuwa tsaka tsaki. Ƙarfin kwayoyin halittar leachate, wanda aka bayyana azaman buƙatar iskar oxygen, yana raguwa cikin sauri tare da haɓaka samar da iskar gas na CH <sub>4</sub> da CO <sub>2</sub> . Wannan shine mafi tsayin lokaci na bazuwar ta. === Ƙarshe balaga da daidaitawa (Mataki na V) === Adadin ayyukan microbiological yana raguwa yayin lokacin ƙarshe na ɓarnawar sharar gida yayin da wadatar kayan abinci ke iyakance halayen sinadarai, misali kamar yadda phosphorus bioavailable ke ƙara ƙaranci. Samar da CH <sub>4</sub> ya kusan ɓacewa gaba ɗaya, tare da O <sub>2</sub> da nau'in oxidized sannu a hankali suna sake bayyana a cikin rijiyoyin iskar gas yayin da O <sub>2</sub> ke ratsa ƙasa daga troposphere. Wannan yana canza yuwuwar rage oxidation-rage (ORP) a cikin leachate zuwa hanyoyin oxidative. Abubuwan da suka rage na kwayoyin halitta na iya ƙara canzawa zuwa lokacin iskar gas, kuma yayin da ake takin kwayoyin halitta; watau kwayoyin halitta suna juyar da su zuwa mahadi-kamar humic . == Tasirin zamantakewa da muhalli == [[File:Landfill_Hawaii.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px| Aikin gona a Hawaii. Lura cewa yankin da ake cikawa “cell” guda ɗaya ne, ingantaccen ma’anarsa kuma akwai layin kariya na ƙasa (wanda aka fallasa a hagu) don hana kamuwa da leaf ɗin da ke ƙaura zuwa ƙasa ta hanyar samuwar ƙasa.]] Wuraren zubar da shara suna da yuwuwar haifar da al'amura da dama. Rushewar ababen more rayuwa, kamar lalacewar hanyoyin shiga da manyan motoci, na iya faruwa. Gurbacewar hanyoyin gida da magudanan ruwa daga tayoyin kan ababen hawa lokacin da suke barin wurin da ake zubar da shara na iya zama muhimmi kuma ana iya rage su ta hanyar tsarin wanke hannu . Gurɓatar muhalli na gida, kamar gurɓataccen ruwan ƙasa ko magudanar ruwa ko gurɓatar ƙasa na iya faruwa, haka nan. === Lechate === Lokacin da hazo ya faɗi a buɗaɗɗen wuraren ajiyar ƙasa, ruwa yana ratsawa cikin datti kuma ya zama gurɓata da abin da aka dakatar da narkar da shi, yana haifar da leach. Idan ba'a ƙunshi wannan ba zai iya gurɓata ruwan ƙasa. Duk wuraren da ake zubar da shara na zamani suna amfani da haɗe-haɗe na layukan da ba su da ƙarfi a cikin kauri na mita da yawa, wuraren tsayayyen yanayin ƙasa da tsarin tattarawa don ƙunshe da kama wannan leak ɗin. Sannan ana iya magance ta a kwashe. Da zarar wurin da ake zubar da shara ya cika, an rufe shi don hana hazo ruwa da sabon samuwar ruwa. Duk da haka, masu layi dole ne su kasance suna da tsawon rai, ya kasance shekaru ɗari da yawa ko fiye. Daga ƙarshe, duk wani injin da ke cikin ƙasa zai iya zubowa, <ref>US EPA, "Solid Waste Disposal Facility Criteria; Proposed Rule", Federal Register 53(168):33314–33422, 40 CFR Parts 257 and 258, US EPA, Washington, D.C., August 30 (1988a).</ref> don haka dole ne a gwada ƙasan da ke kusa da wuraren da ake zubar da ƙasa don kare ƙazanta daga gurɓata ruwan ƙasa. === Rushewar iskar gas === Abinci mai ruɓewa da sauran sharar jiki masu ruɓe suna haifar da iskar gas, musamman CO <sub>2</sub> da CH <sub>4</sub> daga bazuwar iska da anaerobic, bi da bi. Duka matakai biyu suna faruwa a lokaci guda a sassa daban-daban na wurin zubar da ƙasa. Bugu da ƙari ga samuwa O <sub>2</sub>, ƙananan abubuwan da ke cikin iskar gas za su bambanta, dangane da shekarun zubar da ƙasa, nau'in sharar gida, abun ciki na danshi da sauran dalilai. Misali, matsakaicin adadin iskar gas da aka samar ana iya misalta sauƙaƙan amsawar diethyl oxalate wanda ke haifar da waɗannan halayen lokaci guda: <ref name="Themelis, Nickolas J. 2007">Themelis, Nickolas J., and Priscilla A. Ulloa. "Methane generation in landfills." Renewable Energy 32.7 (2007), 1243–1257</ref> 4 C <sub>6</sub> H <sub>10</sub> O <sub>4</sub> + 6 H <sub>2</sub> O → 13 CH <sub>4</sub> + 11 CO <sub>2</sub> A matsakaita, kusan rabin adadin yawan adadin iskar gas shine CH <sub>4</sub> kuma ɗan ƙasa da rabi shine CO <sub>2</sub> . Har ila yau, iskar gas ta ƙunshi kusan kimanin 5% nitrogen molecular (N <sub>2</sub> ), ƙasa da 1% hydrogen sulfide (H <sub>2</sub> S), da ƙananan ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin da ba methane ba (NMOC), game da 2700 ppmv . <ref name="Themelis, Nickolas J. 2007">Themelis, Nickolas J., and Priscilla A. Ulloa. "Methane generation in landfills." Renewable Energy 32.7 (2007), 1243–1257</ref> [[File:Χωματερή_Μαυροράχης_(ΧΥΤΑ_Μακεδονίας).jpg|thumb| Sharar gida a Athens, Girka]] Gas ɗin da ke cike da ƙasa na iya fitowa daga wurin da ake zubar da ƙasa zuwa cikin iska da ƙasa da ke kewaye. Methane iskar gas ce mai zafi, kuma yana ƙonewa kuma mai yuwuwar fashewa a wasu abubuwa, wanda ya sa ya zama cikakke don ƙonewa don samar da wutar lantarki mai tsafta. Tun da lalata kwayoyin halitta da sharar abinci kawai suna sakin carbon da aka kama daga sararin samaniya ta hanyar photosynthesis, babu wani sabon carbon da ke shiga cikin zagayowar carbon kuma yanayin yanayi na CO <sub>2</sub> bai shafi ba. Carbon dioxide yana kama zafi a cikin yanayi, yana ba da gudummawa ga [[canjin yanayi]] . A cikin wuraren da aka sarrafa da kyau, ana tattara iskar gas kuma ana ƙonewa ko kuma a dawo dasu don amfanin iskar gas . === Vectors === Wuraren zubar DA shara mara kyau na iya zama damuwa saboda ƙwayoyin cuta kamar beraye da kuda waɗanda ke yada cututtuka masu yaduwa. Ana iya rage faruwar irin waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta ta hanyar amfani da murfin yau da kullun . === Sauran abubuwan da ke damun su === [[File:A_herd_of_40_wild_elephants_at_Ampara_in_east_Sri_Lanka_is_totally_dependent_on_garbage_from_tractors_DSC8792.jpg|thumb| Kungiyar giwayen daji suna mu'amala da rumbun shara a Sri Lanka]] Wasu batutuwa masu yuwuwa sun haɗa da rushewar namun daji saboda zama da lalacewar lafiyar dabbobi ta hanyar cinye sharar gida daga wuraren da ake zubar da ƙasa, ƙura, wari, gurɓataccen hayaniya, da rage ƙimar kadarorin gida da wasu abubuwan ƙyale-kyale == iskar gas == Ana samar da iskar gas a wuraren da ake zubar da ƙasa saboda narkewar anaerobic da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta. A cikin wurin da aka sarrafa da kyau ana tattara wannan gas ɗin kuma ana amfani da shi. Amfaninsa ya bambanta daga sauƙi mai sauƙi zuwa amfani da iskar gas da samar da wutar lantarki. Sa ido kan iskar gas yana faɗakar da ma'aikata game da kasancewar tarin iskar gas zuwa matakin cutarwa. A wasu ƙasashe, farfaɗowar iskar gas yana da yawa; a {asar Amirka, alal misali, fiye da kimanin 850 wuraren sharar gida suna da tsarin dawo da iskar gas. [[File:Gas_flare_from_a_landfill_in_Ohio.jpg|thumb| Fuskar iskar iskar gas ta samar ta hanyar zubar da ruwa a gundumar Lake, Ohio]] == Ayyukan yanki == [[File:Landfill_face.JPG|right|thumb| Wurin zubar ruwa a Perth, Yammacin Ostiraliya]] [[File:South_East_New_Territories_Landfill_2.jpg|right|thumb| Kudu maso Gabas New Territories Landfill, [[Hong Kong]]]] === Kanada === Hukumomin lardi na lardi da dokar kare muhalli ne ke sarrafa wuraren da ake cika shara a Kanada. <ref>[http://www.ene.gov.on.ca/environment/en/monitoring_and_reporting/limo/STDPROD_077977.html Landfill Inventory Management Ontario – How Ontario regulates Landfills – Ministry of the Environment]</ref> Tsofaffin wuraren aiki suna faɗuwa ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin yanzu kuma ana kula da su don leaching . <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100928022645/http://www.ecoissues.ca/index.php/Aging_Landfills:_Ontario%E2%80%99s_Forgotten_Polluters Aging Landfills: Ontario's Forgotten Polluters – Eco Issues]</ref> Wasu tsoffin wuraren an canza su zuwa filin shakatawa da more rayuwa. === Tarayyar Turai === A cikin Tarayyar Turai, kowane jihohi dole ne su samar da doka don biyan buƙatu da wajibai na Umarnin Filla Fil na Turai . Yawancin ƙasashe membobin EU suna da dokoki da ke hanawa ko hana zubar da sharar gida ta hanyar zubar da shara. === Indiya === Filayen ƙasa a halin yanzu shine babbar hanyar zubar da shara na birni a Indiya. Indiya kuma tana da filin jibge-gegen mafi girma na Asiya a Deonar, Mumbai. Ko da yake al'amura akai-akai suna tasowa saboda haɓakar haɓakar sharar ƙasa da rashin kulawa daga hukumomi. Ana yawan ganin gobarar sama da ƙasa a matsugunan ƙasar Indiya a cikin ƴan shekarun da suka gabata. === Ƙasar Ingila === Ayyukan sharar ƙasa a Burtaniya dole ne su canza a cikin 'yan shekarun nan don saduwa da ƙalubalen Umarnin Filayen shara na Turai. Yanzu Birtaniya na sanya harajin share fage akan sharar da za a iya cirewa wanda ake sakawa a wuraren da ake zubar da shara. Baya ga wannan an samar da Tsarin Kasuwancin Bayar da Fil ga ƙananan hukumomi don yin ciniki da ƙayyadaddun ƙasƙanci a Ingila. Wani tsari na daban yana aiki a Wales inda hukumomi ba za su iya 'yin ciniki' a tsakaninsu ba, amma suna da alawus da aka sani da Tsarin Allowance Landfill. Wato albashi Kenan. === Amurka === Hukumar kula da muhalli ta kowace jiha ce ke sarrafa wuraren da ake zubar da shara a Amurka, wanda ke kafa mafi ƙanƙanta ƙa'idodi; duk da haka, babu ɗayan waɗannan ƙa'idodin da zai iya faɗuwa ƙasa da waɗanda Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) ta gindaya. <ref>Horinko, Marianne, Cathryn Courtin. [http://www.epaalumni.org/hcp/rcra.pdf "Waste Management: A Half Century of Progress."] EPA Alumni Association. March 2016.</ref> Ba da izinin zubar da shara gaba ɗaya yana ɗaukar tsakanin shekaru biyar zuwa bakwai, yana kashe miliyoyin daloli kuma yana buƙatar tsayayyen wurin zama, injiniyanci da nazarin muhalli da zanga-zangar don tabbatar da gamsuwa da abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli da aminci. == Nau'ukan == * Sharar gida ta gari : sharar gida da kayan da ba su da haɗari. Haɗe da wannan nau'in ƙasƙan ƙasa akwai Bioreactor Landfill wanda ke lalata kayan halitta musamman. * Sharar gida: don sharar kasuwanci da masana'antu. Sauran wuraren da ke da alaƙa sun haɗa da Gine-ginen Gine-gine da Rushewar tarkace da Ragowar Filayen Konewar Kwal. * Sharar gida mai haɗari ko sharar PCB : Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) matsuguni waɗanda Dokar Kula da Abubuwan Guba ta 1976 (TSCA) ke kulawa a cikin Amurka. == Batutuwan ƙwayoyin cuta == Matsayin al'umman ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta na iya ƙayyade ingancinsa na narkewa. An gano kwayoyin cutar da ke narkewar robobi a wuraren da ake zubar da shara. == Maidowa kayan == Mutum na iya ɗaukar wuraren zubar da ƙasa a matsayin madaidaicin tushen kayan aiki da kuzari . A cikin ƙasashen duniya na uku, masu sharar gida sukan yi ɓarna ga kayan da har yanzu ba a iya amfani da su. A cikin mahallin kasuwanci, kamfanoni kuma sun gano wuraren zubar da ƙasa, da yawa  sun fara girbi kayan aiki da makamashi. Sanannun misalan sun haɗa da wuraren dawo da iskar gas. Sauran wuraren kasuwanci sun haɗa da inneratorers waɗanda ke da ginanniyar dawo da kayan aiki. Wannan kayan dawowa yana yiwuwa ta hanyar amfani da masu tacewa ( electro filter, aiki-carbon da potassium filter, quench, HCl-washer, SO <sub>2</sub> -washer, kasa ash -grating, da dai sauransu. ). == Madadin == Bugu da ƙari, dabarun rage sharar gida da sake amfani da su, akwai hanyoyi daban-daban don zubar da ƙasa, ciki har da sharar gida-zuwa makamashi, narkewar anaerobic, takin gargajiya, maganin ilimin halitta, pyrolysis da plasma arc gasification . Dangane da tattalin arziƙin gida da abubuwan ƙarfafawa, waɗannan za a iya sanya su mafi kyawun kuɗi fiye da wuraren zubar da ƙasa Ko muhalli. == Ƙuntatawa == Kasashe da suka hada da [[Jamus]], [[Austriya|Ostiriya]], [[Sweden]], [[Denmark]], [[Beljik|Belgium]], [[Holand|Netherlands]], da [[Switzerland]], sun hana zubar da sharar da ba a kula da su ba a wuraren da ake zubar da shara.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2018}}A cikin wasu ɓangarorin haɗari ne kawai, toka mai tashi daga ƙonawa ko ingantaccen kayan aikin injinan jiyya na ƙwayoyin cuta ana iya adana su.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2018}} == Duba wasu abubuwan == == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Ci gaba da karatu == * * * * * Daniel A. Vallero, ''Kimiyyar Halittar Muhalli: Hanyar Tsarin Halitta'' . Bugu na 2. Lantarki na Ilimi, Amsterdam, Netherlands da Boston MA, Littafin Buga  ; eBook  shekarata. 2015. == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.wasterecycling.org Ƙungiyar Sharar gida da sake amfani da su ta Amurka] * [http://www.swana.org Ƙungiya mai ƙarfi ta Arewacin Amurka] * https://waste-management-world.com/a/a-compact-guide-to-landfill-operation-machinery-management-and-misconceptions [[Category:Shara]] [[Category:Juji]] [[Category:Hakki]] [[Category:Muhalli]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6ycc2skngmhadrvq3ienkrkyk1yhqg4 0 29821 874130 617311 2026-07-02T07:05:11Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 874130 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:16-06-23_07_End_Solitary_Confinement.jpg |thumb| End Solitary Confinement ]] [[File:Tormento_a_indigenas_por_envonenderos.jpg |thumb|Daji]] [[File:Thuong Duc, Vietnam - A Viet Cong prisoner awaits interrogation at the A-109 Special Forces Detachment in Thuong - NARA - 531447.jpg|thumb| An kama sojan Viet Cong, an rufe ido da kuma ɗaure a cikin wani yanayi na damuwa da sojojin KasarAmurka a lokacin Yaƙin Vietnam, a shekara ta 1967]] '''Azabtarwa''' (Gallazawa) ita ce da gangan ajiwa mutum ciwo mai tsanani ko wahala. Dalilan azabtarwa Kuma sun haɗa da hukunci, cire iƙirarin, wata tambayoyi don bayani, ko tsoratar da wasu, dalillai Jihohi sun sha azabtar da su a tsawon tarihi, tun daga zamanin baya har zuwa yau. A karni na sha takwas da na sha tara, kasashen yamma sun soke amfani da azabtarwa a hukumance a tsarin shari'a, amma ana ci gaba da amfani da azaba. Ana kuma amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban na azabtarwa, sau da yawa a hade; Mafi yawan nau'in azabtarwa na jiki shi ne duka. Tun daga karni na ashirin (20), masu azabtarwa da yawa sun gwammace hanyoyin da ba su da tabo ko na tunani don ba da ƙin yarda. Masu azabtarwa suna aiki a cikin muhallin ƙungiya mai izini wanda ke sauƙaƙe da ƙarfafa halayensu. Waɗanda aka azabtar da su na farko su ne talakawa da marasa galihu da ake zargi da aikata laifuka na yau da kullun. A wasu lokuta kuma ana ganin hukuncin kotuna da hukunce-hukuncen kisa a matsayin nau'in azabtarwa, ko da yake wannan yana da cece-kuce a duniya. Babban maƙasudin azabtarwa shine a lalata hukumar da halayen wanda aka azabtar; kowane nau'i na azabtarwa na iya yin mummunan tasiri na jiki ko na hankali ga wadanda abin ya shafa. Hakanan azabtarwa na iya yin mummunan tasiri ga mai aikata laifin da cibiyoyi. Binciken ra'ayin jama'a ya nuna gaba ɗaya adawa ga azabtarwa, koda yake wasu tsirarun mutane suna goyon bayan amfani da azabtarwa a wasu lokuta. An haramta azabtarwa a ƙarƙashin dokar ƙasa da ƙasa ga duk jihohi a kowane yanayi, ƙarƙashin duka dokokin al'ada na duniya da yarjejeniyoyin daban-daban; sau da yawa wannan yana dogara ne akan hujjar cewa azabtarwa ta keta mutuncin ɗan adam. Yin adawa da azabtarwa ya taimaka wajen kafa ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]], kuma azabtarwa na ci gaba da kasancewa muhimmiyar batun [[Hakkokin ɗan'adam|haƙƙin ɗan]] adam. Ko da yake lamarin ya ragu, yawancin ƙasashe har yanzu ana azabtar da su kuma ya yaɗu a duk faɗin duniya. [[File:Torture in the Joseon Period.JPG|200px|right|thumbnail|Wani nau'in azabtarwa]] == Ma'anoni == Azaba (daga kalmar [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] {{Lang|la|torcere}} murgudawa) {{Sfn|Pérez-Sales|2016}} an bayyana shi a matsayin ganganci na ciwo mai tsanani ko wahala ga wanda aka azabtar, wanda yawanci ana fassara shi a matsayin wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikon mai laifi. {{Sfn|Nowak|2014}} {{Sfn|Carver|Handley|2016}} Dole ne a yi maganin don wata manufa ta musamman, kamar tilasta wa wanda aka azabtar ya yi ikirari, ba da bayanai, ko hukunta su. {{Sfn|Nowak|2014}} {{Sfn|Pérez-Sales|2016}} Ma'anar Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da azabtarwa kawai tana la'akari da azabtarwa da gwamnati ke yi. {{Sfn|Carver|Handley|2016}} {{Sfn|Nowak|2014}} {{Sfn|Hajjar|2013}} Yawancin tsarin shari'a sun haɗa da wakilai da ke aiki a madadin jihar, kuma wasu ma'anar za su ƙara ƙungiyoyin da ba na jiha ba, ƙungiyoyin laifuka, ko masu zaman kansu da ke aiki a wuraren kulawa na jihohi (kamar asibitoci). Mafi fa'idodin ma'anar sun ƙunshi kowa a matsayin mai yuwuwar mai yin laifi. {{Sfn|Pérez-Sales|2016}} Matsakaicin tsananin da za a iya rarraba a matsayin azabtarwa shine mafi yawan rikice-rikice na ma'anar azabtarwa; A tsawon lokaci, ƙarin ayyuka ana ɗaukar azabtarwa. {{Sfn|Hajjar|2013}} {{Sfn|Carver|Handley|2016}} {{Sfn|Saul|Flanagan|2020}} Hanyar manufa, wanda masana irin su Manfred Nowak da Malcolm Evans suka fi so, ya bambanta azabtarwa da sauran nau'i na zalunci, rashin tausayi, ko wulakanci ta hanyar la'akari kawai manufar da aka yi amfani da ita ba don haka ba. tsanani. {{Sfn|Carver|Handley|2016}} {{Sfn|Nowak|2014}} Sauran ma'anoni, irin su wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin Yarjejeniyar Inter-Amurka don Hanawa da azabtar da ko Kuma azaba, suna mayar da hankali kan manufar mai azabtarwa "don shafe halayen wanda aka azabtar." {{Sfn|Wisnewski|2010}} == Labarin tarihii == === sharewa === [[File:History_of_Egypt,_Chaldea,_Syria,_Babylonia_and_Assyria_(1903)_(14761195044).jpg|thumb| Shugabannin Elam guda biyu sun yi fatali da rai bayan Yaƙin Ulai, agajin Assuriya]] A mafi yawan tsofi, na da, da farkon al'ummomin zamani, ana ɗaukar azabtarwa bisa doka da ɗabi'a kuma ana aiwatar da su. {{Sfn|Einolf|2007}} Akwai shaidar archaeological na azabtarwa a farkon Neolithic Turai, kimanin shekaru 7,000 da suka wuce. {{Sfn|Meyer ''et al.''|2015}} Ana yawan ambaton azaba a majiyoyin tarihi akan Assuriya da Achaemenid Farisa . {{Sfn|Frahm|2006}} Ƙungiyoyi sun yi amfani da azabtarwa duka biyu a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin shari'a da kuma a matsayin hukunci, ko da yake wasu masana tarihi sun raba tarihin azabtarwa daga tarihin azabtarwa. {{Sfn|Barnes|2017}} A tarihi, ana ganin azabtarwa a matsayin amintacciyar hanya don fitar da gaskiya, hukunci da ya dace, da kuma hana laifukan da za a yi a gaba. {{Sfn|Evans|2020}} An tsara azabtarwa bisa doka tare da tsauraran ƙuntatawa akan hanyoyin da aka yarda; {{Sfn|Evans|2020}} Hanyoyi na yau da kullum a Turai sun haɗa da rack da strappado. {{Sfn|Beam|2020}} Sannan Kuma A yawancin al'ummomi, ana iya azabtar da 'yan ƙasa ta hanyar shari'a kawai a ƙarƙashin yanayi na musamman don wani babban laifi kamar cin amana, sau da yawa kawai lokacin da wasu shaidun sun kasance. Sabanin haka, an sha gallazawa wadanda ba ’yan kasa ba kamar baki da bayi. azabtarwa ba kasafai ba ne a farkon tsakiyar Turai amma ya zama ruwan dare tsakanin 1200 zuwa 1400. {{Sfn|Beam|2020}} Saboda alkalai na tsakiyar zamanai sun yi amfani da babbar ma'auni na musamman, wani lokaci sukan ba da izinin azabtarwa inda dalilai masu ma'ana suka ɗaure mutum da babban birni. laifi idan ba shaidu biyu ba, kamar yadda ake bukata a yanke wa wani laifi idan babu wani ikirari. Har yanzu azabtarwa wani tsari ne mai tsada da aiki wanda aka yi amfani da shi kawai don manyan laifuffuka. {{Sfn|Beam|2020}} Yawancin wadanda aka azabtar da su an zarge su da kisan kai, cin amana, ko sata. {{Sfn|Beam|2020}} Kotunan majami'u ta Tsakiya da Inquisition sun yi amfani da azabtarwa a ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin tsari iri ɗaya kamar kotunan duniya. {{Sfn|Wisnewski|2010}} [[Daular Usmaniyya]] da Qajar Iran sun yi amfani da azabtarwa a lokuta da dalilai masu ma'ana da suka daure wani da wani laifi, ko da yake a al'adance [[Shari'a|shari'ar Musulunci ta]] dauki shaidar da aka samu a karkashin azabtarwa a matsayin rashin yarda. {{Sfn|Einolf|2007}} === Sharewa da ci gaba da amfani === [[File:Goya_y_Lucientes,_Francisco_de_-_The_custody_of_a_criminal_does_not_require_torture_-_Google_Art_Project_(cropped).jpg|thumb| "Karkon mai laifi baya buƙatar azabtarwa" na Francisco Goya, {{Circa|1812}}]] A cikin ƙarni na sha bakwai, azabtarwa ta kasance doka, amma aikinta ya ƙi. {{Sfn|Beam|2020}} A lokacin da aka soke shi, a cikin ƙarni na Sha takwas 18th da farkon 19th, azabtarwa ya riga ya zama mahimmanci ga tsarin shari'ar laifuka na ƙasashen Turai. {{Sfn|Beam|2020}} Ka'idodin dalilin da yasa aka soke azabtarwa sun haɗa da haɓakar ra'ayoyin wayewa game da darajar ɗan adam, {{Sfn|Hajjar|2013}} {{Sfn|Wisnewski|2010}} rage ma'aunin shaida a cikin shari'o'in laifuka, ra'ayoyin da suka fi dacewa da suka daina ganin zafi kamar yadda yake. fansa ta ɗabi'a, {{Sfn|Einolf|2007}} {{Sfn|Wisnewski|2010}} da faɗaɗa gidajen yari a matsayin madadin kisa ko hukunci mai zafi. {{Sfn|Hajjar|2013}} {{Sfn|Beam|2020}} Yin amfani da azabtarwa ya ragu bayan an shafe shi kuma an ƙara ganin shi a matsayin wanda ba a yarda da shi ba. {{Sfn|Einolf|2007}} {{Sfn|Barnes|2017}} Ba a sani ba idan azabtarwa kuma ta ragu a cikin jihohin da ba na Yamma ba ko Turawa a cikin karni na sha tara. {{Sfn|Einolf|2007}} A kasar Sin, an haramta azabtar da shari'a wanda aka yi fiye da shekaru dubu biyu, tun daga daular Han {{Sfn|Evans|2020}} bulala, da ''lingchi'' ( rarrabuwa ) a matsayin hanyar kisa a 1905. {{Sfn|Bourgon|2003}} karni na ashirin da ashirin da daya. {{Sfn|Pérez-Sales|2016}} Turawan mulkin mallaka sun yi amfani da azabtarwa sosai don shawo kan juriya; azabar mulkin mallaka ya kai kololuwa a lokacin yake-yaken ‘yan mulkin mallaka a karni na ashirin. {{Sfn|Einolf|2007}} {{Sfn|Hajjar|2013}} An kiyasta cewa an azabtar da mutane 300,000 a lokacin Yaƙin 'Yancin Aljeriya (1954-1962), {{Sfn|Pérez-Sales|2016}} da Ingila da Portugal suma sun yi amfani da azabtarwa a yunƙurin ci gaba da daulolinsu. {{Sfn|Barnes|2017}} Ƙasashe masu zaman kansu a Afirka, Gabas ta Tsakiya, da Asiya sau da yawa suna amfani da azabtarwa a cikin karni na ashirin, amma ba a sani ba ko wannan karuwa ne fiye da matakan karni na sha tara. {{Sfn|Einolf|2007}} Amfani da azabtarwa a Turai ya karu saboda ƙirƙira ƴan sandan sirri, {{Sfn|Wisnewski|2010}} [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na]] ɗaya da [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]], da haɓakar ƙasashen gurguzu da na facist. {{Sfn|Einolf|2007}} Hakanan gwamnatocin gurguzu da masu adawa da kwaminisanci sun yi amfani da azabtarwa a lokacin yakin cacar baki a Latin Amurka, tare da kiyasin mutane Kimanin 100,000 zuwa 150,000 da gwamnatocin da Amurka ke marawa baya suka azabtar da su. {{Sfn|Einolf|2007}} {{Sfn|Hajjar|2013}} Ƙasashen da ba a cika samun azabtarwa ba a cikin karni na ashirin, su ne tsarin dimokuradiyya masu sassaucin ra'ayi na yammacin duniya, to amma ko da a can an yi amfani da azabtarwa ga tsirarun kabilu ko wadanda ake zargi da aikata laifuka daga masu zaman kansu, da kuma lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe na kasashen waje. {{Sfn|Einolf|2007}} Bayan [[September 11 attacks|harin 9/11]], gwamnatin Amurka ta fara wani shirin azabtarwa a ketare a matsayin wani bangare na " yakin ta da ta'addanci." {{Sfn|Hajjar|2013}} An bayyana yadda Amurka ke azabtar da mutane a Abu Ghraib a fili, wanda ya ja hankalin duniya. {{Sfn|Hajjar|2013}} Ko da yake gwamnatin George W. Bush ta yi watsi da haramcin azabtarwa na kasa da kasa, ta sanya wa hanyoyinta lakabi "ingantattun dabarun tambayoyi" kuma ta musanta cewa azabtarwa ne. {{Sfn|Wisnewski|2010}} {{Sfn|Hajjar|2013}} {{Sfn|Saul|Flanagan|2020}} Wani bincike na 2016 ya kammala cewa azabtarwa ta ragu a kasashe 16 tun daga 1985 amma yawanci a wasu ƙasashe ma, koda yake ya kara tsananta a wasu. {{Sfn|Carver|Handley|2016}} == Yaduwa == [[File:Cooking_underneath_the_Howra_bridge_in_Kolkata_(4281290768).jpg|thumb| Indiyawan marasa gida a ƙarƙashin gadar Howrah a [[Kolkata]] . Talakawa da marasa galihu suna cikin haɗarin azabtarwa.]] [[File:Protesters_use_tennis_rackets_to_bat_away_tear_gas._(50267655062).jpg|thumb|An yi amfani da hayaki mai sa hawaye yayin zanga-zangar Hong Kong na 2019-2020 . Ana ɗaukar amfani da hayaki mai sa hawaye a kan masu zanga-zangar wani lokaci a matsayin nau'i na azabtarwa. {{Sfn|Carver|Handley|2016}}]] Ko da yake 'yan kaɗan ne idan kowace ƙasa ta yarda da azabtarwa, yawancin ƙasashe suna aikata shi. {{Sfn|Kelly|2019}} {{Sfn|Hajjar|2013}} Haramcin azabtarwa bai hana jihohi azabtarwa gaba daya ba; maimakon haka, suna canza waɗanne fasahohin da ake amfani da su, ƙaryatawa, ɓoyewa, ko fitar da shirye-shiryen azabtarwa. {{Sfn|Barnes|2017}} Yin auna yawan azabtarwa yana da wahala saboda yawanci ana aikata shi a asirce, kuma ba da rahoton irin waɗannan lokuta yana shafar bayanan haƙƙin ɗan adam cin zarafi ya fi fitowa fili a cikin al'ummomi masu buɗe ido inda ake da niyyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam. {{Sfn|Carver|Handley|2016}} Ko da yake an mayar da hankali a kwanan nan don haɗawa da wasu wuraren da ake tsare da su, irin su tsare-tsare na shige da fice ko wuraren tsare matasa, {{Sfn|Rejali|2020}} {{Sfn|Kelly ''et al.''|2020}} akwai ƙididdiga masu yawa a ƙarƙashin azabtarwa saboda ba su haɗa da mutanen da ba sa son bayar da rahoto. Azaba da ke faruwa a wajen tsarewa - gami da hukuncin wuce gona da iri, tsoratarwa, da sarrafa taron jama'a - a tarihi ba a ƙidaya su ba. {{Sfn|Kelly|2019}} {{Sfn|Kelly ''et al.''|2020}} {{Sfn|Jensena ''et al.''|2017}} Akwai ma karancin bayanai kan yawaitar azabtarwa kafin karni na ashirin. {{Sfn|Einolf|2007}} Dimokuradiyyar masu sassaucin ra'ayi ba sa iya cin zarafin 'yan kasarsu, amma suna cin zarafi, ciki har da azabtar da 'yan kasa da aka sani ko musamman wadanda ba 'yan kasa ba wadanda ba za su yi la'akari da dimokuradiyya ba. {{Sfn|Einolf|2007}} {{Sfn|Hajjar|2013}} Masu jefa ƙuri'a na iya goyan bayan tashin hankali ga ƙungiyoyin da aka gani a matsayin barazana; manyan cibiyoyi ba su da tasiri wajen hana azabtarwa ga tsiraru ko baki. {{Sfn|Evans|2020}} Yawancin canje-canjen siyasa, irin su sauyi zuwa dimokuradiyya, ana yawan ambaton su a matsayin dalilin canje-canje a cikin abin da ya faru na azabtarwa. {{Sfn|Carver|Handley|2016}} Ana iya azabtar da azabtarwa lokacin da al'umma ke jin tsoro saboda yaƙe-yaƙe ko rikice-rikice, {{Sfn|Einolf|2007}} {{Sfn|Evans|2020}} amma nazarin ya kasa zana alaka mai dacewa tsakanin amfani da azabtarwa da hare-haren ta'addanci. {{Sfn|Rejali|2020}} Ana azabtar da wasu sassa na jama'a, waɗanda aka hana su kariya daga azabtarwa da wasu ke jin daɗi. {{Sfn|Wolfendale|2019}} {{Sfn|Celermajer|2018}} {{Sfn|Evans|2020}} Ana azabtar da fursunonin siyasa ko a lokacin rikici na makamai sun sami kulawar da ba ta dace ba. {{Sfn|Oette|2021}} {{Sfn|Carver|Handley|2016}} Yawancin wadanda aka azabtar da su ana zargin su da laifuka; Adadin wadanda abin ya shafa sun fito ne daga matalautan al'ummomi ko marasa galihu, musamman samari marasa aikin yi, [[Talauci|talakawan birni]], da mutanen LGBT . {{Sfn|Kelly|2019}} {{Sfn|Carver|Handley|2016}} Talauci na dangi da rashin daidaiton da ya haifar musamman yana barin matalauta cikin mawuyacin hali. {{Sfn|Kelly ''et al.''|2020}} Sauran kungiyoyi musamman masu saurin azabtarwa sun hada da [['Yan gudun hijira|'yan gudun hijira]] da bakin haure, kabilanci ko kabilanci, 'yan asali, da mutanen da ke da nakasa . {{Sfn|Oette|2021}} Ba a ganin cin zarafi na yau da kullun ga matalauta da marasa galihu a matsayin azabtarwa, kuma masu yin ta suna ba da hujjar tashin hankalin a matsayin halaltacciyar dabarar 'yan sanda, {{Sfn|Celermajer|2018}} yayin da wadanda abin ya shafa ba su da kayan aiki ko kuma tsaye don neman mafita. {{Sfn|Kelly ''et al.''|2020}} Laifin rashin matsuguni, aikin jima'i, ko aiki a cikin tattalin arziki na yau da kullun na iya ba da uzuri ga cin zarafin 'yan sanda akan matalauta. {{Sfn|Oette|2021}} Ana ganin azabtarwa a matsayin wani abu na musamman, rashin kula da wannan tashin hankalin na yau da kullum. {{Sfn|Oette|2021}} {{Sfn|Jensena ''et al.''|2017}} == Yin zalunci == Yawancin masu azabtarwa suna kallon ayyukansu a matsayin bautar babbar manufa ta siyasa ko akida wacce ke ba da hujjar azabtarwa a matsayin halaltacciyar hanya ta kare ƙasa. {{Sfn|Wisnewski|2010}} {{Sfn|Wolfendale|2019}} {{Sfn|Evans|2020}} Al'adun azabtarwa suna da daraja kamun kai, horo, da ƙwarewa a matsayin kyawawan dabi'u, suna taimakawa masu azabtarwa su ci gaba da kasancewa mai kyau. {{Sfn|Wolfendale|2019}} Masu azabtarwa waɗanda ke yin wahala fiye da wajibi don karya wanda aka azabtar ko yin aiki ba bisa ka'ida ba (ramuwar gayya, jin daɗin jima'i) takwarorinsu sun ƙi su ko kuma sun sauke wani aiki. {{Sfn|Pérez-Sales|2016}} sau da yawa masu laifin suna kallon waɗanda ake azabtarwa da su a matsayin manyan barazana da maƙiyan ƙasa . {{Sfn|Wisnewski|2010}} Masifa Jessica Wolfendale, ta yi jayayya cewa tun da "yanke hukuncin azabtar da mutum ya ƙunshi ƙin ganin matsayin wanda aka azabtar a ''matsayin mutum'' a matsayin ƙayyadaddun abin da za a iya yi musu", an riga an ga waɗanda abin ya shafa a matsayin waɗanda ba su kai cikakken ɗan adam ba a da. ana azabtar da su. {{Sfn|Wolfendale|2019}} Masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam Pau Pérez-Sales ya gano cewa mai azabtarwa zai iya yin aiki daga dalilai iri-iri kamar sadaukar da kai, riba, shiga rukuni, guje wa azabtarwa, ko guje wa laifi daga ayyukan azabtarwa na baya. {{Sfn|Pérez-Sales|2016}} Haɗin kai da ƙoƙarin halin da ake ciki yana kai mutum ya zama mai azabtarwa. {{Sfn|Pérez-Sales|2016}} A yawancin lokuta inda ake amfani da azabtarwa bisa tsari, masu azabtarwa ba su da hankali ga tashin hankali ta hanyar fallasa su ta jiki ko ta hankali yayin horo. {{Sfn|Collard|2018}} {{Sfn|Wisnewski|2010}} {{Sfn|Celermajer|2018}} Wolfendale ya bayar da hujjar cewa horon soja yana da nufin haifar da biyayya marar tambaya, don haka ya sa jami'an soji su zama masu azabtarwa. {{Sfn|Wisnewski|2010}} Ko da lokacin da gwamnati ba ta ba da umarnin azabtarwa ba, {{Sfn|Wisnewski|2010}} masu aikata laifuka na iya jin matsin lamba na tsara don azabtarwa saboda ana ganin ƙin a matsayin rauni ko rashin namiji. {{Sfn|Rejali|2020}} Manyan jami'an 'yan sanda da na musamman sun fi fuskantar azabtarwa, watakila saboda tsantsan yanayinsu da kuma kariya daga sa ido. {{Sfn|Wisnewski|2010}} azabtarwa na iya zama illa na karya tsarin shari'ar laifuka wanda rashin kudi, rashin 'yancin kai na shari'a, ko cin hanci da rashawa yana lalata ingantaccen bincike da shari'a na [[Ƴancin gwaji|gaskiya]] . {{Sfn|Celermajer|2018}} {{Sfn|Carver|Handley|2016}} {{Sfn|Celermajer|2018}} {{Sfn|Carver|Handley|2016}} ’Yan sandan da ba su da ma’aikata ko kuma ba su da horo sun fi fuskantar azabtarwa yayin da suke yi wa wadanda ake tuhuma tambayoyi. {{Sfn|Carver|Handley|2016}} {{Sfn|Celermajer|2018}} A wasu ƙasashe, irin su [[Kirgistan|Kyrgyzstan]], ana iya azabtar da wadanda ake zargi a ƙarshen wata saboda ƙimar aiki. {{Sfn|Carver|Handley|2016}} Masu azabtarwa ba za su iya ci gaba ba in ba tare da goyon bayan wasu da ke goyon bayan faruwar ta ba da kuma da yawa daga masu kallo da suka yi watsi da azabtarwa. Soja, hankali, ilimin halin dan Adam, likitanci, da ƙwararrun shari'a na iya taimakawa wajen gina al'adar azabtarwa. {{Sfn|Wolfendale|2019}} Ƙarfafawa na iya ba da fifiko ga yin amfani da azabtarwa a matakin hukuma ko daidaikun mutane; wasu masu aikata laifin suna samun kwarin gwiwa ne da fatan ci gaban sana'a. {{Sfn|Rejali|2020}} Ofishin gwamnati ya rarraba alhakin azabtarwa, yana taimaka wa masu aikata laifuka su ba da uzuri ga ayyukansu. Ci gaba da ɓoyewa da kuma ɓoye cin zarafi daga jama'a yana da mahimmanci don kiyaye shirin azabtarwa, wanda za'a iya aiwatar da shi ta hanyoyi daban-daban, kama daga tantancewa kai tsaye, musun ko lalata azabtarwa a matsayin wani abu dabam, don kawar da cin zarafi daga waje. yankin jiha. {{Sfn|Evans|2020}} Tare da musun hukuma, azabtarwa yana haifar da rashin jin daɗi daga waɗanda aka azabtar da kuma rashin hukunci (ba a gurfanar da su ba) ga masu laifi {{Sfn|Evans|2020}} - Laifukan laifuka don azabtarwa ba su da yawa. {{Sfn|Carver|Handley|2016}} Azaba yana da wuya ko ba zai yuwu a ɗauka ba, yana miƙe zuwa mafi tsananin fasaha da manyan ƙungiyoyin waɗanda abin ya shafa sama da abin da manyan masu yanke shawara suke so. {{Sfn|Wolfendale|2019}} {{Sfn|Rejali|2020}} Haɓaka azabtarwa yana da wahala musamman a cikin ayyukan yaƙi da tawagar. {{Sfn|Rejali|2020}} azabtarwa da takamaiman dabarun azabtarwa sun yaɗu a tsakanin ƙasashe daban-daban, musamman ma sojojin da ke dawowa gida daga yaƙe-yaƙe na ketare, amma wannan tsari ba a fahimta ba. {{Sfn|Rejali|2020}} == Manufar == === Hukunci === [[File:Aceh_caning_2014,_VOA.jpg|thumb| Hukuncin Canja a Banda Aceh, Indonesiya a cikin 2014, daidai da dokar laifuka ta Musulunci a Aceh]] Azabtarwa ta samo asali ne tun zamanin da, kuma har yanzu ana aiki a cikin karni na 21st. {{Sfn|Hajjar|2013}} Lokacin da tsarin shari'a ya lalace ko kuma gidajen yari sun cika da yawa, 'yan sanda na iya hukunta samari nan take su sake su ba tare da wata tuhuma ba; wannan al'ada ta zama ruwan dare a kasashe da dama na duniya. {{Sfn|Oette|2021}} {{Sfn|Kelly ''et al.''|2020}} Ana iya yin irin wannan azabtarwa a ofishin 'yan sanda {{Sfn|Celermajer|2018}} gidan wanda aka azabtar, ko kuma wurin jama'a. {{Sfn|Jensena ''et al.''|2017}} A Afirka ta Kudu, an lura da 'yan sanda suna mika wadanda ake zargi ga 'yan banga. {{Sfn|Kelly ''et al.''|2020}} Ana yawan aikata irin wannan tashin hankali a bainar jama'a domin a hana wasu. Yana nuna wariya ga ƴan tsiraru da ƙungiyoyin wariya kuma yana iya samun goyon bayan ra'ayin jama'a, musamman idan mutane ba su amince da tsarin shari'a na hukuma ba. {{Sfn|Kelly ''et al.''|2020}} Rarraba hukuncin kotuna a matsayin azabtarwa yana da cece-kuce a duniya, ko da yake an hana shi karara a karkashin yarjejeniyar Geneva. {{Sfn|Nowak|2014}} Wasu marubuta, irin su John D. Bessler, sun yi iƙirarin cewa hukuncin kisa wani nau'i ne na azabtarwa da ake yi don hukunci. {{Sfn|Nowak|2014}} {{Sfn|Bessler|2018}} Ana iya aiwatar da hukuncin kisa ta hanyoyi na ban tausayi, kamar jifa, konewa, ko yanke gungu. {{Sfn|Quiroga|Modvig|2020}} A farkon Turai na zamani, kisa jama'a wata hanya ce ta nuna ikon gwamnati, da ba da tsoro da biyayya, da hana wasu yin haka. {{Sfn|Beam|2020}} Cutarwar tunani na hukuncin kisa, alal misali, al'amarin jeri na mutuwa, wani lokaci ana ɗaukarsa nau'i na azabtarwa na tunani. {{Sfn|Bessler|2018}} Wasu kuma suna bambanta hukuncin jiki tare da tsayayyen hukunci daga azabtarwa, saboda ba ya neman karya nufin wanda aka azabtar. {{Sfn|Evans|2020}} === Tsayawa === Hakanan ana iya amfani da azabtarwa ba tare da nuna bambanci ba don tsoratar da mutane ban da wanda aka azabtar kai tsaye ko kuma hana adawa da gwamnati. {{Sfn|Hajjar|2013}} An yi amfani da azabtarwa don hana bayi tserewa ko tawaye. masu kawo sauyi sun yi jayayya cewa saboda azabtarwa da aka yi a asirce, ba zai iya zama abin hanawa ba. {{Sfn|Barnes|2017}} A cikin karni na ashirin, sanannun misalan sun haɗa da Khmer Rouge {{Sfn|Hajjar|2013}} da gwamnatoci masu adawa da gurguzu a Latin Amurka, waɗanda sukan azabtar da su da kuma kashe wadanda aka kashe a matsayin wani ɓangare na bacewar tilas . {{Sfn|Hajjar|2013}} Hukumomin da ba su da ƙarfi sun fi fuskantar azabtarwa don hana adawa; Yawancin gwamnatocin kama-karya ba su da tasiri wajen gano abokan hamayya, wanda ke haifar da danniya mara hankali. Ko da yake wasu masu tayar da kayar baya suna amfani da azabtarwa, da yawa sun rasa abubuwan da suka dace don shirin azabtarwa kuma a maimakon haka suna tsoratar da kisa. Bincike ya gano cewa azabtarwa na jihohi na iya tsawaita tsawon rayuwar ƙungiyoyin ta'addanci, da ƙara ƙarfafa masu tayar da kayar baya don yin amfani da tashin hankali, da kuma tayar da 'yan adawa. Masu bincike James Worrall da Victoria Penziner Hightower suna jayayya cewa tsarin azabtarwa na gwamnatin Siriya a lokacin yakin basasa na Siriya ya nuna cewa amfani da yaduwa na iya yin tasiri wajen sanya tsoro a cikin wasu kungiyoyi ko unguwannin lokacin yakin basasa. Wani nau'i na azabtarwa don hana shi shine cin zarafi ga baƙi, kamar yadda aka ruwaito a lokacin turawa a kan iyakokin waje na [[Tarayyar Turai]] {{Sfn|Guarch-Rubio ''et al''.|2020}} === Ikirari === A cikin tarihi, ana amfani da azabtarwa don cire furci daga fursunoni. A shekara ta 1764, dan kasar Italiya Cesare Beccaria ya yi tir da azabtarwa a matsayin "tabbatacciyar hanya ta wanke 'yan iska masu karfi da kuma la'antar raunana amma marasa laifi." {{Sfn|Evans|2020}} {{Sfn|Wisnewski|2010}} An bayyana irin wannan shakku game da tasirin azabtarwa tsawon ƙarni a baya, ciki har da Aristotle. {{Sfn|Wisnewski|2010}} {{Sfn|Barnes|2017}} {{Sfn|Hajjar|2013}} Yin amfani da azabtarwa don tilasta wa waɗanda ake tuhuma yin ikirari yana da sauƙi ta hanyar dokokin da ke ba da damar tsare da yawa kafin shari'a. Bincike ya gano cewa tambayoyin tilastawa ya fi tasiri fiye da tambayoyin tunani don fitar da ikirari daga wanda ake zargi, amma a cikin haɗari mafi girma na ikirari na ƙarya. {{Sfn|Pérez-Sales|2016}} Yawancin waɗanda aka azabtar za su faɗi duk abin da mai azabtarwa yake so ya ji don kawo ƙarshen azabtarwa. Wasu da suke da laifi sun ƙi yin ikirari a ƙarƙashin azabtarwa, musamman idan sun yi imanin cewa ikirari zai kawo ƙarin azabtarwa ko azabtarwa kawai. Tsare-tsaren shari'a na zamanin da sun yi ƙoƙarin kiyayewa daga haɗarin ikirari na ƙarya a ƙarƙashin azabtarwa ta hanyar buƙatar waɗanda suka yi ikirari su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da laifin da za a iya gurbata da kuma ba da izinin azabtarwa kawai idan an riga an sami wasu shaidu a kan wanda ake tuhuma. {{Sfn|Barnes|2017}} {{Sfn|Beam|2020}} A wasu ƙasashe, ana azabtar da abokan hamayyar siyasa don tilasta su su yi ikirari a bainar jama'a a matsayin wani nau'i na farfagandar ƙasa. An yi amfani da wannan dabara a gwaje-gwajen nunin Gabashin Bloc da kuma a Iran. {{Sfn|Hajjar|2013}} === Tambayoyi === Yin amfani da azabtarwa don samun bayanai yayin tambayoyi yana da adadi kaɗan na azabtarwa a duniya; amfani da azabtarwa don samun ikirari ko tsoratarwa ya fi yawa. {{Sfn|Rejali|2020}} Ko da yake an yi amfani da azabtarwa ta tambayoyi a yaƙe-yaƙe na al'ada, ya fi zama ruwan dare a cikin yaƙe-yaƙe ko rikici na makamai na duniya . {{Sfn|Hajjar|2013}} Yanayin lokacin bam yana da wuyar gaske, idan ba zai yiwu ba a duniyar gaske, {{Sfn|Carver|Handley|2016}} {{Sfn|Hajjar|2013}} amma an kawo shi don tabbatar da azabtarwa don yin tambayoyi. Hotunan almara na azabtarwa a matsayin ingantacciyar hanyar tambayoyi sun haifar da rashin fahimta da ke tabbatar da amfani da azabtarwa. {{Sfn|Rejali|2020}} Gwaje-gwaje na gwada ko azabtarwa ta fi tasiri fiye da sauran hanyoyin tambayoyi ba za a iya yin su ba saboda dalilai na ɗabi'a da aiki. Yawancin malaman azabtarwa suna shakka game da ingancinsa wajen samun sahihin bayanai, ko da yake azabtarwa wani lokacin yana samun basirar aiki. {{Sfn|Rejali|2020}} wasu masu azabtarwa ba sa bambanta tsakanin tambayoyi da ikirari. == Hanyoyin == [[File:AbuGhraibAbuse-standing-on-box.jpg|left|thumb| Sojojin Amurka sun azabtar da Ali Shallal al-Qaisi a gidan yarin Abu Ghraib da ke Iraki.]] An cim ma azabtarwa ta hanyar fasaha iri-iri da aka yi amfani da su a cikin tarihi da kuma a duk faɗin duniya. Duk da haka, akwai kamanceceniya masu kama da juna a cikin hanyoyin azabtarwa saboda akwai ƙayyadaddun hanyoyin da za a iya haifar da ciwo yayin da rage haɗarin mutuwa. {{Sfn|Einolf|2007}} Masu tsira sun ba da rahoton cewa ainihin hanyar da aka yi amfani da ita ba ta da mahimmanci. {{Sfn|Pérez-Sales|2016}} Yawancin nau'ikan azabtarwa sun haɗa da abubuwa na zahiri da na hankali, {{Sfn|Pérez-Sales|2020}} {{Sfn|Pérez-Sales|2016}} kuma a mafi yawan lokuta, ana haɗa hanyoyin da yawa. {{Sfn|Rejali|2009}} Hanyoyi daban-daban na azabtarwa sun shahara a ƙasashe daban-daban. An fi amfani da ƙananan hanyoyin fasaha fiye da na zamani kuma yunƙurin haɓaka fasahar azabtarwa ta kimiyya ta kasance gazawa. Haramcin azabtarwa ya sa an yi sauye-sauye zuwa waɗanda ba sa barin tabo don sanya azabtarwa ta fi jin daɗi ga mai azabtarwa ko jama'a, ɓoye ta daga kafofin watsa labarai, da hana wadanda aka azabtar da su daga shari'a. {{Sfn|Pérez-Sales|2016}} Yayin da suke fuskantar ƙarin matsin lamba da bincike, dimokuradiyya ta jagoranci sababbin abubuwa a cikin ayyukan azabtarwa. {{Sfn|Rejali|2020}} {{Sfn|Evans|2020}} {{Sfn|Pérez-Sales|2016}} Duka ko rauni a fili shine mafi yawan nau'in azabtarwa na jiki. Suna iya zama ko dai ba su da tsari ko kuma su mai da hankali ga wani sashe na musamman na jiki, kamar yadda a cikin falanga ( tafin ƙafafu ), maimaita bugun kunne biyu, ko girgiza wanda aka tsare ta yadda kawunansu ya koma baya da baya. Sau da yawa, ana dakatar da mutane a wurare masu raɗaɗi kamar rataye Falasdinawa ko juye-juye tare da duka. kuma ana iya yi wa mutane wuƙa ko huda raunuka, a cire musu farce, ko kuma a yanke sassan jikinsu. Har ila yau ana yawan konewa, musamman konewar sigari, amma kuma ana amfani da wasu kayan aikin da suka haɗa da ƙarfe mai zafi, ruwan zafi, rana, ko acid. Ana amfani da tilastawa wasu abubuwa daban-daban, gami da ruwa, abinci, ko wasu abubuwa, ko allurai azaman nau'ikan azabtarwa. Ana amfani da wutar lantarki sau da yawa don azabtarwa, musamman don guje wa wasu hanyoyin da za su iya barin tabo. {{Sfn|Einolf|2007}} Ciwon asphyxiation (ciki har da hawan ruwa ) yana azabtar da wanda aka azabtar ta hanyar yanke isar da iskar su. azabtarwa ta ilimin halin ɗan adam ya haɗa da hanyoyin da ba su ƙunshi wani abu na zahiri ba, wasu waɗanda ba su haɗa da sarrafa jiki ba tare da taɓawa ba, da hare-hare na zahiri waɗanda a ƙarshe ke kai hari ga hankali. Barazanar kisa, kisa na izgili, ko tilastawa shaida azabtar da wani mutum yawanci ana ba da rahoton cewa sun fi muni fiye da azabtarwa ta jiki kuma suna da alaƙa da mummunan sakamako. Sauran dabarun azabtarwa sun haɗa da rashin barci, cunkoso ko kullewa kawai, hana abinci ko ruwa, rashin hankali (kamar sutura ), fallasa zuwa matsanancin haske ko amo (misali azabtarwa na kiɗa ), da kuma wulakanci (wanda zai iya zama). dangane da jima'i ko kuma a kan addinin wanda aka azabtar da shi ko kuma na kasa). Matsayin azabtarwa yana aiki ta hanyar tilasta wa mutum ya ɗauki matsayi, sanya nauyinsu akan wasu tsokoki, haifar da ciwo ba tare da barin alamar ba, misali tsaye ko tsutsa na tsawon lokaci. kuma ana amfani da fyade da cin zarafi azaman hanyoyin azabtarwa. {{Sfn|Hajjar|2013}} Bambance-bambancen al'adu da daidaikun mutane suna shafar yadda hanyoyin azabtarwa daban-daban ke fahimtar wanda aka azabtar. Yawancin waɗanda suka tsira daga ƙasashen Larabawa ko na Musulmai sun ba da rahoton cewa tsiraici tilas ya fi duka ko keɓe. == Tasiri == [[File:Torture_after_the_putsch.jpg|thumb| Likita dan Vietnam Que Phung Trän Huynh, wanda aka azabtar ya mutu bayan juyin mulkin Pinochet a Chile a 1973]] Azaba na ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da mutum zai iya fuskanta. {{Sfn|Pérez-Sales|2016}} azabtarwa na nufin karya nufin wanda aka azabtar {{Sfn|Pérez-Sales|2016}} da lalata hukumar da halin wanda aka azabtar. {{Sfn|Wisnewski|2010}} Jean Améry wanda ya tsira daga azaba ya yi jayayya cewa shi ne "mafi munin al'amari da ɗan adam zai iya riƙe a cikin kansa" ya dage cewa "duk wanda aka azabtar, ya zauna a azabtar da shi." {{Sfn|Hajjar|2013}} Yawancin wadanda aka azabtar, ciki har da Améry, sun mutu ta hanyar kashe kansu. {{Sfn|Wisnewski|2010}} Masu tsira sukan fuskanci matsalolin zamantakewa da na kuɗi. Halin da ake ciki yanzu, kamar rashin tsaro na gidaje, rabuwar iyali, da rashin tabbas na neman [[Hakkin Neman Mafaka|mafaka]] a cikin ƙasa mai aminci, yana tasiri sosai ga jin dadin masu tsira. Mutuwa ba sabon abu bane sakamakon azabtarwa. Sakamakon kiwon lafiya na iya haɗawa da neuropathy na gefe, lalacewar hakora, rhabdomyolysis daga lalacewar tsoka mai yawa, raunin kwakwalwa, [[Cutar da ake kamuwa ta jima'i|kamuwa da jima'i]], da ciki daga fyade . An ba da rahoton jin zafi na yau da kullun da nakasa da ke da alaƙa, amma akwai ɗan bincike kaɗan game da wannan tasiri ko yiwuwar jiyya. Abubuwan da aka fi sani da azabtarwa a kan waɗanda suka tsira sun haɗa da damuwa, damuwa, damuwa, da damuwa barci. Binciken da ba a kula da shi ba game da wadanda suka tsira daga azabtarwa sun gano cewa tsakanin 15 da 85 bisa dari sun hadu da ka'idojin bincike don cututtukan cututtuka na post-traumatic (PTSD), tare da haɗari mafi girma ga azabtarwa na tunani idan aka kwatanta da azabtarwa ta jiki. {{Sfn|Pérez-Sales|2016}} azabtarwa yana haifar da haɗari mafi girma na mummunan sakamako fiye da kowane sanannen ɗan adam. {{Sfn|Pérez-Sales|2016}} Ko da yake ra'ayi na al'ada shine tsoro yana haifar da rauni, Pérez-Sales yayi jayayya cewa asarar iko yana bayyana rauni a cikin wadanda suka tsira daga azabtarwa. {{Sfn|Pérez-Sales|2016}} Kamar yadda azabtarwa wani nau'i ne na tashin hankali na siyasa, ba duk masu tsira ba ko ƙwararrun gyare-gyare suna goyan bayan yin amfani da nau'ikan kiwon lafiya don ayyana kwarewarsu, {{Sfn|Pérez-Sales|2016}} da yawancin waɗanda suka tsira suna fuskantar juriya na tunani . {{Sfn|Pérez-Sales|2016}} Wadanda suka tsira daga azabtarwa, iyalansu, da sauran mutane a cikin al'umma na iya buƙatar tallafi na dogon lokaci, magani, tunani da zamantakewa. Yawancin waɗanda suka tsira daga azabtarwa ba sa bayyanawa sai dai idan ma'aikacin kiwon lafiya ya tambaye su musamman. Abubuwan da suka shafi tunanin mutum sun nuna mahimmancin ƙididdiga amma ƙananan ƙananan asibiti a cikin alamun PTSD waɗanda ba su ci gaba da biyo baya ba. Sauran sakamakon, kamar damuwa na tunani ko ingancin rayuwa, ba su nuna wani fa'ida ba ko kuma ba a auna su ba. Yawancin karatu sun fi mayar da hankali kan alamun PTSD, kuma akwai rashin bincike kan hanyoyin haɗin kai ko haɗin kai. Ko da yake akwai ƙarancin bincike game da sakamakon azabtarwa a kan masu aikata laifuka, {{Sfn|Hajjar|2013}} za su iya samun rauni na halin kirki ko alamun rauni kamar wadanda aka azabtar, musamman ma lokacin da suka ji laifi game da ayyukansu. {{Sfn|Rejali|2020}} {{Sfn|Wisnewski|2010}} azabtarwa yana da illa ga cibiyoyi da al'ummomin da suke aikata ta kuma suna lalata ƙwarewar sana'a. Masu azabtarwa suna manta da mahimman ƙwarewar bincike saboda azabtarwa na iya zama hanya mafi sauƙi don cimma ƙimar yanke hukunci ta hanyar tilastawa kuma galibi ikirari na ƙarya fiye da aikin ɗan sanda mai cin lokaci. Wannan deskilling yana ƙarfafa ci gaba da ƙara amfani da azabtarwa. {{Sfn|Rejali|2020}} {{Sfn|Wisnewski|2010}} Rashin amincewa da azabtarwa na jama'a na iya cutar da sunan kasa da kasa na kasashen da ke amfani da azabtarwa, tayar da 'yan adawa, ƙarfafa mummunar adawa ga jihar azabtarwa, {{Sfn|Saul|Flanagan|2020}} da kuma ƙarfafa abokin gaba ga abokan gaba. kansu suna amfani da azabtarwa. == Ra'ayin jama'a == Bincike ya gano cewa yawancin mutane a ƙasashe daban-daban na duniya suna adawa da amfani da azabtarwa gaba ɗaya {{Sfn|Rejali|2020}} amma wasu tsiraru suna son tabbatar da amfani da shi a wasu lokuta. Wasu mutane suna da ra'ayi dabam-dabam game da azabtarwa, yayin da wasu kuma yarda da azabtarwa ya dogara da mahallin, tare da ƙarin mutane da ke son ba da izini ga azabtarwa ga wani wanda aka bayyana a matsayin dan ta'adda, musulmi, ko mai laifi. {{Sfn|Hatz|2021}} Taimakawa ga azabtarwa a cikin takamaiman lokuta yana da alaƙa da imani mara kyau game da tasirin azabtarwa. {{Sfn|Houck|Repke|2017}} Mutanen da ba addini ba sun fi goyon bayan amfani da azabtarwa fiye da masu addini. Ga mutanen da suke da addini, ƙara yawan addini yana ƙara adawa ga azabtarwa. Ra'ayin jama'a yana da mahimmancin ƙuntatawa game da amfani da azabtarwa ta jihohi, kuma adawa da azabtarwa na iya karuwa bayan kwarewa na danniya na siyasa. A gefe guda kuma, lokacin da jama'a suka goyi bayan azabtarwa ga wasu sassa na jama'a, kamar masu shan miyagun ƙwayoyi ko wadanda ake zargi da aikata laifuka, wannan zai iya sauƙaƙe amfani da azabtarwa. {{Sfn|Celermajer|2018}} == Hani == [[File:Torture,_proposed_poster_in_The_Nature_of_the_Enemy_series.gif|thumb| Fassara na Amurka, 1942 ko 1943]] A cikin duniyar yau, kusan ko'ina ana ɗaukar azabtarwa a matsayin abin ƙyama. {{Sfn|Wisnewski|2010}} Ana sukar azabtarwa a kan dukkan manyan tsare-tsare na ɗabi'a, gami da deontology, consequentialism, da ɗabi'a masu kyau. {{Sfn|Wisnewski|2010}} Wasu masana falsafa na wannan zamani suna jayayya cewa azabtarwa ba a yarda da ita ta dabi'a ba, yayin da wasu ke ba da shawarar keɓance ga ƙa'idar gama gari a cikin rayuwa ta ainihi daidai da yanayin lokacin bam. {{Sfn|Wisnewski|2010}} Haramun da aka yi wa azabtarwa, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin dabbanci da zalunci, ya samo asali ne daga muhawarar da aka yi game da kawar da shi. {{Sfn|Barnes|2017}} A ƙarshen karni na sha tara, ƙasashe sun fara yin Allah wadai a duniya saboda amfani da azabtarwa. {{Sfn|Barnes|2017}} Saboda azabtarwa ta zama alamar banbance tsakanin wayewa da dabbanci, ƙa'idodin ƙasa da ƙasa sun buƙaci a hana azabtarwa da azabtarwa-ko da an yi wa mutanen mulkin mallaka. {{Sfn|Kelly ''et al.''|2020}} {{Sfn|Barnes|2017}} An ƙarfafa haramcin a cikin karni na ashirin don mayar da martani ga amfani da azabtarwa daga Nazi Jamus da [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]], wanda aka yi Allah wadai da shi sosai duk da sirrin da gwamnatocin suka yi. {{Sfn|Barnes|2017}} An gigita da zaluncin Nazi a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta tsara 1948 [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], wanda ya haramta azabtarwa. {{Sfn|Wisnewski|2010}} {{Sfn|Barnes|2017}} azabtarwa ita ce al'amarin farko da ya tunzura samar da fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama . {{Sfn|Hajjar|2013}} A cikin 1969, shari'ar Girkanci shine karo na farko da wata kungiya ta kasa da kasa (Hukumar Turai ta Hakkokin Dan Adam ) ta gano cewa wata jiha ta aikata azabtarwa. {{Sfn|Barnes|2017}} A farkon 1970s, [[Amnesty International|Amnesty International ta]] kaddamar da yakin duniya na yaki da azabtarwa, ta nuna yadda ake amfani da ita duk da haramcin kasa da kasa, kuma daga karshe ya kai ga Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da azabtarwa (CAT) a 1984 {{Sfn|Barnes|2017}} na iya hana amfani da shi ta gwamnatocin da ke da dalilai da dama na amfani da azabtarwa. azaba ta kasance tsakiyar ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam a ƙarni na ashirin da ɗaya. {{Sfn|Kelly|2019}} [[File:CAT_members.svg|thumb| Ƙungiyoyin Yarjejeniyar yaƙi da azabtarwa a cikin duhu kore, jihohin da suka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar cikin haske kore, da sauransu cikin launin toka.]] Haramcin azabtarwa wani al'ada ne na yau da kullun a cikin dokokin duniya, ma'ana cewa an haramta shi ga duk jihohi a kowane yanayi. {{Sfn|Evans|2020}} {{Sfn|Saul|Flanagan|2020}} Yawancin malaman fikihu suna ba da hujjar cikakken hani na shari'a game da azabtarwa bisa keta mutuncinta . {{Sfn|Pérez-Sales|2016}} CAT da Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ta mayar da hankali kan rigakafin azabtarwa, wanda aka rigaya an haramta shi a cikin dokokin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya a ƙarƙashin wasu yarjejeniyoyin kamar Yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa akan 'yancin ɗan adam da siyasa. {{Sfn|Carver|Handley|2016}} {{Sfn|Hajjar|2013}} CAT ta ƙayyade cewa azabtarwa dole ne ya zama laifi na {{Sfn|Kelly ''et al.''|2020}} shaidar da aka samu a ƙarƙashin azabtarwa ba za a iya shigar da ita a kotu ba, kuma an haramta fitar da mutum zuwa wata ƙasa inda zai iya fuskantar azabtarwa. {{Sfn|Saul|Flanagan|2020}} Ko da yake ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a ƙarƙashin dokar ƙasa, alkalai a ƙasashe da yawa suna ci gaba da amincewa da shaidar da aka samu ta hanyar azabtarwa ko cin zarafi. {{Sfn|Carver|Handley|2016}} Wani bincike na 2009 ya gano cewa kashi 42 cikin 100 na jam'iyyun CAT suna ci gaba da yin amfani da azabtarwa a cikin tsari. {{Sfn|Evans|2020}} A cikin dokokin jin kai na ƙasa da ƙasa da ke aiki a lokacin rikice-rikice na makamai, Dokar Lieber ta 1863 ta fara haramta azabtarwa. {{Sfn|Nowak|2014}} An gurfanar da azabtarwa a lokacin shari'ar Nuremberg a matsayin laifi ga bil'adama. {{Sfn|Barnes|2017}} An amince da azabtarwa ta duka Yarjejeniyar Geneva ta 1949 da Dokar Rome ta 1998 na [[Kotun Shari'ar Miyagun Laifuka|Kotun Hukunta Manyan Laifukan Duniya]] a matsayin [[Laifin Yaƙi|laifin yaki]] . {{Sfn|Nowak|2014}} {{Sfn|Hajjar|2013}} A cewar Dokar Roma, azabtarwa kuma na iya zama laifi ga bil'adama idan an aikata shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na harin da aka tsara a kan farar hula. {{Sfn|Nowak|2014}} == Rigakafi == [[File:Monumento_Tortura_Nunca_Mais_-_Recife.jpg|thumb| Abin tunawa da azabtarwa a Recife, Brazil, na sculptor {{Interlanguage link|Demétrio Albuquerque|pt}}, yana nuna jikin mutum tsirara a matsayin pau de arara .]] Azabtarwa laifi ne dama kuma yana yaduwa a cikin yanayin tsare mutane ba tare da izini ba. {{Sfn|Carver|Handley|2016}} Ana iya kawar da haɗarin azabtarwa da kyau tare da kariya mai kyau, aƙalla a cikin kwanciyar hankali. {{Sfn|Rejali|2020}} Wani bincike na 2016 wanda Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun ta Ƙarfafa ta yi ya gano cewa ma'auni mafi karfi da ke da alaƙa da yawan azabtarwa shine ayyukan tsarewa. {{Sfn|Carver|Handley|2016}} {{Sfn|Carver|Handley|2016}} Ziyarar ƙungiyoyin sa ido masu zaman kansu zuwa wuraren da ake tsare da su na iya taimakawa wajen rage yawan azabtarwa. Saboda ba za a iya amfani da tanadin doka a aikace ba, yin aiki ya fi dacewa da abin da ya faru na azabtarwa fiye da haƙƙin doka. {{Sfn|Carver|Handley|2016}} Canje-canje ga tsarin shari'a na iya zama marasa tasiri musamman a wuraren da doka ta iyakance haƙƙin mallaka ko kuma a yi watsi da ita akai-akai. {{Sfn|Kelly ''et al.''|2020}} A ilimin zamantakewa, azabtarwa yana aiki azaman al'ada, ƙoƙarin rigakafin takaici saboda masu azabtarwa na iya samun hanyar kewaye dokoki. {{Sfn|Rejali|2020}} Ana iya guje wa kariya daga azabtarwa a tsare ta hanyar lakada wa waɗanda ake tuhuma duka yayin zagaye ko kan hanyar zuwa ofishin 'yan sanda. {{Sfn|Carver|Handley|2016}} {{Sfn|Kelly|2019}} Gabaɗaya horar da 'yan sanda don inganta ikonsu na bincikar laifuka ya fi tasiri wajen rage azabtarwa fiye da takamaiman horo da aka mayar da hankali kan 'yancin ɗan adam. {{Sfn|Carver|Handley|2016}} gyare-gyaren 'yan sanda na ci gaba yana da tasiri lokacin da cin zarafi ya kasance cikin tsari. {{Sfn|Carver|Handley|2016}} {{Sfn|Kelly|2019}} Masanin kimiyyar siyasa Darius Rejali ya soki binciken rigakafin azabtarwa don rashin gano "abin da za a yi idan mutane ba su da kyau; cibiyoyi sun karye, rashin ma'aikata, da cin hanci da rashawa; kuma tashin hankali na yau da kullum shine na yau da kullum."{{Sfn|Rejali|2020}} == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} fytzj4aogfyi2q3rc1b8c15zs6v3uvb 0 29876 873682 717818 2026-07-01T15:57:02Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 873682 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Runoff.jpg|thumb| Gudun gudu yana gudana cikin magudanar ruwa.]] [[Fayil:Rain in Malta 06.jpg|thumb|Barkwan ruwa]] '''Rushewar saman''' (wanda kuma aka sani da '''kwararar kasa''' ) shine kwararar [[ruwa]] dake faruwa a saman kasa lokacin da yawan [[ruwan sama]], ruwan narkewa, ko wasu hanyoyin, ba zai iya shiga cikin [[Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa)|kasa]] cikin sauri ba. Wannan na iya faruwa ne lokacin da [[Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa)|kasa]] ta cika da [[ruwa]] gwargwadon karfinta, kuma ruwan sama ya zo da sauri fiye da yadda kasa za ta iya sha. Sau da yawa zubar ruwan saman yana faruwa ne saboda. [[wiktionary:impervious#Adjective|wuraren]] da ba su da kyau (kamar rufin da pavement ) ba sa barin ruwa ya jika cikin kasa. Bugu da Karin, zubar da ruwa na iya faruwa ko dai ta hanyar tsarin halitta ko na mutum. Zubar da ruwan sama babban sashi ne na zagayowar ruwa. Ita ce wakili na farko na zaizayar kasa ta ruwa. <ref>Ronnie Wilson, ''The Horton Papers'' (1933)</ref> <ref>[[Keith Beven]], ''[[Robert E. Horton]]'s perceptual model of infiltration processes'', Hydrological Processes, Wiley Intersciences DOI 10:1002 hyp 5740 (2004)</ref> Yankin kasar da ke samar da magudanar ruwa wanda ke malalawa zuwa wuri guda ana kiransa magudanar ruwa. Gudumuwar da ke farawa a saman kasa kafin isa tashar na iya zama [[Gurbataccen yanayi|tushen gurbatawar]] da ba ta dace ba, Dan haka kuma saboda tana iya daukar gurbataccen abu da mutum ya yi ko kuma nau'ikan gurbataccen yanayi (kamar ganyaye mai Rube). Abubuwan da mutum ya kera a cikin ruwa sun haɗa da man fetur, magungunan kashe qwari, takin zamani da sauransu. Baya ga haifar da zaizayar ruwa da Kuma gurbacewar ruwa, kwararar ruwa a cikin birane shine babban dalilin [[Ambaliya|ambaliya a birane]], wanda zai iya haifar da lalacewar dukiya, da daskarewa da gyale a cikin ginshiki, da ambaliyar ruwa. == Tsari == [[File:Runoffrazorback.jpg|right|thumb|260x260px| Ruwan ruwa daga gefen tsauni bayan kasa ta cika]] Ana bayyana kwararar ruwan saman a matsayin hazo (ruwan sama, dusar kankara, guguwa, ko kankara) wanda ke kaiwa ga kogin kasa ba tare da ya taba wucewa kasa da Kasa ba. {{Sfn|Jackson|1997}} Ya bambanta '''da zubar da ruwa kai tsaye''', wanda ke kaiwa ga kogunan saman kasa nan da nan bayan ruwan sama ko narkewar dusar kankara kuma ya kebance kwararar ruwan da ke haifar da narkar da dusar kankara ko glaciers. {{Sfn|Jackson|1997}} Dusar kankara suna narke ne kawai a wuraren sanyi da ya isa ya zama na dindindin. Yawanci dusar kankara tana narkewa a cikin bazara kuma glacier yana narkewa a lokacin rani, yana haifar da maxima maxima a cikin kogunan da suka shafa. Kayyadaddun adadin narkar da dusar kankara ko dusar kankara shine yanayin zafin iska da tsawon lokacin hasken rana. A yankuna masu tsayin tsaunuka, Kuma koramu kan tashi a cikin ranakun rana kuma suna fadowa kan gajimare saboda irin wannan dalili. A wuraren da babu dusar kankara, ruwan sama zai fito daga ruwan sama. Duk da haka, ba duk ruwan sama ba ne zai haifar da zubar da ruwa saboda adanawa daga kasa na iya daukar ruwan sama mai haske. A kan dadadden kasa na [[Asturaliya|kasar Ostiraliya]] da Kudancin Afirka, tushen furotin tare da manyan hanyoyin sadarwar tushen gashin su na iya daukar ruwan sama mai yawa don hana kwararar ruwa ko da a lokacin yawan ruwan sama. A cikin wadannan yankuna, har ma a kan kasan yumbu mai fashe kasa da Kasa, ana bukatar yawan ruwan sama da yuwuwar kankara don haifar da zubar da ruwa daga sama, wanda ke haifar da gyare-gyare na musamman zuwa magudanan ruwa masu canzawa (yawanci ephemeral). === Kutsawa wuce gona da iri === [[File:Runoff_and_filtersoxx.ogv|thumb|446x446px|Gudanar da zubewar ruwa ta amfani da bush iya (kirkawa)]] Hakan na faruwa ne a lokacin da yawan [[ruwan sama]] a saman sama ya zarce adadin da ruwa ke iya kutsawa cikin kasa, kuma an riga an cika duk wani ajiyar bakin ciki. Wannan kuma ana kiransa Hortonian overland flow (bayan Robert E. Horton ), ko kwararar kasa mara kyau. Wannan ya fi faruwa a wasu yankunan da ba su da barke da barke, inda ruwan sama ya yi yawa kuma ana rage karfin shigar [[Kasa (shinfidar kasa)|kasa]] saboda rufe saman ƙasa, ko kuma a cikin biranen da shingen shinge na hana ruwa shiga. Lokacin da [[Kasa (shinfidar kasa)|kasa]] ta cika kuma aka cika ajiyar bakin ciki, kuma ruwan sama ya ci gaba da faduwa, ruwan sama zai haifar da zubar da jini nan da nan. Matsayin damshin kasa na farko shine abu daya da ke shafar lokaci har sai kasa ta cika. Wannan guguwar ana kiranta saturation wuce gona da iri, cikakkar kwararar kan kasa, ko ruwan Dunne. === Danshin kasa na gaba === Kasa tana rike da dandano kadan bayan [[ruwan sama]]. Wannan saura danshin ruwa yana rinjayar iyawar shigar kasa. Sannan A yayin taron ruwan sama na gaba, karfin shigar da Kasa zai sa kasa ta cika da kima daban-daban. Mafi girman matakin danshin kasa na farko, da sauri kasa ta zama cikakke. Da zarar ƙasa ta cika, zubar ruwa yana faruwa. Don haka, zubar da ruwa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen sarrafa danshi na kasa bayan guguwa mai matsakaici da karancin karfi. === Komawar da ke karkashin kasa === Bayan ruwa ya kutsa cikin kasa a kan wani yanki mai hawa sama na tudu, ruwan zai iya gudana a kaikaice ta cikin kasa, kuma ya fitar (fitowa daga cikin kasa) kusa da tashar. Wannan shi ake kira kwararar dawowar karkashin kasa ko kuma kwarara . Yayin da yake gudana, za'a iya rage yawan zubar da ruwa ta hanyoyi da yawa: karamin sashi na iya kafewa ; Ana iya adana ruwa na dan lokaci a cikin bacin rai na microtopographic; kuma wani yanki nasa yana iya kutsawa yayin da yake gudana a kan kasa. Duk sauran ruwan saman da ya rage daga karshe yana gudana zuwa cikin ruwa mai karba kamar [[:Category:Koguna|kogi]], tafki, bakin ruwa ko teku. == Tasirin dan Adam == [[File:Stormwater_Diagram.svg|thumb| Wankewar hazo ya gurbata cikin kogunan gida]] [[File:View_of_urban_runoff_discharging_to_coastal_waters.jpg|right|thumb|231x231px| Ruwan saman birni ya kwarara]] Urbanization yana Kara zubar da ruwa ta hanyar samar da Karin wuraren da ba su da kyau kamar shinge da gine-gine wadanda ba sa kyale ruwa ya gangara ta cikin kasa zuwa mabubbugar ruwa. A maimakon haka sai a tilasta shi kai tsaye cikin rafuka ko magudanar ruwa na guguwa, inda [[Zaizayar Kasa|zaizayar]] kasa da siltation na iya zama manyan matsaloli, ko da ambaliya ba. Kuma Yawan zubar da ruwa yana rage yawan ruwan da ke karkashin kasa, ta yadda za a rage yawan ruwan da ake fama da shi da kuma kara tsananta fari, musamman ga manoman noma da sauran wadanda suka dogara da [[Rijiya|rijiyoyin ruwa]] . Lokacin da gurbataccen dan adam ya narke ko dakatar da shi a cikin ruwa mai gudu, tasirin ɗan adam yana fadada don haifar da gurɓataccen ruwa. Wannan gurbataccen nauyi na iya isa ga ruwa daban-daban kamar rafuka, koguna, tafkuna, tudu da kuma tekuna tare da sakamakon sauye-sauyen sinadarai na ruwa ga wadannan tsarin ruwa da abubuwan da ke da alaka da su. Wani rahoto na shekarata 2008 na Majalisar Binciken Kasa ta Amurka ya gano ruwan guguwar birni a matsayin babban tushen matsalolin [[Inganchin ruwa|ingancin ruwa]] a cikin Amurka <ref>United States. National Research Council. Washington, DC. [http://www.epa.gov/npdes/pubs/nrc_stormwaterreport.pdf "Urban Stormwater Management in the United States."] October 15, 2008. pp. 18-20.</ref> Yayin da mutane ke ci gaba da canza yanayin yanayi ta hanyar habakar iskar gas zuwa sararin samaniya, ana sa ran yanayin hazo zai canza yayin da karfin sararin samaniya na tururin ruwa ke karuwa. Wannan zai haifar da sakamako kai tsaye akan adadin zubar da ruwa. == Sakamakon zubar da ruwa == === Yazawa da kuma sakawa === Zubar da ruwan sama na iya haifar da [[Zaizayar Kasa|zazzagewar]] saman duniya; Za'a iya ajiye kayan da ya lalace nesa da nisa. Akwai manyan nau'ikan [[Zaizayar Kasa|zaizayar kasa]] guda hudu: zaizayar kasa, zaizayar kasa, zaizayar kasa da zaizayar mugadana . Yazawar ruwan sama shine sakamakon karo na inji na digon ruwan sama tare da saman kasa: barbashi kasa wadanda tasirin ya wargaza sannan su motsa tare da zubar da ruwa. Rushewar takarda shine jigilar ruwa ta kan kasa ta ruwa ba tare da kayyadaddun tashoshi ba. Kunkarar saman ƙasa yana iya haifar da zubar da ruwa ya tattara cikin kunkuntar hanyoyin bubbuga: kamar yadda wadannan kayyadaddun tashoshi suna da kayyadaddun tashoshi wadanda aka kafa da suna koguna. Wadannan tashoshi na iya zama kanana kamar fadin santimita daya ko girma kamar mita da yawa. Idan zubar da ruwa ya ci gaba da toka kuma ya kara girma, za su iya girma a karshe su zama [[Zaizayar ruwa (Gully)|magudanai]]. Yazawar guly na iya jigilar abubuwa da yawa da suka lalace Duk a cikin kankanin lokaci wato a ƙurataccen lokaci {| align="right" |[[File:Wassererosion_Acker.jpg|thumb| [[Zaizayar Kasa|Lalacewar kasa ta hanyar ruwa]] akan kasar noma da ake noma sosai.]] |[[File:Fascine49.jpg|thumb| An karfafa shingen Willow tare da abubuwan ban sha'awa don iyakancewar gudu, arewacin Faransa.]] |} Rage yawan amfanin gona yakan haifar da zaizayar kasa, kuma ana nazarin wadannan tasirin a fagen kiyaye ƙasa . Barbashin ƙasa da ke dauke da ruwa ya bambanta da girman daga kimanin.001 millimeter zuwa kimanin milimita 1.0 a diamita. Manyan bangarorin suna daidaita kan ɗan gajeren nisa na sufuri, yayin da ƙananan ƙwayoyin za a iya ɗaukar su ta nisa mai nisa an dakatar da su a cikin ginshiƙi na ruwa. Rushewar kasa maras nauyi wanda ke dauke da kananan bangarorin yana haifar da [[Ruwan Turbidity|turɓaya]] kuma yana rage watsa haske, wanda ke rushe yanayin yanayin ruwa. Duk sassan ƙasashe sun zama marasa amfani ta hanyar zaizayar ƙasa. A kan babban tudun ƙasar [[Madagaskar|Madagaska]], kusan kashi goma na ƙasar ƙasar, kusan dukkan faɗin ƙasar ba ta da ciyayi, tare da ɓangarorin gully mai ƙazantawa yawanci fiye da zurfin mita 50 da faɗin kilomita ɗaya. Juyawa noma tsarin noma ne wanda wani lokaci yakan haɗa hanyar yanke yankan rago da ƙonawa a wasu yankuna na duniya. Zaizayar kasa yana haifar da asarar ƙasa mai albarka kuma yana rage yawan amfanin gonarta da Kuma ingancin amfanin gona. Noman [[Noma|masana'antu]] na zamani wani babban abin da ke haifar da zaizayar kasa. Fiye da kashi uku na Masara Belt ta Amurka gaba ɗaya ta yi asarar samanta. Sauya ayyukan noma zai rage zaizayar ƙasa daga filayen noma na Amurka da fiye da kusan kashi 70 cikin ɗari. === Tasirin muhalli === Muhimman batutuwan muhalli masu alaƙa da kwararar ruwa sune tasirin ruwa, ruwan ƙasa da [[Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa)|ƙasa]] ta hanyar jigilar gurɓataccen ruwa zuwa waɗannan tsarin. A ƙarshe waɗannan sakamakon suna fassara zuwa haɗarin lafiyar ɗan adam, rikicewar yanayin muhalli da tasirin kyawawan abubuwa ga albarkatun ruwa. Wasu daga cikin gurɓatattun abubuwan da ke haifar da babban tasiri ga ruwan saman da ke tasowa daga zubar da ruwa sune abubuwan da ake amfani da su na man fetur, maganin ciyawa da takin mai magani. An yi nazari kan yawan adadin kuzari ta hanyar fitar da magungunan kashe qwari da sauran gurɓatattun abubuwa tun daga shekarata 1960, kuma farkon tuntuɓar magungunan kashe qwari da ruwa an san yana haɓaka phytotoxicity. <ref>W.F. Spencer, ''Distribution of Pesticides between Soil, Water and Air'', International symposium on Pesticides in the Soil, February 25–27, 1970, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan</ref> A cikin yanayin ruwan saman, tasirin yana fassara zuwa gurɓataccen ruwa, tun da koguna da koguna sun sami zubar da ruwa mai ɗauke da sinadarai daban-daban ko laka. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da ruwan sama a matsayin samar da ruwan sha, za a iya lalata su game da haɗarin lafiya da ƙayatattun ruwan sha (wato, wari, launi da tasirin [[Ruwan Turbidity|turbidity]]). Gurɓataccen ruwan saman ƙasa yana haɗarin canza tsarin rayuwa na nau'in ruwan da suke ɗaukar nauyi; Dukkanin waɗannan sauye-sauye na iya haifar da mutuwa, kamar kifin kisa, ko canza ma'auni na yawan jama'a. Sai Dai Sauran takamaiman tasirin su ne kan dabbar dabbar dabba, haifuwa, kwai da yuwuwar tsutsa, tsirar yara da yawan amfanin shuka. Wasu bincike sun nuna kwararar magungunan kashe qwari, irin su DDT, na Kuma iya canza jinsin nau'in kifi ta hanyar dabi'a, wanda ke canza namiji zuwa kifin mace. <ref>''Science News.'' [http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/160/title/DDT_treatment_turns_male_fish_into_mothers "DDT treatment turns male fish into mothers."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926103458/http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/160/title/DDT_treatment_turns_male_fish_into_mothers |date=2012-09-26 }} 2000-02-05. (By subscription only.)</ref> Rushewar ruwa da ke faruwa a cikin dazuzzuka na iya samar da tafkuna masu tarin yawa na ma'adinai na nitrogen da phosphorus wanda ke haifar da eutrophiation. Ruwan da ke gudana a cikin gandun daji na coniferous shima yana wadatar da acid humic kuma yana iya haifar da ƙasƙantar da jikin ruwa <ref>Klimaszyk Piotr, Rzymski Piotr "Surface Runoff as a Factor Determining Trophic State of Midforest Lake" Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 2011, 20(5), 1203-1210</ref> Bugu da ƙari, tsayin tsayi da tsibiran matasa a cikin wurare masu zafi da na wurare masu zafi na iya fuskantar ƙimar zaizayar ƙasa kuma suna ba da gudummawar manyan abubuwan jan hankali ga tekun bakin teku. . Irin wannan ƙasa da aka samu ta hanyar sinadarai na sinadarai, carbon, da gurɓatawa na iya yin tasiri mai yawa akan zagayowar nazarin halittu na Duk duniya da yanayin ruwa da na bakin teku. <ref>Renee K. Takesue,Curt D. Storlazzi. Sources and dispersal of land-based runoff from small Hawaiian drainages to a coral reef: Insights from geochemical signatures. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science Journal. 2/13/17</ref> Dangane da ruwan karkashin kasa, babban lamarin shi ne gurbatar ruwan sha, idan an shafe magudanar ruwa don amfanin dan Adam. Game da gurɓacewar ƙasa, ruwan da ke gudana zai iya samun mahimman hanyoyi guda biyu na damuwa. Na farko, ruwa mai gudu zai iya fitar da gurɓataccen ƙasa kuma ya ɗauke su a matsayin gurɓataccen ruwa zuwa matsugunan ruwa masu mahimmanci. Na biyu, zubar da ruwa na iya sanya gurɓataccen abu a kan ƙasa mai tsabta, haifar da lafiya ko sakamakon muhalli. ==== Batun noma ==== Sauran abubuwan da suka shafi aikin gona sun haɗa da jigilar sinadarai na noma (nitrates, phosphates, magungunan kashe qwari, maganin ciyawa, da sauran makamantan su) ta hanyar zubar da ruwa. Wannan sakamakon yana faruwa ne lokacin da amfani da sinadarai ya wuce kima ko rashin lokacin da ya dace dangane da hazo mai yawa. Sakamakon gurɓataccen ruwan da ya biyo baya yana wakiltar ba wai kawai ɓarna na sinadarai na noma ba ne, har ma da barazanar muhalli ga yanayin ƙasa. Yawancin lokaci ana amfani da bambaro don kare ƙasa daga zaizawar ƙasa da ci gaban ciyawa. Koyaya, girbi waɗannan amfanin gona na iya haifar da haɓakar zaizayar ƙasa. === Batun Tattalin Arziki. === [[File:Runoff_of_soil_&_fertilizer.jpg|thumb| Ruwan gonaki]] Gudun gudu na saman yana haifar da babban adadin tasirin tattalin arziki. Pine bambaro hanyoyi ne masu tasiri masu tsada don mu'amala da gushewar ƙasa. Bugu da ƙari, za a iya sake amfani da runfunan da ke ƙasa ta hanyar haɓakar giwaye. A ƙasar [[Najeriya]] ana daukar ciyawa ta giwa hanya ce ta tattalin arziki wacce za a iya rage gudu da [[Zaizayar Kasa|zaizayar]] kasa. Har ila yau, [[Sin|kasar Sin]] ta samu gagarumin tasiri daga kwararar ruwa zuwa ga mafi yawan amfanin gonakinsu na tattalin arziki kamar kayan lambu. Don haka, an san sun aiwatar da tsarin da ke rage asarar abubuwan gina jiki (nitrogen da phosphorus) a cikin ƙasa. === Ambaliyar ruwa === [[Ambaliya|Ambaliyar ruwa]] tana faruwa ne lokacin da magudanar ruwa ta kasa isar da adadin ruwan da ke gudana a ƙasa. Mitar abin da wannan ke faruwa ana bayyana shi ta lokacin dawowa. Ambaliyar ruwa wani tsari ne na dabi'a, wanda ke kula da tsarin halittu da tsari, amma kuma ana iya canza shi ta hanyar sauye-sauyen [[Amfani da Ƙasa|amfani]] da ƙasa kamar injiniyan kogi. Ambaliyar ruwa na iya zama da amfani ga al'umma ko kuma ta yi barna. Noma da ke gefen [[Nil|kogin Nilu]] sun yi amfani da ambaliyar ruwa na yanayi wanda ke tanadin abubuwan gina jiki masu amfani ga amfanin gona. Duk da haka, yayin da adadi da lalurar ƙauyuka ke ƙaruwa, ambaliya na ƙara zama haɗari na halitta. A cikin birane, kwararar ruwa daga saman ƙasa shine farkon abin da ke haifar da ambaliya na birane, wanda aka sani da maimaitawa da kuma tasiri mai tsada ga al'ummomi. <ref>Center for Neighborhood Technology, Chicago IL [http://www.cnt.org/media/CNT_PrevalenceAndCostOfUrbanFlooding.pdf “The Prevalence and Cost of Urban Flooding.”] May 2013</ref> Mummunan illar da ke tattare da asarar rayuka, hasarar dukiya, gurbacewar ruwan sha, haka Kuma asarar amfanin gona, da tarwatsa jama'a da rashin matsuguni na wucin gadi. Ambaliyar ruwa na daga cikin bala'o'in da suka fi yin barna. An kuma san yin amfani da ƙarin ban ruwa a matsayin wata muhimmiyar hanya wadda amfanin gona irin su masara za su iya riƙe takin nitrogen a cikin ƙasa, wanda ke haifar da haɓaka samar da ruwan amfanin gona. == Ragewa da magani == [[File:North-Bend-Uplands-Runoff-pond-3942.jpg|right|thumb| Runoff rike tafkunan (Uplands unguwa na North Bend, Washington )]] Rage illolin da ke haifar da zubar da jini na iya ɗaukar nau'i da yawa: * [[Amfani da Ƙasa|Irƙirar haɓaka amfani]] da ƙasa da nufin rage abubuwan da ba su da kyau a cikin birane * Gudanar da [[Kula da zaizayar ƙasa|zaizayar ƙasa]] ga [[Gona|gonaki]] da wuraren gine- gine * Kula da ambaliyar ruwa da shirye-shiryen sake fasalin, kamar kayan aikin kore * Amfani da sinadarai da sarrafa sarrafawa a cikin [[Noma|aikin gona]], kiyaye shimfidar wuri, amfani da masana'antu, da sauransu. '''Land use controls.''' Many world regulatory agencies have encouraged research on methods of minimizing total surface runoff by avoiding unnecessary [[hardscape]].<ref>U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [http://www.epa.gov/ATHENS/research/impervious/ "Impervious Cover."] Ecosystems Research Division, Athens, GA. 2009-02-24. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090509130718/http://www.epa.gov/ATHENS/research/impervious/ |date=May 9, 2009 }}</ref> Many municipalities have produced guidelines and codes ([[zoning]] and related [[Local ordinance|ordinances]]) for [[land developer]]s that encourage minimum width sidewalks, use of [[paving stone (flooring)|pavers]] set in earth for [[driveway]]s and [[walkway]]s and other design techniques to allow maximum water [[infiltration (hydrology)|infiltration]] in urban settings. An example of a local program specifying design requirements, construction practices and maintenance requirements for buildings and properties is in [[Santa Monica, California]].<ref>{{cite web |title=City of Santa Monica Urban Runoff Management Program |url=https://cfpub.epa.gov/npstbx/files/santamonica_urbrochure.pdf |date=2001 |publisher=City of Santa Monica Environmental & Public Works Management |location=Santa Monica, CA |id=Brochure}}</ref> {{Further|Low-impact development (Canada/US)}} '''Kula da zaizayar kasa''' ya bayyana tun zamanin da lokacin da manoma suka fahimci mahimmancin noman kwane-kwane don kare albarkatun ƙasa. Tun daga shekarata 1950 waɗannan hanyoyin noma sun ƙara haɓaka. A cikin shekarun 1960 wasu [[Jihohi a Tarayyar Amurika|gwamnatocin jahohi]] da na kananan hukumomi sun fara mai da hankali kan kokarinsu wajen rage kwararar gine-gine ta hanyar bukatar magina su aiwatar da matakan hana [[Kula da zaizayar ƙasa|zaizayar]] kasa da nakasa ( ESCs ). Wannan ya haɗa da irin waɗannan fasahohin kamar: yin amfani da bas ɗin bambaro da shinge don rage gudu a kan gangara, shigar da shinge na silt, gina shirye-shirye na watanni waɗanda ba su da ƙarancin ruwan sama da raguwa da tsawon wuraren da aka fallasa. Lardin Montgomery, [[Maryland]] ta aiwatar da shirin kula da tsatsauran ra'ayi na karamar hukuma a cikin shekarar 1965, kuma wannan ya biyo bayan shirin a duk faɗin jihar Maryland a cikin shekarata 1970. '''Shirye-shiryen shawo kan ambaliyar ruwa''' tun farkon rabin farkon karni na ashirin ya zama mai ƙima a cikin hasashen kololuwar tsarin [[:Category:Koguna|kogi]]. An samar da dabarun ci gaba don rage kololuwar ruwa da kuma rage saurin tashoshi. Wasu fasahohin da aka saba amfani da su sune: samar da riƙon tafkuna (wanda ake kira dakunan ajiyar ruwa ko daidaita tafkuna ) don hana kololuwar kogi, yin amfani da na'urorin watsa makamashi a cikin tashoshi don rage saurin magudanan ruwa da sarrafa amfani da ƙasa don rage kwararar ruwa. '''Amfani da sinadarai da kulawa.''' Bayan aiwatar da dokar kiyaye albarkatu da dawo da albarkatun Amurka (RCRA) a cikin shekarata 1976, daga baya kuma Dokar Ingancin Ruwa ta 1987, jihohi da biranen sun ƙara yin taka tsan-tsan wajen sarrafa ƙunshe da adanar sinadarai masu guba, don haka hana fitar da zubewa. Hanyoyin da aka saba amfani da su sune: buƙatu don ninki biyu na tankunan ajiya na ƙarƙashin ƙasa, rajistar amfani da kayan haɗari, raguwar adadin magungunan kashe qwari da aka yarda da shi da ƙarin tsauraran ƙa'idodin takin zamani da ciyawa a cikin kiyaye shimfidar wuri. A yawancin masana'antu, ana buƙatar gyaran sharar gida, don rage gudu daga gurɓataccen ruwa zuwa magudanar ruwa ko ruwan sama. Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa ta Amurka (CWA) ta buƙaci ƙananan hukumomi a cikin birane (kamar yadda Ofishin Kidayar Jama'a ta ayyana) su sami izinin fitar da ruwan sama don tsarin magudanar ruwa. <ref>United States. ''Code of Federal Regulations'', [http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_07/40cfr122_07.html 40 CFR 122.26]</ref> <ref>EPA. Washington, D.C. [http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/stormwater/munic.cfm "Stormwater Discharges From Municipal Separate Storm Sewer Systems (MS4s)."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011010413/http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/stormwater/munic.cfm |date=2007-10-11 }} 2009-03-11.</ref> Mahimmanci wannan yana nufin cewa yankin dole ne ya yi aiki da shirin kula da ruwan guguwa don duk kwararar ruwan sama da ke shiga tsarin magudanar ruwa na daban na birni (" MS4 "). Dokokin EPA da na jihohi da wallafe-wallafen da ke da alaƙa sun zayyana abubuwan asali guda shida waɗanda kowane shiri na gida ya ƙunshi: * Ilimin jama'a (sanar da mutane, gidaje, kasuwanci game da hanyoyin gujewa gurɓacewar ruwa) * Shiga jama'a (tallafawa jama'a shiga cikin aiwatar da shirye-shiryen gida) * Gano fitar da ba bisa ka'ida ba & kawarwa (cire magudanar ruwa ko wasu hanyoyin haɗin ruwan da ba na guguwa ba zuwa MS4 ) * Gudanar da zubar da ruwa na wurin gini (watau zaizayar ƙasa da sarrafa laka) * Bayan gini (watau dindindin) sarrafa ruwan guguwa * Rigakafin gurɓatawa (misali ingantattun sarrafa sinadarai, gami da sarrafa man fetur da mai, takin zamani, magungunan kashe qwari da injinan titi ) da matakan “kyakkyawan kula da gida” (misali kula da tsarin). Sauran masu mallakar kadarori waɗanda ke gudanar da tsarin magudanar ruwa mai kama da gundumomi, kamar tsarin babbar hanyar jiha, jami'o'i, sansanonin soja da gidajen yari, suma suna ƙarƙashin buƙatun izinin na MS4. == Aunawa da ƙirar lissafi == Ana nazarin runoff ta amfani da ƙirar lissafi a haɗe tare da hanyoyi daban-daban na samfurin [[Inganchin ruwa|ingancin ruwa]]. Ana iya yin ma'auni ta amfani da ci gaba da sarrafa kayan aikin bincike na ingancin ruwa mai sarrafa kansa wanda aka yi niyya akan gurɓatattun abubuwa kamar ƙayyadaddun sinadarai na Organic ko inorganic, pH, turbidity da dai sauransu ko aka yi niyya akan alamomi na biyu kamar narkar da iskar oxygen. Hakanan za'a iya yin ma'auni a cikin tsari ta hanyar cire samfurin ruwa guda ɗaya da gudanar da kowane adadin sinadarai ko gwaje-gwaje na zahiri akan wannan samfurin. A cikin shekarata 1950s ko kuma samfuran jigilar ruwa na farko sun bayyana don ƙididdige yawan zubar da ruwa, musamman don hasashen ambaliyar ruwa. Tun daga farkon shekarun 1970s an ƙirƙira samfuran kwamfuta don nazarin jigilar kwararar ruwa da ke ɗauke da gurɓataccen ruwa, waɗanda ke yin la'akari da adadin narkar da sinadarai daban-daban, kutsawa cikin ƙasa da babban nauyin gurɓataccen ruwa da aka kai ga ruwa . Ɗaya daga cikin samfuran farko da ke magance rushewar sinadarai a cikin guguwa da kuma abin hawa an haɓaka shi a farkon 1970s ƙarƙashin kwangilar Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA). <ref>C.M. Hogan, Leda Patmore, Gary Latshaw, Harry Seidman et al. Computer modeling of pesticide transport in soil for five instrumented watersheds, [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]] Southeast Water laboratory, Athens, Ga. by [[ESL Inc.]], Sunnyvale, California (1973)</ref> Wannan ƙirar kwamfuta ta samar da ginshiƙi na yawancin binciken ragewa wanda ya haifar da dabarun [[Amfani da Ƙasa|amfani da ƙasa]] da sarrafa sinadarai. Ƙwarai, masu aikin ruwa na guguwa sun fahimci buƙatar ƙirar Monte Carlo don daidaita tsarin tafiyar da ruwa saboda bambance-bambancen yanayi a cikin sauye-sauye masu yawa waɗanda ke shafar inganci da yawan zubar da ruwa. Amfanin nazarin Monte Carlo ba shine don rage rashin tabbas a cikin kididdigar shigarwa ba, amma don wakiltar haɗuwa daban-daban na masu canji waɗanda ke ƙayyade haɗarin balaguron ingancin ruwa. Ɗaya daga cikin misalan irin wannan nau'in samfurin ruwan guguwa shine ''stochastic empirical loading da dilution model'' ( ''SELDM'' ) <ref name="SELDM-Manual">Granato, G.E., 2013, Stochastic empirical loading and dilution model (SELDM) version 1.0.0: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods, book 4, chap. C3, 112 p. http://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/04/c03/</ref> <ref>Granato, G.E., 2014, SELDM: Stochastic Empirical Loading and Dilution Model version 1.0.3 Software support page available at https://doi.org/10.5066/F7TT4P3G</ref> shine samfurin ingancin ruwan hadari . An ƙirƙira SELDM don canza haɗaɗɗun bayanan kimiyya zuwa bayanai masu ma'ana game da haɗarin mummunan tasirin kwararar ruwa a kan karɓar ruwa, yuwuwar buƙatar matakan ragewa, da yuwuwar tasirin irin waɗannan matakan gudanarwa don rage waɗannan haɗarin. SELDM yana ba da hanya don kimanta bayanai cikin sauri waɗanda ke da wahala ko kuma ba za a iya samu ba saboda yana ƙirƙira ma'amala tsakanin masu canjin yanayi (tare da rabe-raben yuwuwar mabambanta) wanda ke haifar da yawan ƙima waɗanda ke wakiltar yiwuwar sakamako na dogon lokaci daga matakan gudu da kuma Na yuwuwar tasirin matakan raguwa daban-daban. Har ila yau, SELDM yana ba da hanyoyin yin bincike mai zurfi cikin hanzari don tantance tasirin zato daban-daban game da haɗarin balaguron ingancin ruwa. Other computer models have been developed (such as the DSSAM Model) that allow surface runoff to be tracked through a river course as reactive water pollutants. In this case the surface runoff may be considered to be a line source of water pollution to the receiving waters. == Duba wasu abubuwan == * Agricultural wastewater – * Agricultural nutrient runoff * Catchwater * Ambaliyar ruwa * Flood forecasting * Hydrological model * Nationwide Urban Runoff Program Bincike na Amurka * Nonpoint source pollution – * Rain garden * Runoff curve number * Runoff model (reservoir) * Soil conservation – * Soil contamination – * Stochastic_empirical_loading_and_dilution_model * Stormwater – * Trophic state index – * Urban flooding – * Water pollution – == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * USDA NRCS Littafin Jagoran Injiniya [https://web.archive.org/web/20060924192257/http://www.info.usda.gov/CED/ftp/CED/neh630-ch14.pdf na Kasa, Dangantakar Zubar da Mataki, Ch. 14] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100711020653/http://www.nutrientnet.org/ NutrientNet], kayan aiki na sinadarai na kan layi wanda [http://www.wri.org/ Cibiyar Albarkatun Duniya ta] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329053430/http://www.wri.org/ |date=2021-03-29 }} haɓaka, wanda aka tsara don magance matsalolin ingancin ruwa da ke da alaƙa da zubar da ruwa da sauran gurɓataccen ruwa. Duba kuma gidan yanar gizon [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235455/http://pa.nutrientnet.org/ PA NutrientNet] wanda aka ƙera don shirin ciniki na sinadirai na Pennsylvania. * [http://www.filterra.com/index.php/about/ Bioretention] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106133348/http://www.filterra.com/index.php/about/ |date=2014-11-06 }} a matsayin ƙananan tasiri ci gaban hanyar magance zubar da ruwa * * * * Samfuran [https://www.usgs.gov/SELDM/ Ruwan] Guguwar Ruwa na USGS Ƙwararren [[Category:Ruwa]] [[Category:Muhalli]] [[Category:Noma]] [[Category:Yanayi]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] njyisx0v50qo5lkszfiwbd8hi2xguqw 0 29881 873681 504506 2026-07-01T15:55:11Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 873681 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Cables_Catex_Serre-Chevalier.jpg |thumb| ]] [[File:Alpe_Spitzegga_4.JPG |thumb| Alpe Spitzegga ]] [[File:SilvrettaNova_11.jpg|right|thumb| Gadar dusar ƙanƙara da ke kusa da wurin shakatawa a Vorarlberg .]] '''Kula da''' '''dusar ƙanƙara ko ayyukan kare kankara''' na rage haɗarin bala'in da ke haifar da rayuwar ɗan adam, ayyuka, da dukiyoyi. Kula da dusar ƙanƙara yana farawa ne da kimanta haɗarin da aka gudanar ta hanyar bincike don yuwuwar balaguron balaguro ta hanyar gano fasalin yanayin ƙasa kamar yanayin ciyayi, magudanar ruwa, da rarraba dusar ƙanƙara na yanayi na yanayi waɗanda ke nuni da ƙazamar ruwa. Daga abubuwan da aka gano kan dusar ƙanƙara, ana tantance haɗarin ta hanyar gano yanayin yanayin ɗan adam da ke barazana kamar hanyoyi, tudun kankara, da gine-gine. Shirye-shiryen sarrafa kankara suna magance haɗarin dusar ƙanƙara ta hanyar tsara tsare-tsare na rigakafi da ragewa, waɗanda ake aiwatar da su a lokacin hunturu. Tsare-tsare na rigakafi da ragewa sun haɗu da babban fakitin dusar ƙanƙara tare da manyan ƙungiyoyi uku na shiga tsakani: aiki, m da zamantakewa - wani lokacin ma an fi bayyana shi a matsayin "fashewa", "tsari", da "fadakarwa" bisa ga mafi yawan fasahar da aka yi amfani da su a kowane. <ref name="colorado" /> Dabarun sarrafa dusar ƙanƙara ko dai suna shiga tsakani kai tsaye a cikin juyin halittar fakitin dusar ƙanƙara, ko kuma rage tasirin dusar ƙanƙara da zarar ta faru. Don abin da ya faru na sa hannun ɗan adam, ƙungiyoyin kula da balaguron balaguro suna haɓakawa da horar da cikakken martani da tsare-tsare na farfadowa da kuma ingantawa. == Ƙimar haɗari da haɗari == == Rigakafi da raguwar== Rigakafi da raguwa yana farawa tare da lura da fakitin dusar ƙanƙara don yin hasashen haɗarin afkuwar ƙazamar ruwa. Haɗarin hasashen sai ya ƙayyade matakan da suka wajaba don rage haɗarin da ke a tattare da dusar ƙanƙara. === Kulawa da hasashen === Duban fakitin dusar ƙanƙara suna nazarin shimfidawa da rarraba dusar ƙanƙara don ƙididdige rashin kwanciyar hankali na fakitin dusar ƙanƙara don haka haɗarin ƙazamar ƙazamar ruwa ta afku a wani yanayi na musamman. A wuraren da ɗan adam ke amfani da dusar ƙanƙara ana sa ido a duk lokacin hunturu don tantance juyin halittar sa a ƙarƙashin yanayin yanayin yanayi. Ya bambanta da yanayin dusar ƙanƙara da aka yi amfani da shi sosai inda yin hasashe shine manufar kallon dusar ƙanƙara, a cikin ƙasa mai nisa, ko kuma filin da ba a yawan ziyarta ba, lura da fakitin dusar ƙanƙara yana bayyana rashin kwanciyar hankali na fakitin dusar ƙanƙara. === Shisshigi masu aiki === [[File:Avalanche_Blasting.jpg|thumb| Guguwar iska ta barke a wurin shakatawar ski na Tignes na [[Faransa]] (m3,600)]] [[File:Gazex_15_(cropped).JPG|thumb| Gazex shigarwa]] Dabaru masu aiki suna rage haɗarin bala'in girgizar ƙasa ta hanyar haɓaka kwanciyar hankali da dai-daita fakitin dusar ƙanƙara ta nau'ikan sa baki guda uku: tarwatsa raƙuman yadudduka a cikin fakitin dusar ƙanƙara, haɓaka daidaituwar fakitin dusar ƙanƙara, da rage yawan dusar ƙanƙara da ake samu a cikin dusar ƙanƙara. shirya don entrainment a cikin dusar ƙanƙara; Ana iya cimma wannan ko dai ta hanyar haifar da ƙananan ƙazamar ƙazamar ruwa, ko kuma ta hanyar yin tasiri kai tsaye ga tsarin shimfidar dusar ƙanƙara. Ana iya rarraba sarrafa ƙanƙara mai ƙarfi zuwa ko dai na inji ko hanyoyin fashewa. Ana amfani da hanyoyin injina galibi a cikin ƙasa mai nisa, ƙarami, ko ƙasa mai haɗari; yayin da ake amfani da hanyoyin fashewa a cikin babban filin haɗari mai girma, ko ƙasa tare da masana'antu, nishaɗin kasuwanci, birni, da amfani da sufuri. A cikin ƙasa mafi ƙanƙanta yana da mafi sauƙin hanyar sarrafa dusar ƙanƙara wanda ke tarwatsa raƙuman dusar ƙanƙara ta hanyar tafiya kai tsaye ta hanyar su, dabarar da ake magana da ita azaman tattara kaya. Don manyan fasaloli wannan hanyar za a iya tsawaita ta hanyar sake rarraba dusar ƙanƙara ta injina ta amfani da manyan motocin da aka sa ido da ake kira masu yin dusar ƙanƙara . Wadannan hanyoyin sadarwa guda biyu za a iya yin su cikin aminci yayin da dusar ƙanƙara ke ajiyewa kuma kafin ta haifar da rashin kwanciyar hankali. A cikin filin da ba za a iya shiga ba kawai, ko kuma a cikin fakitin dusar ƙanƙara mai ɓullo da yawa wanda ke da zurfi don ɗaukar kaya, ana amfani da dabarun kwantar da kankara. Dabarar farko ta daidaitawar kankara hanya ce ta shiga wani gangare mai suna yankan kankara. A cikin wannan hanya wani skier yayi ƙoƙari ya haifar da ƙanƙarar ƙanƙara ta hanyar karya goyan bayan fakitin dusar ƙanƙara ta sama da sauri ta hanyar tafiya da sauri tare da saman gangaren, za a iya karkatar da skier akan igiya don ƙara kare su daga kama su a cikin dusar ƙanƙara. . Za a iya ƙara daidaita fakitin dusar ƙanƙara, ko daidaitawa, ta hanyar ci gaba da zirga-zirgar kankara ta ƙasa. A ƙarshe Kuma za a iya amfani da igiyar ƙulli don gani ta cikin tushen cornices, yana haifar da cornice zuwa fakitin dusar ƙanƙara na gangaren ƙasa. Wannan yana da tasirin haɗin gwiwa na rage haƙiƙanin haɗarin da cornice ke haifarwa, da kuma samar da babban tasiri akan fakitin dusar ƙanƙara. [[File:106mm_Recoilless_Rifle.jpg|left|thumb| Tawagar ma'aikatan gandun daji na Amurka suna amfani da bindigar da ba ta da ƙarfi 106mm don magance dusar ƙanƙara a Dutsen Mammoth a cikin dajin Inyo na ƙasa .]] Dabarun fashewa sun haɗa da haifar da ƙananan ruɓar ruwa mai lalacewa, ta hanyar tayar da caji ko dai a sama ko a saman dusar ƙanƙara. Ana iya tura abubuwan fashewar ta hanyar jefawa da runtse hannu da hannu, Kuma ta hanyar jefa bam daga jirgi mai saukar ungulu, ko kuma ta harsashi da karamar bindiga, bindiga mara karko, ko bindigar iska . A daidaita haɗari ga ma'aikata tare da tasirin hanyar turawa wajen samun dama da haifar da bala'in bala'i, kowace hanya tana da illa da fa'idodi. Daga cikin sabbin hanyoyin, dabarun sanya na'urori masu sarrafa nesa waɗanda ke haifar da fashewar iska ta hanyar tayar da fashewar iska mai fashewa a saman fakitin dusar ƙanƙara a cikin yankin farawa da bala'in bala'i, yana ba da amsa cikin sauri da inganci ga yanke shawara kan kawar da dusar ƙanƙara yayin da rage haɗarin ma'aikatan sarrafa kankara; wani siffa mai mahimmanci musamman don sarrafa kankara a cikin hanyoyin sufuri. Misali, Hasumiyar Avalanche (Sprengmast) Ostiriya, da [[Norway]] suna amfani da na'urori masu amfani da hasken rana don tura caji daga mujallu mai ɗauke da cajin rediyo kusan guda 12. Ana iya jigilar mujallu, lodawa, da cire su daga hasumiya ta jirgi mai saukar ungulu, ba tare da buƙatar mataimaki na jirgin ba, ko ma’aikatan wurin. Sarrafa abubuwan fashewa ya tabbatar da yin tasiri a wuraren da ke da sauƙin shiga wuraren fara balaguron balaguro da kuma inda za a iya jure ƙananan ƙazamar ruwa. Yawancin abu ne wanda ba za a yarda da shi ba, duk da haka, a cikin yankunan da ke da mazaunin mutane da kuma inda akwai ma ƙananan yuwuwar bala'in ne mai girma. === Matsalolin dindindin === [[File:Schutzwald-Lawinenverbauung.jpg|thumb| Daji da tsarin kariya daga kankara.]] Dabarun dindindin suna jinkiri, tsayawa, karkatar da su, ko hana dusar ƙanƙara daga motsi; ko dai gaba daya ko kuma isa ga yadda dakarun da ke lalata suka ragu sosai. Dabaru na dindindin sun haɗa da gina gine- gine da gyaggyarawa ƙasa don dalilai da aka ƙirƙira kamar haka: * Tsarin riƙe dusar ƙanƙara (turunan dusar ƙanƙara, gadoji na dusar ƙanƙara, ragar dusar ƙanƙara), ana amfani da su a cikin babbar hanyar yuwuwar balaguron balaguro. * Barasa ƙanƙara: Babban ɓangaren shingen dusar ƙanƙara yana dogara ne akan doguwar igiyar ƙarfe mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi, wanda ke shimfiɗa gangaren gangaren kuma ya isa saman dusar ƙanƙara. Tasirin goyan bayan da saman riƙon ya haifar yana hana yuwuwar raƙuma a cikin murfin dusar ƙanƙara da zamewar murfin dusar ƙanƙara a saman ƙasa. Don haka ana hana wargajewar dusar ƙanƙara a yankin farawa, yayin da motsin dusar ƙanƙara ya keɓe har ya zama mara lahani. Sojojin da ke haifar da matsin dusar ƙanƙara tarun dusar ƙanƙara suna ɗaukar su a kan ginshiƙan jujjuyawar da igiyoyin anga su cikin wuraren anka. * Na'urorin tsaro na dusar ƙanƙara (an yi amfani da su don ƙara riƙe dusar ƙanƙara a kan rufin). * Tsarin sake rarraba dusar ƙanƙara (gurgin iska, shingen dusar ƙanƙara) * Tsarin karkatar da dusar ƙanƙara da aka yi amfani da shi don karkata da kuma tsare dusar ƙanƙara mai motsi a cikin hanyar dusar ƙanƙara. Kada su karkatar da dusar ƙanƙara da ƙarfi, domin a cikin yanayi na ƙarshe, dusar ƙanƙara za ta iya mamaye su cikin sauƙi. * Tsarin ja da baya na dusar ƙanƙara (misali masu fasa dusar ƙanƙara), galibi ana amfani da su a cikin ƙananan sassa na gangaren dutsen, don haɓaka jinkirin yanayi. * Tsarin kama dusar ƙanƙara * Kariyar kai tsaye ga abubuwa masu mahimmanci da sifofi, misali, ta hanyar zubar da dusar ƙanƙara ( zubar dusar ƙanƙara) ko schneekragens (a wuraren [[hakar ma'adinai]]). Sashi ɗaya ɗaya na iya biyan buƙatun nau'o'in manufa da yawa, alal misali, madatsun ruwa, ramuka, tudun ƙasa, da terraces ana amfani da su don karkata, jinkirtawa, da kamawa. Sauran hanyoyin ma sun haɗa da: * reforestation, sama da na halitta itace line &#x2014; gandun daji bauta wa dukan ayyuka na wucin gadi avalanche kariya: riƙewa, sake rarrabawa, retardation da kama. * Ana amfani da kogon dusar ƙanƙara, da kuma wuraren da aka haƙa, da aka tona, da katangar dusar ƙanƙara da matsugunan bivouac don ɗan lokaci don kare masu hawan dutse da masu ski ta hanyar samar musu da sararin numfashi a yayin da bala'in girgizar ƙasa ke binnewa. * Gine-ginen gyare-gyaren gine-gine da gyaran gyare-gyare, kamar waɗanda aka samu a ƙauyukan tsaunuka masu tsayi na tarihi na Alps. . ==== Zubar da dusar ƙanƙara ==== [[File:WAB_Allmend_Lawinengalerie_Sommer.jpg|thumb| Jiragen kasa da ke wucewa a cikin wani hoton dusar ƙanƙara a kan Wengernalpbahn a Switzerland.]] Wurin '''zubar da dusar ƙanƙara''' ko '''ƙwanƙwasa''' ƙanƙara nau'in tsari ne na tsayayyen tsarin dusar ƙanƙara don sarrafa dusar ƙanƙara ko don kiyaye wucewa a wuraren da kawar da dusar ƙanƙara ta zama kusan ba zai yiwu ba. Ana iya yin su da ƙarfe, firam ɗin siminti da aka riga aka ɗora, ko katako . <ref>[http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/006/AD075E/AD075e09.htm Photographs of avalanche defences], [[FAO]] corporate document repository</ref> Ana iya rufe waɗannan sifofin gaba ɗaya, kamar rami na wucin gadi, ko sun ƙunshi abubuwa masu kama da lattice. Yawancin gine-gine ne masu ƙarfi idan aka yi la'akari da yanayin da dole ne su rayu a ciki. Kariyar dusar ƙanƙara tana da mahimmanci musamman lokacin da hanyoyi ke ƙetare ƙeƙasasshiyar “gurguwa”, waɗanda raƙuman ruwa ne na halitta ko wasu sifofi waɗanda ke jagorantar ko mai da hankali kan balaguro Ko tagiyar ruwa. Wuraren zubar da dusar ƙanƙara ko wuraren kallon dusar ƙanƙara abu ne da aka saba gani akan hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa a yankunan tsaunuka, irin su Marias Pass da Donner Pass a ƙasar [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], ko kuma da yawa daga cikin layin dogo na tsaunukan [[Switzerland]], inda waƙoƙi ke rufe da mil mil. Ko da yake ba a amfani da shi a yau, Babban Titin Jirgin ƙasa na Pacific yana da cikakken filin jirgin ƙasa a ƙarƙashin rufin Donner Pass. Ana kuma samun su a kan tsaunin tituna na musamman ma. Babban titin Trans-Canada tsakanin Revelstoke da Golden a British Columbia yana da wuraren zubar dusar ƙanƙara da yawa da ke rufe dukkan bangarorin tafiye-tafiye don tinkarar dusar ƙanƙara. Gabashin Snoqualmie Pass a [[Washington (jiha)|Washington]] a arewa maso yammacin Amurka, Interstate 90 mai iyakar yamma yana da dusar ƙanƙara ta zubar a tsakiyar hanya a gefen gabas na tafkin Keechelus ({{Coord|47.355|-121.3658}}, mizani 57.7); an cire shi a cikin shekarata 2014 a shirye-shiryen gina gadoji don maye gurbinsa. {{Convert|500|ft|-1}} Tsarin kankare ya rufe hanyoyi guda biyu akan lanƙwasa kuma an gina shi a cikin shekarata 1950 don Hanyar Amurka ta 10, sannan layi ɗaya a kowace hanya; ya kasance karo na farko da aka yi amfani da ginin da aka riga aka gina don tsarin babbar hanya a wani yanki mai tsaunuka kuma shine dusar ƙanƙara ta ƙarshe da ta saura akan babbar hanyar Interstate . ==== Dusar ƙanƙara gada ==== [[File:Verbauung_Tanngrindel.JPG|thumb| Dusar ƙanƙara gadoji a [[Switzerland]] .]] '''Gadar dusar ƙanƙara''', '''shingen''' ƙanƙara, ko '''shingen''' ƙanƙara, yayi kama da shingen dusar ƙanƙara, amma suna aiki daban. Ana gina shingen dusar ƙanƙara a tsaye kuma suna tara dusar ƙanƙara a gefensu na ƙasa, yayin da gadoji na dusar ƙanƙara ke kwance ko a kwance kuma suna riƙe dusar ƙanƙara a gefensu.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2017}} Ana haɗa gadoji na dusar ƙanƙara zuwa gangaren da ke gefen sama ta hanyar anguwar tashin hankali da kuma kan gangaren ƙasa ta hanyar matsawa. <ref>[http://www.mairwilfried.it/index.php?id=33&lang=en "Steel snow bridges"]</ref> ==== Avalanche dam ==== Dusar ƙanƙara madatsun ruwa ( '''dams''' na '''hana dusar ƙanƙara, madatsun''' '''ruwan ƙanƙara''' ) wani nau'in tsarin kula da ƙazamar ruwa ne da ake amfani da shi don kare wuraren da jama'a ke zaune, hanyoyi, layukan wutar lantarki da sauransu, daga ƙazamar ruwa . Manyan nau'ikan nau'ikan guda biyu (2) sune karkatar da madatsun ruwa . <ref name="satsie">{{Cite web |title=The design of avalanche protection dams. Recent practical and theoretical developments |url=http://www.leeds.ac.uk/satsie/docs/satsie_d14.pdf |access-date=2022-03-10 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303191305/http://www.leeds.ac.uk/satsie/docs/satsie_d14.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Dukkan nau'ikan madatsun ruwa guda biyu ana sanya su ne a cikin yankin da ba a gama gujewa ba na kankara da kuma cikin sassan da ke kan hanyar. A wasu sassa na dusar ƙanƙara ba su da tasiri saboda ana iya cika su cikin sauƙi ko kuma a cika su. <ref name="satsie"/> ==== Avalanche net ==== '''Rukunin''' '''dusar ƙanƙara''' ( ragar dusar ƙanƙara, '''ragar dusar ƙanƙara''' ) sassa ne masu sassaucin ra'ayi na dusar ƙanƙara don sarrafa dusar ƙanƙara, an gina su da ƙarfe ko igiyoyin nailan ko madauri waɗanda ke riƙe da sandunan ƙarfe, zaɓin ana ba da su tare da anka matsawa ƙasa. Ana shigar da su a cikin manyan sassa na yuwuwar balaguron balaguro don hana dusar ƙanƙara ta fara zamewa cikin dusar ƙanƙara, ko don jinkirta faifan. Rukunin dusar ƙanƙara yana da fa'idodi masu zuwa idan aka kwatanta da tsayayyen tsarin tallafi wato(shinge na dusar ƙanƙara, tudun dusar ƙanƙara, zubar dusar ƙanƙara): * ƙananan farashi * mafi kyau gauraye a cikin yanayi * sauki shigarwa * tsayayyen tsari sun fi saurin lalacewa a cikin wuraren da ba su da kwanciyar hankali (tare da girgizar ƙasa, [[Zaftarewar ƙasa|zabtarewar ƙasa]], faɗuwar ƙasa, <ref>Nets are less damaged by rocks because their flexible structure dissipates the [[kinetic energy]] of falling rocks, see [https://archive.today/20120913114125/http://www.patentstorm.us/patents/6926471-description.html "Protective barrier, in particular for mountainous places"], patent description</ref> ƙasa mai ratsawa ta permafrost <ref>[http://www.wsl.ch/forschung/forschungsprojekte/lawinenverbauungen_permafrost/index_EN?redir=1& "Snow-supporting structures in permafrost"]{{Dead link|date=October 2018}}</ref> ) kuma cikin yanayin ruwan [[Ruwan sama|sama]] mai ƙarfi da malalar laka . Rukunin dusar ƙanƙara yana da wasu kura-kurai, saboda sun fi wahalar dagewa a ƙasa mara kyau.  <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5D;</sup> === Harkokin zamantakewa === Don rage haɗarin bala'in dusar ƙanƙara, sa kaimi ga zamantakewa yana rage aukuwar bala'in bala'in bala'in ɗan adam ta hanyar gyara ɗabi'un mutane, ta yadda amfanin da suke yi na ƙazamar ƙazamar ƙasa ya dace don hana shigarsu cikin ƙazamar ruwa. Ƙungiyoyin irin na kula da dusar ƙanƙara suna cim ma hakan ta hanyar niyya wayar da kan jama'a da shirye-shiryen ilimi a al'ummomin da ke yawan balaguron balaguro. Binciken da aka yi na hadurran dusar ƙanƙara ya nuna cewa mafi yawan ƙazamar da ta shafi mutane mutane ne ke haddasa su, kuma daga cikin waɗanda abin ya shafa da yawa ba su da masaniya game da haɗarin afkuwar ƙazamar. Don magance wannan abin lura, shirye-shiryen wayar da kan jama'a da ilimi na gabatarwa suna ba da koyarwa game da guje wa haɗarin balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguro ta hanyar sanin ƙazamar ƙazamar ƙazamar ƙasa, lura da rashin kwanciyar hankali na dusar ƙanƙara, da gano ayyukan ɗan adam da ke haifar da bala'i. Ƙungiyoyin kula da dusar ƙanƙara kuma suna yada jita-jita, taswirori, gargaɗi, da rahotannin ayyukan dusar ƙanƙara don taimakawa al'ummomin masu amfani da ƙasa. == Amsa da farfadowa == Ƙungiyoyin kula da dusar ƙanƙara suna tsara, da kuma mayar da martani, ga bala'in balaguro Ko yawo. Amsoshi na yau da kullun sun taso daga share hanyoyin sufuri na tarkacen dusar ƙanƙara, zuwa gyara masana'antu da wuraren nishaɗi, don nema, ceto, da murmurewa. Don inganta sakamakon shigar ɗan adam ƙungiyoyin sarrafa dusar ƙanƙara suna ba da horo da ilimi ga ƙwararrun ƙwararru da masu sha'awar nishaɗi a cikin shirye-shiryen ƙazamar ƙazamar ruwa. === Shirye-shiryen sana'a === Martanin ƙwararru game da balaguron balaguron balaguro ana niyya ne a kan bala'in da ya shafi jama'a da ba su shirya ba. Lokacin da aka yi hasashen za a yi balaguron balaguron balaguro, za a rufe wuraren da jama'a da ba su shirya ba, sannan bayan an yi bala'in za a kwashe tarkace, sannan a gyara. Lokacin da bala'in bala'in da ba zato ba tsammani ya faru wanda ya haɗa da jama'a da ba su shirya ba, ƙungiyoyin kula da balaguron balaguro suna amsawa tare da manyan ƙungiyoyin bincike ƙwararru waɗanda suka haɗa da layin bincike, da horar da karnuka bincike da ceto. === Shiri mai son === Amsar nishaɗi ga balaguron balaguro ya haɗa da saurin samar da ƙungiyar bincike da ceto. Ƙungiyoyin bincike da ceto na ad hoc sun dogara ga dukan mahalarta da suka shirya don yuwuwar bala'i ta hanyar ɗaukar ingantattun kayan bincike da ceto, da kuma samun horon da ya dace fa shi. == Duba wasu abubuwan == * Daurewar salula * Rage zabtarewar ƙasa, sarrafa irin wannan nau'in bala'i == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} * Jaedicke, Kirista; Naaim-Bouvet, Florence; Granig, Matthias (2004) "Binciken ramukan iska na dusar ƙanƙara a kusa da tsarin tsaro na kankara", ''Abubuwan Glaciology, vol. 38, shafi na 325-330'' * Michael Falser: ''Historische Lawinenschutzlandschaften: eine Aufgabe für die Kulturlandschafts- und Denkmalpflege'' A: kunsttexte 3/2010, unter: [http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/kunsttexte/2010-3/falser-michael-1/PDF/falser.pdf http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/kunsttexte/2010-3/falser-michael-1/PDF/falser .pdf] == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.avalanche.org Cibiyar Dusar ƙanƙara ta] ƙasa na sabis na gandun daji na Amurka [[Category:Ƙanƙara]] [[Category:Dusa]] [[Category:Ruwa]] [[Category:Yanayi]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] buu8b4a4teztrmcr4e9dsu9sukvtxuo 0 30389 874146 840235 2026-07-02T08:12:02Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 874146 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} An yi Allah-wadai da matakin kare haƙƙin bil adama a Sudan. Wasu kungiyoyin [[Hakkokin ɗan'adam|kare hakkin bil adama]] sun tattara bayanai iri-iri na cin zarafi da cin zarafi da gwamnatin Sudan ta yi cikin shekaru da dama da suka gabata ƙarƙashin mulkin Omar al-Bashir<ref>https://oceanfdn.org/ha/ha%C6%99%C6%99in-%C9%97an-adam-akan-adalcin-tekun-teku/{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>. Rahoton Kare [[Hakkokin Dan Adam a Jamhuriyar Afrika ta Tsakiya|Hakkokin Dan Adam]] na 2009 na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ya nuna damuwa sosai game da take hakin bil'adama daga gwamnati da kungiyoyin 'yan bindiga. <ref name="2009 Human Rights Report">, [https://web.archive.org/web/20100315154656/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/af/135978.htm 2009 U.S Dept of State Human Rights Report: Sudan]</ref> Ana kuma amfani da hukuncin kisa, gami da gicciye, don laifuka da yawa. A watan Satumban shekarar 2019, gwamnatin Sudan ta rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da hukumar kare haƙƙin bil adama ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya domin buɗe ofishin kare haƙƙin bil adama na MDD a birnin Khartoum da ofisoshin fage a Darfur, Blue Nile, Southern Kordofan da kuma gabashin Sudan.<ref>https://www.rfi.fr/ha/duniya/20241210-yau-duniya-ke-bikin-ranar-kare-ha%C6%99%C6%99in-%C9%97an-adam</ref> A watan Yulin 2020, a lokacin mika mulkin Sudan zuwa mulkin dimokuradiyya a 2019-2021, Ministan Shari'a Nasredeen Abdulbari ya bayyana cewa "dukkan dokokin da suka keta hakkin bil'adama a Sudan" za a soke su, kuma saboda wannan dalili ne majalisar ta zartar da wasu dokoki a farkon Yuli. 2020.<ref name="2009 Human Rights Report"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/09/1047482|title='Milestone agreement' paves the way for new UN Human Rights Office in Sudan|date=2019-09-25|website=UN News|language=en|access-date=2019-09-26|archive-date=2019-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926052626/https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/09/1047482|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="BBC Sudan">{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-53379733 |title=Sudan scraps apostasy law and alcohol ban for non-Muslims |work=BBC News |date=12 July 2020 |access-date=12 July 2020}}</ref> == Cin zarafi a cikin saitunan rikici == Rikici tsakanin gwamnati da kungiyoyin ‘yan tawaye— yakin basasar da ya shafi rikicin arewa-kudanci, rikicin Darfur da ya hada da rikicin kabilanci tsakanin Larabawa da Larabawa a yankin Darfur da ke yammacin kasar—ya haifar da fyade, azabtarwa, kisa, da kuma gudun hijirar jama’a da yawa (wanda aka kiyasta ya wuce). miliyan 2 a cikin 2007), wanda ya sami Sudan idan aka kwatanta da [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] a cikin jaridu.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2012}}An kuma sami na gicciye da aka yi a Sudan.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2012}} A cewar ''The Christian Science Monitor'' a ranar 25 ga Maris, 2004:{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2012}}<blockquote>Yakin yankin na Darfur dai ya taso ne a kan haka: Kabilun Afrika sun dade suna takun saka da kungiyoyin Larabawa a yankin kan samun fili mai kyau. Sannan a shekarar da ta gabata wasu kungiyoyin Afirka biyu dauke da makamai sun fara tawaye ga gwamnatin Khartoum. Gwamnati ta mayar da martani da ga alamu tana baiwa mayakan sa kai na Larabawa tallafin soji. Akwai rahotannin cewa jiragen yakin Sudan sun yi ruwan bama-bamai a kauyuka, inda daga bisani mayakan Larabawa suka shiga suka yi fyade tare da kashe wadanda suka tsira.</blockquote> === Tsaftar kabilanci a afarko=== Mukesh Kapila, [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|jami'in Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] (MDD) a Sudan ya bayyana rikicin a matsayin kawar da kabilanci, yayin da mayakan sa kai na Larabawa bakar fata ke aiwatar da kisan kiyashi ga 'yan kabilar a yankin Darfur. A cewar Kapila, "Gwamnati na da masaniyar abin da ke faruwa - kuma za ta iya yin tasiri ga mayakan Larabawa." Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta yi kiyasin cewa an kashe fararen hula 300,000 a yankin Darfur tsakanin shekarar 2003 zuwa 2010.<ref name="UN2010">{{cite web|title=Fresh clashes in Darfur kill dozens of civilians, UN-African Union mission reports|url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=35847#.V6qLFygrKUk|website=UN.org|access-date=10 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810020505/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=35847|archive-date=10 August 2016|date=7 September 2010}}</ref> == Bauta == Wasu ƙungiyoyi, musamman Christian Solidarity Worldwide da Kungiyoyi masu alaƙa, suna jayayya cewa bautar tana wanzu a Sudan kuma tana samun kwarin gwiwa daga gwamnatin Sudan. A matsayin misalin irin waɗannan zarge-zargen, a cikin ''The Wall Street Journal'' a ranar 12 ga Disamba, 2001, Michael Rubin ya ce:<blockquote>. . . [O] a ranar 4 ga Oktoba, Mataimakin Shugaban Sudan Ali Uthman Taha ya bayyana, "Jihadi hanya ce ta mu kuma ba za mu yi watsi da shi ba kuma za mu ci gaba da daukaka tutarsa.</blockquote>A tsakanin ranakun 23 zuwa 26 ga watan Oktoba, sojojin gwamnatin Sudan sun kai hari a kauyukan da ke kusa da garin Aweil da ke kudancin kasar, inda suka kashe maza 93 tare da bautar da mata da yara 85. Sai kuma a ranar 2 ga Nuwamba, sojojin Sudan sun kai hari a kauyukan da ke kusa da garin Nyamlell, tare da daukar wasu mata da yara 113. An kuma sace wata ma'aikaciyar agaji ta Kenya, kuma tun daga lokacin ba a ganta ba.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2012}}<blockquote>Yaya bautar Sudan take? Wani yaro Kirista ɗan shekara 11 ya gaya mani game da kwanakinsa na farko da aka yi garkuwa da shi: “An gaya mini sau da yawa cewa ni Musulmi ne, kuma na ƙi, shi ya sa suka yanke yatsana. Alokor Ngor Deng dan shekara goma sha biyu an dauke shia matsayin bawa a 1993. Ba ta ga mahaifiyarta ba tun lokacin da barayin suka sayar da su biyu ga iyayengiji daban-daban. Sojojin Sudan sun kama Akon mai shekaru 13 a kauyensu shekaru biyar da suka gabata. Sojojin gwamnati shida ne suka yi mata fyade tare da yi mata fyade, kuma ta shaida hukuncin kisa guda bakwai kafin a sayar da ita ga wani Balarabe dan kasar Sudan.</blockquote><blockquote>Yawancin bayi da aka 'yanta sun sami alamun duka, konewa da sauran azabtarwa. Fiye da kashi uku cikin hudu na mata da 'yan mata da aka bautar da su a baya da rahoton fyade.</blockquote><blockquote>Yayin da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu ke jayayya kan yadda za a kawo karshen bautar, kadan ne ke musun wanzuwar hakan. . . . [E] ƙididdiga na adadin baƙar fata da ake bautar da su a Sudan sun bambanta daga dubun dubatar zuwa ɗaruruwan dubbai (ba a ƙidaya waɗanda aka sayar a matsayin aikin tilastawa a Libiya). . . .</blockquote>A daya bangaren kuma, an riga an rubuta zamba da sunan “fansar bayi”. == Haƙƙoƙin mata == Sudan ƙasa ce mai tasowa da ke fuskantar ƙalubale da dama dangane da rashin daidaiton jinsi. Freedom House ta baiwa Sudan matsayi mafi karanci a tsakanin gwamnatocin danniya a shekarar 2012. Sudan ta Kudu ta sami wani matsayi mafi girma amma kuma an kiyasta ta a matsayin "ba kyauta ba". A cikin rahoton shekara ta 2013 na bayanan shekara ta 2012, Sudan ta kasance ta 171 a cikin ƙasashe guda 186 a kan ƙididdiga ci gaban bil'adama (HDI). Kasar Sudan kuma tana daya daga cikin kasashe kalilan da ba su sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata ba (CEDAW). Duk da wannan, an sami sauye-sauye masu kyau dangane da daidaiton jinsi a Sudan. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2012, mata sun ƙunshi kashi 24.1% na Majalisar Dokokin ƙasar Sudan. Matan Sudan sun fi yawan kaso mafi yawa na majalisar dokokin kasar fiye da yawancin kasashen yammacin duniya. Duk da haka, rashin daidaiton jinsi a Sudan, musamman dangane da kaciyar mata da kuma banbance-banbance tsakanin mata da maza a kasuwar kwadago, ya dauki hankula a kasashen duniya.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2020}} Sudan ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniya ta Afirka kan 'yancin ɗan adam da 'yancin mata a Afirka (Maputo Protocol) a ranar 30 ga Yuni 2008, amma har zuwa Yuli 2020 ba ta amince da ita ba tukuna. <ref name="African Union website">[https://au.int/sites/default/files/treaties/37077-sl-PROTOCOL%20TO%20THE%20AFRICAN%20CHARTER%20ON%20HUMAN%20AND%20PEOPLE%27S%20RIGHTS%20ON%20THE%20RIGHTS%20OF%20WOMEN%20IN%20AFRICA.pdf African Union website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022014443/https://au.int/sites/default/files/treaties/37077-sl-PROTOCOL%20TO%20THE%20AFRICAN%20CHARTER%20ON%20HUMAN%20AND%20PEOPLE%27S%20RIGHTS%20ON%20THE%20RIGHTS%20OF%20WOMEN%20IN%20AFRICA.pdf |date=2019-10-22 }}. Retrieved 13 July 2020.</ref> === Canjin Demokradiyya (2019-yanzu) === A lokacin da aka fara mika mulki ga dimokradiyya a shekarar 2019 bayan zanga-zangar da mata 'yan Sudan suka yi, a hankali gyaran shari'a ya inganta matsayin 'yancin mata a ƙasar. A karshen shekara ta 2019, an soke dokar ba da odar jama’a; ya haifar da cece-kuce saboda dalilai daban-daban, kamar sashe na 152 na dokar, wanda ya nuna cewa a yi wa matan da suka sanya wando a bainar jama’a bulala har sau 40. <ref name="Ahmed" /> Sauran takunkumin da aka yi wa mata da aka soke sun hada da rashin 'yancin sanya tufafi (ta hanyar hijabi na wajibi da sauran matakan), motsi, tarayya, aiki da karatu. Laifukan da ake zargin (yawancinsu da masu fafutuka ke daukarsu da cewa ba bisa ka'ida ba) an hukunta su ta hanyar kamawa, duka da kuma tauye hakkin jama'a kamar 'yancin walwala da fadin albarkacin baki. A cewar Ihsan Fagiri, shugabar kungiyar No to zalunci a kan mata Initiative, kusan mata 45,000 ne aka gurfanar da su a karkashin dokar odar jama’a a shekarar 2016 kadai. A watan Afrilun 2020, an yi wa kundin tsarin mulki kwaskwarima don hukunta kaciyar mata (FGM), wanda aka yanke masa hukuncin tara da ɗaurin shekaru 3 a gidan yari. A watan Yulin 2020, an soke buƙatun neman izinin mata daga wurin wani ɗan'uwa namiji don yin tafiya, da bulala a matsayin hukunci. Masu fafutukar kare hakkin mata irin su editan mujallar ''Words 500'' Ola [[Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan'adam|Diab]] da mai ba da shawara kan harkokin shari'a Charlie Loudon sun yaba da soke matakan danniya da takurawa mata a matsayin 'manyan matakai na farko'. Sun jaddada cewa dole ne a aiwatar da sabbin dokokin sannan kuma a yi watsi da dokokin da aka soke a aikace, wanda zai bukaci sake fasalin manufofin cikin gida na hukumomin gwamnati kamar 'yan sanda, sojoji da jami'an leken asiri. Wasu dokoki da dama da masu fafutuka suka bukaci a cire sun hada da gurfanar da wadanda aka yi wa fyade saboda ‘zina’, da kuma na mata masu juna biyu na ‘karuwanci’, wasu labaran da ke bayyana ka’idojin shigar mata, da kuma wargaza tsarin jama’a. 'yan sanda da kotuna masu sadaukarwa waɗanda ke cikin 'tsarin doka na jama'a'.<ref name="Salih">{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/29/sudan-dissolves-ex-ruling-party-and-repeals-morality-law |title=Sudan 'on path to democracy' as ex-ruling party is dissolved |author=Zeinab Mohammed Salih & Jason Burke |work=The Guardian |date=29 November 2019 |access-date=17 July 2020}}</ref><ref name="Ahmed">{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/jul/16/thank-you-our-glorious-revolution-activists-react-as-sudan-ditches-islamist-laws |title='Thank you, our glorious revolution': activists react as Sudan ditches Islamist laws |author=Kaamil Ahmed |work=The Guardian |date=16 July 2020 |access-date=17 July 2020}}</ref><ref name="NYT Sudan">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/30/world/africa/sudan-outlaws-female-genital-mutilation-.html |title=In a Victory for Women in Sudan, Female Genital Mutilation Is Outlawed |author=Declan Walsh |work=The New York Times |date=30 April 2020 |access-date=5 May 2020}}</ref> == Yaran sojoji == A cewar Rory Mungoven, mai magana da yawun kungiyar hadin gwiwa don dakatar da amfani da yara sojoji, Sudan na daya daga cikin mafi munin matsalolin sojan yara a duniya. Akwai sama da yara ƙanana 17,000 da ke fafatawa a bangaren gwamnati ko kuma na dakarun ‘yan tawaye ko da bayan an kori tsofaffin yara sojoji 25,000 daga ƙungiyoyin ‘yan tawaye a Kudancin Sudan a shekara ta 2001. Suna ɗauke da AK-47 da M-16 a fagen daga, yayin da suke aiki a matsayin masu gano nakiyoyin mutane, suna shiga ayyukan kunar bakin wake, da kuma yin aikin leken asiri. Da yawa ana sacewa ko daukar su aiki da karfi, kuma galibi ana tilasta musu su bi umarni a karkashin barazanar kisa. <ref>{{Cite news|date=2001-04-08|title=Child soldiers in the firing line|language=en-GB|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/1266534.stm|access-date=2021-02-19}}</ref>Wasu kuma suna shiga kungiyoyin masu dauke da makamai ne saboda rashin bege ko kuma bayan an yi musu karya da wanke kwakwalwa. An yi wa yara da dama alkawarin cewa za su je makaranta, wanda a zahiri wuraren horar da sojoji ne da aka yi kama da makaranta. Wuraren, duk da kasancewar suna karkashin jagorancin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa, inda aka wankar da yara kanana suka zama masu kisan kai. Ingantattun fasahar kere-kere sun samar da makaman da ba su da nauyi, ba su da tsada, kuma yaro da bai iya karatu ba zai iya harhadawa, lodinsa, da harbe shi, wanda hakan ya kara jawo hankalin yara sojoji. == Cin zarafin fursunoni == An daure manya da yara dari da dama bayan da 'yan kungiyar [[Ƙungiyar Adalci da Daidaito|Adalci da daidaito suka]] kai hari a birnin Khartoum a watan Mayun 2008, adadin da bai dace ba daga yankin Darfur. [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Kungiyar kare hakkin bil adama ta Human Rights Watch]] ta soki gwamnatin Sudan da kin bayar da wani bayani kan inda suke. An samu shaidun [[Gallazawa|azabtarwa]] da cin zarafi ga fursunonin da aka saki kuma an tattara su a cikin tambayoyi da yawa da Human Rights Watch ta rubuta. A cikin Yuli 2020, an soke bulala a matsayin wani nau'i na hukunci.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2008/06/17/sudan19149.htm | title = Sudan: Account for Civilians Arrested in Khartoum | publisher = [[Human Rights Watch]] | date = 17 June 2008 | access-date = 22 June 2008 | archive-date = 19 June 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080619032547/http://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2008/06/17/sudan19149.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name="AI">{{cite web |url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/actioncenter/actions/uaa26610.pdf |title=Further information on UA 266/10 (23 December 2010) – Prisoner of conscience/Unfair trial |date=27 January 2011 |publisher=[[Amnesty International]] |access-date=24 April 2011 |archive-date=18 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218052011/http://www.amnestyusa.org/actioncenter/actions/uaa26610.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="AI2">{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr54/026/2005/en/ |title=UA 47/05 Detention without charge/Fear for safety/Prisoner of conscience/Possible prisoner of conscience |date=24 February 2005 |publisher=Amnesty International |access-date=24 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2004/03/08/sudan-rights-defenders-darfur-detained |title=Sudan: Rights Defenders in Darfur Detained |date=8 March 2004 |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] |access-date=24 April 2011}}</ref><ref name="FL">{{cite web |url=http://www.frontlinedefenders.org/node/14110 |title=Sudan – Human rights defender Dr Mudawi Ibrahim Adam imprisoned in latest clampdown on human rights defenders and civil society activists. |author=Jim Loughran |publisher=[[Front Line (NGO)|Front Line]] |access-date=24 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110603132311/http://www.frontlinedefenders.org/node/14110 |archive-date=3 June 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="NYT">{{cite news |url=http://kristof.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/03/05/sudan-closes-a-domestic-aid-group/ |title=Sudan closes a domestic aid group |author=Nicholas Kristof |date=5 March 2009 |newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=24 April 2011}}</ref> <ref name="SUDO">{{cite web |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/SUDO-denounces-Sudan-s-murky,37762 |title=MURKY JUSTICE: AFTER RELEASE OF SUDO CHAIR, APPEAL AGAINST CONVICTION MUST BE ALLOWED AND SUDO PERMITTED TO OPERATE NORMALLY |date=26 January 2011 |publisher=Sudan Social Development Organization |access-date=24 April 2011 |archive-date=14 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514213911/http://www.sudantribune.com/SUDO-denounces-Sudan-s-murky,37762 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Zaluntar masu kare hakkin dan adam == A tsakanin shekara ta 2003 zuwa shekara ta 2011, an kama Mudawi Ibrahim Adam akai-akai bisa zarginsa da aikin kare hakkin bil'adama da kungiyar Sudan Social Development Organization. Kungiyoyin da suka hada da [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Human Rights Watch]], Front Line, da [[Amnesty International]] ne suka nuna rashin amincewarsu da wadannan kamen, wadanda karshensu ya ba shi suna " fursuna na lamiri ." <ref name="AI2" /> A ranar 5 ga Maris, 2009, a daidai ranar da kotun ICC ta gurfanar da Shugaba Omar al-Bashir, gwamnatin Sudan ta ba da umarnin rufe SUDO, kuma jami'an tsaron kasar sun karbe ofisoshinta. Jaridar ''New York Times'' ta ruwaito cewa, wasikar rufe ofisoshin ta fito ne daga hukumar kula da ayyukan jin kai da Ahmed Haroun, daya daga cikin mutanen da ke fuskantar sammacin kamawa daga [[Kotun Shari'ar Miyagun Laifuka|kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa]] da kasa kan kisan gilla a Darfur. <ref name="NYT" /> A lokaci guda gwamnatin Sudan ta kori " Kwamitin ceto na kasa da kasa, Oxfam UK, [[Hadin Gwiwa Don Taimakawa A Ko Ina|CARE]], Mercy Corps da kuma sashen Dutch na Doctors Without Borders. <ref name="NYT" /> Mudawi da SUDO sun daukaka kara game da rufe su a kotu, inda suka yi nasara a karar a watan Afrilun 2010. <ref name="SUDO" /> Duk da haka, bisa ga sanarwar SUDO na 2011, ƙungiyar ta kasance a rufe yadda ya kamata: "A Sudan za ku iya cin nasara a shari'ar amma babu wani canji. Ofisoshin SUDO sun kasance a kulle, kadarorinta sun kasance a daskare, kuma ba a bar kungiyar a Sudan ta ci gaba da aiki ba.” == Zaluntar addini == Hukumar leken asiri ta ƙasar Sudan (NISS) ta tsare Fasto Michael Yat da Peter Yan daga ranar 14 ga watan Disamba 2014 da 11 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2015, a ranar 1 ga watan Maris, an tuhume su da laifuka takwas karkashin kundin laifuffuka na shekarar 1991, biyu daga cikinsu na dauke da laifuka. hukuncin kisa. An ruwaito cewa an kama Peter Yan a lokacin da yake neman jindadin Michael Yat, kuma an kama Michael Yat bayan wa'azin bishara. A cikin Yulin shekara ta 2020, an soke hukuncin (kisa) na yin ridda ga Musulmai (Mataki na 126 na kundin hukunta laifukan Sudan), da kuma haramcin barasa ga waɗanda ba musulmi ba. Hukumar ‘Yancin Addinin Duniya ta Amurka (USCIRF) ta yaba da sauye-sauyen da aka yi a ranar 15 ga Yuli, 2020, tare da kawar da Sudan daga cikin jerin ‘kasashen da suka damu musamman’ (inda ya kasance a cikin shekara ta 2000-2019), amma ya bukaci ‘yan majalisar Sudan da su soke wannan sabo. doka (Mataki na 125 na kundin hukunta manyan laifuka na Sudan) kuma. == Halin tarihi == Jadawalin da ke gaba yana nuna ƙimar Sudan tun shekara ta 1972 a cikin rahoton 'Yanci a Duniya, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Ƙimar 1 "kyauta" ne; 7, "ba kyauta ba". 1 == Haƙƙin LGBT == 'Yan madigo, 'yan luwadi, bisexual, da transgender (LGBT) a Sudan suna fuskantar ƙalubalen shari'a waɗanda ba mazauna LGBT ba. Namiji da mata duka{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2020}} maza da mata ya kasance ba bisa ka'ida ba a Sudan, tare da hukunce-hukuncen da suka hada da amma ba'a iyakance ga hukuncin kisa ba . Sai dai a watan Yulin 2020 an soke dokar luwadi da a baya ta hukunta mazan luwadi da bulala 100 a laifin farko, ɗaurin shekaru biyar a gidan yari na biyu da kuma hukuncin kisa a karo na uku, inda sabuwar dokar ta rage hukuncin zuwa gidan yari. sharuddan jere daga shekaru biyar zuwa rayuwa. Masu fafutukar LGBT+ na Sudan sun yaba da sake fasalin a matsayin 'babban mataki na farko', amma sun ce bai isa ba tukuna, kuma ƙarshen burin ya kamata ya zama haramta ayyukan lalata da 'yan luwadi baki daya. == Yarjejeniyoyi na duniya == Matsayin Sudan game da yarjejeniyoyin kare hakkin bil adama na kasa da kasa sune kamar haka. == Duba kuma == * 1998 Sudan yunwa * Aegis Students, ƙungiyar kare kisan kare dangi ta ɗalibai ta duniya, ta mai da hankali kan Sudan. * Aegis Trust * Binciken Intanet da sa ido a Sudan * Satellite Sentinel Project == Bayanan kula == : 1. Lura cewa "Shekarar" tana nufin "Shekarar da aka rufe". Don haka bayanin shekara ta 2008 ta fito ne daga rahoton da aka buga a 2009, da sauransu. : 2. <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_b">'''^'''</span><span> </span>Tun daga 1 ga Janairu. : 3. <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_c">'''^'''</span><span> </span>Rahoton na 1982 ya shafi shekara ta 1981 da rabin farko na 1982, kuma rahoton na 1984 mai zuwa ya shafi rabin na biyu na 1982 da kuma gaba ɗaya 1983. Don samun sauƙi, waɗannan rahotannin "shekaru da rabi" guda biyu masu banƙyama an raba su zuwa rahotanni na tsawon shekaru uku ta hanyar cirewa. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} * ''Rahoton na musamman: Sudan'' in ''The Economist'' 15 Mayu 2004 * ''Side Dark Islam - The Orwellian State of Sudan'', The Economist, 24 Yuni 1995. * ''Sharia da IMF: Shekaru uku na juyin juya hali'', SUDANOW, Satumba 1992. * ''Takardun ƙarshe na Majalisar Dattijan Katolika ta Khartoum'', 1991. [ lura da "zalunci da tsananta wa Kiristoci"] * ''Muryar [[Hakkokin ɗan'adam|kare hakkin dan Adam]]'', wanda Kungiyar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Sudan ta buga, juzu'i na 1, fitowa ta 3, Yuli/Agusta 1992 [cikakkun rufe majami'u da karfi, korar limaman coci, tilasta wa jama'a gudun hijira, tilasta musulunta da kuma Larabawa, da sauran matakan danniya na Gwamnati. ]. * ''Sudan - Cry for Peace'', wanda Pax Christi International ya buga, Brussels, Belgium, 1994 * ''Sudan - 'Yan Gudun Hijira a ƙasarsu: Tilastawa 'Yan Kwango da Muhallansu Daga Khartoum'', a Juzu'i na 4, fitowa ta 10, na Labarai daga Africa Watch, 10 ga Yuli 1992. * ''take hakkin Dan Adam a Sudan'', ta Sudan Human Rights Organisation, Fabrairu 1994. * ''Bayanin Pax Romana na Macram Max Gassis, Bishop na El Obeid, zuwa taro na hamsin na Hukumar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam, Geneva, Fabrairu 1994. na mutanen Nuba, na yau da kullun na fyade ga mata, bautar da yara, azabtar da firistoci da malamai, kona fastoci da masu koyarwa da rai, gicciye da yankan firistoci]'' == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://sudan-forall.org/iht.htm Girmamawa (IHTIRAM), Jaridar Sudan don Al'adun 'Yancin Dan Adam da Batutuwan Banbancin Al'adu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122175237/http://sudan-forall.org/iht.htm |date=2022-01-22 }} * [http://www.ryanspencerreed.com/ Asusun mai daukar hoto] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121105820/http://www.ryanspencerreed.com/ |date=2021-01-21 }} - Hotunan gudun hijirar Sudan * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131231085238/http://www.insightnewstv.com/refugees/ Rayuwa da 'Yan Gudun Hijira] * [https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/sudan/report-2011 Rahoton shekara ta 2011 na Amnesty International kan Sudan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201215045/http://www.amnesty.org/en/region/sudan/report-2011 |date=2015-02-01 }} * [https://www.hrw.org/doc?t=africa&c=sudan Human Rights Watch ta yi rahoto kan Sudan] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051214065150/http://www.fmreview.org/sudan.htm Sharhin Hijira Tilastawa] * [https://archive.today/20040812084144/http://www.persecution.org/newsite/countryinfodetail.php?countrycode=11 Damuwa Kirista ta Duniya] * [http://www.colorq.org/HumanRights/ LauniQ 1996-1998] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225180814/http://www.colorq.org/humanrights/ |date=2022-02-25 }} * [http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/commission/country52/62-sdn.htm An yi wa yarinya ‘yar shekara 12 fyade kafin a kashe ta] * [http://www.colorq.org/HumanRights/article.aspx?d=Sudan&x=famine Yunwar da dan Adam ya jawo: an lalata amfanin gona, an kai harin bam a cibiyoyin rarraba abinci] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625051017/http://www.colorq.org/HumanRights/article.aspx?d=Sudan&x=famine |date=2022-06-25 }} * Musayar 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki ta kasa da kasa ta [https://web.archive.org/web/20060615185039/http://www.ifex.org/en/content/view/full/42/ sa ido kan hare-haren da ake kaiwa 'yan jarida a Sudan] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071001032809/http://news.independent.co.uk/world/africa/article204708.ece] * [http://www.johndaufoundation.org John Dau Sudan Foundation: Canjin kiwon lafiya a Kudancin Sudan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906142908/http://www.johndaufoundation.org/ |date=2015-09-06 }} * [http://www.hiwaar.org Hiwaar Human Rights Advocacy Organisation: Yin aiki don daidaito] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324114921/http://www.hiwaar.org/ |date=2019-03-24 }} [[Category:Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam]] [[Category:Haƙƙoƙi]] [[Category:Haƙƙoƙin Mata]] [[Category:Dokoki]] [[Category:Dokar Najeriya]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] [[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam a Afirka]] p5oofcg7hhydnfmm3427jkfjypb4vqb 0 30457 874268 686704 2026-07-02T10:38:01Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 874268 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Titan_I_at_Discovery_Park_of_America_in_Union_City,_TN.jpg |thumb| Wurin shakatawa na Amurka]] [[File:Kolob_Canyons_part_of_Zion_National_Park.JPG |thumb|Kolob Canyons]] [[Fayil:American forests (18147384301).jpg|thumb|Daya daga dajin amurka]] Kasashen [[Amurka ta Kudu|Amurka ta tsakkiya]] sun fuskanci zagayowar [[Gandun daji|sare gandun daji,]] da sare dazuzzuka tun bayan faduwar wayewar Maya, da abubuwa da yawa suka rinjayi kamar karuwar yawan jama'a, noma, rarraba narcotic da ayyukan da ba bisa ka'ida ba. Daga shekara ta 2001 zuwa shekara ta 2010, {{Convert|5376|sqkm}} an yi asarar gandun daji a yankin.<ref name=":12" /> A cikin shekarata 2010 [[Belize]] tana da kashi 63% na ragowar gandun daji, [[Costa Rica]] 46%, [[Panama (ƙasa)|Panama]] 45%, [[Honduras]] 41%, [[Guatemala (ƙasa)|Guatemala]] 37%, [[Nicaragua]] 29%, [[Salvador|El Salvador]] 21%. <ref name=":12" /> Yawancin hasarar ta faru ne a cikin gandun dajin, mai fadin murabba'in kilomita 12,201. An saita asarar ciyayi ta wani yanki ta hanyar ƙari a cikin gandun daji na coniferous tare da 4,730<sup>km2</sup>, da 2,054<sup>km2</sup> . <ref name=":12" /> Mangroves da hamada sun ba da gudummawar kashi 1 cikin ɗari kawai ga asarar ciyayi na gandun daji. <ref name=":12" /> Mafi yawan sare itatuwan [[Dazuzzukan Kuros-Niger|dazuzzukan]] ya kasance ne a tsaunin ''Caribbean na Nicaragua'' tare da raguwar dazuzzukan da ya kai murabba'in kilomita 8,574 a tsakanin shekara ta 2001 zuwa shekarata 2010. Mafi mahimmancin sake girma na 3,050kilomita <sup>2</sup> na gandun daji an gansu a cikin ciyayi na katako na Honduras. <ref name=":12">Daniel J. Redo, H. Ricardo Grau, T. Mitchell Aide, and Matthew L. Clark. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3384153/ ''Asymmetric forest transition driven by the interaction of socioeconomic development and environmental heterogeneity in Central America''] in: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. June 5, 2012; 109(23): 8839–8844.</ref> == Labari da tarihi== Sake sare dazuka a Amurka ta tsakiya na daya daga cikin matsalolin muhalli da ke da nasaba da matsugunan kan iyakokin noma da manoma masu neman filaye da masu sana'ar noma suka yi, wadanda suka taimaka wajen mayar da gandun daji zuwa kiwo, da Kuma karin fadada amfanin gona kamar kofi, ayaba, saren daji. ayyuka, kiwo da itacen mai da sauran ayyukan raya birane.<ref name=":3">{{Citation|last=Utting|first=Peter|title=Deforestation in Central America: Historical and Contemporary Dynamics|date=1997|url=https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230378087_2|work=Sustainable Agriculture in Central America|pages=9–29|editor-last=de Groot|editor-first=Jan P.|place=London|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|language=en|doi=10.1057/9780230378087_2|isbn=978-0-230-37808-7|access-date=April 9, 2021|editor2-last=Ruben|editor2-first=Ruerd}}</ref> Yankin tsakiyar Amurka ya sami mafi girman adadin sare dazuzzuka a duniya tsakanin shekarun 1960 zuwa 1970. <ref name=":3" /> Abin da ake kira "haɗin hamburger" shi ne babban dalilin sare dazuzzuka a yankin, tare da ƙarin mazauna da suka mayar da hankali kan share filayen don kiwon shanu da kuma harkokin kasuwanci.<ref name=":3" /> Bugu da ƙari, ƙididdiga daban-daban na bincike sun ba da cewa kimanin eka 949,150 na gandun daji, wanda ya kai hekta 384,107.377 na gandun daji, an yi hasarar kowace shekara tsakanin shekarun 1990 da 2010 a Amurka.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mayaux|first1=Philippe|last2=Pekel|first2=Jean-François|last3=Desclée|first3=Baudouin|last4=Donnay|first4=François|last5=Lupi|first5=Andrea|last6=Achard|first6=Frédéric|last7=Clerici|first7=Marco|last8=Bodart|first8=Catherine|last9=Brink|first9=Andreas|last10=Nasi|first10=Robert|last11=Belward|first11=Alan|date=September 5, 2013|title=State and evolution of the African rainforests between 1990 and 2010|url= |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume=368|issue=1625|pages=20120300|doi=10.1098/rstb.2012.0300|pmc=3720022|pmid=23878331}}</ref> A cewar Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma (FAO), Amurka ta tsakiya ta yi hasarar matsakaicin hekta 285,000 na gandun daji a duk shekara tsakanin 2000 zuwa 2005. Daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi tayar da hankali da kungiyar masu bincike ta yi a cikin rahoton ita ce, a cikin shekaru 15 da suka gabata, an rage girman gandun daji uku mafi girma a Amurka ta tsakiya da fiye da kashi 23 cikin dari.<ref name=":4" /> '''Karni na sha biyar''' A karni na sha biyar, aikin noma na Mayan ya rage dazuzzuka sosai, amma bai lalata su gaba daya ba. Kafin zuwan Turawa, gandun daji sun mamaye murabba'in kilomita 500,000 - kusan kashi 90% na yankin. <ref name="Myers" /> Zuwan mutanen Sipaniya ya haifar da raguwar yawan jama'a sakamakon kamuwa da cututtuka masu saurin yaduwa da 'yan ci suka kawo. <ref name="Myers" /> Wannan raguwar matsin lamba na ɗan adam ya ba da yawancin ƙasar da aka share don lokacin noma don farfadowa. <ref name="Myers" /> Daga karshe, tilastawa "tattalin arzikin kudin Turai a Latin Amurka" ya haifar da bukatar fitar da kayayyakin farko, wanda ya gabatar da bukatar samar da filayen noma mai yawa don samar da wadannan kayayyakin. <ref name="Myers">Myers, Norman, and Richard Tucker. "[http://www.ecologic.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Deforestation-in-Central-America.pdf Deforestation in Central America: Spanish Legacy and North American Consumers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815234412/http://www.ecologic.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Deforestation-in-Central-America.pdf |date=2019-08-15 }}." Environmental Review 11, no. 1 (1987): 55–71.</ref> Yayin da noman wasu kayayyakin da ake fitarwa zuwa kasashen waje kamar indigo da rini na cochineal sun yi aiki cikin jituwa tare da ciyayi da ke kewaye da su, da Dai sauran amfanin gona irin su sukari na bukatar yanke filaye da yawan itacen wuta don kara kuzarin aikin tacewa, wanda ya haifar da saren gandun daji cikin gaggawa. <ref name="Myers" /> '''Karni na sha takwas zuwa karni na ashirin''' Daga karni na goma sha takwas zuwa karni na ashirin, mahogany da ake fitarwa zuwa kayan daki ya zama babban dalilin gajiyar dazuzzuka. Kuma Yankin ya sami canjin tattalin arziki a karni na sha tara ta hanyar "cikakkiyar haɗin kai a tsarin jari hujja na duniya". <ref name="Myers"/> Wannan, haɗe da rikici tare da Spain, ya ba da fifiko mafi girma ga noman shuka. <ref name="Myers" /> A cikin karni na goma sha tara da ashirin, sannan Turai da Arewacin Amurka sun zama manyan masu shigo da noman kofi da ayaba a yankin, wanda hakan ya sa ake samun karuwar bukatu a kasar don samar da adadi mai yawa na wadannan amfanin gona da kuma cigaba da aikin share dazuka a kokarin da ake yi na samar da dazuzzuka masu yawa. samun filayen noma masu amfani. <ref name="Myers" /> '''Mafi kwanan nan''' Kwanan nan, tun daga shekarun 1960, kiwo ya zama dalilin farko na share fage. <ref name="Myers"/> Dabbobin ciyawa masu ciyayi da Kuma wuraren kiwo na Amurka ta tsakiya ke samarwa (sabanin shanun da ake kiwon hatsi da ake kiwon su a wasu wurare a Amurka) sun dace da gidajen cin abinci na Arewacin ƙasar Amurka kuma wannan kasuwa da alama mara tushe ta haifar da abin da ake kira "haɗin hamburger" ya danganta "salon mabukaci a Arewacin Amurka tare da sare itatuwa a Amurka ta tsakiya". <ref name="Myers" /> Wannan ya nuna yadda kasashen da suka ci gaba suka yi tasiri a kaikaice a kan yanayi da yanayin kasashe masu tasowa. A Amurka ta tsakiya, yawan sare dazuzzuka kuma yana barazana ga rayuwar fitattun nau'ikan irin su jaguars, tapirs, da macaws masu ja. <ref name=":0">Conde, D. A. (2008). Road impact on deforestation and jaguar habitat loss in the Mayan Forest.<ref name="Myers">Myers, Norman, and Richard Tucker. "[http://www.ecologic.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Deforestation-in-Central-America.pdf Deforestation in Central America: Spanish Legacy and North American Consumers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815234412/http://www.ecologic.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Deforestation-in-Central-America.pdf |date=2019-08-15 }}." Environmental Review 11, no. 1 (1987): 55–71.</ref> ''Ecology PhD, Nicholas School of the Environment. Duke University''.Peccary mai launin fari, da Kuma wani muhimmin nau'in dutse mai mahimmanci ga dazuzzuka na Amurka ta Tsakiya, yana cikin haɗari sosai wanda zai iya ɓacewa nan ba da jimawa ba a yankin. <ref name=":0" /> Farin leɓoɓin peccaries suna ƙaura a cikin manyan garkuna don neman 'ya'yan itace da sauran abinci a cikin manyan gandun daji, Kuma suna aiki duka biyun a matsayin mai nuna lafiyar daji da haɗin kai kuma a matsayin babban nau'in ganima ga jaguar. <ref name=":0" /> == Shiga == Yin sare itace wani abu ne da ke ƙara sare itatuwa ta hanyoyi da yawa. Sannan Kuma Shiga cikin dazuzzukan da tituna ke kara yawan amfani da albarkatu, kamar saren daji ba bisa ka'ida ba, da farautar naman daji. <ref name=":0">Conde, D. A. (2008). Road impact on deforestation and jaguar habitat loss in the Mayan Forest. ''Ecology PhD, Nicholas School of the Environment. Duke University''.</ref> Ko da yake ka'ida ba ta da illa ga gandun daji, to amma ba a kula da shi ba ya zama ruwan dare a kasashe masu tasowa saboda bukatar katako zuwa gidaje da ake nomawa, da kuma rashin tattalin arziki na masu sana'ar dogaro da kai daga daji da kanta. <ref name=":0" /> Bugu da ƙari, kowane nau'i na katako yana buƙatar gina tituna, wanda ke ba da damar shiga cikin sauƙi ga masu neman sabon fili don yin noma. <ref name=":13" /> Amfani da itace a matsayin man da ake amfani da shi na farko wajen dafa abinci da dumama yana da nasaba da rashin iya biyan farashin mai a kasashe masu tasowa. Kuma Sakamakon haka, bukatar itacen “daya daga cikin abubuwan da aka fi sani da su na sare itatuwa”. <ref name=":13">Allen, Julia C., and Douglas F. Barnes. "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2562560 The Causes of Deforestation in Developing Countries]." Annals of the Association of American Geographers 75, no. 2 (1985): 163–184.</ref> A [[Guatemala (ƙasa)|Guatemala]], saboda aikin noma da masana'antar katako, kashi 98 cikin ɗari na ainihin gandun daji an lalata su a wannan yanki. <ref name=":0">Conde, D. A. (2008). Road impact on deforestation and jaguar habitat loss in the Mayan Forest. ''Ecology PhD, Nicholas School of the Environment. Duke University''.</ref> Manyan yankunan dazuzzukan, sannan Kuma a cikin mafi yawan yanayi, ana asara ne kawai don lalata wasu bishiyu masu kima. Akwai tasiri na dindindin na tasirin wannan barnar: injuna masu nauyi sun haɗa ƙasa kuma suna sa ta zama mai saurin lalacewa. <ref name=":0" /> [[File:Cattle_ranching.jpg|thumb| Sakamakon matakan sare dazuzzuka saboda dalilai na kiwon shanu a yankin Honduras.]] == Narco-yanke daji == [[Fayil:Mixed Deciduous Forest, Hall of North American Forests, AMNH.JPG|thumb|Daya daga dazuzzuka amurka ]] The pervasion of the illegal drug trade throughout the region decimates forestland and is primarily fueled by demand for narcotics in North America. [[Honduras]], Guatemala, and [[Nicaragua]] have suffered from some of the highest rates of deforestation in the world since 2000 and in 2005 these rates of forest loss began to accelerate, coinciding with an influx of drug trafficking activity.<ref name="Narco-deforestation" /> Following the election of Felipe Calderón in 2006 and the ignition of the Mexican Drug War, many Mexican drug trafficking organizations (DTO) relocated their operations southward enticed by the porous borders, corruption, and weak public institutions characteristic of Guatemala and Honduras. The sparsely populated forested highlands in these countries harbor little state presence and offer perfect refuge for DTO's looking to evade interdiction.<ref name=":1" /> '''Kasuwancin avocado a Mexico''' Masana'antar avocado na biliyoyin daloli na Mexico sun zama babbar manufa ga DTOs, waɗanda ke kame gonaki tare da share wuraren da aka ba da kariya don shuka avocado. An san membobin Cartel da fitowa ba tare da an sanar da su ba, dauke da makamai masu sarrafa kansu da sarƙoƙi. Lokacin da mutanen yankin suka yi zanga-zangar cewa an kare yankin daga sare itatuwa, sai kuma a rike su da bindiga tare da ba su umarnin yin shiru. Ba koyaushe ake saran gandun daji ba - masu saran daji suna asirce kawai suna gyara alfarwar dajin, suna dasa itatuwan avocado a cikin wani ɓoye na ƙasa. Wannan al'ada tana ƙara gurɓataccen hayaƙi yayin da gandun daji ke raguwa don samar da ƙarin gonakin gonaki. '''Kiwo ba bisa ka'ida ba''' Ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da sare dazuzzuka an ƙaddara shi ne babban kiwo ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, yawancinsa yana faruwa ne a cikin wuraren da aka ba da kariya da kuma yankuna na asali. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal}}</ref> Sau da yawa, wannan aikata laifuka yana da alaƙa da fataucin muggan kwayoyi da safarar kuɗi. Cin hanci da rashawa ya sa matalautan gandun daji ba su da yuwuwar yin aikin kiyayewa, na tilastawa ko na son rai. Sannan duk Wani da aka yi hira da shi ya fayyace ilimin gama gari a tsakanin al'ummomin gandun daji: manyan masu hannu da shuni ne, masu alaka da siyasa, da narko-masu wadatar da muhalli ke aikata laifukan. <ref name=":1" /> Ƙara yawan fataucin hodar iblis ta Guatemala da Honduras yana da alaƙa da hauhawar asarar gandun daji a yankin. A cikin dazuzzukan gabashin Honduras, adadin sabbin sare dazuzzuka da aka gano ya zarce hekta 5.29 yayin da a Peten na Guatemala, yawan asarar gandun daji ya yi daidai da adadin hodar iblis da ba a taɓa gani ba.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last1=Sesnie|first1=Steven E|last2=Tellman|first2=Beth|last3=Wrathall|first3=David|last4=McSweeney|first4=Kendra|last5=Nielsen|first5=Erik|last6=Benessaiah|first6=Karina|last7=Wang|first7=Ophelia|last8=Rey|first8=Luis|date=May 1, 2017|title=A spatio-temporal analysis of forest loss related to cocaine trafficking in Central America|journal=Environmental Research Letters|volume=12|issue=5|pages=054015|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/aa6fff|bibcode=2017ERL....12e4015S|issn=1748-9326|doi-access=free}}</ref> A cewar Dr. Kendra McSweeney daga Jami'ar Jihar Ohio, adadin sare itatuwan daji a yankin kusan 20.&nbsp;kilomita <sup>2</sup> a kowace shekara ya haɓaka zuwa 60&nbsp;km <sup>2</sup> a kowace shekara a ƙarƙashin tasirin narco - adadin sare gandun daji na kusan 10%. <ref name="Narco-deforestation" /> A cikin shekarata 2011, Rio Plátano Biosphere Reserve da ke Honduras ya kasance a matsayin "Al'adun Duniya na Haɗari" ta [[UNESCO]] saboda babban matakin sare gandun daji a hannun masu safarar muggan kwayoyi. '''Hanyoyin da ke da alaƙa da narcotics da asarar gandun daji''' Hanyoyi guda uku masu alaƙa sun bayyana yanayin asarar gandun daji bayan kafa cibiyar jigilar magunguna. Kuma Na farko shi ne share gandun daji domin gina tituna na sirri da filayen saukar jiragen sama da motocin da ke safarar miyagun kwayoyi da magungunan kashe qwari da takin zamani ke amfani da su. Na biyu, kwararowar makudan kudade da makamai zuwa yankunan da tuni aka gaza gudanar da mulki na kara tsananta matsin da ake fuskanta a dazuzzuka. <ref name="Narco-deforestation" /> Shigar da narco-Capital a cikin waɗannan iyakokin yana ƙarfafa masu mallakar filaye da sauran masu yin wasan kwaikwayo a yankin su shiga cikin fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi, wanda yawanci yakan bar al'ummomin ƴan asalin ƙasar su rasa filayensu da rayuwarsu. <ref name="Narco-deforestation" /> A ƙarshe, babban ribar da ake samu ga masu fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi yana ƙarfafa DTOs don canza gandun daji zuwa aikin noma don lalata waɗannan ribar. <ref name="Narco-deforestation" /> "Inganta" ƙasa mai nisa ba wai kawai yana bawa masu fataucin miyagun kwayoyi damar canza kadarorin su ba tare da fa'ida ba amma kuma yana halatta kasancewar DTO a yankin. <ref name=":14">Rudel, Tom, and Jill Roper. "[http://www.sidalc.net/cgi-bin/wxis.exe/?IsisScript=catalco.xis&method=post&formato=2&cantidad=1&expresion=mfn=017693 Regional Patterns and Historical Trends in Tropical Deforestation 1976–1990: A Qualitative Comparative Analysis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721010508/http://www.sidalc.net/cgi-bin/wxis.exe/?IsisScript=catalco.xis&method=post&formato=2&cantidad=1&expresion=mfn=017693 |date=2020-07-21 }}." Ambio 25, no. 3 (1996): 160–166.</ref> Ko da yake canza filaye a cikin dazuzzukan da ke da kariya da kuma al'ummomin ƴan asalin haramun ne, masu fataucin suna da tasirin siyasa da ya dace don tabbatar da hukunci. <ref name=":14" /> Dangane da al’ummomin ’yan asalin da aka ware saboda karuwar safarar muggan kwayoyi, ba su da wani karfi wajen fuskantar tashe- ''tashen'' hankula da cin hanci da rashawa; Kuma Ana fuskantar barazana ga kungiyoyin kare hakkin jama'a a yankin sannan kuma ana baiwa masu gabatar da kara na jihar cin hanci don su rufe ido kan "yankin narko" ba bisa ka'ida ba. <ref name="Narco-deforestation" /> A cewar Dr. Kendra McSweeney daga Jami'ar Jihar Ohio, adadin sare itatuwa a yankin kusan 20.&nbsp;kilomita <sup>2</sup> a kowace shekara ya haɓaka zuwa 60&nbsp;<sup>km2</sup> . <ref name="Narco-deforestation" /> McSweeney ya ba da misali da kisa mafi girma a kasar Honduras a duniya, yana mai bayanin cewa masu rajin kare hakkin jama'a suna matukar fargabar bayyana ra'ayoyinsu da kuma bayyana ra'ayoyinsu kan lamarin, saboda haka za su iya haifar da illa da barazanar rufe su. <ref name="Narco-deforestation" /> Kungiyoyin kare muhalli na kasa da kasa sun yi nuni da mutuwar Jairo Mora Sandoval a matsayin misali na irin wannan shiru da masu safarar miyagun kwayoyi suka yi wa masu kare muhalli, sannan Kuma lamarin da ke nuni da cewa an ji tasirin muhalli da zamantakewar cinikin muggan kwayoyi a duk fadin Amurka ta tsakiya. <ref name=":14" /> == Girman yawan jama'a == Yayin da kasashen wannan yanki ke ci gaba da bunkasa, yawan jama'a, da kuma cinikayya da kasashen da suka ci gaba, na matsa lamba kan albarkatun kasa ta hanyar samar da da dama daga cikin al'amuran da aka tattauna a baya, kamar dai yadda ya kamata a cire filayen noma da gidaje. <ref name=":14"/> Wani bincike ya nuna cewa karuwar yawan jama'a da ci gaban fasaha a Amurka ta tsakiya ( Mesoamerican biodiversity hotspot) a haƙiƙa yana da tasiri kai tsaye akan adadin sare bishiyoyi. <ref>Jha, S., and K.S. Bawa. "[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00398.x Population Growth, Human Development, and Deforestation in Biodiversity Hotspots]." Conservation Biology 20, no. 3 (2006): 906–912</ref> Sauran yankuna a tsakiyar Amurka sun sami karuwar yawan jama'a, kamar Petén, saboda gano mai da kuma hanyar korar 'yan gudun hijirar siyasa daga yakin basasar Guatemala . <ref name=":0">Conde, D. A. (2008). Road impact on deforestation and jaguar habitat loss in the Mayan Forest. ''Ecology PhD, Nicholas School of the Environment. Duke University''.</ref> Yawan karuwar birane da karuwar yawan jama'a ya haifar da karuwar [[Gandun daji|sare itatuwa]] . Dangane da kididdigar kwanan nan, yawan jama'ar Amurka ta tsakiya ya ninka cikin kewayon shekaru 15, daga 2.1.&nbsp;miliyan har 2000 zuwa 4.2&nbsp;miliyan a shekarata 2015. == Tasirin duniya == [[File:Endangered_Spider_Monkey's.jpg|thumb| Biri gizo-gizo na fuskantar barazana saboda ayyukan sare dazuzzuka]] Rasa dazuzzukan Amurka ta tsakiya ba kawai barazana ga yankin ba ne; yana da tasiri a duniya. Dazuzzuka suna taimakawa sha da adana carbon dioxide da ke dumama [[Duniyoyi|duniya]] . Amma duk lokacin da aka lalata su, suna ƙara yawan iskar carbon zuwa yanayin don haka dumama duniyar don sha'awar wasu 'yan ƙasa, 'yan kasuwa, da masu fataucin muggan ƙwayoyi . Bayan haka, abubuwan da ke haifar da iskar carbon da ke haifar da tsarin sare dazuzzuka ana ba da rahoton cewa suna da alaƙa kuma suna da alaƙa da hana yanayi kuma suna iya taka rawa wajen ɗumamar duniya. A cikin abin da, Kuma wannan yana da alaƙa da taka rawa wajen haɓakar iskar carbon a cikin yanayi, adadin da aka ruwaito na 10-20% an ƙididdige shi daga matakan sare dazuzzuka. <ref name=":6" /> Haka kuma, masu fataucin miyagun kwayoyi a yankin na kara yawan yin hijira ko kaura ga mazauna yankin a lokacin da suke raya hanyoyin a yankunan. Sannan kuma Wannan yana kara yawan talauci da rashin zaman lafiya a yankin. <ref name=":5" /> A daya bangaren kuma, bunkasar wadannan masu safarar miyagun kwayoyi a yankin na kara samun da kuma amfani da muggan kwayoyi a cikin al’umma don haka ka iya lalata matasa, iyalai, da kuma samar da wadata a cikin al’umma. <ref name=":5" /> Kawar da wurin zama na nau'ikan da ba kasafai ba kamar jaguar, tapirs, da macaws ja na iya rage yawan masu yawon bude ido, wanda lamari ne na gida da na duniya. <ref name=":5" /> Bugu da ƙari, an ba da rahoton cewa ta hanyar sare itatuwan wurare masu zafi kamar na Amurka ta tsakiya, an yi asarar jinsuna 140. <ref name=":6" /> Yiwuwar asara ko asarar nau'o'i ko asara, suna ba da gudummawa ga sarkar abinci." <ref name=":6" /> Hakazalika ga gandun daji na Amazonian, dajin ƙasar Amurka ta tsakiya shima "yana kara zafi a cikin gida ta hanyar motsin rai". <ref name="Butler">Butler, Rhett. "Global Consequences of Deforestation in the Tropics." Rainforests. http://rainforests.mongabay.com/0901.htm (accessed March 28, 2010).</ref> Ba tare da ƙarin danshi daga haifuwa ba, jimlar ruwan sama yana raguwa sosai. Bugu da ƙari, tare da ƙarancin danshi a cikin iska ya zo da ƙarar daɗaɗɗen wuta. Wadannan gyare-gyare na gida suna da matukar tsanani kuma suna shafar rayuwar al'ummomin da ke kewaye, musamman ma matalauta, kuma mutanen karkara waɗanda suka dogara da ƙasa don rayuwarsu. Bugu da ƙari, da damuwa a kan yanayin gida, lalata dazuzzuka yana da "tasiri mafi girma, yana shafar yanayin duniya da bambancin halittu ". <ref name="Butler" /> == Bayanan kimiyya da ke da alaƙa da sare bishiyoyi == [[File:Occurrences_of_Flooding.jpg|thumb| Misalin ambaliya da ke faruwa a sakamakon ayyukan ɗan adam kamar na sare itatuwa.]] A wani ɓangare na matakan sare gandun daji na yankin Amurka ta tsakiya, ayyuka masu zuwa suna da alaƙa da fannonin kimiyya. Kamar yadda aka fada a baya, bishiyoyin da ke wurin suna shan carbon dioxide kuma suna taimakawa wajen adana wannan abu daga sararin samaniya. Kuma A cikin wanne da gaske, ke ba da gudummawa don taimakawa wajen samar da yanayi ya zama yanayi mafi koshin lafiya. Duk da haka, a cikin aiwatar da saran gandun daji, ana cire bishiyoyi kuma don haka, suna ba da gudummawa ga ƙananan bishiyoyi da ake da su don cire abu kuma zai iya haifar da haɓakar tasirin greenhouse . <ref name=":7" /> Haɓaka tasirin greenhouse shine samfurin yanayi wanda ke ɗumamawa. <ref name=":7" /> A wannan yanayin, Kuma zai buɗe tasiri daban-daban kamar haɗawa da ambaliya a wasu yankuna, fari a wasu yankuna kuma gabaɗaya yana nuna nau'ikan abubuwan [[canjin yanayi]] . <ref name=":7" /> Dumamar yanayi na iya haɗawa da duk waɗannan abubuwa da abubuwan da suka faru ta hanyar tarwatsa sararin samaniyar ozone, sannan kuma ya mallaki tasirin da zai iya sanya wasu glaciers da tsarin ƙanƙara su narke sannan su haifar da hawan matakin teku. <ref name=":7" /> Ana iya lura da hakan don samar da matsanancin matakan ruwa wanda zai iya yuwuwa ya mamaye filaye kuma ya haifar da ambaliya. <ref name=":7" /> Bugu da ƙari, tsarin da ɗumamar yanayi ta hanyar sare bishiyoyi, zai iya haifar da Rana ta hanyar karuwa tare da hasken UV mai karfi wanda zai iya shiga cikin yanayi. <ref name=":7" /> Sabili da haka, sarrafa don haifar da wuraren da za su bushe kuma su sami dogon lokaci mai tsawo idan aka kwatanta da adadin hasken rana da ake buƙata akai-akai. <ref name=":7" /> Bayan haka, tasirin sauyin yanayi kamar samar da yanayin yanayin da ba a saba gani ba yana da alaƙa tare da dumama yanayi. Kuma Wannan zai kasance ta hanyar rugujewar Layer na Ozone a cikin yanayi da kuma samun ƙasa mai saurin kamuwa da ƙarin hasken rana a wuraren da yawanci ba su da isasshen hasken rana da zafi a cikin yanayi na musamman, kuma yana iya yuwuwar samun rani mai tsayi tare da shi, sannan Kuma a cikin wani ɓangare na ƙãra hasken rana da yanayin da ke da ƙarin buɗe ido don hasken rana ya zo. <ref name=":7" /> [[File:Occurrences_of_Soil_erosion.jpg|thumb| Misalin zaizayar ƙasa sakamakon ayyuka masu alaƙa da ɗan adam kamar sare dazuzzuka.]] '''Zaizayar kasa''' Haka kuma, wani fannin da ke da alaƙa da hanyoyin sare dazuzzuka shine zaizayar ƙasa . Kuma A cikin abin da aka lura a matsayin tsari wanda ke faruwa ta dabi'a, duk da haka an lura cewa yana da sauri da kuma samar da shi a cikin adadin da ya ƙunshi abubuwan da ke faruwa lokacin da sarewar daji ya faru. Bishiyoyi da nau'ikan tsire-tsire masu zuwa suna kasancewa a cikin mahalli don da gaske rage saurin yadda ruwa ke tafiya a cikin muhalli. <ref name=":8" /> Tushen bishiyun da ke nan suna nan don tabbatar da cewa ba a ɗauke ƙasa daga ruwan da ke wucewa ba. <ref name=":8" /> Bugu da ƙari, rashin bayyanar bishiyoyi / nau'in tsire-tsire na iya yuwuwar yin wasa a cikin ɓangaren saman ƙasa don ya ɓace cikin yanayin da yake da sauri kamar. <ref name=":8" /> Zazzage ƙasa na iya samun dalili don hana [[Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa)|ƙasa]] mai kyau ta bunƙasa da tabbatar da jinsuna suna girma yadda ya kamata. <ref name=":8" /> '''Matakan ruwan karkashin kasa''' Ana danganta sare dazuzzuka da abubuwan da suka shafi matakan ruwan karkashin kasa . Bishiyoyi suna taimakawa kuma suna ba da gudummawa wajen samar da abin da ke cikin tururin ruwa a cikin yanayi. <ref name=":9" /> Saboda haka, sannan Kuma a cikin aikin sare dazuzzuka, wannan na iya nufin ƙarancin tushen bishiyoyi don ba da gudummawar tururin ruwa zuwa sararin samaniya. <ref name=":9" /> A cikin abin da ke haifar da raguwar samar da ruwan sama kuma a kaikaice yana taka rawa wajen haifar da illa na jimlar yawan ruwan karkashin kasa. <ref name=":9" /> == Ƙoƙarin mayar da illolin == [[File:Planting_trees.jpg|thumb| Hoton ya nuna wata kungiya mai fafutukar kare muhalli da ke bunkasa girma bishiyoyi, ta hanyar dasa su a wannan yanki. Wannan bi da bi yana gabatar da, yiwuwar aiwatar da aiki yayin ƙoƙarin yaƙar matakan sare itatuwa.]] An samo shi a duk tsawon karatu da bincike cewa yawancin mutane a Amurka ta tsakiya har yanzu suna dogara ne akan itace da gawayi a matsayin tushen man fetur na farko. Don haka, nuna yadda rage ingantaccen ikon magance matsalar sare itatuwa a yankin zai iya haifar da tasiri. Sannan Duk da haka, an ba da shawara daga kungiyoyi kamar Conservation International, Trees for Future and Rainforest Alliance, cewa yankuna na Amurka ta tsakiya ya kamata su inganta sake dasa bishiyoyi a yankin. <ref name=":10" /> Wannan na iya zama yuwuwar turawa ta hanyar da ta dace, saboda wannan hanyar zata iya taimakawa wajen kiyaye daidaito da rage fitar da iskar carbon zuwa muhalli. <ref name=":10" /> Ya kamata a lura da kuma sani, cewa gwamnati kuma za ta iya daukar wani mataki don ci gaba da gudanar da yakin neman zabe na inganta zaman gida a dasa itatuwa da kuma kiyayewa don rage [[Gandun daji|sare dazuzzuka]] . <ref name=":10" /> Har ila yau, ana ba da shawara mai karfi daga kungiyoyi daban-daban da bangarorin gwamnati, sannan cewa ya kamata gwamnati ta samar da tsare-tsaren da za su kare al'ummar yankin tare da ba su hakkin mallakar filaye don yaki da 'yancinsu da kuma rage fataucin miyagun kwayoyi a yankin. Bugu da kari, sauran jam’iyyu da kungiyoyin gwamnati da aka ambata a baya suna bayyana cewa ya kamata gwamnatocin kananan hukumomi da na kasa su tsara yadda ake gudanar da aikin sare itatuwa a yankunan domin tabbatar da cewa ana sake dasa itatuwa da kuma kiyaye daidaiton muhalli. <ref name=":11" /> Bugu da kari kuma, ana ba da shawarar cewa, ya kuma kamata gwamnati, tare da hadin gwiwar sauran kungiyoyi, su baiwa jama'ar yankin damar kiyaye albarkatun kasa, ta hanyar ilmi, samar da ayyukan yi, da tabbatar da adalci, da dai kuma sauransu. <ref name=":11" /> Har ila yau, ana tunatar da yankuna na Amurka ta tsakiya akai-akai kuma ana ba su shawara sosai don inganta tattalin arzikin karkara mai dorewa ta hanyar noman gandun daji tare da noman koko . <ref name=":11" /> Kasashe da dama sun yi shiri na kiyayewa da kuma cike dazuzzukan saboda karuwar sare itatuwa a baya-bayan nan. Shugabannin 'yan asalin ƙasar, masu kula da filaye na al'umma, da masu kula da wurin shakatawa suna sanya rayuwarsu kowace rana a kan layi don kare gandun daji na Mesoamerica . Har ila yau, al'umma da masu kula da yanki sun haɓaka sanarwar Petén, Kuma wanda ya ƙunshi ƙaddamar da matakai na musamman guda biyar don dawo da gandun daji na yankin: 1) tallafi ga gandun daji na gida da al'ummomin asali don samun ikon mallakar ƙasa; 2) inganta tsaro na yankuna masu kariya; 3) ƙarfafa ƙaddamar da laifukan muhalli; 4) mayar da hankali kan haramtattun dabbobi a matsayin babban dalilin sare itatuwa; da kuma kare al’ummar yankin da ke jefa rayuwarsu cikin kasada don kare muhalli. <ref name=":2" /> Alal misali, a [[Nicaragua]], kula da gandun daji ya ƙunshi sauyawa daga katako zuwa girbin da ba na katako ba tare da ɗorewar hanyoyin sare itace. <ref>Salick, Jan, Alejandro Mejia, and Todd Anderson. "[http://www.bio-nica.info/biblioteca/Salick1995NonTimberForestProducts.pdf Non-Timber Forest Products Integrated with Natural Forest Management, Rio San Juan, Nicaragua]." Ecological Applications 5, no. 4 (1995): 878–895.</ref> A [[Costa Rica]], hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su da suka taɓa ƙara matsalar sare dazuzzuka ana yin bincike a matsayin hanyoyin da za a iya sake dasa itatuwa. Sannan Kuma Bugu da ƙari kuma, a tsakiyar shekarun 1990, an aiwatar da "la'aikan katako mai lalacewa" don hana yawaitar sare itatuwa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba . <ref>Gariguata, Manuel R., and Juan M. Dupuy. "[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Manuel_Guariguata/publication/235942849_Forest_regeneration_in_abandoned_logging_roads_in_Lowland_Costa_Rica/links/5ab6af920f7e9b68ef501f63/Forest-regeneration-in-abandoned-logging-roads-in-Lowland-Costa-Rica.pdf Forest Regeneration in Abandoned Logging Roads in Lowland Costa Rica]." Biotropica 29, no. 1 (1997): 15–28.</ref> Shawarwari da shawarwarin da za a iya magance batutuwa irin waɗannan, suna nan don ƙarfafawa da ƙarfafawa mazauna yankin da kuma sake dawo da ƙimar lalacewa a yankin. == Duba wasu abubuwan == * sare itatuwa a Amurka * Nau'in da ke cikin haɗari * Tasirin muhalli na aikin gona * Amfani da ƙasa, canjin amfanin ƙasa, da gandun daji * Fadada aikin noma * Geography na Honduras * Geography na Nicaragua * Geography na Costa Rica * Geography na Panama * Geography na Guatemala == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] s084gruw91wwz2amr5vf90brrhgjl9k 0 30797 874101 366524 2026-07-02T05:46:55Z Habibah A Jisambo 26434 874101 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Gbenga_Toyosi_Olawepo.jpg|thumb| Gbenga Toyosi Olawepo]] '''Gbenga Toyosi Olawepo''' (an haife shi 28 ga Yuni na shekara ta 1965) ɗan Najeriya ne mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam kuma ɗan kasuwa. Sunan Olawepo ya fara ɗaukar kanun labarai ne a lokacin da shi da wasu shugabannin dalibai uku na Jami’ar Legas suka shiga cikin dakin ‘yan sandan Najeriya mai cike da cunkoson jama’a a cikin watan Afrilun shekara ta 1989 a matsayinsa na mai adawa da wariyar launin fata. Gwamnatin mulkin soji da ke kara danniya da rashin hakuri da [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki]] a Najeriya sai ta ba da umarnin a tsare dalibin mai fafutuka. Editan Ilimi na Jaridar Guardian Express - Joe Idika- ya wallafa wani rahoto na musamman kan halin da ‘yan hudu-Olawepo, Oyerinde, Akhaine da Ewebiyi- ke ciki- a wani abu da ya tona asirin halin da ake ciki na tsare fursunonin da ake tsare da su a ofisoshin ‘yan sandan Najeriya. Rahoton ya kuma ƙasance labari ne na jajircewa na ban mamaki na quartet da aka nuna a lokacin ziyarar Mrs. Thatcher game da manufofin gwamnatinta na nuna wariyar launin fata, wanda zanga-zangar dalibai da ma'aikata ta kasance. == Shekarun farko. == An haifi Olawepo a Yelwa, [[Yauri]], [[Kebbi|Jihar Kebbi ta]] yanzu dake [[Arewacin Najeriya]], a ranar 28 ga Yunin shekara ta 1965. Olawepo ya fara nuna halayen jagoranci a makarantar sakandare. A cikin 1984, an zabe shi Shugaban kungiyar Dramatic Society kuma daga baya ya nada shi Shugaban Lafiya a Kwalejin Cherubim da Seraphim, [[Ilorin]] . A shekarar 1986 a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Kwara, an zaɓe shi a matsayin Janar-Sakataren ƙungiyar Matasa ta Youth Solidarity on Southern Africa in Nigeria (YUSSAN) kuma ya kasance mai fafutukar yaki da wariyar launin fata. Ya shirya shirye-shiryen fina-finai, tara sa hannun hannu don tara tallafin gida da waje don yakar gwamnatin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu da kuma goyon bayan darussa na al'ummar [[Angola]], [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] da [[Namibiya]] . Ya kasance memba na Local Orgasing Committee na <nowiki>''Massive Freedom at 70 Nelson Mandela Concert'' da aka gudanar a Jami'</nowiki>ar [[Lagos]] Nigeria. Shigarsa a cikin harkar tsattsauran ra’ayi ya kara tsananta lokacin da aka zaɓe shi jami’in hulɗa da jama’a na kungiyar dalibai ta kasa (NANS) a watan Yulin 1988. Hakan dai ya zo ne a daidai lokacin da kungiyar daliban ke bijirewa dokar hana fita da gwamnatin soja ta yi . A matsayinsa na mai magana da yawun kungiyar daliban Najeriya ya kasance a fagen daga da hukumomin sojin kasar. Ya yi magana game da " [[Ƴancin yin Tarayya|'yancin ƙungiyoyin]] da ba za a iya raba su ba, kuma babu wani dokar soja da za ta iya cirewa," ya yi magana game da ƴancin ilimi na jama'a tare da yakin neman komawa mulkin dimokuradiyya ta hanyar kundin tsarin mulkin da aka zaɓa. A watan Mayu-Yuni na shekara ta 1989, yana cikin jagorancin gwagwarmayar anti-SAP da dimokuradiyya wanda kungiyar dalibai ta kasa [www.whirledbank.org/development/sap] ta shirya. Wannan tawaye ya kasance a duk faɗin ƙasar kuma ya sami goyon baya a kan iyakokin yanki da na kabilanci; Har ila yau, ta samu kulawar ƙasa da kasa yayin da ta tafi lokaci guda tare da daliban da suka yi zanga-zanga a dandalin Tiananmen da ke birnin Beijing da kuma boren neman dimokradiyya a gabashin Turai. Gwamnatin soja ta yi masa lakabi da <nowiki>''</nowiki>juyin mulkin farar hula<nowiki>''</nowiki> tare da mayar da martani game da hakan tare da yin amfani da sassaucin ra'ayi da kuma mummunan karfi. Domin murkushe zanga-zangar, gwamnatin sojan kasar ta tura tankunan kwantar da tarzoma, jirage masu saukar ungulu na ƴan sanda da kuma 'yan sandan kwantar da tarzoma suna harbin masu zanga-zangar. == Tsare. == A ƙarshen boren, sama da mutane dari biyu ne 'yan sanda suka yi kiyasin kashe su, wasu da dama suka jikkata, an kuma tsare wasu dalibai masu fafutuka. An daure Olawepo a gidan yari na tsawon watanni hudu a gidan yari a karkashin dokar tsare mutane mai lamba 2 ta shekarar 1984 kamar yadda aka gyara. An tsare shi ba tare da shari'a ba. An sake shi ne bayan wata fafatawar shari’a da lauyansa, Marigayi Shugaban Kungiyar Lauyoyin Najeriya, Alao Aka-Bashorun [http://www.dawodu.com/falana3.htm] ya jagoranta, da wani gangamin kasa da kasa da Ƙungiyar Ɗalibai ta Duniya, Kungiyar Matasan Dimokuradiyya ta Duniya, [[Amnesty International|Amnesty]] suka shirya. [[Amnesty International|International]] da [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Human Rights Watch]] . Kungiyar Amnesty International ta ayyana shi a matsayin <nowiki>''</nowiki> Fursunan lamiri <nowiki>''</nowiki> a cikin 1989. Shari’ar sa da ta Gbenga Komolafe da mai shari’a Tajudeen Odunowo ya yanke ta zama Loco classicos a tarihin shari’a a Najeriya domin wannan ne karo na farko da kotu za ta ba da umarnin a saki wani da ake tsare da shi a karkashin dokar tsare tsare mutane mai lamba 2. Bayan da aka sake shi daga tsare a watan Disamba 1989 kuma ya kammala karatunsa a Jami'ar Legas, ya ci gaba da ba da himma a harkokin kasa da kasa. A cikin shekara ta 1990, an nada shi Sakataren Gudanarwa na kasa-Sakataren Kwamitin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam inda ya yi aiki a takaice kuma ya ninka a matsayin daya na kungiyar tuntuba ta kasa- kungiyar masu rajin kare hakkin dan Adam karkashin jagorancin Aka-Bashorun da ’yan siyasa masu kishin kasa kamar su. marigayi RBK Okafor, Kola Balogun, marigayi Mbadiwe, Mahmoud Waziri da Alhaji Tanko Yakassai. Kungiyar, National Consultative Forum (NCF), ta kafa wa kanta manufar shirya taron kasa a matsayin wani dandali na tabbatar da dimokuradiyya da sake fasalin tarayyar Najeriya. NCF ta jawo wani bangare na tsoffin sakatarorin dindindin na Najeriya a karkashin Alison Ayida da Tayo Akpata. Olawepo, wanda ya gaji Femi Ojudu a yanzu shi ne manajan darakta na <nowiki>''</nowiki>The News Magazine<nowiki>''</nowiki> wanda ya zo hutu daga aikinsa na African Concord, ya yi aiki sosai tare da Babban Sakatare, Marigayi Dokta [[Beko Ransome-Kuti]], wajen kula da sakatariyar. == Canza cikas ga rayuwar dama-kasuwanci. == Bayan Olawepo ya kammala karatunsa a Jami'ar Legas, sai dai ya fuskanci matsala nan take: me zai yi da makomarsa. Hukumomin jami’ar karkashin jagorancin hukumomin soji da ke neman bata masa rai sun kwace takardar shaidar sa. Ma'anar wannan a cikin al'ummar da ta ba da kyauta mai yawa akan takaddun shaida maimakon ƙwarewa shi ne cewa ba zai iya samun aiki a matsayin wanda ya kammala digiri a kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ba ko kuma a cikin aikin gwamnati. Wannan kuma yana nufin ba zai iya neman karatun digiri ba. Ƙalubalen da ke sama ya tilasta Olawepo shiga kasuwanci mai zaman kansa a cikin 1991 bayan ya tsaya a CDHR. Yana da sha'awar sanya kwarewarsa a matsayinsa na ƙwararren mai sadarwar jama'a don yin ciniki amma sai ya sake yin rawa tare da samar da dokar Cibiyar Hulda da Jama'a ta Najeriya da Majalisar Masu Tallace-tallacen Talla- duk sun buƙaci takardar shaidarsa don cancantar yin rajista don yin talla ko talla. dangantakar jama'a. A yanzu dai tsohon dan gwagwarmayar dalibin ya fuskanci matsananciyar matsin lamba kan ya roki hukumomi da ‘yan uwa da ƴan uwa da suke ganin makomarsa a yanzu ta lalace musamman idan ba ya ofis kuma a halin yanzu babu wanda ya ke magana kan lamarinsa. Duk da haka, Gbenga ya ƙi ya roƙi waɗanda suka azabtar da shi amma ya ɗauka a cikin matakansa. Ya ga wata dama ta fita daga cikin cikas bayan karanta littattafai masu shafuka dubu kan sadarwar siyasa a Amurka da Ingila. Ya kai ga yanke shawarar kafa rigar majagaba a harkokin sadarwa na siyasa, don haka ya kaucewa iyakokin da Dokar Talla da Hulda da Jama'a ta sanya. Bayan fara tabarbarewa tare da haɗa Prompt Link Ltd., shirin sa na sadarwar siyasa ya tashi yadda ya kamata tare da haɗakar da <nowiki>''</nowiki>Setandsell Ltd<nowiki>''</nowiki>. Ya sanya kamfaninsa gaba da hukumomin talla na gargajiya wadanda ya kore su a matsayin masu tallan kayayyaki kawai. Zai ce "ba za ku iya hada mutane kamar cakulan ba". Ya yi wa kansa kasuwa inda ya yi shiru ya zama sarki a gonarsa; ya mai da cikas zuwa manyan damammaki kuma ya zarce manyan shingen da ya samu riba mai yawa kan jarinsa. Har ila yau, yana da bukatu iri-iri a fannin makamashi a Turai, Amurka, da sauran ƙasashen Afirka. == Siyasar ɓangaranci. == Tsohon shugaban ƙungiyar dalibai ya banbanta a siyasar bangaranci . Jaridar Nigerian Tribune, jaridar da marigayi shugaban masu kishin kasa na Najeriya, Cif [[Obafemi Awolowo]] ya kafa, ta kama wannan da kyau. A wani lokaci jaridar ta rubuta cewa: “A fagen siyasar Najeriya, akwai na Saraki, matasa Azikiwe, matasa Adedoyin ’ya’yan jiga-jigan jiga-jigan siyasa da kudi amma akwai tsirarun sunaye da suka sanya kansu a fagen siyasa. kamar Gbenga Olawepo, tauraro mai tasowa mara fadowa baya ko tura wani ubangida ko baya ga duk wata daular kuɗi. Maganar shugabannin siyasa masu tasowa wannan wani bincike ne na gaskiya <nowiki>''</nowiki>. 1995 ita ce farkon shigarsa siyasar ɓangaranci lokacin da ya zama sakataren yada labarai na National Democratic Labour Party (NDLP) a cikin shirin mika mulki da gwamnatin Abacha ta sanar. Daga karshe an hana jam’iyyarsa da ta wasu ‘yan siyasa irin su [[Solomon Lar]], SPP na Alhaji Rimi, Ciroma da [[Bamanga Tukur]] ta ANC rajista. Maimakon samun masauki a jam’iyyun da sojoji suka kafa, Olawepo ya samu alaka da ƴan siyasa masu kishin kasa wadanda ke adawa da marigayi shugaban mulkin sojan Najeriya [[Sani Abacha]] . Wannan kungiya ta ‘yan siyasa ta fara shiryawa ne a kusa da Cibiyar Jama’a da G-34 daga baya kuma suka fara kafa [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam’iyyar People’s Democratic Party]] (PDP). Olawepo ya taka rawa sosai wajen kafa jam’iyyar PDP. Shi da wasu mutane biyu, Dahiru Awesu Kuta da Dubem Onyia, sun taimakawa Farfesa. Jerry Gana, Sakataren tsarin kafa jam'iyyar. Ya kuma bayar da gudunmawar kayan aiki ga jam’iyyar baya ga gudunmawar tunani wanda ya kara masa daraja a jam’iyyar. Daga cikin wannan, Prof. Gana ya ce: “Lokacin da tsarin dawo da dimokuradiyya ya zo a 1998/1999, yana daya daga cikin matasan da suka tsaya tare da mu domin mu kyale tsarin dimokuradiyya na gaskiya ya gudana. Yana daya daga cikin wadanda suka zo wurinmu ko da a lokacin da gwamnatin ta yi mana tsangwama a lokacin a G-34, mutum daya da ya yi fice a kowace rana, kowane lokaci shi ne Gbenga. Ni ne sakataren jam’iyyar PDP na farko da na canza sheka daga G-34, an gabatar da kundin tsarin mulki da tsarin jam’iyyar a cikin sa’o’i 24 a ofishina da kuma a jarida Gbenga. Kuma magana da ƙarfin hali, yana bayyana cewa yana cikinsa. Yana da irin wannan ikon da ba a saba gani ba don yin babbar sadaukarwa ga duk abin da ya yi imani da shi. Misali, bayan zanga-zangar Anti-SAP a lokacin da ya bar Najeriya a kan hanyarsa ta zuwa [[Ghana]] don wakilcin <nowiki>'' kungiyar daliban Afirka duka '' a bikin matasa da dalibai karo na 13 da aka gudanar a Koriya, an ba shi damar zama a Turai yana gudun hijira . tunda hukumomin soja ke farautarsa a Najeriya. Duk da haka, ya yi tayin komawa gida, yana mai cewa, ''muna da aikin yi a Najeriya''</nowiki>. Olawepo ya sake nuna jarumtaka lokacin da Janar Abacha ya mutu kwatsam a shekarar 1998, a jajibirin cikar shirin da ya yi na rikidewa zuwa mulkin kama-karya na farar hula. Ƴan biyun Olawepo da Dan Nwanyawu, wanda yanzu shi ne Shugaban Jam’iyyar Labour ta kasa, tare da Jerry Gana, sun koma barikin sojoji na Fort IBB- da ke Abuja, wanda ke dauke da Babban Hafsan Soja na lokacin, Gen. Ishaya Bamayi - wani jigo a babban hafsan soji, don gabatar da takardar da ke nuna wasu alkiblar mika mulki ga dimokradiyya. Shirin ƙarshe na miƙa mulki ya nuna matuƙar shigarsu. Amma abin ya kasance mai hatsarin gaske da aka yi a lokacin da makomar al'umma ta rataya a kan ma'auni da kuma lokacin da aka samu gagarumin yunkuri na sojoji. Olawepo ya taka rawa sosai a tsarin mika mulki. A shekarar 1998/1999, ya kasance sakataren kwamitin raya mata da matasa na kwamitin mika mulki da zaɓaɓɓen shugaban ƙasa na lokacin, Cif [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] ya kafa. Ya kuma taimaka wa babban mai magana da yawun jam’iyyar PDP na lokacin – Sanata Anietie Okon- wajen tafiyar da dimbin na’urorin yada labarai na jam’iyyar a lokacin yakin neman zaɓe da kuma lokacin sauya shekar. A babban taron da PDP ta yi na farko a watan Agusta na shekara ta 1999, hamshaƙin ɗan kasuwan nan, Olawepo, an zabi mataimakin sakataren yaɗa labarai na kasa. A matsayinsa na mamba a kwamitin zartarwa na jam’iyya mai mulki, ya samu kambun kasancewarsa shugaba mara tsoro kuma mai gaskiya wanda ya fadi gaskiya ga mulki. Ya bayar da shawarar bin tsarin mulkin jam’iyya da dimokuradiyyar cikin gida wajen gudanar da mulkin jam’iyya, da nuna gaskiya da rikon amana a harkokin mulki. A cikin gwamnatin da tun farko aka shagaltu da cece-kuce a bangaren zartarwa, duk da cewa yana kusa da Shugaban kasa, sai ya fito fili ya nuna goyon bayansa ga yaki da cin hanci da rashawa. Ya kuma kasance a kan ƙoƙarin da ake yi na ganin shugabannin Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa su rika bin diddigi. Ya himmatu ga wani tsari na akida, ko da dokinsa ya yi kaca-kaca. “Ana iya tunawa da lokacin da ya yi a wancan lokacin saboda irin tsayuwar daka da ya yi a daidai lokacin da muradin kai na daidaikun jama’a suka zama albarusan jam’iyyar PDP. Shi da kan sa ya yi yaki da wata dabara da manyan jami’an jam’iyyar na kasa suka kitsa domin tsawaita wa’adin jami’an jam’iyyar wanda ya saba wa dokokin jam’iyyar. Abin ban haushin matsayinsa shi ne da ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka amfana da hakan. Haushi da kura da wannan al’amari ya haifar, za a iya cewa sun taimaka wajen sauke shi daga mukaminsa da kuma wahalar da ya sha a PDP; irin wannan nasarar da ba kasafai ake samu ba na ƙa'ida ta sirri kan wata dama ta siyasa ta nuna shi a matsayin dan siyasa na gaba<nowiki>''</nowiki>. Duk da cewa an mayar da shi ofishinsa bayan an kwashe tsawon lokaci ana fafatawa a kotu, an yi ta gwabza kazamin faɗa a kan tsarin mulkin dimokuradiyya na cikin gida da kuma bin tsarin da ya dace a jam’iyyar wanda ya kai ga ficewar wasu ubanni da suka kafa jam’iyyar ciki har da Olawepo daga jam’iyyar yayin da ta ke kara nuna kyama. - dimokuradiyya tare da jami'anta suna kara yin aiki ba tare da wani hukunci ba. Rikicin da ya barke a jam’iyyar PDP, ya jawo Olawepo mafi kyawu, wanda masu sukar sa ba za su yi watsi da shi ba. Da yake magana game da Olawepo, Ministan Harkokin Wajen Najeriya na yanzu kuma tsohon sakataren jam'iyyar PDP na kasa, Cif [[Ojo Maduekwe]], ya ce, "rayuwar mutane irin su Olawepo ya kamata ta zaburar da mu mu yi magana mai kyau game da kanmu. Gbenga mutum ne mai motsi na ciki ba ya tsoron tsayawa shi kadai, ba ya tsoron kada a yi masa farin jini, ba ya tsoron kallon kallo. Mutumin da yake kokawa a ciki yana sauraron kaɗe-kaɗe na sararin samaniyarsa, yana sauraron yabon ruhun da ke cikinsa wanda ya kasance da sararin sama, wanda dole ne ya ci nasara kuma ya bi ta wannan hanyar, ya jagoranci wasu kuma suna bin wanda zai iya gani. sararin sama a tare da shi, na irin waɗannan abubuwa ne na tarihi, na irin waɗannan abubuwa ne masu girma”. Bayan ya fice daga jam’iyyar PDP da ya taimaka wajen kafa shi, dan kasuwan ya ci gaba da harkokinsa na bangaranci a jam’iyyar adawa. A watan Afrilun shekara ta 2007, ya tsaya takarar gwamna a jam’iyyar Democratic People’s Party (DPP) a [[Kwara (jiha)|jihar Kwara]] kuma an ayyana shi a matsayin wanda ya zo na biyu a zaben da mutane da yawa ke ganin ya lashe zaben. Masu sa ido na kasa da kasa sun ce zaben na shekarar 2007 a matsayin maguɗi.. Ya yi takara da sakamakon zaɓen bai yi nasara ba a gaban kotun daukaka kara. Tare da zafi da tsarin shari'a, Olawepo ya koma makaranta a Jami'ar Buckingham don "hutawa ya kama". Kimanin shekaru ashirin kenan da barin Jami'ar Legas inda begensa na neman wani shiri na gaba da kammala karatunsa na farko ya cika da jami'ar ta hana shi satifiket na tsawon shekaru shida bayan kammala karatunsa a zamanin mulkin soja. A shekarar 2019 ya tsaya takarar shugabancin Najeriya karkashin jam’iyya ta uku wato People’s Trust, inda ya ƙalubalanci shugaban ƙasa Muhammadu Buhari na jam’iyyar All Progressives Congress, kuma ɗan takarar babbar jam’iyyar adawa, Atiku Abukakar. == Kyauta == Ya samu karramawa da karramawa da dama wadanda suka hada da: Kyautar Shugabancin Afirka Kwame Nkrumah wanda kungiyar dalibai ta nahiyar - All African Student Union - a [[Accra]], Ghana a shekara ta 2003; Kyautar Tsohon Soja-a cikin 2005 a [[Karakas|Caracas]], [[Venezuela]] ta Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya da Ƙungiyar Matasan Demokiradiyya ta Duniya, (WFDY). Ya kuma samu lambar yabo ta 2000 Nigerian Union of Journalist Award for Professionals Excellent.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2010}}A cikin 2008 an ba shi Max Bellof don kyakkyawan aiki a jarrabawar farko a kan MA a cikin shirin Harkokin Duniya na Jami'ar Buckingham, United Kingdom. . Ya gabatar da kasidu a kan <nowiki>''</nowiki>Bakin Ciki na Afirka Biyu- Aids da Yaƙe-yaƙe, Kalubalen Afirka na Dimokraɗiyya<nowiki>''</nowiki>. Ya kuma rubuta takardun ilimi da yawa. Ya gudanar da ayyuka masu ƙalubale da yawa a cikin ƙasa da ƙasa. Ya kasance wakilin Najeriya a wajen jana'izar Hafez al-Assad, shugaban kasar [[Siriya|Syria]] a shekara ta 2001. A gida, ya yi aiki a matsayin mamba na kwamitin duba kundin tsarin mulki na PDP a shekara ta 2000 kuma mamba a kwamitin gyara zabe na jam'iyyar Democratic People's Party da aka kafa bayan zaben 2007. Ya yi tafiya sosai kuma ya ziyarci kasashe sama da 27. Yana da sha'awar kasuwancin duniya a fannin makamashi kuma ana ba shi ayyukan agaji. Shi Kirista ne kuma ya yi aure da ƴaƴan. Aurensa da wuri ya sami matsala wanda ya kai ga saki. == Suka == Tsoffin takwarorinsa na masu fafutuka sun sha suka a kan alaƙarsa da tsohon shugaban gidan yari na mulkin soja, Janar [[Ibrahim Babangida|Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida]] . Haka kuma wasu masu lura da al’amuran siyasa na sukar sa da cewa ya fi karfin aƙida a lokacin da ya kamata ya yi aiki da shi, wanda hakan ya janyo masa hasarar siyasa a wannan ƙasa ta Najeriya. == Magana == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qb3p025hz758b4c0qxe0p3j6i7spad7 0 31031 874094 676131 2026-07-02T05:41:36Z Ummeeterh 31568 874094 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Eng.David Luyimbazi Ssali left and Executive Director, Dorothy Kisaka Taking Over Office.jpg|thumb|Dorothy Kisaka]] '''Dorothy Kisaka''' (An haife ta a shekara ta 1964), lauya ce [[Uganda|Yar ƙasar Uganda]] kuma mai zartarwa na kamfani wanda aka naɗa shi a matsayin [[Darekta zartarwa|babban darekta]] na [[Babban Birnin Kampala|Hukumar Babban Birnin Kampala]], a ranar 12 ga Yuni Shekara ta 2020. Ta maye gurbin [[Jennifer Musisi]], babban darekta na KCCA, wanda ya yi murabus a ranar 15 [[Disamba]] shekara ta 2018, da Injiniya [[Andrew Kitaka|Andrew Mubiru Kitaka]], wanda shi ne babban Darakta na riko daga [[Disamba]] 2018 har zuwa Yuni Shekara ta 2020. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Kisaka a [[Uganda]] a shekara ta 1964. Bayan ta halarci makarantar firamare da sakandare ta gida, ta sami gurbin karatu a Jami'ar Makerere, a [[Kampala]], babban birnin [[Uganda]], inda ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin shari'a a 1987. Ta biyo bayan hakan ne ta hanyar samun Diploma a fannin shari'a daga Cibiyar Bunkasa Shari'a da ke [[Kampala]]. Daga nan aka shigar da ita Bar Uganda. Digiri na biyu ita ce Jagorar Fasaha a Jagoranci da Gudanarwa (MAOL), wacce aka samu daga Jami'ar Kirista ta Uganda, a Mukono, Uganda . Digiri na uku kuma digirin na Master na Arts ne a Jagorancin Innovation da Canji (MALIC), wanda Jami'ar York St John, da ke [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] ta bayar. == Sana'a == Nan da nan kafin naɗin nata na yanzu, ta kasance Babban mai ba Shugaban kasa shawara da aka tura a matsayin mataimakiyar Shugaban sashin isar da Firayim Minista a ofishin Firayim Minista . Daga 1999 har zuwa 2014, ta kasance mataimakiyar lauya a ''Kiyimba—Kisaka & Company Advocates'', wanda ke [[Kampala]] . A cikin Afrilu 2020, [[Yoweri Museveni]], Shugaban [[Uganda]], ya naɗa Dorothy Kisaka a matsayin sakatariyar Asusun ba da amsa COVID-19. Bayan tattaunawa da Ma'aikatar Kula da Jama'a ta Uganda, ta karbi mukamin a matsayin babban darakta na biyu na KCCA. An rantsar da ita a matsayin Babban Darakta na KCCA a ranar 31 ga Yuli 2020. == Sauran la'akari == Kisaka ta yi aiki a matsayin babban darekta a ''[https://destinyconsultug.com/ Destiny Consult] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610044848/https://destinyconsultug.com/ |date=2023-06-10 }}'', daga Maris 2001 har zuwa Disamba 2014. [https://destinyconsultug.com/ Destiny Consult] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610044848/https://destinyconsultug.com/ |date=2023-06-10 }} makarantar jagoranci ce, wacce Dorothy Kisaka ta haɗu a cikin 2001. Daga Oktoba 2010 har zuwa Disamba 2014, Kisaka kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin kwamishina a Hukumar Zaɓe ta Uganda . Sannan aka nada ta a matsayin mai baiwa shugaban kasa shawara sannan kuma ta zama babbar mai ba shugaban kasa shawara. A halin yanzu tana aiki a matsayin shugabar ''Development Associates International'' kuma tana wakiltar [[Afirka]] a hukumar ''Haggai International'' . {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://www.kcca.go.ug/ Yanar Gizo na Hukumar Babban Birnin Kampala] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1964]] c5y3i2l8w0thdzftu3cvci25iu9thsz 0 32148 873884 215452 2026-07-01T21:37:04Z Ummeeterh 31568 873884 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mohammed Sangare''' (An haife shi a shekara ta 1998) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar [[Laberiya]] [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|wanda]] ke taka leda a kulob din Newcastle United na Ingila a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya . == Rayuwar farko da ta sirri == An haifi Sangare a [[Monrovia]], Laberiya, <ref name="NFT">{{NFT player|accessdate=20 August 2020}}</ref> kuma ya koma Ingila yana da shekaru goma sha hudu (14). Kanensa, Faisu, wani bangare ne na saitin Wolverhampton Wanderers a karkashin 23 . == Aikin kulob == Sangare ya buga wasan kwallon kafa a Ingila don Accrington Stanley da Newcastle United . An haɓaka shi zuwa ƙungiyar farko ta Newcastle a watan Yuli 2019. Ya koma Accrington Stanley a kan aro a watan [[Ogusta|Agusta]] 2020. A watan Mayun 2022, an sanar da cewa za a saki Sangare a karshen kwantiraginsa. <ref>{{Cite web|https://www.nufc.co.uk/news/latest-news/academy-confirms-202223-retained-list/}}</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Sangare ya samu kiran farko ne zuwa tawagar kasar Laberiya a watan Agustan 2018, domin buga wasannin neman tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika na 2019 da ke tafe. Sai da ya janye daga tawagar har sau biyu a lokacin da yake jiran a sake ba shi takardar izinin zama a Birtaniya, wanda ke nufin ya kasa tafiya. Babban tawagar kasar Laberiya ta tuna da shi a watan Maris na 2019. Ya buga wasansa na farko a kungiyar kwallon kafa ta [[Laberiya]] a ranar 24 ga Maris, 2019 a wasan neman tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin [[Afirka|Afrika]] da DR Congo, wanda ya zo a minti na 73 a madadin Allen Njie . === Manufar kasa da kasa === : ''Maki da sakamako ne suka fara zura kwallaye a ragar Laberiya.'' <ref name="NFT">{{NFT player|accessdate=20 August 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/74022.html "Mohammed Sangare"]. </cite></ref> {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%;" !A'a. ! Kwanan wata ! Wuri ! Abokin hamayya ! Ci ! Sakamako ! Gasa |- | 1. | 4 ga Satumba, 2019 | Filin wasa na SKD, [[Monrovia]], [[Laberiya]] |</img> Saliyo | align="center" | '''2-1''' | align="center" | 3–1 | 2022 cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA |} == Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3rl344f7vhw4zy2g3kui0q0s0jj8zra 0 32588 874137 692021 2026-07-02T07:17:45Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 874137 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chaskele''' wasa ne na bat-da-ball da ake yi tsakanin ƙungiyoyi biyu na 'yan wasa biyu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/showbiz/news/201507/248376.php|title="I Played Chaskele And Climbed Trees" - Michelle Attoh {{!}} General Entertainment {{!}} Peacefmonline.com|last=Online|first=Peace FM|website=www.peacefmonline.com|access-date=2019-02-25|archive-date=2022-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201163717/https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/showbiz/news/201507/248376.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wasan Ghana ne da yara ke bugawa kuma yana kama da wasan kurket.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://squidmag.ink/chaskele-ghanaian-animation/|title=An Old Game, a Long Wait and a New Dream: How Chaskele Will Push Ghanaian Animation Forward|date=2019-02-19|website=Squid Mag|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-25}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/ece-frontpage/rio-2016-10-games-that-wouldve-probably-won-team-ghana-gold-at-the-olympics/hzl6j86|title=10 games that would've probably won Team Ghana gold at the Olympics|date=2016-08-12|website=www.pulse.com.gh|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-25|archive-date=2022-10-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015221012/https://www.pulse.com.gh/ece-frontpage/rio-2016-10-games-that-wouldve-probably-won-team-ghana-gold-at-the-olympics/hzl6j86|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/news/local/old-times-nostalgia-these-are-the-10-childhood-games-in-ghana-we-cant-forget/1cdzc5g|title=These are the 10 childhood games in Ghana we can't forget|date=2018-08-24|website=www.pulse.com.gh|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-26}}</ref> Ana yin ƙwallon ne da gwangwani da aka niƙa kuma ana amfani da sanda a matsayin birbira.<ref name=":0" /> == Yadda ake wasa == Ana wasa da Chaskele da gwangwani da aka niƙa, sanda, tayar mota ko guga.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://squidmag.ink/chaskele-ghanaian-animation/|title=An Old Game, a Long Wait and a New Dream: How Chaskele Will Push Ghanaian Animation Forward|date=2019-02-19|website=Squid Mag|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-25}}</ref> Ƙananan 'yan wasa biyu za su iya fara wasan, ɗaya yana farawa a matsayin mai tsaron gida kuma ɗayan, mai zura kwallo. Mai tsaron gida shi ne kuma ya tabbatar da abokin hamayyar bai jefa kwallon a cikin guga ko taya mota don cin nasara ba.<ref name=":1" /> == Manazarta == lm160yzujfbph3qur139jvsj94acvyg 0 32682 873932 855922 2026-07-01T22:17:50Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 873932 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Boli_and_Groundnut.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boli_and_Groundnut.png|thumb|300x300px|Gasar Boli a Najeriya]] [[File:Boli and Groundnut.png|thumb|hoton boli]] [[File:Roasted Plantain(Boli) with peppered stew and fried fish.png|thumb|Plantain (Boli)]] [[Fayil:Plantain chips.png|thumb|Plantain chips]] '''Boli''' gasasshen abinci ne a Najeriya. Abincin ya fito ne daga kabilar Yarbawa a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.allnigerianrecipes.com/plantain/roasted-plantain.html|title=Roasted Plantain (Boli)|website=www.allnigerianrecipes.com|access-date=2017-10-06|archive-date=2017-10-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002223927/http://www.allnigerianrecipes.com/plantain/roasted-plantain.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ana kiranta ‘boli’ a yankin kudu maso yammacin Najeriya ana kiran wadannan mutanen da sunan kabilar Yarbawa kuma ana cin su da gyada. Yarabawa sun dade suna jin dadin wannan lalura tun shekaru masu yawa, ana iya sha a matsayin abun ciye-ciye ko babban abinci wanda za a iya hada shi da barkonon tsohuwa cike da nama, gasasshen kifi ko soyayyen kaza musamman a lokacin bukukuwa. Ana kiran kalmar 'boli' a matsayin 'bole' saboda bambancin lafazi a yankin kudu maso kudu a Najeriya. A Kudancin Najeriya, ana kiransa da 'bole' harshen aro daga mutanen kudu maso yammacin Najeriya kuma ana ci da kifi a wani muhimmin biki.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kitchenbutterfly.com/2012/04/19/nigerian-street-food-bole-fish/|title=Nigerian Street Food: Boli & Fish {{!}} Kitchen Butterfly|website=Kitchen Butterfly|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-10-06|archive-date=2020-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223125202/http://www.kitchenbutterfly.com/2012/04/19/nigerian-street-food-bole-fish/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Roasted Plantain (Boli)". allnigerianrecipes.com. Archived from the original on 2 October 2017. Retrieved 6 October 2017.</ref><ref>Roasted plantain: Boli". ResearchGate</ref><ref>BoleBoli La'n Ta was inspired by my love for roasted plantain- Omolola Kayode". The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 21 December 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2022.</ref><ref>"''ResearchG'' "Watch How To Prepare Homemade BoleBoli (Roasted Plantain)". The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 18 August 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2022</ref><ref>valuation of a roasted plantain". ResearchGate</ref><ref>Lerato's roasted plantain, skinny efo, moringa and smoked chicken". The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 19 May 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2022.</ref><ref>Bolé Festival — Africa's Hottest Festival". Bolé Festival. Retrieved 28 May 2026.</ref><ref>Ekikor, Nsikak (25 March 2026). "Bole (Roasted Plantain): Nigeria's Beloved Street Food Delicacy - Chefs Base". Retrieved 28 May 2026.</ref><ref>Nigerian Street Food: Boli & Fish | Kitchen Butterfly". Kitchen Butterfly. Retrieved 6 October 2017.</ref><ref>Onyeakagbu, Adaobi (24 November 2021). "Recipe of the day: How to prepare bole and sauce in your oven at home". Pulse Nigeria. Retrieved 2 July 2022.</ref><ref>Dobby (22 April 2026). "How To Make Authentic Bole & Fish, Dobby's Signature". Dobby's Signature. Retrieved 28 May 2026.</ref> == Manazarta == 5sgp37v5knmoc2xqnl5tnjp8bwzy8k7 0 32689 873660 872682 2026-07-01T14:16:34Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 873660 wikitext text/x-wiki  <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />   '''Gari''' foda ne da ake amfani da shi wajen yin [[abinci]] iri-iri, ciki har da kayan gasa, da kuma yin kauri. Ana yin sa ne ta hanyar ninika [[hatsi]], [[wake]], gairo, iri, saiwoyi, ko [[Kayan Lambu|kayan lambu]] ta amfani da injin niƙa. Garin [[Siril|hatsi]], musamman garin alkama, shine babban sinadarin [[burodi]], wanda shine babban abincin al'adu da yawa. Masana ilmin kayan tarihi sun gano shaidar cewa mutane suna yin garin hatsi sama da shekaru 32,000 da suka gabata <ref>{{Cite web |title=Popular Archeology - Scientists report Stone Age flour production |url=https://popular-archaeology.com/article/scientists-report-stone-age-flour-production/ |access-date=2026-02-09 |website=Popular Archeology |language=en-US}}</ref> . Sauran garin hatsi sun haɗa da garin masara, wanda yake da mahimmanci a cikin abincin Mesoamerican tun zamanin da kuma har yanzu shine babban abincin Amurka, yayin da garin hatsin rai wani ɓangare ne na burodi a Tsakiyar Turai da Arewacin Turai . Garin hatsi ya ƙunshi ko dai endosperm, germ, da bran tare, wanda aka sani da garin hatsi gaba ɗaya, ko na endosperm kaɗai, wanda aka sani da gari mai ladabi. 'Abinci' a zahiri ana iya bambanta shi da gari kamar yana da ɗan ƙaramin girman barbashi, wanda aka sani da digiri na haɗin kai . Duk da haka, kalmar 'abinci' tana da alaƙa da 'gari' a wasu sassan duniya. Sarrafa garin hatsi don samar da farin gari, inda aka cire yadudduka na waje, yana nufin an rasa abubuwan gina jiki. Irin wannan garin, da burodin da aka yi daga gare su, ana iya ƙarfafa su ta hanyar ƙara abubuwan gina jiki. Tun daga shekarar 2016, doka ta wajabta a ƙasashe 86 don ƙarfafa garin alkama. <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2017 |title=Fortification growing globally |url=https://www.world-grain.com/articles/8286-fortification-growing-globally |website=World Grain}}</ref> Ana yin garin gairo ta hanyar niƙa gairo mai laushi, sai dai garin goro, wanda ake fara fitar da mai daga gare shi. Garin goro sanannen madadin rashin alkama ne, ana amfani da shi a cikin abincin "keto" da "paleo" . Babu wani amfani na abinci mai gina jiki da goro ke da shi da aka rasa yayin niƙa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2022 |title=Nut flour: new applications in the food industry |url=https://www.itac-professional.com/en/blog/nut-flours-new-applications-food-industry |access-date=2 August 2025 |website=ITAC Professional}}</ref> A al'ada ana amfani da garin goro a cikin abincin Bahar Rum da Farisa. Ana yin garin wake ta hanyar niƙa wake da aka busar ko aka gasa. Garin wake da aka fi amfani da shi sun haɗa da chickpea, wanda aka fi sani da garin gram ko besan, wanda aka yi daga busasshen wake kuma ana amfani da shi a al'ada a cikin abincin Bahar Rum, Gabas ta Tsakiya da Indiya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=A guide to Heritage grains |url=https://haydenflourmills.com/pages/heritage-grains-guide |access-date=2 August 2025 |website=Hayden Flour Mills}}</ref> Ana yin garin wake ta hanyar jiƙa wake don cire su, kafin a busar da su (ko a gasa su don yin kinako ) a niƙa su; aƙalla kashi 97% na samfurin dole ne ya wuce ta hanyar allo mai kauri 100 wanda za a kira shi garin wake, wanda ake amfani da shi a cikin abincin Asiya da yawa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Soya Flour Uses |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/food/soya_flour |access-date=2 August 2025 |website=BBC}}</ref> Garin iri kamar teff na gargajiya ne a Habasha da Eritrea, inda ake amfani da su wajen yin burodi mai laushi da sourdough, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Teff |url=https://www.bbcgoodfood.com/glossary/teff-glossary |access-date=2 August 2025 |website=BBC Good Food}}</ref> yayin da ake amfani da buckwheat a Rasha, Japan da Italiya. A Ostiraliya, an gano duwatsun niƙa don niƙa iri waɗanda suka samo asali tun zamanin Pleistocene . Garin tushen ya haɗa da arrowroot da [[rogo]] . Ana amfani da garin Arrowroot (wanda kuma aka sani da arrowroot foda) a matsayin mai kauri a miya, miya da biredi, kuma yana da ƙarfin kauri sau biyu fiye da garin alkama. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2018 |title=What Is Arrowroot Powder? |url=https://www.thespruceeats.com/what-is-arrowroot-powder-1328463 |website=The Spruce Eats}}</ref> Garin rogo ba shi da alkama kuma ana amfani da shi azaman madadin garin alkama. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2023 |title=Health benefits of Cassava flour |url=https://www.webmd.com/diet/health-benefits-of-cassava-flour |website=WebMD}}</ref> Ana amfani da garin rogo a al'ada a abincin Afirka, Kudancin Amurka da Tsakiyar Amurka da Caribbean. Ana yin garin kayan lambu ne daga kayan lambu da suka bushe kafin a niƙa su. Ana iya yin waɗannan daga yawancin kayan lambu, ciki har da broccoli, alayyafo, kabewa da wake kore. Suna da wadataccen zare kuma ba su da gluten. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2021 |title=Vegetable Flours: Here's Why You Need Ground Veggies For Better Health & Taste |url=https://m.netmeds.com/health-library/post/vegetable-flours-heres-why-you-need-ground-veggies-for-better-health-taste?srsltid=AfmBOop7ChYt3nPbA0gHScqmvIbqCAcEnyULzzPSnmChmh0Ty7-nHofa |website=NetMeds}}</ref> An yi bincike don ganin ko za a iya ƙara garin kayan lambu a cikin burodin alkama a madadin amfani da wasu hanyoyin ƙarawa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marcella Mastromatteo, Alessandra Danza, Mariangela Guida, Matteo A. Del Nobile |date=June 2012 |title=Formulation optimisation of vegetable flour-loaded functional bread Part I: screening of vegetable flours and structuring agents |url=https://academic.oup.com/ijfst/article/47/6/1313/7866410?login=false |journal=International Journal of Food Science and Technology |volume=47 |issue=6 |pages=1313–1320 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2621.2012.02975.x |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Asalin Ma'anar == Kalmar ''fulawa'' ta Ingilishi asali nau'in kalmar ''fure'' ce, kuma duka kalmomin sun samo asali ne daga tsohuwar ''fure'' ko ''fulawa'' ta Faransa, wacce ke da ma'anar "fure", da kuma ma'anar alama "mafi kyau". Kalmar ''fleur de farine'' tana nufin "mafi kyawun ɓangaren fulawa", tunda fulawa ta samo asali ne daga kawar da abu mai kauri da mara amfani daga hatsi yayin niƙa. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Wheat_P1210892.jpg|thumb|Gonar alkama marar nuna]] {{Reflist}} [[Masara]] ko garin masara ya kasance mai mahimmanci a cikin abincin Mesoamerica tun zamanin d ̄ a kuma ya kasance abin da ake amfani da shi a Amurka. Rye flour wani abu ne na gurasa a tsakiya da arewacin Turai. Shaidar archaeological don yin gari (tsuntsaye na alkama da aka murkushe tsakanin dutse mai sauƙi) ya kasance aƙalla 6000 BC. A cikin 2018, masu binciken tarihi sun ba da rahoton gano shaidar <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Arranz-Otaegui |first=Amaia |date=31 July 2018 |title=Archaeobotanical evidence reveals the origins of bread 14,400 years ago in northeastern Jordan |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=115 |issue=31 |pages=7925–7930 |bibcode=2018PNAS..115.7925A |doi=10.1073/pnas.1801071115 |pmc=6077754 |pmid=30012614 |doi-access=free}}</ref> na yin burodi a Shubayqa 1, wani wurin farauta da tarawa na Natufian sama da shekaru 14,000 a arewa maso yammacin Jordan. [[Romawa na Da|Romawa]] sune na farko da suka niƙa tsaba a kan ma'adinai. A shekara ta 1786, a farkon zamanin masana'antu, an kammala ma'aikatar gari ta farko, Albion Mills, Southwark, a [[Landan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The history of flour – The FlourWorld Museum Wittenburg – Flour Sacks of the World |url=http://www.flour-art-museum.de/english/background-and-culture/history-of-flour.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110404033142/http://www.flour-art-museum.de/english/background-and-culture/history-of-flour.html |archive-date=2011-04-04 |access-date=2017-10-18 |website=www.flour-art-museum.de |language=en}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 1930, an fara wadatar da wasu gari da baƙin ƙarfe, niacin, thiamine da riboflavin. A cikin shekarun 1940, ma'adanai sun fara wadatar da gari da folic acid an kara su a cikin jerin a cikin shekarun 1990. === Garin da aka nikashi kuma aka sarrafa shi da zafi === Wata babbar matsala ta [[Industrial Revolution|juyin juya halin masana'antu]] ita ce adana fulawa. Nisa tsakanin sufuri da tsarin rarrabawa a hankali ya ci karo da tsawon lokacin shiryawa na halitta. Dalilin ƙarancin lokacin shiryawa shine fatty acids na germ, waɗanda ke amsawa daga lokacin da suka fuskanci iskar oxygen. Wannan yana faruwa ne lokacin da aka niƙa hatsi; fatty acids suna oxidize kuma fulawa ta fara yin kumfa . Dangane da yanayi da ingancin hatsi, wannan tsari yana ɗaukar watanni shida zuwa tara. A ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, wannan tsari ya yi gajere ga zagayowar samarwa da rarrabawa na masana'antu. Ganin cewa bitamin, micronutrients da [[amino acid]] ba a san su sosai ba a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, cire germ mafita ce mai tasiri. Ba tare da germ ba, fulawa ba za ta iya yin kumfa ba. Garin da aka lalata ya zama daidaitacce. Rushewar germ ya fara a wuraren da ke da cunkoso kuma ya ɗauki kimanin ƙarni ɗaya kafin ya isa ƙauye. Garin da aka sarrafa da zafi shine gari inda aka fara raba germ daga endosperm da bran, sannan a sarrafa shi da tururi, zafi busasshe ko microwave sannan a sake haɗa shi zuwa fulawa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Deutsch: Goldkeim |url=http://www.goldkeim.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110201180727/http://goldkeim.com/ |archive-date=2011-02-01 |access-date=2017-10-18 |website=www.goldkeim.com |language=de}}</ref> == Samarwa ==   [[Fayil:A_Walz_set_of_roller_mills.png|right|thumb|Saitin injinan niƙa na Walz .]] Ana yin niƙa fulawa ta hanyar niƙa hatsi tsakanin duwatsu ko ƙafafun ƙarfe. A yau, "ƙasa da dutse" yawanci yana nufin cewa an niƙa hatsin a cikin injin niƙa inda tayoyin dutse masu juyawa ke juyawa kan ƙafafun dutse marasa tsayawa, a tsaye ko a kwance tare da hatsi a tsakani. Masana'antar roller ta maye gurbin masana'antar dutse a ƙarni na 19. Samar da fulawa ya haifar da ci gaban fasaha a tarihi, yayin da yunƙurin sa masana'antar gristmills da masana'antar fulawa su fi samar da kayayyaki da ƙarancin aiki ya haifar da injin niƙa ruwa <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2006 |title=Grist Mills |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/by_jerry_jaynes/collections/72157602214123118/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802034456/https://www.flickr.com/photos/by_jerry_jaynes/collections/72157602214123118/ |archive-date=2020-08-02 |access-date=2017-10-18 |website=Flickr |language=en-us}}</ref> da injin niƙa iska . Waɗannan sharuɗɗan yanzu ana amfani da su sosai wajen amfani da ruwa da ƙarfin iska don dalilai banda niƙa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=How the Roller Mills Changed the Milling Industry |url=https://www.angelfire.com/journal/millrestoration/roller.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304180315/http://www.angelfire.com/journal/millrestoration/roller.html |archive-date=2018-03-04 |access-date=2017-10-18 |website=[[Angelfire]]}}</ref> Kwanan nan, an ƙirƙiro injin niƙa na Unifine, wani injin niƙa mai nau'in tasiri, a tsakiyar ƙarni na 20. == Abun da ke cikin garin hatsi ==   [[Fayil:Uskladněná_mouka.JPG|thumb|Ana adana fulawa a cikin manyan buhunan zane]] Gari yana ɗauke da yawan sitaci, waɗanda wani ɓangare ne na hadaddun carbohydrates wanda aka sani da polysaccharides . Nau'in fulawa da ake amfani da shi wajen girki sun haɗa da dukkan amfanin gona (Arewacin Amurka) ko fulawa mara lahani, fulawa mai tasowa (Arewacin Amurka) ko fulawa mai tayar da hankali, da kuma, a Arewacin Amurka, fulawa mai kek. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 September 2012 |title=What is Cake Flour? |url=https://www.nigella.com/ask/what-is-cake-flour |website=Nigella}}</ref> Girman furotin, fulawa tana da ƙarfi da ƙarfi, kuma yawanta zai samar da burodi mai ƙyalli ko mai tauna. Ƙasa da furotin, fulawa tana da laushi, wanda ya fi kyau ga kek, kukis, da ɓawon burodi. Gari na hatsi ya ƙunshi ko dai endosperm, germ, da bran tare (garin hatsi gaba ɗaya) ko na endosperm kaɗai (gari mai tsafta). === Garin da aka yi wa fenti === "Furan da aka yi wa bleached" gari ne mai "tsarkakakke" wanda aka ƙara sinadarin bleaching (chemical bleaching) . An cire ƙwayayen da aka yi wa fulawa, waɗanda ke ɗauke da yawancin sinadarin fiber mai gina jiki da bitamin, kuma galibi ana kiransa da "farin gari". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Food |first=Science Meets |date=2020-07-29 |title=Bleached vs Unbleached Flour: What’s the Difference and Which Should You Be Baking With? {{!}} Food Chemistry {{!}} |url=https://sciencemeetsfood.org/bleached-flour/ |access-date=2026-02-09 |website=Science Meets Food |language=en-US}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|<span title="Student blog (February 2026)">mafi kyau&nbsp;tushe&nbsp;ana buƙata</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Ana amfani da sinadarin "bleaching" na fulawa ta hanyar amfani da sinadarin "bleaching", ko kuma wani sinadarin "balaga", ko kuma duka biyun. Maganin bleaching yana shafar carotenoids da ke da alhakin launin fulawa na halitta; sinadarin "balaga" kuma yana shafar ci gaban gluten . Maganin bleaching na iya ƙarfafa ko raunana ci gaban gluten. Wannan har yanzu yana samuwa a Arewacin Amurka, amma an haramta shi a Turai, Ostiraliya da New Zealand. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2025 |title=Bread and flour: labelling and composition |url=https://www.gov.uk/guidance/bread-and-flour-labelling-and-composition |website=GOV.UK}}</ref> ==== Yawan ƙarin abubuwa ==== Karin abubuwa guda huɗu da aka fi amfani da su a matsayin masu yin bleaching ko kuma masu girma a Amurka sune: * Potassium bromate, wanda aka lissafa a matsayin sinadari, wani sinadari ne da ke ƙara ƙarfin ci gaban gluten. Ba ya yin bleaching. * Benzoyl peroxide yana yin bleaching, amma baya aiki a matsayin maganin da ke nuna balaga. Ba shi da wani tasiri ga gluten. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-09 |title=Exploring Bleaching Agents in Flour Processing - Agriculture Notes by Agriculture.Institute |url=https://agriculture.institute/baking-and-flour-confectionary/bleaching-agents-in-flour-processing/ |access-date=2026-02-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> * An lissafa sinadarin Ascorbic acid (bitamin C) a matsayin sinadari, ko dai a matsayin alamar cewa an yi amfani da ascorbic acid wajen yin fulawa ko kuma an ƙara ƙaramin adadin a matsayin mai ƙara kullu. Yana da sinadarin da ke ƙara ƙarfin ci gaban gluten, amma ba ya yin bleach. * Ana amfani da iskar gas ta Chlorine a matsayin maganin bleaching da kuma maganin da ke girma. Yana raunana ci gaban gluten kuma yana lalata sitaci, wanda hakan ke sa gari ya sha ruwa ya kumbura, wanda ke haifar da batter mai kauri da kuma kullu mai tauri. Tsarin gluten da aka jinkirta yana da kyau a cikin kek, kukis, da biskit, domin in ba haka ba zai sa su yi tauri da kama da burodi. Gyaran sitaci a cikin fulawa yana ba da damar amfani da kullu mai danshi (yana yin samfurin ƙarshe mai danshi) ba tare da lalata tsarin da ake buƙata don kek da biskit masu sauƙi, masu laushi ba. Garin da aka yi da chlorine yana ba da damar kek da sauran kayan gasa su daidaita da sauri kuma su tashi da kyau, kuma kitsen ya rarraba daidai gwargwado, tare da ƙarancin raunin rugujewa. Wasu wasu sinadarai da ake amfani da su azaman maganin gari don canza launi da halayen yin burodi sun haɗa da: * Chlorine dioxide (wanda ba shi da tabbas da za a jigilar shi a Amurka) * Calcium peroxide * Azodicarbonamide ko azobisformamide (na roba) * Iskar oxygen ta yanayi, wadda ke haifar da bleaching na halitta. Abubuwan kiyayewa da aka saba amfani da su a cikin garin fulawa sun haɗa da: * Sinadarin calcium propanoate * Sodium benzoate * Tricalcium phosphate * Butylated hydroxyanisole ==== Abubuwan da aka kara ==== An haramta duk wani sinadarin bleaching da bloating (banda ascorbic acid) a Burtaniya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 June 2008 |title=The Bread and Flour Regulations 1998 – Guidance Notes |url=http://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/breadflourguide.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111209193220/http://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/breadflourguide.pdf |archive-date=9 December 2011 |access-date=29 March 2012 |publisher=Food Standards Agency}}</ref> Amfani da garin burodi a Amurka ya ragu, kuma duk da cewa ba a haramta shi a ko'ina ba tukuna, ƙananan fulawa da ake samu ga mai yin burodi a gida ba a ƙara yin amfani da su ba. Iri-iri na fulawa da aka shirya musamman don gidajen burodi na kasuwanci har yanzu ana yin bromated. Garin da aka yi bleach da aka sayar wa mai yin burodi na gida yanzu ana yi masa magani da peroxidation ko chlorine gas. Bayanan da ke fitowa daga Pillsbury yanzu sun nuna cewa nau'in fulawar da aka yi bleach ana yi musu magani da benzoyl peroxide da chlorine gas. Gold Medal ya bayyana cewa fulawar da aka yi bleach ana yi musu magani da benzoyl peroxide ko chlorine gas, amma babu wata hanyar da za a iya gane wace hanya aka yi amfani da ita lokacin siyan fulawar a shagon kayan abinci. ==== Tsohuwar hanyar yin bleaching ==== Tsohuwar hanyar samun fulawa fari ko "mai launin shuɗi" ba ta buƙatar amfani da sinadarai kwata-kwata ba. Maimakon haka, ana jiƙa ƙwayoyin alkama da ruwa har tsawon lokacin da ƙwayoyin alkama na waje waɗanda ke ɗauke da bran za su yi laushi kuma, daga ƙarshe, su faɗi yayin niƙa. A wasu wurare, ana yaɗa ganyen rue na Siriya ( ''Peganum harmala'' ) a cikin layukan da aka raba tsakanin layukan hatsi, kuma a bar su a cikin irin wannan yanayi na tsawon kwanaki da yawa, har sai hayakin da ke fitowa daga ganyen shukar ya sa ƙwayoyin alkama na waje su karye su narke, suna barin fulawa mai tsabta da fari bayan niƙa. <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Yosef Qafih}}</ref> <ref>{{Citation|last=Yosef Qafih}}, s.v. ''Ḥametz u'matzah'' 5:8</ref> === Garin da aka ƙara wa gari === {{Commonscat}} A lokacin yin fulawa, musamman sakamakon bleaching, abubuwan gina jiki suna ɓacewa. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan abubuwan gina jiki ana iya maye gurbinsu yayin tacewa - sakamakon ana kiransa fulawa ''mai wadata'' . A Burtaniya, yawancin fulawa, kuma saboda haka, ana buƙatar a ƙara musu sinadarin calcium, iron, thiamine (Vitamin B1) da niacin (Vitamin B3); fulawa cikakke ba ta da amfani domin tana ɗauke da isasshen waɗannan abubuwan gina jiki. <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2023 |title=Bread and Flour Regulations |url=https://www.ukflourmillers.org/bread-and-flour-regulations |publisher=UK Flour Millers}}</ref> === Garin kek === Garin kek shine mafi ƙarancin adadin furotin na gluten, tare da furotin 6–7% (5–8% daga tushe na biyu <ref name="Food Network-2018">{{Cite web |title=Different Flour Types |url=http://www.foodnetwork.com/recipes/packages/baking-guide/flour-101-guide-to-different-types-and-uses |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105123050/http://www.foodnetwork.com/recipes/packages/baking-guide/flour-101-guide-to-different-types-and-uses |archive-date=2018-01-05 |access-date=2018-01-04 |website=Food Network}}</ref> ) don samar da ƙarancin ɗaurewa don kek ɗin ya "rushe" cikin sauƙi. === Garin biredi === Garin burodi yana da furotin na biyu mafi ƙarancin sinadarin gluten, tare da furotin 7.5–9.5% (8–9% daga tushen na biyu <ref name="Food Network-2018">{{Cite web |title=Different Flour Types |url=http://www.foodnetwork.com/recipes/packages/baking-guide/flour-101-guide-to-different-types-and-uses |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105123050/http://www.foodnetwork.com/recipes/packages/baking-guide/flour-101-guide-to-different-types-and-uses |archive-date=2018-01-05 |access-date=2018-01-04 |website=Food Network}}</ref> ) don riƙewa tare da ɗan ƙarfi fiye da kek, amma har yanzu yana samar da ɓawon burodi mai laushi maimakon waɗanda suka yi tauri ko masu ƙyalli. === Garin da ba a amfani da shi ko kuma wanda aka yi amfani da shi don yin burodi === Duk-manufa, ko "fulawar AP", ko kuma gari mai laushi yana da matsakaicin adadin furotin na gluten a kashi 9.5–11.5% (10–12% daga tushen na biyu <ref name="Food Network-2018">{{Cite web |title=Different Flour Types |url=http://www.foodnetwork.com/recipes/packages/baking-guide/flour-101-guide-to-different-types-and-uses |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105123050/http://www.foodnetwork.com/recipes/packages/baking-guide/flour-101-guide-to-different-types-and-uses |archive-date=2018-01-05 |access-date=2018-01-04 |website=Food Network}}</ref> ). Yana da isasshen adadin furotin ga yawancin tushen burodi da pizza, kodayake galibi ana fifita garin burodi da garin Italiyanci na musamman don waɗannan dalilai, bi da bi, musamman ta masu yin burodi na ƙwararru. Ana kuma shirya wasu biskit ta amfani da wannan nau'in fulawa. "Plain" ba wai kawai yana nufin yawan gluten na fulawar AP ba har ma da rashin wani ƙarin sinadarin yisti (kamar yadda yake a cikin fulawar da ke tasowa da kanta). === Garin burodi === Yawanci ana yin garin burodi ne daga alkama mai ja ta hunturu da aka shuka a lokacin kaka kuma aka girbe ta a lokacin bazara. Alkama mai tauri tana da yawan gluten, furotin da ke sa kullu ya yi laushi. Alkama mai tauri tana da kashi 11.5–13.5% (12–14% daga tushen na biyu <ref name="Food Network-2018">{{Cite web |title=Different Flour Types |url=http://www.foodnetwork.com/recipes/packages/baking-guide/flour-101-guide-to-different-types-and-uses |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105123050/http://www.foodnetwork.com/recipes/packages/baking-guide/flour-101-guide-to-different-types-and-uses |archive-date=2018-01-05 |access-date=2018-01-04 |website=Food Network}}</ref> ). Karin furotin yana manne da garin don kama [[carbon dioxide]] da aka fitar ta hanyar fermentation na yisti, wanda ke haifar da kyakkyawan yanayi na girma da kuma ɗanɗano. === Garin tauri === Hard kalma ce ta gama gari ga fulawa mai yawan furotin mai gluten, galibi tana nufin fulawa mai ƙarfi, tare da furotin 13.5–16% (ko 14–15% daga wasu tushe) (16% shine yawan furotin da ake iya samu a ka'ida <ref name="Reinhart-2001" /> ). Ana iya amfani da wannan fulawa inda girke-girke ke ƙara sinadaran da ke buƙatar kullu ya zama mai ƙarfi sosai don riƙewa tare a gaban su, ko kuma lokacin da ake buƙatar ƙarfi don gina burodi (misali, wasu nunin tsakiya). === Garin alkama === Garin Gluten furotin ne mai kyau na gluten, ko kuma furotin 100% na nazari (kodayake gyaran jiki ba ya samun cikakken 100%). Ana amfani da shi don ƙarfafa gari idan ana buƙata. Misali, ƙara kusan cokali ɗaya a kowace kofi na garin AP yana ba da haɗin furotin da ke cikin garin burodi. Ana ƙara shi a girke-girke na garin alkama gaba ɗaya don shawo kan yanayin yawan fiber na hana haɓakar gluten, wanda ake buƙata don ba wa burodin ingantaccen haɓaka (riƙewar iskar gas) da taunawa. === Garin da ba a wanke ba === Garin da ba a wanke ba kawai gari ne da ba a yi masa bleach ba, don haka ba shi da launin fari kamar fulawa. Misali shi ne garin graham, wanda sunansa Sylvester Graham, ya ƙi amfani da sinadaran bleach, wanda ya ɗauka a matsayin mara lafiya. === Gurasar da ke ɗaga kanta === A ƙasashen da ke magana da Turanci, ana samun fulawa mai kiba (ko kuma mai kiba a Arewacin Amurka) a kasuwa tare da sinadaran yisti da aka riga aka haɗa. A Amurka, ana iya ƙara gishiri kafin a saka ta; a Birtaniya ba haka lamarin yake ba. Ana rarraba sinadaran da aka ƙara a cikin fulawa daidai gwargwado, wanda ke taimakawa wajen ƙaruwar kayan gasa. Ana amfani da wannan fulawa gabaɗaya don shirya kek ɗin soso, scones da muffins. Henry Jones ne ya ƙirƙiro ta kuma ya ba da lasisi a 1845. Idan girke-girke yana buƙatar fulawa mai kiba, kuma wannan ba ya samuwa, ana iya maye gurbinsa kamar haka: * 1 cup (~240 mL) (125&nbsp;g) plain flour * 1 tsp (5 mL) (3&nbsp;g) [[baking powder]] * (US recipes) a pinch to   teaspoon (1&nbsp;g or less) [[Gishiri|salt]] == Nau'o'in == === Garin da ke ɗauke da Gluten === ==== Garin alkama ==== {{Bread}}Alkama shine hatsi da aka fi amfani dashi don yin gari.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2018}}Wasu nau'o'in ana iya kiransu "mai tsabta" ko "farin". Furen yana dauke da matakai daban-daban na furotin gluten. "Fur mai ƙarfi" ko "farin mai wuya" yana da mafi girman abun ciki na gluten fiye da "mai rauni" ko "mai laushi". "Brown" da kuma garin da za a iya yin su da alkama mai wuya ko mai laushi. * Garin Atta shine garin alkama gabaɗayan hatsi mai mahimmanci a cikin abincin Indiya da Pakistan, ana amfani da shi don kewayon burodi kamar roti da [[chapati]] . Yawanci ya zama dutse-ƙasa zuwa ƙananan granules, wanda ke ba shi nau'i mai sauƙi wanda ba a iya samuwa a cikin sauran gurasar lebur. * Garin [[Alkama|alkama na yau da kullun]] ( ''T. aestuum'' ) shine fulawar da aka fi amfani da ita don yin burodi. Garin alkama ( ''T. durum'' ) shi ne na biyu mafi amfani. <ref name="Cooper">{{Cite journal |last=Cooper R |date=Mar 29, 2015 |title=Re-discovering ancient wheat varieties as functional foods |journal=J Tradit Complement Med |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=138–43 |doi=10.1016/j.jtcme.2015.02.004 |pmc=4488568 |pmid=26151025}}</ref> * Garin maida ita ce garin alkama da aka niƙa da kyau da ake amfani da ita don yin burodin Indiya iri-iri kamar paratha da naan. Ana amfani da Maida sosai ba kawai a cikin abincin Indiya ba har ma a cikin Asiya ta Tsakiya da kuma Kudancin Gabashin Asiya. Ko da yake wani lokacin ana kiransa "fulawa gaba ɗaya" ta masu dafa abinci na Indiya, ya fi kama da garin cake ko ma sitaci mai tsabta. A kasar Indiya, ana amfani da garin maida wajen yin kek da sauran kayan biredi kamar su biredi da biskit da gasa. * Garin [[Taliya|noodle]] wani hadadden fulawa ne na musamman da ake amfani da shi don yin noodles irin na Asiya, wanda aka yi da alkama ko shinkafa. * [[Semolina]] ita ce ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan tsaftataccen alkama na alkamar durum da ake amfani da ita wajen yin taliya, hatsin karin kumallo, puddings, da couscous. * Spelled, tsohuwar hatsi, nau'in alkama ne na hexaploid. <ref name="Cooper" /> Kullun da aka ba da baƙaƙe yana buƙatar ƙasa da ƙwanƙwasa fiye da kullun alkama na gama gari ko ƙullun alkama. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2015)">Idan</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D; &#x5B;</sup> da fulawar alkama mai tauri, fulawar da aka ƙera tana da ƙarancin furotin (kashi shida zuwa tara), kaɗan kaɗan fiye da garin irin kek. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="skeptical of protein level, spelt page says protein roughly 14% (November 2013)">abubuwan da ake buƙata</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Wannan yana nufin cewa fulawar da aka ƙera tana aiki da kyau wajen ƙirƙirar kullu don abinci mai laushi kamar kukis ko pancakes. Crackers suna fitowa da kyau saboda an yi su daga kullu wanda baya buƙatar tashi idan aka gasa. ==== Sauran hatsi ==== [[Fayil:E8088-Alamudun-Bazaar-flour-vendor.jpg|thumb|Ana sayar da nau'ikan fulawa da hatsi iri-iri a wani kasuwa da ke [[Bishkek]], [[Kirgistan|Kyrgyzstan]]]] * Ana amfani da garin rye wajen gasa burodin sourdough na gargajiya na Jamus, Austria, Switzerland, Rasha, [[Kazech|Jamhuriyar Czech]], Poland da Scandinavia . Yawancin burodin rye suna amfani da gaurayen garin rye da alkama saboda rye ba ya samar da isasshen gluten. Yawanci ana yin burodin Pumpernickel ne kawai da rye, kuma yana ɗauke da gaurayen garin rye da garin rye. Ana amfani da garin secale don yin burodi kamar burodin Prądnik . * [[Gurasar sha'ir|Garin sha'ir]] gari ne da aka shirya daga busasshen sha'ir da aka niƙa. Ana amfani da garin sha'ir don shirya burodin sha'ir da sauran burodi, kamar burodi mai faɗi da burodi mai yisti. Ana amfani da shi wajen shirya rieska, burodi mai faɗi na gargajiya na ƙasar Finland. Garin sha'ir mai laushi gari ne da aka yi da tsaban sha'ir wanda ya ɗan yi tsiro sannan aka busar da shi, kuma ana amfani da shi a cikin kayayyakin malt kamar madarar malt, burodin malt, da giyar malt . === Garin da ba shi da alkama === Idan fulawa ba ta ɗauke da gluten ba, sun dace da mutanen da ke fama da cututtukan da suka shafi gluten, kamar cutar celiac, rashin lafiyar gluten mara celiac ko rashin lafiyar alkama, da sauransu. <ref name="TovoliMasi">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Tovoli F, Masi C, Guidetti E, Negrini G, Paterini P, Bolondi L |date=Mar 16, 2015 |title=Clinical and diagnostic aspects of gluten related disorders |journal=World J Clin Cases |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=275–84 |doi=10.12998/wjcc.v3.i3.275 |pmc=4360499 |pmid=25789300 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Akobeng2008">{{Cite journal |last=Akobeng AK, Thomas AG |date=June 2008 |title=Systematic review: tolerable amount of gluten for people with coeliac disease |journal=Aliment Pharmacol Ther |volume=27 |issue=11 |pages=1044–52 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2036.2008.03669.x |pmid=18315587 |s2cid=20539463 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="SeeKaukinen">{{Cite journal |vauthors=See JA, Kaukinen K, Makharia GK, Gibson PR, Murray JA |date=Oct 2015 |title=Practical insights into gluten-free diets |journal=Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol |volume=12 |issue=10 |pages=580–91 |doi=10.1038/nrgastro.2015.156 |pmid=26392070 |s2cid=20270743}}</ref> <ref name="FSAI">{{Cite web |title=Guidelines to Prevent Cross-Contamination of Gluten-free Foods |url=https://www.fsai.ie/uploadedfiles/legislation/consultations/info_270204.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305013411/https://www.fsai.ie/uploadedfiles/legislation/consultations/info_270204.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-05 |access-date=Dec 20, 2015 |publisher=Food Safety Authority of Ireland}}</ref> Gurɓata hatsi masu ɗauke da gluten na iya faruwa yayin girbin hatsi, jigilar su, niƙa su, adana su, sarrafawa, sarrafawa da/ko dafa su. <ref name="FSAI" /> <ref name="CominoMoreno">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Comino I, Moreno Mde L, Real A, Rodríguez-Herrera A, Barro F, Sousa C |date=Oct 23, 2013 |title=The gluten-free diet: testing alternative cereals tolerated by celiac patients |journal=Nutrients |volume=5 |issue=10 |pages=4250–68 |doi=10.3390/nu5104250 |pmc=3820072 |pmid=24152755 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="HuttneraArednt">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hüttnera EK, Arednt EK |date=June 2010 |title=Recent advances in gluten-free baking and the current status of oats |journal=Trends in Food Science & Technology |volume=21 |issue=6 |pages=303–12 |doi=10.1016/j.tifs.2010.03.005}}</ref> * Ana yin garin Ƙwai daga ƙwaya kuma ana iya amfani dashi azaman maye gurbin garin alkama. 'Yan asalin ƙasar Amirka ne suka yi amfani da shi. Koriya kuma suna amfani da garin ƙwaya don yin dotorimuk. * Ana yin garin almond daga almond da aka niƙa. * Amaranth flour shine gari da aka samar daga hatsi na amaranth. An saba amfani da shi a cikin abincin meso-Amurka na pre-Columbian kuma Aztecs ne suka fara noma shi. Yana ƙara samuwa a cikin shagunan abinci na musamman. * Ana yin garin apple daga niƙa apple pomace, ragowar apple juiced. * An yi garin ayaba a al'ada daga ayaba mai kore na dubban shekaru kuma a halin yanzu yana da mashahuri a matsayin maye gurbin gari na alkama da kuma tushen starch mai tsayayya. * Gurasar wake gari ne da aka samar daga busassun wake ko wake. Garbanzo da Fava bean flour wani nau'i ne na gari tare da babban darajar abinci mai gina jiki da kuma dandano mai karfi. * Gurasar shinkafa mai launin ruwan kasa tana da matukar muhimmanci a cikin Abincin kudu maso gabashin Asiya. Ana iya yin Takardar shinkafa mai cin abinci daga gare ta. * Ana amfani da garin Buckwheat a matsayin sinadarin a cikin pancakes da yawa a Amurka. A Japan, ana amfani da shi don yin sanannen noodle da ake kira soba . A Rasha, ana ƙara garin buckwheat a cikin mashaya don pancakes da ake kira ''blinis'' wanda ake ci akai-akai tare da caviar. Ana kuma amfani da garin Buckwheat don yin crêpes bretonnes a Brittany. A ranakun azumi na Hindu (''Navaratri'' galibi, kuma ''Maha Shivaratri''), mutane suna cin abinci da aka yi da garin buckwheat. Shirye-shiryen ya bambanta a duk faɗin Indiya. Mafi shahararrun abinci sune ''kuttu ki puri'' da ''kuttu pakora'' . A mafi yawan jihohin arewa da yammacin kalmar da aka saba amfani da ita ita ce ''kuttu ka atta'' . * Ana yin garin [[cassava]]" id="mwAY4" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Cassava">Cassava daga tushen shuka cassava. A cikin tsari mai tsabta (mai tsabta), ana kiransa gari na tapioca (duba jerin da ke ƙasa). * Gurasar Chestnut ta shahara a [[Korsika|Corsica]], Périgord, da Lunigiana don burodi, kek da [[pasta]]. Shi ne asalin sinadarin polenta, har yanzu ana amfani dashi a Corsica da sauran wuraren Bahar Rum. Gurasar Chestnut tana ci gaba da zama sabo har tsawon makonni biyu. A wasu sassan Italiya galibi ana amfani da shi don kayan zaki. * Gurasar Chickpea (wanda aka fi sani da gurasar gram ko besan) tana da matukar muhimmanci a cikin Abincin Indiya, kuma a Italiya, inda ake amfani da ita don [[Farinata|farina]] na Ligurian. * Ana yin garin Chuño daga busassun dankali a kasashe daban-daban na Kudancin Amurka. * Ana yin garin kwakwa daga nama na kwakwa kuma yana da mafi girman fiber na kowane gari, yana da ƙarancin carbohydrates masu narkewa don haka yana yin kyakkyawan zaɓi ga waɗanda ke neman ƙuntata abincin su. Har ila yau, yana da babban kitse na kusan kashi 60. * Masara (mai) gari ya shahara a Kudancin da Kudu maso yamma Amurka, Mexico, Amurka ta tsakiya, da Yankunan Punjab na Indiya da Pakistan, inda ake kira ''makai ka atta'' . Ana kiran garin masara mai cike da hatsi. Kyakkyawan garin ''Mass'' wanda aka bi da shi tare da lemun tsami mai mahimmanci ana kiransa masa harina (duba masa) kuma ana amfani dashi don yin ''tortillas'' da ''tamales'' a cikin abincin Mexico. Bai kamata a taɓa rikitar da garin masara da starch na masara ba, wanda aka sani da "mai masara" a cikin Turanci na Burtaniya. ** Mai cin masara yayi kama da garin masara (duba sama) sai dai a cikin niƙa mai tsanani. ** Starch na masara shine starch da aka cire daga endosperm na masara. * Ana amfani da garin Shinkafa mai laushi ko garin shinkafar mai laushi a gabashin da kudu maso gabashin Asiya don yin tangyuan, da sauransu. * Ana samar da garin Hemp ta hanyar matse man daga tsaba na hemp da kuma niƙa ragowar. Iri na Hemp kusan kashi 30 cikin dari ne na mai da kashi 70 cikin dari. Hemp flour ba ya tashi, kuma ya fi dacewa a gauraya da wasu gari. An kara shi ga kowane gari da kusan kashi 15-20 cikin dari, yana ba da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta da ɗanɗano tare da launin kore. * Ana yin garin Mesquite daga busassun bishiyoyi na itacen mesquite, wanda ke girma a duk faɗin Arewacin Amurka a yanayin zafi. Farin yana da ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano, ɗanɗano kuma ana iya amfani dashi a aikace-aikace iri-iri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mesquite, the Rediscovered Food Phenomenon |url=http://chetday.com/mesquiteflour.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708143259/http://chetday.com/mesquiteflour.htm |archive-date=2011-07-08 |access-date=2010-06-23}}</ref> * Ana amfani da garin Nut daga kwayoyi masu mai - galibi almonds da hazelnuts - kuma ana amfani da su maimakon ko ban da garin alkama don samar da karin burodi da cakes. Cakes da aka yi da garin kwai yawanci ana kiransu tortes kuma mafi yawa sun samo asali ne a Tsakiyar Turai, a ƙasashe kamar Hungary da Austria. * Peasemeal ko garin wake gari ne wanda aka samar daga wake mai launin rawaya da aka gasa da kuma yaduwa. * Gurasar man shanu da aka yi daga man shanu da ake dafawa ita ce madadin furotin mai yawa ga gari na yau da kullun.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bulk Walnuts &#124; Wholesale Macadamia Products &#124; Cashews &#124; Seeds &#124; Golden Peanut |url=http://www.goldenpeanut.com/flour.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101208072006/http://www.goldenpeanut.com/Flour.aspx |archive-date=2010-12-08 |access-date=2010-11-27}} -Peanut flour</ref> * Ana samun garin Starch na dankali ta hanyar niƙa tubers zuwa kwai da cire fiber da furotin ta hanyar wanke ruwa. Starch na dankali (gurasa) fari ne mai yawa wanda aka yi amfani da shi azaman wakili mai kauri. Standard (na asali) starch na dankali yana buƙatar tafasa, don kauri cikin ruwa, yana ba da gel mai haske. Saboda an yi garin ne daga hatsi ko legumes, ana amfani da shi azaman maye gurbin garin alkama a dafa abinci da [[Yahudawa]] ke dafa shi a lokacin Idin Ƙetarewa, lokacin da ba a ci hatsi ba. * Gurasar [[Dankalin turawa|Dankali]], sau da yawa ana rikitar da ita da starch na dankali, an cire shi, an dafa shi da foda na dankali na mashed, galibi an bushe shi da kuma dankali da aka yi amfani da dankali gaba ɗaya kuma ta haka ne ya ƙunshi furotin da wasu fiber na dankali. Yana da launin fari mai launin rawaya. Wadannan dankali masu bushewa, bushewa, dankali, wanda ake kira dankali mai laushi na nan take na iya zama granules ko flakes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Idaho Pacific Corporation, The best potatoes that Idaho has to offer |url=http://www.idahopacific.com/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110906091103/http://www.idahopacific.com/index.html |archive-date=2011-09-06 |access-date=2011-10-31 |publisher=Idahopacific.com}}</ref> Gurasar dankali tana narkewa da ruwa mai sanyi; duk da haka, ba a amfani da ita sau da yawa saboda tana da nauyi. * Gurasar shinkafa ita ce ƙwayoyin shinkafa. Yana da mahimmanci a [[Asiya]]. Hakanan ana amfani dashi sosai a kasashen Yamma, musamman ga mutanen da ke fama da Cututtukan da suka shafi gluten. Gurasar shinkafa mai launin ruwan kasa tana da ƙimar abinci mai gina jiki fiye da fararen shinkafa. * Ana yin garin [[Dawa|Sorghum]] daga niƙa dukkan hatsi na tsire-tsire. Ana kiranta ''jowar'' a Indiya. * Ana amfani da garin Tapioca, wanda aka samar daga tushen shuka [[Rogo|cassava]], don yin burodi, pancakes, tapioca pudding, mai ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗwano da ake kira [[fufu]] a Afirka, kuma ana amfani dashi azaman starch. * Ana yin garin Teff daga teff na hatsi, kuma yana da matukar muhimmanci a [[gabashin Afirka]] (musamman a kusa da Horn of Africa). Musamman, shine babban sinadarin a cikin burodi injera, wani muhimmin bangare na abincin Habasha. * Ana iya yin garin Typha (wanda kuma aka sani da Cattail) daga rhizome na shukar Typha. Ana karya sitaci da tushen furotin a ƙarƙashin ruwa kafin a busar da su sannan a niƙa su don samar da fulawa. <ref name="Revedin">{{Cite journal |last=Revedin |first=A. |display-authors=etal |year=2010 |title=Thirty thousand-year-old evidence of plant food processing |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A |volume=107 |issue=44 |pages=18815–18819 |bibcode=2010PNAS..10718815R |doi=10.1073/pnas.1006993107 |pmc=2973873 |pmid=20956317 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=AGATA KURZAWSKA, DANUTA GÓRECKA, DOROTA PIASECKA-KWIATKOWSKA, KRZYSZTOF DZIEDZIC |date=2010 |title=Content of gluten in rhizome of narrow-leaved cattail (Typha angustifolia) |url=https://journal.pttz.org/magazine-archive/agata-kurzawska-danuta-gorecka-dorota-piasecka-kwiatkowska-krzysztof-dziedzic-zawartosc-glutenu-w-klaczu-palki-wodnej-waskolistnej-typha-angustifolia/#:~:text=Based%20on%20the%20results%20obtained,protein%20in%20the%20flour%20alone. |journal=Polish Society of Food Technologists Scientific Publishing}}</ref> ==== Ƙarin nau'ikan ==== {{Authority control}}Hakanan ana iya yin furen daga [[Waken suya|soya]], Arrowroot, [[Gwaza|taro]], cattails, [[Rogo|manioc]], quinoa, da sauran kayan abinci marasa hatsi. == Haɗari == === Rashin ƙonewa ===   Kurar fulawa da aka rataye a iska tana da fashewa — kamar yadda duk wani cakuda wani abu mai laushi da ke kama da foda da iska ke da shi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Williamson |first=George |date=2002 |title=Introduction to Dust Explosions |url=http://www.chemeng.ed.ac.uk/~emju49/SP2001/webpage/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041223145242/http://www.chemeng.ed.ac.uk/~emju49/SP2001/webpage/index.html |archive-date=2004-12-23 |access-date=2006-10-29}}</ref> Wasu fashewar abubuwa masu ban tsoro sun faru a masana'antar fulawa, ciki har da Tradeston Flour Mills, a [[Glasgow]], [[Scotland]], wanda ya fashe a shekarar 1872 wanda ya kashe mutane goma sha takwas, da kuma fashewa a shekarar 1878 a Washburn "A" Mill da ke Minneapolis wanda ya kashe mutane 22. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Washburn 'A' Mill Explosion |url=http://www.mnhs.org/library/tips/history_topics/73washburn.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731014659/http://www.mnhs.org/library/tips/history_topics/73washburn.html |archive-date=2013-07-31 |access-date=2006-10-29 |website=Minnesota Historical Society Library History Topics}}</ref> === Cututtukan da ke haifar da cututtuka === A Amurka, Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafi ta yi gargaɗin kada a ci kullu ko batter ɗin fulawa da batter. Garin da ba a dafa ba na iya ƙunsar ƙwayoyin cuta masu cutarwa kamar ''E. coli'' waɗanda wataƙila suna cikin ƙasa lokacin da ake noman hatsi. Ana ba da shawarar a dafa fulawa kamar sauran abinci don kashe ƙwayoyin cuta. <ref name="CDC-2021">{{Cite web |date=28 July 2021 |title=Raw Dough Can Contain Germs That Make You Sick |url=https://www.cdc.gov/foodsafety/communication/no-raw-dough.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217011323/https://www.cdc.gov/foodsafety/communication/no-raw-dough.html |archive-date=17 December 2021 |access-date=21 October 2021 |website=CDC}}</ref> Hukumomin abinci na duniya sun bayar da irin wannan shawara. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 August 2024 |title=Handling flour and flour products safely |url=https://www.food.gov.uk/safety-hygiene/handling-flour-and-flour-products-safely |website=Food Safety Standards Agency}}</ref> == Zamba == A lokacin juyin juya halin masana'antu, zamba ta gari da alkama ta zama ruwan dare gama gari saboda an haɗa ta da ƙurar alli ko gypsum. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gonzalez |first=Alyssa |date=25 September 2019 |title=A History of Food Fraud |url=https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/food/a-history-of-food-fraud/ |access-date=16 August 2025 |website=Examining Food |publisher=[[Thermo Fisher Scientific]]}}</ref> == Kayayyakin == [[Gurasa|Gurasar]], [[Pasta]], crackers, kekes da yawa, da sauran abinci da yawa ana yin su ta amfani da gari. Ana kuma amfani da garin alkama don yin roux a matsayin tushe don kauri da sauces.Hakanan ana iya amfani dashi azaman sinadarin a cikin mannewar papier-mâché . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Make Paper Mache Glue |url=http://www.kidspot.com.au/things-to-do/activities/make-paper-mache-glue |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710151503/http://www.kidspot.com.au/things-to-do/activities/make-paper-mache-glue |archive-date=10 July 2017 |access-date=8 July 2017 |website=Kidspot}}</ref> Masara babban sinadari ne da ake amfani da shi wajen ƙara kauri puddings ko kayan zaki da yawa, kuma shine babban sinadari a cikin kuzar da aka shirya. == Dubi kuma == * Gyada (hatsi) * Abincin da aka sarrafa sosai * Panjiri {{Commonscat}}{{Bread}} == Manazarta == {{Authority control}} == Majiyoyi == {{Reflist}}{{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == {{Reflist}} *   * [https://flour-art-museum.de/english/index.php Flourworld Museum] [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 83rv1c198kex98wxnqy1oktk4rli7zm 0 32752 873885 476962 2026-07-01T21:38:36Z Ummeeterh 31568 873885 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bayo Aziz Fahad''' ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar [[Uganda]] a halin yanzu yana taka leda a Bnei Sakhnin a gasar Firimiya ta Isra'ila Bayo ya bugawa [[Uganda]] wasa.<ref>"Home-FUFA: Federation of [[Uganda]] Football Associations". FUFA: Federation of [[Uganda]] Football Associations. Retrieved 2018-06-30.</ref> <ref>kawowo.com/2019/08/25/bayo-hits-brace-revita-sees-red-as-vipers-lift-super-8/</ref> == Sana'ar/Aiki == [[Fayil:0K8A3617 (53341128467).jpg|thumb|Fahad Bayo]] Bayo shi ne ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar Makarantun Sakandare ta [[Uganda]] ta Copa Coca Cola a shekarar 2014. Ya zura kwallaye 11 ga zakarun, Kibuli SS. == Aikin kulob/Ƙungiya == === Farashin FC === Ya shiga Proline FC a cikin shekarar 2014 yana da shekaru 16.<ref>"Home-FUFA: Federation of Uganda Football Associations". FUFA: Federation of [[Uganda]] Football Associations. Retrieved 2018-06-30.</ref> Ya buga wasanni 25 kuma ya zira kwallaye 16 a kakar wasa ta 2015–16 na babbar gasa ta biyu a Uganda, Uganda Big League.<ref name=":0">"[[Uganda]] Premier League". [[Uganda]] Premier League. Retrieved 2018-06-30.</ref><ref name=":0"/> Ayyukansa sun ba da gudummawa ga haɓaka Proline FC zuwa gasar Premier ta [[Uganda]].<ref>"[[Uganda]] Premier League". [[Uganda]] Premier League. Retrieved 2018-06-30.</ref> A cikin kakar 2016-17, ya zira kwallaye shida a Proline. Ya buga wasanni 18.<ref>"CONFIRMED: Proline striker [[Fahad Bayo]] joins [[Zambiya]] outfit Buildcon FC". www.swiftsportsug.com Retrieved 2018-06-30.</ref> Bayo ya buga rabin gasar Premier ta [[Uganda]] ta 2017-18. Ya zura kwallaye shida a wasanni 14 na gasar. Ya koma kulob din Buildcon FC na Zambia a lokacin hutun kakar wasanni.<ref name=":1">Karko, Amit (27 July 2020). " אשדוד רכשה את סבטקוב פאהד באיו חתם". One (in Hebrew). Retrieved 27 July 2020.</ref> === Buildcom FC === Yana da shekaru 18, Bayo ya shiga ƙungiyar Buildcon FC ta Zambia a cikin [[Janairu]] 2018. Ya zura kwallaye tara kuma ya taimaka shida a wasanni 16. === FC Ashdod === A ranar 27 ga watan [[Yuli]] 2020 an sanya hannu a cikin kulob din Premier League na Isra'ila FC Ashdod.<ref name=":1" /> {| class="wikitable" |+Aikin Club/Ƙungiya ! Shekara ! Kulob ! Bayyanar Club ! An zura kwallaye |- | 2018- | Farashin Buildcom FC | 16 | 9 |- | 2014-2018 | Farashin FC | 68 | 30 |- | Abokan Kwalejin Soccer | | | |} == Ayyukan kasa == Bayo ya samu kira zuwa ga babbar kungiyar [[Uganda]] ta kasa daga koci Sebastien Desabre a cikin watan Maris, shekarar 2018 a lokacin hutu na kasa da kasa.<ref>[[Fahad Bayo]] aims higher after earning maiden [[Uganda]] Cranes summon" . Kawowo Sports . 2018-03-16. Retrieved 2018-06-30.</ref> Bayo ya buga wasan sada zumunci da Sao Tome da [[Malawi]].<ref>[[Uganda]] Cranes thrash [[Sao Tome and Principle]] at Namboole". www.newvision.co.ug. Retrieved[2018-06-30.</ref> === Kwallayensa na kasa === : ''Maki da sakamako ne suka fara zura kwallaye a ragar Uganda.'' <ref name="NFT">{{NFT player|access-date=11 November 2019}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !A'a. ! Kwanan wata ! Wuri ! Abokin hamayya ! Ci ! Sakamako ! Gasa |- | 1. | 19 Oktoba 2019 | StarTimes Stadium, [[Kampala]], Uganda |</img> Burundi | align="center" | '''1-0''' | align="center" | 3–0 | 2020 cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika |- | 2. | 17 ga Nuwamba, 2019 | Mandela National Stadium, Kampala, Uganda |</img> Malawi | align="center" | '''2-0''' | align="center" | 2–0 | 2021 neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika |- | 3. | 7 Disamba 2019 | StarTimes Stadium, Kampala, Uganda |</img> Burundi | align="center" | '''2-0''' | align="center" | 2–1 | rowspan="2" | 2019 CECAFA |- | 4. | 17 Disamba 2019 | Lugogo Stadium, Kampala, Uganda |</img> Tanzaniya | align="center" | '''1-0''' | align="center" | 1-0 |- | 5. | 7 Oktoba 2021 | Nyamirambo Regional Stadium, [[Kigali]], Rwanda | rowspan="2" |</img> Rwanda | align="center" | '''1-0''' | align="center" | 1-0 | rowspan="3" | 2022 cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA |- | 6. | 10 Oktoba 2021 | rowspan="2" | St. Mary's Stadium-Kitende, Entebbe, Uganda | align="center" | '''1-0''' | align="center" | 1-0 |- | 7. | 11 Nuwamba 2021 |</img> Kenya | align="center" | '''1-1''' | align="center" | 1-1 |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Fahad Bayo at FootballDatabase.eu [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] govbeltkoahrmvsn03f71h2bfov1gsc 0 32792 873764 801305 2026-07-01T19:22:44Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 873764 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Women performing a traditional dance at an event in Ishara, Ogun State,Nigeria.jpg|thumb|Al adun mutanen Jahar Ogun]] {{Databox}} '''Bikin Ogun''' wani biki ne na shekara-shekara da al’ummar Yarabawa mazauna jihar Ondo da ke Najeriya ke yi domin karrama Ogun, jarumi kuma mai ƙarfin aikin karfe da Yarabawa suka yi imani da cewa shi ne Allah na farko da ya fara zuwa duniya. == Tarihi == A tatsuniyar Yarabawa,<ref>{{Cite web|last=admin|title=ONDO CELEBRATES 2021 OGUN FESTIVAL|url=http://thesunshinesearchlight.com/dir/ondo-celebrates-2021-ogun-festival/|access-date=2022-02-19|language=en-US|archive-date=2022-02-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219190708/http://thesunshinesearchlight.com/dir/ondo-celebrates-2021-ogun-festival/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ogun Sarki ne kuma uban Oranmiyan, kuma shi ne mutum na farko da ya fara zuwa duniya; ya yi amfani da tsinke da kare ya share hanya don zuwan wasu alloli. Har ila yau, an Kuma ce ya ba da gamawa ga rukunin mutane na farko da Obatala, allahn halitta na Yarbawa ya halitta.<ref>{{cite book|last=Adeoye|first=C. L.|title=Ìgbàgbọ́ àti ẹ̀sìn Yorùba|publisher=Evans Bros. Nigeria Publishers|location=Ibadan|year=1989|isbn=9781675098|pages=254–259|language=Yoruba}}</ref> Ana gudanar da bikin sa ne a kusan watan Agusta ko Satumba a jihar Ondo da wasu sassan jihar Ekiti.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Ogun Festival » Facts.ng|url=https://www.facts.ng/culture/festivals/the-ogun-festival/|website=Facts.ng|accessdate=12 January 2018|date=23 September 2014|archive-date=17 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190917010420/https://www.facts.ng/culture/festivals/the-ogun-festival/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="bc">{{cite web|title=Ogun Festival|url=https://zodml.org/discover-nigeria/heritage-and-culture/ogun-festival#.Wlig8KinHIV|website=ZODML|accessdate=12 January 2018|language=en|archive-date=13 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113094440/https://zodml.org/discover-nigeria/heritage-and-culture/ogun-festival#.Wlig8KinHIV|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=HERITAGE: At Ogunnire Festival, Ire-Ekiti Remembers Ogun, God of Iron|url=http://westernpostnigeria.com/heritage-at-ogunnire-festival-ire-ekiti-remembers-ogun-god-of-iron/|accessdate=12 January 2018|work=Western Post News|date=17 August 2014|archive-date=14 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114021014/http://westernpostnigeria.com/heritage-at-ogunnire-festival-ire-ekiti-remembers-ogun-god-of-iron/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=[General] - IRE-EKITI: Town where Ogun, Yoruba god of iron, 'disappeared'|url=http://www.villagesquare.ng/xenforo/index.php?threads%2Fire-ekiti-town-where-ogun-yoruba-god-of-iron-disappeared.85260%2F|website=NVS XenForo|accessdate=12 January 2018|archive-date=14 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114020658/http://www.villagesquare.ng/xenforo/index.php?threads%2Fire-ekiti-town-where-ogun-yoruba-god-of-iron-disappeared.85260%2F|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Shiri == Ana fara shirye-shiryen bikin ne kwanaki goma sha bakwai gaba. Babban firist ya yi shelar ganin sabon wata (wanda dole ne a gan shi kafin a fara idin) ta wurin busa ƙahon ''upe'' (kahon gida) na kwana bakwai. Bayan kwana tara da ganin jinjirin wata, sarki ya aika da manzo ya sanar da bikin a hukumance. Shirye-shiryen bikin sun hada da gyaran gadoji da share hanyoyin kafa.Ana ci gaba da gudanar da bukukuwan da ake kira Ilagun, Asoro ko aisun ogun wanda ake yi kwanaki uku kafin ranar Ogun. Maƙeran na birnin Ife sun ba da gudummawar sabbin kayan yankan yanka, farattu da ƙararrawa, kuma an ƙawata wurin da dabino, da shanu da sauran kayayyaki. Daga nan sai a zuba liyafar, a kuma gudanar da raye-raye a kewayen dakin ibada, a yi addu’a. An shirya karnuka don sadaukarwa.<ref name="bc" /><ref>{{cite news|title=Origin Of Ogun – God Of Iron - Ekimogun Descendant United Kingdom & Northern Ireland|url=http://www.ekimogundescendant.org/origin-of-ogun-god-of-iron/|accessdate=12 January 2018|work=Ekimogun Descendant United Kingdom & Northern Ireland|archive-date=13 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113093024/http://www.ekimogundescendant.org/origin-of-ogun-god-of-iron/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Fieldhouse|first=Paul|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P-FqDgAAQBAJ|title=Food, feasts, and faith : an encyclopedia of food culture in world religions|publisher=ABC-CLIO, an Imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC|year=2017|isbn=9781610694124|location=Santa Barbara, California|page=93}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ogun Festival|url=https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Ogun+Festival|website=TheFreeDictionary.com|accessdate=12 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ondo indigenes celebrate Ogun festival amidst fanfare - The Hope Newspapers|url=http://thehopenewspapers.com/2017/09/ondo-indigenes-celebrate-ogun-festival-amidst-fanfare/|website=The Hope Newspapers|accessdate=12 January 2018|date=18 September 2017}}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Biki == Bikin ya kai hauka cikin kwanaki ukun da suka gabata. Ana yanka kare wanda shine babban cibiyar bikin a farkon wadannan kwanaki. Mutane biyu da ke tafiya a gaba da gaba suna jan kare zuwa kansu don haka suka tilasta masa mutuwa a hankali da raɗaɗi. Wani lokaci babban firist yakan kashe kare ta hanyar buga masa adda kafin ya mutu.<ref>{{cite web|title=Brutal Dog Sacrifices Occur At Nigeria's Ogun Festival|url=http://www.bodahub.com/dogs-slaughter-ogun-festival/|website=Bodahub|accessdate=12 January 2018|date=16 May 2016|archive-date=14 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114135153/http://www.bodahub.com/dogs-slaughter-ogun-festival/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sai a hada jinin kare da gishiri, da kola, da dabino da kuma dabino, a zuba a kan kayan aikin masu ibada da aka tattara a cikin kwano; ana ganin hakan zai kare su daga matsala da kuma samun riba mai yawa. Ogun ita ce majibincin wadanda ke amfani da karafa wajen gudanar da ayyukansu na yau da kullum, kamar su maƙera, direbobi, kanikanci da likitocin fiɗa. Haka kuma ana iya gudanar da bikin a ko’ina kamar yadda babban Limamin wani lokaci yakan yi bikin a Abuja ba tare da bin tsarin da aka saba yi na kwanaki goma sha bakwai ba.<ref>{{cite web|last=Brown|first=Michael|title=Nigeria: Live Dog Sacrifices To Ogun, The God Of Iron|work=Fight Dog Meat|url=https://fightdogmeat.com/2016/06/05/nigeria-live-dog-sacrifices-to-ogun-the-god-of-iron/|date=5 June 2016|language=en-AU|access-date=7 June 2022|archive-date=5 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200105142724/https://fightdogmeat.com/2016/06/05/nigeria-live-dog-sacrifices-to-ogun-the-god-of-iron/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Sotunde|first1=Afolabi|title=Ogun: Sacrifice to the iron : Orikini cult group and the Ogun festival god|url=https://widerimage.reuters.com/story/ogun-sacrifice-to-the-iron-god|accessdate=12 January 2018|work=The Wider Image|language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == bdqg2ya7ab0o4jktsrs1dr8ngvsaivy 0 33255 873824 585401 2026-07-01T21:04:01Z Habibah A Jisambo 26434 873824 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Pedri - Paris SG - FC Barcelone 2021.png|thumb|Pedri]] [[Fayil:Pedri - Paris SG - FC Barcelone 2021.png|thumb|Pedri]] '''Pedro González López''' (An haife shi ne a ranar 25 ga watan [[Nuwamba]] shekarar 2002), wanda aka sani da '''Pedri''', ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙafa]] ne na ƙasar Sipaniya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya na ƙungiyar [[La Liga]] ta [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta [[Spain]]. == Aikin kungiya. == === Las Palmas === An haife shi a Tegueste, Tenerife, [[Tsibirin Kanariyas|Tsibirin Canary]], Pedri ya shiga saitin matasa na [[Las Palmas]] a cikin shekarar 2018 daga CF Juventud Laguna. A ranar 15 ga watan Yuli shekarar 2019, yana da shekaru 16 kawai, ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin ƙwararrun shekaru huɗu tare da kulob ɗin, wanda kocin Pepe Mel ya haɓaka shi zuwa ƙungiyar farko. Pedri ya fara halartan sana'a a ranar 18 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2019, yana da shekaru 16 kacal, ta hanyar farawa a cikin rashin gida 0-1 da Huesca a cikin Segunda División . Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko ta kwararru a ranar 19 ga watan Satumba, tare da kwallo daya tilo da ya ci a wasan a nasarar da suka yi a gida a kan Sporting Gijón kuma ya zama dan wasa mafi karancin shekaru a tarihin Las Palmas yana da shekaru 16, watanni 9 da kwanaki 23. === Barcelona. === A ranar 2 ga watan [[Satumba]] Shekarar 2019 ne, [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] ta cimma yarjejeniya tare da Las Palmas don canja wurin Pedri, wanda zai fara aiki daga 1ga watan Yuli shekara ta 2020 mai zuwa. Dan wasan ya amince da kwantiragin shekaru biyu da kulob din na Catalan, wanda ya biya Yuro miliyan 5 kan yarjejeniyar, wanda zai karu yayin da ya cika wasu sharuda a kwantiraginsa. An sanya shi cikin babban ƙungiyar don kakar shekarar 2020-21 kuma tare da riga mai lamba 16, Pedri ya fara halarta a karon a ranar 27 ga watan Satumba, inda ya maye gurbin Philippe Coutinho a cikin gida 4-0 da [[Villarreal]] a [[La Liga]]. Ya samu farkonsa na farko a ranar 17 ga watan Oktoba a cikin rashin nasara da ci 0–1 da Getafe . A ranar 20 ga watan Oktoba, Pedri ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a kulob din a gasar zakarun Turai na farko, a wasan da suka yi nasara da Ferencváros da ci 5-1 a matakin rukuni, bayan da ya zo a madadin [[Ansu Fati]] a minti na 61. A ranar 7 watan Nuwamba, a cikin [[Camp Nou|gida]] 5-2 nasara a kan Real Betis, ya zira kwallaye na farko a gasar La Liga bayan taimako daga Sergi Roberto . A ranar 6 ga Watan Janairu shekara ta 2021, ya zura kwallo a ragar Athletic Bilbao kuma ya taimaka wa Barcelona kwallo ta biyu a ci 3-2 a San Mamés . A ranar 17 ga watan Afrilu, Pedri ya lashe kofin farko na babban aikinsa bayan Barcelona ta doke Athletic 4-0 a wasan karshe na Copa del Rey . A ranar 8 ga Mayu, yana da shekaru 18 da kwanaki 164, Pedri ya buga wa Barcelona wasa na 50 a duk gasa lokacin da ya fara wasan 0-0 da Atlético Madrid a [[Camp Nou]], don haka ya zama ɗan wasa na biyu mafi ƙaranci da ya kai wannan matakin bayan Bojan Krkić., wanda ya kasance shekaru 18 da kwana 3 a lokacin da ya kai 50 bayyanuwa. A tsakiyar Watan Oktoba shekarar 2021 Pedri ya rattaba hannu kan sabuwar kwangila tare da Barcelona wanda ke ƙunshe da adadin yuro biliyan 1 (dala biliyan 1.57). A ranar 29 ga Nuwamba, Pedri ya lashe Kopa na Shekarar 2021 Kopa, wanda ''Faransa Football'' ta ba shi ga mafi kyawun ɗan wasa a ƙarƙashin shekara 21. A ranar 13 ga watan Fabrairu,shekarar 2022, Pedri ya zura kwallo mafi sauri a cikin Derbi barceloní a karni na 21, inda ya ci dakika 75 a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Espanyol . A ranar 14 ga Watan Afrilu shekarar 2022, Pedri ya sami rauni a hamstring a wasan da Barcelona ta buga na biyu na kusa da karshe na UEL da Frankfurt, inda aka cire su. Daga baya, an sanar da cewa Pedri na iya rasa sauran kakar wasa ta bana. == Ayyukan kasa da kasa. == === Sana'ar samartaka da fara manyan sana'a === A ranar 21 ga Watan Agusta shekarar 2020, an kira Pedri zuwa tawagar Spain ta ƙasa da 21; Daga baya ya fara buga wasansa na farko a ranar 3 ga Satumba a wasan da suka doke Macedonia da ci 1-0 a wasan neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin nahiyar Turai na 2021 na 2021. A cikin Watan Maris Shekarar 2021, Pedri ya karɓi kiransa na farko zuwa babban ƙungiyar Spain daga koci Luis Enrique gabanin matakin rukuni na cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2022 . Ya buga wasansa na farko a ranar 25 ga Maris a karawar da Girka . === Yuro 2020 === A ranar 24 ga watan Mayu Shekarar 2021, an haɗa Pedri cikin tawagar Luis Enrique na 24 don Yuro 2020 na UEFA . A ranar 14 ga watan Yuni, ya zama dan wasa mafi karancin shekaru da ya wakilci Spain a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Turai, lokacin da ya fara wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da Sweden yana da shekaru 18 da watanni 6 da kwanaki 18, inda ya karya tarihin da Miguel Tendillo ya kafa a gasar Euro 1980 . . A ranar 28 ga watan Yuni, Pedri ya zama ɗan wasa mafi ƙanƙanta da ya taka leda a wasan ƙwanƙwasa a gasar cin kofin Turai lokacin da ya fara a cikin 16 na ƙarshe da Croatia, yana da shekaru 18 da kwanaki 215; sai dai ya zura kwallo da kansa lokacin da mai tsaron gida Unai Simón ya kasa sarrafa dogayen bugun bayan da ya yi. A karshe Spain ta samu nasara a wasan da ci 5-3 a karin lokaci. Ya buga dukkan wasanni shida da kasar Sipaniya ta yi, sai dai minti daya, kuma ya yi tasiri mai mahimmanci a gasar da Spaniya ta yi a wasan kusa da na karshe, inda Italiya ta lallasa ta da ci 4-2 a bugun fenariti bayan da suka tashi 1-1 bayan karin lokaci; a wasan na karshen, ya kammala 65 daga cikin 66 da ya yi yunkurin yi. Domin wasan kwaikwayonsa, an zabe shi a matsayin matashin dan wasa na gasar, <ref name="Euro2020YPotT" /> kuma shi ne kawai dan wasan Sipaniya a gasar da aka sanya sunansa a cikin Team of the Tournament . === Wasannin Olympics na bazara na 2020 === A ranar 29 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2021, an kira Pedri zuwa tawagar Spain don gasar Olympics ta bazara ta Shekarar 2020 . Yunkurin shigar da Pedri a cikin 'yan wasan Olympics na Spain ya jawo suka daga Barcelona, tare da kocin Ronald Koeman ya bayyana shawarar kiran Pedri ga wasanni biyu na kasa da kasa a lokacin bazara a matsayin "mai yawa". A ranar 22 ga Watan Yuli, Pedri ya buga cikakken mintuna 90 a wasan da Spain ta buga da Masar da ci 0-0. Wasan shine na 66th na Pedri na kakar wasa . A wasan karshe, wasa na 73 na Pedri a kakar wasa ta bana, Spain ta sha kashi a hannun Brazil da ci 2-1 a karin lokaci. == Salon wasa == Ana kallon Pedri a matsayin daya daga cikin matasan 'yan wasan kwallon kafa masu farin jini a duniya a kafafen yada labaran kwallon kafa. Kodayake sau da yawa ana kwatanta shi a matsayin winger ta hanyar masana kimiyya, Pedri yawanci yana taka rawa a cikin rawar kyauta, wanda ke ba shi damar yawo cikin filin; yana son mamaye yankuna na tsakiya kuma yana aiki tsakanin layin, kodayake kuma yana da ikon yin fice da sauri da gudu zuwa layin taɓawa don haifar da dama ga abokan wasan. Har ma ya zurfafa cikin tsaron gida don ɗaukar kwallon. Yakan sanya kansa a gefen hagu ko dama, ko ma a matsayin lamba 8. <ref name="50 migliori teenager" /> Tabbas, ko da yake ya fara taka leda a matsayin winger, daga baya an koma shi zuwa tsakiyar tsakiya, ko da yake shi ma yana da ikon taka leda a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari, da kuma a wasu ayyuka masu ban tsoro da na tsakiya . An kuma yi amfani da shi lokaci-lokaci a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya na tsaro har ma a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba . Pedri ƙwararren ɗan wasa ne mai sauri, haziƙi, ƙirƙira, kuma mai himma, wanda ya shahara da kyakkyawan ƙwarewar fasaha, sarrafa ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙafa, wucewa, wayar da kan jama'a, da hangen nesa, gami da ikon sarrafa kansa a cikin matsuguni, yin amfani da gibi, da sauransu. buga wasan karshe ko wucewar shiga, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama dan wasa mai tasiri. Haka kuma, ana girmama shi sosai saboda gwanintar dribling, juriyarsa, nutsuwar sa yayin matsi, da kuma ikon yin wasa da ƙafarsa. <ref name="50 migliori teenager" /> An kwatanta matsayinsa da na ''mezzala'' a cikin kafofin watsa labaru na wasanni na Italiya. Ƙananan ƙirarsa, halaye, matsayi, da salon wasansa sun sa aka kwatanta shi da tsoffin 'yan wasan Barcelona kamar [[Xavi]], <ref name="PedriSwiss" /> Andrés Iniesta, Michael Laudrup, <ref name="new Laudrup" /> da kuma [[Messi|Lionel Messi]] . <ref name="Pedri is the future" /> == Kididdigar sana'a == === Kulob === {{Updated|match played 14 April 2022}}<ref name="SW"/> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanar da burin ta kulob, kakar da gasar ! rowspan="2" | Kulob ! rowspan="2" | Kaka ! colspan="3" | Kungiyar ! colspan="2" | Kofin kasa ! colspan="2" | Nahiyar ! colspan="2" | Sauran ! colspan="2" | Jimlar |- ! Rarraba ! Aikace-aikace ! Buri ! Aikace-aikace ! Buri ! Aikace-aikace ! Buri ! Aikace-aikace ! Buri ! Aikace-aikace ! Buri |- | Las Palmas | 2019-20 | Segunda División | 36 | 4 | 1 | 0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | 37 | 4 |- | rowspan="3" | [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] | 2020-21 | rowspan="2" | La Liga | 37 | 3 | 6 | 0 | 7 {{Efn|Appearance(s) in [[UEFA Champions League]]}} | 1 | 2 {{Efn|Appearance(s) in [[Supercopa de España]]}} | 0 | 52 | 4 |- | 2021-22 | 12 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 8 {{Efn|Two appearances in UEFA Champions League, six appearances and one goal in [[UEFA Europa League]]}} | 1 | 1 [lower-alpha 2] | 0 | 22 | 5 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimlar ! 49 ! 6 ! 7 ! 1 ! 15 ! 2 ! 3 ! 0 ! 74 ! 9 |- ! colspan="3" | Jimlar sana'a ! 85 ! 10 ! 8 ! 1 ! 15 ! 2 ! 3 ! 0 ! 111 ! 13 |} {{Notelist}} === Ƙasashen Duniya === {{Updated|match played 29 March 2022}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eu-football.info/_player.php?id=31373|title=Pedri|website=European Football|access-date=14 June 2021}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Fitowa da burin tawagar ƙasa da shekara ! Tawagar kasa ! Shekara ! Aikace-aikace ! Buri |- | rowspan="2" | Spain | 2021 | 10 | 0 |- | 2022 | 2 | 0 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimlar ! 12 ! 0 |} == Girmamawa == '''Barcelona''' * Copa del Rey : 2020-21 '''Spain U23''' * Lambar azurfa ta bazara : 2020 '''Mutum''' * Breakthrough XI : 2020 * Gasar Zakarun Turai Matashi na Gasar : 2020 * Ƙungiyar Gasar Cin Kofin Turai ta UEFA : 2020 * Trofeo Aldo Rovira : 2020-21 * Golden Boy : 2021 * Kofin Kopa : 2021 * IFFHS Mafi kyawun Matasa na Duniya (U20) : 2021 * Premi Barça Jugadors : 2021-22 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Pedri at BDFutbol {{FC Barcelona squad}}{{Navboxes|title=Spain squads|bg=#C60B1E|fg=#FBEA0E|bordercolor=#000033|list1={{Spain squad UEFA Euro 2020}} {{Spain men's football squad 2020 Summer Olympics}}}}{{Navboxes|title=Awards|bg=gold|fg=navy|list1={{UEFA Euro 2020 Team of the Tournament}} {{UEFA European Championship Young Player of the Tournament}} {{Trofeo Aldo Rovira}} {{Golden Boy award winners}} {{Kopa Trophy}}}} [[category:Haifaffun 2002]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] bq5a8q0vz1f9ut0ff95whciadj0owc1 873825 873824 2026-07-01T21:04:57Z Habibah A Jisambo 26434 873825 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Pedri - Paris SG - FC Barcelone 2021.png|thumb|Pedri]] [[Fayil:Pedri - Paris SG - FC Barcelone 2021.png|thumb|Pedri]] '''Pedro González López''' (An haife shi ne a ranar 25 ga watan. [[Nuwamba]] shekarar 2002), wanda aka sani da '''Pedri''', ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙafa]] ne na ƙasar Sipaniya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya na ƙungiyar [[La Liga]] ta [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta [[Spain]]. == Aikin kungiya. == === Las Palmas === An haife shi a Tegueste, Tenerife, [[Tsibirin Kanariyas|Tsibirin Canary]], Pedri ya shiga saitin matasa na [[Las Palmas]] a cikin shekarar 2018 daga CF Juventud Laguna. A ranar 15 ga watan Yuli shekarar 2019, yana da shekaru 16 kawai, ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin ƙwararrun shekaru huɗu tare da kulob ɗin, wanda kocin Pepe Mel ya haɓaka shi zuwa ƙungiyar farko. Pedri ya fara halartan sana'a a ranar 18 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2019, yana da shekaru 16 kacal, ta hanyar farawa a cikin rashin gida 0-1 da Huesca a cikin Segunda División . Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko ta kwararru a ranar 19 ga watan Satumba, tare da kwallo daya tilo da ya ci a wasan a nasarar da suka yi a gida a kan Sporting Gijón kuma ya zama dan wasa mafi karancin shekaru a tarihin Las Palmas yana da shekaru 16, watanni 9 da kwanaki 23. === Barcelona. === A ranar 2 ga watan [[Satumba]] Shekarar 2019 ne, [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] ta cimma yarjejeniya tare da Las Palmas don canja wurin Pedri, wanda zai fara aiki daga 1ga watan Yuli shekara ta 2020 mai zuwa. Dan wasan ya amince da kwantiragin shekaru biyu da kulob din na Catalan, wanda ya biya Yuro miliyan 5 kan yarjejeniyar, wanda zai karu yayin da ya cika wasu sharuda a kwantiraginsa. An sanya shi cikin babban ƙungiyar don kakar shekarar 2020-21 kuma tare da riga mai lamba 16, Pedri ya fara halarta a karon a ranar 27 ga watan Satumba, inda ya maye gurbin Philippe Coutinho a cikin gida 4-0 da [[Villarreal]] a [[La Liga]]. Ya samu farkonsa na farko a ranar 17 ga watan Oktoba a cikin rashin nasara da ci 0–1 da Getafe . A ranar 20 ga watan Oktoba, Pedri ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a kulob din a gasar zakarun Turai na farko, a wasan da suka yi nasara da Ferencváros da ci 5-1 a matakin rukuni, bayan da ya zo a madadin [[Ansu Fati]] a minti na 61. A ranar 7 watan Nuwamba, a cikin [[Camp Nou|gida]] 5-2 nasara a kan Real Betis, ya zira kwallaye na farko a gasar La Liga bayan taimako daga Sergi Roberto . A ranar 6 ga Watan Janairu shekara ta 2021, ya zura kwallo a ragar Athletic Bilbao kuma ya taimaka wa Barcelona kwallo ta biyu a ci 3-2 a San Mamés . A ranar 17 ga watan Afrilu, Pedri ya lashe kofin farko na babban aikinsa bayan Barcelona ta doke Athletic 4-0 a wasan karshe na Copa del Rey . A ranar 8 ga Mayu, yana da shekaru 18 da kwanaki 164, Pedri ya buga wa Barcelona wasa na 50 a duk gasa lokacin da ya fara wasan 0-0 da Atlético Madrid a [[Camp Nou]], don haka ya zama ɗan wasa na biyu mafi ƙaranci da ya kai wannan matakin bayan Bojan Krkić., wanda ya kasance shekaru 18 da kwana 3 a lokacin da ya kai 50 bayyanuwa. A tsakiyar Watan Oktoba shekarar 2021 Pedri ya rattaba hannu kan sabuwar kwangila tare da Barcelona wanda ke ƙunshe da adadin yuro biliyan 1 (dala biliyan 1.57). A ranar 29 ga Nuwamba, Pedri ya lashe Kopa na Shekarar 2021 Kopa, wanda ''Faransa Football'' ta ba shi ga mafi kyawun ɗan wasa a ƙarƙashin shekara 21. A ranar 13 ga watan Fabrairu,shekarar 2022, Pedri ya zura kwallo mafi sauri a cikin Derbi barceloní a karni na 21, inda ya ci dakika 75 a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Espanyol . A ranar 14 ga Watan Afrilu shekarar 2022, Pedri ya sami rauni a hamstring a wasan da Barcelona ta buga na biyu na kusa da karshe na UEL da Frankfurt, inda aka cire su. Daga baya, an sanar da cewa Pedri na iya rasa sauran kakar wasa ta bana. == Ayyukan kasa da kasa. == === Sana'ar samartaka da fara manyan sana'a === A ranar 21 ga Watan Agusta shekarar 2020, an kira Pedri zuwa tawagar Spain ta ƙasa da 21; Daga baya ya fara buga wasansa na farko a ranar 3 ga Satumba a wasan da suka doke Macedonia da ci 1-0 a wasan neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin nahiyar Turai na 2021 na 2021. A cikin Watan Maris Shekarar 2021, Pedri ya karɓi kiransa na farko zuwa babban ƙungiyar Spain daga koci Luis Enrique gabanin matakin rukuni na cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2022 . Ya buga wasansa na farko a ranar 25 ga Maris a karawar da Girka . === Yuro 2020 === A ranar 24 ga watan Mayu Shekarar 2021, an haɗa Pedri cikin tawagar Luis Enrique na 24 don Yuro 2020 na UEFA . A ranar 14 ga watan Yuni, ya zama dan wasa mafi karancin shekaru da ya wakilci Spain a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Turai, lokacin da ya fara wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da Sweden yana da shekaru 18 da watanni 6 da kwanaki 18, inda ya karya tarihin da Miguel Tendillo ya kafa a gasar Euro 1980 . . A ranar 28 ga watan Yuni, Pedri ya zama ɗan wasa mafi ƙanƙanta da ya taka leda a wasan ƙwanƙwasa a gasar cin kofin Turai lokacin da ya fara a cikin 16 na ƙarshe da Croatia, yana da shekaru 18 da kwanaki 215; sai dai ya zura kwallo da kansa lokacin da mai tsaron gida Unai Simón ya kasa sarrafa dogayen bugun bayan da ya yi. A karshe Spain ta samu nasara a wasan da ci 5-3 a karin lokaci. Ya buga dukkan wasanni shida da kasar Sipaniya ta yi, sai dai minti daya, kuma ya yi tasiri mai mahimmanci a gasar da Spaniya ta yi a wasan kusa da na karshe, inda Italiya ta lallasa ta da ci 4-2 a bugun fenariti bayan da suka tashi 1-1 bayan karin lokaci; a wasan na karshen, ya kammala 65 daga cikin 66 da ya yi yunkurin yi. Domin wasan kwaikwayonsa, an zabe shi a matsayin matashin dan wasa na gasar, <ref name="Euro2020YPotT" /> kuma shi ne kawai dan wasan Sipaniya a gasar da aka sanya sunansa a cikin Team of the Tournament . === Wasannin Olympics na bazara na 2020 === A ranar 29 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2021, an kira Pedri zuwa tawagar Spain don gasar Olympics ta bazara ta Shekarar 2020 . Yunkurin shigar da Pedri a cikin 'yan wasan Olympics na Spain ya jawo suka daga Barcelona, tare da kocin Ronald Koeman ya bayyana shawarar kiran Pedri ga wasanni biyu na kasa da kasa a lokacin bazara a matsayin "mai yawa". A ranar 22 ga Watan Yuli, Pedri ya buga cikakken mintuna 90 a wasan da Spain ta buga da Masar da ci 0-0. Wasan shine na 66th na Pedri na kakar wasa . A wasan karshe, wasa na 73 na Pedri a kakar wasa ta bana, Spain ta sha kashi a hannun Brazil da ci 2-1 a karin lokaci. == Salon wasa == Ana kallon Pedri a matsayin daya daga cikin matasan 'yan wasan kwallon kafa masu farin jini a duniya a kafafen yada labaran kwallon kafa. Kodayake sau da yawa ana kwatanta shi a matsayin winger ta hanyar masana kimiyya, Pedri yawanci yana taka rawa a cikin rawar kyauta, wanda ke ba shi damar yawo cikin filin; yana son mamaye yankuna na tsakiya kuma yana aiki tsakanin layin, kodayake kuma yana da ikon yin fice da sauri da gudu zuwa layin taɓawa don haifar da dama ga abokan wasan. Har ma ya zurfafa cikin tsaron gida don ɗaukar kwallon. Yakan sanya kansa a gefen hagu ko dama, ko ma a matsayin lamba 8. <ref name="50 migliori teenager" /> Tabbas, ko da yake ya fara taka leda a matsayin winger, daga baya an koma shi zuwa tsakiyar tsakiya, ko da yake shi ma yana da ikon taka leda a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari, da kuma a wasu ayyuka masu ban tsoro da na tsakiya . An kuma yi amfani da shi lokaci-lokaci a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya na tsaro har ma a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba . Pedri ƙwararren ɗan wasa ne mai sauri, haziƙi, ƙirƙira, kuma mai himma, wanda ya shahara da kyakkyawan ƙwarewar fasaha, sarrafa ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙafa, wucewa, wayar da kan jama'a, da hangen nesa, gami da ikon sarrafa kansa a cikin matsuguni, yin amfani da gibi, da sauransu. buga wasan karshe ko wucewar shiga, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama dan wasa mai tasiri. Haka kuma, ana girmama shi sosai saboda gwanintar dribling, juriyarsa, nutsuwar sa yayin matsi, da kuma ikon yin wasa da ƙafarsa. <ref name="50 migliori teenager" /> An kwatanta matsayinsa da na ''mezzala'' a cikin kafofin watsa labaru na wasanni na Italiya. Ƙananan ƙirarsa, halaye, matsayi, da salon wasansa sun sa aka kwatanta shi da tsoffin 'yan wasan Barcelona kamar [[Xavi]], <ref name="PedriSwiss" /> Andrés Iniesta, Michael Laudrup, <ref name="new Laudrup" /> da kuma [[Messi|Lionel Messi]] . <ref name="Pedri is the future" /> == Kididdigar sana'a == === Kulob === {{Updated|match played 14 April 2022}}<ref name="SW"/> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanar da burin ta kulob, kakar da gasar ! rowspan="2" | Kulob ! rowspan="2" | Kaka ! colspan="3" | Kungiyar ! colspan="2" | Kofin kasa ! colspan="2" | Nahiyar ! colspan="2" | Sauran ! colspan="2" | Jimlar |- ! Rarraba ! Aikace-aikace ! Buri ! Aikace-aikace ! Buri ! Aikace-aikace ! Buri ! Aikace-aikace ! Buri ! Aikace-aikace ! Buri |- | Las Palmas | 2019-20 | Segunda División | 36 | 4 | 1 | 0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | 37 | 4 |- | rowspan="3" | [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] | 2020-21 | rowspan="2" | La Liga | 37 | 3 | 6 | 0 | 7 {{Efn|Appearance(s) in [[UEFA Champions League]]}} | 1 | 2 {{Efn|Appearance(s) in [[Supercopa de España]]}} | 0 | 52 | 4 |- | 2021-22 | 12 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 8 {{Efn|Two appearances in UEFA Champions League, six appearances and one goal in [[UEFA Europa League]]}} | 1 | 1 [lower-alpha 2] | 0 | 22 | 5 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimlar ! 49 ! 6 ! 7 ! 1 ! 15 ! 2 ! 3 ! 0 ! 74 ! 9 |- ! colspan="3" | Jimlar sana'a ! 85 ! 10 ! 8 ! 1 ! 15 ! 2 ! 3 ! 0 ! 111 ! 13 |} {{Notelist}} === Ƙasashen Duniya === {{Updated|match played 29 March 2022}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eu-football.info/_player.php?id=31373|title=Pedri|website=European Football|access-date=14 June 2021}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Fitowa da burin tawagar ƙasa da shekara ! Tawagar kasa ! Shekara ! Aikace-aikace ! Buri |- | rowspan="2" | Spain | 2021 | 10 | 0 |- | 2022 | 2 | 0 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimlar ! 12 ! 0 |} == Girmamawa == '''Barcelona''' * Copa del Rey : 2020-21 '''Spain U23''' * Lambar azurfa ta bazara : 2020 '''Mutum''' * Breakthrough XI : 2020 * Gasar Zakarun Turai Matashi na Gasar : 2020 * Ƙungiyar Gasar Cin Kofin Turai ta UEFA : 2020 * Trofeo Aldo Rovira : 2020-21 * Golden Boy : 2021 * Kofin Kopa : 2021 * IFFHS Mafi kyawun Matasa na Duniya (U20) : 2021 * Premi Barça Jugadors : 2021-22 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Pedri at BDFutbol {{FC Barcelona squad}}{{Navboxes|title=Spain squads|bg=#C60B1E|fg=#FBEA0E|bordercolor=#000033|list1={{Spain squad UEFA Euro 2020}} {{Spain men's football squad 2020 Summer Olympics}}}}{{Navboxes|title=Awards|bg=gold|fg=navy|list1={{UEFA Euro 2020 Team of the Tournament}} {{UEFA European Championship Young Player of the Tournament}} {{Trofeo Aldo Rovira}} {{Golden Boy award winners}} {{Kopa Trophy}}}} [[category:Haifaffun 2002]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7av25i36yd5wzpuo10gs519athh8rhy 0 35236 873875 334318 2026-07-01T21:30:07Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 873875 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}{{Gyara mukala}} '''Blairmore Suburban Development Area''' ( '''SDA''' ) yanki ne a cikin Saskatoon, Saskatchewan ( [[Kanada]] ). Wani yanki ne na al'ummar gefen yamma na Saskatoon. Ya ta'allaka ne (gaba daya) arewa da bayan birnin da kuma gundumar karkara na Corman Park No. 344, yamma da cikin gari Saskatoon, da Core Neighborhoods SDA, kudu da Arewacin Yammacin Masana'antar SDA, da yamma na Confederation SDA . Yawancin Blairmore SDA sun ƙunshi ƙasar da ba ta bunƙasa ba wacce birni ya haɗe a tsakiyar shekarata 2000s. Ƙirar ƙauyuka tara, na farko na zama a cikin yanayi, an shirya su don SDA. Ya zuwa ƙarshen shekarar 2019, biyu suna kan aiwatar da haɓakawa: kasuwanci/mazauni Blairmore Suburban Center da mazaunin mazaunin Kensington . <ref>[http://www.saskatoon.ca/DEPARTMENTS/Community%20Services/PlanningDevelopment/FutureGrowth/Maps/Pages/ProjectGrowthConceptPlan.aspx City of Saskatoon, Projected Growth Map], December 17, 2012 (accessed September 7, 2013)</ref> Wurin zama na uku, Elk Point, shima yana cikin matakin farko. == Unguwannin == * Blairmore Suburban Center * Kensington, al'ummar zama nan da nan a arewacin Cibiyar Suburban, an amince da ita a cikin shekarar 2011, tare da gina ginin a cikin shekarar 2013. * Elk Point, mazaunin yankin arewa maso gabas na Kensington, an tsara shi a cikin 2013, kodayake tsarawa ga al'umma yana kan matakin farko. * Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, aƙalla ƙarin ƙauyuka shida an tsara su don SDA. Ya zuwa karshen shekarar 2019, har yanzu ba a gama tantance sunayensu da tsarin su ba. == Kayayyakin Nishaɗi == * Cibiyar Jama'a ta Blairmore wacce aka keɓance azaman waƙar Cibiyar Shaw ta buɗe a cikin Faɗuwar 2008. An buɗe wuraren ninkaya a faɗuwar 2009. Suna karbar bakuncin wurin ninkaya mai girman Olympics, wurin shakatawa na iyali tare da zabtarewar ruwa, wuraren zafi guda biyu da dandamalin ruwa. == Siyayya == * Kimanin {{Convert|315000|sqft|m2}} na dillali da za a gina a Blairmore SDA <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927180026/http://www.colliersmn.com/prod/cclod.nsf/city/2C60D11FE8096A688825723B005D9F31 City on retailer radar - December 5, 2006] URL accessed March 7, 2007</ref> * Babban Cibiyar Wal-Mart ta buɗe Janairu 2010 akan titin Betts kuma tun daga wannan lokacin an buɗe lamba "babban akwati" da masu siyar da kantin sayar da kayayyaki a ɓangarorin Betts Avenue. Wani yanki na kasuwanci, gami da kantin sayar da kayan abinci na farko na Ajiye-On, ana kan ci gaba a gefen arewa na titin 22nd tare da Kensington Boulevard. == Ilimi == {{Wide image|B-td-s-Complex.jpg|700px|Tommy Douglas Collegiate – Shaw Centre – Bethlehem High School panorama}}Cibiyar Blairmore ta ƙunshi wata makarantar sakandare ta Bethlehem da Tommy Douglas Collegiate na jama'a da cibiyar jama'a da ake kira Cibiyar Shaw. Blairmore SDA gida ce ga makarantu masu zuwa: * Sabuwar Tommy Douglas Collegiate, ilimin sakandare na jama'a ya buɗe a cikin faɗuwar 2008 * Sabuwar Makarantar Katolika ta Baitalami, Katolika ko ilimin sakandare daban, an buɗe a cikin faɗuwar 2008 Tun daga 2017 babu makarantun firamare da ke kusa da Kensington ko Elk Point, kodayake an keɓe ƙasa a cikin al'ummomin biyu don makarantun jama'a da na Katolika na gaba. Bugu da kari, SDA da farko sun hada da gonar Matasa ta Yarrow, wurin gyara lardi na matasa masu hadarin gaske. Ko da yake da farko ana sa ran ci gaba da aiki duk da haɗawa da ci gaban mazaunan Kensington a ɓangarori uku, gwamnatin Saskatchewan daga baya ta rufe ginin mai girman eka 40 a kan titin Neault, arewa da tsohon jeri na 33rd Street, tana tura shirye-shiryenta zuwa wani wurin. Saskatoon, kuma ya sanya ƙasar sayarwa a cikin 2015. {{Wide image|BHS-SC-TDCComplex.jpg|700px|Tommy Douglas Collegiate – Shaw Centre – Bethlehem High School panorama}} == Sauran ayyuka == * An shirya "Cibiyar Gundumomi" a Unguwana 6 da 7 * SDA ta ƙunshi makabartar Smithville, wacce ta fara zuwa 1901 kuma birni ya mamaye shi tare da sauran yankin SDA. Tana kan titin 22nd (Highway 14), yamma da Range Road 3063. == Sufuri == Titin 22nd ( Hanya 14 ) babbar hanya ce ta hanyar Saskatoon Highway 14 tana haɗuwa da Asquith, Biggar Wilkie, Unity, da Macklin akan hanyar Alberta . Hakanan ana samun yankin ta hanyar Highway 7, wanda ke haɗa Saskatoon zuwa [[Calgary]], Alberta da bakin tekun yamma, da Babbar Hanya 684, wacce kuma aka sani da Titin Dalmeny amma a hukumance aka sake masa suna Neault Road a cikin 2012, wanda birni ya hade kuma yana ba da alaƙa Hanyar Yellowhead 16 da garin Dalmeny . Babban titin 7 an daidaita shi don haɗawa da Babbar Hanya 14/22nd Street/Highway 684 a tsakar darasi wanda a ƙarshe za'a maye gurbinsu da musanyawa. Tsawon shekaru da yawa Babbar Hanya 7 ta shiga yankin ta hanyar Betts Avenue a cikin yankin Blairmore Suburban Center, amma yanzu an cire wannan hanyar; Daidaiton ainihin hanyar inda ya shiga titin 22nd kafin tsakiyar 2000 an maye gurbinsa da ci gaban mazaunin da cibiyar shakatawa da manyan makarantu. Wata babbar hanya daya tilo da ke ba da sabis na SDA a halin yanzu ita ce ƙafar yamma na Titin 33rd West, wanda bisa ga Taswirar Ci gaban Birni na Oktoba 2008 da aka tsara za a maye gurbinsu ta ƙarshe ta hanyar tsawaita titin Claypool Drive; asalin titin gabas-yamma, tun daga 2012 an daidaita hanyar don ba da damar haɓakar Kensington. Iyakar yammacin SDA tana da alamar hanyar sufuri/mai amfani da ke kusa da iyakar birnin yamma na yanzu, wanda aka keɓe don gina babbar hanya ta gaba. === Tafiya ta gari === Cibiyar Blairmore Suburban tana aiki ta Hanyar Hanya 23 akan mafi yawan lokutan mako da rana. Za a yi tsammanin za a faɗaɗa sabis yayin da aka haɓaka SDA.   == Wuri == == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == {{Commonscat|Blairmore Suburban Centre}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070514150855/http://www.saskatoon.ca/org/municipal_engineering/construction/Blairmore_Suburban_Centre_-_Roadways/index.asp Birnin Saskatoon · Sassan · Sabis na kayan more rayuwa.] [https://web.archive.org/web/20070514150855/http://www.saskatoon.ca/org/municipal_engineering/construction/Blairmore_Suburban_Centre_-_Roadways/index.asp .] [https://web.archive.org/web/20070514150855/http://www.saskatoon.ca/org/municipal_engineering/construction/Blairmore_Suburban_Centre_-_Roadways/index.asp .] * [http://waywardreporter.blogspot.com/2006/06/latest-planet-s-story.html Majalissar Mai Rahoto Mai Haɓaka Gagarawa A KAN DOKAR MANYAN BOX SUN DAMU MASU KASUWANCI.] [http://waywardreporter.blogspot.com/2006/06/latest-planet-s-story.html SHIN DUNIYA ZAI ZAMA RAMI A CIKIN DONUT KARNI NA SASKATOON? da Jeremy Warren] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110610225044/http://www.gov.sk.ca/news?newsId=88630a09-df2f-4059-a118-60018cd371db SASKATCHEWAN YA JINBATAR DA $30 MILYAN A MAKARANTAR SASKATOON .] [https://web.archive.org/web/20110610225044/http://www.gov.sk.ca/news?newsId=88630a09-df2f-4059-a118-60018cd371db .] [https://web.archive.org/web/20110610225044/http://www.gov.sk.ca/news?newsId=88630a09-df2f-4059-a118-60018cd371db .] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121024133206/http://www.canada.com/saskatoon/story.html?id=963ce156-617a-4fb9-a7c8-608de82e3559&k=28222 City ta ci gaba a kan Blairmore Site] * [http://www.wpc2001.gov.sk.ca/newsrel/releases/2006/05/24-415.html Koyo #06-415 - SASKATCHEWAN YA JININ $30 MILYAN A CIKIN SABABBIN ...]{{Dead link|date=July 2017}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070304043923/http://www.saskatoon.ca/org/city_planning/zam_maps/index.asp Birnin Saskatoon Birnin Saskatoon · Sassan · Ayyukan Al'umma · Tsare-tsaren Gari · Taswirorin ZAM] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071201065317/http://www.saskatoon.ca/org/city_planning/resources/populace_newsletter/Populace_Spring_2006.pdf Yawan Jama'a 2006] j0599qc0zilssqk6jkcuwttc5tllo49 0 35708 873908 429740 2026-07-01T22:06:20Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 873908 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} * Kat Alano (an haife shi a shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da biyar 1985), samfurin Anglo-Filipino, dan wasan kwaikwayo, kuma mai gabatar da talabijin / VJ a cikin Philippines Kat Ashley (c1502-1565), mulki ga Sarauniya Elizabeth I Kat Bjelland (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da ukku 1963), mawakin Amurka Kat Blaque (an haifi a shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in 1990), YouTuber Ba'amurke, mai fafutuka, kuma mai fasaha Kat Cressida (an haife ta a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da takwas 1968), 'yar wasan Amurka Kat DeLuna (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da bakwai 1987), mawaka-mawakiya Kat Foster (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in da takwas 1978), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Amurka Kat Graham (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da tara 1989), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Ba'amurke, mawaka, mai shirya rikodi, dan rawa, kuma abin kira. Kat Stewart (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da ɗari tara da saba'in da biyu 1972), 'yar wasan Australia Kat Swift (fl. 2008), dan siyasan Amurka kuma dan gwagwarmaya Karl-Anthony Towns (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da biyar 1995) shi ne dan wasan kwallon kwando na Amurka Kat Von D (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da biyu 1982), dan wasan tattoo The Great Kat, mace mafi sauri a duniya Kat Dennings, sunan mataki na 'yar wasan Amurka Katherine Victoria Litwack (an haifi a shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da shida 1986) Kat, sunan mataki na Stacy Carter (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in 1970), tsohon kwararren kwararren kokawahaife shi 1985), kirar Anglo-Filipino, dan wasan kwaikwayo, kuma mai gabatar da talabijin / VJ a cikin Philippines * Kat Ashley (c1502-1565), mulki ga Sarauniya Elizabeth I * Kat Bjelland (an haife shi a shekara ta 1963), Mawakin Amurka * Kat Blaque (an haifi 1990), YouTuber Ba'amurke, mai fafutuka, kuma mai fasaha * Kat Cressida (an haife ta a shekara ta 1968), 'yar wasan Amurka * Kat DeLuna (an haife shi a shekara ta 1987), mawaka-mawakiya * Kat Foster (an haife shi a shekara ta 1978), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Amurka * Kat Graham (an haife shi a shekara ta 1989), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Ba'amurke, mawaka, mai shirya rikodi, dan rawa, kuma abin kira. * Kat Stewart (an haife shi a shekara ta 1972), 'yar wasan Australia * Kat Swift (fl. 2008), dan siyasan Amurka kuma dan gwagwarmaya * Karl-Anthony Towns (an haife shi a shekara ta 1995), dan wasan kwallon kwando na Amurka * Kat Von D (an haife shi a shekara ta 1982), dan wasan tattoo * The Great Kat, mace mafi sauri a duniya * Kat Dennings, sunan mataki na 'yar wasan Amurka Katherine Victoria Litwack (an haife ta a shekara ta 1986) * The Kat, mataki sunan Stacy Carter (an haife shi 1970), tsohon kwararren kokawa hali == Haruffa na almara == ks57pjtcmse2sldlwwbt2ni9zr272dz 873911 873908 2026-07-01T22:06:57Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 873911 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} * Kat Alano (an haife shi a shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da biyar 1985), samfurin Anglo-Filipino, dan wasan kwaikwayo, kuma mai gabatar da talabijin / VJ a cikin Philippines Kat Ashley (c1502-1565), mulki ga Sarauniya Elizabeth I Kat Bjelland (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da ukku 1963), mawakin Amurka Kat Blaque (an haifi a shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in 1990), YouTuber Ba'amurke, mai fafutuka, kuma mai fasaha Kat Cressida (an haife ta a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da takwas 1968), 'yar wasan Amurka Kat DeLuna (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da bakwai 1987), mawaka-mawakiya Kat Foster (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in da takwas 1978), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Amurka Kat Graham (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da tara 1989), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Ba'amurke, mawaka, mai shirya rikodi, dan rawa, kuma abin kira. Kat Stewart (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da ɗari tara da saba'in da biyu 1972), 'yar wasan Australia Kat Swift (fl. 2008), dan siyasan Amurka kuma dan gwagwarmaya Karl-Anthony Towns (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da biyar 1995) shi ne dan wasan kwallon kwando na Amurka Kat Von D (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da biyu 1982), dan wasan tattoo The Great Kat, mace mafi sauri a duniya Kat Dennings, sunan mataki na 'yar wasan Amurka Katherine Victoria Litwack (an haifi a shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da shida 1986) Kat, sunan mataki na Stacy Carter (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in 1970), tsohon kwararren kwararren kokawahaife shi 1985), kirar Anglo-Filipino, dan wasan kwaikwayo, kuma mai gabatar da talabijin / VJ a cikin Philippines * Kat Ashley (c1502-1565), mulki ga Sarauniya Elizabeth I * Kat Bjelland (an haife shi a shekara ta 1963), Mawakin Amurka * Kat Blaque (an haifi 1990), YouTuber Ba'amurke, mai fafutuka, kuma mai fasaha * Kat Cressida (an haife ta a shekara ta 1968), 'yar wasan Amurka * Kat DeLuna (an haife shi a shekara ta 1987), mawaka-mawakiya * Kat Foster (an haife shi a shekara ta 1978), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Amurka * Kat Graham (an haife shi a shekara ta 1989), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Ba'amurke, mawaka, mai shirya rikodi, dan rawa, kuma abin kira. * Kat Stewart (an haife shi a shekara ta 1972), 'yar wasan Australia * Kat Swift (fl. 2008), ɗan siyasan Amurka kuma dan gwagwarmaya * Karl-Anthony Towns (an haife shi a shekara ta 1995), dan wasan kwallon kwando na Amurka * Kat Von D (an haife shi a shekara ta 1982), dan wasan tattoo * The Great Kat, mace mafi sauri a duniya * Kat Dennings, sunan mataki na 'yar wasan Amurka Katherine Victoria Litwack (an haife ta a shekara ta 1986) * The Kat, mataki sunan Stacy Carter (an haife shi 1970), tsohon kwararren kokawa hali == Haruffa na almara == ruulfo8w10pk0v87rr5zasam2o8q9tt 873913 873911 2026-07-01T22:07:37Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 873913 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} * Kat Alano (an haife shi a shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da biyar 1985), samfurin Anglo-Filipino, dan wasan kwaikwayo, kuma mai gabatar da talabijin / VJ a cikin Philippines Kat Ashley (c1502-1565), mulki ga Sarauniya Elizabeth I Kat Bjelland (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da ukku 1963), mawakin Amurka Kat Blaque (an haifi a shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in 1990), YouTuber Ba'amurke, mai fafutuka, kuma mai fasaha Kat Cressida (an haife ta a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da takwas 1968), 'yar wasan Amurka Kat DeLuna (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da bakwai 1987), mawaka-mawakiya Kat Foster (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in da takwas 1978), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Amurka Kat Graham (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da tara 1989), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Ba'amurke, mawaka, mai shirya rikodi, dan rawa, kuma abin kira. Kat Stewart (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da ɗari tara da saba'in da biyu 1972), 'yar wasan Australia Kat Swift (fl. 2008), dan siyasan Amurka kuma dan gwagwarmaya Karl-Anthony Towns (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da biyar 1995) shi ne dan wasan kwallon kwando na Amurka Kat Von D (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da biyu 1982), dan wasan tattoo The Great Kat, mace mafi sauri a duniya Kat Dennings, sunan mataki na 'yar wasan Amurka Katherine Victoria Litwack (an haifi a shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da shida 1986) Kat, sunan mataki na Stacy Carter (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in 1970), tsohon kwararren kwararren kokawahaife shi 1985), kirar Anglo-Filipino, dan wasan kwaikwayo, kuma mai gabatar da talabijin / VJ a cikin Philippines * Kat Ashley (c1502-1565), mulki ga Sarauniya Elizabeth I * Kat Bjelland (an haife shi a shekara ta 1963), Mawakin Amurka * Kat Blaque (an haifi 1990), YouTuber Ba'amurke, mai fafutuka, kuma mai fasaha * Kat Cressida (an haife ta a shekara ta 1968), 'yar wasan Amurka * Kat DeLuna (an haife shi a shekara ta 1987), mawaka-mawakiya * Kat Foster (an haife shi a shekara ta 1978), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Amurka * Kat Graham (an haife shi a shekara ta 1989), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Ba'amurke, mawaka, mai shirya rikodi, dan rawa, kuma abin kira. * Kat Stewart (an haife shi a shekara ta 1972), 'yar wasan Australia * Kat Swift (fl. 2008), ɗan siyasan Amurka kuma ɗan gwagwarmaya * Karl-Anthony Towns (an haife shi a shekara ta 1995), dan wasan kwallon kwando na Amurka * Kat Von D (an haife shi a shekara ta 1982), dan wasan tattoo * The Great Kat, mace mafi sauri a duniya * Kat Dennings, sunan mataki na 'yar wasan Amurka Katherine Victoria Litwack (an haife ta a shekara ta 1986) * The Kat, mataki sunan Stacy Carter (an haife shi 1970), tsohon kwararren kokawa hali == Haruffa na almara == 4bxew4cou09tw0bh1gs663zo4w7bi4q 873914 873913 2026-07-01T22:08:17Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 873914 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} * Kat Alano (an haife shi a shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da biyar 1985), samfurin Anglo-Filipino, dan wasan kwaikwayo, kuma mai gabatar da talabijin / VJ a cikin Philippines Kat Ashley (c1502-1565), mulki ga Sarauniya Elizabeth I Kat Bjelland (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da ukku 1963), mawakin Amurka Kat Blaque (an haifi a shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in 1990), YouTuber Ba'amurke, mai fafutuka, kuma mai fasaha Kat Cressida (an haife ta a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da takwas 1968), 'yar wasan Amurka Kat DeLuna (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da bakwai 1987), mawaka-mawakiya Kat Foster (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in da takwas 1978), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Amurka Kat Graham (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da tara 1989), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Ba'amurke, mawaka, mai shirya rikodi, dan rawa, kuma abin kira. Kat Stewart (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da ɗari tara da saba'in da biyu 1972), 'yar wasan Australia Kat Swift (fl. 2008), dan siyasan Amurka kuma dan gwagwarmaya Karl-Anthony Towns (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da biyar 1995) shi ne dan wasan kwallon kwando na Amurka Kat Von D (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da biyu 1982), dan wasan tattoo The Great Kat, mace mafi sauri a duniya Kat Dennings, sunan mataki na 'yar wasan Amurka Katherine Victoria Litwack (an haifi a shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da shida 1986) Kat, sunan mataki na Stacy Carter (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da ɗari tara da saba'in 1970), tsohon kwararren kwararren kokawahaife shi 1985), kirar Anglo-Filipino, dan wasan kwaikwayo, kuma mai gabatar da talabijin / VJ a cikin Philippines * Kat Ashley (c1502-1565), mulki ga Sarauniya Elizabeth I * Kat Bjelland (an haife shi a shekara ta 1963), Mawakin Amurka * Kat Blaque (an haifi 1990), YouTuber Ba'amurke, mai fafutuka, kuma mai fasaha * Kat Cressida (an haife ta a shekara ta 1968), 'yar wasan Amurka * Kat DeLuna (an haife shi a shekara ta 1987), mawaka-mawakiya * Kat Foster (an haife shi a shekara ta 1978), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Amurka * Kat Graham (an haife shi a shekara ta 1989), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Ba'amurke, mawaka, mai shirya rikodi, dan rawa, kuma abin kira. * Kat Stewart (an haife shi a shekara ta 1972), 'yar wasan Australia * Kat Swift (fl. 2008), ɗan siyasan Amurka kuma ɗan gwagwarmaya * Karl-Anthony Towns (an haife shi a shekara ta 1995), dan wasan kwallon kwando na Amurka * Kat Von D (an haife shi a shekara ta 1982), dan wasan tattoo * The Great Kat, mace mafi sauri a duniya * Kat Dennings, sunan mataki na 'yar wasan Amurka Katherine Victoria Litwack (an haife ta a shekara ta 1986) * The Kat, mataki sunan Stacy Carter (an haife shi 1970), tsohon kwararren kokawa hali == Haruffa na almara == szf5925tj31h65q28m42fkab2e27bg0 873917 873914 2026-07-01T22:09:19Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 873917 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} * Kat Alano (an haife shi a shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da biyar 1985), samfurin Anglo-Filipino, dan wasan kwaikwayo, kuma mai gabatar da talabijin / VJ a cikin Philippines Kat Ashley (c1502-1565), mulki ga Sarauniya Elizabeth I Kat Bjelland (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da ukku 1963), mawakin Amurka Kat Blaque (an haifi a shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in 1990), YouTuber Ba'amurke, mai fafutuka, kuma mai fasaha Kat Cressida (an haife ta a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da takwas 1968), 'yar wasan Amurka Kat DeLuna (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da bakwai 1987), mawaka-mawakiya Kat Foster (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in da takwas 1978), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Amurka Kat Graham (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da tara 1989), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Ba'amurke, mawaka, mai shirya rikodi, dan rawa, kuma abin kira. Kat Stewart (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da ɗari tara da saba'in da biyu 1972), 'yar wasan Australia Kat Swift (fl. 2008), dan siyasan Amurka kuma dan gwagwarmaya Karl-Anthony Towns (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da biyar 1995) shi ne dan wasan kwallon kwando na Amurka Kat Von D (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da biyu 1982), dan wasan tattoo The Great Kat, mace mafi sauri a duniya Kat Dennings, sunan mataki na 'yar wasan Amurka Katherine Victoria Litwack (an haifi a shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da shida 1986) Kat, sunan mataki na Stacy Carter (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da ɗari tara da saba'in 1970), tsohon kwararren kwararren kokawahaife shi 1985), kirar Anglo-Filipino, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, kuma mai gabatar da talabijin / VJ a cikin Philippines * Kat Ashley (c1502-1565), mulki ga Sarauniya Elizabeth I * Kat Bjelland (an haife shi a shekara ta 1963), Mawakin Amurka * Kat Blaque (an haifi 1990), YouTuber Ba'amurke, mai fafutuka, kuma mai fasaha * Kat Cressida (an haife ta a shekara ta 1968), 'yar wasan Amurka * Kat DeLuna (an haife shi a shekara ta 1987), mawaka-mawakiya * Kat Foster (an haife shi a shekara ta 1978), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Amurka * Kat Graham (an haife shi a shekara ta 1989), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Ba'amurke, mawaka, mai shirya rikodi, dan rawa, kuma abin kira. * Kat Stewart (an haife shi a shekara ta 1972), 'yar wasan Australia * Kat Swift (fl. 2008), ɗan siyasan Amurka kuma ɗan gwagwarmaya * Karl-Anthony Towns (an haife shi a shekara ta 1995), dan wasan kwallon kwando na Amurka * Kat Von D (an haife shi a shekara ta 1982), dan wasan tattoo * The Great Kat, mace mafi sauri a duniya * Kat Dennings, sunan mataki na 'yar wasan Amurka Katherine Victoria Litwack (an haife ta a shekara ta 1986) * The Kat, mataki sunan Stacy Carter (an haife shi 1970), tsohon kwararren kokawa hali == Haruffa na almara == 35dwajykhnwj161av6g4lgxfkpf1cov 873918 873917 2026-07-01T22:10:00Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 873918 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} * Kat Alano (an haife shi a shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da biyar 1985), samfurin Anglo-Filipino, dan wasan kwaikwayo, kuma mai gabatar da talabijin / VJ a cikin Philippines Kat Ashley (c1502-1565), mulki ga Sarauniya Elizabeth I Kat Bjelland (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da ukku 1963), mawakin Amurka Kat Blaque (an haifi a shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in 1990), YouTuber Ba'amurke, mai fafutuka, kuma mai fasaha Kat Cressida (an haife ta a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da takwas 1968), 'yar wasan Amurka Kat DeLuna (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da bakwai 1987), mawaka-mawakiya Kat Foster (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in da takwas 1978), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Amurka Kat Graham (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da tara 1989), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Ba'amurke, mawaka, mai shirya rikodi, dan rawa, kuma abin kira. Kat Stewart (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da ɗari tara da saba'in da biyu 1972), 'yar wasan Australia Kat Swift (fl. 2008), dan siyasan Amurka kuma dan gwagwarmaya Karl-Anthony Towns (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu ɗaya da dari tara da casa'in da biyar 1995) shi ne dan wasan kwallon kwando na Amurka Kat Von D (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da biyu 1982), dan wasan tattoo The Great Kat, mace mafi sauri a duniya Kat Dennings, sunan mataki na 'yar wasan Amurka Katherine Victoria Litwack (an haifi a shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da shida 1986) Kat, sunan mataki na Stacy Carter (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da ɗari tara da saba'in 1970), tsohon kwararren kwararren kokawahaife shi 1985), kirar Anglo-Filipino, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, kuma mai gabatar da talabijin / VJ a cikin Philippines * Kat Ashley (c1502-1565), mulki ga Sarauniya Elizabeth I * Kat Bjelland (an haife shi a shekara ta 1963), Mawakin Amurka * Kat Blaque (an haifi 1990), YouTuber Ba'amurke, mai fafutuka, kuma mai fasaha * Kat Cressida (an haife ta a shekara ta 1968), 'yar wasan Amurka * Kat DeLuna (an haife shi a shekara ta 1987), mawaka-mawakiya * Kat Foster (an haife shi a shekara ta 1978), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Amurka * Kat Graham (an haife shi a shekara ta 1989), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Ba'amurke, mawaka, mai shirya rikodi, dan rawa, kuma abin kira. * Kat Stewart (an haife shi a shekara ta 1972), 'yar wasan Australia * Kat Swift (fl. 2008), ɗan siyasan Amurka kuma ɗan gwagwarmaya * Karl-Anthony Towns (an haife shi a shekara ta 1995), dan wasan kwallon kwando na Amurka * Kat Von D (an haife shi a shekara ta 1982), dan wasan tattoo * The Great Kat, mace mafi sauri a duniya * Kat Dennings, sunan mataki na 'yar wasan Amurka Katherine Victoria Litwack (an haife ta a shekara ta 1986) * The Kat, mataki sunan Stacy Carter (an haife shi 1970), tsohon kwararren kokawa hali == Haruffa na almara == nyspirrq7cup0k2v2uq4mpmy6ne20l3 873919 873918 2026-07-01T22:10:53Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 873919 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} * Kat Alano (an haife shi a shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da biyar 1985), samfurin Anglo-Filipino, dan wasan kwaikwayo, kuma mai gabatar da talabijin / VJ a cikin Philippines Kat Ashley (c1502-1565), mulki ga Sarauniya Elizabeth I Kat Bjelland (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da ukku 1963), mawakin Amurka Kat Blaque (an haifi a shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in 1990), YouTuber Ba'amurke, mai fafutuka, kuma mai fasaha Kat Cressida (an haife ta a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da takwas 1968), 'yar wasan Amurka Kat DeLuna (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da bakwai 1987), mawaka-mawakiya Kat Foster (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in da takwas 1978), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Amurka Kat Graham (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da tara 1989), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Ba'amurke, mawaka, mai shirya rikodi, dan rawa, kuma abin kira. Kat Stewart (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da ɗari tara da saba'in da biyu 1972), 'yar wasan Australia Kat Swift (fl. 2008), dan siyasan Amurka kuma dan gwagwarmaya Karl-Anthony Towns (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da casa'in da biyar 1995) shi ne dan wasan kwallon kwando na Amurka Kat Von D (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da biyu 1982), dan wasan tattoo The Great Kat, mace mafi sauri a duniya Kat Dennings, sunan mataki na 'yar wasan Amurka Katherine Victoria Litwack (an haifi a shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da shida 1986) Kat, sunan mataki na Stacy Carter (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da ɗari tara da saba'in 1970), tsohon kwararren kwararren kokawahaife shi 1985), kirar Anglo-Filipino, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, kuma mai gabatar da talabijin / VJ a cikin Philippines * Kat Ashley (c1502-1565), mulki ga Sarauniya Elizabeth I * Kat Bjelland (an haife shi a shekara ta 1963), Mawakin Amurka * Kat Blaque (an haifi 1990), YouTuber Ba'amurke, mai fafutuka, kuma mai fasaha * Kat Cressida (an haife ta a shekara ta 1968), 'yar wasan Amurka * Kat DeLuna (an haife shi a shekara ta 1987), mawaka-mawakiya * Kat Foster (an haife shi a shekara ta 1978), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Amurka * Kat Graham (an haife shi a shekara ta 1989), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Ba'amurke, mawaka, mai shirya rikodi, dan rawa, kuma abin kira. * Kat Stewart (an haife shi a shekara ta 1972), 'yar wasan Australia * Kat Swift (fl. 2008), ɗan siyasan Amurka kuma ɗan gwagwarmaya * Karl-Anthony Towns (an haife shi a shekara ta 1995), dan wasan kwallon kwando na Amurka * Kat Von D (an haife shi a shekara ta 1982), dan wasan tattoo * The Great Kat, mace mafi sauri a duniya * Kat Dennings, sunan mataki na 'yar wasan Amurka Katherine Victoria Litwack (an haife ta a shekara ta 1986) * The Kat, mataki sunan Stacy Carter (an haife shi 1970), tsohon kwararren kokawa hali == Haruffa na almara == 7p69o30wqys9lgn9au8ej43sb50m7lm 873920 873919 2026-07-01T22:11:21Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 873920 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} * Kat Alano (an haife shi a shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da biyar 1985), samfurin Anglo-Filipino, dan wasan kwaikwayo, kuma mai gabatar da talabijin / VJ a cikin Philippines Kat Ashley (c1502-1565), mulki ga Sarauniya Elizabeth I Kat Bjelland (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da ukku 1963), mawakin Amurka Kat Blaque (an haifi a shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in 1990), YouTuber Ba'amurke, mai fafutuka, kuma mai fasaha Kat Cressida (an haife ta a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da takwas 1968), 'yar wasan Amurka Kat DeLuna (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da bakwai 1987), mawaka-mawakiya Kat Foster (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in da takwas 1978), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Amurka Kat Graham (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da tara 1989), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Ba'amurke, mawaka, mai shirya rikodi, dan rawa, kuma abin kira. Kat Stewart (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da ɗari tara da saba'in da biyu 1972), 'yar wasan Australia Kat Swift (fl. 2008), dan siyasan Amurka kuma dan gwagwarmaya Karl-Anthony Towns (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da casa'in da biyar 1995) shi ne dan wasan kwallon kwando na Amurka Kat Von D (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu ɗaya da dari tara da tamanin da biyu 1982), dan wasan tattoo The Great Kat, mace mafi sauri a duniya Kat Dennings, sunan mataki na 'yar wasan Amurka Katherine Victoria Litwack (an haifi a shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da shida 1986) Kat, sunan mataki na Stacy Carter (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da ɗari tara da saba'in 1970), tsohon kwararren kwararren kokawahaife shi 1985), kirar Anglo-Filipino, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, kuma mai gabatar da talabijin / VJ a cikin Philippines * Kat Ashley (c1502-1565), mulki ga Sarauniya Elizabeth I * Kat Bjelland (an haife shi a shekara ta 1963), Mawakin Amurka * Kat Blaque (an haifi 1990), YouTuber Ba'amurke, mai fafutuka, kuma mai fasaha * Kat Cressida (an haife ta a shekara ta 1968), 'yar wasan Amurka * Kat DeLuna (an haife shi a shekara ta 1987), mawaka-mawakiya * Kat Foster (an haife shi a shekara ta 1978), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Amurka * Kat Graham (an haife shi a shekara ta 1989), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Ba'amurke, mawaka, mai shirya rikodi, dan rawa, kuma abin kira. * Kat Stewart (an haife shi a shekara ta 1972), 'yar wasan Australia * Kat Swift (fl. 2008), ɗan siyasan Amurka kuma ɗan gwagwarmaya * Karl-Anthony Towns (an haife shi a shekara ta 1995), dan wasan kwallon kwando na Amurka * Kat Von D (an haife shi a shekara ta 1982), dan wasan tattoo * The Great Kat, mace mafi sauri a duniya * Kat Dennings, sunan mataki na 'yar wasan Amurka Katherine Victoria Litwack (an haife ta a shekara ta 1986) * The Kat, mataki sunan Stacy Carter (an haife shi 1970), tsohon kwararren kokawa hali == Haruffa na almara == psnzoykp5aj3hlh58w33mk6rkuvvq4s 874204 873920 2026-07-02T09:05:32Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 874204 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} * Kat Alano (an haife shi a shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da biyar 1985), samfurin Anglo-Filipino, dan wasan kwaikwayo, kuma mai gabatar da talabijin / VJ a cikin Philippines Kat Ashley (c1502-1565), mulki ga Sarauniya Elizabeth I Kat Bjelland (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da ukku 1963), mawakin Amurka Kat Blaque (an haifi a shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in 1990), YouTuber Ba'amurke, mai fafutuka, kuma mai fasaha Kat Cressida (an haife ta a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da takwas 1968), 'yar wasan Amurka Kat DeLuna (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da bakwai 1987), mawaka-mawakiya Kat Foster (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in da takwas 1978), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Amurka Kat Graham (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da tara 1989), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Ba'amurke, mawaka, mai shirya rikodi, dan rawa, kuma abin kira. Kat Stewart (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da ɗari tara da saba'in da biyu 1972), 'yar wasan Australia Kat Swift (fl. 2008), dan siyasan Amurka kuma dan gwagwarmaya Karl-Anthony Towns (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da casa'in da biyar 1995) shi ne dan wasan kwallon kwando na Amurka Kat Von D (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu ɗaya da dari tara da tamanin da biyu 1982), dan wasan tattoo The Great Kat, mace mafi sauri a duniya Kat Dennings, sunan mataki na 'yar wasan Amurka Katherine Victoria Litwack (an haifi a shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da shida 1986) Kat, sunan mataki na Stacy Carter (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da ɗari tara da saba'in 1970), tsohon kwararren kwararren kokawahaife shi 1985), kirar Anglo-Filipino, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, kuma mai gabatar da talabijin / VJ a cikin Philippines * Kat Ashley (c1502-1565), mulki ga Sarauniya Elizabeth I * Kat Bjelland (an haife shi a shekara ta 1963), Mawakin Amurka * Kat Blaque (an haifi 1990), YouTuber Ba'amurke, mai fafutuka, kuma mai fasaha * Kat Cressida (an haife ta a shekara ta 1968), 'yar wasan Amurka * Kat DeLuna (an haife shi a shekara ta 1987), mawaƙa-mawakiya * Kat Foster (an haife shi a shekara ta 1978), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Amurka * Kat Graham (an haife shi a shekara ta 1989), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Ba'amurke, mawaka, mai shirya rikodi, dan rawa, kuma abin kira. * Kat Stewart (an haife shi a shekara ta 1972), 'yar wasan Australia * Kat Swift (fl. 2008), ɗan siyasan Amurka kuma ɗan gwagwarmaya * Karl-Anthony Towns (an haife shi a shekara ta 1995), dan wasan kwallon kwando na Amurka * Kat Von D (an haife shi a shekara ta 1982), dan wasan tattoo * The Great Kat, mace mafi sauri a duniya * Kat Dennings, sunan mataki na 'yar wasan Amurka Katherine Victoria Litwack (an haife ta a shekara ta 1986) * The Kat, mataki sunan Stacy Carter (an haife shi 1970), tsohon kwararren kokawa hali == Haruffa na almara == izlorp8rwlmokmy61vgts446okrwq1c 874205 874204 2026-07-02T09:06:15Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 874205 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} * Kat Alano (an haife shi a shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da biyar 1985), samfurin Anglo-Filipino, dan wasan kwaikwayo, kuma mai gabatar da talabijin / VJ a cikin Philippines Kat Ashley (c1502-1565), mulki ga Sarauniya Elizabeth I Kat Bjelland (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da ukku 1963), mawakin Amurka Kat Blaque (an haifi a shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in 1990), YouTuber Ba'amurke, mai fafutuka, kuma mai fasaha Kat Cressida (an haife ta a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da takwas 1968), 'yar wasan Amurka Kat DeLuna (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da bakwai 1987), mawaka-mawakiya Kat Foster (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in da takwas 1978), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Amurka Kat Graham (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da tara 1989), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Ba'amurke, mawaka, mai shirya rikodi, dan rawa, kuma abin kira. Kat Stewart (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da ɗari tara da saba'in da biyu 1972), 'yar wasan Australia Kat Swift (fl. 2008), dan siyasan Amurka kuma dan gwagwarmaya Karl-Anthony Towns (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da casa'in da biyar 1995) shi ne dan wasan kwallon kwando na Amurka Kat Von D (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu ɗaya da dari tara da tamanin da biyu 1982), dan wasan tattoo The Great Kat, mace mafi sauri a duniya Kat Dennings, sunan mataki na 'yar wasan Amurka Katherine Victoria Litwack (an haifi a shekarar alif dubu ɗaya da dari tara da tamanin da shida 1986) Kat, sunan mataki na Stacy Carter (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da ɗari tara da saba'in 1970), tsohon kwararren kwararren kokawahaife shi 1985), kirar Anglo-Filipino, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, kuma mai gabatar da talabijin / VJ a cikin Philippines * Kat Ashley (c1502-1565), mulki ga Sarauniya Elizabeth I * Kat Bjelland (an haife shi a shekara ta 1963), Mawakin Amurka * Kat Blaque (an haifi 1990), YouTuber Ba'amurke, mai fafutuka, kuma mai fasaha * Kat Cressida (an haife ta a shekara ta 1968), 'yar wasan Amurka * Kat DeLuna (an haife shi a shekara ta 1987), mawaƙa-mawakiya * Kat Foster (an haife shi a shekara ta 1978), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Amurka * Kat Graham (an haife shi a shekara ta 1989), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Ba'amurke, mawaka, mai shirya rikodi, dan rawa, kuma abin kira. * Kat Stewart (an haife shi a shekara ta 1972), 'yar wasan Australia * Kat Swift (fl. 2008), ɗan siyasan Amurka kuma ɗan gwagwarmaya * Karl-Anthony Towns (an haife shi a shekara ta 1995), dan wasan kwallon kwando na Amurka * Kat Von D (an haife shi a shekara ta 1982), dan wasan tattoo * The Great Kat, mace mafi sauri a duniya * Kat Dennings, sunan mataki na 'yar wasan Amurka Katherine Victoria Litwack (an haife ta a shekara ta 1986) * The Kat, mataki sunan Stacy Carter (an haife shi 1970), tsohon kwararren kokawa hali == Haruffa na almara == 9e9270s1kmxzk7z6l4zfjl13lkzshhp 874207 874205 2026-07-02T09:06:53Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 874207 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} * Kat Alano (an haife shi a shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da biyar 1985), samfurin Anglo-Filipino, dan wasan kwaikwayo, kuma mai gabatar da talabijin / VJ a cikin Philippines Kat Ashley (c1502-1565), mulki ga Sarauniya Elizabeth I Kat Bjelland (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da ukku 1963), mawakin Amurka Kat Blaque (an haifi a shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in 1990), YouTuber Ba'amurke, mai fafutuka, kuma mai fasaha Kat Cressida (an haife ta a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da takwas 1968), 'yar wasan Amurka Kat DeLuna (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da bakwai 1987), mawaka-mawakiya Kat Foster (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in da takwas 1978), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Amurka Kat Graham (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da tara 1989), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Ba'amurke, mawaka, mai shirya rikodi, dan rawa, kuma abin kira. Kat Stewart (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da ɗari tara da saba'in da biyu 1972), 'yar wasan Australia Kat Swift (fl. 2008), ɗan siyasan Amurka kuma dan gwagwarmaya Karl-Anthony Towns (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da casa'in da biyar 1995) shi ne dan wasan kwallon kwando na Amurka Kat Von D (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu ɗaya da dari tara da tamanin da biyu 1982), dan wasan tattoo The Great Kat, mace mafi sauri a duniya Kat Dennings, sunan mataki na 'yar wasan Amurka Katherine Victoria Litwack (an haifi a shekarar alif dubu ɗaya da dari tara da tamanin da shida 1986) Kat, sunan mataki na Stacy Carter (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da ɗari tara da saba'in 1970), tsohon kwararren kwararren kokawahaife shi 1985), kirar Anglo-Filipino, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, kuma mai gabatar da talabijin / VJ a cikin Philippines * Kat Ashley (c1502-1565), mulki ga Sarauniya Elizabeth I * Kat Bjelland (an haife shi a shekara ta 1963), Mawakin Amurka * Kat Blaque (an haifi 1990), YouTuber Ba'amurke, mai fafutuka, kuma mai fasaha * Kat Cressida (an haife ta a shekara ta 1968), 'yar wasan Amurka * Kat DeLuna (an haife shi a shekara ta 1987), mawaƙa-mawakiya * Kat Foster (an haife shi a shekara ta 1978), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Amurka * Kat Graham (an haife shi a shekara ta 1989), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Ba'amurke, mawaka, mai shirya rikodi, dan rawa, kuma abin kira. * Kat Stewart (an haife shi a shekara ta 1972), 'yar wasan Australia * Kat Swift (fl. 2008), ɗan siyasan Amurka kuma ɗan gwagwarmaya * Karl-Anthony Towns (an haife shi a shekara ta 1995), dan wasan kwallon kwando na Amurka * Kat Von D (an haife shi a shekara ta 1982), dan wasan tattoo * The Great Kat, mace mafi sauri a duniya * Kat Dennings, sunan mataki na 'yar wasan Amurka Katherine Victoria Litwack (an haife ta a shekara ta 1986) * The Kat, mataki sunan Stacy Carter (an haife shi 1970), tsohon kwararren kokawa hali == Haruffa na almara == r5ht0539td772g8lecv3860ud75o3vp 874210 874207 2026-07-02T09:08:34Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 874210 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} * Kat Alano (an haife shi a shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da biyar 1985), samfurin Anglo-Filipino, dan wasan kwaikwayo, kuma mai gabatar da talabijin / VJ a cikin Philippines Kat Ashley (c1502-1565), mulki ga Sarauniya Elizabeth I Kat Bjelland (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da ukku 1963), mawakin Amurka Kat Blaque (an haifi a shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in 1990), YouTuber Ba'amurke, mai fafutuka, kuma mai fasaha Kat Cressida (an haife ta a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da takwas 1968), 'yar wasan Amurka Kat DeLuna (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da bakwai 1987), mawaka-mawakiya Kat Foster (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in da takwas 1978), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Amurka Kat Graham (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da tara 1989), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Ba'amurke, mawaka, mai shirya rikodi, dan rawa, kuma abin kira. Kat Stewart (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da ɗari tara da saba'in da biyu 1972), 'yar wasan Australia Kat Swift (fl. 2008), ɗan siyasan Amurka kuma dan gwagwarmaya Karl-Anthony Towns (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da casa'in da biyar 1995) shi ne dan wasan kwallon kwando na Amurka Kat Von D (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu ɗaya da dari tara da tamanin da biyu 1982), dan wasan tattoo The Great Kat, mace mafi sauri a duniya Kat Dennings, sunan mataki na 'yar wasan Amurka Katherine Victoria Litwack (an haifi a shekarar alif dubu ɗaya da dari tara da tamanin da shida 1986) Kat, sunan mataki na Stacy Carter (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da ɗari tara da saba'in 1970), tsohon kwararren kwararren kokawahaife shi 1985), kirar Anglo-Filipino, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, kuma mai gabatar da talabijin / VJ a cikin Philippines * Kat Ashley (c1502-1565), mulki ga Sarauniya Elizabeth I * Kat Bjelland (an haife shi a shekara ta 1963), Mawakin Amurka * Kat Blaque (an haifi 1990), YouTuber Ba'amurke, mai fafutuka, kuma mai fasaha * Kat Cressida (an haife ta a shekara ta 1968), 'yar wasan Amurka * Kat DeLuna (an haife shi a shekara ta 1987), mawaƙa-mawakiya * Kat Foster (an haife shi a shekara ta 1978), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Amurka * Kat Graham (an haife shi a shekara ta 1989), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Ba'amurke, mawaka, mai shirya rikodi, dan rawa, kuma abin kira. * Kat Stewart (an haife shi a shekara ta 1972), 'yar wasan Australia * Kat Swift (fl. 2008), ɗan siyasan Amurka kuma ɗan gwagwarmaya * Karl-Anthony Towns (an haife shi a shekara ta 1995), dan wasan kwallon kwando ne Amurka * Kat Von D (an haife shi a shekara ta 1982), dan wasan tattoo * The Great Kat, mace mafi sauri a duniya * Kat Dennings, sunan mataki na 'yar wasan Amurka Katherine Victoria Litwack (an haife ta a shekara ta 1986) * The Kat, mataki sunan Stacy Carter (an haife shi 1970), tsohon kwararren kokawa hali == Haruffa na almara == ajlm3qzxk2yjk1eec5nkboay4up45pg 874241 874210 2026-07-02T09:32:59Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 874241 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} * Kat Alano (an haife shi a shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da biyar 1985), samfurin Anglo-Filipino, dan wasan kwaikwayo, kuma mai gabatar da talabijin / VJ a cikin Philippines Kat Ashley (c1502-1565), mulki ga Sarauniya Elizabeth I Kat Bjelland (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da ukku 1963), mawakin Amurka Kat Blaque (an haifi a shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in 1990), YouTuber Ba'amurke, mai fafutuka, kuma mai fasaha Kat Cressida (an haife ta a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da takwas 1968), 'yar wasan Amurka Kat DeLuna (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da bakwai 1987), mawaka-mawakiya Kat Foster (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in da takwas 1978), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Amurka Kat Graham (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da tara 1989), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Ba'amurke, mawaka, mai shirya rikodi, dan rawa, kuma abin kira. Kat Stewart (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da ɗari tara da saba'in da biyu 1972), 'yar wasan Australia Kat Swift (fl. 2008), ɗan siyasan Amurka kuma dan gwagwarmaya Karl-Anthony Towns (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da casa'in da biyar 1995) shi ne dan wasan kwallon kwando na Amurka Kat Von D (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu ɗaya da dari tara da tamanin da biyu 1982), dan wasan tattoo The Great Kat, mace mafi sauri a duniya Kat Dennings, sunan mataki na 'yar wasan Amurka Katherine Victoria Litwack (an haifi a shekarar alif dubu ɗaya da dari tara da tamanin da shida 1986) Kat, sunan mataki na Stacy Carter (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da ɗari tara da saba'in 1970), tsohon kwararren kwararren kokawahaife shi 1985), kirar Anglo-Filipino, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne, kuma mai gabatar da talabijin / VJ a cikin Philippines * Kat Ashley (c1502-1565), mulki ga Sarauniya Elizabeth I * Kat Bjelland (an haife shi a shekara ta 1963), Mawakin Amurka * Kat Blaque (an haifi 1990), YouTuber Ba'amurke, mai fafutuka, kuma mai fasaha * Kat Cressida (an haife ta a shekara ta 1968), 'yar wasan Amurka * Kat DeLuna (an haife shi a shekara ta 1987), mawaƙa-mawakiya * Kat Foster (an haife shi a shekara ta 1978), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Amurka * Kat Graham (an haife shi a shekara ta 1989), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Ba'amurke, mawaka, mai shirya rikodi, dan rawa, kuma abin kira. * Kat Stewart (an haife shi a shekara ta 1972), 'yar wasan Australia * Kat Swift (fl. 2008), ɗan siyasan Amurka kuma ɗan gwagwarmaya * Karl-Anthony Towns (an haife shi a shekara ta 1995), dan wasan kwallon kwando ne Amurka * Kat Von D (an haife shi a shekara ta 1982), dan wasan tattoo * The Great Kat, mace mafi sauri a duniya * Kat Dennings, sunan mataki na 'yar wasan Amurka Katherine Victoria Litwack (an haife ta a shekara ta 1986) * The Kat, mataki sunan Stacy Carter (an haife shi 1970), tsohon kwararren kokawa hali == Haruffa na almara == a5m8ebmljamhe466xwrrwx72qxrftts 874242 874241 2026-07-02T09:33:39Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 874242 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} * Kat Alano (an haife shi a shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da biyar 1985), samfurin Anglo-Filipino, dan wasan kwaikwayo, kuma mai gabatar da talabijin / VJ a cikin Philippines Kat Ashley (c1502-1565), mulki ga Sarauniya Elizabeth I Kat Bjelland (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da ukku 1963), mawakin Amurka Kat Blaque (an haifi a shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in 1990), YouTuber Ba'amurke, mai fafutuka, kuma mai fasaha Kat Cressida (an haife ta a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da takwas 1968), 'yar wasan Amurka Kat DeLuna (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da bakwai 1987), mawaka-mawakiya Kat Foster (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in da takwas 1978), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Amurka Kat Graham (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da tara 1989), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Ba'amurke, mawaka, mai shirya rikodi, dan rawa, kuma abin kira. Kat Stewart (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da ɗari tara da saba'in da biyu 1972), 'yar wasan Australia Kat Swift (fl. 2008), ɗan siyasan Amurka kuma dan gwagwarmaya Karl-Anthony Towns (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da casa'in da biyar 1995) shi ne dan wasan kwallon kwando na Amurka Kat Von D (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu ɗaya da dari tara da tamanin da biyu 1982), dan wasan tattoo The Great Kat, mace mafi sauri a duniya Kat Dennings, sunan mataki na 'yar wasan Amurka Katherine Victoria Litwack (an haifi a shekarar alif dubu ɗaya da dari tara da tamanin da shida 1986) Kat, sunan mataki na Stacy Carter (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da ɗari tara da saba'in 1970), tsohon kwararren kwararren kokawahaife shi 1985), kirar Anglo-Filipino, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne, kuma mai gabatar da talabijin / VJ a cikin Philippines * Kat Ashley (c1502-1565), mulki ga Sarauniya Elizabeth I * Kat Bjelland (an haife shi a shekara ta 1963), Mawakin Amurka * Kat Blaque (an haifi 1990), YouTuber Ba'amurke, mai fafutuka, kuma mai fasaha * Kat Cressida (an haife ta a shekara ta 1968), 'yar wasan Amurka * Kat DeLuna (an haife shi a shekara ta 1987), mawaƙa-mawakiya * Kat Foster (an haife shi a shekara ta 1978), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Amurka * Kat Graham (an haife shi a shekara ta 1989), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Ba'amurke, mawaka, mai shirya rikodi, dan rawa, kuma abin kira. * Kat Stewart (an haife shi a shekara ta 1972), 'yar wasan Australia * Kat Swift (fl. 2008), ɗan siyasan Amurka kuma ɗan gwagwarmaya * Karl-Anthony Towns (an haife shi a shekara ta 1995), dan wasan kwallon kwando ne Amurka * Kat Von D (an haife shi a shekara ta 1982), dan wasan tattoo * The Great Kat, mace mafi sauri a duniya * Kat Dennings, sunan mataki na 'yar wasan Amurka Katherine Victoria Litwack (an haife ta a shekara ta 1986) * The Kat, mataki sunan Stacy Carter (an haife shi 1970), tsohon kwararren kokawa hali == Haruffa na almara == p6xlkhg87bpd6f3zya9w4tafxccgyh9 874244 874242 2026-07-02T09:34:17Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 874244 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} * Kat Alano (an haife shi a shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da biyar 1985), samfurin Anglo-Filipino, dan wasan kwaikwayo, kuma mai gabatar da talabijin / VJ a cikin Philippines Kat Ashley (c1502-1565), mulki ga Sarauniya Elizabeth I Kat Bjelland (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da ukku 1963), mawakin Amurka Kat Blaque (an haifi a shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in 1990), YouTuber Ba'amurke, mai fafutuka, kuma mai fasaha Kat Cressida (an haife ta a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da takwas 1968), 'yar wasan Amurka Kat DeLuna (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da bakwai 1987), mawaka-mawakiya Kat Foster (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in da takwas 1978), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Amurka Kat Graham (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da tara 1989), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Ba'amurke, mawaka, mai shirya rikodi, dan rawa, kuma abin kira. Kat Stewart (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da ɗari tara da saba'in da biyu 1972), 'yar wasan Australia Kat Swift (fl. 2008), ɗan siyasan Amurka kuma dan gwagwarmaya Karl-Anthony Towns (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da casa'in da biyar 1995) shi ne dan wasan kwallon kwando na Amurka Kat Von D (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu ɗaya da dari tara da tamanin da biyu 1982), dan wasan tattoo The Great Kat, mace mafi sauri a duniya Kat Dennings, sunan mataki na 'yar wasan Amurka Katherine Victoria Litwack (an haifi a shekarar alif dubu ɗaya da dari tara da tamanin da shida 1986) Kat, sunan mataki na Stacy Carter (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da ɗari tara da saba'in 1970), tsohon kwararren kwararren kokawahaife shi 1985), kirar Anglo-Filipino, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne, kuma mai gabatar da talabijin / VJ a cikin Philippines * Kat Ashley (c1502-1565), mulki ga Sarauniya Elizabeth I * Kat Bjelland (an haife shi a shekara ta 1963), Mawakin Amurka * Kat Blaque (an haifi 1990), YouTuber Ba'amurke, mai fafutuka, kuma mai fasaha * Kat Cressida (an haife ta a shekara ta 1968), 'yar wasan Amurka * Kat DeLuna (an haife shi a shekara ta 1987), mawaƙa-mawakiya * Kat Foster (an haife shi a shekara ta 1978), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce a Amurka * Kat Graham (an haife shi a shekara ta 1989), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Ba'amurke, mawaka, mai shirya rikodi, dan rawa, kuma abin kira. * Kat Stewart (an haife shi a shekara ta 1972), 'yar wasan Australia * Kat Swift (fl. 2008), ɗan siyasan Amurka kuma ɗan gwagwarmaya * Karl-Anthony Towns (an haife shi a shekara ta 1995), dan wasan kwallon kwando ne Amurka * Kat Von D (an haife shi a shekara ta 1982), dan wasan tattoo * The Great Kat, mace mafi sauri a duniya * Kat Dennings, sunan mataki na 'yar wasan Amurka Katherine Victoria Litwack (an haife ta a shekara ta 1986) * The Kat, mataki sunan Stacy Carter (an haife shi 1970), tsohon kwararren kokawa hali == Haruffa na almara == oo1wz2sqt9xy6ehb9jszt0rvxk8r86n 0 37388 874085 558463 2026-07-02T05:29:52Z Ummeeterh 31568 874085 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} BOUD JAKD JI, '''Raouf Mustapha''' (An haife shi a shekarar 1930), a Blida, a kasar [[Algeria]]. == Karatu da aiki == Ecole Superieure de Commerce Algiers, shekarar alif 1951-54 (Diplome de l'Eeole Superieure de Commerce,1954), yayi counsellor Permanent Mission to the UN, New York USA,ba shekarar 1962 64, dan kungiyar Advisory Committee for Administrative and Budgetary Questions, UN, 1963-61, shugaba a International Organisations Department.Ministry of Foreign Affairs 1964-71..<ref>Africa who's who (2nd ed ed.). London: Africa Books Ltd. 1991. ISBN 0-903274-17-5. OCLC 24954393. {{cite book}}: p.p,324.381|edition= has extra text (help)</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 4f9oyrkrk0kz3zf5z1hp4g3efex1gom 0 37742 873684 563638 2026-07-01T16:00:40Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 873684 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Hoton Hajiya Hadiza Muhammad (Hadizan Saima).png|thumb|Hajiya Hadiza Muhammad wacce aka fi sani da Hadizan Saima fitacciyar jaruma a masana'antar shirya fina-finan Hausa wato Kannywood]] [[File:Hoton Hajiya Hadiza Muhammad (Hadizan Saima).png|thumb]] Hajiya '''Hadiza Muhammad''' wacce aka fi sani da '''Hadiza Saima.''' Hadiza fitacciyar jaruma ce a masana'antar shirya fina-finai na [[Hausa]] (wato [[Kannywood]]). Tana taka rawa sosai cikin fina-finai a matsayin Mahaifiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://www.northernwiki.com.ng/cikakken-tarihin-hadizan-saima/ |access-date=2022-10-12 |archive-date=2022-10-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012061532/https://www.northernwiki.com.ng/cikakken-tarihin-hadizan-saima/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://jackatapinch.com/hadiza-muhammad-saima-biography-net-worth-age/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012060036/https://jackatapinch.com/hadiza-muhammad-saima-biography-net-worth-age/ |date=2022-10-12 }}</ref> == Lavarin Rayuwa == An haifi Hajiya Hadiza Muhammad a Unguwar Fage dake jihar [[Kano (jiha)|Kano]] yar [[Fulani]] inda daga bisani ta koma rayuwa a Unguwar Birged dake cikin birnin na [[Kano (jiha)|Kano]]. Ta yi karatun firamare a makarantar Gogoro Special Primary School, ta kuma yi sakandire bayan nan sai ta yi aure ta haifi yara guda biyu mace da namiji.<ref>https://instagram.com/hadizansaima</ref><ref>http://hausafilms.tv/actress/hadiza_moh_d</ref> == Aiki == Hajiya Hadiza ta fara sana'ar fim a shekarar 2010 a masana'antar shirya fina-finan Hausa (wato Kannywood) ta daukaka sosai a masana'antar kasancewarta hazikar jaruma mai masoya inda ake mata lakabi da bakya tsufa. == Jerin Fina-finai == Ta fito a cikin fina-finai da dama kamar su: * Buburwar Zuciya * Dan Marayan Zaki * Hajjaju * Ummi * Kalan dangi * Labarina * Alaqa * A kashe da dai sauran su. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] ahbpjzruj8wym52kg38wglsi6r2yuo6 0 39273 873826 871701 2026-07-01T21:05:45Z Ummeeterh 31568 873826 wikitext text/x-wiki {{mukala mai kyau}}{{Databox}} Dangantakar dake a tsakanin [[Najeriya|Tarayyar Najeriya]] da [[Tarayyar Amurka da kasar Amurka ta]] kasance a hukumance lokacin da [[Najeriya]] ta samu yancin kai daga kasar [[Birtaniya]] a shekarar alif 1960. A cikin karni na 21, sun haifar da ƙawance mai mahimmanci, a wani lokacin kuma basa jin daɗi, bayan wani ɗan lokaci na diflomasiyya da aka bincika. A al'adance [[Najeriya]] na ɗaya daga cikin manyan abokan hulɗar [[Amurka]] a Afirka, kuma tare da yawan al'ummar ƙasashen sun kai sama da rabin biliyan. {{Sfn|United Nations|2022}} Duk da cewa Najeriya ta samu ’yancin kanta ne tare da fa’ida, ko da yake ba bisa ka’ida ba, a ra’ayin kasashen yamma, dangantakarta ta farko da [[Amurka]] ta yi matukar takarkararew sakamakon tallafin jin kai da Amurka ke baiwa masu fafutukar neman kafa ƙasar [[Biyafara|Biafra]] a lokacin yakin basasar Najeriya, da kuma yakin cacar baka a wasu wurare a [[Afirka]]. A ƙarƙashin gwamnatin shugaban Amurka Gerald Ford, an tada hankali ne sakamakon goyon bayan da ƙasashen ke baiwa ɓangarorin da ke adawa da juna a yakin basasar Angola, da kuma yadda Amurka ke ci gaba da nuna goyon bayanta ga gwamnatin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu, wadda ta kasance mai ɗaukar hankali a tsawon shekarun 1980. Dangantaka ta inganta sosai a tsakiyar shekarun 1970, saboda tsare-tsaren manufofin harkokin waje na gwamnatin Jimmy Carter da kuma yadda Najeriya ta ƙara yawan man fetur da take fitarwa ga [[Amurka]] bayan rikicin OPEC na 1973 . Ziyarar da Carter ya kai [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] a shekarar 1978 ita ce ziyarar aiki ta farko da wani shugaban Amurka ya kai a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara . A cikin shekarun 1980, dangantakar kasuwanci da zuba jari da ke ci gaba da gudana tare da tashe-tashen hankula na diflomasiyya kan gazawar gwamnatin Najeriya wajen dakile laifuffukan kan iyaka da safarar miyagun kwayoyi, da kuma ƙarin rahotanni na [[Haƙƙin ɗan Adam a Najeriya|take hakkin dan Adam]] a cikin Najeriya. Duk da cewa a baya Amurka ba ta cika nuna adawa da mulkin sojan Najeriya ba, amma haƙurinta ya ƙare a lokacin mulkin Janar [[Sani Abacha]] wanda ya karbi mulki a lokacin juyin mulkin da sojoji suka yi a shekarar 1993 . Tsawon shekaru biyar masu zuwa Najeriya na fuskantar ƙarin takunkumai da kuma kusan wargaza huldar diflomasiyya. Sai dai Amurka ta yi gaggawar maraba da komawar Najeriya mulkin farar hula a shekarar 1999. A zamanin mulkin shugaban [[Olusegun Obasanjo|Najeriya Olusegun Obasanjo]], huldar kasuwanci da taimako ta ƙara haɓɓaka, kuma alaƙar ƙasashen ta dawo da zafi a baya. Dangantakar da ke tsakanin ƙasashen biyu ta ta'allaka ne kan haɗin gwiwar soji, da tsaro, da yaki da ta'addanci a [[Afirka ta Yamma|yammacin Afirka]], musamman shirye-shiryen da suka shafi ɓangarori daban-daban a mashigin tekun [[Tekun Guinea|Guinea]] da ISIS da [[Rikicin Boko Haram|Boko Haram]] . A yayin gudanar da wadannan tsare-tsare, tashe-tashen hankula da rashin yarda da juna a tsakanin sojojin Amurka da [[Rundunonin Sojin Najeriya|na Najeriya]], wasu lokuta kan shiga cikin rikicin diflomasiyya. Da yake fitowa daga al'adar diflomasiyyar mai tsakanin kasashen biyu a baya, ƙasashen biyu sun bunƙasa cinikin mai a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, amma Amurka ta kasance babbar kasuwa don fitar da ɗanyen man Najeriya zuwa kasashen waje, kusan gaba ɗaya na danyen mai . Har ila yau, Amurka ita ce ta farko da ke saka hannun jari daga ketare a Najeriya kuma babbar hanyar samun agaji daga ketare. Sama da 'yan Najeriya miliyan ɗaya da Amurkawa 'yan Najeriya suna zaune, karatu, aiki a Amurka. Yayin da sama da Amurkawa 25,000 ke zaune, kuma suna aiki a Najeriya. Akwai ƙungiyoyin ƙasashen Nijeriya da dama a ƙasar Amirka, da ke taimaka wa harkokin siyasa da tattalin arzikin al’ummar Nijeriya, a wajen Nijeriya. Haɓaka waɗannan hanyoyin haɗin gwiwar tattalin arziƙi na yau da kullun shine adadi mai yawa na kuɗi ga iyalai daga yawancin al'ummar Amurkawa mazauna Najeriya . Amma duk da haka albarkatun man fetur na Najeriya da muhimmancinsa ga zaman lafiyar yankin sun yi ƙoƙarin dakile duk wani karfi na dogaro ga Amurka, tare da rage karfin da ake samu da kuma kulla alaƙa da mutunta juna da kuma cin moriyar juna. {{Sfn|Ogunbadejo|1979}} {{Sfn|Ayam|2008}} {{Sfn|Nwachuku|1998}} Dangane da kuri'ar shekarar 2019 daga Cibiyar Bincike ta Pew, kashi 62% na 'yan Najeriya suna da ra'ayi mai kyau game da Amurka. {{Sfn|Pew Research Center|2022}} == Tarihi == [[File:President_John_F._Kennedy_with_Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa,_Prime_Minister_of_Nigeria_(06).jpg|left|thumb| Fira Ministan Najeriya na farko kuma daya tilo, [[Abubakar Tafawa Balewa|Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]], a [[White House|fadar White House]] tare da shugaban kasar Amurka John F. Kennedy a shekarar 1961, jim kadan bayan 'yancin kan Najeriya.]] === A shekara ta 1960 zuwa shekarar 1966: Farkon dangantakar diflomasiyya === An kulla huldar diflomasiyya ta yau da kullum tare da bude ofishin jakadancin Amurka a Legas da na ofishin jakadancin Najeriya a Washington, a ranar 1 ga watan Oktoban shekarar 1960, a daidai lokacin da Najeriya ta samu 'yancin kai daga Turawan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya.{{Sfn|Office of the Historian|2022a}} Shugaban ƙasar Amirka, [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], ya wakilce shi a bukukuwan 'yancin kai daga [[Nelson Rockefeller]], Gwamnan New York.{{Sfn|Ayam|2008|p=118}} A cikin sakonsa ga sabuwar gwamnati a ranar 2 ga watan Oktoba,{{Sfn|Office of the Historian|2022a}} Eisenhower ya yi wa Najeriya alƙawarin goyon bayan Amurka (Amurka), amma kuma ya yi gargadin game da barazanar da za a iya samu daga wajen iyakokinta - wanda aka fahimta a matsayin abin rufe fuska ga Tarayyar Soviet., don haka ne majibincin yanayin yaƙin cacar -baki wanda zai daidaita dangantakar Najeriya da Amurka a farkon wannan lokacin.{{Sfn|Ayam|2008|p=|pp=117-118}} Bayan shigar Najeriya Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN) daga baya a cikin shekara ta 1960, Firayim Minista [[Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] ya sanar da cewa, a fagen siyasa, Najeriya za ta ci gaba da kasancewa cikin tsaka mai wuyar shiga tsakani na yakin cacar baka, kuma ba za ta sadaukar da ‘yancinta ga Gabas ba. –Kishiyoyin Yamma.{{Sfn|Ayam|2008|p=118}} Duk da haka, cewa gwamnatin farar hula ta Jamhuriyar Farko ta Najeriya ba ta kasance a hukumance ba, amma ta kasance "a bayyane, ko da yake ba bautar ba, mai goyon bayan Yamma".{{Sfn|Ogunbadejo|1976|p=14}} Wannan wani ɓangare ne na tsarin diflomasiyya da tattalin arziki, sakamakon ci gaba da kusancin Najeriya da Birtaniya, amma kuma ya shafi alakar akida.{{Sfn|Nwachuku|1998|p=577}} Kamar yadda Balewa ya nuna a cikin jawabin shekarar 1961 ga 'yan majalisar dokokin Najeriya, "Mun yaba da salon rayuwar Amurka, kuma muna girmama mutanen Amurka saboda son 'yanci".{{Sfn|Nwachuku|1998|p=578}} Baya ga ɗaukar yaɗuwar tsarin gurguzu na Tarayyar Soviet, wani daga cikin manufofin farko na Amurka a Najeriya shi ne ƙarfafa dangantakar tattalin arziki tsakanin kasashen biyu.{{Sfn|Ayam|2008|p=118}} Ta nuna sha'awarta ga ci gaban tattalin arzikin Najeriya kafin shekara ta 1960, ta ba da taimakon raya kasa ta hanyar Biritaniya, kuma, a shekarar 1958, ta ba da gudummawar dala 700,000 don samar da ayyuka goma a Najeriya, galibi a fannin noma.{{Sfn|Nwachuku|1998|p=576}} Jim kadan bayan 'yancin kai na Najeriya, an aika da wata manufa ta musamman ta tattalin arziki mai mutum biyar domin ta yi nazari kan shirin ci gaban Najeriya da kuma neman hanyoyin da za a iya hada kan tattalin arziki.{{Sfn|Ayam|2008|p=118}} A shawarar manufa, Amurka ta himmatu wajen samar da dala miliyan 225 a cikin taimakon raya ƙasa sama da shekaru biyar, farawa daga shekara ta 1962 tare da dala miliyan 25 na lamuni da tallafi.{{Sfn|Ayam|2008|p=118}}{{Sfn|Nwachuku|1998|p=576}} [[File:President John F. Kennedy with Parliamentary Delegation from Nigeria (05).jpg|thumb|Shugaba Kennedy a fadar White House tare da tawagar 'yan majalisar Najeriya, Yuni 1962.]] A cikin shekara ta 1964, wata takardar manufofin Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta bayyana cewa, "Babban sha'awar Amurka a Najeriya ita ce ganin ta sami ci gaba, a cikin kasashen Duniya, a matsayin jagora kuma kyakkyawan misali ga sauran kasashen Afirka."{{Sfn|Ayam|2008|p=118}} Duk da haka, wannan shirin ya wargaje a shekarar 1966, lokacin da sojoji suka yi juyin mulki a Najeriya ya kawar da kwanciyar hankali na siyasa. A cikin hargitsin da ya biyo baya, an kori rundunar zaman lafiya ta Amurka gaba daya daga Najeriya.'''{{Sfn|Aluko|1979|p=97}}''' ===A shekara ta 1967 zuwa shekarar 1970: Yakin Basasa na Najeriya=== A watan Yulin , shekarar 1967, yakin basasa ya barke a Najeriya, sakamakon yunkurin ballewar ƙasar Biafra. Nan da nan Amurka ta ɗauki "tsakiyar tsaka-tsaki mai ban sha'awa",{{Sfn|Ogunbadejo|1976|p=14}} ko da yake duka 'yan awaren Biafra da gwamnatin mulkin soja ta tarayya ta Janar [[Jack Gowon]] sun nemi taimakon sojan Amurka da diflomasiyya.{{Sfn|Nwachuku|1998|p=579}} Kwanaki huɗu bayan barkewar rikici, Amurka ta ba da sanarwar cewa ba za ta sayar ko ba da makamai ga kowane ɓangare ba, "don kada a zurfafa rikici".{{Sfn|Ogunbadejo|1976|p=18}} A bisa ga al'ada yana mai da hankali ga rawar da tsoffin turawan mulkin mallaka suka taka a Afirka, kuma ya shiga cikin Vietnam sosai, Shugaba Lyndon B. Johnson ya ɗauki yakin a matsayin "al'amarin Biritaniya" wanda ba a keɓance muradun Amurkawa ba.{{Sfn|Ayam|2008|p=119}}{{Sfn|Ogunbadejo|1976|p=18}} Ko da yake wannan manufar ta fusata jami'an Najeriya,{{Sfn|Nwachuku|1998|p=580}} gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya ta yi wata sanarwa ta sasantawa, inda ta sake jaddada matsayinta na rashin hadin kai a yakin cacar-baka tare da bayyana cewa Amurka da Birtaniya "har yanzu sun kasance a matsayin farko na Najeriya. zabi don siyan makamai saboda dalilai da yawa" - ko da yake kuma yana gargadin cewa yana sa ran "abokanta, musamman a Yamma" ba za su kawo cikas ga kokarinta na yaki ba.{{Sfn|Ogunbadejo|1976|p=18}} Ba tare da goyon bayan Amurka ba, gwamnatin tarayya ta nema, kuma ta karɓi taimakon sojan Soviet.{{Sfn|Ayam|2008|p=119}} Duk da haka, Amurka ba ta kallon wannan ƙawance a matsayin mai barazana musamman ga muradunta - wani ɓangare saboda kasancewar tarayyar Soviet ta kawar da kasancewar Birtaniyya, kuma wani ɓangare saboda manyan 'yan Najeriya sun nuna ra'ayin mazan jiya: a cikin taƙaitaccen bayanin Oye Ogunbadejo, "Janar Gowon ya kasance. da wuya [[Bolshevik]] ".{{Sfn|Ogunbadejo|1976|p=18}} Wannan kiyasi ya tabbata: ko da a lokacin da Tarayyar Soviet ta ba da taimako, kuma ko da yake Najeriya ta ci gaba da ba da taimako da haɗin gwiwar kasuwanci tare da Tarayyar Soviet bayan an gama yaƙin,{{Sfn|Lewis|2006|p=104}} aƙidar Tarayyar Soviet ba ta taɓa mamaye shugabannin Najeriya sosai ba.{{Sfn|Ayam|2008|p=117}} A lokacin da shugaban kasar Amurka [[Richard Nixon]] ya shiga ofis a shekarar 1969, ya goyi bayan shiga tsakani kai tsaye a Najeriya domin tallafawa masu fafutukar kafa kasar Biafra. Wannan tallafin ya ragu, duk da haka - mai yiyuwa ne saboda [[Henry Kissinger]] da sauran jami'an Ma'aikatar Jiha sun nuna goyon baya ga gwamnatin tarayya,{{Sfn|Ogunbadejo|1976|p=19}} kuma mai yiyuwa, kamar yadda a cikin tunawa da Kissinger, saboda Firayim Ministan Burtaniya [[Harold Wilson]] ya karkatar da ra'ayoyin Nixon.{{Sfn|Nwachuku|1998|p=580}} Duk da haka, ko da ba tare da tsoma baki kai tsaye ba, Amurka ta gaza a yunƙurinta na kiyaye "ƙananan bayanan martaba".{{Sfn|Ogunbadejo|1976|p=19}} A wani kwarin gwiwa na wata babbar fage mai fafutukar kafa kasar Biafra a Washington,{{Sfn|Ogunbadejo|1976|p=19}} ƙasar Amirka ta ba da taimako mai mahimmanci, wanda aka kiyasta fiye da dala miliyan 9, don magance rikicin bil adama da ya taso daga dogon lokaci na hana Biafra.{{Sfn|Nwachuku|1998|p=580}}{{Sfn|Ayam|2008|p=119}} Jakadan Amurka a Najeriya, ya ce a cikin wata sanarwa da ya fitar, Amurka na fatan ganin an samu “haɗin kai kuma ba za a raba” Nijeriya ba.{{Sfn|Nwachuku|1998|p=580}} Duk da haka, gwamnatin sojan tarayya ta yi fushi da goyon bayan Amurka ga Biafra, wanda ya kasance siyasa ba tare da wata shakka ba a kai tsaye ta amince da ikon gwamnatin Biafra.{{Sfn|Ogunbadejo|1976|p=19}} Har ila yau, ta ji haushin Amurka don ba da izini - har ma, wasu jami'an Najeriya da ake zargi, da haɗa kai - yakin farfagandar Biafra a Yamma.{{Sfn|Aluko|1979|p=91}} Sakatariyar Harkokin Wajen ta amince a cikin rahoton shekarar 1971 cewa takunkumin makamai da ayyukan agaji na Biafra ya "dagula" dangantakar Najeriya da Amurka.{{Sfn|Ogunbadejo|1976|p=20}} ===A shekara ta 1970 zuwa shekarar 1977: Sabani akan Kudancin Afirka=== Lokacin da kasar Biafra ta ruguje a watan Janairun shekarar 1970, Nixon na daga cikin shugabannin duniya na farko da suka taya gwamnatin mulkin sojan tarayya murnar nasarar da ta samu. Sakataren harkokin wajen kasar, [[William Rogers]], ya ziyarci Najeriya a ranakun 19 zuwa 20 ga watan Fabrairu, kuma ya mika wata wasika ta sirri daga Nixon, inda ya nuna jin daɗin shugabancin Gowon.{{Sfn|Ogunbadejo|1976|p=|pp=19-20}}{{Sfn|Nwachuku|1998|p=581}} Duk da haka, lokacin da Gowon ya ziyarci Amurka na kwanaki biyar a shekara ta 1973, bai gana da Nixon ba.{{Sfn|Nwachuku|1998|p=581}} Gabaɗaya, dangantakar Amurka da Najeriya ta kasance "ta yi kyau sosai" a yawancin shekarun 1970,{{Sfn|Aluko|1979|p=91}} kuma ta haɗa da lokacin "ɓangarorin" a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin shugaban Amurka [[Gerald Ford]] (a shekara ta 1974 da shekarar 1977).{{Sfn|Ogunbadejo|1979|p=119}} Wannan ya faru ba kawai don bacin rai da ya rage daga yakin basasar Najeriya ba, har ma da karuwar rashin jituwar da ke tsakanin kasashen game da yadda ya kamata a tunkari tashe-tashen hankula a kasashen Kudancin Afirka a karkashin mulkin fararen fata. Duk da cewa Amurka ba ta dauki Najeriya da kanta a matsayin mai rauni ga yaduwar gurguzu ba, manufofinta na kamewa a wasu wurare a Afirka sun haifar da tashin hankali a shekarun 1970, musamman yadda kasancewar Tarayyar Soviet da Cuban ke karuwa a Kudancin Afirka, sabuwar kan iyaka da Afirka ta koma mulkin mallaka.{{Sfn|Ogunbadejo|1979|p=126}} Akwai dalilai masu karfi da yawa game da wannan: Juriya da Najeriya ta yi wa mulkin Afirka ta Kudu da dabarun Afirka ta Kudu na neman kafa gwamnatocin abokan ciniki a cikin jihohin da ake kira gaba ; yunƙurinsa na akida na gaske don kwato Afirka gaba ɗaya daga mulkin mallaka da mulkin farar fata masu rinjaye; da kuma imaninta cewa ya kamata a samu 'yantar da Afirka tare da mutunta diyaucin kasashen Afirka, wanda ke nuna fifiko kan tsarin kungiyar hadin kan Afrika (OAU) da kuma 'yancin cin gashin kai na jihohi don gayyatar taimako daga duk wani kawaye na yunƙurin 'yantar, ciki har da Tarayyar Soviet. Union da Kuba.{{Sfn|Ayam|2008|p=120}} Taimakon Najeriya ga Angolan a yakin yancin kai na Angolan, sannan ga Movimento Popular da Libertação de Angola (MPLA) a yakin basasar Angolan, ya yi kira ga wannan cakuda na motsa jiki. Matsayin Najeriya gaba daya game da Kudancin Afirka da Angola ya kasance a bayyane, amma a karkashin Janar Murtala Muhammed - wanda ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 1975 - Najeriya ta kaddamar da farmakin diflomasiyya na goyon bayan MPLA, wanda ya kai ga amincewa da gwamnatin karshen a hannun yawancin kasashe mambobin kungiyar, na OAU.{{Sfn|Ayam|2008|p=119}} Bugu da ƙari, Nijeriya ta ba da taimako ga ƙungiyoyi masu 'yanci, ta hanyar OAU da kuma taimakon soja da tattalin arziki kai tsaye, wanda aka kiyasta kimanin dala miliyan 5 a kowace shekara a tsakiyar shekarun 1970.{{Sfn|Aluko|1979|p=94}} Wannan agajin ya haɗa da samar da makamai da kuma amfani da jiragen sojin Najeriya, kuma a shekara ta 1977 gwamnati ta sanar da aniyarta ta tura sojojin Najeriya don tallafawa 'yantar da yankin kudancin Afirka, ko da kuwa cikin haɗarin da za a iya fuskanta na ramuwar gayya daga Afirka ta Kudu.{{Sfn|Aluko|1979|p=94}} A Angola – kamar yadda ake yi a wasu lokuta a ƙarni na 20 – wannan matsayi ya sa Najeriya ta yi hannun riga da Amurka, saboda manufofin kame na karshen, kusanci da tsoffin ‘yan mulkin mallaka, da alaka da gwamnatin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu.{{Sfn|Ayam|2008|p=121}} A cikin watan Janairun shekarar 1976, Ford ya rubuta wa Muhammad wasika a cikinta ya yi alkawarin karfafa Afirka ta Kudu don kawo karshen shisshigin da take yi a yakin basasar Angola, amma sai idan Muhammad ya gaya wa MPLA ya nemi ficewar sojojin Soviet da Cuban. "Ba za mu iya... tsaya kyam ba idan Tarayyar Soviet da Cuban suka ci gaba da sa baki," Ford ya kammala.{{Sfn|Anon.|1976a}}{{Sfn|Noer|1993|p=777}} An bayar da rahoton cewa ya rubuta irin wannan wasiƙu zuwa ga wasu shugabannin ƙasashen Afirka, yana matsa musu don kada su goyi bayan ko amincewa da MPLA da kuma ba da shawarar cewa 'yancin kai na Afirka ta Kudu maso yammacin Afirka ( Namibiya mai mulkin Afirka ta Kudu) zai kasance da sharadi ga janyewar Cuba. daga Angola.{{Sfn|Ayam|2008|p=|pp=120-121}} Muhammed ya mayar da martani da vitriol, a cikin wata sanarwa a hukumance yana kwatanta wasikar a matsayin "cin mutunci ga shugabannin Afirka".{{Sfn|Aluko|1979|p=91}} Ƴan Jaridu da jama'a a Najeriya ma sun fusata sosai: [[Daily Times (Nigeria)]] ta gudanar da labarin a karkashin taken "Shut Up", yayin da shafin farko na jaridar Najeriya ''Nigerian Herald'' ya rubuta, "To Hell With America", a farkon shafin jaridar. Tuni dai ra'ayin jama'a a Najeriya ya bijire wa Amurka a lokacin, musamman saboda shigo da sinadarin chromite daga kasar Rhodesia karkashin mulkin Byrd, wanda ya kaucewa takunkumin da aka kakaba wa Rhodesia.{{Sfn|Ogunbadejo|1979|p=91}} Kuma a cikin watan Fabrairun shekarar 1975, alal misali, sojojin Najeriya - sanye da tankokin yaki - sun tilasta wa Hukumar Raya Cigaban Kasa da Kasa ta Amurka daga ofisoshinta a tsibirin Legas.{{Sfn|Ottaway|1978}} Amma, a watan da ya biyo bayan wasiƙar Ford, a cikin watan Fabrairu,shekara ta 1976, tashin hankali ya ƙara tsananta lokacin da aka kashe Muhammed a wani yunƙurin juyin mulkin da gwamnatin Najeriya ta yi zargin cewa akwai hannun hukumar leƙen asiri ta Amurka.{{Sfn|Kaufman|1978}} An yi zanga-zangar kyamar Amurkawa da dalibai suka yi a Legas da sauran wurare a Najeriya: masu zanga-zangar sun kona tutocin Amurka, sun kai hari kan ofisoshin diflomasiyya na Amurka, kuma sun bukaci a mayar da man fetur na Gulf na Amurka kasa.{{Sfn|Aluko|1979|p=91}}{{Sfn|Nwachuku|1998|p=582}}{{Sfn|Darnton|1976a}} Wannan ya haifar da "barkewar dangantakar diflomasiyya" tsakanin ƙasashen biyu.{{Sfn|Ayam|2008|p=|pp=119-120}} Sau biyu a cikin shekarar 1976, gwamnatin mulkin soja ta tarayya ta ki amincewa Sakataren Gwamnati Kissinger ya ziyarci Legas,{{Sfn|Anon.|1976b}}{{Sfn|Aluko|1979|p=91}} jaridar (New York Times) sun ruwaito zargin cewa ita ma ta matsa wa Ghana ta soke ziyarar da Kissinger ya shirya zuwa [[Accra]].{{Sfn|Darnton|1976b}} A cikin watan Oktoba,shekara ta 1976, Najeriya ta yi watsi da shawarar Anglo-Amurka don sasantawa na Rhodesian,{{Sfn|Aluko|1979|p=91}} kuma, a cikin Maris, shekara ta 1977, an kama wakilin jaridar ''New York Times'' na Afirka ta Yamma, [[John Darnton]] a Legas, sannan aka kore shi daga Najeriya. a cikin ci gaba da jin daɗin hukuma da jama'a game da 'yan leƙen asirin Amurka.{{Sfn|Darnton|1977}} [[File:Jimmy Carter with Lt. Gen. Olusegun Obasanjo of Nigeria - NARA - 176455.tif|thumb|Shugaban Amurka [[Jimmy Carter]] tare da shugaban Najeriya Laftanar Janar [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] a fadar White House, Oktoba 1977.]] [[File:Olusegun Obasanjo and Jimmy Carter-02.jpg|thumb|Shugaba Carter da Janar Obasanjo a [[Legas]], Afrilu 1978. "Na fito daga babbar al'umma don ziyarci babbar kasa," Carter ya gaya wa masu sauraron sa na Najeriya.{{Sfn|Carter|1978}}]] ===A shekara ta 1977 zuwa shekarar 1981: Haɗin kai a ƙarƙashin Carter=== Dangantakar Najeriya da Amurka ta inganta sosai tun daga shekarar 1977, musamman saboda zaben Jimmy Carter a matsayin shugaban kasar Amurka. Manufofin Carter na waje game da Afirka an kwatanta su da bambanta sosai da na magabata - ba wai kawai a cikin mahimmancin Afirka ba,'''{{Sfn|Aluko|1979|p=95}}''' amma har ma da tsayin daka ga yakin cacar baka a Angola.{{Sfn|Aluko|1979|p=93}}'''{{Sfn|Ogunbadejo|1979|p=118}}''' na zamanin Kissinger, wanda, a cikin kalmomin Cyrus. Vance, Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Carter, ya ɗauki Afirka "a matsayin filin gwaji na gasar Gabas da Yamma".'''{{Sfn|Ogunbadejo|1979|p=118}}'''{{Sfn|Ayam|2008|p=121}} Maimakon haka, Carter ya nemi ya zayyana hoton 'yancin kai na Amurka a waje, yana mai da hankali kan ka'idodin adalci na duniya da 'yancin ɗan adam; ya kuma yi tir da wariyar launin fata a bainar jama'a, ya kuma soki dabarun gwamnatin Ford a yakin basasar, Bugu da ƙari, Carter ya nada a matsayin jakadan Amurka a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wani matashi bakar fata dan majalisa, [[Andrew Young]], wanda ke abota na sirri da Laftanar Janar [[Olusegun Obasanjo]], shugaban Najeriya, da Birgediya [[Joe Garba]], kwamishinan harkokin waje na Najeriya.'''{{Sfn|Nwachuku|1998|p=582}}{{Sfn|Ogunbadejo|1979|p=119}}'''{{Sfn|Aluko|1979|p=93}} Gabaɗaya, ƙasar Amirka, da Jakadanta a Nijeriya, [[Donald B. Easum]], sun jaddada aniyar ƙasar Amirka, na tuntubar Nijeriya sosai, game da manufofinta na ƙetare, a wasu wurare a Afrika.'''{{Sfn|Ogunbadejo|1979|p=119}}{{Sfn|Aluko|1979|p=95}}''' Tasirin sauye-sauyen biyu shine "damar sake farawa" a cikin dangantakar Najeriya da Amurka.'''{{Sfn|Ogunbadejo|1979|p=119}}''' Bugu da ƙari, yanayi na iya sa shugabannin Najeriya su sake yin la'akari da matsananciyar manufofinsu na ketare: duka tabarbarewar tattalin arzikin Najeriya, da kuma rashin ci gaban yunƙurin 'yantar da Afirka ta Kudu, sun sanya dangantakar diflomasiyya da Amurka ta zama abin sha'awa kuma har ma da mahimmanci.{{Sfn|Aluko|1979|p=94}} Ƙudurin da Carter ya yi na hana dogaro da shigo da mai daga ƙasashen waje, haɗe da faɗuwar faɗuwar da ake samu a cikin man Nijeriya saboda ƙarancin wadatar da man fetur a duniya, ya sa ya zama mahimmanci don haɓaka dangantakar tattalin arzikin Najeriya da Amurka{{Sfn|Ogunbadejo|1979|pp=122-123}} (Kuma, lalle ne. a shekara ta 1977, fiye da kashi 80% na man da Najeriya ke fitarwa ya tafi Amurka{{Sfn|Aluko|1979|p=96}} Dangantakar diflomasiyya tsakanin kasashen biyu ta inganta cikin sauri, kuma shugabannin kasashen sun yi musanyar ziyarar aiki. Obasanjo ya ziyarci Washington a watan Oktoba,shekara ta 1977, kuma Carter ya ziyarci Legas a watan Maris zuwa Afrilun shekarar 1978. Ziyarar ta Obasanjo ita ce ta farko da wani shugaban Najeriya ya kai Amurka tun bayan samun 'yancin kai,'''{{Sfn|Aluko|1979|p=91}}''' yayin da Carter's ita ce ziyarar farko da wani shugaban Amurka ya kai wata kasa da ke kudu da hamadar Sahara.'''{{Sfn|Ogunbadejo|1979|p=|pp=120-121}}''' alfanun waɗannan ziyarce-ziyarcen ita ce Yarjejeniyar Horar da Ma'aikata ta Najeriya da Amurka, wadda a ƙarƙashinta dubban 'yan Najeriya za su sami horon fasaha a Amurka;'''{{Sfn|Aluko|1979|p=96}}{{Sfn|Ogunbadejo|1979|p=124}}''' da yarjejeniyoyin kafa ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa guda huɗu, game da zuba jari da ciniki, fasaha, noma, da haɓaka karkara da ilimi.{{Sfn|Ogunbadejo|1979|pp=|p=121}} A cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa, tawagogin kasuwanci na hukuma sun yi tafiya akai-akai tsakanin kasashen don shawarwari masu girma.{{Sfn|Ogunbadejo|1979|p=124}} Har ila yau, a cikin shekara ta 1977, gwamnatin Najeriya ta sanya hannu kan manyan kwangiloli guda biyu tare da kamfanonin Amurka don tsara sabon babban birninta a [[Abuja]], sanannen ficewa daga al'adar haɗin gwiwar Najeriya da Birtaniya kan irin waɗannan batutuwa.{{Sfn|Nwachuku|1998|p=584-585}} Har ila yau, taimakon soja ya karu: yayin da Amurka ta sayar wa Najeriya kayan aikin soja kusan na dala miliyan 12.6 ne kawai tsakanin shekara ta 1950 zuwa shekarar 1976, a shekara ta 1977 Amurka ta amince da dala miliyan 45.5 a irin wannan siyayyar.{{Sfn|Aluko|1979|p=97}} A karshe, Carter da Obasanjo sun yi gaggawar cimma matsaya na wani bangare na sabanin da ke tsakanin kasashensu kan Kudancin Afirka. A cikin watan Satumba na shekarar 1977, Obasanjo ya fito fili kuma ya amince da sabon shawarwarin Anglo-Amurka na sasantawa a Rhodesia, kuma ya zaburar da su a wani taro a [[Lusaka]] tare da shugabannin jihohi. {{Sfn|Aluko|1979|p=92}}'''{{Sfn|Ottaway|1978}}''' Wannan ya biyo bayan ganawa da matasa da gwamnatin Amurka game da cikakkun bayanai game da shawarwarin, kuma, bayan haka, an shawarci Najeriya sosai game da abubuwan da suka faru - bayan da tattaunawar ta rushe a cikin watan Janairu,shekara ta 1978, Amurka da sauran wakilan yammacin Turai sun tashi zuwa Legas don shawarwari. da gwamnatin Najeriya.{{Sfn|Aluko|1979|p=95}} Lokacin da Najeriya ta koma kan tsarin dimokuradiyya a karkashin jamhuriya ta biyu, dangantakar diflomasiyya ta kasance cikin kwanciyar hankali. Hakika, kundin tsarin mulkin dimokaradiyyar Najeriya na shekara ta 1979 ya yi sako-sako da tsarin tsarin shugaban kasa na tarayya na Amurka,{{Sfn|Nwachuku|1998|p=583}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2006|p=104}} da 'yan majalisar dokokin Najeriya goma sha shida sun ziyarci majalisar dokokin Amurka domin nazarin yadda tsarin ya gudana a karkashin hadadden al'ada na kabilanci da addini wanda ya haifar da rikici. Amurka da Najeriya sun yi daya.{{Sfn|Nwachuku|1998|p=584}}{{Sfn|Aka|2002|p=250}} Mataimakin shugaban kasa [[Walter Mondale]] ya ziyarci Najeriya a watan Yulin 1980 a wani ɓangare na rangadin Afirka, kuma ya jaddada muradin Amurka na karfafa alaƙar tattalin arziki da Najeriya.{{Sfn|Nwachuku|1998|p=583}} Shugaban Najeriya [[Shehu Shagari]] ya ziyarci Amurka a watan Oktoban shekarar 1980.{{Sfn|Nwachuku|1998|p=583}} Koyaya, ra'ayin cikin gida na Najeriya game da haɗin gwiwar Najeriya da Amurka ya bambanta. Wasu mazabu na cikin gida, ciki har da sassan 'yan jaridu, sun nuna rashin amincewa da ci gaban da aka samu tare da adawa da goyon bayan gwamnati ga shirin Anglo-Amurka a Rhodesia.{{Sfn|Aluko|1979|p=100}} A matakin hukuma, Afirka ta Kudu ta kasance abin da ya dace. Ayyukan gwamnatin Carter na manufofinta na Afirka wani lokaci yana bayyana "rashin kuskure" ga jami'an Najeriya,{{Sfn|Ogunbadejo|1979|p=124}} yana nuna shakku game da gaskiyar alkawurran Amurka na yin adalci da 'yancin kai a Kudancin Afirka.{{Sfn|Aluko|1979|p=101}} Kwanciyar hankalinta game da faɗaɗa tsarin gurguzu bai kawar da tunanin Amurka ba - a idanun 'yan Najeriya - don "masu fushi".{{Sfn|Ogunbadejo|1979|pp=|p=125}} A ziyarar da Carter ya kai a birnin Legas, Obasanjo ya “ki yarda” gayyatar da Carter ya yi masa na yin Allah wadai da shigar Tarayyar Soviet da Cuba a Afirka.{{Sfn|Ogunbadejo|1979|pp=|p=125}} Najeriya ba ta goyi bayan shigar Amurka a [[Shaba II]] ko, daga baya, a cikin [[Horn of Africa]],{{Sfn|Ogunbadejo|1979|p=124}} kuma dangantakarta da Afirka ta Kudu ba ta da farin jini musamman. A cikin Oktoban shekarar 1977, alal misali, ko da yake Amurka ta goyi bayan takunkumin takunkumin makamai na tsawon watanni shida a Afirka ta Kudu a kwamitin sulhu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ta kuma shiga cikin Birtaniya da Faransa wajen yin watsi da daftarin kudurin Afro-Asiya wanda ya bukaci takunkumin tattalin arziki da na soja.{{Sfn|Aluko|1979|p=101}} A ziyarar da Carter ya kai Legas a watan Afrilun shekarar 1978, Obasanjo ya fito fili ya caccaki Amurka da kasashen Yamma saboda ra'ayinsu na lumana a kan wariyar launin fata da kuma ci gaba da hadin gwiwa da [[Pretoria]] kan harkokin soji da tattalin arziki.{{Sfn|Ogunbadejo|1979|pp=121-122}} Irin wannan tashe-tashen hankula sun ta'azzara a ƙarƙashin magajin Carter, [[Ronald Reagan]], wanda gwamnatinsa ta yi "hankali mai ma'ana" tare da Pretoria tare da yin watsi da kudurin Kwamitin Tsaro kan takunkumi.{{Sfn|Ayam|2008|p=122}} Mai goyon bayan takunkumin da aka kaƙaba wa Afirka ta Kudu, Najeriya ta yi maraba da rashin amincewar Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ga Reagan na kin amincewa da dokar hana wariyar launin fata ta 1986.{{Sfn|Ayam|2008|p=122}} ===A shekara ta 1981 zuwa shekarar 1993: Rashin jin daɗi=== A shekarun 1980, yayin da tattalin arzikin cikin gida ya tabarbare, Najeriya ta zama cibiyar safarar miyagun kwayoyi ta kan iyaka da kuma zamba, musamman abin da ake kira damfarar yan 419.{{Sfn|Aka|2002|pp=|p=249}}{{Sfn|Obot|2004|p=18}}'''{{Sfn|Lewis|2006|pp=|p=104}}''' Ko da yake ba babban mai samar da narcotics ba ne, babban wurin jigilar kayayyaki ne a kan da'irar narcotics na duniya, musamman ga ''opiates'' da hodar iblis da ake jigilar su zuwa Arewacin Amurka da Turai - a tsakiyar 1990s, hukumomin tilasta yin amfani da kwayoyi na Amurka, sun kiyasta cewa cibiyoyin sadarwa na Najeriya sun kai fiye da rabin maganin tabar (heroin) da ake samu a Amurka{{Sfn|Lewis|2006|pp=|p=104}}{{Sfn|Hoffman|1996|pp=|p=150}}{{Sfn|Ayam|2008|p=124}} Wannan ya ba da ingiza hadin gwiwa tsakanin kasashen biyu da kuma tushen tada hankali. A shekarar 1987, kasashen sun rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya ta tabbatar da doka da oda, sannan kuma yarjejeniyar fahimtar juna ta musamman kan yaki da miyagun kwayoyi.{{Sfn|Aka|2002|pp=|p=250}} Jami'an tsaron Najeriya suma sun sami horon yaki da miyagun kwayoyi na Amurka.{{Sfn|Moose|1995|p=604}} Duk da haka, ƙasar Amirka ma ta ƙara jin takaici game da abin da ta ɗauka a matsayin "halayen halattar da gwamnatin Najeriya ta yi game da cin hanci da rashawa da rashin bin doka".{{Sfn|Lewis|2006|pp=104-105}} A shekarar 1985 ne Janar [[Ibrahim Babangida]] na Najeriya ya karɓi mulki ta hanyar juyin mulki, ya kuma yi alkawarin kyautata alaka tsakanin kasashen biyu, yana mai nuni da irin horon da ya samu a fannin soji a Amurka{{Sfn|Weller|1985}} Hasali ma, a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Babangida, an kara nuna damuwa a Amurka game da take hakkin dan Adam da ake tafkawa. gwamnatin soja.{{Sfn|Ayam|2008|p=124}} A watan Disambar 1989, gwamnatin Amirka ta janye bashin dala miliyan 80.5 daga Nijeriya, duk da cewa an soke ziyarar da Babangida ya shirya zuwa Amirka a wata mai zuwa.{{Sfn|Nwachuku|1998|pp=590-591}} ===A shekara ta 1993 zuwa shekara 1998: Tsamin dangantakar diflomasiya a mulkin Abacha=== ====Martanin diflomasiyya==== Daga karshen shekarun 1980, kamar yadda Najeriya ke shirin komawa mulkin farar hula a karkashin jamhuriya ta Uku da ake sa ran, Amurka ta goyi bayan wadannan yunƙurin, na kuɗi - ta hanyar tallafawa lamuni na Bankin Duniya - da kuma diflomasiyya.{{Sfn|Moose|1995|p=603}} Ƙasar Amirka ta kasance abokiyar tarayya ga Nijeriya wajen tsara wannan sauyi, saboda tsarin mulkin dimokraɗiyya na ƙarshe na Nijeriya an yi shi ne da kansa, da kuma saboda shugaban Amirka Bill Clinton ya shiga ofis a 1993 da nufin aiwatar da manufofin shiga tsakani a Afirka. da kuma wanda, a cikin yanayin duniya bayan yakin cacar baka, zai inganta kyakkyawan shugabanci da dimokuradiyya.{{Sfn|Aka|2002|p=|pp=226, 255}}{{Sfn|Ayam|2008|p=124}} A watan Yuni 1993, duk da haka, an gudanar da zaɓen dimokuradiyya a Najeriya, sannan Janar Babangida ya soke nan da nan. Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta soki soke sokewar a matsayin "abin takaici", sannan ta kuma nuna damuwa game da "ci gaba da danniya da 'yan jaridu da dakarun dimokuradiyya" a cikin rashin zaman lafiyar siyasa da ya biyo baya.{{Sfn|Campbell|1994|p=313}} Yayin da yake gargaɗin cewa za ta ɗauki ƙarin matakai idan sojoji ba su mika wuya ga farar hula ba, Amurka ta aiwatar da wasu matakai na farko don "yi rijistar damuwa da rashin jin daɗinta", ciki har da soke tallafin dala miliyan 11 na kasafin kuɗi ga ma'aikatar Najeriya. na Lafiya ; dakatar da duk wasu taimakon raya kasa, sai dai taimakon jin kai da ake bi ta hanyar kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu; da kuma dakatar da duk wani taimako da horon soji na ƙasashen biyu, sai dai horon da ya shafi yaki da muggan kwayoyi.{{Sfn|Moose|1995|p=604}} An janye jami'in dake ba da taimakon tsaro na Amirka daga Najeriya, yayin da jami'in tsaro na Amurika ya dakatar da tafiyarsa zuwa Najeriya, sannan aka buƙaci hadimin sojin Najeriya ya bar birnin Washington. A ƙarshe, gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da bita-bi-uku, "tare da zato na ƙaryatawa", don duk sabbin takardun lasisi don fitar da tsaro na kasuwanci zuwa Najeriya.{{Sfn|Moose|1995|p=604}} Wanda ake kyautata zaton ya lashe zaben watan Yuni, [[Moshood Abiola]], ya je Amurka da Biritaniya domin samun goyon bayan ƙasashen waje kan shugabancinsa.{{Sfn|Campbell|1994|p=314}} A cikin watan Nuwamba,shekara ta 1993, amma, aka naɗa Janar [[Sani Abacha]] a matsayin shugaban ƙasa a juyin mulkin da ba a zubar da jini ba. A wata mai zuwa, Shugaba Clinton ta fitar da wata shela a karkashin Dokar Shige da Fice da Kasa, inda ta takaita shiga Amurka ga "'yan Najeriya da suka tsara, aiwatarwa, ko kuma amfana daga manufofin da ke hana Najeriya sauya sheka zuwa dimokuradiyya" da kuma ga dangin wadannan mutane.{{Sfn|Moose|1995|p=604}} A farkon shekarar 1994, an kuma haramta wa Najeriya takardar shedar a ƙarƙashin Dokar Taimakawa Waje ta Amirka saboda gazawa wajen shawo kan fataucin muggan kwayoyi a cikin iyakokinta, tare da yin tasiri mai tsanani ga taimakon ƙasashen waje da za ta iya samu.{{Sfn|Obot|2004|p=20-21}} An ci gaba da aiwatar da ƙarin takunkumi a cikin watanni da shekaru masu zuwa, musamman ma dangane da rahotannin da ake samu na tauye hakkin ɗan adam a cikin [[Najeriya]]. Gwamnatin Amurka ta yi Allah-wadai da hukuncin kisa da aka yankewa tsohon shugaban kasa Obasanjo, da wasu, bisa zargin yunkurin juyin mulki. Ta fitar da abin da jami'in diflomasiyyar [[George E. Moose]] ya kira "bayyani mai kakkausar murya" inda ya bukaci a yi hakuri,{{Sfn|Moose|1995|p=605}} kuma an ce Clinton ta yi waya da Abacha da kansa don ya gargade shi kan aiwatar da hukuncin kisa.{{Sfn|Hoffman|1996|p=151}} Bayan takaita hukuncin kisa na [[Ken Saro-Wiwa]] da sauran mutanen [[Ogoni Nine]] a watan Nuwamba 1995, an karfafa takunkumi da hana tafiye-tafiye, gami da hana zirga-zirgar jami'an diflomasiyya da jami'an Najeriya da ke ziyartar Amurka.{{Sfn|Lewis|2006|p=|pp=105-106}} Amurka kuma ta kira Jakadanta a Najeriya.{{Sfn|Hartman|1995}} An gabatar da kudurori guda biyu masu ba da izinin ƙarin takunkumi a cikin Majalisar Dattawa da ta Wakilai, amma ba su sami ƙuri'a ba.{{Sfn|Payne|1995}}{{Sfn|Kassebaum|1995}} Yazo a farkon shekarar 1996, dangantakar Najeriya da kasashen Yamma ta kasance "mafi ƙarancin lokaci".{{Sfn|Hoffman|1996|p=146}} Wannan ya kasance duk da ƙoƙarin [[Donald McHenry]], jami'in diflomasiyya da ake mutuntawa sosai a Najeriya, wanda aka naɗa shi a matsayin wakilin Clinton a shekara ta 1994 kuma wanda ya kai ziyara Najeriya akai-akai don tattaunawa da Abacha ta hanyar tashoshi.{{Sfn|Hoffman|1996|p=146}}{{Sfn|Lippman|1995}} Jakadan Amurka mai ci a Najeriya [[Walter Carrington]], ya kasance mai sukar gwamnatin Abacha, kuma ya zama "virtually ''persona non grata''" a Najeriya.{{Sfn|Lewis|2006|p=106}} Duk da haka, duk da ci gaba da aikace-aikacenta na "cakudadden diflomasiyya mai natsuwa da kuma takunkumi mai iyaka", masu sharhi sun lura cewa Amurka ba ta son yankewa ko lalata dangantakarta da Najeriya ba tare da gyarawa ba,{{Sfn|Hoffman|1996|p=146}} musamman dangantakar tattalin arziki da tsaro.{{Sfn|Lewis|2006|p=106}} Ko da yake an yi la'akari da dakatar da kadarorin gwamnatin Najeriya, shawarar ta ci tura lokacin da Najeriya ta yi barazanar mayar da martani ta hanyar dakatarwa ko bata kadarorin Amurka a Najeriya.{{Sfn|Hoffman|1996|p=157}} Watakila mahimmanci, takunkumin Amurka bai kai ga ɓangaren man Najeriya ba. A wani ra'ayi, wannan ya faru ne saboda Amurka ta ƙididdige cewa babu isassun tallafin siyasa - musamman a Turai - don takunkumin hana mai na bangarori daban-daban, kuma takunkumin bai ɗaya ba zai yi tasiri ba.{{Sfn|Hoffman|1996|p=|pp=156-157}}{{Sfn|Ayam|2008|pp=|p=128}} A wani ra'ayi kuma, ƙasar Amirka ta ci gaba da cinikin man fetur don kare muradunta na ƙasa da na kasuwanci.{{Sfn|Ayam|2008|pp=118, 128}} Kamfanonin mai na Amurika da wasu da ke da manyan jari a Najeriya rahotanni sun nuna cewa, sun yi adawa da tsauraran takunkumai, musamman ma na batun hana man fetur.{{Sfn|Lewis|2006|p=106}} [[File:Dele Momodu and President Bill Clinton.jpg|thumb|Tsohon shugaban kasar Amurka Bill Clinton a shekarar 2008 tare da Dele Momodu, wani dan fafutuka da ya yi fafutukar tabbatar da dimokradiyyar Najeriya a lokacin gwamnatin Clinton.|left|210x210px]] ====Martanin jama'a==== Goyon bayan da jama'a ke baiwa Abacha saniyar ware a duniya ya samo asali ne daga tarin 'yan fafutuka, wadanda a tsakanin shekara ta 1993 zuwa shekarar 1999, suka jagoranci fafutukar tabbatar da dimokuradiyyar Najeriya mai dorewa, daga cikin ƴan Najeriya da yan gudun hijira.{{Sfn|Hoffman|1996|p=149}}{{Sfn|Booker|Minter|2003|pp=|p=49}} Ƙungiyar National Democratic Coalition (Nadeco), ƙungiyar adawa ta Najeriya, ta yi aiki musamman a Amurka, inda da dama daga cikin shugabanninta ke gudun hijira.{{Sfn|Hoffman|1996|p=|pp=153-154}} Amurka ta karɓi irin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi tare da "taimako da maraba".{{Sfn|Aka|2002|p=278}} A cikin watan Yulin shekarar 1997, ‘yan sandan Nijeriya sun bayyana aniyarsu ta yi wa jami’an diflomasiyyar Amurka tambayoyi dangane da wasu hare-haren bama-bamai da aka kai a cikin Nijeriya da ƙungiyar (Nadeco) ke da hannu a ciki.{{Sfn|Anon|1997}} Sauran ƙungiyoyin masu aiki sun haɗa da [[Amnesty International]], [[Human Rights Watch]], [[TransAfrica]], wani yanki na [[Congressional Black Caucus]], da kuma wasu kungiyoyi na Najeriya-Amurka, Waɗanda suka ɗauki nauyin "siyasa ta adawa", ciki har da samun mashahuran mutane sun amince.{{Sfn|Hoffman|1996|p=149}} A cikin 1997, masu fafutuka sun yi nasarar lallasa majalisar birnin New York don sanya sunan wani kusurwar titin Second Avenue, a wajen ofishin jakadancin Najeriya, bayan Kudirat Abiola, mai fafutukar tabbatar da dimokuradiyya wanda aka danganta kisan gillar da gwamnatin Abacha ta yi.{{Sfn|Adebanwi|2012|pp=650-652}} (Bayan makonni biyu, Abacha ya mayar da martani ta hanyar canza sunan titin karamin ofishin jakadancin Amurka da ke Legas zuwa sunan ''Louis Farrakhan'', sunan wani mai sukar gwamnatin Amurka.){{Sfn|Adebanwi|2012|pp=|p=654}}, baya ga haka yan siyasar Amerika masu goyan bayan mulkin Abacha, kamar irin su [[Carol Moseley Braun]], ya ce ganganci ne zagin jama'a.{{Sfn|Booker|Minter|2003|p=52}} ===A shekara ta 1998 zuwa shekarun 2000s: Taimakawa ga dimokradiyyar Najeriya=== Bayan mutuwar Abacha a watan Yunin shekarar 1998, dangantakar Najeriya da Amurka ta daidaita cikin sauri. Magajin Abacha, Janar Abdulsalami Abubakar, ya sassauta takunkumin siyasa na cikin gida tare da bayyana kudurinsa na tabbatar da dimokradiyya. Amurka ta bude huldar diflomasiyya da '''Abubakar''' da gwamnatin mulkin soja, sannan kuma ta tuntubi '''Abiola''' mai fatan shugaban kasa, duk da cewa ya fadi ya mutu yayin ganawarsa da jami’an ma’aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka.{{Sfn|Lewis|2006|p=106}} kuma ta dage takunkumin hana zirga-zirgar tafiye-tafiyen Najeriya, agaji, kasuwanci, da haɗin gwiwar sojoji.{{Sfn|Lewis|2006|p=|pp=106-107}} Jim kaɗan bayan Najeriya ta gudanar da zabukan dimokuradiyya a watan Fabrairun shekarar 1999, Sakataren Yada Labarai na Clinton ya sanar da cewa za a sake tabbatar da Najeriya a ƙarƙashin Dokar Taimakon Kasashen Waje. Wannan ba domin Najeriya ta samu ci gaba a fannin sarrafa muggan kwayoyi ba, amma saboda “muhimman muradun kasa” na Amurka, ganin cewa, “muhimmancin Najeriya ga zaman lafiyar yankin, da kuma yuwuwar misali na sake fasalin siyasa da tattalin arziki a Afirka, yana ba da muhimmiyar ma'ana ta musamman. zuwa canji a halin yanzu yana gudana".{{Sfn|Obot|2004|p=23}} Daga baya a cikin shekarar 1999, ƙasar Amirka ta sassauta wani oda, wanda, tun lokacin da aka kafa shi a shekara ta 1993, ta haramta duk wani zirga-zirga a tsakanin Amurika zuwa Legas ko legas zuwa Amurika daga [[filin jirgin saman Murtala Muhammed]] saboda rashin tsaro.{{Sfn|Fainberg|2009}} [[File:Olusegun Obasanjo with George Bush March 29, 2006.jpg|thumb|Shugaban Najeriya Obasanjo tare da Shugaban Amurka [[George W. Bush]] a Ofishin Oval, Maris 2006.]] Lokacin da Obasanjo ya hau kan karagar mulki a watan Mayun wannan shekarar, tawagar Amurka ta halarci bikin rantsar da shi.{{Sfn|Aka|2002|p=254}} Shugaba Clinton ya ziyarci Najeriya ba da dadewa ba - ziyarar farko da wani shugaban kasar Amurka ya kai tun lokacin Carter a shekara ta 1979, lokacin da, a kwatsam, Obasanjo ya kasance shugaban kasa, duk da cewa ba a zaɓe shi ta hanyar dimokradiyya ba.{{Sfn|Aka|2002|p=272}} Dangantaka ta sirri tsakanin Obasanjo da Clinton ta haifar da kyakkyawar dangantaka tsakanin kasashen biyu, kuma yanayin ya ci gaba a karkashin magajin Clinton, [[George W. Bush]], daga shekara ta 2001 - Obasanjo shi ne shugaban Afrika na farko da Bush ya karɓi bakuncin a Fadar [[White House]], kuma ya ci gaba da yin ziyara bayan haka.{{Sfn|Lewis|2006|p=109}} Lallai Obasanjo ya ziyarci Amurka sau tara tsakanin shekara ta 1999 zuwa shekarar 2006.{{Sfn|Office of the Historian|2022b}} Wani muhimmin batu a dangantakar ƙasashen biyu a lokacin Bush da Obasanjo na farko shi ne muradin Najeriya na samun abin da ake kira ("democracy dividend"), ta hanyar taimako da soke bashi ko raguwa. A cikin shekara ta 2001, da jaridar Los Angeles Times ta tambaye ta yadda Amurka za ta goyi bayan dimokradiyyar Najeriya, Obasanjo ya lura da cewar: <blockquote>“Mun amince da dimokuradiyya ba wai don ainihin kimar dimokuradiyya ba ne, a’a, domin mutanenmu sun yi imanin cewa dimokuradiyya na iya inganta rayuwarsu. . . Suna tsammanin, daidai, rabon dimokradiyya. Idan hakan bai zo ba, za su ji bacin rai. Amurka za ta iya taimaka mana da hakan.”{{Sfn|Aka|2002|p=256}}</blockquote> Obasanjo ya ci gaba da maganganu don a soke basussuka a ganawarsa da gwamnatin Amurka,{{Sfn|Lewis|2006|p=|pp=102, 111}} kuma al'amarin a wasu lokuta ya zama "mai rikitarwa".{{Sfn|Lewis|2006|p=85}} Clinton ba ta “karɓi” wannan shawara ba,{{Sfn|Aka|2002|p=260}} kuma Amurka a ƙarƙashin Bush ta ci gaba da ƙudiri aniyar ba za ta ba da yafe bashi ba tare da ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙwaƙƙwaran Nijeriya na sake fasalin tattalin arziki ba.{{Sfn|Lewis|2006|p=111}} A wa'adi na biyu na mulkin Obasanjo, daga 2003, ya ƙara habaka manufofin cikin gida da yunƙurin yaki da cin hanci da rashawa, kuma ta haka ne ya tabbatar da yarjejeniyar da [[Paris Club]] ta yi na soke bashi mai yawa.{{Sfn|Lewis|2006|p=111}} Duk da haka, masu lura da al'amura sun lura cewa rabe-raben dimokuradiyyar Amurka ga Najeriya ba shi da kyau a cikin 'yan shekarun farko bayan zaɓen shekara ta 1999 {{Sfn|Lewis|2006|p=110}}{{Sfn|Aka|2002|p=261}} Taimakon da Amurka ke baiwa Najeriya daga ƙasashen waje ya ƙaru tsakanin shekara ta 1998 zuwa shekarar 2001, daga kasa da dala miliyan 7 zuwa dala miliyan 109,{{Sfn|Lewis|2006|p=107}} amma ya sake raguwa a shekarun baya, kuma a shekarar 2004 an kiyasta ya kai dala miliyan 65.{{Sfn|Lewis|2006|p=110}} Har ila yau, an ƙara yawan fakitin agaji ta hanyar ƙara kayan agajin jin kai da ake bayarwa, da kuma sauye-sauyen siyasa da tattalin arziki, gami da mulki, noma, da dimokuradiyya.{{Sfn|Lewis|2006|p=110}} [[File:Nigerian President Jonathan Greets Secretary Kerry Upon Arrival At State House in Lagos for Election Conversation (16177696837).jpg|left|thumb|Sakataren harkokin wajen Amurka [[John Kerry]] tare da shugaban Najeriya [[Goodluck Jonathan]] a Legas, Janairu 2015. Kerry ya gana da Jonathan domin samun kudurinsa na ganin an gudanar da zaɓe cikin lumana.]] Bugu da ƙari, kusantar dangantakar Najeriya da Amurka ta gamu da wani gagarumin liyafa a cikin Najeriya. Kamar yadda suka yi a lokacin gwamnatin Carter, masu sukar sun yi zargin sahihancin goyon bayan da Amurka ke ba wa ‘yancin ɗan adam da dimokuradiyya a Afirka, suna zargin cewa hakan ya kasance abin fakewa da muradun ƙasa da ba su dace ba, kuma suna jayayya cewa Nijeriya ta zama wata ƙasa ta Yammacin Turai, ba ta bambanta da ita ba. bin manufofin kasashen waje karkashin jagorancin Afirka da masu adawa da mulkin mallaka.{{Sfn|Aka|2002|p=|pp=243, 254}} Duk da haka, a cikin shekarun baya, Amurka ta kasance a shirye ta ba da tallafi na siyasa don tabbatar da mulkin farar hula na dimokuradiyya a Najeriya.{{Sfn|Gordon|2015}} Tun bayan zaben [[Muhammadu Buhari]] a matsayin shugaban Najeriya a shekarar 2015, wannan ya hada da babban goyon baya ga yunƙurin Buhari na yaki da cin hanci da rashawa a cikin gida - cin hanci da rashawa na ɗaya daga cikin ajandar taron da Buhari ya yi a fadar [[White House]] da shugaban Amurka [[Barack Obama]], Yulin shekarar 2015.{{Sfn|White House Press Secretary|2015}} {{Sfn|Page|2016|p=1}} Buhari ya yi kira ga gwamnatin Amurka da ta maido da kuɗaɗen almundahana da jami'an gwamnatin Najeriya suka yi, kuma a watan Afrilun shekarar 2016 [[Ibrahim Magu]] shugaban [[hukumar yaki da masu yi wa tattalin arzikin kasa zagon kasa]], ya ziyarci [[Washington]] domin mika bukatarsa ga, gwamnatin Amurka don ƙarin taimakon fasaha, horo, da musayar bayanan sirri.{{Sfn|Page|2016|p=3}} ===A shekara ta 1998 zuwa yau: Alaƙa=== ====Haɗin gwiwar tsaro==== Shugaba Clinton da mai ba shi shawara kan harkokin tsaro, [[Anthony Lake]], sun fi mayar da hankali ne kan magance tashe-tashen hankula a Afirka, kuma suna sane da irin tasirin da Najeriya ke da shi a fannin tsaro.'''{{Sfn|Hoffman|1996|pp=|p=150}}''' [[Najeriya]] ta dade tana zama ɗan wasan tsakiya a cikin ayyukan wanzar da zaman lafiya na Afirka,{{Sfn|Booker|Minter|2003|p=|pp=43}} kuma ta ɗauki nauyin jagoranci a - tare da samar da mafi yawan dakarun - ayyukan [[ECOMOG]] waɗanda suka kasance masu mahimmanci a farkon yaƙin basasar ƙasar [[Laberiya]] da [[Saliyo]] a cikin shekarun 1990.'''{{Sfn|Lewis|2006|pp=|p=102}}{{Sfn|Hoffman|1996|pp=|p=150}}{{Sfn|Aka|2002|pp=|p=248}}''' Bayan an zabi Obasanjo, ƙasar Amirka ta yi ƙoƙarin ba Nijeriya damar ci gaba da taka wannan rawar:{{Sfn|Ayam|2008|p=129}} Ma'aikatar tsaron ƙasar Amirka, ta ƙaddamar da wani shirin horar da bataliyoyin sojan Nijeriya biyar, kan ayyukan wanzar da zaman lafiya,,'''{{Sfn|Lewis|2006|pp=|p=107}}''' kuma a cikin 2000 Amurka ta ba wa Najeriya sama da dala miliyan 10 na taimakon soja da sama da dala miliyan 30 na sayar da makamai.{{Sfn|Booker|Minter|2003|p=|pp=50-51}} Wani muhimmin abu na hadin gwiwar sojojin Najeriya da Amurka shi ne magance tashe-tashen hankula da aikata laifuka a mashigin tekun Guinea.{{Sfn|Akpuru-Aja|2003|p=255}} buƙatun Wannan yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci ga mai na Amurka: a cikin 2003, alal misali, rikici a yankin Neja Delta ya tilasta wa kamfanin mai na Amurka [[Chevron]], dakatar da yawancin albarkatun da yake haƙowa a Najeriya.{{Sfn|Veney|2019|p=120}} Wani muhimmin abu shi ne kokarin yaki da ta'addanci. Bayan harin ta'addanci na ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2001, Amurka ta kara kaimi wajen yaki da ta'addanci da kasancewar sojojinta a Afirka, tare da ƙaddamar da haɗin gwiwar tsaro da Najeriya.'''{{Sfn|Lewis|2006|pp=|p=109}}{{Sfn|Aka|2002|pp=|p=272}}''' A cewar wasu rahotanni, goyon bayan da Najeriya ke bawa yakin da Amurka ta yi da ta'addanci - musamman bayan da Amurka ta mamaye Afganistan - ba ta da farin jini ga wasu sassan cikin gida, wanda yawancinsu [[musulmi]] ne; sannan an samu munanan fadan addini a zanga-zangar da aka gudanar a Najeriya domin nuna adawa da hare-haren da Amurka ke kaiwa a Afghanistan.'''{{Sfn|Aka|2002|pp=274-275|p=}}''' Haka kuma an samu wasu turjiya daga cikin sojojin Najeriya, waɗanda aka ce manyan hafsoshinsu sun gwammace su yi aiki tare da Biritaniya.'''{{Sfn|Aka|2002|pp=|p=258}}''' [[Victor Malu]] ya yi iƙirarin cewa Obasanjo ya kore shi a matsayin babban hafsan soji ne saboda kakkausan harshe da adawa da haɗin gwiwar soja da Amurka.'''{{Sfn|Aka|2002|pp=|p=258}}''' [[File:20160920 POTUS Bilat with President Buhari of Nigeria HD.webm|thumb|Shugaban Amurika [[Barack Obama]] da na Najeriya [[Muhammadu Buhari]] update the press following a bilateral meeting in Washington in September 2016.]] ====Saka Dokar Leahy==== Tun a farkon shekarun 2010, hadin gwiwar yaki da ta'addanci ya mayar da hankali ne kan hadin gwiwa wajen yaki da ta'addancin [[Boko Haram]] da ke addabar Najeriya a yammacin Afirka, musamman bayan sace 'yan matan makarantar [[Chibok]] da aka yi a shekarar 2014. A ƙarƙashin Amurka. Shugaba Obama, wannan haɗin gwiwar ya iyakance ne ta hanyar zargin cin zarafin bil adama da sojojin Najeriya suka yi, ciki har da kan fararen hula, wanda ya haifar da Dokar Leahy don haka ya iyakance sayar da makamai na Amurka ga Najeriya{{Sfn|Veney|2019|p=125}}. Wannan ya haifar da tashin hankali a Najeriya.{{Sfn|Opeyemi|2015}} Gwamnatin Najeriya da jakadan Amurka a Amurka sun fito fili sun soki shawarar Amurka, a tsakiyar shekarar 2014, don toshe sayar da jiragen sama masu saukar ungulu na Cobra da Amurka suka yi zuwa Najeriya daga Isra'ila saboda damuwar da ake yi game da take hakkin Dan-Adam – jakadan Najeriya ya zargi Washington da kawo cikas a yaki da ta'addanci{{Sfn|Cooper|2015}}. A takaice, jami'an Amurka sun fito fili sun soki mutuncin da karfin sojojin Najeriya yayin sauraron ƙarar majalisar dattijai, sannan jami'in diflomasiyyar Amurka [[Johnnie Carson]] ya amince da shi a karshen shekarar 2014 cewa, "Tashin hankali a cikin Amurka – Dangantakar Najeriya tabbas suna da mafi girman matakin su a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata. Akwai babban matakin takaici a ɓangarorin biyu.{{Sfn|Schmitt|2014}} Ya zuwa watan Agusta na shekarar 2015, an ba da rahoton cewa Amurka tana yunƙuri don cire takunkumin Dokar Leahy a Najeriya.{{Sfn|Kokim|2015}} ====Haramcin tafiye-tafiye da saka ido akan 'yancin addini==== A ranar 18 ga watan Disamba, shekara ta 2019, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta saka Najeriya a cikin jerin gwamnatocin da suka tsunduma ko kuma suka jure "mummunan take hakkin 'yancin addini".{{Sfn|Anon.|2019}} An cire shi daga jerin a cikin watan Nuwamban shekarar 2021, kwanaki kafin Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Amurka [[Antony Blinken]] ya isa Najeriya a wani bangare na rangadinsa na Afirka. Korar da Najeriya ta yi ya saba wa shawarar da Hukumar Yaki da ‘Yancin Addinai ta Amurka ta bayar, inda ta ce ta yi matukar kaduwa da matakin.{{Sfn|Lewis|2021}} A cikin watan Janairun shekarar 2020, makonni kacal bayan sanarwar Special Watch List, an ba da sanarwar cewa Najeriya na ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe da yawa da aka ƙara wa dokar hana tafiye-tafiye na Shugaban Amurka Donald Trump a ƙarƙashin Dokar Zartaswa mai lamba 13780.{{Sfn|Kanno-Youngs|2020}} Trump ya bayyana matsalolin tsaro, ciki har da cewa Najeriya "tana gabatar da babban hadari, dangane da sauran kasashen duniya, na balaguron ta'addanci zuwa Amurka",{{Sfn|Trump|2020}} amma majiyoyi sun shaida wa jaridar [[New York Times]] cewa gwamnatinsa ta damu da hakan. 'Yan Najeriya da suka tsallaka zuwa can ba bisa ka'ida ba.{{Sfn|Kanno-Youngs|2020}} Wannan ya tuna da kalaman Trump a wani taro a watan Yunin shekarar 2017, inda rahotanni suka ce 'yan Najeriya ba za su taɓa "komawa zuwa gidan su na asali ba" bayan sun ziyarci Amurka.{{Sfn|Shear|Davis|p=2017}} Ministan Harkokin Wajen Najeriya, [[Geoffrey Onyeama]], ya ce nasa Sanarwar ta yi watsi da gwamnatin - Amurka ta bayar da bizar bakin haure sama da 7,920 ga 'yan Najeriya a cikin kasafin kuɗin shekarar 2018, wanda shi ne na biyu a kowace kasa a Afirka - amma tana kokarin magance matsalolin tsaron Amurka.{{Sfn|Jakes|2020}} ==Alaƙar tattalin arziki== Wani muhimmin abin da ya shafi dangantakar Amurka da Najeriya shi ne zaman lafiyar hadin gwiwar tattalin arziki tsakanin kasashen biyu, wanda akasarin ya yi tsayin daka kan tabarbarewar diflomasiyya da siyasa. Zamanin mafi sanyi na dangantakar diflomasiyya - musamman tsakiyar shekarun 1970 da tsakiyar shekarar 1990 - ba abin mamaki ba ne ya haifar da illa ga dangantakar tattalin arziki, kuma, hakika, jarin Amurka a Najeriya ya fadada a wasu sassa a ƙarƙashin Janar Abacha.{{Sfn|Ayam|2008|p=|pp=117-118}}'''{{Sfn|Lewis|2006|p=106|pp=}}''' Ɗaya daga cikin bayanin shi ne cewa dangantakar ba ta da zurfin akida ko tushen tashin hankali, wanda ya ba da damar kasashen su gyara rashin jituwa cikin sauri ko kuma su ci gaba da yin hadin gwiwa a cikin ƙananan matakan a lokacin manyan matakan diplomasiyya.'''{{Sfn|Lewis|2006|p=84|pp=}}'''{{Sfn|Aka|2002|p=257}} Saboda haka, kasashen biyu sun ba da fifikon abubuwan da suka shafi zahiri a cikin dangantakarsu, musamman tun daga shekara ta 1975.'''{{Sfn|Lewis|2006|p=105|pp=}}''' '''{{Sfn|Nwachuku|1998|p=575|pp=}}{{Sfn|Ayam|2008|p=118}}''' Daga cikin abubuwan da ke damun su akwai babbar kasuwan masu amfani da kayayyaki a Najeriya da kuma “yawan albarkatun kasa da karfin tattalin arziki”.{{Sfn|Moose|1995|p=603}} Musamman, Nijeriya ta kasance tushen albarkatun man fetur ga Amurka{{Sfn|Hoffman|1996|p=149}} Hakika, masanin kimiyya Peter Lewis ya koka a cikin 2006 cewa, "tsakanin ciniki da zuba jari a bangaren man fetur abu ne da ba za a iya kaucewa ba wanda ya rufe wasu la'akari a Manufofin Amurka, don haka suna tauye tsarin tsarin manufofin."{{Sfn|Lewis|2006|p=|pp=109-110}} [[File:Oil imports by country.webp|thumb|Graph na masu samar da mai na Amurka bisa ga girma, tare da nuna Najeriya da launin toka.]] ===Mai da gas=== Masu sharhi sun yi la'akari da dangantakar [[Najeriya]] da [[Amurka]] a matsayin abin da ake kira diflomasiyyar man fetur: an lura da [[man fetur]] a matsayin babban abin da Amurka ke da sha'awar dangantakar, tare da Amurka ta kasance babbar mai amfani da man fetur kuma Najeriya ita ce babbar kasa a Afirka.{{Sfn|Ayam|2008|p=122}}'''{{Sfn|Aka|2002|p=247}}{{Sfn|Booker|Minter|2003|p=|pp=43-44}}''' Ƙasashen Amirka da dama, tare da wasu kamfanoni na Yamma, sun mamaye aikin hako mai a yankin Neja-Delta - a shekarar 2003, kamfanin [[ChevronTexaco]] da [[ExxonMobil Corp]] tare suna haƙo kusan rabin man da ake haƙowa.{{Sfn|Booker|Minter|2003|p=44}}'''{{Sfn|Aka|2002|p=248}}''' Ƙasar Amirka na da sha'awar iskar gas ta Najeriya tun aƙalla a shekarar 1973, lokacin da Kamfanin Guadalupe Gas Products Corporation na Amurka ya kulla yarjejeniya ta amfani da iskar gas tare da gwamnatin tarayya, ya raba 60-40 a karshen.{{Sfn|Ogunbadejo|1976|p=21}} A cikin shekara ta 1977, kamfanonin Amirka sun sami izini don gina masana'antar iskar gas a Najeriya, wanda zai iya samar da iskar gas biliyan biyu a kowace rana.{{Sfn|Aluko|1979|p=96}} Bugu da kari, Najeriya ta zama mai samar da mai ga Amurka a cikin shekarun 1970s, sakamakon rashin samun sauyi a Gabas ta Tsakiya musamman kauracewa mai na Larabawa a 1973. Najeriya dai ta ki shiga kauracewa taron, duk da kasancewarta a cikin kungiyar kasashe masu arzikin man fetur ta OPEC.{{Sfn|Hoffman|1996|p=149}} A shekara ta 1980, Najeriya ita ce kasa ta biyu mafi yawan kai man fetur a Amurka, bayan Saudiyya:'''{{Sfn|Nwachuku|1998|p=583|pp=}}{{Sfn|Ottaway|1978}}''' a waccan shekarar, akalla kashi 46% na man da Najeriya ke fitarwa ya tafi Amurka, wanda ya kai kusan kashi 12% na man dake shiga ƙasar Amurka.{{Sfn|Ayam|2008|p=122}}.Ƙarin mahimmancin Nijeriya ga samar da makamashin Amurka ya ba ta damar inganta matsayi a manufofin harkokin waje na Amurka daga tsakiyar 1970s.{{Sfn|Ogunbadejo|1976|p=21}}'''{{Sfn|Aka|2002|p=248}}''' Bayan 11 ga Satumba, lokacin da Amurka ta sake samun sha'awar gaggawa ta ficewa daga masu samar da mai na Gabas ta Tsakiya,'''{{Sfn|Lewis|2006|p=102|pp=}}'''{{Sfn|Veney|2019|p=119}} Gwamnatin '''Bush''' ta ayyana albarkatun man Najeriya a matsayin "hanyoyi masu mahimmanci", kuma rahotanni sun bayyana cewa ya bi sahun manyan ‘yan kasuwan man fetur wajen fafutukar ganin Najeriya ta fice daga ƙungiyar OPEC.{{Sfn|Booker|Minter|2003|p=44}} Sai dai kuma kasashen biyu sun karkata akalar cinikin man fetur a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata. A shekarar 2020, Najeriya ta bai wa Amurka sama da ganga miliyan 24 na danyen mai, kusan kashi 1.1% na man da Amurka ke shigowa da shi da kuma kashi 4.8% na yawan man da Najeriya ke fitarwa.{{Sfn|United States Energy Information Administration|2022}}{{Sfn|OPEC|2021}} Teburin da ke ƙasa yana nuna yadda dogaron Amurka kan man Najeriya ya ragu tun shekara ta 1993: {| class="wikitable" |+Amurka ta shigo da ɗanyen mai daga Najeriya, 1993-2021{{Sfn|United States Energy Information Administration|2022}} !Shekara !1993 !1995 !2000 !2005 !2010 !2015 !2019 !2020 !2021 |- !'''Ganga miliyan''' |263.5 |226.5 |320.1 |393.0 |358.9 |19.9 |68.1 |24.4 |39.4 |- !'''Share of total''' |10.6% |8.6% |9.6% |10.6% |10.7% |0.7% |2.7% |1.1% |1.8% |} ===Kasuwanci=== A farkon shekarun bayan Najeriya ‘yancin kai a shekarar 1960, kason Amurka na kasuwanci da zuba jari a Najeriya kadan ne, wanda Birtaniyya ta yi kasa da shi.{{Sfn|Ayam|2008|p=118}} A shekara ta 1974, Biritaniya ta kasance babbar abokiyar cinikayyar Najeriya, amma Amurka tana daya daga cikin manyan kasuwanninta guda uku na shigo da kaya da fitarwa;{{Sfn|Ogunbadejo|1976|p=31}} da kuma shekara mai zuwa, wanda ya haifar da ruri na kasuwancin mai, Amurka ta mamaye Biritaniya a matsayin babbar kasuwa mafi girma a Najeriya.{{Sfn|Aluko|1979|p=96}} Har ila yau, cinikin mai ya haifar da gibin ciniki mai ban sha'awa ga Amurka: sama da dala biliyan 6.1 a shekara ta 1977,{{Sfn|Ogunbadejo|1979|p=123}} kuma aƙalla dala biliyan 9 a 1980{{Sfn|Ayam|2008|p=123}}{{Sfn|Nwachuku|1998|p=583}} galibi ta hanyar ƙara kayan da take fitarwa zuwa kasuwa mai girma a Najeriya, amma waɗannan yunƙurin sun sami cikas sosai sakamakon sake fasalin tattalin arziki a Najeriya, wanda ya zama dole bayan rikicin tattalin arziki {{Sfn|Ayam|2008|p=123}} Musamman rashin farin ciki shine dokar hana shigo da alkama da Najeriya ta aiwatar tsakanin shekara ta 1986 zuwa shekarar 1993. Amurka, wadda a da ita ce babbar hanyar shigo da alkama a Najeriya, ta dage wajen nuna rashin amincewa da dokar a duk tsawon rayuwarta, tare da daukar matakin a matsayin rashin adalci na kasuwanci da kuma barazanar daukar matakin ramuwar gayya.{{Sfn|Nwachuku|1998|p=591}} [[File:Obasanjo with Bush.jpg|thumb|Shugaba Bush da Shugaba Obasanjo a lokacin taron G8 na aiki a Evian, Faransa, 2003.]] Jim kadan bayan mulkin dimokuradiyyar Najeriya, a shekara ta 2000, Najeriya da Amurka sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar kasuwanci da zuba jari, kuma Najeriya ta cancanci cin moriyar ciniki a ƙarƙashin dokar ci gaban Afirka da dama, wadda aka kafa a wannan shekarar.{{Sfn|United States International Trade Administration|2021}} A cikin shekara ta 2019, Amurka ita ce kasuwa ta uku mafi girma don fitar da Najeriya zuwa waje, bayan China da Indiya, akan darajar shekara ta dala biliyan 4.7 (9.9% na jimillar kayan da Najeriya ke fitarwa).{{Sfn|World Bank|2022}} Kamar yadda yake a ƙarni na 20, yawan man da Najeriya ke fitarwa zuwa Amurka ya mamaye fitar da mai, wanda ya kai kusan kashi 97% na abin da ake fitarwa zuwa Amurka a shekarar 2019.{{Sfn|World Bank|2022}} wanda ya kai dalar Amurka biliyan 3.2, wanda ya maida Najeriya kasa ta biyu wajen fitar da kayayyaki zuwa kasashen waje a yankin kudu da hamadar sahara,{{Sfn|United States International Trade Administration|2021}} kuma ya haifar da gibin cinikayyar Amurka a tarihi na dala biliyan 1.4.{{Sfn|United States Trade Representative|2022}} Lallai, idan aka ba da rarar dalar Amurka biliyan 1.7 na cinikayyar ayyuka, Amurka ta samu rarar ciniki gaba daya da Najeriya.{{Sfn|United States Trade Representative|2022}} ===Zuba jari=== A tarihi Amurka ta kasance muhimmiyar tushen saka hannun jari kai tsaye daga ketare a Najeriya. A cikin karni na ashirin, jarin da Amurka ta zuba a Najeriya na da yawa kuma sun ta'allaka sosai a fannin mai.{{Sfn|Ogunbadejo|1976|p=21}} A cikin 1972, jarin waje na Amirka ya kai kusan fam miliyan 250, fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na jimillar jarin waje a Nijeriya da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na jimlar jarin masu zaman kansu na Amirka a duk ƙasashen Afirka masu tasowa.{{Sfn|Ogunbadejo|1976|p=21}} Wannan ya ƙaru zuwa dala biliyan 1 a shekarar 1974 da kuma kimanin dala biliyan 1.5 a shekarar 1977.{{Sfn|Aluko|1979|p=96}} A daidai wannan lokacin ne Najeriya ta ci gaba da bunkasa manufofinta na 'yan asalin kasar, da nufin rage mamayar tattalin arzikinta daga hannun kamfanonin kasashen waje. An ƙaddamar da manufar a cikin shekarar 1972 a ƙarƙashin Gowon kuma an tsawaita sosai yayin da shekaru goma ke ci gaba. A shekarar 1976, gwamnati ta sanar da wajabta kaso na 40% zuwa 100% na kuɗaɗen da ake amfani da su a Najeriya.{{Sfn|Darnton|1976c}} Manufofin sun rage yawan jarin Amurka a Najeriya, kuma wasu kamfanoni na Amurka da suka riga sun yi aiki a Najeriya, musamman [[Citibank]], sun janye daga kasar maimakon bin ka'ida.{{Sfn|Ogunbadejo|1979|p=123}} Wasu sun yarda: misali, [[Chase Manhattan]], [[First National Bank of Chicago]], da [[Bank of America]] kowanne ya sayar da kashi 60% na hannun jarin su ga Babban Bankin Najeriya, wanda hakan ya samu hannun jari a kan allunan gida.{{Sfn|Darnton|1976c}} An yi amfani da manufar musamman ga bankunan Amurka, saboda gwamnatin tarayya ta ji haushin cewa suna aiki a matsayin bankunan kasuwanci amma a ƙarƙashin lasisin ciniki.{{Sfn|Darnton|1976c}} Duk da haka jarin Amurka a Najeriya ya kasance mai matukar muhimmanci a tsawon shekarun 1980. Duk da tashe-tashen hankulan siyasa na shekarar 1989 zuwa 1995, Najeriya ta kasance kasa mafi samun riba ga hannun jarin Amurka a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara a wancan lokacin, wanda ya kai kashi 71.4% na yawan ribar da Amurka ke samu a yankin kudu da hamadar sahara.{{Sfn|Ayam|2008|p=125}} Amurka ya ƙaru zuwa dala biliyan 3.9 a shekarar 1995, har yanzu ya fi mayar da hankali kan mai.{{Sfn|Moose|1995|p=603}}{{Sfn|Hoffman|1996|p=149}} Bayan kaddamar da jamhuriya ta huɗu a shekarar 1999, Najeriya ta nuna sha'awar fadadawa da rarrabuwar kawuna na babban birnin kasar Amurka,{{Sfn|Ayam|2008|p=123}} amma ci gaban ya yi tafiyar hawainiya - wanda Amurka ta danganta shi da rashin kyakkyawan yanayi don samar da yanayi mai kyau, don zuba jari a Najeriya.{{Sfn|Ayam|2008|p=123}}{{Sfn|Aka|2002|p=275}} A shekarar 2019, hannun jarin Amurka kai tsaye a Najeriya ya kai dala biliyan 5.5, wanda ya ƙaru da kashi 21.5 cikin ɗari idan aka kwatanta da shekarar da ta gabata.{{Sfn|United States Trade Representative|2022}} Jari na waje kai tsaye na Najeriya a Amurka ya kai dala miliyan 105.{{Sfn|United States Trade Representative|2022}} A cewar Hukumar Kula da Kasuwanci ta Amurka, ƙasar Amirka ta kasance mafi yawan masu saka hannun jari a Nijeriya har zuwa 2021, tare da zuba jari kai tsaye a cikin harkokin man fetur, ma'adinai, da cinikayya.{{Sfn|United States International Trade Administration|2021}} ===Taimakon kasashen waje=== Najeriya ita ce babbar hanyar samun tallafin Amurka daga ketare - a shekarar 2021, an kiyasta cewa Najeriya ta kasance cikin kasashe goma da suka fi samun tallafi bisa ga adadi.{{Sfn|McConville|2022}} Tsakanin 2012 zuwa 2021, wajibcin agaji na shekara-shekara na Amurka a Najeriya ya kai tsakanin dala miliyan 624 da, a shekarar 2020, dala biliyan 1.11.{{Sfn|United States Government|2022}} Ana yawan bazuwar agaji a fannin jin kai, da zaman lafiya da tsaro, da kuma fannin kiwon lafiya – a cikin na biyu, musamman a ƙarƙashin shirin gaggawa na shugaban ƙasa don magance cutar kanjamau, wanda ya ayyana Nijeriya a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin kasashe goma sha biyar masu samun fifiko.{{Sfn|United States Government|2022}} ==Alakar al'adu da diflomasiyya== ===Yan Najeriya mazauna Amurka=== An bambanta Najeriya da sauran ƙasashen Afirka ta hanyar girman alakar yawan jama'arta da Amurka'''{{Sfn|Lewis|2006|pp=|p=103}}{{Sfn|Aka|2002|pp=|p=249}}''' Baya ga yawan ɗimbin ƴan Afirka da suka samo asali daga zuriyarsu zuwa Najeriya, muhimmiyar alaƙar "al'adu da al'umma" ta taso daga babban al'ummar Amurkawa na Najeriya a Amurka,'''{{Sfn|Lewis|2006|pp=|p=103}}''' wanda aka sani da kasancewa mai fafutuka na siyasa da al'adu.{{Sfn|Booker|Minter|2003|p=52}} A cikin 2000, ƙidayar Amurka ta ƙididdige mazauna 87,000 haifaffen Najeriya, waɗanda 'ya'yan da aka haifa a Amurka sun kai ƙarin mazauna 100,000 ko 200,000 - kodayake ana ɗaukar wannan a matsayin ƙima.{{Sfn|Booker|Minter|2003|p=52}} Wani bincike da aka gudanar a wancan lokacin ya kiyasta cewa ’yan Najeriya na aika sama da dala biliyan 1.3 a duk shekara zuwa ga iyalansu a Nijeriya, adadin da ya kawo naƙasun tallafin da ake samu daga kasashen waje.{{Sfn|Booker|Minter|2003|p=52}} Har ila yau, an daɗe akan hakan - musamman a cikin shekarun 1970s da 1980 - saboda yawancin 'yan Najeriya manema ilimi a ƙasar Amurka.{{Sfn|Aka|2002|pp=|p=250}} A farkon 2000s, wannan ya haifar da damuwa game da "[[Human capital flight|brain drain]]" daga Najeriya zuwa Amurka.{{Sfn|Aka|2002|pp=251-252}} ===Ra'ayin al'ummar Najeriya=== Kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa Najeriya kasa ce mai goyon bayan Amurka. A shekarar 2019, shekarar da ta gabata da Cibiyar Bincike ta Pew ta gudanar da zaɓen ɗabi'un ta a duniya, kashi 62% na 'yan Najeriya suna da ra'ayi mai kyau game da Amurka, tare da 23% suna nuna ra'ayi mara kyau. Ko da yake wannan ya haifar da raguwar fa'ida daga 81% a cikin 2010, shekarar farko da aka gudanar da zaɓen.{{Sfn|Pew Research Center|2022}} A cikin 2018, 69% na 'yan Najeriya sun yi imanin cewa Amurka tana mutunta 'yancin jama'arta.{{Sfn|Pew Research Center|2022}} Abin da ya dace a harkokin duniya, ya ragu zuwa kashi 53 cikin 100 tsakanin 2013 da 2014, ya ƙaru zuwa kashi 73 cikin 100 a shekarar 2015, ya kuma ragu zuwa kashi 63% a ƙarshen shugabancinsa.{{Sfn|Pew Research Center|2022}} Bayan zaɓen [[Donal J. Trump]] a Amurka, wani bincike da ƙarar yaɗa labarai '''BBC''' ta gudanar a shekarar 2017 ya nuna cewa ra'ayi mai kyau game da Amurka ya ƙaru a tsakanin 'yan Najeriya daga kashi 59% (2014) zuwa kashi 68 cikin dari maimakon raguwa kamar sauran kasashe.{{Sfn|Globescan|2017}} Jaridar [[The Washington Post]] da [[The Guardian]] sun ruwaito wani gagarumin sha'awar jama'ar Najeriya game da shugaba Trump, musamman tsakanin Kiristocin kudu da masu fafutukar ɓallewar daga ƙasar don kafa ƙasar [[Biafra]]. <ref>{{cite news |title='He just says it as it is': why many Nigerians support Donald Trump |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/oct/31/he-just-says-it-as-it-is-why-many-nigerians-support-donald-trump |work=the Guardian |date=31 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Perspective {{!}} Trump trashes Nigeria and bans its immigrants. Nigerians love him for it. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/trump-trashes-nigeria-and-bans-its-immigrants-nigerians-love-him-for-it/2020/02/07/ed985a4c-4853-11ea-ab15-b5df3261b710_story.html |newspaper=Washington Post}}</ref> [[Ƙungiyar masu fafutukar kafa kasar Biafra]] sun gudanar da faretin nuna goyon baya ga [[Donald Trump]] a watan Janairun 2017.<ref>{{cite news |title=Biafran pro-Trump rally turns violent in Nigeria |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-38688798 |work=BBC News |date=20 January 2017}}</ref> A watan Nuwamban 2020, shugaban IPOB [[Nnamdi Kanu]] ya amsa gayyatar halartar taron Trump a Iowa a matsayin babban bako na musamman na VIP.<ref>{{cite news |title=Trump's rally: IPOB commends US over Kanu's VIP invitation |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/02/ipob-commends-us-over-kanus-vip-invitation-to-trumps-rally-says-leader-not-a-terrorist/ |work=Vanguard News |date=3 February 2020}}</ref> A tsawon shugabancinsa, '''Pew Research''' ya gano cewa kashi 58-59% na ƴan [[Najeriya]] sun amince da Trump don yin abin da ya dace a harkokin duniya,{{Sfn|Pew Research Center|2022}} kashi na hudu mafi girma a duniya bayan [[Isra'ila]], [[Philippines]], da kuma [[Kenya]].{{Sfn|Akinwotu|2020}} A cikin 2020 ra'ayin Gallup, kashi 56% na 'yan Najeriya sun amince da shugabancin Amurka - fiye da amincewar Turai ga shugabancin Amurka, wanda na Turai ya samu kashi 24%.<ref>{{cite web |title=Scorned by Trump, many Nigerians love him all the same |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-election-nigeria/scorned-by-trump-many-nigerians-love-him-all-the-same-idUSKBN27J0S2 |website=Reuters |language=en |date=3 November 2020}}</ref> ===Ofishin jakadanci=== Najeriya na da ofishin jakadanci a Washington DC da kuma karamin ofishin jakadanci a [[New York]] da [[Atlanta]].{{Sfn|Nigerian Consulate|2022}} Ƙasar Amirka na da ofishin jakadanci a [[Abuja]], babban birnin tarayyar [[Nijeriya]], da kuma wani ofishin jakadancin a birnin [[Legas]]. A karshen watan Maris din shekarar 2022, an fara ginin wani sabon harabar ofishin jakadancin da ke Legas, wanda ake sa ran kammala shi a shekarar 2027, kuma zai kasance karamin ofishin jakadancin Amurka mafi girma a duniya.{{Sfn|United States Consulate|2022}} Masanin ilimi Peter Lewis ya koka da yadda aka rufe cibiyoyin Amurka a wasu sassan ƙasar, yana mai cewa hakan ya rage ƙarfin leƙen asiri da wakilcin Amurka.{{Sfn|Lewis|2006|pp=|p=110}} An kafa hukumar hadin gwiwa tsakanin Amurka da Najeriya a shekarar 2010 kuma tana haɗuwa akai-akai.{{Sfn|United States Department of State|2020}} Amurka da [[Najeriya]] dukkansu membobi ne na [[Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], [[Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya]], [[Bankin Duniya]], da [[Kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Duniya]], da sauransu. Najeriya kuma ta kasance mai sanya ido ga Kungiyar Kasashen Amurka.{{Sfn|United States International Trade Administration|2021}} ==Hadin gwiwar soja== [[File:US Navy 110808-N-XK513-331 Rear Adm. Kenneth J. Norton, along with other U.S. Navy personnel, ride with a Nigerian visit, board, search and seizure.jpg|thumb|Sojojin ruwa na Amurika suna tafiya tare da jirgin ruwan Najeriya a wani ɓangare na atisayen tashar hadin gwiwa ta Afirka, 2011.]] Hadin gwiwar sojojin Najeriya da na Amurka ƙarƙashin gwamnatin [[George W.Bush]] ya ta'allaka ne kan cibiyar nazarin dabarun Afirka da kuma shirin mayar da martani kan rikicin Afrika.{{Sfn|Aka|2002|pp=257-258}}'''{{Sfn|Veney|2019|p=119}}''' A cikin shekara ta 2007, gwamnatin Bush ta kafa tashar haɗin gwiwa ta Afirka, wadda ta kasance cibiyar hadin gwiwa don yaki da fashin teku, safarar miyagun ƙwayoyi, satar mai, da zamba a kan iyaka a cikin [[Gulf of Guinea]].{{Sfn|Veney|2019|p=119}} A halin yanzu, [[Najeriya]] memba ce ta Kungiyar Hadin Kai ta Duniya don yaƙar ƙungiyar ISIS (D-ISIS), kuma Amurka da [[Najeriya]] sun ɗauki nauyin taron D-ISIS a watan Oktoban shekarar 2020. Har ila yau, tana karɓar tallafin sojan Amurka a matsayin memba na Shirin Ilimin Soja na Afirka kuma a matsayinta na memba tun shekara ta 2005{{Sfn|Solomon|2013|p=437}} na Ƙungiyar Ta'addanci ta Trans-Sahara; kuma a shekarar 2020 ta sayi kayan tsaro sama da na dalar Amurka miliyan 1.2 daga hannun Amurka.{{Sfn|United States Department of State|2022}} Bugu da kari, wani memba na Sojojin Amurka na Injiniya ya tsaya na dindindin a tashar jirgin saman Kainji da ke Najeriya, domin kula da muhimman ayyukan Rundunar Sojojin Amurka na Afirka a can.{{Sfn|Barraza|2021}} ===Sace 'yan matan makarantar Chibok=== A cikin fushin kasa da kasa da ya biyo bayan sace 'yan matan makarantar Chibok a arewacin Najeriya a watan Afrilun 2014, Obama a ranar 6 ga watan Mayu cewar; Amurka za ta yi duk abin da za mu iya don ba da taimako " ga Najeriya.{{Sfn|Hudson|2014}} ƙasar Amirka ta aike da wata tawaga daban-daban don taimakawa sojojin Nijeriya,{{Sfn|Ahmad|2014}} da farko sun ƙunshi mambobi 38, ciki har da ƙwararrun Jami'an Bincike na Tarayyar Amurika guda biyu da wai ƙwararrun na musamman da sauran wasu da dama.{{Sfn|Parkinson|Henshaw|p=2021}} An tura sojojin Amurka 80 jim kadan bayan haka.{{Sfn|Miller|2014}} A farkon aikin, tawagar ƙasar Amirka ta samu hotunan tauraron dan adam na kasuwanci, kuma ta yi ta zirga-zirga da jiragen leken asiri, da kuma bincike a kan Nijeriya.{{Sfn|Sherwood|2014}} [[File:Michelle-obama-bringbackourgirls.jpg|thumb|A shafin [[Twitter]] a watan Mayun 2014, Uwargidan Shugaban Amurka, [[Michelle Obama]], tabi sahun masu yaɗa kudirin "yunkurin dawo da 'yan matanmu" ("bring back our girls") bayan sace 'yan matan Chibok ɗin.|220x220px]] Sai dai jami'an Amurka sun yi ƙorafin cewa [[Najeriya]] ta mayar da martani sannu a hankali wajen karɓa tare da aiwatar da tallafin da Amurka ta yi mata,{{Sfn|Zengerle|2014}} kuma daga baya an ce an samu rashin jituwa tsakanin tawagar Amurka da jami'an [[Najeriya]].{{Sfn|Parkinson|Henshaw|p=2021}} Daga cikin tushen waɗannan tashe-tashen hankula, a farkon watannin wannan aiki, akwai ƙin yarda da Amurka ta yi na raba bayanan sirrinta ga sojojin Najeriya, saboda damuwa game da cin hanci da rashawa, da kuma yiwuwar kutsawa cikin sassan Najeriyar na [[Boko Haram]].{{Sfn|Anon.|2014}} [[Foreign Policy]] ta ruwaito cewa jami’an Amurka ma sun damu da cewa za a yi amfani da bayanan sirrin wajen murkushe farar hular Najeriya, idan aka yi la’akari da abin da wani jami’in Amurka ya kira da hazakar sojojin Najeriya na yin “heavy-handed” da “rashin gaskiya”.{{Sfn|Lubold|2014}} Ko da yake an amince da ƙayyadaddun ka'idojin raba bayanan sirri da yawa,{{Sfn|Stewart|2014}} Daga baya ma'aikatar [[Pentagon]] ta yi korafin cewa Najeriya ta gaza bin mahimman bayanai da ke fitowa daga leken asirin Amurka.{{Sfn|Cooper|2015}} Yazo a shekarar 2021 manufar ceto 'yan matan da aka sace bai yi nasara ba. ===Matakin Sojoji akan Boko Haram=== An gudanar da zaman taron farko na [[Majalisar Dokokin Amurka]] kan Boko Haram a watan Nuwambar shekarar 2011, bayan harin bam na [[Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] da aka kai a Abuja da kuma harin bam da aka kai a hedikwatar 'yan sandan [[Abuja]], da kuma kiran dan majalisa [[Pat Meehan]] da 'yar majalisa [[Jackie Speier]].{{Sfn|Solomon|2013|p=437}}{{Sfn|Veney|2019|p=122}} Gwamnatin Obama ta sanya kungiyar a matsayin kungiyar ta'addanci a shekarar 2013.{{Sfn|Veney|2019|p=122}} Sai dai kuma tashin hankalin da ya kunno kai a lokacin aikin ceto '''ƴan matan makarantar Chibok''' ya ci gaba da kawo cikas ga hadin gwiwa tsakanin sojojin Amurka da na [[Najeriya]]. Jaridar [[New York Times]] ta ruwaito "raguwar amana" a tsakanin su,{{Sfn|Gordon|2015}} musamman saboda ci gaba da damuwar [[Amurika]] game da '''cin hanci da rashawa''', rashin aminci, da kuma '''take hakin bil'adama''' da jami'an [[Najeriya]] ke yi, wanda ya sa ma'aikatar tsaron Amurka ta ƙara ba da haɗin kai ga jami'ai. kasashe makwabta - Chadi, Kamaru, da Nijar - yayin da suke kaucewa tuntubar 'yan [[Najeriya]].{{Sfn|Cooper|2015}} An fusata da ci gaba da kin raba bayanan sirri na Amurka, a cikin watan Disamba ,shekara ta 2014 Najeriya ta soke matakin karshe na wani shiri wanda a ƙarƙashin sa jami'an Amurka suka horar da sojojin Najeriya kan yaki da ta'addanci.{{Sfn|Cooper|2015}} A karshen shekarar 2015, Amurka ta tura dakaru zuwa kasar Kamaru domin tallafawa yaki da Boko Haram a kan iyakar Najeriya da Kamaru.{{Sfn|Crawford|2015}} ==Ziyarar jihohi== Ga jerin ziyarce-ziyarcen da shugabannin Najeriya suka kai Amurka da kuma ziyarar da shugabannin kasashen Amurkan suka kawo a Najeriya. {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+Visits by Nigerian and U.S. heads of state, 1960–2021 !Head of state !Country !Year !Dates !Description |- |<small>Prime Minister [[Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]]</small> |<small>{{flag|Nigeria}}</small> |<small>1960</small> |<small>October 8</small> |<small>Met with President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] during a visit to the [[United Nations General Assembly|UN General Assembly]].{{Sfn|Office of the Historian|2022b}}</small> |- |<small>Prime Minister [[Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]]</small> |<small>{{flag|Nigeria}}</small> |<small>1961</small> |<small>July 25–28</small> |<small>Official visit.{{Sfn|Office of the Historian|2022b}}</small> |- |<small>Lieutenant General [[Olusegun Obasanjo]]</small> |<small>{{flag|Nigeria}}</small> |<small>1977</small> |<small>October 10–13</small> |<small>State visit with President [[Jimmy Carter]].{{Sfn|Office of the Historian|2022b}}</small> |- |<small>President [[Jimmy Carter]]</small> |<small>{{flag|U.S.}}</small> |<small>1978</small> |<small>March 31–April 3</small> |<small>Met with head of state [[Olusegun Obasanjo]].{{Sfn|Office of the Historian|2022c}}</small> |- |<small>President [[Shehu Shagari]]</small> |<small>{{flag|Nigeria}}</small> |<small>1980</small> |<small>October 3–8</small> |<small>Official visit.{{Sfn|Office of the Historian|2022b}}</small> |- |<small>President-elect [[Olusegun Obasanjo]]</small> |<small>{{flag|Nigeria}}</small> |<small>1999</small> |<small>March 30</small> |<small>Met with President [[Bill Clinton]] during a private visit.{{Sfn|Office of the Historian|2022b}}</small> |- |<small>President [[Olusegun Obasanjo]]</small> |<small>{{flag|Nigeria}}</small> |<small>1999</small> |<small>October 27–30</small> |<small>Official working visit.{{Sfn|Office of the Historian|2022b}}</small> |- |<small>President [[Bill Clinton]]</small> |<small>{{flag|U.S.}}</small> |<small>2000</small> |<small>August 26–28</small> |<small>Met with President [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] and addressed the [[National Assembly]].{{Sfn|Office of the Historian|2022d}}</small> |- |<small>President [[Olusegun Obasanjo]]</small> |<small>{{flag|Nigeria}}</small> |<small>2001</small> |<small>May 10–12</small> |<small>Working visit.{{Sfn|Office of the Historian|2022b}}</small> |- |<small>President [[Olusegun Obasanjo]]</small> |<small>{{flag|Nigeria}}</small> |<small>2001</small> |<small>November 2</small> |<small>Met with President [[George W. Bush]] during a private visit.{{Sfn|Office of the Historian|2022b}}</small> |- |<small>President [[Olusegun Obasanjo]]</small> |<small>{{flag|Nigeria}}</small> |<small>2002</small> |<small>June 20</small> |<small>Met with President [[George W. Bush]] during a private visit.{{Sfn|Office of the Historian|2022b}}</small> |- |<small>President [[George W. Bush]]</small> |<small>{{flag|U.S.}}</small> |<small>2003</small> |<small>July 11–2</small> |<small>Met with President [[Olusegun Obasanjo]].{{Sfn|Office of the Historian|2022e}}</small> |- |<small>President [[Olusegun Obasanjo]]</small> |<small>{{flag|Nigeria}}</small> |<small>2004</small> |<small>June 10–11</small> |<small>Met with President [[George W. Bush]] during the [[G8]] Economic Summit; attended the funeral of former President [[Ronald Reagan]].{{Sfn|Office of the Historian|2022b}}</small> |- |<small>President [[Olusegun Obasanjo]]</small> |<small>{{flag|Nigeria}}</small> |<small>2004</small> |<small>December 2–3</small> |<small>Working visit.{{Sfn|Office of the Historian|2022b}}</small> |- |<small>President [[Olusegun Obasanjo]]</small> |<small>{{flag|Nigeria}}</small> |<small>2005</small> |<small>May 5</small> |<small>Working visit.{{Sfn|Office of the Historian|2022b}}</small> |- |<small>President [[Olusegun Obasanjo]]</small> |<small>{{flag|Nigeria}}</small> |<small>2006</small> |<small>March 28–29</small> |<small>Working visit.{{Sfn|Office of the Historian|2022b}}</small> |- |<small>President [[Umaru Musa Yar'Adua]]</small> |<small>{{flag|Nigeria}}</small> |<small>2007</small> |<small>December 12–15</small> |<small>Working visit.{{Sfn|Office of the Historian|2022b}}</small> |- |<small>Acting President [[Goodluck Jonathan]]</small> |<small>{{flag|Nigeria}}</small> |<small>2010</small> |<small>April 11–13</small> |<small>Attended the [[2010 Nuclear Security Summit|Nuclear Security Summit]].{{Sfn|Office of the Historian|2022b}}</small> |- |<small>President [[Goodluck Jonathan]]</small> |<small>{{flag|Nigeria}}</small> |<small>2011</small> |<small>June 8</small> |<small>Working visit.{{Sfn|Office of the Historian|2022b}}</small> |- |<small>President [[Goodluck Jonathan]]</small> |<small>{{flag|Nigeria}}</small> |<small>2013</small> |<small>September 23</small> |<small>Met with President [[Barack Obama]] at the [[United Nations General Assembly|UN General Assembly]].{{Sfn|Office of the Historian|2022b}}</small> |- |<small>President [[Goodluck Jonathan]]</small> |<small>{{flag|Nigeria}}</small> |<small>2014</small> |<small>August 5–6</small> |<small>Attended the [[United States–Africa Leaders Summit|U.S.–Africa Leaders Summit]].{{Sfn|Office of the Historian|2022b}}</small> |- |<small>President [[Muhammadu Buhari]]</small> |<small>{{flag|Nigeria}}</small> |<small>2015</small> |<small>July 20–21</small> |<small>Official working visit.{{Sfn|Office of the Historian|2022b}}</small> |- |<small>President [[Muhammadu Buhari]]</small> |<small>{{flag|Nigeria}}</small> |<small>2016</small> |<small>March 31–April 1</small> |<small>Attended the [[2016 Nuclear Security Summit|Nuclear Security Summit]].{{Sfn|Office of the Historian|2022b}}</small> |- |<small>President [[Muhammadu Buhari]]</small> |<small>{{flag|Nigeria}}</small> |<small>2018</small> |<small>April 29–May 1</small> |<small>Official working visit.{{Sfn|Office of the Historian|2022b}}</small> |} ==Duba kuma== * [[Foreign relations of Nigeria]] * [[Foreign relations of the United States]] * [[List of ambassadors of the United States to Nigeria|List of United States ambassadors to Nigeria]] == Manazarta == {{reflist|20em}} ==Bibliography== === Academic === {{refbegin|20em|indent=yes}} * {{Cite journal |last=Adebanwi |first=Wade 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''[https://books.google.co.za/books/about/Nigeria_Africa_and_the_United_States.html?id=vW3fDQAAQBAJ&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y Nigeria, Africa, and the United States: Challenges of Governance, Development, and Security]''. Lexington Books. {{ISBN|978-1-4985-4536-5}}. * {{Cite book |last=Abegunrin |first=Olayiwola |url=https://rowman.com/ISBN/9781498573771/Nigeria%E2%80%93United-States-Relations-1960%E2%80%932016 |title=Nigeria–United States Relations, 1960–2016 |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-4985-7378-8 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{Cite book |last=Ate |first=Bassey E. |title=Decolonization and Dependence: The Development of Nigerian–U.S. Relations, 1960–1984 |publisher=Routledge |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-429-03568-5 |location=New York |doi=10.4324/9780429035685|s2cid=239592345 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9780429035685/decolonization-dependence-bassey-ate}} * Bach, Daniel C. (1983). [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-349-06301-7_3 "Nigerian-American Relations: Converging Interests and Power Relations"]. In Shaw, Timothy M.; Aluko, Olajide (eds.). ''Nigerian Foreign Policy.'' London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp.&nbsp;35–55, {{doi|10.1007/978-1-349-06301-7_3}}. {{ISBN|978-1-349-06303-1}}. * {{Cite book |last1=Rowell |first1=Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=17GFAAAAIAAJ |title=The Next Gulf: London, Washington and Oil Conflict in Nigeria |last2=Marriott |first2=James |last3=Stockman |first3=Lorne |publisher=Constable |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-84529-259-1}} ==Adireshin waje== * [https://www.usnigeria.org/ U.S.–Nigeria Trade Council] * [https://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/balance/c7530.html U.S.–Nigeria trade statistics] * [https://foreignassistance.gov/cd/nigeria/ U.S. foreign assistance to Nigeria] * [https://www.dsca.mil/search/node?keys=nigeria U.S. defense equipment sales to Nigeria] * [https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-nigeria/ U.S.–Nigeria relations fact sheet] * [https://www.nigeriaembassyusa.org/ Website of the Nigerian Embassy] * [https://ng.usembassy.gov/ Website of the U.S. Embassy] * [https://www.usnigeria.org/trade-and-diplomatic-statistics/history-of-nigeria-ambassadors-to-us/ List of Nigerian ambassadors to the U.S.] * {{Cite episode |title=U.S. Assistance to Nigeria, with E.J. Hogendoorn, Deputy Program Director for Africa, International Crisis Group |work= |access-date= |date=2014-05-27 |url=http://thekojonnamdishow.org/shows/2014-05-27/us-assistance-nigeria |series=The [[Kojo Nnamdi]] Show}} ahbcs2nxk30dsj35jbf66qltoisn2he 0 40962 873579 587089 2026-07-01T12:02:33Z Ummeeterh 31568 /* */ 873579 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Barikanchi Pidgin''', '''Barikanci''', ko '''Bastard Hausa''' Pidgin ne na [[harshen Hausa]] da ake magana da shi a [[Najeriya]].<ref name="Fiamingo2000">{{cite book|author=Cristiana Fiamingo|title=L'Africa subsahariana: ambiente, storia, strutture di potere, lingue, popoli, religioni, cronologia, glossario|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXOphJdFS7UC&pg=PA77|accessdate=17 September 2011|year=2000|publisher=Edizioni Pendragon|isbn=978-88-8342-034-4|pages=77–}}</ref> [[Rundunonin Sojin Najeriya|Rundunar sojin Najeriya]] na amfani da Barikanci wajen tabbatar da ƙyaƙƙyawar alaƙa tsakanin jami’an sojan da ke da bambancin [[harshe]]. A rundunar sojin [[Najeriya]], yawancin mambobin sun fito ne daga yankin arewacin ƙasar. Wannan ya sa [[harshen Hausa]] ya zama harshen da ya share fagen pidgin [[Hausa]], wanda aka fi sani da H''ausar bariki''.<ref name="Pidginization and Creolization of Languages">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wG08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA518 |title=Pidginization and Creolization of Languages |publisher=CUP Archive |year=1971 |pages=518– |id=GGKEY:07X8JT2JN9L |accessdate=17 September 2011}}</ref> Harshen ya samo asali ne a [[barikin Sojojin]] [[Burtaniya]] da ke arewacin [[Najeriya]] a farkon ƙarni na (20) kuma anyi amfani da shi a matsayin yare a tsakanin 'ƴan [[Najeriya]] masu bambancin [[harshe]]. Kasancewarsa yaren soja, galibi ya sa ana magana da shi a barikin soja. Barikanci an samo shi ne daga kalmar bariki, ma'ana bariki.<ref name="Osaji1979">{{cite book |author=Bede Osaji |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VpVkAAAAMAAJ |title=Language survey in Nigeria |publisher=Centre international de recherche sur le bilinguisme |year=1979 |accessdate=17 September 2011}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Harshen Hausa|Gibanawa]], wani pidgin na Hausa. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Harsunan Nijeriya]] [[Category:Hausa]] o0drqueysmtdqfpbvvqkgnhrfast8wh 0 43009 873677 624533 2026-07-01T15:35:45Z Naja'atu Bintoo Usman 22641 873677 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:5. Islamic Solidarity Games 2021 Konya Judo Women Team Medal Ceremony 20220817 2 (Yamina Halata).jpg|thumb|Yamina Halata]] [[Fayil:5. Islamic Solidarity Games 2021 Konya Judo Women Team Medal Ceremony 20220817 2 (Yamina Halata).jpg|thumb|Yamina Halata]] '''Yamina Halata,''' (An haife ta a ranar 4 ga watan [[Satumba]] shekarar alif 1991)<ref>erences "[[Yamina Halata]]" . JudoInside.com . Retrieved 19 December 2020.</ref> 'yar wasan judoka ce ta [[Aljeriya]]. Ita ce ta lashe lambar azurfa a gasar wasannin Afirka. Ta lashe lambar zinare a gasar da ta yi a gasar Judo ta [[Afirka]] ta shekarar 2022 da aka gudanar a Oran, [[Aljeriya|Algeria]]. == Sana'a/Aiki == A cikin shekarar 2019, ta ci ɗaya daga cikin lambobin tagulla a cikin mata 57&nbsp;kg taron gasar Judo ta Afirka da aka gudanar a birnin Cape Town na [[Afirka]] ta Kudu.<ref>"2019 African Judo Championships" . African Judo Union . Archived from the original on 4 September 2019. Retrieved 20 August 2020.</ref> <ref>Etchells, Daniel (25 April 2019). "Home favourite Whitebooi strikes gold on opening day of African Senior Judo Championships" . InsideTheGames.biz . Retrieved 27 December 2020.</ref> A gasar Judo ta [[Afirka]] ta shekarar 2021 da aka gudanar a birnin Dakar na kasar Senegal, ta kuma lashe lambar yabo ta tagulla a gasar ta.<ref>Rowbottom, Mike (21 May 2021). "Giantkiller Samy falls in final at 2021 African Judo Championships in Dakar" . InsideTheGames.biz . Retrieved 21 May 2021.</ref> [[Fayil:5. Islamic Solidarity Games 2021 Konya Judo Women Team Medal Ceremony 20220817 1.jpg|thumb|Yamina Halata a cikin yan wasa ]] Ta yi rashin nasara a wasanta na tagulla a gasar mata mai nauyin kilogiram 57 a gasar Mediterranean ta shekarar 2022 da aka yi a Oran, Algeria. == Nasarorin da aka samu == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Gasar ! Wuri ! Ajin nauyi |- | 2019 | Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka | bgcolor="cc9966" align="center" | 3rd | -57&nbsp;kg |- | 2019 | Wasannin Afirka | bgcolor="silver" align="center" | Na biyu | -57&nbsp;kg |- | 2020 | Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka | bgcolor="cc9966" align="center" | Na biyu | -57&nbsp;kg |- | 2022 | Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka | bgcolor="gold" align="center" | 1st | -57&nbsp;kg |} == Manazarta == [[Category:Haihuwan 1991]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] gua3qdkn4juef4v9qcn3rrm1lr17785 0 43780 873990 511783 2026-07-01T22:52:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 873990 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Boubacar_Barry_2007.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Boubacar Barry a shekarar 2007]] [[Fayil:Metall-Lokeren (2).jpg|thumb|Boubacar Barry]] '''Boubacar "Copa" Barry'''<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Players|url=http://www.cafonline.com/userfiles/file/Comp/CAN2013/The%20list%20of%2016finals_not_confirmed.pdf|publisher=Confederation of African Football (CAF)|access-date=24 January 2013}}</ref> (an haife shi 30 Disambar 1979), tsohon [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne ɗan ƙasar Ivory Coast wanda ya taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida . Bayan ya fara aikinsa a ASEC Mimosas, ya koma Faransa a shekarar 2001, inda ya taka leda a Rennes' Reserve tawagar . A shekara ta 2003, ya koma Beveren ta Belgium inda ya zauna shekaru huɗu. Sannan ya shafe shekaru goma a KSC Lokeren Oost-Vlaanderen yana tara wasanni 239 na gasar. A matakin ƙasa da ƙasa, ya wakilci [[Ƙungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasar Ivory Coast|tawagar ƙasar Ivory Coast]] kafin ya yi ritaya daga buga ƙwallon ƙafa a watan Maris na shekarar 2015, amma ya ci gaba da buga wa kulob ɗinsa Lokeren wasa. Daidai shekaru huɗu bayan ritayar sa na ƙasa da ƙasa, Barry shima ya yi ritaya da ƙwarewa a matsayin ɗan wasa a watan Maris na shekarar 2019.<ref name="soccerway">{{cite web|title=Boubacar Barry|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/boubacar-barry/13666/|website=Soccerway|publisher=Global Sports Media|access-date=24 January 2013}}</ref> == Aikin kulob == Barry ya ci wa Lokeren bugun fanariti a kakar wasa ta shekarar 2011–2012, a nasarar da suka yi da Westerlo da ci 4-0. Ya lashe Kofin Belgium tare da Lokeren a kakar wasa guda da kuma a kakar shekarar 2013–2014.<ref name="howler">{{cite news|last1=Rudin|first1=David|title=Boubacar Barry, hero of the stupid game|url=https://medium.com/whatahowler/boubacar-barry-hero-of-the-stupid-game-bb2dce53a16e|access-date=24 June 2022|work=Medium - Howler Magazine|date=11 February 2015}}</ref> Lokacin da kwantiraginsa a Lokeren ya ƙare, ƙungiyar farko ta B ta Belgium Oud-Heverlee Leuven ta rattaba hannu, inda ya kasance cikin ƙungiyar a lokacin 2017-2018 da 2018-2019 kakar a matsayin mai tsaron gida, amma an ɗauke shi aiki sosai a matsayin mai horar da masu tsaron gida. . Ya yi ritaya daga buga wasa a ranar 2 ga Maris ɗin shekarar 2019, kodayake a lokacin bai buga wasa sama da shekaru biyu ba.<ref>{{cite news|title=Copa beëindigt carrière als doelman|trans-title=Copa ends career as goalkeeper|url=https://www.ohleuven.com/nieuws/1082907/copa-beindigt-carrire-als-doelman|access-date=2 March 2019|work=ohleuven.com|date=2 March 2019|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306042849/https://www.ohleuven.com/nieuws/1082907/copa-beindigt-carrire-als-doelman|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/47434248|title=Boubacar Barry: Ivorian Nations Cup winning keeper retires from football|date=3 March 2019|website=BBC Sport}}</ref>{{stub}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{NFT player|1673}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140808053302/http://www.sporting.be/site/oud-spelers?pid=307 Profile and stats] - Lokeren [[Category:'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Côte d'Ivoire]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1979]] j0qoomwzlzskultm1qahr5ymcygx4v6 0 43931 873837 451411 2026-07-01T21:17:26Z Ummeeterh 31568 873837 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Oluwafemi Balogun''' (An haife shi a shekara ta 1987) ɗan wasan [[Dara (Chess)|dara ne]] na Najeriya. A shekarar 2016 ya lashe gasar zakarun mutum daya na shiyyar 4.4 na [[Afirka|Afrika]], kuma a sakamakon haka ya samu lambar yabo ta FIDE Master.<ref>Oluwafemi Balogun rating card at FIDE</ref> A shekara mai zuwa, Balogun ya lashe wannan taron a karo na biyu kuma ya cancanci taka leda a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIDE, wanda aka gudanar daga baya a wannan shekarar a Batumi, Georgia. An kuma ba shi title na na Master International don wannan nasara.<ref>"Nigeria for Georgia 2017 Chess World tourney" . The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News . 2017-05-02. Retrieved 2019-04-28.</ref> A gasar cin kofin duniya, Balogun ya sha kaye a hannun dan wasan duniya Magnus Carlsen a zagayen farko, inda ya zama dan Afrika na farko da ya fafata da zakaran duniya a fafatawar da suka yi.<ref>"Balogun draws champion, Carlson, at Georgia 2017 Chess World Cup" . guardian.ng . 3 August 2017.</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1987]] czdhwv7ea437tpeapt1gdaexv9xdxzk 0 44674 873642 605817 2026-07-01T13:42:25Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1336954409|Elimane Cissé]]" 873642 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elimane Oumar Cissé''' (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga Maris 1995) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na ƙasar Senegal wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Senegal Ligueth FC da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Senegal . '''Elimane Oumar Cissé''' (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga Maris 1995) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na ƙasar Senegal wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Senegal Ligueth FC da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Senegal . == Aikin kulob == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1995]] o711z5sc94biwyo7lrp6uo6wicdr7cx 873644 873642 2026-07-01T13:44:20Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1336954409|Elimane Cissé]]" 873644 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elimane Oumar Cissé''' (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga Maris 1995) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na ƙasar Senegal wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Senegal Ligueth FC da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Senegal . '''Elimane Oumar Cissé''' (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga Maris 1995) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na ƙasar Senegal wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Senegal Ligueth FC da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Senegal . == Aikin kulob == A watan Fabrairun 2019, Cissé ya rattaba hannu da ƙungiyar Forge FC ta ƙasar Kanada a gasar Premier League, kafin fara kakar wasa ta lig. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2019 |title=Forge FC adds Senegalese and Canadian internationals |url=http://forgefc.canpl.ca/article/forge-fc-adds-senegalese-and-canadian-internationals |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227060333/http://forgefc.canpl.ca/article/forge-fc-adds-senegalese-and-canadian-internationals |archive-date=27 February 2019 |access-date=26 February 2019 |publisher=Forge FC}}</ref> A ranar 20 ga Yulin 2019, ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a ƙungiyar a wasan da suka doke Valour FC . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Veenstra |first=Michael |date=July 21, 2019 |title=Forge FC Put Away Valour In Intense Heat Up In Canada |url=https://lastwordonsports.com/soccer/2019/07/21/forge-put-away-valour-scorcher/ |website=Last Word on Sports}}</ref> Tare da ƙungiyar, ya lashe gasar lig ta 2019 da 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacques |first=John |date=January 31, 2024 |title=Elimane Cisse Returns To Forge |url=https://northerntribune.ca/forge-fc-elimane-cisse-2024-sign/ |website=Northern Tribune}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2021, ya tsawaita kwangilarsa zuwa wani kakar wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 February 2021 |title=Midfielders Achinioti-Jönsson, Cissé return to Forge FC for 2021 season |url=https://forgefc.canpl.ca/article/midfielders-achinioti-jonsson-and-cisse-return-to-forge-fc-for-2021-season |website=[[Forge FC]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Connor-Clarke |first=Charlie |date=5 February 2021 |title=Midfielders Achinioti-Jönsson, Cissé returning to Forge FC in 2021 |url=https://canpl.ca/article/midfielders-achinioti-jonsson-cisse-returning-to-forge-fc-in-2021 |website=[[Canadian Premier League]]}}</ref> A shekarar 2021, ya jagoranci ƙungiyar a cikin mintunan da aka buga kuma an sanya shi cikin ƙungiyar mako ta lig sau biyar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Connor-Clarke |first=Charlie |date=December 21, 2021 |title=CPL50 – 6. Elimane Cissé (Forge FC) |url=https://canpl.ca/article/cpl50-6-elimane-cisse-forge-fc |website=[[Canadian Premier League]]}}</ref> A shekarar 2022, ya koma kulob din Morocco na US Touarga . <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 18, 2022 |title=Maroc : Pape Boubacar Gadiaga, ancien coach de Diambars, a mené l'Union Touarga Sport en 1ère division ! |trans-title=Morocco: Pape Boubacar Gadiaga, former coach of Diambars, led Union Touarga Sport to the 1st division! |url=https://wiwsport.com/2022/05/18/maroc-pape-bouacar-gadiaga-ancien-coach-de-diambars-a-mene-lunion-touarga-sport-en-1ere-division/ |website=WIW Sport |language=fr}}</ref> Daga nan sai ya koma tsohuwar ƙungiyarsa ta Diambars . <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 21, 2023 |title=CHAN 2023 – Élimane Cissè (milieu de terrain) : « Nous voulons nous racheter face à la RDC » |trans-title=CHAN 2023 – Élimane Cissè (midfielder): “We want to redeem ourselves against the DRC” |url=https://wiwsport.com/2023/01/21/video-chan-2023-elimane-cisse-milieu-de-terrain-nous-voulons-nous-racheter-face-a-la-rdc/ |website=WIW Sport |language=fr}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2024, ya koma Forge FC bisa kwantiragin shekaru da yawa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 31, 2024 |title=Forge FC welcome Elimane Cissé back to the club |url=https://forgefc.canpl.ca/article/forge-fc-welcome-elimane-cisse-back-to-the-club |website=[[Forge FC]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tierney |first=Mitchell |date=31 January 2024 |title=Forge FC announce return of midfielder Elimane Cissé |url=https://canpl.ca/article/forge-fc-announce-return-of-midfielder-elimane-cisse |website=[[Canadian Premier League]]}}</ref> Duk da haka, saboda matsalolin biza, bai sami damar shiga kulob din ba har sai Yulin 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 9, 2024 |title=Elimane Cissé Arrives in Hamilton Ahead of Crucial Toronto FC Clash |url=https://forgefc.canpl.ca/article/elimane-cisse-arrives-in-hamilton-ahead-of-crucial-toronto-fc-clash |website=[[Forge FC]]}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2026, ya koma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Senegal Ligueth FC . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacques |first=John |date=February 6, 2026 |title=Elimane Cisse Signs In Senegal |url=https://northerntribune.ca/elimane-cisse-signs-in-senegal/ |website=Northern Tribune}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Cissé ɗan asalin ƙasar Senegal ne. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jack |first=Kristian |date=August 25, 2021 |title=Forge go through the gears powered by Cisse |url=https://canpl.ca/article/jack-forge-kick-on-powered-by-cisse |website=[[Canadian Premier League]]}}</ref> Ya fara wakiltar ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa ta Senegal 'yan ƙasa da shekara 20 a gasar cin kofin Afirka ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 20 ta 2015 da kuma gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 20 ta 2015, inda Senegal ta kare a matsayi na huɗu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacques |first=John |date=February 5, 2021 |title=Forge FC Secures Return Of Achinioti-Jonsson, Cisse |url=https://northerntribune.ca/forge-fc-achinioti-jonsson-cisse/ |website=Northern Tribune}}</ref> <ref name="winner">{{Cite web |last=Jacques |first=John |date=February 5, 2023 |title=Elimane Cisse Wins African Nations Championship With Senegal |url=https://northerntribune.ca/senegal-african-nations-championship-elimane-cisse/ |website=Northern Tribune}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJacques2023">Jacques, John (5 February 2023). [https://northerntribune.ca/senegal-african-nations-championship-elimane-cisse/ "Elimane Cisse Wins African Nations Championship With Senegal"]. ''Northern Tribune''.</cite></ref> Cissé ya fara buga wa Senegal wasa a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu 2016, a wasan sada zumunci da Mexico . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Matthias |first=Dylan |date=April 22, 2019 |title=The inaugural Canadian Premier League season preview |url=https://themerchantsailor.com/the-inaugural-canadian-premier-league-season-preview/#Forge |website=The Merchant Sailor}}</ref> Ya koma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa a gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afirka ta 2022 (wanda aka gudanar a farkon 2023), inda Senegal ta lashe gasar. <ref name="winner">{{Cite web |last=Jacques |first=John |date=February 5, 2023 |title=Elimane Cisse Wins African Nations Championship With Senegal |url=https://northerntribune.ca/senegal-african-nations-championship-elimane-cisse/ |website=Northern Tribune}}</ref> Duk da haka, ya ji rauni kafin wasan kusa da na ƙarshe, wanda hakan ya kawo ƙarshen shiga gasar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=N'Po |first=Lydiane |date=January 26, 2023 |title=CHAN 2023 – Sénégal : Elimane Cissé forfait contre la Mauritanie |trans-title=CHAN 2023 – Senegal: Elimane Cissé out against Mauritania |url=https://cridem.org/imprimable.php?article=762793 |website=Cridem |language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 26, 2023 |title=CHAN 2023 : Elimane Cissé forfait contre la Mauritanie |trans-title=CHAN 2023: Elimane Cissé out against Mauritania |url=https://actunet.net/actualite/chan-2023-elimane-cisse-forfait-contre-la-mauritanie/ |website=ActuNet |language=fr}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == A watan Oktoban 2019, Cissé ya auri matarsa, Seynabou, duk da haka, saboda kakar wasannin Firimiya ta Kanada ta 2019 har yanzu tana ci gaba, bai iya komawa Senegal ba kuma ya yi magana da matarsa ta [[WhatsApp]] a lokacin bikin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Milton |first=Steve |date=July 19, 2024 |title=Elimane Cissé returns to lineup for key match vs. Cavalry: "Even when I left here I wanted to come back." |url=https://forgefc.canpl.ca/article/elimane-cisse-returns-to-lineup-for-key-match-vs-cavalry-even-when-i-left-here-i-wanted-to-come-back |website=[[Forge FC]]}}</ref> == Daraja == === Kulob === '''Forge FC''' * Gasar Firimiya ta Kanada : 2019, 2020 === Na Ƙasa da Ƙasa === '''Senegal''' * Gasar Cin Kofin Kasashen Afirka : 2022 == Nassoshi == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1995]] bgmn7u08tc0llyfwsifk1tu4tkn2mhg 0 44747 873589 608441 2026-07-01T12:19:49Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354516707|Boubacar Dialiba]]" 873589 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Boubacar Diabang Dialaba''' (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga Yuli 1988) tsohon [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon]] ƙafa ne wanda ya taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe na hagu]] . An haife shi a Senegal, ya wakilci Bosnia da Herzegovina a matakin 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21, kafin ya koma ƙasar haihuwarsa a matsayin babban ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasa da ƙasa. <ref name="soccerway">{{Cite web |title=B. Dialiba: Summary |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/boubacar-diabang-dialiba/59709/ |access-date=25 April 2021 |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group}}</ref> Baya ga fasfo ɗinsa na Senegal, Dialiba shi ma yana da fasfo na Bosnia . == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] 8k8hdj7mgvy99pvktnues1oqehmd0la 873590 873589 2026-07-01T12:20:10Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354516707|Boubacar Dialiba]]" 873590 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Boubacar Diabang Dialaba''' (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga Yuli 1988) tsohon [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon]] ƙafa ne wanda ya taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe na hagu]] . An haife shi a Senegal, ya wakilci Bosnia da Herzegovina a matakin 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21, kafin ya koma ƙasar haihuwarsa a matsayin babban ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasa da ƙasa. <ref name="soccerway">{{Cite web |title=B. Dialiba: Summary |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/boubacar-diabang-dialiba/59709/ |access-date=25 April 2021 |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group}}</ref> Baya ga fasfo ɗinsa na Senegal, Dialiba shi ma yana da fasfo na Bosnia . == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == A ranar 26 ga Maris 2008, Dialiba ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21 ta Bosnia da Herzegovina a wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin Turai ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21 a gasar UEFA ta 2009 da Wales . An sanya shi a cikin jerin 'yan wasan farko kuma ya zira kwallo ɗaya tilo da ƙungiyarsa ta ci a wasan da suka sha kashi a gida da ci 1-2. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2008 |title=Bosnia-Herzegovina – Wales 1:2 (U21) |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/match-report/ma2125399/lineup/ |website=WorldFootball}}</ref> Bayan shekaru uku da watanni 11, a ranar 29 ga Fabrairu 2012, ya fara bugawa Senegal wasa a wasan sada zumunta da [[Tawagar Kwallon kafar Afirka ta Kudu|Afirka ta Kudu]] bayan ya shigo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a minti na 64 maimakon Dame N'Doye . <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 February 2012 |title=South Africa – Senegal 0:0 |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/match-report/ma632502/lineup/ |website=WorldFootball}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] r1inmabor4wnh9a1jwcxfccwzu5lob3 873591 873590 2026-07-01T12:20:42Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354516707|Boubacar Dialiba]]" 873591 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Boubacar Diabang Dialaba''' (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga Yuli 1988) tsohon [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon]] ƙafa ne wanda ya taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe na hagu]] . An haife shi a Senegal, ya wakilci Bosnia da Herzegovina a matakin 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21, kafin ya koma ƙasar haihuwarsa a matsayin babban ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasa da ƙasa. <ref name="soccerway">{{Cite web |title=B. Dialiba: Summary |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/boubacar-diabang-dialiba/59709/ |access-date=25 April 2021 |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group}}</ref> Baya ga fasfo ɗinsa na Senegal, Dialiba shi ma yana da fasfo na Bosnia . == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == A ranar 26 ga Maris 2008, Dialiba ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21 ta Bosnia da Herzegovina a wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin Turai ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21 a gasar UEFA ta 2009 da Wales . An sanya shi a cikin jerin 'yan wasan farko kuma ya zira kwallo ɗaya tilo da ƙungiyarsa ta ci a wasan da suka sha kashi a gida da ci 1-2. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2008 |title=Bosnia-Herzegovina – Wales 1:2 (U21) |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/match-report/ma2125399/lineup/ |website=WorldFootball}}</ref> Bayan shekaru uku da watanni 11, a ranar 29 ga Fabrairu 2012, ya fara bugawa Senegal wasa a wasan sada zumunta da [[Tawagar Kwallon kafar Afirka ta Kudu|Afirka ta Kudu]] bayan ya shigo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a minti na 64 maimakon Dame N'Doye . <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 February 2012 |title=South Africa – Senegal 0:0 |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/match-report/ma632502/lineup/ |website=WorldFootball}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Kulob === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;font-size:95%" |- |+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition<ref name="soccerway">{{Cite web |title=B. Dialiba: Summary |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/boubacar-diabang-dialiba/59709/ |access-date=25 April 2021 |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://int.soccerway.com/players/boubacar-diabang-dialiba/59709/ "B. Dialiba: Summary"]. ''Soccerway''. Perform Group<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Boubacar Dialiba |url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/46807/Boubacar_Dialiba.html |access-date=25 April 2021 |website=National-football-teams.com}}</ref> ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |Cup ! colspan="2" |Continental ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- | rowspan="5" |Željezničar |2005–06 |Bosnian Premier League |9 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |9 |0 |- |2006–07 |Bosnian Premier League |21 |10 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |21 |19 |- |2007–08 |Bosnian Premier League |28 |9 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |28 |9 |- |2008–09 |Bosnian Premier League |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |2 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !60 !19 ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— !60 !19 |- |Real Murcia |2008–09 |Segunda División |13 |1 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |13 |1 |- | rowspan="6" |Mechelen |2009–10 |Belgian First Division A |12 |1 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |13 |1 |- |2010–11 |Belgian First Division A |25 |2 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— |27 |2 |- |2011–12 |Belgian First Division A |24 |6 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |25 |6 |- |2012–13 |Belgian First Division A |22 |4 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |23 |4 |- |2013–14 |Belgian First Division A |25 |2 |2 |2 | colspan="2" |— |27 |4 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !108 !15 !7 !2 ! colspan="2" |— !115 !17 |- | rowspan="3" |Cracovia |2014–15 |Ekstraklasa |28 |5 |4 |0 | colspan="2" |— |32 |5 |- |2015–16 |Ekstraklasa |17 |2 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— |19 |2 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !45 !7 !6 !0 ! colspan="2" |— !51 !7 |- |Yeni Malatyaspor |2016–17 |TFF First League |31 |13 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— |33 |13 |- |Giresunspor |2017–18 |TFF First League |24 |2 |4 |2 | colspan="2" |— |28 |4 |- |Ümraniyespor |2018–19 |TFF First League |20 |1 |5 |2 | colspan="2" |— |25 |3 |- | rowspan="3" |Ankara Keçiörengücü |2019–20 |TFF First League |24 |7 |3 |1 | colspan="2" |— |27 |8 |- |2020–21 |TFF First League |17 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |17 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !41 !7 !3 !1 ! colspan="2" |— !44 !8 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !342 !65 !27 !7 ! colspan="2" |— !369 !72 |} === Na Ƙasa da Ƙasa === [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] 1v0cw2w38l61p2qctni8dhiznjonsd3 873592 873591 2026-07-01T12:20:57Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354516707|Boubacar Dialiba]]" 873592 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Boubacar Diabang Dialaba''' (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga Yuli 1988) tsohon [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon]] ƙafa ne wanda ya taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe na hagu]] . An haife shi a Senegal, ya wakilci Bosnia da Herzegovina a matakin 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21, kafin ya koma ƙasar haihuwarsa a matsayin babban ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasa da ƙasa. <ref name="soccerway">{{Cite web |title=B. Dialiba: Summary |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/boubacar-diabang-dialiba/59709/ |access-date=25 April 2021 |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group}}</ref> Baya ga fasfo ɗinsa na Senegal, Dialiba shi ma yana da fasfo na Bosnia . == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == A ranar 26 ga Maris 2008, Dialiba ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21 ta Bosnia da Herzegovina a wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin Turai ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21 a gasar UEFA ta 2009 da Wales . An sanya shi a cikin jerin 'yan wasan farko kuma ya zira kwallo ɗaya tilo da ƙungiyarsa ta ci a wasan da suka sha kashi a gida da ci 1-2. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2008 |title=Bosnia-Herzegovina – Wales 1:2 (U21) |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/match-report/ma2125399/lineup/ |website=WorldFootball}}</ref> Bayan shekaru uku da watanni 11, a ranar 29 ga Fabrairu 2012, ya fara bugawa Senegal wasa a wasan sada zumunta da [[Tawagar Kwallon kafar Afirka ta Kudu|Afirka ta Kudu]] bayan ya shigo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a minti na 64 maimakon Dame N'Doye . <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 February 2012 |title=South Africa – Senegal 0:0 |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/match-report/ma632502/lineup/ |website=WorldFootball}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Kulob === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;font-size:95%" |- |+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition<ref name="soccerway">{{Cite web |title=B. Dialiba: Summary |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/boubacar-diabang-dialiba/59709/ |access-date=25 April 2021 |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://int.soccerway.com/players/boubacar-diabang-dialiba/59709/ "B. Dialiba: Summary"]. ''Soccerway''. Perform Group<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Boubacar Dialiba |url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/46807/Boubacar_Dialiba.html |access-date=25 April 2021 |website=National-football-teams.com}}</ref> ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |Cup ! colspan="2" |Continental ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- | rowspan="5" |Željezničar |2005–06 |Bosnian Premier League |9 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |9 |0 |- |2006–07 |Bosnian Premier League |21 |10 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |21 |19 |- |2007–08 |Bosnian Premier League |28 |9 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |28 |9 |- |2008–09 |Bosnian Premier League |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |2 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !60 !19 ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— !60 !19 |- |Real Murcia |2008–09 |Segunda División |13 |1 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |13 |1 |- | rowspan="6" |Mechelen |2009–10 |Belgian First Division A |12 |1 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |13 |1 |- |2010–11 |Belgian First Division A |25 |2 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— |27 |2 |- |2011–12 |Belgian First Division A |24 |6 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |25 |6 |- |2012–13 |Belgian First Division A |22 |4 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |23 |4 |- |2013–14 |Belgian First Division A |25 |2 |2 |2 | colspan="2" |— |27 |4 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !108 !15 !7 !2 ! colspan="2" |— !115 !17 |- | rowspan="3" |Cracovia |2014–15 |Ekstraklasa |28 |5 |4 |0 | colspan="2" |— |32 |5 |- |2015–16 |Ekstraklasa |17 |2 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— |19 |2 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !45 !7 !6 !0 ! colspan="2" |— !51 !7 |- |Yeni Malatyaspor |2016–17 |TFF First League |31 |13 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— |33 |13 |- |Giresunspor |2017–18 |TFF First League |24 |2 |4 |2 | colspan="2" |— |28 |4 |- |Ümraniyespor |2018–19 |TFF First League |20 |1 |5 |2 | colspan="2" |— |25 |3 |- | rowspan="3" |Ankara Keçiörengücü |2019–20 |TFF First League |24 |7 |3 |1 | colspan="2" |— |27 |8 |- |2020–21 |TFF First League |17 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |17 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !41 !7 !3 !1 ! colspan="2" |— !44 !8 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !342 !65 !27 !7 ! colspan="2" |— !369 !72 |} === Na Ƙasa da Ƙasa === {{Updated|match played 29 February 2012.}}<ref name="soccerway"/> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;font-size=95%" !Tawagar ƙasa ! Shekara ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye |- | rowspan="2" | Senegal |- | 2012 | 1 | 0 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 1 ! 0 |} == Daraja == '''Yeni Malatyaspor''' <ref name="soccerway">{{Cite web |title=B. Dialiba: Summary |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/boubacar-diabang-dialiba/59709/ |access-date=25 April 2021 |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://int.soccerway.com/players/boubacar-diabang-dialiba/59709/ "B. Dialiba: Summary"]. ''Soccerway''. Perform Group<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] 1156julrjr9hr4cewudynj74bu22mq5 873593 873592 2026-07-01T12:21:19Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354516707|Boubacar Dialiba]]" 873593 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Boubacar Diabang Dialaba''' (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga Yuli 1988) tsohon [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon]] ƙafa ne wanda ya taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe na hagu]] . An haife shi a Senegal, ya wakilci Bosnia da Herzegovina a matakin 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21, kafin ya koma ƙasar haihuwarsa a matsayin babban ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasa da ƙasa. <ref name="soccerway">{{Cite web |title=B. Dialiba: Summary |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/boubacar-diabang-dialiba/59709/ |access-date=25 April 2021 |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group}}</ref> Baya ga fasfo ɗinsa na Senegal, Dialiba shi ma yana da fasfo na Bosnia . == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == A ranar 26 ga Maris 2008, Dialiba ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21 ta Bosnia da Herzegovina a wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin Turai ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21 a gasar UEFA ta 2009 da Wales . An sanya shi a cikin jerin 'yan wasan farko kuma ya zira kwallo ɗaya tilo da ƙungiyarsa ta ci a wasan da suka sha kashi a gida da ci 1-2. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2008 |title=Bosnia-Herzegovina – Wales 1:2 (U21) |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/match-report/ma2125399/lineup/ |website=WorldFootball}}</ref> Bayan shekaru uku da watanni 11, a ranar 29 ga Fabrairu 2012, ya fara bugawa Senegal wasa a wasan sada zumunta da [[Tawagar Kwallon kafar Afirka ta Kudu|Afirka ta Kudu]] bayan ya shigo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a minti na 64 maimakon Dame N'Doye . <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 February 2012 |title=South Africa – Senegal 0:0 |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/match-report/ma632502/lineup/ |website=WorldFootball}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Kulob === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;font-size:95%" |- |+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition<ref name="soccerway">{{Cite web |title=B. Dialiba: Summary |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/boubacar-diabang-dialiba/59709/ |access-date=25 April 2021 |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://int.soccerway.com/players/boubacar-diabang-dialiba/59709/ "B. Dialiba: Summary"]. ''Soccerway''. Perform Group<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Boubacar Dialiba |url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/46807/Boubacar_Dialiba.html |access-date=25 April 2021 |website=National-football-teams.com}}</ref> ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |Cup ! colspan="2" |Continental ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- | rowspan="5" |Željezničar |2005–06 |Bosnian Premier League |9 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |9 |0 |- |2006–07 |Bosnian Premier League |21 |10 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |21 |19 |- |2007–08 |Bosnian Premier League |28 |9 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |28 |9 |- |2008–09 |Bosnian Premier League |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |2 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !60 !19 ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— !60 !19 |- |Real Murcia |2008–09 |Segunda División |13 |1 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |13 |1 |- | rowspan="6" |Mechelen |2009–10 |Belgian First Division A |12 |1 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |13 |1 |- |2010–11 |Belgian First Division A |25 |2 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— |27 |2 |- |2011–12 |Belgian First Division A |24 |6 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |25 |6 |- |2012–13 |Belgian First Division A |22 |4 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |23 |4 |- |2013–14 |Belgian First Division A |25 |2 |2 |2 | colspan="2" |— |27 |4 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !108 !15 !7 !2 ! colspan="2" |— !115 !17 |- | rowspan="3" |Cracovia |2014–15 |Ekstraklasa |28 |5 |4 |0 | colspan="2" |— |32 |5 |- |2015–16 |Ekstraklasa |17 |2 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— |19 |2 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !45 !7 !6 !0 ! colspan="2" |— !51 !7 |- |Yeni Malatyaspor |2016–17 |TFF First League |31 |13 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— |33 |13 |- |Giresunspor |2017–18 |TFF First League |24 |2 |4 |2 | colspan="2" |— |28 |4 |- |Ümraniyespor |2018–19 |TFF First League |20 |1 |5 |2 | colspan="2" |— |25 |3 |- | rowspan="3" |Ankara Keçiörengücü |2019–20 |TFF First League |24 |7 |3 |1 | colspan="2" |— |27 |8 |- |2020–21 |TFF First League |17 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |17 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !41 !7 !3 !1 ! colspan="2" |— !44 !8 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !342 !65 !27 !7 ! colspan="2" |— !369 !72 |} === Na Ƙasa da Ƙasa === {{Updated|match played 29 February 2012.}}<ref name="soccerway"/> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;font-size=95%" !Tawagar ƙasa ! Shekara ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye |- | rowspan="2" | Senegal |- | 2012 | 1 | 0 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 1 ! 0 |} == Daraja == '''Yeni Malatyaspor''' <ref name="soccerway">{{Cite web |title=B. Dialiba: Summary |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/boubacar-diabang-dialiba/59709/ |access-date=25 April 2021 |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://int.soccerway.com/players/boubacar-diabang-dialiba/59709/ "B. Dialiba: Summary"]. ''Soccerway''. Perform Group<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> * TFF ta zo ta biyu a gasar Premier ta farko : 2016–17 == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Boubacar Dialiba at 90minut.pl (in Polish) [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] pns7btv65h92ac96mjwj558wo27g85u 873594 873593 2026-07-01T12:21:39Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354516707|Boubacar Dialiba]]" 873594 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Boubacar Diabang Dialaba''' (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga Yuli 1988) tsohon [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon]] ƙafa ne wanda ya taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe na hagu]] . An haife shi a Senegal, ya wakilci Bosnia da Herzegovina a matakin 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21, kafin ya koma ƙasar haihuwarsa a matsayin babban ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasa da ƙasa. <ref name="soccerway">{{Cite web |title=B. Dialiba: Summary |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/boubacar-diabang-dialiba/59709/ |access-date=25 April 2021 |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group}}</ref> Baya ga fasfo ɗinsa na Senegal, Dialiba shi ma yana da fasfo na Bosnia . == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == A ranar 26 ga Maris 2008, Dialiba ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21 ta Bosnia da Herzegovina a wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin Turai ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21 a gasar UEFA ta 2009 da Wales . An sanya shi a cikin jerin 'yan wasan farko kuma ya zira kwallo ɗaya tilo da ƙungiyarsa ta ci a wasan da suka sha kashi a gida da ci 1-2. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2008 |title=Bosnia-Herzegovina – Wales 1:2 (U21) |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/match-report/ma2125399/lineup/ |website=WorldFootball}}</ref> Bayan shekaru uku da watanni 11, a ranar 29 ga Fabrairu 2012, ya fara bugawa Senegal wasa a wasan sada zumunta da [[Tawagar Kwallon kafar Afirka ta Kudu|Afirka ta Kudu]] bayan ya shigo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a minti na 64 maimakon Dame N'Doye . <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 February 2012 |title=South Africa – Senegal 0:0 |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/match-report/ma632502/lineup/ |website=WorldFootball}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Kulob === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;font-size:95%" |- |+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition<ref name="soccerway">{{Cite web |title=B. Dialiba: Summary |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/boubacar-diabang-dialiba/59709/ |access-date=25 April 2021 |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://int.soccerway.com/players/boubacar-diabang-dialiba/59709/ "B. Dialiba: Summary"]. ''Soccerway''. Perform Group<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Boubacar Dialiba |url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/46807/Boubacar_Dialiba.html |access-date=25 April 2021 |website=National-football-teams.com}}</ref> ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |Cup ! colspan="2" |Continental ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- | rowspan="5" |Željezničar |2005–06 |Bosnian Premier League |9 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |9 |0 |- |2006–07 |Bosnian Premier League |21 |10 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |21 |19 |- |2007–08 |Bosnian Premier League |28 |9 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |28 |9 |- |2008–09 |Bosnian Premier League |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |2 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !60 !19 ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— !60 !19 |- |Real Murcia |2008–09 |Segunda División |13 |1 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |13 |1 |- | rowspan="6" |Mechelen |2009–10 |Belgian First Division A |12 |1 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |13 |1 |- |2010–11 |Belgian First Division A |25 |2 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— |27 |2 |- |2011–12 |Belgian First Division A |24 |6 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |25 |6 |- |2012–13 |Belgian First Division A |22 |4 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |23 |4 |- |2013–14 |Belgian First Division A |25 |2 |2 |2 | colspan="2" |— |27 |4 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !108 !15 !7 !2 ! colspan="2" |— !115 !17 |- | rowspan="3" |Cracovia |2014–15 |Ekstraklasa |28 |5 |4 |0 | colspan="2" |— |32 |5 |- |2015–16 |Ekstraklasa |17 |2 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— |19 |2 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !45 !7 !6 !0 ! colspan="2" |— !51 !7 |- |Yeni Malatyaspor |2016–17 |TFF First League |31 |13 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— |33 |13 |- |Giresunspor |2017–18 |TFF First League |24 |2 |4 |2 | colspan="2" |— |28 |4 |- |Ümraniyespor |2018–19 |TFF First League |20 |1 |5 |2 | colspan="2" |— |25 |3 |- | rowspan="3" |Ankara Keçiörengücü |2019–20 |TFF First League |24 |7 |3 |1 | colspan="2" |— |27 |8 |- |2020–21 |TFF First League |17 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |17 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !41 !7 !3 !1 ! colspan="2" |— !44 !8 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !342 !65 !27 !7 ! colspan="2" |— !369 !72 |} === Na Ƙasa da Ƙasa === {{Updated|match played 29 February 2012.}}<ref name="soccerway"/> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;font-size=95%" !Tawagar ƙasa ! Shekara ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye |- | rowspan="2" | Senegal |- | 2012 | 1 | 0 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 1 ! 0 |} == Daraja == '''Yeni Malatyaspor''' <ref name="soccerway">{{Cite web |title=B. Dialiba: Summary |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/boubacar-diabang-dialiba/59709/ |access-date=25 April 2021 |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://int.soccerway.com/players/boubacar-diabang-dialiba/59709/ "B. Dialiba: Summary"]. ''Soccerway''. Perform Group<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> * TFF ta zo ta biyu a gasar Premier ta farko : 2016–17 == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Boubacar Dialiba at 90minut.pl (in Polish) {{DEFAULTSORT:Dialiba, Boubacar}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] qttagt3fug998g857gnz6d71390jj0i 873595 873594 2026-07-01T12:24:08Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 873595 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Boubacar Diabang Dialaba''' (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga Yuli 1988) tsohon [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon]] ƙafa ne wanda ya taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe na hagu]] . An haife shi a Senegal, ya wakilci Bosnia da Herzegovina a matakin 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21, kafin ya koma ƙasar haihuwarsa a matsayin babban ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasa da ƙasa. <ref name="soccerway">{{Cite web |title=B. Dialiba: Summary |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/boubacar-diabang-dialiba/59709/ |access-date=25 April 2021 |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group}}</ref> Baya ga fasfo ɗinsa na Senegal, Dialiba shi ma yana da fasfo na Bosnia . == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == A ranar 26 ga Maris 2008, Dialiba ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21 ta Bosnia da Herzegovina a wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin Turai ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21 a gasar UEFA ta 2009 da Wales . An sanya shi a cikin jerin 'yan wasan farko kuma ya zira kwallo ɗaya tilo da ƙungiyarsa ta ci a wasan da suka sha kashi a gida da ci 1-2. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2008 |title=Bosnia-Herzegovina – Wales 1:2 (U21) |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/match-report/ma2125399/lineup/ |website=WorldFootball}}</ref> Bayan shekaru uku da watanni 11, a ranar 29 ga Fabrairu 2012, ya fara bugawa Senegal wasa a wasan sada zumunta da [[Tawagar Kwallon kafar Afirka ta Kudu|Afirka ta Kudu]] bayan ya shigo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a minti na 64 maimakon Dame N'Doye . <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 February 2012 |title=South Africa – Senegal 0:0 |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/match-report/ma632502/lineup/ |website=WorldFootball}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Kulob === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;font-size:95%" |- |+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition<ref name="soccerway">{{Cite web |title=B. Dialiba: Summary |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/boubacar-diabang-dialiba/59709/ |access-date=25 April 2021 |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://int.soccerway.com/players/boubacar-diabang-dialiba/59709/ "B. Dialiba: Summary"]. ''Soccerway''. Perform Group<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Boubacar Dialiba |url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/46807/Boubacar_Dialiba.html |access-date=25 April 2021 |website=National-football-teams.com}}</ref> ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |Cup ! colspan="2" |Continental ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- | rowspan="5" |Željezničar |2005–06 |Bosnian Premier League |9 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |9 |0 |- |2006–07 |Bosnian Premier League |21 |10 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |21 |19 |- |2007–08 |Bosnian Premier League |28 |9 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |28 |9 |- |2008–09 |Bosnian Premier League |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |2 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !60 !19 ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— !60 !19 |- |Real Murcia |2008–09 |Segunda División |13 |1 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |13 |1 |- | rowspan="6" |Mechelen |2009–10 |Belgian First Division A |12 |1 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |13 |1 |- |2010–11 |Belgian First Division A |25 |2 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— |27 |2 |- |2011–12 |Belgian First Division A |24 |6 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |25 |6 |- |2012–13 |Belgian First Division A |22 |4 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |23 |4 |- |2013–14 |Belgian First Division A |25 |2 |2 |2 | colspan="2" |— |27 |4 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !108 !15 !7 !2 ! colspan="2" |— !115 !17 |- | rowspan="3" |Cracovia |2014–15 |Ekstraklasa |28 |5 |4 |0 | colspan="2" |— |32 |5 |- |2015–16 |Ekstraklasa |17 |2 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— |19 |2 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !45 !7 !6 !0 ! colspan="2" |— !51 !7 |- |Yeni Malatyaspor |2016–17 |TFF First League |31 |13 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— |33 |13 |- |Giresunspor |2017–18 |TFF First League |24 |2 |4 |2 | colspan="2" |— |28 |4 |- |Ümraniyespor |2018–19 |TFF First League |20 |1 |5 |2 | colspan="2" |— |25 |3 |- | rowspan="3" |Ankara Keçiörengücü |2019–20 |TFF First League |24 |7 |3 |1 | colspan="2" |— |27 |8 |- |2020–21 |TFF First League |17 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |17 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !41 !7 !3 !1 ! colspan="2" |— !44 !8 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !342 !65 !27 !7 ! colspan="2" |— !369 !72 |} === Na Ƙasa da Ƙasa === {{Updated|match played 29 February 2012.}}<ref name="soccerway"/> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;font-size=95%" !Tawagar ƙasa ! Shekara ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye |- | rowspan="2" | Senegal |- | 2012 | 1 | 0 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 1 ! 0 |} == Daraja == '''Yeni Malatyaspor''' <ref name="soccerway">{{Cite web |title=B. Dialiba: Summary |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/boubacar-diabang-dialiba/59709/ |access-date=25 April 2021 |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://int.soccerway.com/players/boubacar-diabang-dialiba/59709/ "B. Dialiba: Summary"]. ''Soccerway''. Perform Group<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> * TFF ta zo ta biyu a gasar Premier ta farko : 2016–17 == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Boubacar Dialiba at 90minut.pl (in Polish) {{DEFAULTSORT:Dialiba, Boubacar}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} iqj2fgagarkar0wb9gotxuby68xxdjw 0 45257 874076 334055 2026-07-02T05:18:05Z Ummeeterh 31568 874076 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kelly Royce Smuts''' (An haife shi a ranar 22 ga watan [[Janairu|Janairun]] 1990), [[Kurket|ɗan wasan kurket]] ne na [[Afirka]] ta Kudu. Shi ɗan wasan baya ne na hannun hagu kuma mai matsakaicin taki na hannun dama wanda ke taka leda a Lardin Gabas. An haife shi a Grahamstown. Smuts ya buga wasan kurket na farko a [[Afirka]] ta Kudu na 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 19, inda ya buga wasan gwaji na 'yan kasa da shekaru 19 da Bangladesh. Daga baya ya buga wasanni biyu a gasar Tri-Nation, ɗaya da Bangladesh ɗaya kuma da Indiya. Smuts ya yi bayyanuwa biyu yayin gasar CSA Under-19 a cikin 2008–2009. Smuts ya fara wasansa na farko a Lardin Gabas a lokacin kakar 2009–2010, da Gauteng . <ref>[http://www.cricinfo.com/rsadomestic-09/engine/current/match/423114.html Gauteng v. Eastern Province in 2009-10]</ref> An saka shi cikin tawagar wasan kurket na Lardin Gabas don gasar cin kofin T20 na Afirka ta 2015 . <ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/africa-t20-cup-2015-16/content/squad/911675.html Eastern Province Squad / Players] – ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 31 August 2015.</ref> A cikin 2015-2016 Sunfoil 3-Day Cup, ya zama dan wasa na farko da ya yi karni kuma ya dauki 13 wickets a lokacin wasan farko a Afirka ta Kudu. A cikin Afrilun 2017, ya yi mafi girma duka a cikin tarihin Lancashire League, inda ya zira 211 don Todmorden Cricket Club .<ref name="Lancs">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/39686718 |title=Lancashire League: Michael Clarke's record broken by Kelly Smuts |accessdate=23 April 2017 |work=BBC Sport}}</ref> A cikin watan Agustan 2017, an ba shi suna a cikin ƙungiyar Durban Qalandars don farkon kakar T20 Global League . Koyaya, a cikin [[Oktoba|Oktoban]] 2017, Cricket [[Afirka]] ta Kudu da farko ta dage gasar har zuwa Nuwambar 2018, tare da soke ta ba da daɗewa ba.<ref name="PP">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/southafrica/content/story/1123408.html |title=Cricket South Africa postpones Global T20 league |accessdate=10 October 2017 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> Ya kasance jagoran mai zura ƙwallo a raga a gasar cin kofin rana ta 2017-2018 Sunfoil na Lardin Gabas, tare da gudanar da 646 a wasanni takwas.<ref name="1718runs2">{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=12114;team=3259;type=tournament |title=Sunfoil 3-Day Cup, 2017/18 Eastern Province: Batting and bowling averages |accessdate=13 April 2018 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> A cikin Satumbar 2018, an nada shi cikin tawagar lardin Gabas don gasar cin kofin T20 na Afirka ta 2018 . A watan [[Satumba]] na shekarar 2019, an ba shi suna a cikin tawagar Lardin Gabas don 2019–2020 CSA Lardin T20 Cup .<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sacricketmag.com/marais-headlines-eastern-province-squad/ |title=Marais headlines Eastern Province squad |work=SA Cricket Mag |accessdate=12 September 2019}}</ref> Ɗan'uwan Smuts, JJ Smuts, shi ma ɗan wasan kurket ne a aji na farko. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Kelly Smuts at ESPNcricinfo [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1990]] tav9oyvg9d32461hee4asvyxgbqbjwe 0 45264 873679 826495 2026-07-01T15:38:06Z Naja'atu Bintoo Usman 22641 873679 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nassor Saadun Hamoud''' (An haife shi ranar 23 ga watan [[Maris]], shekarar 2001), ya kasance wanda aka fi sani da '''Nassor Hamoud''', ya kasance ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na kasar [[Tanzaniya]] wanda ke taka leda a ƙungiyar kwallon kafa ta Šumadija Aranđelovac ta Serbian League West. == Aikin kulob == A kasarsa [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] Hamoud ya buga wasa a kulob ɗin Kagera Sugar ta [[Gasar Firimiya ta ƙasar Tanzania|gasar Premier ta Tanzaniya]].<ref>"Kagera Sugar Roster" . Kagera Sugar FC. Retrieved 15 July 2021.</ref> Daga shekarun 2018 zuwa 2020 ya buga wa Tersana SC na rukunin biyu na [[Misra|Masar]] wasa. A cikin watan [[Fabrairu]] 2020 ya yi tsalle zuwa Turai kuma ya rattaba hannu a kulob ɗin OFK Žarkovo na Gasar Farko ta Serbia na kakar 2019-20 kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu. Gabaɗaya, ya buga wasanni biyu a ƙungiyar tare da halarta na farko a ranar 30 ga watan Mayu 2020 da FK Zlatibor Čajetina.<ref>"NINJA, NASSORO MOHAMMED WAPATA DILI LA KUKIPIGA ULAYA, WAKWEA PIPA LEO" (in Swahili). Saleh Jembe. Retrieved 15 July 2021.</ref> Daga nan sai ya koma FK Šumadija Aranđelovac kafin a ba da shi rance ga kungiyar kwallon kafa ta MFK Vyškov a 2021.<ref>"Prva Liga profile" (in Serbian). Prva Liga. Retrieved 15 July 2021.</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Hamoud ya kasance cikin tawagar [[Tanzaniya]] a gasar cin kofin Afrika ta matasa ta 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 na 2021, kuma ya buga dukkan wasanni ukun da kungiyar ta buga.<ref>Edward, Muambo. "Black Satellites To Face Ngorongoro Heroes In Group C" . sportsworld2day.com. Retrieved 15 July 2021.</ref><ref>"Soccerway profile" . Soccerway. Retrieved 15 July 2021.</ref> A cikin watan Maris 2021 an sanya Hamoud a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan wasan da ke kasashen waje a jerin 'yan wasan Kim Poulsen na wucin gadi na manyan wasannin sada zumunta biyu da Kenya.<ref>"Tanzania traveling team to Kenya revealed" . pepeta.co.ke. Retrieved 15 July 2021.</ref> A watan Mayun wannan shekarar, an sake saka shi cikin tawagar wucin gadi don wasan sada zumunci da Malawi amma bai yi jerin gwano na karshe ba.<ref>Omary, Majuto (28 May 2021). "Kim Poulsen names provisional Taifa Stars squad, drops 17" . The Citizen. Retrieved 15 July 2021.</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 2001]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] [[Rukuni:Maza]] ro20qyfjqvdob8de8omp10ltvvugh4w 0 45426 873894 307458 2026-07-01T21:48:03Z Ummeeterh 31568 873894 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abednico Powell''' (An haife shi a shekara ta 1983) kwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] na ƙasar [[Botswana]]. yanzu haka yana buga wasa a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Mogoditshane Fighters. == Sana'a == Powell ya fara aikinsa na ƙwararru a cikin shekarar 2006 tare da kulob ɗin ECCO City Green kuma ya sanya hannu a lokacin rani a 2007 tare da kulob ɗin Extension Gunners. Ya tafi a cikin watan Janairu 2010 don zuwa ga abokiyar hamayyar su League Township Rollers.<ref>Legodimo, Chippa (29 January 2010). "Botswana: Abednico Relishes New Rollers' Challenge" . Mmegi/ The Reporter (Gaborone) . Retrieved 27 March 2018.</ref> ya bar Rollers Township kuma ya sanya a hannu kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Mogoditshane Fighters. <ref>"Pitched relegation battles in offing" . Mmegi Online . Archived from the original on 27 March 2018. Retrieved 27 March 2018.</ref> === Ƙasashen Duniya === Ya lashe kofi daya a kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Botswana.<ref>Abednico Powell at National-Football-Teams.com</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1983]] 4l97n8thscjdf0o5nydgbi61kzwva6h 0 47779 873953 551723 2026-07-01T22:33:37Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 873953 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Digestive system - Stomach ulcer -- Smart-Servier.png|thumb|inda wasu ke samun gyambo]] [[Fayil:Ulcer subungual DM.jpg|thumb|Gyambon Ciki]] '''Ciwon gyambon ciki''' shine rarakewa a cikin [[Mucosa na ciki|rufin ciki]], bangaren farko na [[kananan hanji]], ko kuma wani lokacin a kasan makogwaro .<ref name="Na2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ulcer a cikin ciki ana kiransa da '''ciwon ciki''', yayin da daya daga cikin kashi na farko na hanji shine ciwon '''gyambon ciki na hanji''' . <ref name="Na2011" /> Mafi yawan alamun bayyanar Gyambon ciki da hanji shine farkawa da dare tare da [[Epigastrium|ciwon ciki na sama]], da ciwon ciki na sama wanda yake tafiya idan mutum yaci abinci abinci. <ref name="Na20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Tare da gyambon ciki, ciwon zai iya tsananta idan yakasance '''gyambon cikine na tumbi'''. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana kwatanta ciwon a matsayin ciwo [[Dyspepsia|mai zafi/kuna]] ko rashin jin daɗi. <ref name="Na20112" /> Sauran alamun sun hasa da [[belching]], amai, rage nauyi, ko rashin son cin abinci. <ref name="Na20112" /> Kusan kashi uku na tsofaffi ba su da alamun cutar. <ref name="Na20112" /> Matsalolin da zata iya kawowa na iya hadawa da [[Zubar da ciki|zub da jini]], Rarakeawa da [[Toshewar fitar da ciki|toshewar ciki]] . <ref name="Mil2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> Zubar da jini yana faruwa a kusan kashi 15% na lokuta.<ref name="Mil2011" /> Abubuwan da suka fi kawo cutar sun hada da kwayar cuta ta ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' da Magungunan kashe zafin jiki (NSAIDs).<ref name="Na20113">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Sauran, kananan abubuwan da ba a sani ba sun hada da [[Tabar taba|shan taba]], damuwa a sakamakon wasu yanayi mai tsanani na kiwon lafiya, [[cutar Behcet]], cutar [[Zollinger-Ellison ciwo|Zollinger-Ellison,]] [[cutar Crohn]], da [[Cirrhosis|ciwon hanta]].<ref name="Na20113" /> <ref name="St2002">{{Cite journal|url-status=S362–4}}</ref>Tsofaffi sun fi zama cikin hadari da illolin ulcer wanda magungunan kashe ciwon jiki ke sakawa <ref name="Na20114">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref>. Anayin binciken gane cuatr ne gwalgwadon alamomin da mutum yazo dasu da kuma yin bincike na [[endoscopy]] ko [[Barium hadiye|barium swallow]] .<ref name="Na20114" /> Ana iya ganokwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ta hanyar gwajin jini. [[Gwajin numfashi na Urea|gwajin numfashi na urea]], gwada bahaya don alamun kwayoyin cuta, ko gwajin gyambon ciki na [[biopsy]].<ref name="Na20114" /> Sauran yanayin da ke haifar da irin wannan alamun sun hada da [[ciwon daji na ciki]], [[Ciwon zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]], da [[Gastritis|kumburin rufin ciki]] ko [[Cholelithiasis|kumburin gallbladder]].<ref name="Na20115">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> == a == [[Abinci (abinci)|Abincin]] ba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar ko hana gyambon ciki. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ingattacen maganin ta ya hada da dakatar da shan taba, dakatar da amfani da magungunan kashe zafi na (NSAIDs), barin shan giya, da shan magunguna don rage yawan acid na ciki. <ref name="Na20116">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Maganin da ake amfani da shi don rage acid yawanci sun hada da [[Proton famfo mai hanawa|mai hanawa na proton pump]] (PPI) ko [[H2 blocker|mai hana H2]], tare da shawarar farko ta jiya na sati hudu.<ref name="Na20116" /> '''Gyambon ciki''' dalilin kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ana maganinta da hadin magunguna masu kashe kwayoyin cuta , irin su [[amoxicillin]], [[clarithromycin]], da PPI. <ref name="Wang2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Rashi magani na kwayoyin cutar yanata karuwa kuma don haka magani bazai kasance koyaushe yana da tasiri ba. <ref name="Wang20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Za a iyin maganin zaubar jini ta hanyar [[endoscopy]], tare da bude tiyata yawanci ana amfani da su kawai a cikin yanayin da ba a yi nasara ba. <ref name="Mil20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} pp5va6mandcvkt1gi3ymbdht6q4r93r 873954 873953 2026-07-01T22:33:59Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 873954 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Digestive system - Stomach ulcer -- Smart-Servier.png|thumb|inda wasu ke samun gyambo]] [[Fayil:Ulcer subungual DM.jpg|thumb|Gyambon Ciki]] '''Ciwon gyambon ciki''' shine rarakewa a cikin [[Mucosa na ciki|rufin ciki]], bangaren farko na [[kananan hanji]], ko kuma wani lokacin a kasan makogwaro .<ref name="Na2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ulcer a cikin ciki ana kiransa da '''ciwon ciki''', yayin da daya daga cikin kashi na farko na hanji shine ciwon '''gyambon ciki na hanji''' . <ref name="Na2011" /> Mafi yawan alamun bayyanar Gyambon ciki da hanji shine farkawa da dare tare da [[Epigastrium|ciwon ciki na sama]], da ciwon ciki na sama wanda yake tafiya idan mutum yaci abinci abinci. <ref name="Na20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> tare da gyambon ciki, ciwon zai iya tsananta idan yakasance '''gyambon cikine na tumbi'''. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana kwatanta ciwon a matsayin ciwo [[Dyspepsia|mai zafi/kuna]] ko rashin jin daɗi. <ref name="Na20112" /> Sauran alamun sun hasa da [[belching]], amai, rage nauyi, ko rashin son cin abinci. <ref name="Na20112" /> Kusan kashi uku na tsofaffi ba su da alamun cutar. <ref name="Na20112" /> Matsalolin da zata iya kawowa na iya hadawa da [[Zubar da ciki|zub da jini]], Rarakeawa da [[Toshewar fitar da ciki|toshewar ciki]] . <ref name="Mil2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> Zubar da jini yana faruwa a kusan kashi 15% na lokuta.<ref name="Mil2011" /> Abubuwan da suka fi kawo cutar sun hada da kwayar cuta ta ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' da Magungunan kashe zafin jiki (NSAIDs).<ref name="Na20113">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Sauran, kananan abubuwan da ba a sani ba sun hada da [[Tabar taba|shan taba]], damuwa a sakamakon wasu yanayi mai tsanani na kiwon lafiya, [[cutar Behcet]], cutar [[Zollinger-Ellison ciwo|Zollinger-Ellison,]] [[cutar Crohn]], da [[Cirrhosis|ciwon hanta]].<ref name="Na20113" /> <ref name="St2002">{{Cite journal|url-status=S362–4}}</ref>Tsofaffi sun fi zama cikin hadari da illolin ulcer wanda magungunan kashe ciwon jiki ke sakawa <ref name="Na20114">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref>. Anayin binciken gane cuatr ne gwalgwadon alamomin da mutum yazo dasu da kuma yin bincike na [[endoscopy]] ko [[Barium hadiye|barium swallow]] .<ref name="Na20114" /> Ana iya ganokwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ta hanyar gwajin jini. [[Gwajin numfashi na Urea|gwajin numfashi na urea]], gwada bahaya don alamun kwayoyin cuta, ko gwajin gyambon ciki na [[biopsy]].<ref name="Na20114" /> Sauran yanayin da ke haifar da irin wannan alamun sun hada da [[ciwon daji na ciki]], [[Ciwon zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]], da [[Gastritis|kumburin rufin ciki]] ko [[Cholelithiasis|kumburin gallbladder]].<ref name="Na20115">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> == a == [[Abinci (abinci)|Abincin]] ba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar ko hana gyambon ciki. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ingattacen maganin ta ya hada da dakatar da shan taba, dakatar da amfani da magungunan kashe zafi na (NSAIDs), barin shan giya, da shan magunguna don rage yawan acid na ciki. <ref name="Na20116">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Maganin da ake amfani da shi don rage acid yawanci sun hada da [[Proton famfo mai hanawa|mai hanawa na proton pump]] (PPI) ko [[H2 blocker|mai hana H2]], tare da shawarar farko ta jiya na sati hudu.<ref name="Na20116" /> '''Gyambon ciki''' dalilin kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ana maganinta da hadin magunguna masu kashe kwayoyin cuta , irin su [[amoxicillin]], [[clarithromycin]], da PPI. <ref name="Wang2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Rashi magani na kwayoyin cutar yanata karuwa kuma don haka magani bazai kasance koyaushe yana da tasiri ba. <ref name="Wang20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Za a iyin maganin zaubar jini ta hanyar [[endoscopy]], tare da bude tiyata yawanci ana amfani da su kawai a cikin yanayin da ba a yi nasara ba. <ref name="Mil20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} r79kbeg056s6wfkcyeej50x4o0ij6y3 873956 873954 2026-07-01T22:34:37Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 873956 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Digestive system - Stomach ulcer -- Smart-Servier.png|thumb|inda wasu ke samun gyambo]] [[Fayil:Ulcer subungual DM.jpg|thumb|Gyambon Ciki]] '''Ciwon gyambon ciki''' shine rarakewa a cikin [[Mucosa na ciki|rufin ciki]], bangaren farko na [[kananan hanji]], ko kuma wani lokacin a kasan makogwaro .<ref name="Na2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ulcer a cikin ciki ana kiransa da '''ciwon ciki''', yayin da daya daga cikin kashi na farko na hanji shine ciwon '''gyambon ciki na hanji''' . <ref name="Na2011" /> Mafi yawan alamun bayyanar Gyambon ciki da hanji shine farkawa da dare tare da [[Epigastrium|ciwon ciki na sama]], da ciwon ciki na sama wanda yake tafiya idan mutum yaci abinci abinci. <ref name="Na20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> tare da gyambon ciki, ciwon zai iya tsananta idan ya kasance '''gyambon cikine na tumbi'''. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana kwatanta ciwon a matsayin ciwo [[Dyspepsia|mai zafi/kuna]] ko rashin jin daɗi. <ref name="Na20112" /> Sauran alamun sun hasa da [[belching]], amai, rage nauyi, ko rashin son cin abinci. <ref name="Na20112" /> Kusan kashi uku na tsofaffi ba su da alamun cutar. <ref name="Na20112" /> Matsalolin da zata iya kawowa na iya hadawa da [[Zubar da ciki|zub da jini]], Rarakeawa da [[Toshewar fitar da ciki|toshewar ciki]] . <ref name="Mil2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> Zubar da jini yana faruwa a kusan kashi 15% na lokuta.<ref name="Mil2011" /> Abubuwan da suka fi kawo cutar sun hada da kwayar cuta ta ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' da Magungunan kashe zafin jiki (NSAIDs).<ref name="Na20113">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Sauran, kananan abubuwan da ba a sani ba sun hada da [[Tabar taba|shan taba]], damuwa a sakamakon wasu yanayi mai tsanani na kiwon lafiya, [[cutar Behcet]], cutar [[Zollinger-Ellison ciwo|Zollinger-Ellison,]] [[cutar Crohn]], da [[Cirrhosis|ciwon hanta]].<ref name="Na20113" /> <ref name="St2002">{{Cite journal|url-status=S362–4}}</ref>Tsofaffi sun fi zama cikin hadari da illolin ulcer wanda magungunan kashe ciwon jiki ke sakawa <ref name="Na20114">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref>. Anayin binciken gane cuatr ne gwalgwadon alamomin da mutum yazo dasu da kuma yin bincike na [[endoscopy]] ko [[Barium hadiye|barium swallow]] .<ref name="Na20114" /> Ana iya ganokwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ta hanyar gwajin jini. [[Gwajin numfashi na Urea|gwajin numfashi na urea]], gwada bahaya don alamun kwayoyin cuta, ko gwajin gyambon ciki na [[biopsy]].<ref name="Na20114" /> Sauran yanayin da ke haifar da irin wannan alamun sun hada da [[ciwon daji na ciki]], [[Ciwon zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]], da [[Gastritis|kumburin rufin ciki]] ko [[Cholelithiasis|kumburin gallbladder]].<ref name="Na20115">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> == a == [[Abinci (abinci)|Abincin]] ba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar ko hana gyambon ciki. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ingattacen maganin ta ya hada da dakatar da shan taba, dakatar da amfani da magungunan kashe zafi na (NSAIDs), barin shan giya, da shan magunguna don rage yawan acid na ciki. <ref name="Na20116">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Maganin da ake amfani da shi don rage acid yawanci sun hada da [[Proton famfo mai hanawa|mai hanawa na proton pump]] (PPI) ko [[H2 blocker|mai hana H2]], tare da shawarar farko ta jiya na sati hudu.<ref name="Na20116" /> '''Gyambon ciki''' dalilin kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ana maganinta da hadin magunguna masu kashe kwayoyin cuta , irin su [[amoxicillin]], [[clarithromycin]], da PPI. <ref name="Wang2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Rashi magani na kwayoyin cutar yanata karuwa kuma don haka magani bazai kasance koyaushe yana da tasiri ba. <ref name="Wang20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Za a iyin maganin zaubar jini ta hanyar [[endoscopy]], tare da bude tiyata yawanci ana amfani da su kawai a cikin yanayin da ba a yi nasara ba. <ref name="Mil20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} 3ybztga55iryib29yxnpjn24vgkotug 873957 873956 2026-07-01T22:35:17Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 873957 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Digestive system - Stomach ulcer -- Smart-Servier.png|thumb|inda wasu ke samun gyambo]] [[Fayil:Ulcer subungual DM.jpg|thumb|Gyambon Ciki]] '''Ciwon gyambon ciki''' shine rarakewa a cikin [[Mucosa na ciki|rufin ciki]], bangaren farko na [[kananan hanji]], ko kuma wani lokacin a kasan makogwaro .<ref name="Na2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ulcer a cikin ciki ana kiransa da '''ciwon ciki''', yayin da daya daga cikin kashi na farko na hanji shine ciwon '''gyambon ciki na hanji''' . <ref name="Na2011" /> Mafi yawan alamun bayyanar Gyambon ciki da hanji shine farkawa da dare tare da [[Epigastrium|ciwon ciki na sama]], da ciwon ciki na sama wanda yake tafiya idan mutum yaci abinci abinci. <ref name="Na20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> tare da gyambon ciki, ciwon zai iya tsananta idan ya kasance '''gyambon cikine na tumbi'''. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana kwatanta ciwon a matsayin ciwo [[Dyspepsia|mai zafi/kuna]] ko rashin jin daɗi. <ref name="Na20112" /> Sauran alamun sun hada da [[belching]], amai, rage nauyi, ko rashin son cin abinci. <ref name="Na20112" /> Kusan kashi uku na tsofaffi ba su da alamun cutar. <ref name="Na20112" /> Matsalolin da zata iya kawowa na iya hadawa da [[Zubar da ciki|zub da jini]], Rarakeawa da [[Toshewar fitar da ciki|toshewar ciki]] . <ref name="Mil2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> Zubar da jini yana faruwa a kusan kashi 15% na lokuta.<ref name="Mil2011" /> Abubuwan da suka fi kawo cutar sun hada da kwayar cuta ta ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' da Magungunan kashe zafin jiki (NSAIDs).<ref name="Na20113">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Sauran, kananan abubuwan da ba a sani ba sun hada da [[Tabar taba|shan taba]], damuwa a sakamakon wasu yanayi mai tsanani na kiwon lafiya, [[cutar Behcet]], cutar [[Zollinger-Ellison ciwo|Zollinger-Ellison,]] [[cutar Crohn]], da [[Cirrhosis|ciwon hanta]].<ref name="Na20113" /> <ref name="St2002">{{Cite journal|url-status=S362–4}}</ref>Tsofaffi sun fi zama cikin hadari da illolin ulcer wanda magungunan kashe ciwon jiki ke sakawa <ref name="Na20114">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref>. Anayin binciken gane cuatr ne gwalgwadon alamomin da mutum yazo dasu da kuma yin bincike na [[endoscopy]] ko [[Barium hadiye|barium swallow]] .<ref name="Na20114" /> Ana iya ganokwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ta hanyar gwajin jini. [[Gwajin numfashi na Urea|gwajin numfashi na urea]], gwada bahaya don alamun kwayoyin cuta, ko gwajin gyambon ciki na [[biopsy]].<ref name="Na20114" /> Sauran yanayin da ke haifar da irin wannan alamun sun hada da [[ciwon daji na ciki]], [[Ciwon zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]], da [[Gastritis|kumburin rufin ciki]] ko [[Cholelithiasis|kumburin gallbladder]].<ref name="Na20115">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> == a == [[Abinci (abinci)|Abincin]] ba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar ko hana gyambon ciki. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ingattacen maganin ta ya hada da dakatar da shan taba, dakatar da amfani da magungunan kashe zafi na (NSAIDs), barin shan giya, da shan magunguna don rage yawan acid na ciki. <ref name="Na20116">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Maganin da ake amfani da shi don rage acid yawanci sun hada da [[Proton famfo mai hanawa|mai hanawa na proton pump]] (PPI) ko [[H2 blocker|mai hana H2]], tare da shawarar farko ta jiya na sati hudu.<ref name="Na20116" /> '''Gyambon ciki''' dalilin kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ana maganinta da hadin magunguna masu kashe kwayoyin cuta , irin su [[amoxicillin]], [[clarithromycin]], da PPI. <ref name="Wang2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Rashi magani na kwayoyin cutar yanata karuwa kuma don haka magani bazai kasance koyaushe yana da tasiri ba. <ref name="Wang20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Za a iyin maganin zaubar jini ta hanyar [[endoscopy]], tare da bude tiyata yawanci ana amfani da su kawai a cikin yanayin da ba a yi nasara ba. <ref name="Mil20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} row6ajk64582yhanq4wovn3615n3mve 873958 873957 2026-07-01T22:36:35Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 873958 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Digestive system - Stomach ulcer -- Smart-Servier.png|thumb|inda wasu ke samun gyambo]] [[Fayil:Ulcer subungual DM.jpg|thumb|Gyambon Ciki]] '''Ciwon gyambon ciki''' shine rarakewa a cikin [[Mucosa na ciki|rufin ciki]], bangaren farko na [[kananan hanji]], ko kuma wani lokacin a kasan makogwaro .<ref name="Na2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ulcer a cikin ciki ana kiransa da '''ciwon ciki''', yayin da daya daga cikin kashi na farko na hanji shine ciwon '''gyambon ciki na hanji''' . <ref name="Na2011" /> Mafi yawan alamun bayyanar Gyambon ciki da hanji shine farkawa da dare tare da [[Epigastrium|ciwon ciki na sama]], da ciwon ciki na sama wanda yake tafiya idan mutum yaci abinci abinci. <ref name="Na20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> tare da gyambon ciki, ciwon zai iya tsananta idan ya kasance '''gyambon cikine na tumbi'''. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana kwatanta ciwon a matsayin ciwo [[Dyspepsia|mai zafi/kuna]] ko rashin jin daɗi. <ref name="Na20112" /> Sauran alamun sun hada da [[belching]], amai, rage nauyi, ko rashin son cin abinci. <ref name="Na20112" /> Kusan kashi uku na tsofaffi ba su da alamun cutar. <ref name="Na20112" /> Matsalolin da zata iya kawowa na iya hadawa da [[Zubar da ciki|zub da jini]], Rarakeawa da [[Toshewar fitar da ciki|toshewar ciki]] . <ref name="Mil2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> Zubar da jini yana faruwa a kusan kashi sh 15% na lokuta.<ref name="Mil2011" /> Abubuwan da suka fi kawo cutar sun hada da kwayar cuta ta ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' da Magungunan kashe zafin jiki (NSAIDs).<ref name="Na20113">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Sauran, kananan abubuwan da ba a sani ba sun hada da [[Tabar taba|shan taba]], damuwa a sakamakon wasu yanayi mai tsanani na kiwon lafiya, [[cutar Behcet]], cutar [[Zollinger-Ellison ciwo|Zollinger-Ellison,]] [[cutar Crohn]], da [[Cirrhosis|ciwon hanta]].<ref name="Na20113" /> <ref name="St2002">{{Cite journal|url-status=S362–4}}</ref>Tsofaffi sun fi zama cikin hadari da illolin ulcer wanda magungunan kashe ciwon jiki ke sakawa <ref name="Na20114">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref>. Anayin binciken gane cuatr ne gwalgwadon alamomin da mutum yazo dasu da kuma yin bincike na [[endoscopy]] ko [[Barium hadiye|barium swallow]] .<ref name="Na20114" /> Ana iya ganokwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ta hanyar gwajin jini. [[Gwajin numfashi na Urea|gwajin numfashi na urea]], gwada bahaya don alamun kwayoyin cuta, ko gwajin gyambon ciki na [[biopsy]].<ref name="Na20114" /> Sauran yanayin da ke haifar da irin wannan alamun sun hada da [[ciwon daji na ciki]], [[Ciwon zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]], da [[Gastritis|kumburin rufin ciki]] ko [[Cholelithiasis|kumburin gallbladder]].<ref name="Na20115">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> == a == [[Abinci (abinci)|Abincin]] ba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar ko hana gyambon ciki. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ingattacen maganin ta ya hada da dakatar da shan taba, dakatar da amfani da magungunan kashe zafi na (NSAIDs), barin shan giya, da shan magunguna don rage yawan acid na ciki. <ref name="Na20116">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Maganin da ake amfani da shi don rage acid yawanci sun hada da [[Proton famfo mai hanawa|mai hanawa na proton pump]] (PPI) ko [[H2 blocker|mai hana H2]], tare da shawarar farko ta jiya na sati hudu.<ref name="Na20116" /> '''Gyambon ciki''' dalilin kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ana maganinta da hadin magunguna masu kashe kwayoyin cuta , irin su [[amoxicillin]], [[clarithromycin]], da PPI. <ref name="Wang2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Rashi magani na kwayoyin cutar yanata karuwa kuma don haka magani bazai kasance koyaushe yana da tasiri ba. <ref name="Wang20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Za a iyin maganin zaubar jini ta hanyar [[endoscopy]], tare da bude tiyata yawanci ana amfani da su kawai a cikin yanayin da ba a yi nasara ba. <ref name="Mil20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} 8nsp5hesdup7uqu650xctka9qgi7ud8 873959 873958 2026-07-01T22:37:09Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 873959 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Digestive system - Stomach ulcer -- Smart-Servier.png|thumb|inda wasu ke samun gyambo]] [[Fayil:Ulcer subungual DM.jpg|thumb|Gyambon Ciki]] '''Ciwon gyambon ciki''' shine rarakewa a cikin [[Mucosa na ciki|rufin ciki]], bangaren farko na [[kananan hanji]], ko kuma wani lokacin a kasan makogwaro .<ref name="Na2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ulcer a cikin ciki ana kiransa da '''ciwon ciki''', yayin da daya daga cikin kashi na farko na hanji shine ciwon '''gyambon ciki na hanji''' . <ref name="Na2011" /> Mafi yawan alamun bayyanar Gyambon ciki da hanji shine farkawa da dare tare da [[Epigastrium|ciwon ciki na sama]], da ciwon ciki na sama wanda yake tafiya idan mutum yaci abinci abinci. <ref name="Na20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> tare da gyambon ciki, ciwon zai iya tsananta idan ya kasance '''gyambon cikine na tumbi'''. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana kwatanta ciwon a matsayin ciwo [[Dyspepsia|mai zafi/kuna]] ko rashin jin daɗi. <ref name="Na20112" /> Sauran alamun sun hada da [[belching]], amai, rage nauyi, ko rashin son cin abinci. <ref name="Na20112" /> Kusan kashi uku na tsofaffi ba su da alamun cutar. <ref name="Na20112" /> Matsalolin da zata iya kawowa na iya hadawa da [[Zubar da ciki|zub da jini]], Rarakeawa da [[Toshewar fitar da ciki|toshewar ciki]] . <ref name="Mil2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> Zubar da jini yana faruwa a kusan kashi sha 15% na lokuta.<ref name="Mil2011" /> Abubuwan da suka fi kawo cutar sun hada da kwayar cuta ta ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' da Magungunan kashe zafin jiki (NSAIDs).<ref name="Na20113">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Sauran, kananan abubuwan da ba a sani ba sun hada da [[Tabar taba|shan taba]], damuwa a sakamakon wasu yanayi mai tsanani na kiwon lafiya, [[cutar Behcet]], cutar [[Zollinger-Ellison ciwo|Zollinger-Ellison,]] [[cutar Crohn]], da [[Cirrhosis|ciwon hanta]].<ref name="Na20113" /> <ref name="St2002">{{Cite journal|url-status=S362–4}}</ref>Tsofaffi sun fi zama cikin hadari da illolin ulcer wanda magungunan kashe ciwon jiki ke sakawa <ref name="Na20114">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref>. Anayin binciken gane cuatr ne gwalgwadon alamomin da mutum yazo dasu da kuma yin bincike na [[endoscopy]] ko [[Barium hadiye|barium swallow]] .<ref name="Na20114" /> Ana iya ganokwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ta hanyar gwajin jini. [[Gwajin numfashi na Urea|gwajin numfashi na urea]], gwada bahaya don alamun kwayoyin cuta, ko gwajin gyambon ciki na [[biopsy]].<ref name="Na20114" /> Sauran yanayin da ke haifar da irin wannan alamun sun hada da [[ciwon daji na ciki]], [[Ciwon zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]], da [[Gastritis|kumburin rufin ciki]] ko [[Cholelithiasis|kumburin gallbladder]].<ref name="Na20115">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> == a == [[Abinci (abinci)|Abincin]] ba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar ko hana gyambon ciki. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ingattacen maganin ta ya hada da dakatar da shan taba, dakatar da amfani da magungunan kashe zafi na (NSAIDs), barin shan giya, da shan magunguna don rage yawan acid na ciki. <ref name="Na20116">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Maganin da ake amfani da shi don rage acid yawanci sun hada da [[Proton famfo mai hanawa|mai hanawa na proton pump]] (PPI) ko [[H2 blocker|mai hana H2]], tare da shawarar farko ta jiya na sati hudu.<ref name="Na20116" /> '''Gyambon ciki''' dalilin kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ana maganinta da hadin magunguna masu kashe kwayoyin cuta , irin su [[amoxicillin]], [[clarithromycin]], da PPI. <ref name="Wang2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Rashi magani na kwayoyin cutar yanata karuwa kuma don haka magani bazai kasance koyaushe yana da tasiri ba. <ref name="Wang20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Za a iyin maganin zaubar jini ta hanyar [[endoscopy]], tare da bude tiyata yawanci ana amfani da su kawai a cikin yanayin da ba a yi nasara ba. <ref name="Mil20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} 2lqog9xlzr067dd10du6a79vp0jxdlu 873960 873959 2026-07-01T22:37:35Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 873960 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Digestive system - Stomach ulcer -- Smart-Servier.png|thumb|inda wasu ke samun gyambo]] [[Fayil:Ulcer subungual DM.jpg|thumb|Gyambon Ciki]] '''Ciwon gyambon ciki''' shine rarakewa a cikin [[Mucosa na ciki|rufin ciki]], bangaren farko na [[kananan hanji]], ko kuma wani lokacin a kasan makogwaro .<ref name="Na2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ulcer a cikin ciki ana kiransa da '''ciwon ciki''', yayin da daya daga cikin kashi na farko na hanji shine ciwon '''gyambon ciki na hanji''' . <ref name="Na2011" /> Mafi yawan alamun bayyanar Gyambon ciki da hanji shine farkawa da dare tare da [[Epigastrium|ciwon ciki na sama]], da ciwon ciki na sama wanda yake tafiya idan mutum yaci abinci abinci. <ref name="Na20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> tare da gyambon ciki, ciwon zai iya tsananta idan ya kasance '''gyambon cikine na tumbi'''. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana kwatanta ciwon a matsayin ciwo [[Dyspepsia|mai zafi/kuna]] ko rashin jin daɗi. <ref name="Na20112" /> Sauran alamun sun hada da [[belching]], amai, rage nauyi, ko rashin son cin abinci. <ref name="Na20112" /> Kusan kashi uku na tsofaffi ba su da alamun cutar. <ref name="Na20112" /> Matsalolin da zata iya kawowa na iya hadawa da [[Zubar da ciki|zub da jini]], Rarakeawa da [[Toshewar fitar da ciki|toshewar ciki]] . <ref name="Mil2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> Zubar da jini yana faruwa a kusan kashi sha bi 15% na lokuta.<ref name="Mil2011" /> Abubuwan da suka fi kawo cutar sun hada da kwayar cuta ta ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' da Magungunan kashe zafin jiki (NSAIDs).<ref name="Na20113">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Sauran, kananan abubuwan da ba a sani ba sun hada da [[Tabar taba|shan taba]], damuwa a sakamakon wasu yanayi mai tsanani na kiwon lafiya, [[cutar Behcet]], cutar [[Zollinger-Ellison ciwo|Zollinger-Ellison,]] [[cutar Crohn]], da [[Cirrhosis|ciwon hanta]].<ref name="Na20113" /> <ref name="St2002">{{Cite journal|url-status=S362–4}}</ref>Tsofaffi sun fi zama cikin hadari da illolin ulcer wanda magungunan kashe ciwon jiki ke sakawa <ref name="Na20114">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref>. Anayin binciken gane cuatr ne gwalgwadon alamomin da mutum yazo dasu da kuma yin bincike na [[endoscopy]] ko [[Barium hadiye|barium swallow]] .<ref name="Na20114" /> Ana iya ganokwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ta hanyar gwajin jini. [[Gwajin numfashi na Urea|gwajin numfashi na urea]], gwada bahaya don alamun kwayoyin cuta, ko gwajin gyambon ciki na [[biopsy]].<ref name="Na20114" /> Sauran yanayin da ke haifar da irin wannan alamun sun hada da [[ciwon daji na ciki]], [[Ciwon zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]], da [[Gastritis|kumburin rufin ciki]] ko [[Cholelithiasis|kumburin gallbladder]].<ref name="Na20115">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> == a == [[Abinci (abinci)|Abincin]] ba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar ko hana gyambon ciki. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ingattacen maganin ta ya hada da dakatar da shan taba, dakatar da amfani da magungunan kashe zafi na (NSAIDs), barin shan giya, da shan magunguna don rage yawan acid na ciki. <ref name="Na20116">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Maganin da ake amfani da shi don rage acid yawanci sun hada da [[Proton famfo mai hanawa|mai hanawa na proton pump]] (PPI) ko [[H2 blocker|mai hana H2]], tare da shawarar farko ta jiya na sati hudu.<ref name="Na20116" /> '''Gyambon ciki''' dalilin kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ana maganinta da hadin magunguna masu kashe kwayoyin cuta , irin su [[amoxicillin]], [[clarithromycin]], da PPI. <ref name="Wang2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Rashi magani na kwayoyin cutar yanata karuwa kuma don haka magani bazai kasance koyaushe yana da tasiri ba. <ref name="Wang20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Za a iyin maganin zaubar jini ta hanyar [[endoscopy]], tare da bude tiyata yawanci ana amfani da su kawai a cikin yanayin da ba a yi nasara ba. <ref name="Mil20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} 5clegtzn5c1pqgucjcqrn56ayvmwusm 873961 873960 2026-07-01T22:37:58Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 873961 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Digestive system - Stomach ulcer -- Smart-Servier.png|thumb|inda wasu ke samun gyambo]] [[Fayil:Ulcer subungual DM.jpg|thumb|Gyambon Ciki]] '''Ciwon gyambon ciki''' shine rarakewa a cikin [[Mucosa na ciki|rufin ciki]], bangaren farko na [[kananan hanji]], ko kuma wani lokacin a kasan makogwaro .<ref name="Na2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ulcer a cikin ciki ana kiransa da '''ciwon ciki''', yayin da daya daga cikin kashi na farko na hanji shine ciwon '''gyambon ciki na hanji''' . <ref name="Na2011" /> Mafi yawan alamun bayyanar Gyambon ciki da hanji shine farkawa da dare tare da [[Epigastrium|ciwon ciki na sama]], da ciwon ciki na sama wanda yake tafiya idan mutum yaci abinci abinci. <ref name="Na20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> tare da gyambon ciki, ciwon zai iya tsananta idan ya kasance '''gyambon cikine na tumbi'''. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana kwatanta ciwon a matsayin ciwo [[Dyspepsia|mai zafi/kuna]] ko rashin jin daɗi. <ref name="Na20112" /> Sauran alamun sun hada da [[belching]], amai, rage nauyi, ko rashin son cin abinci. <ref name="Na20112" /> Kusan kashi uku na tsofaffi ba su da alamun cutar. <ref name="Na20112" /> Matsalolin da zata iya kawowa na iya hadawa da [[Zubar da ciki|zub da jini]], Rarakeawa da [[Toshewar fitar da ciki|toshewar ciki]] . <ref name="Mil2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> Zubar da jini yana faruwa a kusan kashi sha biy15% na lokuta.<ref name="Mil2011" /> Abubuwan da suka fi kawo cutar sun hada da kwayar cuta ta ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' da Magungunan kashe zafin jiki (NSAIDs).<ref name="Na20113">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Sauran, kananan abubuwan da ba a sani ba sun hada da [[Tabar taba|shan taba]], damuwa a sakamakon wasu yanayi mai tsanani na kiwon lafiya, [[cutar Behcet]], cutar [[Zollinger-Ellison ciwo|Zollinger-Ellison,]] [[cutar Crohn]], da [[Cirrhosis|ciwon hanta]].<ref name="Na20113" /> <ref name="St2002">{{Cite journal|url-status=S362–4}}</ref>Tsofaffi sun fi zama cikin hadari da illolin ulcer wanda magungunan kashe ciwon jiki ke sakawa <ref name="Na20114">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref>. Anayin binciken gane cuatr ne gwalgwadon alamomin da mutum yazo dasu da kuma yin bincike na [[endoscopy]] ko [[Barium hadiye|barium swallow]] .<ref name="Na20114" /> Ana iya ganokwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ta hanyar gwajin jini. [[Gwajin numfashi na Urea|gwajin numfashi na urea]], gwada bahaya don alamun kwayoyin cuta, ko gwajin gyambon ciki na [[biopsy]].<ref name="Na20114" /> Sauran yanayin da ke haifar da irin wannan alamun sun hada da [[ciwon daji na ciki]], [[Ciwon zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]], da [[Gastritis|kumburin rufin ciki]] ko [[Cholelithiasis|kumburin gallbladder]].<ref name="Na20115">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> == a == [[Abinci (abinci)|Abincin]] ba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar ko hana gyambon ciki. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ingattacen maganin ta ya hada da dakatar da shan taba, dakatar da amfani da magungunan kashe zafi na (NSAIDs), barin shan giya, da shan magunguna don rage yawan acid na ciki. <ref name="Na20116">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Maganin da ake amfani da shi don rage acid yawanci sun hada da [[Proton famfo mai hanawa|mai hanawa na proton pump]] (PPI) ko [[H2 blocker|mai hana H2]], tare da shawarar farko ta jiya na sati hudu.<ref name="Na20116" /> '''Gyambon ciki''' dalilin kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ana maganinta da hadin magunguna masu kashe kwayoyin cuta , irin su [[amoxicillin]], [[clarithromycin]], da PPI. <ref name="Wang2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Rashi magani na kwayoyin cutar yanata karuwa kuma don haka magani bazai kasance koyaushe yana da tasiri ba. <ref name="Wang20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Za a iyin maganin zaubar jini ta hanyar [[endoscopy]], tare da bude tiyata yawanci ana amfani da su kawai a cikin yanayin da ba a yi nasara ba. <ref name="Mil20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} qf7xbdr3hz2nhv6k7tarequdgxxoa08 873962 873961 2026-07-01T22:38:16Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 873962 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Digestive system - Stomach ulcer -- Smart-Servier.png|thumb|inda wasu ke samun gyambo]] [[Fayil:Ulcer subungual DM.jpg|thumb|Gyambon Ciki]] '''Ciwon gyambon ciki''' shine rarakewa a cikin [[Mucosa na ciki|rufin ciki]], bangaren farko na [[kananan hanji]], ko kuma wani lokacin a kasan makogwaro .<ref name="Na2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ulcer a cikin ciki ana kiransa da '''ciwon ciki''', yayin da daya daga cikin kashi na farko na hanji shine ciwon '''gyambon ciki na hanji''' . <ref name="Na2011" /> Mafi yawan alamun bayyanar Gyambon ciki da hanji shine farkawa da dare tare da [[Epigastrium|ciwon ciki na sama]], da ciwon ciki na sama wanda yake tafiya idan mutum yaci abinci abinci. <ref name="Na20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> tare da gyambon ciki, ciwon zai iya tsananta idan ya kasance '''gyambon cikine na tumbi'''. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana kwatanta ciwon a matsayin ciwo [[Dyspepsia|mai zafi/kuna]] ko rashin jin daɗi. <ref name="Na20112" /> Sauran alamun sun hada da [[belching]], amai, rage nauyi, ko rashin son cin abinci. <ref name="Na20112" /> Kusan kashi uku na tsofaffi ba su da alamun cutar. <ref name="Na20112" /> Matsalolin da zata iya kawowa na iya hadawa da [[Zubar da ciki|zub da jini]], Rarakeawa da [[Toshewar fitar da ciki|toshewar ciki]] . <ref name="Mil2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> Zubar da jini yana faruwa a kusan kashi sha biya 15% na lokuta.<ref name="Mil2011" /> Abubuwan da suka fi kawo cutar sun hada da kwayar cuta ta ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' da Magungunan kashe zafin jiki (NSAIDs).<ref name="Na20113">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Sauran, kananan abubuwan da ba a sani ba sun hada da [[Tabar taba|shan taba]], damuwa a sakamakon wasu yanayi mai tsanani na kiwon lafiya, [[cutar Behcet]], cutar [[Zollinger-Ellison ciwo|Zollinger-Ellison,]] [[cutar Crohn]], da [[Cirrhosis|ciwon hanta]].<ref name="Na20113" /> <ref name="St2002">{{Cite journal|url-status=S362–4}}</ref>Tsofaffi sun fi zama cikin hadari da illolin ulcer wanda magungunan kashe ciwon jiki ke sakawa <ref name="Na20114">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref>. Anayin binciken gane cuatr ne gwalgwadon alamomin da mutum yazo dasu da kuma yin bincike na [[endoscopy]] ko [[Barium hadiye|barium swallow]] .<ref name="Na20114" /> Ana iya ganokwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ta hanyar gwajin jini. [[Gwajin numfashi na Urea|gwajin numfashi na urea]], gwada bahaya don alamun kwayoyin cuta, ko gwajin gyambon ciki na [[biopsy]].<ref name="Na20114" /> Sauran yanayin da ke haifar da irin wannan alamun sun hada da [[ciwon daji na ciki]], [[Ciwon zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]], da [[Gastritis|kumburin rufin ciki]] ko [[Cholelithiasis|kumburin gallbladder]].<ref name="Na20115">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> == a == [[Abinci (abinci)|Abincin]] ba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar ko hana gyambon ciki. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ingattacen maganin ta ya hada da dakatar da shan taba, dakatar da amfani da magungunan kashe zafi na (NSAIDs), barin shan giya, da shan magunguna don rage yawan acid na ciki. <ref name="Na20116">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Maganin da ake amfani da shi don rage acid yawanci sun hada da [[Proton famfo mai hanawa|mai hanawa na proton pump]] (PPI) ko [[H2 blocker|mai hana H2]], tare da shawarar farko ta jiya na sati hudu.<ref name="Na20116" /> '''Gyambon ciki''' dalilin kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ana maganinta da hadin magunguna masu kashe kwayoyin cuta , irin su [[amoxicillin]], [[clarithromycin]], da PPI. <ref name="Wang2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Rashi magani na kwayoyin cutar yanata karuwa kuma don haka magani bazai kasance koyaushe yana da tasiri ba. <ref name="Wang20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Za a iyin maganin zaubar jini ta hanyar [[endoscopy]], tare da bude tiyata yawanci ana amfani da su kawai a cikin yanayin da ba a yi nasara ba. <ref name="Mil20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} clp8pzgbkbgflfmntdcpe44ty50p7tv 873963 873962 2026-07-01T22:38:34Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 873963 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Digestive system - Stomach ulcer -- Smart-Servier.png|thumb|inda wasu ke samun gyambo]] [[Fayil:Ulcer subungual DM.jpg|thumb|Gyambon Ciki]] '''Ciwon gyambon ciki''' shine rarakewa a cikin [[Mucosa na ciki|rufin ciki]], bangaren farko na [[kananan hanji]], ko kuma wani lokacin a kasan makogwaro .<ref name="Na2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ulcer a cikin ciki ana kiransa da '''ciwon ciki''', yayin da daya daga cikin kashi na farko na hanji shine ciwon '''gyambon ciki na hanji''' . <ref name="Na2011" /> Mafi yawan alamun bayyanar Gyambon ciki da hanji shine farkawa da dare tare da [[Epigastrium|ciwon ciki na sama]], da ciwon ciki na sama wanda yake tafiya idan mutum yaci abinci abinci. <ref name="Na20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> tare da gyambon ciki, ciwon zai iya tsananta idan ya kasance '''gyambon cikine na tumbi'''. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana kwatanta ciwon a matsayin ciwo [[Dyspepsia|mai zafi/kuna]] ko rashin jin daɗi. <ref name="Na20112" /> Sauran alamun sun hada da [[belching]], amai, rage nauyi, ko rashin son cin abinci. <ref name="Na20112" /> Kusan kashi uku na tsofaffi ba su da alamun cutar. <ref name="Na20112" /> Matsalolin da zata iya kawowa na iya hadawa da [[Zubar da ciki|zub da jini]], Rarakeawa da [[Toshewar fitar da ciki|toshewar ciki]] . <ref name="Mil2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> Zubar da jini yana faruwa a kusan kashi sha biyar 15% na lokuta.<ref name="Mil2011" /> Abubuwan da suka fi kawo cutar sun hada da kwayar cuta ta ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' da Magungunan kashe zafin jiki (NSAIDs).<ref name="Na20113">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Sauran, kananan abubuwan da ba a sani ba sun hada da [[Tabar taba|shan taba]], damuwa a sakamakon wasu yanayi mai tsanani na kiwon lafiya, [[cutar Behcet]], cutar [[Zollinger-Ellison ciwo|Zollinger-Ellison,]] [[cutar Crohn]], da [[Cirrhosis|ciwon hanta]].<ref name="Na20113" /> <ref name="St2002">{{Cite journal|url-status=S362–4}}</ref>Tsofaffi sun fi zama cikin hadari da illolin ulcer wanda magungunan kashe ciwon jiki ke sakawa <ref name="Na20114">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref>. Anayin binciken gane cuatr ne gwalgwadon alamomin da mutum yazo dasu da kuma yin bincike na [[endoscopy]] ko [[Barium hadiye|barium swallow]] .<ref name="Na20114" /> Ana iya ganokwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ta hanyar gwajin jini. [[Gwajin numfashi na Urea|gwajin numfashi na urea]], gwada bahaya don alamun kwayoyin cuta, ko gwajin gyambon ciki na [[biopsy]].<ref name="Na20114" /> Sauran yanayin da ke haifar da irin wannan alamun sun hada da [[ciwon daji na ciki]], [[Ciwon zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]], da [[Gastritis|kumburin rufin ciki]] ko [[Cholelithiasis|kumburin gallbladder]].<ref name="Na20115">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> == a == [[Abinci (abinci)|Abincin]] ba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar ko hana gyambon ciki. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ingattacen maganin ta ya hada da dakatar da shan taba, dakatar da amfani da magungunan kashe zafi na (NSAIDs), barin shan giya, da shan magunguna don rage yawan acid na ciki. <ref name="Na20116">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Maganin da ake amfani da shi don rage acid yawanci sun hada da [[Proton famfo mai hanawa|mai hanawa na proton pump]] (PPI) ko [[H2 blocker|mai hana H2]], tare da shawarar farko ta jiya na sati hudu.<ref name="Na20116" /> '''Gyambon ciki''' dalilin kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ana maganinta da hadin magunguna masu kashe kwayoyin cuta , irin su [[amoxicillin]], [[clarithromycin]], da PPI. <ref name="Wang2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Rashi magani na kwayoyin cutar yanata karuwa kuma don haka magani bazai kasance koyaushe yana da tasiri ba. <ref name="Wang20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Za a iyin maganin zaubar jini ta hanyar [[endoscopy]], tare da bude tiyata yawanci ana amfani da su kawai a cikin yanayin da ba a yi nasara ba. <ref name="Mil20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} fyo9vm6qxlyyxbiqkmhka84nm574tre 873964 873963 2026-07-01T22:38:51Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 873964 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Digestive system - Stomach ulcer -- Smart-Servier.png|thumb|inda wasu ke samun gyambo]] [[Fayil:Ulcer subungual DM.jpg|thumb|Gyambon Ciki]] '''Ciwon gyambon ciki''' shine rarakewa a cikin [[Mucosa na ciki|rufin ciki]], bangaren farko na [[kananan hanji]], ko kuma wani lokacin a kasan makogwaro .<ref name="Na2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ulcer a cikin ciki ana kiransa da '''ciwon ciki''', yayin da daya daga cikin kashi na farko na hanji shine ciwon '''gyambon ciki na hanji''' . <ref name="Na2011" /> Mafi yawan alamun bayyanar Gyambon ciki da hanji shine farkawa da dare tare da [[Epigastrium|ciwon ciki na sama]], da ciwon ciki na sama wanda yake tafiya idan mutum yaci abinci abinci. <ref name="Na20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> tare da gyambon ciki, ciwon zai iya tsananta idan ya kasance '''gyambon cikine na tumbi'''. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana kwatanta ciwon a matsayin ciwo [[Dyspepsia|mai zafi/kuna]] ko rashin jin daɗi. <ref name="Na20112" /> Sauran alamun sun hada da [[belching]], amai, rage nauyi, ko rashin son cin abinci. <ref name="Na20112" /> Kusan kashi uku na tsofaffi ba su da alamun cutar. <ref name="Na20112" /> Matsalolin da zata iya kawowa na iya hadawa da [[Zubar da ciki|zub da jini]], Rarakeawa da [[Toshewar fitar da ciki|toshewar ciki]] . <ref name="Mil2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> Zubar da jini yana faruwa a kusan kashi sha biyar (15% na lokuta.<ref name="Mil2011" /> Abubuwan da suka fi kawo cutar sun hada da kwayar cuta ta ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' da Magungunan kashe zafin jiki (NSAIDs).<ref name="Na20113">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Sauran, kananan abubuwan da ba a sani ba sun hada da [[Tabar taba|shan taba]], damuwa a sakamakon wasu yanayi mai tsanani na kiwon lafiya, [[cutar Behcet]], cutar [[Zollinger-Ellison ciwo|Zollinger-Ellison,]] [[cutar Crohn]], da [[Cirrhosis|ciwon hanta]].<ref name="Na20113" /> <ref name="St2002">{{Cite journal|url-status=S362–4}}</ref>Tsofaffi sun fi zama cikin hadari da illolin ulcer wanda magungunan kashe ciwon jiki ke sakawa <ref name="Na20114">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref>. Anayin binciken gane cuatr ne gwalgwadon alamomin da mutum yazo dasu da kuma yin bincike na [[endoscopy]] ko [[Barium hadiye|barium swallow]] .<ref name="Na20114" /> Ana iya ganokwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ta hanyar gwajin jini. [[Gwajin numfashi na Urea|gwajin numfashi na urea]], gwada bahaya don alamun kwayoyin cuta, ko gwajin gyambon ciki na [[biopsy]].<ref name="Na20114" /> Sauran yanayin da ke haifar da irin wannan alamun sun hada da [[ciwon daji na ciki]], [[Ciwon zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]], da [[Gastritis|kumburin rufin ciki]] ko [[Cholelithiasis|kumburin gallbladder]].<ref name="Na20115">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> == a == [[Abinci (abinci)|Abincin]] ba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar ko hana gyambon ciki. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ingattacen maganin ta ya hada da dakatar da shan taba, dakatar da amfani da magungunan kashe zafi na (NSAIDs), barin shan giya, da shan magunguna don rage yawan acid na ciki. <ref name="Na20116">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Maganin da ake amfani da shi don rage acid yawanci sun hada da [[Proton famfo mai hanawa|mai hanawa na proton pump]] (PPI) ko [[H2 blocker|mai hana H2]], tare da shawarar farko ta jiya na sati hudu.<ref name="Na20116" /> '''Gyambon ciki''' dalilin kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ana maganinta da hadin magunguna masu kashe kwayoyin cuta , irin su [[amoxicillin]], [[clarithromycin]], da PPI. <ref name="Wang2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Rashi magani na kwayoyin cutar yanata karuwa kuma don haka magani bazai kasance koyaushe yana da tasiri ba. <ref name="Wang20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Za a iyin maganin zaubar jini ta hanyar [[endoscopy]], tare da bude tiyata yawanci ana amfani da su kawai a cikin yanayin da ba a yi nasara ba. <ref name="Mil20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} gaz96vy47ptb85jen8qr41d0pvlxfya 873965 873964 2026-07-01T22:39:07Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 873965 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Digestive system - Stomach ulcer -- Smart-Servier.png|thumb|inda wasu ke samun gyambo]] [[Fayil:Ulcer subungual DM.jpg|thumb|Gyambon Ciki]] '''Ciwon gyambon ciki''' shine rarakewa a cikin [[Mucosa na ciki|rufin ciki]], bangaren farko na [[kananan hanji]], ko kuma wani lokacin a kasan makogwaro .<ref name="Na2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ulcer a cikin ciki ana kiransa da '''ciwon ciki''', yayin da daya daga cikin kashi na farko na hanji shine ciwon '''gyambon ciki na hanji''' . <ref name="Na2011" /> Mafi yawan alamun bayyanar Gyambon ciki da hanji shine farkawa da dare tare da [[Epigastrium|ciwon ciki na sama]], da ciwon ciki na sama wanda yake tafiya idan mutum yaci abinci abinci. <ref name="Na20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> tare da gyambon ciki, ciwon zai iya tsananta idan ya kasance '''gyambon cikine na tumbi'''. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana kwatanta ciwon a matsayin ciwo [[Dyspepsia|mai zafi/kuna]] ko rashin jin daɗi. <ref name="Na20112" /> Sauran alamun sun hada da [[belching]], amai, rage nauyi, ko rashin son cin abinci. <ref name="Na20112" /> Kusan kashi uku na tsofaffi ba su da alamun cutar. <ref name="Na20112" /> Matsalolin da zata iya kawowa na iya hadawa da [[Zubar da ciki|zub da jini]], Rarakeawa da [[Toshewar fitar da ciki|toshewar ciki]] . <ref name="Mil2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> Zubar da jini yana faruwa a kusan kashi sha biyar (15%) na lokuta.<ref name="Mil2011" /> Abubuwan da suka fi kawo cutar sun hada da kwayar cuta ta ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' da Magungunan kashe zafin jiki (NSAIDs).<ref name="Na20113">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Sauran, kananan abubuwan da ba a sani ba sun hada da [[Tabar taba|shan taba]], damuwa a sakamakon wasu yanayi mai tsanani na kiwon lafiya, [[cutar Behcet]], cutar [[Zollinger-Ellison ciwo|Zollinger-Ellison,]] [[cutar Crohn]], da [[Cirrhosis|ciwon hanta]].<ref name="Na20113" /> <ref name="St2002">{{Cite journal|url-status=S362–4}}</ref>Tsofaffi sun fi zama cikin hadari da illolin ulcer wanda magungunan kashe ciwon jiki ke sakawa <ref name="Na20114">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref>. Anayin binciken gane cuatr ne gwalgwadon alamomin da mutum yazo dasu da kuma yin bincike na [[endoscopy]] ko [[Barium hadiye|barium swallow]] .<ref name="Na20114" /> Ana iya ganokwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ta hanyar gwajin jini. [[Gwajin numfashi na Urea|gwajin numfashi na urea]], gwada bahaya don alamun kwayoyin cuta, ko gwajin gyambon ciki na [[biopsy]].<ref name="Na20114" /> Sauran yanayin da ke haifar da irin wannan alamun sun hada da [[ciwon daji na ciki]], [[Ciwon zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]], da [[Gastritis|kumburin rufin ciki]] ko [[Cholelithiasis|kumburin gallbladder]].<ref name="Na20115">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> == a == [[Abinci (abinci)|Abincin]] ba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar ko hana gyambon ciki. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ingattacen maganin ta ya hada da dakatar da shan taba, dakatar da amfani da magungunan kashe zafi na (NSAIDs), barin shan giya, da shan magunguna don rage yawan acid na ciki. <ref name="Na20116">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Maganin da ake amfani da shi don rage acid yawanci sun hada da [[Proton famfo mai hanawa|mai hanawa na proton pump]] (PPI) ko [[H2 blocker|mai hana H2]], tare da shawarar farko ta jiya na sati hudu.<ref name="Na20116" /> '''Gyambon ciki''' dalilin kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ana maganinta da hadin magunguna masu kashe kwayoyin cuta , irin su [[amoxicillin]], [[clarithromycin]], da PPI. <ref name="Wang2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Rashi magani na kwayoyin cutar yanata karuwa kuma don haka magani bazai kasance koyaushe yana da tasiri ba. <ref name="Wang20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Za a iyin maganin zaubar jini ta hanyar [[endoscopy]], tare da bude tiyata yawanci ana amfani da su kawai a cikin yanayin da ba a yi nasara ba. <ref name="Mil20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} 1ekerjnka7nucloceyipqy6y2a3njzt 873967 873965 2026-07-01T22:40:21Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 873967 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Digestive system - Stomach ulcer -- Smart-Servier.png|thumb|inda wasu ke samun gyambo]] [[Fayil:Ulcer subungual DM.jpg|thumb|Gyambon Ciki]] '''Ciwon gyambon ciki''' shine rarakewa a cikin [[Mucosa na ciki|rufin ciki]], bangaren farko na [[kananan hanji]], ko kuma wani lokacin a kasan makogwaro .<ref name="Na2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ulcer a cikin ciki ana kiransa da '''ciwon ciki''', yayin da daya daga cikin kashi na farko na hanji shine ciwon '''gyambon ciki na hanji''' . <ref name="Na2011" /> Mafi yawan alamun bayyanar Gyambon ciki da hanji shine farkawa da dare tare da [[Epigastrium|ciwon ciki na sama]], da ciwon ciki na sama wanda yake tafiya idan mutum yaci abinci abinci. <ref name="Na20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> tare da gyambon ciki, ciwon zai iya tsananta idan ya kasance '''gyambon cikine na tumbi'''. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana kwatanta ciwon a matsayin ciwo [[Dyspepsia|mai zafi/kuna]] ko rashin jin daɗi. <ref name="Na20112" /> Sauran alamun sun hada da [[belching]], amai, rage nauyi, ko rashin son cin abinci. <ref name="Na20112" /> Kusan kashi uku na tsofaffi ba su da alamun cutar. <ref name="Na20112" /> Matsalolin da zata iya kawowa na iya hadawa da [[Zubar da ciki|zub da jini]], Rarakeawa da [[Toshewar fitar da ciki|toshewar ciki]] . <ref name="Mil2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> Zubar da jini yana faruwa a kusan kashi sha biyar (15%) na lokuta.<ref name="Mil2011" /> Abubuwan da suka fi kawo cutar gysun hada da kwayar cuta ta ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' da Magungunan kashe zafin jiki (NSAIDs).<ref name="Na20113">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Sauran, kananan abubuwan da ba a sani ba sun hada da [[Tabar taba|shan taba]], damuwa a sakamakon wasu yanayi mai tsanani na kiwon lafiya, [[cutar Behcet]], cutar [[Zollinger-Ellison ciwo|Zollinger-Ellison,]] [[cutar Crohn]], da [[Cirrhosis|ciwon hanta]].<ref name="Na20113" /> <ref name="St2002">{{Cite journal|url-status=S362–4}}</ref>Tsofaffi sun fi zama cikin hadari da illolin ulcer wanda magungunan kashe ciwon jiki ke sakawa <ref name="Na20114">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref>. Anayin binciken gane cuatr ne gwalgwadon alamomin da mutum yazo dasu da kuma yin bincike na [[endoscopy]] ko [[Barium hadiye|barium swallow]] .<ref name="Na20114" /> Ana iya ganokwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ta hanyar gwajin jini. [[Gwajin numfashi na Urea|gwajin numfashi na urea]], gwada bahaya don alamun kwayoyin cuta, ko gwajin gyambon ciki na [[biopsy]].<ref name="Na20114" /> Sauran yanayin da ke haifar da irin wannan alamun sun hada da [[ciwon daji na ciki]], [[Ciwon zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]], da [[Gastritis|kumburin rufin ciki]] ko [[Cholelithiasis|kumburin gallbladder]].<ref name="Na20115">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> == a == [[Abinci (abinci)|Abincin]] ba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar ko hana gyambon ciki. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ingattacen maganin ta ya hada da dakatar da shan taba, dakatar da amfani da magungunan kashe zafi na (NSAIDs), barin shan giya, da shan magunguna don rage yawan acid na ciki. <ref name="Na20116">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Maganin da ake amfani da shi don rage acid yawanci sun hada da [[Proton famfo mai hanawa|mai hanawa na proton pump]] (PPI) ko [[H2 blocker|mai hana H2]], tare da shawarar farko ta jiya na sati hudu.<ref name="Na20116" /> '''Gyambon ciki''' dalilin kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ana maganinta da hadin magunguna masu kashe kwayoyin cuta , irin su [[amoxicillin]], [[clarithromycin]], da PPI. <ref name="Wang2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Rashi magani na kwayoyin cutar yanata karuwa kuma don haka magani bazai kasance koyaushe yana da tasiri ba. <ref name="Wang20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Za a iyin maganin zaubar jini ta hanyar [[endoscopy]], tare da bude tiyata yawanci ana amfani da su kawai a cikin yanayin da ba a yi nasara ba. <ref name="Mil20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} 9g8gb87hcipyfmqfw0jz32a0ceyok5n 873968 873967 2026-07-01T22:42:24Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 873968 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Digestive system - Stomach ulcer -- Smart-Servier.png|thumb|inda wasu ke samun gyambo]] [[Fayil:Ulcer subungual DM.jpg|thumb|Gyambon Ciki]] '''Ciwon gyambon ciki''' shine rarakewa a cikin [[Mucosa na ciki|rufin ciki]], bangaren farko na [[kananan hanji]], ko kuma wani lokacin a kasan makogwaro .<ref name="Na2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ulcer a cikin ciki ana kiransa da '''ciwon ciki''', yayin da daya daga cikin kashi na farko na hanji shine ciwon '''gyambon ciki na hanji''' . <ref name="Na2011" /> Mafi yawan alamun bayyanar Gyambon ciki da hanji shine farkawa da dare tare da [[Epigastrium|ciwon ciki na sama]], da ciwon ciki na sama wanda yake tafiya idan mutum yaci abinci abinci. <ref name="Na20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> tare da gyambon ciki, ciwon zai iya tsananta idan ya kasance '''gyambon cikine na tumbi'''. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana kwatanta ciwon a matsayin ciwo [[Dyspepsia|mai zafi/kuna]] ko rashin jin daɗi. <ref name="Na20112" /> Sauran alamun sun hada da [[belching]], amai, rage nauyi, ko rashin son cin abinci. <ref name="Na20112" /> Kusan kashi uku na tsofaffi ba su da alamun cutar. <ref name="Na20112" /> Matsalolin da zata iya kawowa na iya hadawa da [[Zubar da ciki|zub da jini]], Rarakeawa da [[Toshewar fitar da ciki|toshewar ciki]] . <ref name="Mil2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> Zubar da jini yana faruwa a kusan kashi sha biyar (15%) na lokuta.<ref name="Mil2011" /> Abubuwan da suka fi kawo cutar gya sun hada da kwayar cuta ta ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' da Magungunan kashe zafin jiki (NSAIDs).<ref name="Na20113">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Sauran, kananan abubuwan da ba a sani ba sun hada da [[Tabar taba|shan taba]], damuwa a sakamakon wasu yanayi mai tsanani na kiwon lafiya, [[cutar Behcet]], cutar [[Zollinger-Ellison ciwo|Zollinger-Ellison,]] [[cutar Crohn]], da [[Cirrhosis|ciwon hanta]].<ref name="Na20113" /> <ref name="St2002">{{Cite journal|url-status=S362–4}}</ref>Tsofaffi sun fi zama cikin hadari da illolin ulcer wanda magungunan kashe ciwon jiki ke sakawa <ref name="Na20114">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref>. Anayin binciken gane cuatr ne gwalgwadon alamomin da mutum yazo dasu da kuma yin bincike na [[endoscopy]] ko [[Barium hadiye|barium swallow]] .<ref name="Na20114" /> Ana iya ganokwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ta hanyar gwajin jini. [[Gwajin numfashi na Urea|gwajin numfashi na urea]], gwada bahaya don alamun kwayoyin cuta, ko gwajin gyambon ciki na [[biopsy]].<ref name="Na20114" /> Sauran yanayin da ke haifar da irin wannan alamun sun hada da [[ciwon daji na ciki]], [[Ciwon zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]], da [[Gastritis|kumburin rufin ciki]] ko [[Cholelithiasis|kumburin gallbladder]].<ref name="Na20115">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> == a == [[Abinci (abinci)|Abincin]] ba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar ko hana gyambon ciki. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ingattacen maganin ta ya hada da dakatar da shan taba, dakatar da amfani da magungunan kashe zafi na (NSAIDs), barin shan giya, da shan magunguna don rage yawan acid na ciki. <ref name="Na20116">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Maganin da ake amfani da shi don rage acid yawanci sun hada da [[Proton famfo mai hanawa|mai hanawa na proton pump]] (PPI) ko [[H2 blocker|mai hana H2]], tare da shawarar farko ta jiya na sati hudu.<ref name="Na20116" /> '''Gyambon ciki''' dalilin kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ana maganinta da hadin magunguna masu kashe kwayoyin cuta , irin su [[amoxicillin]], [[clarithromycin]], da PPI. <ref name="Wang2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Rashi magani na kwayoyin cutar yanata karuwa kuma don haka magani bazai kasance koyaushe yana da tasiri ba. <ref name="Wang20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Za a iyin maganin zaubar jini ta hanyar [[endoscopy]], tare da bude tiyata yawanci ana amfani da su kawai a cikin yanayin da ba a yi nasara ba. <ref name="Mil20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} 1sadraza10zarzdamr9kvlztmjeeb33 873969 873968 2026-07-01T22:42:41Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 873969 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Digestive system - Stomach ulcer -- Smart-Servier.png|thumb|inda wasu ke samun gyambo]] [[Fayil:Ulcer subungual DM.jpg|thumb|Gyambon Ciki]] '''Ciwon gyambon ciki''' shine rarakewa a cikin [[Mucosa na ciki|rufin ciki]], bangaren farko na [[kananan hanji]], ko kuma wani lokacin a kasan makogwaro .<ref name="Na2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ulcer a cikin ciki ana kiransa da '''ciwon ciki''', yayin da daya daga cikin kashi na farko na hanji shine ciwon '''gyambon ciki na hanji''' . <ref name="Na2011" /> Mafi yawan alamun bayyanar Gyambon ciki da hanji shine farkawa da dare tare da [[Epigastrium|ciwon ciki na sama]], da ciwon ciki na sama wanda yake tafiya idan mutum yaci abinci abinci. <ref name="Na20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> tare da gyambon ciki, ciwon zai iya tsananta idan ya kasance '''gyambon cikine na tumbi'''. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana kwatanta ciwon a matsayin ciwo [[Dyspepsia|mai zafi/kuna]] ko rashin jin daɗi. <ref name="Na20112" /> Sauran alamun sun hada da [[belching]], amai, rage nauyi, ko rashin son cin abinci. <ref name="Na20112" /> Kusan kashi uku na tsofaffi ba su da alamun cutar. <ref name="Na20112" /> Matsalolin da zata iya kawowa na iya hadawa da [[Zubar da ciki|zub da jini]], Rarakeawa da [[Toshewar fitar da ciki|toshewar ciki]] . <ref name="Mil2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> Zubar da jini yana faruwa a kusan kashi sha biyar (15%) na lokuta.<ref name="Mil2011" /> Abubuwan da suka fi kawo cutar gyam sun hada da kwayar cuta ta ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' da Magungunan kashe zafin jiki (NSAIDs).<ref name="Na20113">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Sauran, kananan abubuwan da ba a sani ba sun hada da [[Tabar taba|shan taba]], damuwa a sakamakon wasu yanayi mai tsanani na kiwon lafiya, [[cutar Behcet]], cutar [[Zollinger-Ellison ciwo|Zollinger-Ellison,]] [[cutar Crohn]], da [[Cirrhosis|ciwon hanta]].<ref name="Na20113" /> <ref name="St2002">{{Cite journal|url-status=S362–4}}</ref>Tsofaffi sun fi zama cikin hadari da illolin ulcer wanda magungunan kashe ciwon jiki ke sakawa <ref name="Na20114">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref>. Anayin binciken gane cuatr ne gwalgwadon alamomin da mutum yazo dasu da kuma yin bincike na [[endoscopy]] ko [[Barium hadiye|barium swallow]] .<ref name="Na20114" /> Ana iya ganokwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ta hanyar gwajin jini. [[Gwajin numfashi na Urea|gwajin numfashi na urea]], gwada bahaya don alamun kwayoyin cuta, ko gwajin gyambon ciki na [[biopsy]].<ref name="Na20114" /> Sauran yanayin da ke haifar da irin wannan alamun sun hada da [[ciwon daji na ciki]], [[Ciwon zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]], da [[Gastritis|kumburin rufin ciki]] ko [[Cholelithiasis|kumburin gallbladder]].<ref name="Na20115">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> == a == [[Abinci (abinci)|Abincin]] ba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar ko hana gyambon ciki. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ingattacen maganin ta ya hada da dakatar da shan taba, dakatar da amfani da magungunan kashe zafi na (NSAIDs), barin shan giya, da shan magunguna don rage yawan acid na ciki. <ref name="Na20116">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Maganin da ake amfani da shi don rage acid yawanci sun hada da [[Proton famfo mai hanawa|mai hanawa na proton pump]] (PPI) ko [[H2 blocker|mai hana H2]], tare da shawarar farko ta jiya na sati hudu.<ref name="Na20116" /> '''Gyambon ciki''' dalilin kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ana maganinta da hadin magunguna masu kashe kwayoyin cuta , irin su [[amoxicillin]], [[clarithromycin]], da PPI. <ref name="Wang2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Rashi magani na kwayoyin cutar yanata karuwa kuma don haka magani bazai kasance koyaushe yana da tasiri ba. <ref name="Wang20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Za a iyin maganin zaubar jini ta hanyar [[endoscopy]], tare da bude tiyata yawanci ana amfani da su kawai a cikin yanayin da ba a yi nasara ba. <ref name="Mil20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} qb8ingb6o6vnuap7u5fwd9bowd2vf47 873970 873969 2026-07-01T22:42:55Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 873970 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Digestive system - Stomach ulcer -- Smart-Servier.png|thumb|inda wasu ke samun gyambo]] [[Fayil:Ulcer subungual DM.jpg|thumb|Gyambon Ciki]] '''Ciwon gyambon ciki''' shine rarakewa a cikin [[Mucosa na ciki|rufin ciki]], bangaren farko na [[kananan hanji]], ko kuma wani lokacin a kasan makogwaro .<ref name="Na2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ulcer a cikin ciki ana kiransa da '''ciwon ciki''', yayin da daya daga cikin kashi na farko na hanji shine ciwon '''gyambon ciki na hanji''' . <ref name="Na2011" /> Mafi yawan alamun bayyanar Gyambon ciki da hanji shine farkawa da dare tare da [[Epigastrium|ciwon ciki na sama]], da ciwon ciki na sama wanda yake tafiya idan mutum yaci abinci abinci. <ref name="Na20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> tare da gyambon ciki, ciwon zai iya tsananta idan ya kasance '''gyambon cikine na tumbi'''. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana kwatanta ciwon a matsayin ciwo [[Dyspepsia|mai zafi/kuna]] ko rashin jin daɗi. <ref name="Na20112" /> Sauran alamun sun hada da [[belching]], amai, rage nauyi, ko rashin son cin abinci. <ref name="Na20112" /> Kusan kashi uku na tsofaffi ba su da alamun cutar. <ref name="Na20112" /> Matsalolin da zata iya kawowa na iya hadawa da [[Zubar da ciki|zub da jini]], Rarakeawa da [[Toshewar fitar da ciki|toshewar ciki]] . <ref name="Mil2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> Zubar da jini yana faruwa a kusan kashi sha biyar (15%) na lokuta.<ref name="Mil2011" /> Abubuwan da suka fi kawo cutar gyamb sun hada da kwayar cuta ta ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' da Magungunan kashe zafin jiki (NSAIDs).<ref name="Na20113">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Sauran, kananan abubuwan da ba a sani ba sun hada da [[Tabar taba|shan taba]], damuwa a sakamakon wasu yanayi mai tsanani na kiwon lafiya, [[cutar Behcet]], cutar [[Zollinger-Ellison ciwo|Zollinger-Ellison,]] [[cutar Crohn]], da [[Cirrhosis|ciwon hanta]].<ref name="Na20113" /> <ref name="St2002">{{Cite journal|url-status=S362–4}}</ref>Tsofaffi sun fi zama cikin hadari da illolin ulcer wanda magungunan kashe ciwon jiki ke sakawa <ref name="Na20114">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref>. Anayin binciken gane cuatr ne gwalgwadon alamomin da mutum yazo dasu da kuma yin bincike na [[endoscopy]] ko [[Barium hadiye|barium swallow]] .<ref name="Na20114" /> Ana iya ganokwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ta hanyar gwajin jini. [[Gwajin numfashi na Urea|gwajin numfashi na urea]], gwada bahaya don alamun kwayoyin cuta, ko gwajin gyambon ciki na [[biopsy]].<ref name="Na20114" /> Sauran yanayin da ke haifar da irin wannan alamun sun hada da [[ciwon daji na ciki]], [[Ciwon zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]], da [[Gastritis|kumburin rufin ciki]] ko [[Cholelithiasis|kumburin gallbladder]].<ref name="Na20115">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> == a == [[Abinci (abinci)|Abincin]] ba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar ko hana gyambon ciki. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ingattacen maganin ta ya hada da dakatar da shan taba, dakatar da amfani da magungunan kashe zafi na (NSAIDs), barin shan giya, da shan magunguna don rage yawan acid na ciki. <ref name="Na20116">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Maganin da ake amfani da shi don rage acid yawanci sun hada da [[Proton famfo mai hanawa|mai hanawa na proton pump]] (PPI) ko [[H2 blocker|mai hana H2]], tare da shawarar farko ta jiya na sati hudu.<ref name="Na20116" /> '''Gyambon ciki''' dalilin kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ana maganinta da hadin magunguna masu kashe kwayoyin cuta , irin su [[amoxicillin]], [[clarithromycin]], da PPI. <ref name="Wang2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Rashi magani na kwayoyin cutar yanata karuwa kuma don haka magani bazai kasance koyaushe yana da tasiri ba. <ref name="Wang20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Za a iyin maganin zaubar jini ta hanyar [[endoscopy]], tare da bude tiyata yawanci ana amfani da su kawai a cikin yanayin da ba a yi nasara ba. <ref name="Mil20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} mnpy8au4i40zb5cehe5ho5kp3t7gh30 873972 873970 2026-07-01T22:43:13Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 873972 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Digestive system - Stomach ulcer -- Smart-Servier.png|thumb|inda wasu ke samun gyambo]] [[Fayil:Ulcer subungual DM.jpg|thumb|Gyambon Ciki]] '''Ciwon gyambon ciki''' shine rarakewa a cikin [[Mucosa na ciki|rufin ciki]], bangaren farko na [[kananan hanji]], ko kuma wani lokacin a kasan makogwaro .<ref name="Na2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ulcer a cikin ciki ana kiransa da '''ciwon ciki''', yayin da daya daga cikin kashi na farko na hanji shine ciwon '''gyambon ciki na hanji''' . <ref name="Na2011" /> Mafi yawan alamun bayyanar Gyambon ciki da hanji shine farkawa da dare tare da [[Epigastrium|ciwon ciki na sama]], da ciwon ciki na sama wanda yake tafiya idan mutum yaci abinci abinci. <ref name="Na20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> tare da gyambon ciki, ciwon zai iya tsananta idan ya kasance '''gyambon cikine na tumbi'''. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana kwatanta ciwon a matsayin ciwo [[Dyspepsia|mai zafi/kuna]] ko rashin jin daɗi. <ref name="Na20112" /> Sauran alamun sun hada da [[belching]], amai, rage nauyi, ko rashin son cin abinci. <ref name="Na20112" /> Kusan kashi uku na tsofaffi ba su da alamun cutar. <ref name="Na20112" /> Matsalolin da zata iya kawowa na iya hadawa da [[Zubar da ciki|zub da jini]], Rarakeawa da [[Toshewar fitar da ciki|toshewar ciki]] . <ref name="Mil2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> Zubar da jini yana faruwa a kusan kashi sha biyar (15%) na lokuta.<ref name="Mil2011" /> Abubuwan da suka fi kawo cutar gyambo sun hada da kwayar cuta ta ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' da Magungunan kashe zafin jiki (NSAIDs).<ref name="Na20113">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Sauran, kananan abubuwan da ba a sani ba sun hada da [[Tabar taba|shan taba]], damuwa a sakamakon wasu yanayi mai tsanani na kiwon lafiya, [[cutar Behcet]], cutar [[Zollinger-Ellison ciwo|Zollinger-Ellison,]] [[cutar Crohn]], da [[Cirrhosis|ciwon hanta]].<ref name="Na20113" /> <ref name="St2002">{{Cite journal|url-status=S362–4}}</ref>Tsofaffi sun fi zama cikin hadari da illolin ulcer wanda magungunan kashe ciwon jiki ke sakawa <ref name="Na20114">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref>. Anayin binciken gane cuatr ne gwalgwadon alamomin da mutum yazo dasu da kuma yin bincike na [[endoscopy]] ko [[Barium hadiye|barium swallow]] .<ref name="Na20114" /> Ana iya ganokwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ta hanyar gwajin jini. [[Gwajin numfashi na Urea|gwajin numfashi na urea]], gwada bahaya don alamun kwayoyin cuta, ko gwajin gyambon ciki na [[biopsy]].<ref name="Na20114" /> Sauran yanayin da ke haifar da irin wannan alamun sun hada da [[ciwon daji na ciki]], [[Ciwon zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]], da [[Gastritis|kumburin rufin ciki]] ko [[Cholelithiasis|kumburin gallbladder]].<ref name="Na20115">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> == a == [[Abinci (abinci)|Abincin]] ba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar ko hana gyambon ciki. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ingattacen maganin ta ya hada da dakatar da shan taba, dakatar da amfani da magungunan kashe zafi na (NSAIDs), barin shan giya, da shan magunguna don rage yawan acid na ciki. <ref name="Na20116">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Maganin da ake amfani da shi don rage acid yawanci sun hada da [[Proton famfo mai hanawa|mai hanawa na proton pump]] (PPI) ko [[H2 blocker|mai hana H2]], tare da shawarar farko ta jiya na sati hudu.<ref name="Na20116" /> '''Gyambon ciki''' dalilin kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ana maganinta da hadin magunguna masu kashe kwayoyin cuta , irin su [[amoxicillin]], [[clarithromycin]], da PPI. <ref name="Wang2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Rashi magani na kwayoyin cutar yanata karuwa kuma don haka magani bazai kasance koyaushe yana da tasiri ba. <ref name="Wang20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Za a iyin maganin zaubar jini ta hanyar [[endoscopy]], tare da bude tiyata yawanci ana amfani da su kawai a cikin yanayin da ba a yi nasara ba. <ref name="Mil20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} 4utd54bciu4x2brj16sqsof6btdwp3a 873973 873972 2026-07-01T22:43:45Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 873973 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Digestive system - Stomach ulcer -- Smart-Servier.png|thumb|inda wasu ke samun gyambo]] [[Fayil:Ulcer subungual DM.jpg|thumb|Gyambon Ciki]] '''Ciwon gyambon ciki''' shine rarakewa a cikin [[Mucosa na ciki|rufin ciki]], bangaren farko na [[kananan hanji]], ko kuma wani lokacin a kasan makogwaro .<ref name="Na2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ulcer a cikin ciki ana kiransa da '''ciwon ciki''', yayin da daya daga cikin kashi na farko na hanji shine ciwon '''gyambon ciki na hanji''' . <ref name="Na2011" /> Mafi yawan alamun bayyanar Gyambon ciki da hanji shine farkawa da dare tare da [[Epigastrium|ciwon ciki na sama]], da ciwon ciki na sama wanda yake tafiya idan mutum yaci abinci abinci. <ref name="Na20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> tare da gyambon ciki, ciwon zai iya tsananta idan ya kasance '''gyambon cikine na tumbi'''. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana kwatanta ciwon a matsayin ciwo [[Dyspepsia|mai zafi/kuna]] ko rashin jin daɗi. <ref name="Na20112" /> Sauran alamun sun hada da [[belching]], amai, rage nauyi, ko rashin son cin abinci. <ref name="Na20112" /> Kusan kashi uku na tsofaffi ba su da alamun cutar. <ref name="Na20112" /> Matsalolin da zata iya kawowa na iya hadawa da [[Zubar da ciki|zub da jini]], Rarakeawa da [[Toshewar fitar da ciki|toshewar ciki]] . <ref name="Mil2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> Zubar da jini yana faruwa a kusan kashi sha biyar (15%) na lokuta.<ref name="Mil2011" /> Abubuwan da suka fi kawo cutar gyambon sun hada da kwayar cuta ta ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' da Magungunan kashe zafin jiki (NSAIDs).<ref name="Na20113">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Sauran, kananan abubuwan da ba a sani ba sun hada da [[Tabar taba|shan taba]], damuwa a sakamakon wasu yanayi mai tsanani na kiwon lafiya, [[cutar Behcet]], cutar [[Zollinger-Ellison ciwo|Zollinger-Ellison,]] [[cutar Crohn]], da [[Cirrhosis|ciwon hanta]].<ref name="Na20113" /> <ref name="St2002">{{Cite journal|url-status=S362–4}}</ref>Tsofaffi sun fi zama cikin hadari da illolin ulcer wanda magungunan kashe ciwon jiki ke sakawa <ref name="Na20114">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref>. Anayin binciken gane cuatr ne gwalgwadon alamomin da mutum yazo dasu da kuma yin bincike na [[endoscopy]] ko [[Barium hadiye|barium swallow]] .<ref name="Na20114" /> Ana iya ganokwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ta hanyar gwajin jini. [[Gwajin numfashi na Urea|gwajin numfashi na urea]], gwada bahaya don alamun kwayoyin cuta, ko gwajin gyambon ciki na [[biopsy]].<ref name="Na20114" /> Sauran yanayin da ke haifar da irin wannan alamun sun hada da [[ciwon daji na ciki]], [[Ciwon zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]], da [[Gastritis|kumburin rufin ciki]] ko [[Cholelithiasis|kumburin gallbladder]].<ref name="Na20115">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> == a == [[Abinci (abinci)|Abincin]] ba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar ko hana gyambon ciki. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ingattacen maganin ta ya hada da dakatar da shan taba, dakatar da amfani da magungunan kashe zafi na (NSAIDs), barin shan giya, da shan magunguna don rage yawan acid na ciki. <ref name="Na20116">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Maganin da ake amfani da shi don rage acid yawanci sun hada da [[Proton famfo mai hanawa|mai hanawa na proton pump]] (PPI) ko [[H2 blocker|mai hana H2]], tare da shawarar farko ta jiya na sati hudu.<ref name="Na20116" /> '''Gyambon ciki''' dalilin kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ana maganinta da hadin magunguna masu kashe kwayoyin cuta , irin su [[amoxicillin]], [[clarithromycin]], da PPI. <ref name="Wang2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Rashi magani na kwayoyin cutar yanata karuwa kuma don haka magani bazai kasance koyaushe yana da tasiri ba. <ref name="Wang20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Za a iyin maganin zaubar jini ta hanyar [[endoscopy]], tare da bude tiyata yawanci ana amfani da su kawai a cikin yanayin da ba a yi nasara ba. <ref name="Mil20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} o9iy69q39phfifsxfi81fk9yxqbgd6y 873974 873973 2026-07-01T22:44:03Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 873974 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Digestive system - Stomach ulcer -- Smart-Servier.png|thumb|inda wasu ke samun gyambo]] [[Fayil:Ulcer subungual DM.jpg|thumb|Gyambon Ciki]] '''Ciwon gyambon ciki''' shine rarakewa a cikin [[Mucosa na ciki|rufin ciki]], bangaren farko na [[kananan hanji]], ko kuma wani lokacin a kasan makogwaro .<ref name="Na2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ulcer a cikin ciki ana kiransa da '''ciwon ciki''', yayin da daya daga cikin kashi na farko na hanji shine ciwon '''gyambon ciki na hanji''' . <ref name="Na2011" /> Mafi yawan alamun bayyanar Gyambon ciki da hanji shine farkawa da dare tare da [[Epigastrium|ciwon ciki na sama]], da ciwon ciki na sama wanda yake tafiya idan mutum yaci abinci abinci. <ref name="Na20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> tare da gyambon ciki, ciwon zai iya tsananta idan ya kasance '''gyambon cikine na tumbi'''. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana kwatanta ciwon a matsayin ciwo [[Dyspepsia|mai zafi/kuna]] ko rashin jin daɗi. <ref name="Na20112" /> Sauran alamun sun hada da [[belching]], amai, rage nauyi, ko rashin son cin abinci. <ref name="Na20112" /> Kusan kashi uku na tsofaffi ba su da alamun cutar. <ref name="Na20112" /> Matsalolin da zata iya kawowa na iya hadawa da [[Zubar da ciki|zub da jini]], Rarakeawa da [[Toshewar fitar da ciki|toshewar ciki]] . <ref name="Mil2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> Zubar da jini yana faruwa a kusan kashi sha biyar (15%) na lokuta.<ref name="Mil2011" /> Abubuwan da suka fi kawo cutar gyambon c sun hada da kwayar cuta ta ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' da Magungunan kashe zafin jiki (NSAIDs).<ref name="Na20113">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Sauran, kananan abubuwan da ba a sani ba sun hada da [[Tabar taba|shan taba]], damuwa a sakamakon wasu yanayi mai tsanani na kiwon lafiya, [[cutar Behcet]], cutar [[Zollinger-Ellison ciwo|Zollinger-Ellison,]] [[cutar Crohn]], da [[Cirrhosis|ciwon hanta]].<ref name="Na20113" /> <ref name="St2002">{{Cite journal|url-status=S362–4}}</ref>Tsofaffi sun fi zama cikin hadari da illolin ulcer wanda magungunan kashe ciwon jiki ke sakawa <ref name="Na20114">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref>. Anayin binciken gane cuatr ne gwalgwadon alamomin da mutum yazo dasu da kuma yin bincike na [[endoscopy]] ko [[Barium hadiye|barium swallow]] .<ref name="Na20114" /> Ana iya ganokwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ta hanyar gwajin jini. [[Gwajin numfashi na Urea|gwajin numfashi na urea]], gwada bahaya don alamun kwayoyin cuta, ko gwajin gyambon ciki na [[biopsy]].<ref name="Na20114" /> Sauran yanayin da ke haifar da irin wannan alamun sun hada da [[ciwon daji na ciki]], [[Ciwon zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]], da [[Gastritis|kumburin rufin ciki]] ko [[Cholelithiasis|kumburin gallbladder]].<ref name="Na20115">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> == a == [[Abinci (abinci)|Abincin]] ba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar ko hana gyambon ciki. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ingattacen maganin ta ya hada da dakatar da shan taba, dakatar da amfani da magungunan kashe zafi na (NSAIDs), barin shan giya, da shan magunguna don rage yawan acid na ciki. <ref name="Na20116">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Maganin da ake amfani da shi don rage acid yawanci sun hada da [[Proton famfo mai hanawa|mai hanawa na proton pump]] (PPI) ko [[H2 blocker|mai hana H2]], tare da shawarar farko ta jiya na sati hudu.<ref name="Na20116" /> '''Gyambon ciki''' dalilin kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ana maganinta da hadin magunguna masu kashe kwayoyin cuta , irin su [[amoxicillin]], [[clarithromycin]], da PPI. <ref name="Wang2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Rashi magani na kwayoyin cutar yanata karuwa kuma don haka magani bazai kasance koyaushe yana da tasiri ba. <ref name="Wang20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Za a iyin maganin zaubar jini ta hanyar [[endoscopy]], tare da bude tiyata yawanci ana amfani da su kawai a cikin yanayin da ba a yi nasara ba. <ref name="Mil20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} knugr0f0mge846bi1k8mz641zua6ufq 873975 873974 2026-07-01T22:44:18Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 873975 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Digestive system - Stomach ulcer -- Smart-Servier.png|thumb|inda wasu ke samun gyambo]] [[Fayil:Ulcer subungual DM.jpg|thumb|Gyambon Ciki]] '''Ciwon gyambon ciki''' shine rarakewa a cikin [[Mucosa na ciki|rufin ciki]], bangaren farko na [[kananan hanji]], ko kuma wani lokacin a kasan makogwaro .<ref name="Na2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ulcer a cikin ciki ana kiransa da '''ciwon ciki''', yayin da daya daga cikin kashi na farko na hanji shine ciwon '''gyambon ciki na hanji''' . <ref name="Na2011" /> Mafi yawan alamun bayyanar Gyambon ciki da hanji shine farkawa da dare tare da [[Epigastrium|ciwon ciki na sama]], da ciwon ciki na sama wanda yake tafiya idan mutum yaci abinci abinci. <ref name="Na20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> tare da gyambon ciki, ciwon zai iya tsananta idan ya kasance '''gyambon cikine na tumbi'''. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana kwatanta ciwon a matsayin ciwo [[Dyspepsia|mai zafi/kuna]] ko rashin jin daɗi. <ref name="Na20112" /> Sauran alamun sun hada da [[belching]], amai, rage nauyi, ko rashin son cin abinci. <ref name="Na20112" /> Kusan kashi uku na tsofaffi ba su da alamun cutar. <ref name="Na20112" /> Matsalolin da zata iya kawowa na iya hadawa da [[Zubar da ciki|zub da jini]], Rarakeawa da [[Toshewar fitar da ciki|toshewar ciki]] . <ref name="Mil2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> Zubar da jini yana faruwa a kusan kashi sha biyar (15%) na lokuta.<ref name="Mil2011" /> Abubuwan da suka fi kawo cutar gyambon ci sun hada da kwayar cuta ta ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' da Magungunan kashe zafin jiki (NSAIDs).<ref name="Na20113">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Sauran, kananan abubuwan da ba a sani ba sun hada da [[Tabar taba|shan taba]], damuwa a sakamakon wasu yanayi mai tsanani na kiwon lafiya, [[cutar Behcet]], cutar [[Zollinger-Ellison ciwo|Zollinger-Ellison,]] [[cutar Crohn]], da [[Cirrhosis|ciwon hanta]].<ref name="Na20113" /> <ref name="St2002">{{Cite journal|url-status=S362–4}}</ref>Tsofaffi sun fi zama cikin hadari da illolin ulcer wanda magungunan kashe ciwon jiki ke sakawa <ref name="Na20114">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref>. Anayin binciken gane cuatr ne gwalgwadon alamomin da mutum yazo dasu da kuma yin bincike na [[endoscopy]] ko [[Barium hadiye|barium swallow]] .<ref name="Na20114" /> Ana iya ganokwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ta hanyar gwajin jini. [[Gwajin numfashi na Urea|gwajin numfashi na urea]], gwada bahaya don alamun kwayoyin cuta, ko gwajin gyambon ciki na [[biopsy]].<ref name="Na20114" /> Sauran yanayin da ke haifar da irin wannan alamun sun hada da [[ciwon daji na ciki]], [[Ciwon zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]], da [[Gastritis|kumburin rufin ciki]] ko [[Cholelithiasis|kumburin gallbladder]].<ref name="Na20115">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> == a == [[Abinci (abinci)|Abincin]] ba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar ko hana gyambon ciki. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ingattacen maganin ta ya hada da dakatar da shan taba, dakatar da amfani da magungunan kashe zafi na (NSAIDs), barin shan giya, da shan magunguna don rage yawan acid na ciki. <ref name="Na20116">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Maganin da ake amfani da shi don rage acid yawanci sun hada da [[Proton famfo mai hanawa|mai hanawa na proton pump]] (PPI) ko [[H2 blocker|mai hana H2]], tare da shawarar farko ta jiya na sati hudu.<ref name="Na20116" /> '''Gyambon ciki''' dalilin kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ana maganinta da hadin magunguna masu kashe kwayoyin cuta , irin su [[amoxicillin]], [[clarithromycin]], da PPI. <ref name="Wang2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Rashi magani na kwayoyin cutar yanata karuwa kuma don haka magani bazai kasance koyaushe yana da tasiri ba. <ref name="Wang20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Za a iyin maganin zaubar jini ta hanyar [[endoscopy]], tare da bude tiyata yawanci ana amfani da su kawai a cikin yanayin da ba a yi nasara ba. <ref name="Mil20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} fldlqzzmr8ciozpmblna2bkdibyqsny 873976 873975 2026-07-01T22:44:34Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 873976 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Digestive system - Stomach ulcer -- Smart-Servier.png|thumb|inda wasu ke samun gyambo]] [[Fayil:Ulcer subungual DM.jpg|thumb|Gyambon Ciki]] '''Ciwon gyambon ciki''' shine rarakewa a cikin [[Mucosa na ciki|rufin ciki]], bangaren farko na [[kananan hanji]], ko kuma wani lokacin a kasan makogwaro .<ref name="Na2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ulcer a cikin ciki ana kiransa da '''ciwon ciki''', yayin da daya daga cikin kashi na farko na hanji shine ciwon '''gyambon ciki na hanji''' . <ref name="Na2011" /> Mafi yawan alamun bayyanar Gyambon ciki da hanji shine farkawa da dare tare da [[Epigastrium|ciwon ciki na sama]], da ciwon ciki na sama wanda yake tafiya idan mutum yaci abinci abinci. <ref name="Na20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> tare da gyambon ciki, ciwon zai iya tsananta idan ya kasance '''gyambon cikine na tumbi'''. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana kwatanta ciwon a matsayin ciwo [[Dyspepsia|mai zafi/kuna]] ko rashin jin daɗi. <ref name="Na20112" /> Sauran alamun sun hada da [[belching]], amai, rage nauyi, ko rashin son cin abinci. <ref name="Na20112" /> Kusan kashi uku na tsofaffi ba su da alamun cutar. <ref name="Na20112" /> Matsalolin da zata iya kawowa na iya hadawa da [[Zubar da ciki|zub da jini]], Rarakeawa da [[Toshewar fitar da ciki|toshewar ciki]] . <ref name="Mil2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> Zubar da jini yana faruwa a kusan kashi sha biyar (15%) na lokuta.<ref name="Mil2011" /> Abubuwan da suka fi kawo cutar gyambon cik sun hada da kwayar cuta ta ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' da Magungunan kashe zafin jiki (NSAIDs).<ref name="Na20113">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Sauran, kananan abubuwan da ba a sani ba sun hada da [[Tabar taba|shan taba]], damuwa a sakamakon wasu yanayi mai tsanani na kiwon lafiya, [[cutar Behcet]], cutar [[Zollinger-Ellison ciwo|Zollinger-Ellison,]] [[cutar Crohn]], da [[Cirrhosis|ciwon hanta]].<ref name="Na20113" /> <ref name="St2002">{{Cite journal|url-status=S362–4}}</ref>Tsofaffi sun fi zama cikin hadari da illolin ulcer wanda magungunan kashe ciwon jiki ke sakawa <ref name="Na20114">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref>. Anayin binciken gane cuatr ne gwalgwadon alamomin da mutum yazo dasu da kuma yin bincike na [[endoscopy]] ko [[Barium hadiye|barium swallow]] .<ref name="Na20114" /> Ana iya ganokwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ta hanyar gwajin jini. [[Gwajin numfashi na Urea|gwajin numfashi na urea]], gwada bahaya don alamun kwayoyin cuta, ko gwajin gyambon ciki na [[biopsy]].<ref name="Na20114" /> Sauran yanayin da ke haifar da irin wannan alamun sun hada da [[ciwon daji na ciki]], [[Ciwon zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]], da [[Gastritis|kumburin rufin ciki]] ko [[Cholelithiasis|kumburin gallbladder]].<ref name="Na20115">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> == a == [[Abinci (abinci)|Abincin]] ba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar ko hana gyambon ciki. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ingattacen maganin ta ya hada da dakatar da shan taba, dakatar da amfani da magungunan kashe zafi na (NSAIDs), barin shan giya, da shan magunguna don rage yawan acid na ciki. <ref name="Na20116">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Maganin da ake amfani da shi don rage acid yawanci sun hada da [[Proton famfo mai hanawa|mai hanawa na proton pump]] (PPI) ko [[H2 blocker|mai hana H2]], tare da shawarar farko ta jiya na sati hudu.<ref name="Na20116" /> '''Gyambon ciki''' dalilin kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ana maganinta da hadin magunguna masu kashe kwayoyin cuta , irin su [[amoxicillin]], [[clarithromycin]], da PPI. <ref name="Wang2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Rashi magani na kwayoyin cutar yanata karuwa kuma don haka magani bazai kasance koyaushe yana da tasiri ba. <ref name="Wang20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Za a iyin maganin zaubar jini ta hanyar [[endoscopy]], tare da bude tiyata yawanci ana amfani da su kawai a cikin yanayin da ba a yi nasara ba. <ref name="Mil20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} 2xih3as8wo6dwqmqkgaao89te3ludm6 873977 873976 2026-07-01T22:44:50Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 873977 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Digestive system - Stomach ulcer -- Smart-Servier.png|thumb|inda wasu ke samun gyambo]] [[Fayil:Ulcer subungual DM.jpg|thumb|Gyambon Ciki]] '''Ciwon gyambon ciki''' shine rarakewa a cikin [[Mucosa na ciki|rufin ciki]], bangaren farko na [[kananan hanji]], ko kuma wani lokacin a kasan makogwaro .<ref name="Na2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ulcer a cikin ciki ana kiransa da '''ciwon ciki''', yayin da daya daga cikin kashi na farko na hanji shine ciwon '''gyambon ciki na hanji''' . <ref name="Na2011" /> Mafi yawan alamun bayyanar Gyambon ciki da hanji shine farkawa da dare tare da [[Epigastrium|ciwon ciki na sama]], da ciwon ciki na sama wanda yake tafiya idan mutum yaci abinci abinci. <ref name="Na20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> tare da gyambon ciki, ciwon zai iya tsananta idan ya kasance '''gyambon cikine na tumbi'''. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana kwatanta ciwon a matsayin ciwo [[Dyspepsia|mai zafi/kuna]] ko rashin jin daɗi. <ref name="Na20112" /> Sauran alamun sun hada da [[belching]], amai, rage nauyi, ko rashin son cin abinci. <ref name="Na20112" /> Kusan kashi uku na tsofaffi ba su da alamun cutar. <ref name="Na20112" /> Matsalolin da zata iya kawowa na iya hadawa da [[Zubar da ciki|zub da jini]], Rarakeawa da [[Toshewar fitar da ciki|toshewar ciki]] . <ref name="Mil2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> Zubar da jini yana faruwa a kusan kashi sha biyar (15%) na lokuta.<ref name="Mil2011" /> Abubuwan da suka fi kawo cutar gyambon ciki sun hada da kwayar cuta ta ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' da Magungunan kashe zafin jiki (NSAIDs).<ref name="Na20113">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Sauran, kananan abubuwan da ba a sani ba sun hada da [[Tabar taba|shan taba]], damuwa a sakamakon wasu yanayi mai tsanani na kiwon lafiya, [[cutar Behcet]], cutar [[Zollinger-Ellison ciwo|Zollinger-Ellison,]] [[cutar Crohn]], da [[Cirrhosis|ciwon hanta]].<ref name="Na20113" /> <ref name="St2002">{{Cite journal|url-status=S362–4}}</ref>Tsofaffi sun fi zama cikin hadari da illolin ulcer wanda magungunan kashe ciwon jiki ke sakawa <ref name="Na20114">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref>. Anayin binciken gane cuatr ne gwalgwadon alamomin da mutum yazo dasu da kuma yin bincike na [[endoscopy]] ko [[Barium hadiye|barium swallow]] .<ref name="Na20114" /> Ana iya ganokwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ta hanyar gwajin jini. [[Gwajin numfashi na Urea|gwajin numfashi na urea]], gwada bahaya don alamun kwayoyin cuta, ko gwajin gyambon ciki na [[biopsy]].<ref name="Na20114" /> Sauran yanayin da ke haifar da irin wannan alamun sun hada da [[ciwon daji na ciki]], [[Ciwon zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]], da [[Gastritis|kumburin rufin ciki]] ko [[Cholelithiasis|kumburin gallbladder]].<ref name="Na20115">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> == a == [[Abinci (abinci)|Abincin]] ba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar ko hana gyambon ciki. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ingattacen maganin ta ya hada da dakatar da shan taba, dakatar da amfani da magungunan kashe zafi na (NSAIDs), barin shan giya, da shan magunguna don rage yawan acid na ciki. <ref name="Na20116">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Maganin da ake amfani da shi don rage acid yawanci sun hada da [[Proton famfo mai hanawa|mai hanawa na proton pump]] (PPI) ko [[H2 blocker|mai hana H2]], tare da shawarar farko ta jiya na sati hudu.<ref name="Na20116" /> '''Gyambon ciki''' dalilin kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ana maganinta da hadin magunguna masu kashe kwayoyin cuta , irin su [[amoxicillin]], [[clarithromycin]], da PPI. <ref name="Wang2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Rashi magani na kwayoyin cutar yanata karuwa kuma don haka magani bazai kasance koyaushe yana da tasiri ba. <ref name="Wang20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Za a iyin maganin zaubar jini ta hanyar [[endoscopy]], tare da bude tiyata yawanci ana amfani da su kawai a cikin yanayin da ba a yi nasara ba. <ref name="Mil20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} kopebuuv9mwrg1enswbf30g0en846jq 873978 873977 2026-07-01T22:45:18Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 873978 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Digestive system - Stomach ulcer -- Smart-Servier.png|thumb|inda wasu ke samun gyambo]] [[Fayil:Ulcer subungual DM.jpg|thumb|Gyambon Ciki]] '''Ciwon gyambon ciki''' shine rarakewa a cikin [[Mucosa na ciki|rufin ciki]], bangaren farko na [[kananan hanji]], ko kuma wani lokacin a kasan makogwaro .<ref name="Na2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ulcer a cikin ciki ana kiransa da '''ciwon ciki''', yayin da daya daga cikin kashi na farko na hanji shine ciwon '''gyambon ciki na hanji''' . <ref name="Na2011" /> Mafi yawan alamun bayyanar Gyambon ciki da hanji shine farkawa da dare tare da [[Epigastrium|ciwon ciki na sama]], da ciwon ciki na sama wanda yake tafiya idan mutum yaci abinci abinci. <ref name="Na20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> tare da gyambon ciki, ciwon zai iya tsananta idan ya kasance '''gyambon cikine na tumbi'''. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana kwatanta ciwon a matsayin ciwo [[Dyspepsia|mai zafi/kuna]] ko rashin jin daɗi. <ref name="Na20112" /> Sauran alamun sun hada da [[belching]], amai, rage nauyi, ko rashin son cin abinci. <ref name="Na20112" /> Kusan kashi uku na tsofaffi ba su da alamun cutar. <ref name="Na20112" /> Matsalolin da zata iya kawowa na iya hadawa da [[Zubar da ciki|zub da jini]], Rarakeawa da [[Toshewar fitar da ciki|toshewar ciki]] . <ref name="Mil2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> Zubar da jini yana faruwa a kusan kashi sha biyar (15%) na lokuta.<ref name="Mil2011" /> Abubuwan da suka fi kawo cutar gyambon ciki sun hada; da kwayar cuta ta ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' da Magungunan kashe zafin jiki (NSAIDs).<ref name="Na20113">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Sauran, kananan abubuwan da ba a sani ba sun hada da [[Tabar taba|shan taba]], damuwa a sakamakon wasu yanayi mai tsanani na kiwon lafiya, [[cutar Behcet]], cutar [[Zollinger-Ellison ciwo|Zollinger-Ellison,]] [[cutar Crohn]], da [[Cirrhosis|ciwon hanta]].<ref name="Na20113" /> <ref name="St2002">{{Cite journal|url-status=S362–4}}</ref>Tsofaffi sun fi zama cikin hadari da illolin ulcer wanda magungunan kashe ciwon jiki ke sakawa <ref name="Na20114">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref>. Anayin binciken gane cuatr ne gwalgwadon alamomin da mutum yazo dasu da kuma yin bincike na [[endoscopy]] ko [[Barium hadiye|barium swallow]] .<ref name="Na20114" /> Ana iya ganokwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ta hanyar gwajin jini. [[Gwajin numfashi na Urea|gwajin numfashi na urea]], gwada bahaya don alamun kwayoyin cuta, ko gwajin gyambon ciki na [[biopsy]].<ref name="Na20114" /> Sauran yanayin da ke haifar da irin wannan alamun sun hada da [[ciwon daji na ciki]], [[Ciwon zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]], da [[Gastritis|kumburin rufin ciki]] ko [[Cholelithiasis|kumburin gallbladder]].<ref name="Na20115">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> == a == [[Abinci (abinci)|Abincin]] ba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar ko hana gyambon ciki. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ingattacen maganin ta ya hada da dakatar da shan taba, dakatar da amfani da magungunan kashe zafi na (NSAIDs), barin shan giya, da shan magunguna don rage yawan acid na ciki. <ref name="Na20116">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Maganin da ake amfani da shi don rage acid yawanci sun hada da [[Proton famfo mai hanawa|mai hanawa na proton pump]] (PPI) ko [[H2 blocker|mai hana H2]], tare da shawarar farko ta jiya na sati hudu.<ref name="Na20116" /> '''Gyambon ciki''' dalilin kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ana maganinta da hadin magunguna masu kashe kwayoyin cuta , irin su [[amoxicillin]], [[clarithromycin]], da PPI. <ref name="Wang2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Rashi magani na kwayoyin cutar yanata karuwa kuma don haka magani bazai kasance koyaushe yana da tasiri ba. <ref name="Wang20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Za a iyin maganin zaubar jini ta hanyar [[endoscopy]], tare da bude tiyata yawanci ana amfani da su kawai a cikin yanayin da ba a yi nasara ba. <ref name="Mil20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} 60vlork9m0gz349ertch2rs9gprnopi 873979 873978 2026-07-01T22:45:47Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 873979 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Digestive system - Stomach ulcer -- Smart-Servier.png|thumb|inda wasu ke samun gyambo]] [[Fayil:Ulcer subungual DM.jpg|thumb|Gyambon Ciki]] '''Ciwon gyambon ciki''' shine rarakewa a cikin [[Mucosa na ciki|rufin ciki]], bangaren farko na [[kananan hanji]], ko kuma wani lokacin a kasan makogwaro .<ref name="Na2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ulcer a cikin ciki ana kiransa da '''ciwon ciki''', yayin da daya daga cikin kashi na farko na hanji shine ciwon '''gyambon ciki na hanji''' . <ref name="Na2011" /> Mafi yawan alamun bayyanar Gyambon ciki da hanji shine farkawa da dare tare da [[Epigastrium|ciwon ciki na sama]], da ciwon ciki na sama wanda yake tafiya idan mutum yaci abinci abinci. <ref name="Na20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> tare da gyambon ciki, ciwon zai iya tsananta idan ya kasance '''gyambon cikine na tumbi'''. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana kwatanta ciwon a matsayin ciwo [[Dyspepsia|mai zafi/kuna]] ko rashin jin daɗi. <ref name="Na20112" /> Sauran alamun sun hada da [[belching]], amai, rage nauyi, ko rashin son cin abinci. <ref name="Na20112" /> Kusan kashi uku na tsofaffi ba su da alamun cutar. <ref name="Na20112" /> Matsalolin da zata iya kawowa na iya hadawa da [[Zubar da ciki|zub da jini]], Rarakeawa da [[Toshewar fitar da ciki|toshewar ciki]] . <ref name="Mil2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> Zubar da jini yana faruwa a kusan kashi sha biyar (15%) na lokuta.<ref name="Mil2011" /> Abubuwan da suka fi kawo cutar gyambon ciki sun hada; da kwayar cuta ta ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' da magungunan kashe zafin jiki (NSAIDs).<ref name="Na20113">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Sauran, kananan abubuwan da ba a sani ba sun hada da [[Tabar taba|shan taba]], damuwa a sakamakon wasu yanayi mai tsanani na kiwon lafiya, [[cutar Behcet]], cutar [[Zollinger-Ellison ciwo|Zollinger-Ellison,]] [[cutar Crohn]], da [[Cirrhosis|ciwon hanta]].<ref name="Na20113" /> <ref name="St2002">{{Cite journal|url-status=S362–4}}</ref>Tsofaffi sun fi zama cikin hadari da illolin ulcer wanda magungunan kashe ciwon jiki ke sakawa <ref name="Na20114">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref>. Anayin binciken gane cuatr ne gwalgwadon alamomin da mutum yazo dasu da kuma yin bincike na [[endoscopy]] ko [[Barium hadiye|barium swallow]] .<ref name="Na20114" /> Ana iya ganokwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ta hanyar gwajin jini. [[Gwajin numfashi na Urea|gwajin numfashi na urea]], gwada bahaya don alamun kwayoyin cuta, ko gwajin gyambon ciki na [[biopsy]].<ref name="Na20114" /> Sauran yanayin da ke haifar da irin wannan alamun sun hada da [[ciwon daji na ciki]], [[Ciwon zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]], da [[Gastritis|kumburin rufin ciki]] ko [[Cholelithiasis|kumburin gallbladder]].<ref name="Na20115">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> == a == [[Abinci (abinci)|Abincin]] ba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar ko hana gyambon ciki. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ingattacen maganin ta ya hada da dakatar da shan taba, dakatar da amfani da magungunan kashe zafi na (NSAIDs), barin shan giya, da shan magunguna don rage yawan acid na ciki. <ref name="Na20116">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Maganin da ake amfani da shi don rage acid yawanci sun hada da [[Proton famfo mai hanawa|mai hanawa na proton pump]] (PPI) ko [[H2 blocker|mai hana H2]], tare da shawarar farko ta jiya na sati hudu.<ref name="Na20116" /> '''Gyambon ciki''' dalilin kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ana maganinta da hadin magunguna masu kashe kwayoyin cuta , irin su [[amoxicillin]], [[clarithromycin]], da PPI. <ref name="Wang2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Rashi magani na kwayoyin cutar yanata karuwa kuma don haka magani bazai kasance koyaushe yana da tasiri ba. <ref name="Wang20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Za a iyin maganin zaubar jini ta hanyar [[endoscopy]], tare da bude tiyata yawanci ana amfani da su kawai a cikin yanayin da ba a yi nasara ba. <ref name="Mil20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} dth0dvviyga524pvf566lz2q8yg6rxh 873980 873979 2026-07-01T22:46:55Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 873980 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Digestive system - Stomach ulcer -- Smart-Servier.png|thumb|inda wasu ke samun gyambo]] [[Fayil:Ulcer subungual DM.jpg|thumb|Gyambon Ciki]] '''Ciwon gyambon ciki''' shine rarakewa a cikin [[Mucosa na ciki|rufin ciki]], bangaren farko na [[kananan hanji]], ko kuma wani lokacin a kasan makogwaro .<ref name="Na2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ulcer a cikin ciki ana kiransa da '''ciwon ciki''', yayin da daya daga cikin kashi na farko na hanji shine ciwon '''gyambon ciki na hanji''' . <ref name="Na2011" /> Mafi yawan alamun bayyanar Gyambon ciki da hanji shine farkawa da dare tare da [[Epigastrium|ciwon ciki na sama]], da ciwon ciki na sama wanda yake tafiya idan mutum yaci abinci abinci. <ref name="Na20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> tare da gyambon ciki, ciwon zai iya tsananta idan ya kasance '''gyambon cikine na tumbi'''. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana kwatanta ciwon a matsayin ciwo [[Dyspepsia|mai zafi/kuna]] ko rashin jin daɗi. <ref name="Na20112" /> Sauran alamun sun hada da [[belching]], amai, rage nauyi, ko rashin son cin abinci. <ref name="Na20112" /> Kusan kashi uku na tsofaffi ba su da alamun cutar. <ref name="Na20112" /> Matsalolin da zata iya kawowa na iya hadawa da [[Zubar da ciki|zub da jini]], Rarakeawa da [[Toshewar fitar da ciki|toshewar ciki]] . <ref name="Mil2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> Zubar da jini yana faruwa a kusan kashi sha biyar (15%) na lokuta.<ref name="Mil2011" /> Abubuwan da suka fi kawo cutar gyambon ciki sun hada; da kwayar cuta ta ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' da magungunan kashe zafin jiki (NSAIDs).<ref name="Na20113">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Sauran, kananan abubuwan da ba a sani ba sun hada da [[Tabar taba|shan taba]], damuwa a sakamakon wasu yanayi mai tsanani na kiwon lafiya, [[cutar Behcet]], cutar [[Zollinger-Ellison ciwo|Zollinger-Ellison,]] [[cutar Crohn]], da [[Cirrhosis|ciwon hanta]].<ref name="Na20113" /> <ref name="St2002">{{Cite journal|url-status=S362–4}}</ref>Tsofaffi sun fi zama cikin hadari da illolin ulcer wanda magungunan kashe ciwon jiki ke sakawa <ref name="Na20114">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref>. Ana yin binciken gane cuatr ne gwalgwadon alamomin da mutum yazo dasu da kuma yin bincike na [[endoscopy]] ko [[Barium hadiye|barium swallow]] .<ref name="Na20114" /> Ana iya ganokwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ta hanyar gwajin jini. [[Gwajin numfashi na Urea|gwajin numfashi na urea]], gwada bahaya don alamun kwayoyin cuta, ko gwajin gyambon ciki na [[biopsy]].<ref name="Na20114" /> Sauran yanayin da ke haifar da irin wannan alamun sun hada da [[ciwon daji na ciki]], [[Ciwon zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]], da [[Gastritis|kumburin rufin ciki]] ko [[Cholelithiasis|kumburin gallbladder]].<ref name="Na20115">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> == a == [[Abinci (abinci)|Abincin]] ba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar ko hana gyambon ciki. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ingattacen maganin ta ya hada da dakatar da shan taba, dakatar da amfani da magungunan kashe zafi na (NSAIDs), barin shan giya, da shan magunguna don rage yawan acid na ciki. <ref name="Na20116">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Maganin da ake amfani da shi don rage acid yawanci sun hada da [[Proton famfo mai hanawa|mai hanawa na proton pump]] (PPI) ko [[H2 blocker|mai hana H2]], tare da shawarar farko ta jiya na sati hudu.<ref name="Na20116" /> '''Gyambon ciki''' dalilin kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ana maganinta da hadin magunguna masu kashe kwayoyin cuta , irin su [[amoxicillin]], [[clarithromycin]], da PPI. <ref name="Wang2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Rashi magani na kwayoyin cutar yanata karuwa kuma don haka magani bazai kasance koyaushe yana da tasiri ba. <ref name="Wang20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Za a iyin maganin zaubar jini ta hanyar [[endoscopy]], tare da bude tiyata yawanci ana amfani da su kawai a cikin yanayin da ba a yi nasara ba. <ref name="Mil20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} 33j0a3qatxx3bb8pd8gw7ndoa4iosk4 873981 873980 2026-07-01T22:47:34Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 873981 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Digestive system - Stomach ulcer -- Smart-Servier.png|thumb|inda wasu ke samun gyambo]] [[Fayil:Ulcer subungual DM.jpg|thumb|Gyambon Ciki]] '''Ciwon gyambon ciki''' shine rarakewa a cikin [[Mucosa na ciki|rufin ciki]], bangaren farko na [[kananan hanji]], ko kuma wani lokacin a kasan makogwaro .<ref name="Na2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ulcer a cikin ciki ana kiransa da '''ciwon ciki''', yayin da daya daga cikin kashi na farko na hanji shine ciwon '''gyambon ciki na hanji''' . <ref name="Na2011" /> Mafi yawan alamun bayyanar Gyambon ciki da hanji shine farkawa da dare tare da [[Epigastrium|ciwon ciki na sama]], da ciwon ciki na sama wanda yake tafiya idan mutum yaci abinci abinci. <ref name="Na20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> tare da gyambon ciki, ciwon zai iya tsananta idan ya kasance '''gyambon cikine na tumbi'''. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana kwatanta ciwon a matsayin ciwo [[Dyspepsia|mai zafi/kuna]] ko rashin jin daɗi. <ref name="Na20112" /> Sauran alamun sun hada da [[belching]], amai, rage nauyi, ko rashin son cin abinci. <ref name="Na20112" /> Kusan kashi uku na tsofaffi ba su da alamun cutar. <ref name="Na20112" /> Matsalolin da zata iya kawowa na iya hadawa da [[Zubar da ciki|zub da jini]], Rarakeawa da [[Toshewar fitar da ciki|toshewar ciki]] . <ref name="Mil2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> Zubar da jini yana faruwa a kusan kashi sha biyar (15%) na lokuta.<ref name="Mil2011" /> Abubuwan da suka fi kawo cutar gyambon ciki sun hada; da kwayar cuta ta ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' da magungunan kashe zafin jiki (NSAIDs).<ref name="Na20113">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Sauran, kananan abubuwan da ba a sani ba sun hada da [[Tabar taba|shan taba]], damuwa a sakamakon wasu yanayi mai tsanani na kiwon lafiya, [[cutar Behcet]], cutar [[Zollinger-Ellison ciwo|Zollinger-Ellison,]] [[cutar Crohn]], da [[Cirrhosis|ciwon hanta]].<ref name="Na20113" /> <ref name="St2002">{{Cite journal|url-status=S362–4}}</ref>Tsofaffi sun fi zama cikin hadari da illolin ulcer wanda magungunan kashe ciwon jiki ke sakawa <ref name="Na20114">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref>. Ana yin binciken gane cutar ne gwalgwadon alamomin da mutum yazo dasu da kuma yin bincike na [[endoscopy]] ko [[Barium hadiye|barium swallow]] .<ref name="Na20114" /> Ana iya ganokwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ta hanyar gwajin jini. [[Gwajin numfashi na Urea|gwajin numfashi na urea]], gwada bahaya don alamun kwayoyin cuta, ko gwajin gyambon ciki na [[biopsy]].<ref name="Na20114" /> Sauran yanayin da ke haifar da irin wannan alamun sun hada da [[ciwon daji na ciki]], [[Ciwon zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]], da [[Gastritis|kumburin rufin ciki]] ko [[Cholelithiasis|kumburin gallbladder]].<ref name="Na20115">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> == a == [[Abinci (abinci)|Abincin]] ba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar ko hana gyambon ciki. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ingattacen maganin ta ya hada da dakatar da shan taba, dakatar da amfani da magungunan kashe zafi na (NSAIDs), barin shan giya, da shan magunguna don rage yawan acid na ciki. <ref name="Na20116">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Maganin da ake amfani da shi don rage acid yawanci sun hada da [[Proton famfo mai hanawa|mai hanawa na proton pump]] (PPI) ko [[H2 blocker|mai hana H2]], tare da shawarar farko ta jiya na sati hudu.<ref name="Na20116" /> '''Gyambon ciki''' dalilin kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ana maganinta da hadin magunguna masu kashe kwayoyin cuta , irin su [[amoxicillin]], [[clarithromycin]], da PPI. <ref name="Wang2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Rashi magani na kwayoyin cutar yanata karuwa kuma don haka magani bazai kasance koyaushe yana da tasiri ba. <ref name="Wang20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Za a iyin maganin zaubar jini ta hanyar [[endoscopy]], tare da bude tiyata yawanci ana amfani da su kawai a cikin yanayin da ba a yi nasara ba. <ref name="Mil20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} 6g0qu1tttfqvkyc5tl3pz2hidfpbrdq 873982 873981 2026-07-01T22:47:59Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 873982 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Digestive system - Stomach ulcer -- Smart-Servier.png|thumb|inda wasu ke samun gyambo]] [[Fayil:Ulcer subungual DM.jpg|thumb|Gyambon Ciki]] '''Ciwon gyambon ciki''' shine rarakewa a cikin [[Mucosa na ciki|rufin ciki]], bangaren farko na [[kananan hanji]], ko kuma wani lokacin a kasan makogwaro .<ref name="Na2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ulcer a cikin ciki ana kiransa da '''ciwon ciki''', yayin da daya daga cikin kashi na farko na hanji shine ciwon '''gyambon ciki na hanji''' . <ref name="Na2011" /> Mafi yawan alamun bayyanar Gyambon ciki da hanji shine farkawa da dare tare da [[Epigastrium|ciwon ciki na sama]], da ciwon ciki na sama wanda yake tafiya idan mutum yaci abinci abinci. <ref name="Na20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> tare da gyambon ciki, ciwon zai iya tsananta idan ya kasance '''gyambon cikine na tumbi'''. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana kwatanta ciwon a matsayin ciwo [[Dyspepsia|mai zafi/kuna]] ko rashin jin daɗi. <ref name="Na20112" /> Sauran alamun sun hada da [[belching]], amai, rage nauyi, ko rashin son cin abinci. <ref name="Na20112" /> Kusan kashi uku na tsofaffi ba su da alamun cutar. <ref name="Na20112" /> Matsalolin da zata iya kawowa na iya hadawa da [[Zubar da ciki|zub da jini]], Rarakeawa da [[Toshewar fitar da ciki|toshewar ciki]] . <ref name="Mil2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> Zubar da jini yana faruwa a kusan kashi sha biyar (15%) na lokuta.<ref name="Mil2011" /> Abubuwan da suka fi kawo cutar gyambon ciki sun hada; da kwayar cuta ta ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' da magungunan kashe zafin jiki (NSAIDs).<ref name="Na20113">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Sauran, kananan abubuwan da ba a sani ba sun hada da [[Tabar taba|shan taba]], damuwa a sakamakon wasu yanayi mai tsanani na kiwon lafiya, [[cutar Behcet]], cutar [[Zollinger-Ellison ciwo|Zollinger-Ellison,]] [[cutar Crohn]], da [[Cirrhosis|ciwon hanta]].<ref name="Na20113" /> <ref name="St2002">{{Cite journal|url-status=S362–4}}</ref>Tsofaffi sun fi zama cikin hadari da illolin ulcer wanda magungunan kashe ciwon jiki ke sakawa <ref name="Na20114">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref>. Ana yin binciken gane cutar ne gwargwadon alamomin da mutum yazo dasu da kuma yin bincike na [[endoscopy]] ko [[Barium hadiye|barium swallow]] .<ref name="Na20114" /> Ana iya ganokwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ta hanyar gwajin jini. [[Gwajin numfashi na Urea|gwajin numfashi na urea]], gwada bahaya don alamun kwayoyin cuta, ko gwajin gyambon ciki na [[biopsy]].<ref name="Na20114" /> Sauran yanayin da ke haifar da irin wannan alamun sun hada da [[ciwon daji na ciki]], [[Ciwon zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]], da [[Gastritis|kumburin rufin ciki]] ko [[Cholelithiasis|kumburin gallbladder]].<ref name="Na20115">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> == a == [[Abinci (abinci)|Abincin]] ba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar ko hana gyambon ciki. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ingattacen maganin ta ya hada da dakatar da shan taba, dakatar da amfani da magungunan kashe zafi na (NSAIDs), barin shan giya, da shan magunguna don rage yawan acid na ciki. <ref name="Na20116">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Maganin da ake amfani da shi don rage acid yawanci sun hada da [[Proton famfo mai hanawa|mai hanawa na proton pump]] (PPI) ko [[H2 blocker|mai hana H2]], tare da shawarar farko ta jiya na sati hudu.<ref name="Na20116" /> '''Gyambon ciki''' dalilin kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ana maganinta da hadin magunguna masu kashe kwayoyin cuta , irin su [[amoxicillin]], [[clarithromycin]], da PPI. <ref name="Wang2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Rashi magani na kwayoyin cutar yanata karuwa kuma don haka magani bazai kasance koyaushe yana da tasiri ba. <ref name="Wang20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Za a iyin maganin zaubar jini ta hanyar [[endoscopy]], tare da bude tiyata yawanci ana amfani da su kawai a cikin yanayin da ba a yi nasara ba. <ref name="Mil20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} dodey1ye7tys9s54ru59vttu4wg9xdx 873983 873982 2026-07-01T22:48:23Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 873983 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Digestive system - Stomach ulcer -- Smart-Servier.png|thumb|inda wasu ke samun gyambo]] [[Fayil:Ulcer subungual DM.jpg|thumb|Gyambon Ciki]] '''Ciwon gyambon ciki''' shine rarakewa a cikin [[Mucosa na ciki|rufin ciki]], bangaren farko na [[kananan hanji]], ko kuma wani lokacin a kasan makogwaro .<ref name="Na2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ulcer a cikin ciki ana kiransa da '''ciwon ciki''', yayin da daya daga cikin kashi na farko na hanji shine ciwon '''gyambon ciki na hanji''' . <ref name="Na2011" /> Mafi yawan alamun bayyanar Gyambon ciki da hanji shine farkawa da dare tare da [[Epigastrium|ciwon ciki na sama]], da ciwon ciki na sama wanda yake tafiya idan mutum yaci abinci abinci. <ref name="Na20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> tare da gyambon ciki, ciwon zai iya tsananta idan ya kasance '''gyambon cikine na tumbi'''. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana kwatanta ciwon a matsayin ciwo [[Dyspepsia|mai zafi/kuna]] ko rashin jin daɗi. <ref name="Na20112" /> Sauran alamun sun hada da [[belching]], amai, rage nauyi, ko rashin son cin abinci. <ref name="Na20112" /> Kusan kashi uku na tsofaffi ba su da alamun cutar. <ref name="Na20112" /> Matsalolin da zata iya kawowa na iya hadawa da [[Zubar da ciki|zub da jini]], Rarakeawa da [[Toshewar fitar da ciki|toshewar ciki]] . <ref name="Mil2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> Zubar da jini yana faruwa a kusan kashi sha biyar (15%) na lokuta.<ref name="Mil2011" /> Abubuwan da suka fi kawo cutar gyambon ciki sun hada; da kwayar cuta ta ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' da magungunan kashe zafin jiki (NSAIDs).<ref name="Na20113">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Sauran, kananan abubuwan da ba a sani ba sun hada da [[Tabar taba|shan taba]], damuwa a sakamakon wasu yanayi mai tsanani na kiwon lafiya, [[cutar Behcet]], cutar [[Zollinger-Ellison ciwo|Zollinger-Ellison,]] [[cutar Crohn]], da [[Cirrhosis|ciwon hanta]].<ref name="Na20113" /> <ref name="St2002">{{Cite journal|url-status=S362–4}}</ref>Tsofaffi sun fi zama cikin hadari da illolin ulcer wanda magungunan kashe ciwon jiki ke sakawa <ref name="Na20114">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref>. Ana yin binciken gane cutar ne gwargwadon alamomin da mutum yazo dasu, da kuma yin bincike na [[endoscopy]] ko [[Barium hadiye|barium swallow]] .<ref name="Na20114" /> Ana iya ganokwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ta hanyar gwajin jini. [[Gwajin numfashi na Urea|gwajin numfashi na urea]], gwada bahaya don alamun kwayoyin cuta, ko gwajin gyambon ciki na [[biopsy]].<ref name="Na20114" /> Sauran yanayin da ke haifar da irin wannan alamun sun hada da [[ciwon daji na ciki]], [[Ciwon zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]], da [[Gastritis|kumburin rufin ciki]] ko [[Cholelithiasis|kumburin gallbladder]].<ref name="Na20115">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> == a == [[Abinci (abinci)|Abincin]] ba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar ko hana gyambon ciki. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ingattacen maganin ta ya hada da dakatar da shan taba, dakatar da amfani da magungunan kashe zafi na (NSAIDs), barin shan giya, da shan magunguna don rage yawan acid na ciki. <ref name="Na20116">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Maganin da ake amfani da shi don rage acid yawanci sun hada da [[Proton famfo mai hanawa|mai hanawa na proton pump]] (PPI) ko [[H2 blocker|mai hana H2]], tare da shawarar farko ta jiya na sati hudu.<ref name="Na20116" /> '''Gyambon ciki''' dalilin kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ana maganinta da hadin magunguna masu kashe kwayoyin cuta , irin su [[amoxicillin]], [[clarithromycin]], da PPI. <ref name="Wang2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Rashi magani na kwayoyin cutar yanata karuwa kuma don haka magani bazai kasance koyaushe yana da tasiri ba. <ref name="Wang20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Za a iyin maganin zaubar jini ta hanyar [[endoscopy]], tare da bude tiyata yawanci ana amfani da su kawai a cikin yanayin da ba a yi nasara ba. <ref name="Mil20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} hbv8yli3udkvvzowgo1rc79xnfalt5g 873984 873983 2026-07-01T22:48:58Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 873984 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Digestive system - Stomach ulcer -- Smart-Servier.png|thumb|inda wasu ke samun gyambo]] [[Fayil:Ulcer subungual DM.jpg|thumb|Gyambon Ciki]] '''Ciwon gyambon ciki''' shine rarakewa a cikin [[Mucosa na ciki|rufin ciki]], bangaren farko na [[kananan hanji]], ko kuma wani lokacin a kasan makogwaro .<ref name="Na2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ulcer a cikin ciki ana kiransa da '''ciwon ciki''', yayin da daya daga cikin kashi na farko na hanji shine ciwon '''gyambon ciki na hanji''' . <ref name="Na2011" /> Mafi yawan alamun bayyanar Gyambon ciki da hanji shine farkawa da dare tare da [[Epigastrium|ciwon ciki na sama]], da ciwon ciki na sama wanda yake tafiya idan mutum yaci abinci abinci. <ref name="Na20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> tare da gyambon ciki, ciwon zai iya tsananta idan ya kasance '''gyambon cikine na tumbi'''. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana kwatanta ciwon a matsayin ciwo [[Dyspepsia|mai zafi/kuna]] ko rashin jin daɗi. <ref name="Na20112" /> Sauran alamun sun hada da [[belching]], amai, rage nauyi, ko rashin son cin abinci. <ref name="Na20112" /> Kusan kashi uku na tsofaffi ba su da alamun cutar. <ref name="Na20112" /> Matsalolin da zata iya kawowa na iya hadawa da [[Zubar da ciki|zub da jini]], Rarakeawa da [[Toshewar fitar da ciki|toshewar ciki]] . <ref name="Mil2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> Zubar da jini yana faruwa a kusan kashi sha biyar (15%) na lokuta.<ref name="Mil2011" /> Abubuwan da suka fi kawo cutar gyambon ciki sun hada; da kwayar cuta ta ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' da magungunan kashe zafin jiki (NSAIDs).<ref name="Na20113">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Sauran, kananan abubuwan da ba a sani ba sun hada da [[Tabar taba|shan taba]], damuwa a sakamakon wasu yanayi mai tsanani na kiwon lafiya, [[cutar Behcet]], cutar [[Zollinger-Ellison ciwo|Zollinger-Ellison,]] [[cutar Crohn]], da [[Cirrhosis|ciwon hanta]].<ref name="Na20113" /> <ref name="St2002">{{Cite journal|url-status=S362–4}}</ref>Tsofaffi sun fi zama cikin hadari da illolin ulcer wanda magungunan kashe ciwon jiki ke sakawa <ref name="Na20114">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref>. Ana yin binciken gane cutar ne gwargwadon alamomin da mutum yazo dasu, da kuma yin bincike na [[endoscopy]] ko [[Barium hadiye|barium swallow]] .<ref name="Na20114" /> Ana iya gano kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ta hanyar gwajin jini. [[Gwajin numfashi na Urea|gwajin numfashi na urea]], gwada bahaya don alamun kwayoyin cuta, ko gwajin gyambon ciki na [[biopsy]].<ref name="Na20114" /> Sauran yanayin da ke haifar da irin wannan alamun sun hada da [[ciwon daji na ciki]], [[Ciwon zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]], da [[Gastritis|kumburin rufin ciki]] ko [[Cholelithiasis|kumburin gallbladder]].<ref name="Na20115">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> == a == [[Abinci (abinci)|Abincin]] ba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar ko hana gyambon ciki. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ingattacen maganin ta ya hada da dakatar da shan taba, dakatar da amfani da magungunan kashe zafi na (NSAIDs), barin shan giya, da shan magunguna don rage yawan acid na ciki. <ref name="Na20116">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Maganin da ake amfani da shi don rage acid yawanci sun hada da [[Proton famfo mai hanawa|mai hanawa na proton pump]] (PPI) ko [[H2 blocker|mai hana H2]], tare da shawarar farko ta jiya na sati hudu.<ref name="Na20116" /> '''Gyambon ciki''' dalilin kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ana maganinta da hadin magunguna masu kashe kwayoyin cuta , irin su [[amoxicillin]], [[clarithromycin]], da PPI. <ref name="Wang2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Rashi magani na kwayoyin cutar yanata karuwa kuma don haka magani bazai kasance koyaushe yana da tasiri ba. <ref name="Wang20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Za a iyin maganin zaubar jini ta hanyar [[endoscopy]], tare da bude tiyata yawanci ana amfani da su kawai a cikin yanayin da ba a yi nasara ba. <ref name="Mil20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} d5tgx6kbt6gm8f1vl2zo9nls5pnhm5f 873985 873984 2026-07-01T22:49:48Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 873985 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Digestive system - Stomach ulcer -- Smart-Servier.png|thumb|inda wasu ke samun gyambo]] [[Fayil:Ulcer subungual DM.jpg|thumb|Gyambon Ciki]] '''Ciwon gyambon ciki''' shine rarakewa a cikin [[Mucosa na ciki|rufin ciki]], bangaren farko na [[kananan hanji]], ko kuma wani lokacin a kasan makogwaro .<ref name="Na2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ulcer a cikin ciki ana kiransa da '''ciwon ciki''', yayin da daya daga cikin kashi na farko na hanji shine ciwon '''gyambon ciki na hanji''' . <ref name="Na2011" /> Mafi yawan alamun bayyanar Gyambon ciki da hanji shine farkawa da dare tare da [[Epigastrium|ciwon ciki na sama]], da ciwon ciki na sama wanda yake tafiya idan mutum yaci abinci abinci. <ref name="Na20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> tare da gyambon ciki, ciwon zai iya tsananta idan ya kasance '''gyambon cikine na tumbi'''. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana kwatanta ciwon a matsayin ciwo [[Dyspepsia|mai zafi/kuna]] ko rashin jin daɗi. <ref name="Na20112" /> Sauran alamun sun hada da [[belching]], amai, rage nauyi, ko rashin son cin abinci. <ref name="Na20112" /> Kusan kashi uku na tsofaffi ba su da alamun cutar. <ref name="Na20112" /> Matsalolin da zata iya kawowa na iya hadawa da [[Zubar da ciki|zub da jini]], Rarakeawa da [[Toshewar fitar da ciki|toshewar ciki]] . <ref name="Mil2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> Zubar da jini yana faruwa a kusan kashi sha biyar (15%) na lokuta.<ref name="Mil2011" /> Abubuwan da suka fi kawo cutar gyambon ciki sun hada; da kwayar cuta ta ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' da magungunan kashe zafin jiki (NSAIDs).<ref name="Na20113">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Sauran, kananan abubuwan da ba a sani ba sun hada da [[Tabar taba|shan taba]], damuwa a sakamakon wasu yanayi mai tsanani na kiwon lafiya, [[cutar Behcet]], cutar [[Zollinger-Ellison ciwo|Zollinger-Ellison,]] [[cutar Crohn]], da [[Cirrhosis|ciwon hanta]].<ref name="Na20113" /> <ref name="St2002">{{Cite journal|url-status=S362–4}}</ref>Tsofaffi sun fi zama cikin hadari da illolin ulcer wanda magungunan kashe ciwon jiki ke sakawa <ref name="Na20114">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref>. Ana yin binciken gane cutar ne gwargwadon alamomin da mutum yazo dasu, da kuma yin bincike na [[endoscopy]] ko [[Barium hadiye|barium swallow]] .<ref name="Na20114" /> Ana iya gano kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ta hanyar gwajin jini. [[Gwajin numfashi na Urea|gwajin numfashi na urea]], gwada bahaya don alamun kwayoyin cuta, ko gwajin gyambon ciki na [[biopsy]].<ref name="Na20114" /> Sauran yanayin da ke haifar da irin wannan alamun sun hada da; [[ciwon daji na ciki]], [[Ciwon zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]], da [[Gastritis|kumburin rufin ciki]] ko [[Cholelithiasis|kumburin gallbladder]].<ref name="Na20115">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> == a == [[Abinci (abinci)|Abincin]] ba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar ko hana gyambon ciki. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ingattacen maganin ta ya hada da dakatar da shan taba, dakatar da amfani da magungunan kashe zafi na (NSAIDs), barin shan giya, da shan magunguna don rage yawan acid na ciki. <ref name="Na20116">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Maganin da ake amfani da shi don rage acid yawanci sun hada da [[Proton famfo mai hanawa|mai hanawa na proton pump]] (PPI) ko [[H2 blocker|mai hana H2]], tare da shawarar farko ta jiya na sati hudu.<ref name="Na20116" /> '''Gyambon ciki''' dalilin kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ana maganinta da hadin magunguna masu kashe kwayoyin cuta , irin su [[amoxicillin]], [[clarithromycin]], da PPI. <ref name="Wang2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Rashi magani na kwayoyin cutar yanata karuwa kuma don haka magani bazai kasance koyaushe yana da tasiri ba. <ref name="Wang20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Za a iyin maganin zaubar jini ta hanyar [[endoscopy]], tare da bude tiyata yawanci ana amfani da su kawai a cikin yanayin da ba a yi nasara ba. <ref name="Mil20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} 6mykafu2bw1fvnfi5js3owajuiy18ly 873986 873985 2026-07-01T22:50:27Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 873986 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Digestive system - Stomach ulcer -- Smart-Servier.png|thumb|inda wasu ke samun gyambo]] [[Fayil:Ulcer subungual DM.jpg|thumb|Gyambon Ciki]] '''Ciwon gyambon ciki''' shine rarakewa a cikin [[Mucosa na ciki|rufin ciki]], bangaren farko na [[kananan hanji]], ko kuma wani lokacin a kasan makogwaro .<ref name="Na2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ulcer a cikin ciki ana kiransa da '''ciwon ciki''', yayin da daya daga cikin kashi na farko na hanji shine ciwon '''gyambon ciki na hanji''' . <ref name="Na2011" /> Mafi yawan alamun bayyanar Gyambon ciki da hanji shine farkawa da dare tare da [[Epigastrium|ciwon ciki na sama]], da ciwon ciki na sama wanda yake tafiya idan mutum yaci abinci abinci. <ref name="Na20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> tare da gyambon ciki, ciwon zai iya tsananta idan ya kasance '''gyambon cikine na tumbi'''. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana kwatanta ciwon a matsayin ciwo [[Dyspepsia|mai zafi/kuna]] ko rashin jin daɗi. <ref name="Na20112" /> Sauran alamun sun hada da [[belching]], amai, rage nauyi, ko rashin son cin abinci. <ref name="Na20112" /> Kusan kashi uku na tsofaffi ba su da alamun cutar. <ref name="Na20112" /> Matsalolin da zata iya kawowa na iya hadawa da [[Zubar da ciki|zub da jini]], Rarakeawa da [[Toshewar fitar da ciki|toshewar ciki]] . <ref name="Mil2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> Zubar da jini yana faruwa a kusan kashi sha biyar (15%) na lokuta.<ref name="Mil2011" /> Abubuwan da suka fi kawo cutar gyambon ciki sun hada; da kwayar cuta ta ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' da magungunan kashe zafin jiki (NSAIDs).<ref name="Na20113">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Sauran, kananan abubuwan da ba a sani ba sun hada da [[Tabar taba|shan taba]], damuwa a sakamakon wasu yanayi mai tsanani na kiwon lafiya, [[cutar Behcet]], cutar [[Zollinger-Ellison ciwo|Zollinger-Ellison,]] [[cutar Crohn]], da [[Cirrhosis|ciwon hanta]].<ref name="Na20113" /> <ref name="St2002">{{Cite journal|url-status=S362–4}}</ref>Tsofaffi sun fi zama cikin hadari da illolin ulcer wanda magungunan kashe ciwon jiki ke sakawa <ref name="Na20114">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref>. Ana yin binciken gane cutar ne gwargwadon alamomin da mutum yazo dasu, da kuma yin bincike na [[endoscopy]] ko [[Barium hadiye|barium swallow]] .<ref name="Na20114" /> Ana iya gano kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ta hanyar gwajin jini. [[Gwajin numfashi na Urea|gwajin numfashi na urea]], gwada bahaya don alamun kwayoyin cuta, ko gwajin gyambon ciki na [[biopsy]].<ref name="Na20114" /> Sauran yanayin da ke haifar da irin wannan alamun sun hada da; [[ciwon daji na ciki]], [[Ciwon zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]], da [[Gastritis|kumburin rufin ciki]] ko [[Cholelithiasis|kumburin gallbladder]].<ref name="Na20115">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> == a == [[Abinci (abinci)|Abincin]] ba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar da ko hana gyambon ciki. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ingattacen maganin ta ya hada da dakatar da shan taba, dakatar da amfani da magungunan kashe zafi na (NSAIDs), barin shan giya, da shan magunguna don rage yawan acid na ciki. <ref name="Na20116">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Maganin da ake amfani da shi don rage acid yawanci sun hada da [[Proton famfo mai hanawa|mai hanawa na proton pump]] (PPI) ko [[H2 blocker|mai hana H2]], tare da shawarar farko ta jiya na sati hudu.<ref name="Na20116" /> '''Gyambon ciki''' dalilin kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ana maganinta da hadin magunguna masu kashe kwayoyin cuta , irin su [[amoxicillin]], [[clarithromycin]], da PPI. <ref name="Wang2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Rashi magani na kwayoyin cutar yanata karuwa kuma don haka magani bazai kasance koyaushe yana da tasiri ba. <ref name="Wang20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Za a iyin maganin zaubar jini ta hanyar [[endoscopy]], tare da bude tiyata yawanci ana amfani da su kawai a cikin yanayin da ba a yi nasara ba. <ref name="Mil20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} n9irqzrwpvuacp6h1soyafmq0saxkes 873989 873986 2026-07-01T22:52:32Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 873989 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Digestive system - Stomach ulcer -- Smart-Servier.png|thumb|inda wasu ke samun gyambo]] [[Fayil:Ulcer subungual DM.jpg|thumb|Gyambon Ciki]] '''Ciwon gyambon ciki''' shine rarakewa a cikin [[Mucosa na ciki|rufin ciki]], bangaren farko na [[kananan hanji]], ko kuma wani lokacin a kasan makogwaro .<ref name="Na2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ulcer a cikin ciki ana kiransa da '''ciwon ciki''', yayin da daya daga cikin kashi na farko na hanji shine ciwon '''gyambon ciki na hanji''' . <ref name="Na2011" /> Mafi yawan alamun bayyanar Gyambon ciki da hanji shine farkawa da dare tare da [[Epigastrium|ciwon ciki na sama]], da ciwon ciki na sama wanda yake tafiya idan mutum yaci abinci abinci. <ref name="Na20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> tare da gyambon ciki, ciwon zai iya tsananta idan ya kasance '''gyambon cikine na tumbi'''. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana kwatanta ciwon a matsayin ciwo [[Dyspepsia|mai zafi/kuna]] ko rashin jin daɗi. <ref name="Na20112" /> Sauran alamun sun hada da [[belching]], amai, rage nauyi, ko rashin son cin abinci. <ref name="Na20112" /> Kusan kashi uku na tsofaffi ba su da alamun cutar. <ref name="Na20112" /> Matsalolin da zata iya kawowa na iya hadawa da [[Zubar da ciki|zub da jini]], Rarakeawa da [[Toshewar fitar da ciki|toshewar ciki]] . <ref name="Mil2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> Zubar da jini yana faruwa a kusan kashi sha biyar (15%) na lokuta.<ref name="Mil2011" /> Abubuwan da suka fi kawo cutar gyambon ciki sun hada; da kwayar cuta ta ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' da magungunan kashe zafin jiki (NSAIDs).<ref name="Na20113">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Sauran, kananan abubuwan da ba a sani ba sun hada da [[Tabar taba|shan taba]], damuwa a sakamakon wasu yanayi mai tsanani na kiwon lafiya, [[cutar Behcet]], cutar [[Zollinger-Ellison ciwo|Zollinger-Ellison,]] [[cutar Crohn]], da [[Cirrhosis|ciwon hanta]].<ref name="Na20113" /> <ref name="St2002">{{Cite journal|url-status=S362–4}}</ref>Tsofaffi sun fi zama cikin hadari da illolin ulcer wanda magungunan kashe ciwon jiki ke sakawa <ref name="Na20114">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref>. Ana yin binciken gane cutar ne gwargwadon alamomin da mutum yazo dasu, da kuma yin bincike na [[endoscopy]] ko [[Barium hadiye|barium swallow]] .<ref name="Na20114" /> Ana iya gano kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ta hanyar gwajin jini. [[Gwajin numfashi na Urea|gwajin numfashi na urea]], gwada bahaya don alamun kwayoyin cuta, ko gwajin gyambon ciki na [[biopsy]].<ref name="Na20114" /> Sauran yanayin da ke haifar da irin wannan alamun sun hada da; [[ciwon daji na ciki]], [[Ciwon zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]], da [[Gastritis|kumburin rufin ciki]] ko [[Cholelithiasis|kumburin gallbladder]].<ref name="Na20115">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> == a == [[Abinci (abinci)|Abincin]] ba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar da ko hana gyambon ciki. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ingattacen maganin ta ya hada da dakatar da shan taba, dakatar da amfani da magungunan kashe zafi na (NSAIDs), barin shan giya, da shan magunguna don rage yawan acid na ciki. <ref name="Na20116">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Maganin da ake amfani da shi don rage acid yawanci sun hada da [[Proton famfo mai hanawa|mai hanawa na proton pump]] (PPI) ko [[H2 blocker|mai hana H2]], tare da shawarar farko ta jiya na sati hudu.<ref name="Na20116" /> '''Gyambon ciki''' dalilin kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ana maganinta da hadin magunguna masu kashe kwayoyin cuta , irin su [[amoxicillin]], [[clarithromycin]], da PPI. <ref name="Wang2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Rashi magani na kwayoyin cutar yanata karuwa kuma don haka magani bazai kasance koyaushe yana da tasiri ba. <ref name="Wang20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Za a iyin maganin zubar jini ta hanyar [[endoscopy]], tare da bude tiyata yawanci ana amfani da su kawai a cikin yanayin da ba a yi nasara ba. <ref name="Mil20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} 14hrbko5usvj9qqbwymv70wqe39lgby 873992 873989 2026-07-01T22:53:57Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 873992 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Digestive system - Stomach ulcer -- Smart-Servier.png|thumb|inda wasu ke samun gyambo]] [[Fayil:Ulcer subungual DM.jpg|thumb|Gyambon Ciki]] '''Ciwon gyambon ciki''' shine rarakewa a cikin [[Mucosa na ciki|rufin ciki]], bangaren farko na [[kananan hanji]], ko kuma wani lokacin a kasan makogwaro .<ref name="Na2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ulcer a cikin ciki ana kiransa da '''ciwon ciki''', yayin da daya daga cikin kashi na farko na hanji shine ciwon '''gyambon ciki na hanji''' . <ref name="Na2011" /> Mafi yawan alamun bayyanar Gyambon ciki da hanji shine farkawa da dare tare da [[Epigastrium|ciwon ciki na sama]], da ciwon ciki na sama wanda yake tafiya idan mutum yaci abinci abinci. <ref name="Na20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> tare da gyambon ciki, ciwon zai iya tsananta idan ya kasance '''gyambon cikine na tumbi'''. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana kwatanta ciwon a matsayin ciwo [[Dyspepsia|mai zafi/kuna]] ko rashin jin daɗi. <ref name="Na20112" /> Sauran alamun sun hada da [[belching]], amai, rage nauyi, ko rashin son cin abinci. <ref name="Na20112" /> Kusan kashi uku na tsofaffi ba su da alamun cutar. <ref name="Na20112" /> Matsalolin da zata iya kawowa na iya hadawa da [[Zubar da ciki|zub da jini]], Rarakeawa da [[Toshewar fitar da ciki|toshewar ciki]] . <ref name="Mil2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> Zubar da jini yana faruwa a kusan kashi sha biyar (15%) na lokuta.<ref name="Mil2011" /> Abubuwan da suka fi kawo cutar gyambon ciki sun hada; da kwayar cuta ta ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' da magungunan kashe zafin jiki (NSAIDs).<ref name="Na20113">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Sauran, kananan abubuwan da ba a sani ba sun hada da [[Tabar taba|shan taba]], damuwa a sakamakon wasu yanayi mai tsanani na kiwon lafiya, [[cutar Behcet]], cutar [[Zollinger-Ellison ciwo|Zollinger-Ellison,]] [[cutar Crohn]], da [[Cirrhosis|ciwon hanta]].<ref name="Na20113" /> <ref name="St2002">{{Cite journal|url-status=S362–4}}</ref>Tsofaffi sun fi zama cikin hadari da illolin ulcer wanda magungunan kashe ciwon jiki ke sakawa <ref name="Na20114">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref>. Ana yin binciken gane cutar ne gwargwadon alamomin da mutum yazo dasu, da kuma yin bincike na [[endoscopy]] ko [[Barium hadiye|barium swallow]] .<ref name="Na20114" /> Ana iya gano kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ta hanyar gwajin jini. [[Gwajin numfashi na Urea|gwajin numfashi na urea]], gwada bahaya don alamun kwayoyin cuta, ko gwajin gyambon ciki na [[biopsy]].<ref name="Na20114" /> Sauran yanayin da ke haifar da irin wannan alamun sun hada da; [[ciwon daji na ciki]], [[Ciwon zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]], da [[Gastritis|kumburin rufin ciki]] ko [[Cholelithiasis|kumburin gallbladder]].<ref name="Na20115">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> == a == [[Abinci (abinci)|Abincin]] ba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar da ko hana gyambon ciki. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ingattacen maganin ta ya hada da dakatar da shan taba, dakatar da amfani da magungunan kashe zafi na (NSAIDs), barin shan giya, r da shan magunguna don rage yawan acid na ciki. <ref name="Na20116">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Maganin da ake amfani da shi don rage acid yawanci sun hada da [[Proton famfo mai hanawa|mai hanawa na proton pump]] (PPI) ko [[H2 blocker|mai hana H2]], tare da shawarar farko ta jiya na sati hudu.<ref name="Na20116" /> '''Gyambon ciki''' dalilin kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ana maganinta da hadin magunguna masu kashe kwayoyin cuta , irin su [[amoxicillin]], [[clarithromycin]], da PPI. <ref name="Wang2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Rashi magani na kwayoyin cutar yanata karuwa kuma don haka magani bazai kasance koyaushe yana da tasiri ba. <ref name="Wang20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Za a iyin maganin zubar jini ta hanyar [[endoscopy]], tare da bude tiyata yawanci ana amfani da su kawai a cikin yanayin da ba a yi nasara ba. <ref name="Mil20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} l08w6gpm7cnz5kai5th92xs3mp4uvm8 873993 873992 2026-07-01T22:54:24Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 873993 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Digestive system - Stomach ulcer -- Smart-Servier.png|thumb|inda wasu ke samun gyambo]] [[Fayil:Ulcer subungual DM.jpg|thumb|Gyambon Ciki]] '''Ciwon gyambon ciki''' shine rarakewa a cikin [[Mucosa na ciki|rufin ciki]], bangaren farko na [[kananan hanji]], ko kuma wani lokacin a kasan makogwaro .<ref name="Na2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ulcer a cikin ciki ana kiransa da '''ciwon ciki''', yayin da daya daga cikin kashi na farko na hanji shine ciwon '''gyambon ciki na hanji''' . <ref name="Na2011" /> Mafi yawan alamun bayyanar Gyambon ciki da hanji shine farkawa da dare tare da [[Epigastrium|ciwon ciki na sama]], da ciwon ciki na sama wanda yake tafiya idan mutum yaci abinci abinci. <ref name="Na20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> tare da gyambon ciki, ciwon zai iya tsananta idan ya kasance '''gyambon cikine na tumbi'''. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana kwatanta ciwon a matsayin ciwo [[Dyspepsia|mai zafi/kuna]] ko rashin jin daɗi. <ref name="Na20112" /> Sauran alamun sun hada da [[belching]], amai, rage nauyi, ko rashin son cin abinci. <ref name="Na20112" /> Kusan kashi uku na tsofaffi ba su da alamun cutar. <ref name="Na20112" /> Matsalolin da zata iya kawowa na iya hadawa da [[Zubar da ciki|zub da jini]], Rarakeawa da [[Toshewar fitar da ciki|toshewar ciki]] . <ref name="Mil2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> Zubar da jini yana faruwa a kusan kashi sha biyar (15%) na lokuta.<ref name="Mil2011" /> Abubuwan da suka fi kawo cutar gyambon ciki sun hada; da kwayar cuta ta ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' da magungunan kashe zafin jiki (NSAIDs).<ref name="Na20113">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Sauran, kananan abubuwan da ba a sani ba sun hada da [[Tabar taba|shan taba]], damuwa a sakamakon wasu yanayi mai tsanani na kiwon lafiya, [[cutar Behcet]], cutar [[Zollinger-Ellison ciwo|Zollinger-Ellison,]] [[cutar Crohn]], da [[Cirrhosis|ciwon hanta]].<ref name="Na20113" /> <ref name="St2002">{{Cite journal|url-status=S362–4}}</ref>Tsofaffi sun fi zama cikin hadari da illolin ulcer wanda magungunan kashe ciwon jiki ke sakawa <ref name="Na20114">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref>. Ana yin binciken gane cutar ne gwargwadon alamomin da mutum yazo dasu, da kuma yin bincike na [[endoscopy]] ko [[Barium hadiye|barium swallow]] .<ref name="Na20114" /> Ana iya gano kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ta hanyar gwajin jini. [[Gwajin numfashi na Urea|gwajin numfashi na urea]], gwada bahaya don alamun kwayoyin cuta, ko gwajin gyambon ciki na [[biopsy]].<ref name="Na20114" /> Sauran yanayin da ke haifar da irin wannan alamun sun hada da; [[ciwon daji na ciki]], [[Ciwon zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]], da [[Gastritis|kumburin rufin ciki]] ko [[Cholelithiasis|kumburin gallbladder]].<ref name="Na20115">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> == a == [[Abinci (abinci)|Abincin]] ba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar da ko hana gyambon ciki. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ingattacen maganin ta ya hada da dakatar da shan taba, dakatar da amfani da magungunan kashe zafi na (NSAIDs), barin shan giya, ra da shan magunguna don rage yawan acid na ciki. <ref name="Na20116">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Maganin da ake amfani da shi don rage acid yawanci sun hada da [[Proton famfo mai hanawa|mai hanawa na proton pump]] (PPI) ko [[H2 blocker|mai hana H2]], tare da shawarar farko ta jiya na sati hudu.<ref name="Na20116" /> '''Gyambon ciki''' dalilin kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ana maganinta da hadin magunguna masu kashe kwayoyin cuta , irin su [[amoxicillin]], [[clarithromycin]], da PPI. <ref name="Wang2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Rashi magani na kwayoyin cutar yanata karuwa kuma don haka magani bazai kasance koyaushe yana da tasiri ba. <ref name="Wang20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Za a iyin maganin zubar jini ta hanyar [[endoscopy]], tare da bude tiyata yawanci ana amfani da su kawai a cikin yanayin da ba a yi nasara ba. <ref name="Mil20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} co1m6xo621regnq1remu3arbz54y1yh 873994 873993 2026-07-01T22:54:55Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 873994 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Digestive system - Stomach ulcer -- Smart-Servier.png|thumb|inda wasu ke samun gyambo]] [[Fayil:Ulcer subungual DM.jpg|thumb|Gyambon Ciki]] '''Ciwon gyambon ciki''' shine rarakewa a cikin [[Mucosa na ciki|rufin ciki]], bangaren farko na [[kananan hanji]], ko kuma wani lokacin a kasan makogwaro .<ref name="Na2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ulcer a cikin ciki ana kiransa da '''ciwon ciki''', yayin da daya daga cikin kashi na farko na hanji shine ciwon '''gyambon ciki na hanji''' . <ref name="Na2011" /> Mafi yawan alamun bayyanar Gyambon ciki da hanji shine farkawa da dare tare da [[Epigastrium|ciwon ciki na sama]], da ciwon ciki na sama wanda yake tafiya idan mutum yaci abinci abinci. <ref name="Na20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> tare da gyambon ciki, ciwon zai iya tsananta idan ya kasance '''gyambon cikine na tumbi'''. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana kwatanta ciwon a matsayin ciwo [[Dyspepsia|mai zafi/kuna]] ko rashin jin daɗi. <ref name="Na20112" /> Sauran alamun sun hada da [[belching]], amai, rage nauyi, ko rashin son cin abinci. <ref name="Na20112" /> Kusan kashi uku na tsofaffi ba su da alamun cutar. <ref name="Na20112" /> Matsalolin da zata iya kawowa na iya hadawa da [[Zubar da ciki|zub da jini]], Rarakeawa da [[Toshewar fitar da ciki|toshewar ciki]] . <ref name="Mil2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> Zubar da jini yana faruwa a kusan kashi sha biyar (15%) na lokuta.<ref name="Mil2011" /> Abubuwan da suka fi kawo cutar gyambon ciki sun hada; da kwayar cuta ta ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' da magungunan kashe zafin jiki (NSAIDs).<ref name="Na20113">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Sauran, kananan abubuwan da ba a sani ba sun hada da [[Tabar taba|shan taba]], damuwa a sakamakon wasu yanayi mai tsanani na kiwon lafiya, [[cutar Behcet]], cutar [[Zollinger-Ellison ciwo|Zollinger-Ellison,]] [[cutar Crohn]], da [[Cirrhosis|ciwon hanta]].<ref name="Na20113" /> <ref name="St2002">{{Cite journal|url-status=S362–4}}</ref>Tsofaffi sun fi zama cikin hadari da illolin ulcer wanda magungunan kashe ciwon jiki ke sakawa <ref name="Na20114">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref>. Ana yin binciken gane cutar ne gwargwadon alamomin da mutum yazo dasu, da kuma yin bincike na [[endoscopy]] ko [[Barium hadiye|barium swallow]] .<ref name="Na20114" /> Ana iya gano kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ta hanyar gwajin jini. [[Gwajin numfashi na Urea|gwajin numfashi na urea]], gwada bahaya don alamun kwayoyin cuta, ko gwajin gyambon ciki na [[biopsy]].<ref name="Na20114" /> Sauran yanayin da ke haifar da irin wannan alamun sun hada da; [[ciwon daji na ciki]], [[Ciwon zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]], da [[Gastritis|kumburin rufin ciki]] ko [[Cholelithiasis|kumburin gallbladder]].<ref name="Na20115">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> == a == [[Abinci (abinci)|Abincin]] ba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar da ko hana gyambon ciki. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ingattacen maganin ta ya hada da dakatar da shan taba, dakatar da amfani da magungunan kashe zafi na (NSAIDs), barin shan giya, rag da shan magunguna don rage yawan acid na ciki. <ref name="Na20116">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Maganin da ake amfani da shi don rage acid yawanci sun hada da [[Proton famfo mai hanawa|mai hanawa na proton pump]] (PPI) ko [[H2 blocker|mai hana H2]], tare da shawarar farko ta jiya na sati hudu.<ref name="Na20116" /> '''Gyambon ciki''' dalilin kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ana maganinta da hadin magunguna masu kashe kwayoyin cuta , irin su [[amoxicillin]], [[clarithromycin]], da PPI. <ref name="Wang2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Rashi magani na kwayoyin cutar yanata karuwa kuma don haka magani bazai kasance koyaushe yana da tasiri ba. <ref name="Wang20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Za a iyin maganin zubar jini ta hanyar [[endoscopy]], tare da bude tiyata yawanci ana amfani da su kawai a cikin yanayin da ba a yi nasara ba. <ref name="Mil20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} fykgiohf5b3r8vyytfqszinf7scnbp4 873996 873994 2026-07-01T22:55:31Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 873996 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Digestive system - Stomach ulcer -- Smart-Servier.png|thumb|inda wasu ke samun gyambo]] [[Fayil:Ulcer subungual DM.jpg|thumb|Gyambon Ciki]] '''Ciwon gyambon ciki''' shine rarakewa a cikin [[Mucosa na ciki|rufin ciki]], bangaren farko na [[kananan hanji]], ko kuma wani lokacin a kasan makogwaro .<ref name="Na2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ulcer a cikin ciki ana kiransa da '''ciwon ciki''', yayin da daya daga cikin kashi na farko na hanji shine ciwon '''gyambon ciki na hanji''' . <ref name="Na2011" /> Mafi yawan alamun bayyanar Gyambon ciki da hanji shine farkawa da dare tare da [[Epigastrium|ciwon ciki na sama]], da ciwon ciki na sama wanda yake tafiya idan mutum yaci abinci abinci. <ref name="Na20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> tare da gyambon ciki, ciwon zai iya tsananta idan ya kasance '''gyambon cikine na tumbi'''. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana kwatanta ciwon a matsayin ciwo [[Dyspepsia|mai zafi/kuna]] ko rashin jin daɗi. <ref name="Na20112" /> Sauran alamun sun hada da [[belching]], amai, rage nauyi, ko rashin son cin abinci. <ref name="Na20112" /> Kusan kashi uku na tsofaffi ba su da alamun cutar. <ref name="Na20112" /> Matsalolin da zata iya kawowa na iya hadawa da [[Zubar da ciki|zub da jini]], Rarakeawa da [[Toshewar fitar da ciki|toshewar ciki]] . <ref name="Mil2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> Zubar da jini yana faruwa a kusan kashi sha biyar (15%) na lokuta.<ref name="Mil2011" /> Abubuwan da suka fi kawo cutar gyambon ciki sun hada; da kwayar cuta ta ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' da magungunan kashe zafin jiki (NSAIDs).<ref name="Na20113">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Sauran, kananan abubuwan da ba a sani ba sun hada da [[Tabar taba|shan taba]], damuwa a sakamakon wasu yanayi mai tsanani na kiwon lafiya, [[cutar Behcet]], cutar [[Zollinger-Ellison ciwo|Zollinger-Ellison,]] [[cutar Crohn]], da [[Cirrhosis|ciwon hanta]].<ref name="Na20113" /> <ref name="St2002">{{Cite journal|url-status=S362–4}}</ref>Tsofaffi sun fi zama cikin hadari da illolin ulcer wanda magungunan kashe ciwon jiki ke sakawa <ref name="Na20114">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref>. Ana yin binciken gane cutar ne gwargwadon alamomin da mutum yazo dasu, da kuma yin bincike na [[endoscopy]] ko [[Barium hadiye|barium swallow]] .<ref name="Na20114" /> Ana iya gano kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ta hanyar gwajin jini. [[Gwajin numfashi na Urea|gwajin numfashi na urea]], gwada bahaya don alamun kwayoyin cuta, ko gwajin gyambon ciki na [[biopsy]].<ref name="Na20114" /> Sauran yanayin da ke haifar da irin wannan alamun sun hada da; [[ciwon daji na ciki]], [[Ciwon zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]], da [[Gastritis|kumburin rufin ciki]] ko [[Cholelithiasis|kumburin gallbladder]].<ref name="Na20115">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> == a == [[Abinci (abinci)|Abincin]] ba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar da ko hana gyambon ciki. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ingattacen maganin ta ya hada da dakatar da shan taba, dakatar da amfani da magungunan kashe zafi na (NSAIDs), barin shan giya, rage s da shan magunguna don rage yawan acid na ciki. <ref name="Na20116">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Maganin da ake amfani da shi don rage acid yawanci sun hada da [[Proton famfo mai hanawa|mai hanawa na proton pump]] (PPI) ko [[H2 blocker|mai hana H2]], tare da shawarar farko ta jiya na sati hudu.<ref name="Na20116" /> '''Gyambon ciki''' dalilin kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ana maganinta da hadin magunguna masu kashe kwayoyin cuta , irin su [[amoxicillin]], [[clarithromycin]], da PPI. <ref name="Wang2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Rashi magani na kwayoyin cutar yanata karuwa kuma don haka magani bazai kasance koyaushe yana da tasiri ba. <ref name="Wang20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Za a iyin maganin zubar jini ta hanyar [[endoscopy]], tare da bude tiyata yawanci ana amfani da su kawai a cikin yanayin da ba a yi nasara ba. <ref name="Mil20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} iutd5ipyjhmeebix14mhkinwb1qo9l2 873997 873996 2026-07-01T22:55:50Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 873997 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Digestive system - Stomach ulcer -- Smart-Servier.png|thumb|inda wasu ke samun gyambo]] [[Fayil:Ulcer subungual DM.jpg|thumb|Gyambon Ciki]] '''Ciwon gyambon ciki''' shine rarakewa a cikin [[Mucosa na ciki|rufin ciki]], bangaren farko na [[kananan hanji]], ko kuma wani lokacin a kasan makogwaro .<ref name="Na2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ulcer a cikin ciki ana kiransa da '''ciwon ciki''', yayin da daya daga cikin kashi na farko na hanji shine ciwon '''gyambon ciki na hanji''' . <ref name="Na2011" /> Mafi yawan alamun bayyanar Gyambon ciki da hanji shine farkawa da dare tare da [[Epigastrium|ciwon ciki na sama]], da ciwon ciki na sama wanda yake tafiya idan mutum yaci abinci abinci. <ref name="Na20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> tare da gyambon ciki, ciwon zai iya tsananta idan ya kasance '''gyambon cikine na tumbi'''. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana kwatanta ciwon a matsayin ciwo [[Dyspepsia|mai zafi/kuna]] ko rashin jin daɗi. <ref name="Na20112" /> Sauran alamun sun hada da [[belching]], amai, rage nauyi, ko rashin son cin abinci. <ref name="Na20112" /> Kusan kashi uku na tsofaffi ba su da alamun cutar. <ref name="Na20112" /> Matsalolin da zata iya kawowa na iya hadawa da [[Zubar da ciki|zub da jini]], Rarakeawa da [[Toshewar fitar da ciki|toshewar ciki]] . <ref name="Mil2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> Zubar da jini yana faruwa a kusan kashi sha biyar (15%) na lokuta.<ref name="Mil2011" /> Abubuwan da suka fi kawo cutar gyambon ciki sun hada; da kwayar cuta ta ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' da magungunan kashe zafin jiki (NSAIDs).<ref name="Na20113">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Sauran, kananan abubuwan da ba a sani ba sun hada da [[Tabar taba|shan taba]], damuwa a sakamakon wasu yanayi mai tsanani na kiwon lafiya, [[cutar Behcet]], cutar [[Zollinger-Ellison ciwo|Zollinger-Ellison,]] [[cutar Crohn]], da [[Cirrhosis|ciwon hanta]].<ref name="Na20113" /> <ref name="St2002">{{Cite journal|url-status=S362–4}}</ref>Tsofaffi sun fi zama cikin hadari da illolin ulcer wanda magungunan kashe ciwon jiki ke sakawa <ref name="Na20114">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref>. Ana yin binciken gane cutar ne gwargwadon alamomin da mutum yazo dasu, da kuma yin bincike na [[endoscopy]] ko [[Barium hadiye|barium swallow]] .<ref name="Na20114" /> Ana iya gano kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ta hanyar gwajin jini. [[Gwajin numfashi na Urea|gwajin numfashi na urea]], gwada bahaya don alamun kwayoyin cuta, ko gwajin gyambon ciki na [[biopsy]].<ref name="Na20114" /> Sauran yanayin da ke haifar da irin wannan alamun sun hada da; [[ciwon daji na ciki]], [[Ciwon zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]], da [[Gastritis|kumburin rufin ciki]] ko [[Cholelithiasis|kumburin gallbladder]].<ref name="Na20115">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> == a == [[Abinci (abinci)|Abincin]] ba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar da ko hana gyambon ciki. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ingattacen maganin ta ya hada da dakatar da shan taba, dakatar da amfani da magungunan kashe zafi na (NSAIDs), barin shan giya, rage sh da shan magunguna don rage yawan acid na ciki. <ref name="Na20116">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Maganin da ake amfani da shi don rage acid yawanci sun hada da [[Proton famfo mai hanawa|mai hanawa na proton pump]] (PPI) ko [[H2 blocker|mai hana H2]], tare da shawarar farko ta jiya na sati hudu.<ref name="Na20116" /> '''Gyambon ciki''' dalilin kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ana maganinta da hadin magunguna masu kashe kwayoyin cuta , irin su [[amoxicillin]], [[clarithromycin]], da PPI. <ref name="Wang2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Rashi magani na kwayoyin cutar yanata karuwa kuma don haka magani bazai kasance koyaushe yana da tasiri ba. <ref name="Wang20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Za a iyin maganin zubar jini ta hanyar [[endoscopy]], tare da bude tiyata yawanci ana amfani da su kawai a cikin yanayin da ba a yi nasara ba. <ref name="Mil20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} f2oicoctn4x4rm1wf3qdrfmd1u04te2 873998 873997 2026-07-01T22:56:15Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 873998 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Digestive system - Stomach ulcer -- Smart-Servier.png|thumb|inda wasu ke samun gyambo]] [[Fayil:Ulcer subungual DM.jpg|thumb|Gyambon Ciki]] '''Ciwon gyambon ciki''' shine rarakewa a cikin [[Mucosa na ciki|rufin ciki]], bangaren farko na [[kananan hanji]], ko kuma wani lokacin a kasan makogwaro .<ref name="Na2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ulcer a cikin ciki ana kiransa da '''ciwon ciki''', yayin da daya daga cikin kashi na farko na hanji shine ciwon '''gyambon ciki na hanji''' . <ref name="Na2011" /> Mafi yawan alamun bayyanar Gyambon ciki da hanji shine farkawa da dare tare da [[Epigastrium|ciwon ciki na sama]], da ciwon ciki na sama wanda yake tafiya idan mutum yaci abinci abinci. <ref name="Na20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> tare da gyambon ciki, ciwon zai iya tsananta idan ya kasance '''gyambon cikine na tumbi'''. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana kwatanta ciwon a matsayin ciwo [[Dyspepsia|mai zafi/kuna]] ko rashin jin daɗi. <ref name="Na20112" /> Sauran alamun sun hada da [[belching]], amai, rage nauyi, ko rashin son cin abinci. <ref name="Na20112" /> Kusan kashi uku na tsofaffi ba su da alamun cutar. <ref name="Na20112" /> Matsalolin da zata iya kawowa na iya hadawa da [[Zubar da ciki|zub da jini]], Rarakeawa da [[Toshewar fitar da ciki|toshewar ciki]] . <ref name="Mil2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> Zubar da jini yana faruwa a kusan kashi sha biyar (15%) na lokuta.<ref name="Mil2011" /> Abubuwan da suka fi kawo cutar gyambon ciki sun hada; da kwayar cuta ta ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' da magungunan kashe zafin jiki (NSAIDs).<ref name="Na20113">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Sauran, kananan abubuwan da ba a sani ba sun hada da [[Tabar taba|shan taba]], damuwa a sakamakon wasu yanayi mai tsanani na kiwon lafiya, [[cutar Behcet]], cutar [[Zollinger-Ellison ciwo|Zollinger-Ellison,]] [[cutar Crohn]], da [[Cirrhosis|ciwon hanta]].<ref name="Na20113" /> <ref name="St2002">{{Cite journal|url-status=S362–4}}</ref>Tsofaffi sun fi zama cikin hadari da illolin ulcer wanda magungunan kashe ciwon jiki ke sakawa <ref name="Na20114">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref>. Ana yin binciken gane cutar ne gwargwadon alamomin da mutum yazo dasu, da kuma yin bincike na [[endoscopy]] ko [[Barium hadiye|barium swallow]] .<ref name="Na20114" /> Ana iya gano kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ta hanyar gwajin jini. [[Gwajin numfashi na Urea|gwajin numfashi na urea]], gwada bahaya don alamun kwayoyin cuta, ko gwajin gyambon ciki na [[biopsy]].<ref name="Na20114" /> Sauran yanayin da ke haifar da irin wannan alamun sun hada da; [[ciwon daji na ciki]], [[Ciwon zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]], da [[Gastritis|kumburin rufin ciki]] ko [[Cholelithiasis|kumburin gallbladder]].<ref name="Na20115">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> == a == [[Abinci (abinci)|Abincin]] ba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar da ko hana gyambon ciki. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ingattacen maganin ta ya hada da dakatar da shan taba, dakatar da amfani da magungunan kashe zafi na (NSAIDs), barin shan giya, rage shanda shan magunguna don rage yawan acid na ciki. <ref name="Na20116">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Maganin da ake amfani da shi don rage acid yawanci sun hada da [[Proton famfo mai hanawa|mai hanawa na proton pump]] (PPI) ko [[H2 blocker|mai hana H2]], tare da shawarar farko ta jiya na sati hudu.<ref name="Na20116" /> '''Gyambon ciki''' dalilin kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ana maganinta da hadin magunguna masu kashe kwayoyin cuta , irin su [[amoxicillin]], [[clarithromycin]], da PPI. <ref name="Wang2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Rashi magani na kwayoyin cutar yanata karuwa kuma don haka magani bazai kasance koyaushe yana da tasiri ba. <ref name="Wang20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Za a iyin maganin zubar jini ta hanyar [[endoscopy]], tare da bude tiyata yawanci ana amfani da su kawai a cikin yanayin da ba a yi nasara ba. <ref name="Mil20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} ee7zymer4n85cyr9dqvndhhzy0kt7nt 873999 873998 2026-07-01T22:56:33Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 873999 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Digestive system - Stomach ulcer -- Smart-Servier.png|thumb|inda wasu ke samun gyambo]] [[Fayil:Ulcer subungual DM.jpg|thumb|Gyambon Ciki]] '''Ciwon gyambon ciki''' shine rarakewa a cikin [[Mucosa na ciki|rufin ciki]], bangaren farko na [[kananan hanji]], ko kuma wani lokacin a kasan makogwaro .<ref name="Na2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ulcer a cikin ciki ana kiransa da '''ciwon ciki''', yayin da daya daga cikin kashi na farko na hanji shine ciwon '''gyambon ciki na hanji''' . <ref name="Na2011" /> Mafi yawan alamun bayyanar Gyambon ciki da hanji shine farkawa da dare tare da [[Epigastrium|ciwon ciki na sama]], da ciwon ciki na sama wanda yake tafiya idan mutum yaci abinci abinci. <ref name="Na20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> tare da gyambon ciki, ciwon zai iya tsananta idan ya kasance '''gyambon cikine na tumbi'''. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana kwatanta ciwon a matsayin ciwo [[Dyspepsia|mai zafi/kuna]] ko rashin jin daɗi. <ref name="Na20112" /> Sauran alamun sun hada da [[belching]], amai, rage nauyi, ko rashin son cin abinci. <ref name="Na20112" /> Kusan kashi uku na tsofaffi ba su da alamun cutar. <ref name="Na20112" /> Matsalolin da zata iya kawowa na iya hadawa da [[Zubar da ciki|zub da jini]], Rarakeawa da [[Toshewar fitar da ciki|toshewar ciki]] . <ref name="Mil2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> Zubar da jini yana faruwa a kusan kashi sha biyar (15%) na lokuta.<ref name="Mil2011" /> Abubuwan da suka fi kawo cutar gyambon ciki sun hada; da kwayar cuta ta ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' da magungunan kashe zafin jiki (NSAIDs).<ref name="Na20113">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Sauran, kananan abubuwan da ba a sani ba sun hada da [[Tabar taba|shan taba]], damuwa a sakamakon wasu yanayi mai tsanani na kiwon lafiya, [[cutar Behcet]], cutar [[Zollinger-Ellison ciwo|Zollinger-Ellison,]] [[cutar Crohn]], da [[Cirrhosis|ciwon hanta]].<ref name="Na20113" /> <ref name="St2002">{{Cite journal|url-status=S362–4}}</ref>Tsofaffi sun fi zama cikin hadari da illolin ulcer wanda magungunan kashe ciwon jiki ke sakawa <ref name="Na20114">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref>. Ana yin binciken gane cutar ne gwargwadon alamomin da mutum yazo dasu, da kuma yin bincike na [[endoscopy]] ko [[Barium hadiye|barium swallow]] .<ref name="Na20114" /> Ana iya gano kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ta hanyar gwajin jini. [[Gwajin numfashi na Urea|gwajin numfashi na urea]], gwada bahaya don alamun kwayoyin cuta, ko gwajin gyambon ciki na [[biopsy]].<ref name="Na20114" /> Sauran yanayin da ke haifar da irin wannan alamun sun hada da; [[ciwon daji na ciki]], [[Ciwon zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]], da [[Gastritis|kumburin rufin ciki]] ko [[Cholelithiasis|kumburin gallbladder]].<ref name="Na20115">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> == a == [[Abinci (abinci)|Abincin]] ba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar da ko hana gyambon ciki. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ingattacen maganin ta ya hada da dakatar da shan taba, dakatar da amfani da magungunan kashe zafi na (NSAIDs), barin shan giya, rage shan ya da shan magunguna don rage yawan acid na ciki. <ref name="Na20116">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Maganin da ake amfani da shi don rage acid yawanci sun hada da [[Proton famfo mai hanawa|mai hanawa na proton pump]] (PPI) ko [[H2 blocker|mai hana H2]], tare da shawarar farko ta jiya na sati hudu.<ref name="Na20116" /> '''Gyambon ciki''' dalilin kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ana maganinta da hadin magunguna masu kashe kwayoyin cuta , irin su [[amoxicillin]], [[clarithromycin]], da PPI. <ref name="Wang2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Rashi magani na kwayoyin cutar yanata karuwa kuma don haka magani bazai kasance koyaushe yana da tasiri ba. <ref name="Wang20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Za a iyin maganin zubar jini ta hanyar [[endoscopy]], tare da bude tiyata yawanci ana amfani da su kawai a cikin yanayin da ba a yi nasara ba. <ref name="Mil20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} q6lr37jv20qf15g2ue73v089o26qe81 874000 873999 2026-07-01T22:56:59Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 874000 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Digestive system - Stomach ulcer -- Smart-Servier.png|thumb|inda wasu ke samun gyambo]] [[Fayil:Ulcer subungual DM.jpg|thumb|Gyambon Ciki]] '''Ciwon gyambon ciki''' shine rarakewa a cikin [[Mucosa na ciki|rufin ciki]], bangaren farko na [[kananan hanji]], ko kuma wani lokacin a kasan makogwaro .<ref name="Na2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ulcer a cikin ciki ana kiransa da '''ciwon ciki''', yayin da daya daga cikin kashi na farko na hanji shine ciwon '''gyambon ciki na hanji''' . <ref name="Na2011" /> Mafi yawan alamun bayyanar Gyambon ciki da hanji shine farkawa da dare tare da [[Epigastrium|ciwon ciki na sama]], da ciwon ciki na sama wanda yake tafiya idan mutum yaci abinci abinci. <ref name="Na20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> tare da gyambon ciki, ciwon zai iya tsananta idan ya kasance '''gyambon cikine na tumbi'''. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana kwatanta ciwon a matsayin ciwo [[Dyspepsia|mai zafi/kuna]] ko rashin jin daɗi. <ref name="Na20112" /> Sauran alamun sun hada da [[belching]], amai, rage nauyi, ko rashin son cin abinci. <ref name="Na20112" /> Kusan kashi uku na tsofaffi ba su da alamun cutar. <ref name="Na20112" /> Matsalolin da zata iya kawowa na iya hadawa da [[Zubar da ciki|zub da jini]], Rarakeawa da [[Toshewar fitar da ciki|toshewar ciki]] . <ref name="Mil2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> Zubar da jini yana faruwa a kusan kashi sha biyar (15%) na lokuta.<ref name="Mil2011" /> Abubuwan da suka fi kawo cutar gyambon ciki sun hada; da kwayar cuta ta ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' da magungunan kashe zafin jiki (NSAIDs).<ref name="Na20113">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Sauran, kananan abubuwan da ba a sani ba sun hada da [[Tabar taba|shan taba]], damuwa a sakamakon wasu yanayi mai tsanani na kiwon lafiya, [[cutar Behcet]], cutar [[Zollinger-Ellison ciwo|Zollinger-Ellison,]] [[cutar Crohn]], da [[Cirrhosis|ciwon hanta]].<ref name="Na20113" /> <ref name="St2002">{{Cite journal|url-status=S362–4}}</ref>Tsofaffi sun fi zama cikin hadari da illolin ulcer wanda magungunan kashe ciwon jiki ke sakawa <ref name="Na20114">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref>. Ana yin binciken gane cutar ne gwargwadon alamomin da mutum yazo dasu, da kuma yin bincike na [[endoscopy]] ko [[Barium hadiye|barium swallow]] .<ref name="Na20114" /> Ana iya gano kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ta hanyar gwajin jini. [[Gwajin numfashi na Urea|gwajin numfashi na urea]], gwada bahaya don alamun kwayoyin cuta, ko gwajin gyambon ciki na [[biopsy]].<ref name="Na20114" /> Sauran yanayin da ke haifar da irin wannan alamun sun hada da; [[ciwon daji na ciki]], [[Ciwon zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]], da [[Gastritis|kumburin rufin ciki]] ko [[Cholelithiasis|kumburin gallbladder]].<ref name="Na20115">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> == a == [[Abinci (abinci)|Abincin]] ba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar da ko hana gyambon ciki. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ingattacen maganin ta ya hada da dakatar da shan taba, dakatar da amfani da magungunan kashe zafi na (NSAIDs), barin shan giya, rage shan yaj da shan magunguna don rage yawan acid na ciki. <ref name="Na20116">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Maganin da ake amfani da shi don rage acid yawanci sun hada da [[Proton famfo mai hanawa|mai hanawa na proton pump]] (PPI) ko [[H2 blocker|mai hana H2]], tare da shawarar farko ta jiya na sati hudu.<ref name="Na20116" /> '''Gyambon ciki''' dalilin kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ana maganinta da hadin magunguna masu kashe kwayoyin cuta , irin su [[amoxicillin]], [[clarithromycin]], da PPI. <ref name="Wang2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Rashi magani na kwayoyin cutar yanata karuwa kuma don haka magani bazai kasance koyaushe yana da tasiri ba. <ref name="Wang20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Za a iyin maganin zubar jini ta hanyar [[endoscopy]], tare da bude tiyata yawanci ana amfani da su kawai a cikin yanayin da ba a yi nasara ba. <ref name="Mil20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} m02dhnoedgw0oymwp4jb0nfj5o1ycfp 874001 874000 2026-07-01T22:57:26Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 874001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Digestive system - Stomach ulcer -- Smart-Servier.png|thumb|inda wasu ke samun gyambo]] [[Fayil:Ulcer subungual DM.jpg|thumb|Gyambon Ciki]] '''Ciwon gyambon ciki''' shine rarakewa a cikin [[Mucosa na ciki|rufin ciki]], bangaren farko na [[kananan hanji]], ko kuma wani lokacin a kasan makogwaro .<ref name="Na2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ulcer a cikin ciki ana kiransa da '''ciwon ciki''', yayin da daya daga cikin kashi na farko na hanji shine ciwon '''gyambon ciki na hanji''' . <ref name="Na2011" /> Mafi yawan alamun bayyanar Gyambon ciki da hanji shine farkawa da dare tare da [[Epigastrium|ciwon ciki na sama]], da ciwon ciki na sama wanda yake tafiya idan mutum yaci abinci abinci. <ref name="Na20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> tare da gyambon ciki, ciwon zai iya tsananta idan ya kasance '''gyambon cikine na tumbi'''. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana kwatanta ciwon a matsayin ciwo [[Dyspepsia|mai zafi/kuna]] ko rashin jin daɗi. <ref name="Na20112" /> Sauran alamun sun hada da [[belching]], amai, rage nauyi, ko rashin son cin abinci. <ref name="Na20112" /> Kusan kashi uku na tsofaffi ba su da alamun cutar. <ref name="Na20112" /> Matsalolin da zata iya kawowa na iya hadawa da [[Zubar da ciki|zub da jini]], Rarakeawa da [[Toshewar fitar da ciki|toshewar ciki]] . <ref name="Mil2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> Zubar da jini yana faruwa a kusan kashi sha biyar (15%) na lokuta.<ref name="Mil2011" /> Abubuwan da suka fi kawo cutar gyambon ciki sun hada; da kwayar cuta ta ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' da magungunan kashe zafin jiki (NSAIDs).<ref name="Na20113">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Sauran, kananan abubuwan da ba a sani ba sun hada da [[Tabar taba|shan taba]], damuwa a sakamakon wasu yanayi mai tsanani na kiwon lafiya, [[cutar Behcet]], cutar [[Zollinger-Ellison ciwo|Zollinger-Ellison,]] [[cutar Crohn]], da [[Cirrhosis|ciwon hanta]].<ref name="Na20113" /> <ref name="St2002">{{Cite journal|url-status=S362–4}}</ref>Tsofaffi sun fi zama cikin hadari da illolin ulcer wanda magungunan kashe ciwon jiki ke sakawa <ref name="Na20114">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref>. Ana yin binciken gane cutar ne gwargwadon alamomin da mutum yazo dasu, da kuma yin bincike na [[endoscopy]] ko [[Barium hadiye|barium swallow]] .<ref name="Na20114" /> Ana iya gano kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ta hanyar gwajin jini. [[Gwajin numfashi na Urea|gwajin numfashi na urea]], gwada bahaya don alamun kwayoyin cuta, ko gwajin gyambon ciki na [[biopsy]].<ref name="Na20114" /> Sauran yanayin da ke haifar da irin wannan alamun sun hada da; [[ciwon daji na ciki]], [[Ciwon zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]], da [[Gastritis|kumburin rufin ciki]] ko [[Cholelithiasis|kumburin gallbladder]].<ref name="Na20115">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> == a == [[Abinci (abinci)|Abincin]] ba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar da ko hana gyambon ciki. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ingattacen maganin ta ya hada da dakatar da shan taba, dakatar da amfani da magungunan kashe zafi na (NSAIDs), barin shan giya, rage shan yaji, da shan magunguna don rage yawan acid na ciki. <ref name="Na20116">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Maganin da ake amfani da shi don rage acid yawanci sun hada da [[Proton famfo mai hanawa|mai hanawa na proton pump]] (PPI) ko [[H2 blocker|mai hana H2]], tare da shawarar farko ta jiya na sati hudu.<ref name="Na20116" /> '''Gyambon ciki''' dalilin kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ana maganinta da hadin magunguna masu kashe kwayoyin cuta , irin su [[amoxicillin]], [[clarithromycin]], da PPI. <ref name="Wang2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Rashi magani na kwayoyin cutar yanata karuwa kuma don haka magani bazai kasance koyaushe yana da tasiri ba. <ref name="Wang20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Za a iyin maganin zubar jini ta hanyar [[endoscopy]], tare da bude tiyata yawanci ana amfani da su kawai a cikin yanayin da ba a yi nasara ba. <ref name="Mil20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} lwi02lbm0tqvxeu29e4adkow4siq620 874002 874001 2026-07-01T22:57:47Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 874002 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Digestive system - Stomach ulcer -- Smart-Servier.png|thumb|inda wasu ke samun gyambo]] [[Fayil:Ulcer subungual DM.jpg|thumb|Gyambon Ciki]] '''Ciwon gyambon ciki''' shine rarakewa a cikin [[Mucosa na ciki|rufin ciki]], bangaren farko na [[kananan hanji]], ko kuma wani lokacin a kasan makogwaro .<ref name="Na2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ulcer a cikin ciki ana kiransa da '''ciwon ciki''', yayin da daya daga cikin kashi na farko na hanji shine ciwon '''gyambon ciki na hanji''' . <ref name="Na2011" /> Mafi yawan alamun bayyanar Gyambon ciki da hanji shine farkawa da dare tare da [[Epigastrium|ciwon ciki na sama]], da ciwon ciki na sama wanda yake tafiya idan mutum yaci abinci abinci. <ref name="Na20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> tare da gyambon ciki, ciwon zai iya tsananta idan ya kasance '''gyambon cikine na tumbi'''. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana kwatanta ciwon a matsayin ciwo [[Dyspepsia|mai zafi/kuna]] ko rashin jin daɗi. <ref name="Na20112" /> Sauran alamun sun hada da [[belching]], amai, rage nauyi, ko rashin son cin abinci. <ref name="Na20112" /> Kusan kashi uku na tsofaffi ba su da alamun cutar. <ref name="Na20112" /> Matsalolin da zata iya kawowa na iya hadawa da [[Zubar da ciki|zub da jini]], Rarakeawa da [[Toshewar fitar da ciki|toshewar ciki]] . <ref name="Mil2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> Zubar da jini yana faruwa a kusan kashi sha biyar (15%) na lokuta.<ref name="Mil2011" /> Abubuwan da suka fi kawo cutar gyambon ciki sun hada; da kwayar cuta ta ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' da magungunan kashe zafin jiki (NSAIDs).<ref name="Na20113">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Sauran, kananan abubuwan da ba a sani ba sun hada da [[Tabar taba|shan taba]], damuwa a sakamakon wasu yanayi mai tsanani na kiwon lafiya, [[cutar Behcet]], cutar [[Zollinger-Ellison ciwo|Zollinger-Ellison,]] [[cutar Crohn]], da [[Cirrhosis|ciwon hanta]].<ref name="Na20113" /> <ref name="St2002">{{Cite journal|url-status=S362–4}}</ref>Tsofaffi sun fi zama cikin hadari da illolin ulcer wanda magungunan kashe ciwon jiki ke sakawa <ref name="Na20114">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref>. Ana yin binciken gane cutar ne gwargwadon alamomin da mutum yazo dasu, da kuma yin bincike na [[endoscopy]] ko [[Barium hadiye|barium swallow]] .<ref name="Na20114" /> Ana iya gano kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ta hanyar gwajin jini. [[Gwajin numfashi na Urea|gwajin numfashi na urea]], gwada bahaya don alamun kwayoyin cuta, ko gwajin gyambon ciki na [[biopsy]].<ref name="Na20114" /> Sauran yanayin da ke haifar da irin wannan alamun sun hada da; [[ciwon daji na ciki]], [[Ciwon zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]], da [[Gastritis|kumburin rufin ciki]] ko [[Cholelithiasis|kumburin gallbladder]].<ref name="Na20115">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> == a == [[Abinci (abinci)|Abincin]] ba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar da ko hana gyambon ciki. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ingattacen maganin ta ya hada da dakatar da shan taba, dakatar da amfani da magungunan kashe zafi na (NSAIDs), barin shan giya, rage shan yaji, c da shan magunguna don rage yawan acid na ciki. <ref name="Na20116">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Maganin da ake amfani da shi don rage acid yawanci sun hada da [[Proton famfo mai hanawa|mai hanawa na proton pump]] (PPI) ko [[H2 blocker|mai hana H2]], tare da shawarar farko ta jiya na sati hudu.<ref name="Na20116" /> '''Gyambon ciki''' dalilin kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ana maganinta da hadin magunguna masu kashe kwayoyin cuta , irin su [[amoxicillin]], [[clarithromycin]], da PPI. <ref name="Wang2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Rashi magani na kwayoyin cutar yanata karuwa kuma don haka magani bazai kasance koyaushe yana da tasiri ba. <ref name="Wang20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Za a iyin maganin zubar jini ta hanyar [[endoscopy]], tare da bude tiyata yawanci ana amfani da su kawai a cikin yanayin da ba a yi nasara ba. <ref name="Mil20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} gch7php27hr3b8bmnwqe8kc46e3keiu 874003 874002 2026-07-01T22:58:07Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 874003 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Digestive system - Stomach ulcer -- Smart-Servier.png|thumb|inda wasu ke samun gyambo]] [[Fayil:Ulcer subungual DM.jpg|thumb|Gyambon Ciki]] '''Ciwon gyambon ciki''' shine rarakewa a cikin [[Mucosa na ciki|rufin ciki]], bangaren farko na [[kananan hanji]], ko kuma wani lokacin a kasan makogwaro .<ref name="Na2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ulcer a cikin ciki ana kiransa da '''ciwon ciki''', yayin da daya daga cikin kashi na farko na hanji shine ciwon '''gyambon ciki na hanji''' . <ref name="Na2011" /> Mafi yawan alamun bayyanar Gyambon ciki da hanji shine farkawa da dare tare da [[Epigastrium|ciwon ciki na sama]], da ciwon ciki na sama wanda yake tafiya idan mutum yaci abinci abinci. <ref name="Na20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> tare da gyambon ciki, ciwon zai iya tsananta idan ya kasance '''gyambon cikine na tumbi'''. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana kwatanta ciwon a matsayin ciwo [[Dyspepsia|mai zafi/kuna]] ko rashin jin daɗi. <ref name="Na20112" /> Sauran alamun sun hada da [[belching]], amai, rage nauyi, ko rashin son cin abinci. <ref name="Na20112" /> Kusan kashi uku na tsofaffi ba su da alamun cutar. <ref name="Na20112" /> Matsalolin da zata iya kawowa na iya hadawa da [[Zubar da ciki|zub da jini]], Rarakeawa da [[Toshewar fitar da ciki|toshewar ciki]] . <ref name="Mil2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> Zubar da jini yana faruwa a kusan kashi sha biyar (15%) na lokuta.<ref name="Mil2011" /> Abubuwan da suka fi kawo cutar gyambon ciki sun hada; da kwayar cuta ta ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' da magungunan kashe zafin jiki (NSAIDs).<ref name="Na20113">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Sauran, kananan abubuwan da ba a sani ba sun hada da [[Tabar taba|shan taba]], damuwa a sakamakon wasu yanayi mai tsanani na kiwon lafiya, [[cutar Behcet]], cutar [[Zollinger-Ellison ciwo|Zollinger-Ellison,]] [[cutar Crohn]], da [[Cirrhosis|ciwon hanta]].<ref name="Na20113" /> <ref name="St2002">{{Cite journal|url-status=S362–4}}</ref>Tsofaffi sun fi zama cikin hadari da illolin ulcer wanda magungunan kashe ciwon jiki ke sakawa <ref name="Na20114">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref>. Ana yin binciken gane cutar ne gwargwadon alamomin da mutum yazo dasu, da kuma yin bincike na [[endoscopy]] ko [[Barium hadiye|barium swallow]] .<ref name="Na20114" /> Ana iya gano kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ta hanyar gwajin jini. [[Gwajin numfashi na Urea|gwajin numfashi na urea]], gwada bahaya don alamun kwayoyin cuta, ko gwajin gyambon ciki na [[biopsy]].<ref name="Na20114" /> Sauran yanayin da ke haifar da irin wannan alamun sun hada da; [[ciwon daji na ciki]], [[Ciwon zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]], da [[Gastritis|kumburin rufin ciki]] ko [[Cholelithiasis|kumburin gallbladder]].<ref name="Na20115">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> == a == [[Abinci (abinci)|Abincin]] ba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar da ko hana gyambon ciki. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ingattacen maganin ta ya hada da dakatar da shan taba, dakatar da amfani da magungunan kashe zafi na (NSAIDs), barin shan giya, rage shan yaji, ci da shan magunguna don rage yawan acid na ciki. <ref name="Na20116">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Maganin da ake amfani da shi don rage acid yawanci sun hada da [[Proton famfo mai hanawa|mai hanawa na proton pump]] (PPI) ko [[H2 blocker|mai hana H2]], tare da shawarar farko ta jiya na sati hudu.<ref name="Na20116" /> '''Gyambon ciki''' dalilin kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ana maganinta da hadin magunguna masu kashe kwayoyin cuta , irin su [[amoxicillin]], [[clarithromycin]], da PPI. <ref name="Wang2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Rashi magani na kwayoyin cutar yanata karuwa kuma don haka magani bazai kasance koyaushe yana da tasiri ba. <ref name="Wang20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Za a iyin maganin zubar jini ta hanyar [[endoscopy]], tare da bude tiyata yawanci ana amfani da su kawai a cikin yanayin da ba a yi nasara ba. <ref name="Mil20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} lvse6opgkrlfr345ko6owrcyfj992eo 874005 874003 2026-07-01T22:58:22Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 874005 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Digestive system - Stomach ulcer -- Smart-Servier.png|thumb|inda wasu ke samun gyambo]] [[Fayil:Ulcer subungual DM.jpg|thumb|Gyambon Ciki]] '''Ciwon gyambon ciki''' shine rarakewa a cikin [[Mucosa na ciki|rufin ciki]], bangaren farko na [[kananan hanji]], ko kuma wani lokacin a kasan makogwaro .<ref name="Na2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ulcer a cikin ciki ana kiransa da '''ciwon ciki''', yayin da daya daga cikin kashi na farko na hanji shine ciwon '''gyambon ciki na hanji''' . <ref name="Na2011" /> Mafi yawan alamun bayyanar Gyambon ciki da hanji shine farkawa da dare tare da [[Epigastrium|ciwon ciki na sama]], da ciwon ciki na sama wanda yake tafiya idan mutum yaci abinci abinci. <ref name="Na20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> tare da gyambon ciki, ciwon zai iya tsananta idan ya kasance '''gyambon cikine na tumbi'''. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana kwatanta ciwon a matsayin ciwo [[Dyspepsia|mai zafi/kuna]] ko rashin jin daɗi. <ref name="Na20112" /> Sauran alamun sun hada da [[belching]], amai, rage nauyi, ko rashin son cin abinci. <ref name="Na20112" /> Kusan kashi uku na tsofaffi ba su da alamun cutar. <ref name="Na20112" /> Matsalolin da zata iya kawowa na iya hadawa da [[Zubar da ciki|zub da jini]], Rarakeawa da [[Toshewar fitar da ciki|toshewar ciki]] . <ref name="Mil2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> Zubar da jini yana faruwa a kusan kashi sha biyar (15%) na lokuta.<ref name="Mil2011" /> Abubuwan da suka fi kawo cutar gyambon ciki sun hada; da kwayar cuta ta ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' da magungunan kashe zafin jiki (NSAIDs).<ref name="Na20113">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Sauran, kananan abubuwan da ba a sani ba sun hada da [[Tabar taba|shan taba]], damuwa a sakamakon wasu yanayi mai tsanani na kiwon lafiya, [[cutar Behcet]], cutar [[Zollinger-Ellison ciwo|Zollinger-Ellison,]] [[cutar Crohn]], da [[Cirrhosis|ciwon hanta]].<ref name="Na20113" /> <ref name="St2002">{{Cite journal|url-status=S362–4}}</ref>Tsofaffi sun fi zama cikin hadari da illolin ulcer wanda magungunan kashe ciwon jiki ke sakawa <ref name="Na20114">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref>. Ana yin binciken gane cutar ne gwargwadon alamomin da mutum yazo dasu, da kuma yin bincike na [[endoscopy]] ko [[Barium hadiye|barium swallow]] .<ref name="Na20114" /> Ana iya gano kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ta hanyar gwajin jini. [[Gwajin numfashi na Urea|gwajin numfashi na urea]], gwada bahaya don alamun kwayoyin cuta, ko gwajin gyambon ciki na [[biopsy]].<ref name="Na20114" /> Sauran yanayin da ke haifar da irin wannan alamun sun hada da; [[ciwon daji na ciki]], [[Ciwon zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]], da [[Gastritis|kumburin rufin ciki]] ko [[Cholelithiasis|kumburin gallbladder]].<ref name="Na20115">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> == a == [[Abinci (abinci)|Abincin]] ba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar da ko hana gyambon ciki. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ingattacen maganin ta ya hada da dakatar da shan taba, dakatar da amfani da magungunan kashe zafi na (NSAIDs), barin shan giya, rage shan yaji, cin da shan magunguna don rage yawan acid na ciki. <ref name="Na20116">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Maganin da ake amfani da shi don rage acid yawanci sun hada da [[Proton famfo mai hanawa|mai hanawa na proton pump]] (PPI) ko [[H2 blocker|mai hana H2]], tare da shawarar farko ta jiya na sati hudu.<ref name="Na20116" /> '''Gyambon ciki''' dalilin kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ana maganinta da hadin magunguna masu kashe kwayoyin cuta , irin su [[amoxicillin]], [[clarithromycin]], da PPI. <ref name="Wang2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Rashi magani na kwayoyin cutar yanata karuwa kuma don haka magani bazai kasance koyaushe yana da tasiri ba. <ref name="Wang20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Za a iyin maganin zubar jini ta hanyar [[endoscopy]], tare da bude tiyata yawanci ana amfani da su kawai a cikin yanayin da ba a yi nasara ba. <ref name="Mil20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} 6q9fq4qqa3vgx1ii15kl6m580m20lu1 874006 874005 2026-07-01T22:58:42Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 874006 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Digestive system - Stomach ulcer -- Smart-Servier.png|thumb|inda wasu ke samun gyambo]] [[Fayil:Ulcer subungual DM.jpg|thumb|Gyambon Ciki]] '''Ciwon gyambon ciki''' shine rarakewa a cikin [[Mucosa na ciki|rufin ciki]], bangaren farko na [[kananan hanji]], ko kuma wani lokacin a kasan makogwaro .<ref name="Na2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ulcer a cikin ciki ana kiransa da '''ciwon ciki''', yayin da daya daga cikin kashi na farko na hanji shine ciwon '''gyambon ciki na hanji''' . <ref name="Na2011" /> Mafi yawan alamun bayyanar Gyambon ciki da hanji shine farkawa da dare tare da [[Epigastrium|ciwon ciki na sama]], da ciwon ciki na sama wanda yake tafiya idan mutum yaci abinci abinci. <ref name="Na20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> tare da gyambon ciki, ciwon zai iya tsananta idan ya kasance '''gyambon cikine na tumbi'''. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana kwatanta ciwon a matsayin ciwo [[Dyspepsia|mai zafi/kuna]] ko rashin jin daɗi. <ref name="Na20112" /> Sauran alamun sun hada da [[belching]], amai, rage nauyi, ko rashin son cin abinci. <ref name="Na20112" /> Kusan kashi uku na tsofaffi ba su da alamun cutar. <ref name="Na20112" /> Matsalolin da zata iya kawowa na iya hadawa da [[Zubar da ciki|zub da jini]], Rarakeawa da [[Toshewar fitar da ciki|toshewar ciki]] . <ref name="Mil2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> Zubar da jini yana faruwa a kusan kashi sha biyar (15%) na lokuta.<ref name="Mil2011" /> Abubuwan da suka fi kawo cutar gyambon ciki sun hada; da kwayar cuta ta ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' da magungunan kashe zafin jiki (NSAIDs).<ref name="Na20113">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Sauran, kananan abubuwan da ba a sani ba sun hada da [[Tabar taba|shan taba]], damuwa a sakamakon wasu yanayi mai tsanani na kiwon lafiya, [[cutar Behcet]], cutar [[Zollinger-Ellison ciwo|Zollinger-Ellison,]] [[cutar Crohn]], da [[Cirrhosis|ciwon hanta]].<ref name="Na20113" /> <ref name="St2002">{{Cite journal|url-status=S362–4}}</ref>Tsofaffi sun fi zama cikin hadari da illolin ulcer wanda magungunan kashe ciwon jiki ke sakawa <ref name="Na20114">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref>. Ana yin binciken gane cutar ne gwargwadon alamomin da mutum yazo dasu, da kuma yin bincike na [[endoscopy]] ko [[Barium hadiye|barium swallow]] .<ref name="Na20114" /> Ana iya gano kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ta hanyar gwajin jini. [[Gwajin numfashi na Urea|gwajin numfashi na urea]], gwada bahaya don alamun kwayoyin cuta, ko gwajin gyambon ciki na [[biopsy]].<ref name="Na20114" /> Sauran yanayin da ke haifar da irin wannan alamun sun hada da; [[ciwon daji na ciki]], [[Ciwon zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]], da [[Gastritis|kumburin rufin ciki]] ko [[Cholelithiasis|kumburin gallbladder]].<ref name="Na20115">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> == a == [[Abinci (abinci)|Abincin]] ba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar da ko hana gyambon ciki. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ingattacen maganin ta ya hada da dakatar da shan taba, dakatar da amfani da magungunan kashe zafi na (NSAIDs), barin shan giya, rage shan yaji, cin a da shan magunguna don rage yawan acid na ciki. <ref name="Na20116">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Maganin da ake amfani da shi don rage acid yawanci sun hada da [[Proton famfo mai hanawa|mai hanawa na proton pump]] (PPI) ko [[H2 blocker|mai hana H2]], tare da shawarar farko ta jiya na sati hudu.<ref name="Na20116" /> '''Gyambon ciki''' dalilin kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ana maganinta da hadin magunguna masu kashe kwayoyin cuta , irin su [[amoxicillin]], [[clarithromycin]], da PPI. <ref name="Wang2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Rashi magani na kwayoyin cutar yanata karuwa kuma don haka magani bazai kasance koyaushe yana da tasiri ba. <ref name="Wang20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Za a iyin maganin zubar jini ta hanyar [[endoscopy]], tare da bude tiyata yawanci ana amfani da su kawai a cikin yanayin da ba a yi nasara ba. <ref name="Mil20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} k3v2suymgsoqan2czo5o3h3ybczjmyr 874007 874006 2026-07-01T22:59:05Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 874007 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Digestive system - Stomach ulcer -- Smart-Servier.png|thumb|inda wasu ke samun gyambo]] [[Fayil:Ulcer subungual DM.jpg|thumb|Gyambon Ciki]] '''Ciwon gyambon ciki''' shine rarakewa a cikin [[Mucosa na ciki|rufin ciki]], bangaren farko na [[kananan hanji]], ko kuma wani lokacin a kasan makogwaro .<ref name="Na2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ulcer a cikin ciki ana kiransa da '''ciwon ciki''', yayin da daya daga cikin kashi na farko na hanji shine ciwon '''gyambon ciki na hanji''' . <ref name="Na2011" /> Mafi yawan alamun bayyanar Gyambon ciki da hanji shine farkawa da dare tare da [[Epigastrium|ciwon ciki na sama]], da ciwon ciki na sama wanda yake tafiya idan mutum yaci abinci abinci. <ref name="Na20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> tare da gyambon ciki, ciwon zai iya tsananta idan ya kasance '''gyambon cikine na tumbi'''. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana kwatanta ciwon a matsayin ciwo [[Dyspepsia|mai zafi/kuna]] ko rashin jin daɗi. <ref name="Na20112" /> Sauran alamun sun hada da [[belching]], amai, rage nauyi, ko rashin son cin abinci. <ref name="Na20112" /> Kusan kashi uku na tsofaffi ba su da alamun cutar. <ref name="Na20112" /> Matsalolin da zata iya kawowa na iya hadawa da [[Zubar da ciki|zub da jini]], Rarakeawa da [[Toshewar fitar da ciki|toshewar ciki]] . <ref name="Mil2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> Zubar da jini yana faruwa a kusan kashi sha biyar (15%) na lokuta.<ref name="Mil2011" /> Abubuwan da suka fi kawo cutar gyambon ciki sun hada; da kwayar cuta ta ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' da magungunan kashe zafin jiki (NSAIDs).<ref name="Na20113">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Sauran, kananan abubuwan da ba a sani ba sun hada da [[Tabar taba|shan taba]], damuwa a sakamakon wasu yanayi mai tsanani na kiwon lafiya, [[cutar Behcet]], cutar [[Zollinger-Ellison ciwo|Zollinger-Ellison,]] [[cutar Crohn]], da [[Cirrhosis|ciwon hanta]].<ref name="Na20113" /> <ref name="St2002">{{Cite journal|url-status=S362–4}}</ref>Tsofaffi sun fi zama cikin hadari da illolin ulcer wanda magungunan kashe ciwon jiki ke sakawa <ref name="Na20114">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref>. Ana yin binciken gane cutar ne gwargwadon alamomin da mutum yazo dasu, da kuma yin bincike na [[endoscopy]] ko [[Barium hadiye|barium swallow]] .<ref name="Na20114" /> Ana iya gano kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ta hanyar gwajin jini. [[Gwajin numfashi na Urea|gwajin numfashi na urea]], gwada bahaya don alamun kwayoyin cuta, ko gwajin gyambon ciki na [[biopsy]].<ref name="Na20114" /> Sauran yanayin da ke haifar da irin wannan alamun sun hada da; [[ciwon daji na ciki]], [[Ciwon zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]], da [[Gastritis|kumburin rufin ciki]] ko [[Cholelithiasis|kumburin gallbladder]].<ref name="Na20115">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> == a == [[Abinci (abinci)|Abincin]] ba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar da ko hana gyambon ciki. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ingattacen maganin ta ya hada da dakatar da shan taba, dakatar da amfani da magungunan kashe zafi na (NSAIDs), barin shan giya, rage shan yaji, cin ab da shan magunguna don rage yawan acid na ciki. <ref name="Na20116">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Maganin da ake amfani da shi don rage acid yawanci sun hada da [[Proton famfo mai hanawa|mai hanawa na proton pump]] (PPI) ko [[H2 blocker|mai hana H2]], tare da shawarar farko ta jiya na sati hudu.<ref name="Na20116" /> '''Gyambon ciki''' dalilin kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ana maganinta da hadin magunguna masu kashe kwayoyin cuta , irin su [[amoxicillin]], [[clarithromycin]], da PPI. <ref name="Wang2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Rashi magani na kwayoyin cutar yanata karuwa kuma don haka magani bazai kasance koyaushe yana da tasiri ba. <ref name="Wang20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Za a iyin maganin zubar jini ta hanyar [[endoscopy]], tare da bude tiyata yawanci ana amfani da su kawai a cikin yanayin da ba a yi nasara ba. <ref name="Mil20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} gy3ihb73ev5gl0mdaq415hvwg4av5yo 874008 874007 2026-07-01T22:59:22Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 874008 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Digestive system - Stomach ulcer -- Smart-Servier.png|thumb|inda wasu ke samun gyambo]] [[Fayil:Ulcer subungual DM.jpg|thumb|Gyambon Ciki]] '''Ciwon gyambon ciki''' shine rarakewa a cikin [[Mucosa na ciki|rufin ciki]], bangaren farko na [[kananan hanji]], ko kuma wani lokacin a kasan makogwaro .<ref name="Na2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ulcer a cikin ciki ana kiransa da '''ciwon ciki''', yayin da daya daga cikin kashi na farko na hanji shine ciwon '''gyambon ciki na hanji''' . <ref name="Na2011" /> Mafi yawan alamun bayyanar Gyambon ciki da hanji shine farkawa da dare tare da [[Epigastrium|ciwon ciki na sama]], da ciwon ciki na sama wanda yake tafiya idan mutum yaci abinci abinci. <ref name="Na20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> tare da gyambon ciki, ciwon zai iya tsananta idan ya kasance '''gyambon cikine na tumbi'''. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana kwatanta ciwon a matsayin ciwo [[Dyspepsia|mai zafi/kuna]] ko rashin jin daɗi. <ref name="Na20112" /> Sauran alamun sun hada da [[belching]], amai, rage nauyi, ko rashin son cin abinci. <ref name="Na20112" /> Kusan kashi uku na tsofaffi ba su da alamun cutar. <ref name="Na20112" /> Matsalolin da zata iya kawowa na iya hadawa da [[Zubar da ciki|zub da jini]], Rarakeawa da [[Toshewar fitar da ciki|toshewar ciki]] . <ref name="Mil2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> Zubar da jini yana faruwa a kusan kashi sha biyar (15%) na lokuta.<ref name="Mil2011" /> Abubuwan da suka fi kawo cutar gyambon ciki sun hada; da kwayar cuta ta ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' da magungunan kashe zafin jiki (NSAIDs).<ref name="Na20113">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Sauran, kananan abubuwan da ba a sani ba sun hada da [[Tabar taba|shan taba]], damuwa a sakamakon wasu yanayi mai tsanani na kiwon lafiya, [[cutar Behcet]], cutar [[Zollinger-Ellison ciwo|Zollinger-Ellison,]] [[cutar Crohn]], da [[Cirrhosis|ciwon hanta]].<ref name="Na20113" /> <ref name="St2002">{{Cite journal|url-status=S362–4}}</ref>Tsofaffi sun fi zama cikin hadari da illolin ulcer wanda magungunan kashe ciwon jiki ke sakawa <ref name="Na20114">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref>. Ana yin binciken gane cutar ne gwargwadon alamomin da mutum yazo dasu, da kuma yin bincike na [[endoscopy]] ko [[Barium hadiye|barium swallow]] .<ref name="Na20114" /> Ana iya gano kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ta hanyar gwajin jini. [[Gwajin numfashi na Urea|gwajin numfashi na urea]], gwada bahaya don alamun kwayoyin cuta, ko gwajin gyambon ciki na [[biopsy]].<ref name="Na20114" /> Sauran yanayin da ke haifar da irin wannan alamun sun hada da; [[ciwon daji na ciki]], [[Ciwon zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]], da [[Gastritis|kumburin rufin ciki]] ko [[Cholelithiasis|kumburin gallbladder]].<ref name="Na20115">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> == a == [[Abinci (abinci)|Abincin]] ba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar da ko hana gyambon ciki. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ingattacen maganin ta ya hada da dakatar da shan taba, dakatar da amfani da magungunan kashe zafi na (NSAIDs), barin shan giya, rage shan yaji, cin abi da shan magunguna don rage yawan acid na ciki. <ref name="Na20116">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Maganin da ake amfani da shi don rage acid yawanci sun hada da [[Proton famfo mai hanawa|mai hanawa na proton pump]] (PPI) ko [[H2 blocker|mai hana H2]], tare da shawarar farko ta jiya na sati hudu.<ref name="Na20116" /> '''Gyambon ciki''' dalilin kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ana maganinta da hadin magunguna masu kashe kwayoyin cuta , irin su [[amoxicillin]], [[clarithromycin]], da PPI. <ref name="Wang2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Rashi magani na kwayoyin cutar yanata karuwa kuma don haka magani bazai kasance koyaushe yana da tasiri ba. <ref name="Wang20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Za a iyin maganin zubar jini ta hanyar [[endoscopy]], tare da bude tiyata yawanci ana amfani da su kawai a cikin yanayin da ba a yi nasara ba. <ref name="Mil20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} 8cgb4xsbs6axoi4twbg4tpoksrk5i8h 874009 874008 2026-07-01T22:59:52Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 874009 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Digestive system - Stomach ulcer -- Smart-Servier.png|thumb|inda wasu ke samun gyambo]] [[Fayil:Ulcer subungual DM.jpg|thumb|Gyambon Ciki]] '''Ciwon gyambon ciki''' shine rarakewa a cikin [[Mucosa na ciki|rufin ciki]], bangaren farko na [[kananan hanji]], ko kuma wani lokacin a kasan makogwaro .<ref name="Na2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ulcer a cikin ciki ana kiransa da '''ciwon ciki''', yayin da daya daga cikin kashi na farko na hanji shine ciwon '''gyambon ciki na hanji''' . <ref name="Na2011" /> Mafi yawan alamun bayyanar Gyambon ciki da hanji shine farkawa da dare tare da [[Epigastrium|ciwon ciki na sama]], da ciwon ciki na sama wanda yake tafiya idan mutum yaci abinci abinci. <ref name="Na20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> tare da gyambon ciki, ciwon zai iya tsananta idan ya kasance '''gyambon cikine na tumbi'''. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana kwatanta ciwon a matsayin ciwo [[Dyspepsia|mai zafi/kuna]] ko rashin jin daɗi. <ref name="Na20112" /> Sauran alamun sun hada da [[belching]], amai, rage nauyi, ko rashin son cin abinci. <ref name="Na20112" /> Kusan kashi uku na tsofaffi ba su da alamun cutar. <ref name="Na20112" /> Matsalolin da zata iya kawowa na iya hadawa da [[Zubar da ciki|zub da jini]], Rarakeawa da [[Toshewar fitar da ciki|toshewar ciki]] . <ref name="Mil2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> Zubar da jini yana faruwa a kusan kashi sha biyar (15%) na lokuta.<ref name="Mil2011" /> Abubuwan da suka fi kawo cutar gyambon ciki sun hada; da kwayar cuta ta ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' da magungunan kashe zafin jiki (NSAIDs).<ref name="Na20113">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Sauran, kananan abubuwan da ba a sani ba sun hada da [[Tabar taba|shan taba]], damuwa a sakamakon wasu yanayi mai tsanani na kiwon lafiya, [[cutar Behcet]], cutar [[Zollinger-Ellison ciwo|Zollinger-Ellison,]] [[cutar Crohn]], da [[Cirrhosis|ciwon hanta]].<ref name="Na20113" /> <ref name="St2002">{{Cite journal|url-status=S362–4}}</ref>Tsofaffi sun fi zama cikin hadari da illolin ulcer wanda magungunan kashe ciwon jiki ke sakawa <ref name="Na20114">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref>. Ana yin binciken gane cutar ne gwargwadon alamomin da mutum yazo dasu, da kuma yin bincike na [[endoscopy]] ko [[Barium hadiye|barium swallow]] .<ref name="Na20114" /> Ana iya gano kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ta hanyar gwajin jini. [[Gwajin numfashi na Urea|gwajin numfashi na urea]], gwada bahaya don alamun kwayoyin cuta, ko gwajin gyambon ciki na [[biopsy]].<ref name="Na20114" /> Sauran yanayin da ke haifar da irin wannan alamun sun hada da; [[ciwon daji na ciki]], [[Ciwon zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]], da [[Gastritis|kumburin rufin ciki]] ko [[Cholelithiasis|kumburin gallbladder]].<ref name="Na20115">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> == a == [[Abinci (abinci)|Abincin]] ba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar da ko hana gyambon ciki. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ingattacen maganin ta ya hada da dakatar da shan taba, dakatar da amfani da magungunan kashe zafi na (NSAIDs), barin shan giya, rage shan yaji, cin abin da shan magunguna don rage yawan acid na ciki. <ref name="Na20116">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Maganin da ake amfani da shi don rage acid yawanci sun hada da [[Proton famfo mai hanawa|mai hanawa na proton pump]] (PPI) ko [[H2 blocker|mai hana H2]], tare da shawarar farko ta jiya na sati hudu.<ref name="Na20116" /> '''Gyambon ciki''' dalilin kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ana maganinta da hadin magunguna masu kashe kwayoyin cuta , irin su [[amoxicillin]], [[clarithromycin]], da PPI. <ref name="Wang2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Rashi magani na kwayoyin cutar yanata karuwa kuma don haka magani bazai kasance koyaushe yana da tasiri ba. <ref name="Wang20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Za a iyin maganin zubar jini ta hanyar [[endoscopy]], tare da bude tiyata yawanci ana amfani da su kawai a cikin yanayin da ba a yi nasara ba. <ref name="Mil20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} gk2jtf5tto7helwzvmwiopo2qhc30yf 874010 874009 2026-07-01T23:00:22Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 874010 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Digestive system - Stomach ulcer -- Smart-Servier.png|thumb|inda wasu ke samun gyambo]] [[Fayil:Ulcer subungual DM.jpg|thumb|Gyambon Ciki]] '''Ciwon gyambon ciki''' shine rarakewa a cikin [[Mucosa na ciki|rufin ciki]], bangaren farko na [[kananan hanji]], ko kuma wani lokacin a kasan makogwaro .<ref name="Na2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ulcer a cikin ciki ana kiransa da '''ciwon ciki''', yayin da daya daga cikin kashi na farko na hanji shine ciwon '''gyambon ciki na hanji''' . <ref name="Na2011" /> Mafi yawan alamun bayyanar Gyambon ciki da hanji shine farkawa da dare tare da [[Epigastrium|ciwon ciki na sama]], da ciwon ciki na sama wanda yake tafiya idan mutum yaci abinci abinci. <ref name="Na20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> tare da gyambon ciki, ciwon zai iya tsananta idan ya kasance '''gyambon cikine na tumbi'''. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana kwatanta ciwon a matsayin ciwo [[Dyspepsia|mai zafi/kuna]] ko rashin jin daɗi. <ref name="Na20112" /> Sauran alamun sun hada da [[belching]], amai, rage nauyi, ko rashin son cin abinci. <ref name="Na20112" /> Kusan kashi uku na tsofaffi ba su da alamun cutar. <ref name="Na20112" /> Matsalolin da zata iya kawowa na iya hadawa da [[Zubar da ciki|zub da jini]], Rarakeawa da [[Toshewar fitar da ciki|toshewar ciki]] . <ref name="Mil2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> Zubar da jini yana faruwa a kusan kashi sha biyar (15%) na lokuta.<ref name="Mil2011" /> Abubuwan da suka fi kawo cutar gyambon ciki sun hada; da kwayar cuta ta ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' da magungunan kashe zafin jiki (NSAIDs).<ref name="Na20113">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Sauran, kananan abubuwan da ba a sani ba sun hada da [[Tabar taba|shan taba]], damuwa a sakamakon wasu yanayi mai tsanani na kiwon lafiya, [[cutar Behcet]], cutar [[Zollinger-Ellison ciwo|Zollinger-Ellison,]] [[cutar Crohn]], da [[Cirrhosis|ciwon hanta]].<ref name="Na20113" /> <ref name="St2002">{{Cite journal|url-status=S362–4}}</ref>Tsofaffi sun fi zama cikin hadari da illolin ulcer wanda magungunan kashe ciwon jiki ke sakawa <ref name="Na20114">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref>. Ana yin binciken gane cutar ne gwargwadon alamomin da mutum yazo dasu, da kuma yin bincike na [[endoscopy]] ko [[Barium hadiye|barium swallow]] .<ref name="Na20114" /> Ana iya gano kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ta hanyar gwajin jini. [[Gwajin numfashi na Urea|gwajin numfashi na urea]], gwada bahaya don alamun kwayoyin cuta, ko gwajin gyambon ciki na [[biopsy]].<ref name="Na20114" /> Sauran yanayin da ke haifar da irin wannan alamun sun hada da; [[ciwon daji na ciki]], [[Ciwon zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]], da [[Gastritis|kumburin rufin ciki]] ko [[Cholelithiasis|kumburin gallbladder]].<ref name="Na20115">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> == a == [[Abinci (abinci)|Abincin]] ba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar da ko hana gyambon ciki. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ingattacen maganin ta ya hada da dakatar da shan taba, dakatar da amfani da magungunan kashe zafi na (NSAIDs), barin shan giya, rage shan yaji, cin abinc da shan magunguna don rage yawan acid na ciki. <ref name="Na20116">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Maganin da ake amfani da shi don rage acid yawanci sun hada da [[Proton famfo mai hanawa|mai hanawa na proton pump]] (PPI) ko [[H2 blocker|mai hana H2]], tare da shawarar farko ta jiya na sati hudu.<ref name="Na20116" /> '''Gyambon ciki''' dalilin kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ana maganinta da hadin magunguna masu kashe kwayoyin cuta , irin su [[amoxicillin]], [[clarithromycin]], da PPI. <ref name="Wang2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Rashi magani na kwayoyin cutar yanata karuwa kuma don haka magani bazai kasance koyaushe yana da tasiri ba. <ref name="Wang20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Za a iyin maganin zubar jini ta hanyar [[endoscopy]], tare da bude tiyata yawanci ana amfani da su kawai a cikin yanayin da ba a yi nasara ba. <ref name="Mil20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} cy5dmfp672vmz3mt2eey5lmmnrtvco3 874011 874010 2026-07-01T23:01:02Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 874011 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Digestive system - Stomach ulcer -- Smart-Servier.png|thumb|inda wasu ke samun gyambo]] [[Fayil:Ulcer subungual DM.jpg|thumb|Gyambon Ciki]] '''Ciwon gyambon ciki''' shine rarakewa a cikin [[Mucosa na ciki|rufin ciki]], bangaren farko na [[kananan hanji]], ko kuma wani lokacin a kasan makogwaro .<ref name="Na2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ulcer a cikin ciki ana kiransa da '''ciwon ciki''', yayin da daya daga cikin kashi na farko na hanji shine ciwon '''gyambon ciki na hanji''' . <ref name="Na2011" /> Mafi yawan alamun bayyanar Gyambon ciki da hanji shine farkawa da dare tare da [[Epigastrium|ciwon ciki na sama]], da ciwon ciki na sama wanda yake tafiya idan mutum yaci abinci abinci. <ref name="Na20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> tare da gyambon ciki, ciwon zai iya tsananta idan ya kasance '''gyambon cikine na tumbi'''. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana kwatanta ciwon a matsayin ciwo [[Dyspepsia|mai zafi/kuna]] ko rashin jin daɗi. <ref name="Na20112" /> Sauran alamun sun hada da [[belching]], amai, rage nauyi, ko rashin son cin abinci. <ref name="Na20112" /> Kusan kashi uku na tsofaffi ba su da alamun cutar. <ref name="Na20112" /> Matsalolin da zata iya kawowa na iya hadawa da [[Zubar da ciki|zub da jini]], Rarakeawa da [[Toshewar fitar da ciki|toshewar ciki]] . <ref name="Mil2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> Zubar da jini yana faruwa a kusan kashi sha biyar (15%) na lokuta.<ref name="Mil2011" /> Abubuwan da suka fi kawo cutar gyambon ciki sun hada; da kwayar cuta ta ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' da magungunan kashe zafin jiki (NSAIDs).<ref name="Na20113">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Sauran, kananan abubuwan da ba a sani ba sun hada da [[Tabar taba|shan taba]], damuwa a sakamakon wasu yanayi mai tsanani na kiwon lafiya, [[cutar Behcet]], cutar [[Zollinger-Ellison ciwo|Zollinger-Ellison,]] [[cutar Crohn]], da [[Cirrhosis|ciwon hanta]].<ref name="Na20113" /> <ref name="St2002">{{Cite journal|url-status=S362–4}}</ref>Tsofaffi sun fi zama cikin hadari da illolin ulcer wanda magungunan kashe ciwon jiki ke sakawa <ref name="Na20114">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref>. Ana yin binciken gane cutar ne gwargwadon alamomin da mutum yazo dasu, da kuma yin bincike na [[endoscopy]] ko [[Barium hadiye|barium swallow]] .<ref name="Na20114" /> Ana iya gano kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ta hanyar gwajin jini. [[Gwajin numfashi na Urea|gwajin numfashi na urea]], gwada bahaya don alamun kwayoyin cuta, ko gwajin gyambon ciki na [[biopsy]].<ref name="Na20114" /> Sauran yanayin da ke haifar da irin wannan alamun sun hada da; [[ciwon daji na ciki]], [[Ciwon zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]], da [[Gastritis|kumburin rufin ciki]] ko [[Cholelithiasis|kumburin gallbladder]].<ref name="Na20115">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> == a == [[Abinci (abinci)|Abincin]] ba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar da ko hana gyambon ciki. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ingattacen maganin ta ya hada da dakatar da shan taba, dakatar da amfani da magungunan kashe zafi na (NSAIDs), barin shan giya, rage shan yaji, cin abinci da shan magunguna don rage yawan acid na ciki. <ref name="Na20116">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Maganin da ake amfani da shi don rage acid yawanci sun hada da [[Proton famfo mai hanawa|mai hanawa na proton pump]] (PPI) ko [[H2 blocker|mai hana H2]], tare da shawarar farko ta jiya na sati hudu.<ref name="Na20116" /> '''Gyambon ciki''' dalilin kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ana maganinta da hadin magunguna masu kashe kwayoyin cuta , irin su [[amoxicillin]], [[clarithromycin]], da PPI. <ref name="Wang2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Rashi magani na kwayoyin cutar yanata karuwa kuma don haka magani bazai kasance koyaushe yana da tasiri ba. <ref name="Wang20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Za a iyin maganin zubar jini ta hanyar [[endoscopy]], tare da bude tiyata yawanci ana amfani da su kawai a cikin yanayin da ba a yi nasara ba. <ref name="Mil20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} qpvy5z7tk1mjnkpu8ehlh0ig7tozyu4 874012 874011 2026-07-01T23:01:20Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 874012 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Digestive system - Stomach ulcer -- Smart-Servier.png|thumb|inda wasu ke samun gyambo]] [[Fayil:Ulcer subungual DM.jpg|thumb|Gyambon Ciki]] '''Ciwon gyambon ciki''' shine rarakewa a cikin [[Mucosa na ciki|rufin ciki]], bangaren farko na [[kananan hanji]], ko kuma wani lokacin a kasan makogwaro .<ref name="Na2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ulcer a cikin ciki ana kiransa da '''ciwon ciki''', yayin da daya daga cikin kashi na farko na hanji shine ciwon '''gyambon ciki na hanji''' . <ref name="Na2011" /> Mafi yawan alamun bayyanar Gyambon ciki da hanji shine farkawa da dare tare da [[Epigastrium|ciwon ciki na sama]], da ciwon ciki na sama wanda yake tafiya idan mutum yaci abinci abinci. <ref name="Na20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> tare da gyambon ciki, ciwon zai iya tsananta idan ya kasance '''gyambon cikine na tumbi'''. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana kwatanta ciwon a matsayin ciwo [[Dyspepsia|mai zafi/kuna]] ko rashin jin daɗi. <ref name="Na20112" /> Sauran alamun sun hada da [[belching]], amai, rage nauyi, ko rashin son cin abinci. <ref name="Na20112" /> Kusan kashi uku na tsofaffi ba su da alamun cutar. <ref name="Na20112" /> Matsalolin da zata iya kawowa na iya hadawa da [[Zubar da ciki|zub da jini]], Rarakeawa da [[Toshewar fitar da ciki|toshewar ciki]] . <ref name="Mil2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> Zubar da jini yana faruwa a kusan kashi sha biyar (15%) na lokuta.<ref name="Mil2011" /> Abubuwan da suka fi kawo cutar gyambon ciki sun hada; da kwayar cuta ta ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' da magungunan kashe zafin jiki (NSAIDs).<ref name="Na20113">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Sauran, kananan abubuwan da ba a sani ba sun hada da [[Tabar taba|shan taba]], damuwa a sakamakon wasu yanayi mai tsanani na kiwon lafiya, [[cutar Behcet]], cutar [[Zollinger-Ellison ciwo|Zollinger-Ellison,]] [[cutar Crohn]], da [[Cirrhosis|ciwon hanta]].<ref name="Na20113" /> <ref name="St2002">{{Cite journal|url-status=S362–4}}</ref>Tsofaffi sun fi zama cikin hadari da illolin ulcer wanda magungunan kashe ciwon jiki ke sakawa <ref name="Na20114">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref>. Ana yin binciken gane cutar ne gwargwadon alamomin da mutum yazo dasu, da kuma yin bincike na [[endoscopy]] ko [[Barium hadiye|barium swallow]] .<ref name="Na20114" /> Ana iya gano kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ta hanyar gwajin jini. [[Gwajin numfashi na Urea|gwajin numfashi na urea]], gwada bahaya don alamun kwayoyin cuta, ko gwajin gyambon ciki na [[biopsy]].<ref name="Na20114" /> Sauran yanayin da ke haifar da irin wannan alamun sun hada da; [[ciwon daji na ciki]], [[Ciwon zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]], da [[Gastritis|kumburin rufin ciki]] ko [[Cholelithiasis|kumburin gallbladder]].<ref name="Na20115">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> == a == [[Abinci (abinci)|Abincin]] ba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar da ko hana gyambon ciki. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ingattacen maganin ta ya hada da dakatar da shan taba, dakatar da amfani da magungunan kashe zafi na (NSAIDs), barin shan giya, rage shan yaji, cin abinci a da shan magunguna don rage yawan acid na ciki. <ref name="Na20116">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Maganin da ake amfani da shi don rage acid yawanci sun hada da [[Proton famfo mai hanawa|mai hanawa na proton pump]] (PPI) ko [[H2 blocker|mai hana H2]], tare da shawarar farko ta jiya na sati hudu.<ref name="Na20116" /> '''Gyambon ciki''' dalilin kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ana maganinta da hadin magunguna masu kashe kwayoyin cuta , irin su [[amoxicillin]], [[clarithromycin]], da PPI. <ref name="Wang2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Rashi magani na kwayoyin cutar yanata karuwa kuma don haka magani bazai kasance koyaushe yana da tasiri ba. <ref name="Wang20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Za a iyin maganin zubar jini ta hanyar [[endoscopy]], tare da bude tiyata yawanci ana amfani da su kawai a cikin yanayin da ba a yi nasara ba. <ref name="Mil20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} sf8k6l7dmkfyh43bzwy1fz4bti6nlh3 874013 874012 2026-07-01T23:01:39Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 874013 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Digestive system - Stomach ulcer -- Smart-Servier.png|thumb|inda wasu ke samun gyambo]] [[Fayil:Ulcer subungual DM.jpg|thumb|Gyambon Ciki]] '''Ciwon gyambon ciki''' shine rarakewa a cikin [[Mucosa na ciki|rufin ciki]], bangaren farko na [[kananan hanji]], ko kuma wani lokacin a kasan makogwaro .<ref name="Na2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ulcer a cikin ciki ana kiransa da '''ciwon ciki''', yayin da daya daga cikin kashi na farko na hanji shine ciwon '''gyambon ciki na hanji''' . <ref name="Na2011" /> Mafi yawan alamun bayyanar Gyambon ciki da hanji shine farkawa da dare tare da [[Epigastrium|ciwon ciki na sama]], da ciwon ciki na sama wanda yake tafiya idan mutum yaci abinci abinci. <ref name="Na20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> tare da gyambon ciki, ciwon zai iya tsananta idan ya kasance '''gyambon cikine na tumbi'''. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana kwatanta ciwon a matsayin ciwo [[Dyspepsia|mai zafi/kuna]] ko rashin jin daɗi. <ref name="Na20112" /> Sauran alamun sun hada da [[belching]], amai, rage nauyi, ko rashin son cin abinci. <ref name="Na20112" /> Kusan kashi uku na tsofaffi ba su da alamun cutar. <ref name="Na20112" /> Matsalolin da zata iya kawowa na iya hadawa da [[Zubar da ciki|zub da jini]], Rarakeawa da [[Toshewar fitar da ciki|toshewar ciki]] . <ref name="Mil2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> Zubar da jini yana faruwa a kusan kashi sha biyar (15%) na lokuta.<ref name="Mil2011" /> Abubuwan da suka fi kawo cutar gyambon ciki sun hada; da kwayar cuta ta ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' da magungunan kashe zafin jiki (NSAIDs).<ref name="Na20113">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Sauran, kananan abubuwan da ba a sani ba sun hada da [[Tabar taba|shan taba]], damuwa a sakamakon wasu yanayi mai tsanani na kiwon lafiya, [[cutar Behcet]], cutar [[Zollinger-Ellison ciwo|Zollinger-Ellison,]] [[cutar Crohn]], da [[Cirrhosis|ciwon hanta]].<ref name="Na20113" /> <ref name="St2002">{{Cite journal|url-status=S362–4}}</ref>Tsofaffi sun fi zama cikin hadari da illolin ulcer wanda magungunan kashe ciwon jiki ke sakawa <ref name="Na20114">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref>. Ana yin binciken gane cutar ne gwargwadon alamomin da mutum yazo dasu, da kuma yin bincike na [[endoscopy]] ko [[Barium hadiye|barium swallow]] .<ref name="Na20114" /> Ana iya gano kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ta hanyar gwajin jini. [[Gwajin numfashi na Urea|gwajin numfashi na urea]], gwada bahaya don alamun kwayoyin cuta, ko gwajin gyambon ciki na [[biopsy]].<ref name="Na20114" /> Sauran yanayin da ke haifar da irin wannan alamun sun hada da; [[ciwon daji na ciki]], [[Ciwon zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]], da [[Gastritis|kumburin rufin ciki]] ko [[Cholelithiasis|kumburin gallbladder]].<ref name="Na20115">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> == a == [[Abinci (abinci)|Abincin]] ba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar da ko hana gyambon ciki. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ingattacen maganin ta ya hada da dakatar da shan taba, dakatar da amfani da magungunan kashe zafi na (NSAIDs), barin shan giya, rage shan yaji, cin abinci ak da shan magunguna don rage yawan acid na ciki. <ref name="Na20116">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Maganin da ake amfani da shi don rage acid yawanci sun hada da [[Proton famfo mai hanawa|mai hanawa na proton pump]] (PPI) ko [[H2 blocker|mai hana H2]], tare da shawarar farko ta jiya na sati hudu.<ref name="Na20116" /> '''Gyambon ciki''' dalilin kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ana maganinta da hadin magunguna masu kashe kwayoyin cuta , irin su [[amoxicillin]], [[clarithromycin]], da PPI. <ref name="Wang2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Rashi magani na kwayoyin cutar yanata karuwa kuma don haka magani bazai kasance koyaushe yana da tasiri ba. <ref name="Wang20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Za a iyin maganin zubar jini ta hanyar [[endoscopy]], tare da bude tiyata yawanci ana amfani da su kawai a cikin yanayin da ba a yi nasara ba. <ref name="Mil20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} f86poyna1sgi8wayivvfe2zte9dqgg0 874014 874013 2026-07-01T23:01:59Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 874014 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Digestive system - Stomach ulcer -- Smart-Servier.png|thumb|inda wasu ke samun gyambo]] [[Fayil:Ulcer subungual DM.jpg|thumb|Gyambon Ciki]] '''Ciwon gyambon ciki''' shine rarakewa a cikin [[Mucosa na ciki|rufin ciki]], bangaren farko na [[kananan hanji]], ko kuma wani lokacin a kasan makogwaro .<ref name="Na2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ulcer a cikin ciki ana kiransa da '''ciwon ciki''', yayin da daya daga cikin kashi na farko na hanji shine ciwon '''gyambon ciki na hanji''' . <ref name="Na2011" /> Mafi yawan alamun bayyanar Gyambon ciki da hanji shine farkawa da dare tare da [[Epigastrium|ciwon ciki na sama]], da ciwon ciki na sama wanda yake tafiya idan mutum yaci abinci abinci. <ref name="Na20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> tare da gyambon ciki, ciwon zai iya tsananta idan ya kasance '''gyambon cikine na tumbi'''. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana kwatanta ciwon a matsayin ciwo [[Dyspepsia|mai zafi/kuna]] ko rashin jin daɗi. <ref name="Na20112" /> Sauran alamun sun hada da [[belching]], amai, rage nauyi, ko rashin son cin abinci. <ref name="Na20112" /> Kusan kashi uku na tsofaffi ba su da alamun cutar. <ref name="Na20112" /> Matsalolin da zata iya kawowa na iya hadawa da [[Zubar da ciki|zub da jini]], Rarakeawa da [[Toshewar fitar da ciki|toshewar ciki]] . <ref name="Mil2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> Zubar da jini yana faruwa a kusan kashi sha biyar (15%) na lokuta.<ref name="Mil2011" /> Abubuwan da suka fi kawo cutar gyambon ciki sun hada; da kwayar cuta ta ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' da magungunan kashe zafin jiki (NSAIDs).<ref name="Na20113">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Sauran, kananan abubuwan da ba a sani ba sun hada da [[Tabar taba|shan taba]], damuwa a sakamakon wasu yanayi mai tsanani na kiwon lafiya, [[cutar Behcet]], cutar [[Zollinger-Ellison ciwo|Zollinger-Ellison,]] [[cutar Crohn]], da [[Cirrhosis|ciwon hanta]].<ref name="Na20113" /> <ref name="St2002">{{Cite journal|url-status=S362–4}}</ref>Tsofaffi sun fi zama cikin hadari da illolin ulcer wanda magungunan kashe ciwon jiki ke sakawa <ref name="Na20114">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref>. Ana yin binciken gane cutar ne gwargwadon alamomin da mutum yazo dasu, da kuma yin bincike na [[endoscopy]] ko [[Barium hadiye|barium swallow]] .<ref name="Na20114" /> Ana iya gano kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ta hanyar gwajin jini. [[Gwajin numfashi na Urea|gwajin numfashi na urea]], gwada bahaya don alamun kwayoyin cuta, ko gwajin gyambon ciki na [[biopsy]].<ref name="Na20114" /> Sauran yanayin da ke haifar da irin wannan alamun sun hada da; [[ciwon daji na ciki]], [[Ciwon zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]], da [[Gastritis|kumburin rufin ciki]] ko [[Cholelithiasis|kumburin gallbladder]].<ref name="Na20115">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> == a == [[Abinci (abinci)|Abincin]] ba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar da ko hana gyambon ciki. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ingattacen maganin ta ya hada da dakatar da shan taba, dakatar da amfani da magungunan kashe zafi na (NSAIDs), barin shan giya, rage shan yaji, cin abinci aka da shan magunguna don rage yawan acid na ciki. <ref name="Na20116">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Maganin da ake amfani da shi don rage acid yawanci sun hada da [[Proton famfo mai hanawa|mai hanawa na proton pump]] (PPI) ko [[H2 blocker|mai hana H2]], tare da shawarar farko ta jiya na sati hudu.<ref name="Na20116" /> '''Gyambon ciki''' dalilin kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ana maganinta da hadin magunguna masu kashe kwayoyin cuta , irin su [[amoxicillin]], [[clarithromycin]], da PPI. <ref name="Wang2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Rashi magani na kwayoyin cutar yanata karuwa kuma don haka magani bazai kasance koyaushe yana da tasiri ba. <ref name="Wang20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Za a iyin maganin zubar jini ta hanyar [[endoscopy]], tare da bude tiyata yawanci ana amfani da su kawai a cikin yanayin da ba a yi nasara ba. <ref name="Mil20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} g6zlhd8v4xldbckoxtlcbx1i4b4b5sj 874015 874014 2026-07-01T23:02:17Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 874015 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Digestive system - Stomach ulcer -- Smart-Servier.png|thumb|inda wasu ke samun gyambo]] [[Fayil:Ulcer subungual DM.jpg|thumb|Gyambon Ciki]] '''Ciwon gyambon ciki''' shine rarakewa a cikin [[Mucosa na ciki|rufin ciki]], bangaren farko na [[kananan hanji]], ko kuma wani lokacin a kasan makogwaro .<ref name="Na2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ulcer a cikin ciki ana kiransa da '''ciwon ciki''', yayin da daya daga cikin kashi na farko na hanji shine ciwon '''gyambon ciki na hanji''' . <ref name="Na2011" /> Mafi yawan alamun bayyanar Gyambon ciki da hanji shine farkawa da dare tare da [[Epigastrium|ciwon ciki na sama]], da ciwon ciki na sama wanda yake tafiya idan mutum yaci abinci abinci. <ref name="Na20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> tare da gyambon ciki, ciwon zai iya tsananta idan ya kasance '''gyambon cikine na tumbi'''. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana kwatanta ciwon a matsayin ciwo [[Dyspepsia|mai zafi/kuna]] ko rashin jin daɗi. <ref name="Na20112" /> Sauran alamun sun hada da [[belching]], amai, rage nauyi, ko rashin son cin abinci. <ref name="Na20112" /> Kusan kashi uku na tsofaffi ba su da alamun cutar. <ref name="Na20112" /> Matsalolin da zata iya kawowa na iya hadawa da [[Zubar da ciki|zub da jini]], Rarakeawa da [[Toshewar fitar da ciki|toshewar ciki]] . <ref name="Mil2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> Zubar da jini yana faruwa a kusan kashi sha biyar (15%) na lokuta.<ref name="Mil2011" /> Abubuwan da suka fi kawo cutar gyambon ciki sun hada; da kwayar cuta ta ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' da magungunan kashe zafin jiki (NSAIDs).<ref name="Na20113">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Sauran, kananan abubuwan da ba a sani ba sun hada da [[Tabar taba|shan taba]], damuwa a sakamakon wasu yanayi mai tsanani na kiwon lafiya, [[cutar Behcet]], cutar [[Zollinger-Ellison ciwo|Zollinger-Ellison,]] [[cutar Crohn]], da [[Cirrhosis|ciwon hanta]].<ref name="Na20113" /> <ref name="St2002">{{Cite journal|url-status=S362–4}}</ref>Tsofaffi sun fi zama cikin hadari da illolin ulcer wanda magungunan kashe ciwon jiki ke sakawa <ref name="Na20114">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref>. Ana yin binciken gane cutar ne gwargwadon alamomin da mutum yazo dasu, da kuma yin bincike na [[endoscopy]] ko [[Barium hadiye|barium swallow]] .<ref name="Na20114" /> Ana iya gano kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ta hanyar gwajin jini. [[Gwajin numfashi na Urea|gwajin numfashi na urea]], gwada bahaya don alamun kwayoyin cuta, ko gwajin gyambon ciki na [[biopsy]].<ref name="Na20114" /> Sauran yanayin da ke haifar da irin wannan alamun sun hada da; [[ciwon daji na ciki]], [[Ciwon zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]], da [[Gastritis|kumburin rufin ciki]] ko [[Cholelithiasis|kumburin gallbladder]].<ref name="Na20115">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> == a == [[Abinci (abinci)|Abincin]] ba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar da ko hana gyambon ciki. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ingattacen maganin ta ya hada da dakatar da shan taba, dakatar da amfani da magungunan kashe zafi na (NSAIDs), barin shan giya, rage shan yaji, cin abinci akan da shan magunguna don rage yawan acid na ciki. <ref name="Na20116">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Maganin da ake amfani da shi don rage acid yawanci sun hada da [[Proton famfo mai hanawa|mai hanawa na proton pump]] (PPI) ko [[H2 blocker|mai hana H2]], tare da shawarar farko ta jiya na sati hudu.<ref name="Na20116" /> '''Gyambon ciki''' dalilin kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ana maganinta da hadin magunguna masu kashe kwayoyin cuta , irin su [[amoxicillin]], [[clarithromycin]], da PPI. <ref name="Wang2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Rashi magani na kwayoyin cutar yanata karuwa kuma don haka magani bazai kasance koyaushe yana da tasiri ba. <ref name="Wang20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Za a iyin maganin zubar jini ta hanyar [[endoscopy]], tare da bude tiyata yawanci ana amfani da su kawai a cikin yanayin da ba a yi nasara ba. <ref name="Mil20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} o6se6va96g08af2o4pkaorw2l9csfrc 874016 874015 2026-07-01T23:02:45Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 874016 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Digestive system - Stomach ulcer -- Smart-Servier.png|thumb|inda wasu ke samun gyambo]] [[Fayil:Ulcer subungual DM.jpg|thumb|Gyambon Ciki]] '''Ciwon gyambon ciki''' shine rarakewa a cikin [[Mucosa na ciki|rufin ciki]], bangaren farko na [[kananan hanji]], ko kuma wani lokacin a kasan makogwaro .<ref name="Na2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ulcer a cikin ciki ana kiransa da '''ciwon ciki''', yayin da daya daga cikin kashi na farko na hanji shine ciwon '''gyambon ciki na hanji''' . <ref name="Na2011" /> Mafi yawan alamun bayyanar Gyambon ciki da hanji shine farkawa da dare tare da [[Epigastrium|ciwon ciki na sama]], da ciwon ciki na sama wanda yake tafiya idan mutum yaci abinci abinci. <ref name="Na20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> tare da gyambon ciki, ciwon zai iya tsananta idan ya kasance '''gyambon cikine na tumbi'''. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana kwatanta ciwon a matsayin ciwo [[Dyspepsia|mai zafi/kuna]] ko rashin jin daɗi. <ref name="Na20112" /> Sauran alamun sun hada da [[belching]], amai, rage nauyi, ko rashin son cin abinci. <ref name="Na20112" /> Kusan kashi uku na tsofaffi ba su da alamun cutar. <ref name="Na20112" /> Matsalolin da zata iya kawowa na iya hadawa da [[Zubar da ciki|zub da jini]], Rarakeawa da [[Toshewar fitar da ciki|toshewar ciki]] . <ref name="Mil2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> Zubar da jini yana faruwa a kusan kashi sha biyar (15%) na lokuta.<ref name="Mil2011" /> Abubuwan da suka fi kawo cutar gyambon ciki sun hada; da kwayar cuta ta ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' da magungunan kashe zafin jiki (NSAIDs).<ref name="Na20113">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Sauran, kananan abubuwan da ba a sani ba sun hada da [[Tabar taba|shan taba]], damuwa a sakamakon wasu yanayi mai tsanani na kiwon lafiya, [[cutar Behcet]], cutar [[Zollinger-Ellison ciwo|Zollinger-Ellison,]] [[cutar Crohn]], da [[Cirrhosis|ciwon hanta]].<ref name="Na20113" /> <ref name="St2002">{{Cite journal|url-status=S362–4}}</ref>Tsofaffi sun fi zama cikin hadari da illolin ulcer wanda magungunan kashe ciwon jiki ke sakawa <ref name="Na20114">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref>. Ana yin binciken gane cutar ne gwargwadon alamomin da mutum yazo dasu, da kuma yin bincike na [[endoscopy]] ko [[Barium hadiye|barium swallow]] .<ref name="Na20114" /> Ana iya gano kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ta hanyar gwajin jini. [[Gwajin numfashi na Urea|gwajin numfashi na urea]], gwada bahaya don alamun kwayoyin cuta, ko gwajin gyambon ciki na [[biopsy]].<ref name="Na20114" /> Sauran yanayin da ke haifar da irin wannan alamun sun hada da; [[ciwon daji na ciki]], [[Ciwon zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]], da [[Gastritis|kumburin rufin ciki]] ko [[Cholelithiasis|kumburin gallbladder]].<ref name="Na20115">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> == a == [[Abinci (abinci)|Abincin]] ba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar da ko hana gyambon ciki. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ingattacen maganin ta ya hada da dakatar da shan taba, dakatar da amfani da magungunan kashe zafi na (NSAIDs), barin shan giya, rage shan yaji, cin abinci akan l da shan magunguna don rage yawan acid na ciki. <ref name="Na20116">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Maganin da ake amfani da shi don rage acid yawanci sun hada da [[Proton famfo mai hanawa|mai hanawa na proton pump]] (PPI) ko [[H2 blocker|mai hana H2]], tare da shawarar farko ta jiya na sati hudu.<ref name="Na20116" /> '''Gyambon ciki''' dalilin kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ana maganinta da hadin magunguna masu kashe kwayoyin cuta , irin su [[amoxicillin]], [[clarithromycin]], da PPI. <ref name="Wang2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Rashi magani na kwayoyin cutar yanata karuwa kuma don haka magani bazai kasance koyaushe yana da tasiri ba. <ref name="Wang20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Za a iyin maganin zubar jini ta hanyar [[endoscopy]], tare da bude tiyata yawanci ana amfani da su kawai a cikin yanayin da ba a yi nasara ba. <ref name="Mil20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} oohukh3g8v6g82sojuqujtsmsba8o4q 874017 874016 2026-07-01T23:03:07Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 874017 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Digestive system - Stomach ulcer -- Smart-Servier.png|thumb|inda wasu ke samun gyambo]] [[Fayil:Ulcer subungual DM.jpg|thumb|Gyambon Ciki]] '''Ciwon gyambon ciki''' shine rarakewa a cikin [[Mucosa na ciki|rufin ciki]], bangaren farko na [[kananan hanji]], ko kuma wani lokacin a kasan makogwaro .<ref name="Na2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ulcer a cikin ciki ana kiransa da '''ciwon ciki''', yayin da daya daga cikin kashi na farko na hanji shine ciwon '''gyambon ciki na hanji''' . <ref name="Na2011" /> Mafi yawan alamun bayyanar Gyambon ciki da hanji shine farkawa da dare tare da [[Epigastrium|ciwon ciki na sama]], da ciwon ciki na sama wanda yake tafiya idan mutum yaci abinci abinci. <ref name="Na20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> tare da gyambon ciki, ciwon zai iya tsananta idan ya kasance '''gyambon cikine na tumbi'''. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana kwatanta ciwon a matsayin ciwo [[Dyspepsia|mai zafi/kuna]] ko rashin jin daɗi. <ref name="Na20112" /> Sauran alamun sun hada da [[belching]], amai, rage nauyi, ko rashin son cin abinci. <ref name="Na20112" /> Kusan kashi uku na tsofaffi ba su da alamun cutar. <ref name="Na20112" /> Matsalolin da zata iya kawowa na iya hadawa da [[Zubar da ciki|zub da jini]], Rarakeawa da [[Toshewar fitar da ciki|toshewar ciki]] . <ref name="Mil2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> Zubar da jini yana faruwa a kusan kashi sha biyar (15%) na lokuta.<ref name="Mil2011" /> Abubuwan da suka fi kawo cutar gyambon ciki sun hada; da kwayar cuta ta ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' da magungunan kashe zafin jiki (NSAIDs).<ref name="Na20113">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Sauran, kananan abubuwan da ba a sani ba sun hada da [[Tabar taba|shan taba]], damuwa a sakamakon wasu yanayi mai tsanani na kiwon lafiya, [[cutar Behcet]], cutar [[Zollinger-Ellison ciwo|Zollinger-Ellison,]] [[cutar Crohn]], da [[Cirrhosis|ciwon hanta]].<ref name="Na20113" /> <ref name="St2002">{{Cite journal|url-status=S362–4}}</ref>Tsofaffi sun fi zama cikin hadari da illolin ulcer wanda magungunan kashe ciwon jiki ke sakawa <ref name="Na20114">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref>. Ana yin binciken gane cutar ne gwargwadon alamomin da mutum yazo dasu, da kuma yin bincike na [[endoscopy]] ko [[Barium hadiye|barium swallow]] .<ref name="Na20114" /> Ana iya gano kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ta hanyar gwajin jini. [[Gwajin numfashi na Urea|gwajin numfashi na urea]], gwada bahaya don alamun kwayoyin cuta, ko gwajin gyambon ciki na [[biopsy]].<ref name="Na20114" /> Sauran yanayin da ke haifar da irin wannan alamun sun hada da; [[ciwon daji na ciki]], [[Ciwon zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]], da [[Gastritis|kumburin rufin ciki]] ko [[Cholelithiasis|kumburin gallbladder]].<ref name="Na20115">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> == a == [[Abinci (abinci)|Abincin]] ba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar da ko hana gyambon ciki. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ingattacen maganin ta ya hada da dakatar da shan taba, dakatar da amfani da magungunan kashe zafi na (NSAIDs), barin shan giya, rage shan yaji, cin abinci akan lo da shan magunguna don rage yawan acid na ciki. <ref name="Na20116">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Maganin da ake amfani da shi don rage acid yawanci sun hada da [[Proton famfo mai hanawa|mai hanawa na proton pump]] (PPI) ko [[H2 blocker|mai hana H2]], tare da shawarar farko ta jiya na sati hudu.<ref name="Na20116" /> '''Gyambon ciki''' dalilin kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ana maganinta da hadin magunguna masu kashe kwayoyin cuta , irin su [[amoxicillin]], [[clarithromycin]], da PPI. <ref name="Wang2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Rashi magani na kwayoyin cutar yanata karuwa kuma don haka magani bazai kasance koyaushe yana da tasiri ba. <ref name="Wang20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Za a iyin maganin zubar jini ta hanyar [[endoscopy]], tare da bude tiyata yawanci ana amfani da su kawai a cikin yanayin da ba a yi nasara ba. <ref name="Mil20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} l0aln2zf65g1og1v97slsnlov5ywj29 874018 874017 2026-07-01T23:03:30Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 874018 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Digestive system - Stomach ulcer -- Smart-Servier.png|thumb|inda wasu ke samun gyambo]] [[Fayil:Ulcer subungual DM.jpg|thumb|Gyambon Ciki]] '''Ciwon gyambon ciki''' shine rarakewa a cikin [[Mucosa na ciki|rufin ciki]], bangaren farko na [[kananan hanji]], ko kuma wani lokacin a kasan makogwaro .<ref name="Na2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ulcer a cikin ciki ana kiransa da '''ciwon ciki''', yayin da daya daga cikin kashi na farko na hanji shine ciwon '''gyambon ciki na hanji''' . <ref name="Na2011" /> Mafi yawan alamun bayyanar Gyambon ciki da hanji shine farkawa da dare tare da [[Epigastrium|ciwon ciki na sama]], da ciwon ciki na sama wanda yake tafiya idan mutum yaci abinci abinci. <ref name="Na20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> tare da gyambon ciki, ciwon zai iya tsananta idan ya kasance '''gyambon cikine na tumbi'''. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana kwatanta ciwon a matsayin ciwo [[Dyspepsia|mai zafi/kuna]] ko rashin jin daɗi. <ref name="Na20112" /> Sauran alamun sun hada da [[belching]], amai, rage nauyi, ko rashin son cin abinci. <ref name="Na20112" /> Kusan kashi uku na tsofaffi ba su da alamun cutar. <ref name="Na20112" /> Matsalolin da zata iya kawowa na iya hadawa da [[Zubar da ciki|zub da jini]], Rarakeawa da [[Toshewar fitar da ciki|toshewar ciki]] . <ref name="Mil2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> Zubar da jini yana faruwa a kusan kashi sha biyar (15%) na lokuta.<ref name="Mil2011" /> Abubuwan da suka fi kawo cutar gyambon ciki sun hada; da kwayar cuta ta ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' da magungunan kashe zafin jiki (NSAIDs).<ref name="Na20113">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Sauran, kananan abubuwan da ba a sani ba sun hada da [[Tabar taba|shan taba]], damuwa a sakamakon wasu yanayi mai tsanani na kiwon lafiya, [[cutar Behcet]], cutar [[Zollinger-Ellison ciwo|Zollinger-Ellison,]] [[cutar Crohn]], da [[Cirrhosis|ciwon hanta]].<ref name="Na20113" /> <ref name="St2002">{{Cite journal|url-status=S362–4}}</ref>Tsofaffi sun fi zama cikin hadari da illolin ulcer wanda magungunan kashe ciwon jiki ke sakawa <ref name="Na20114">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref>. Ana yin binciken gane cutar ne gwargwadon alamomin da mutum yazo dasu, da kuma yin bincike na [[endoscopy]] ko [[Barium hadiye|barium swallow]] .<ref name="Na20114" /> Ana iya gano kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ta hanyar gwajin jini. [[Gwajin numfashi na Urea|gwajin numfashi na urea]], gwada bahaya don alamun kwayoyin cuta, ko gwajin gyambon ciki na [[biopsy]].<ref name="Na20114" /> Sauran yanayin da ke haifar da irin wannan alamun sun hada da; [[ciwon daji na ciki]], [[Ciwon zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]], da [[Gastritis|kumburin rufin ciki]] ko [[Cholelithiasis|kumburin gallbladder]].<ref name="Na20115">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> == a == [[Abinci (abinci)|Abincin]] ba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar da ko hana gyambon ciki. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ingattacen maganin ta ya hada da dakatar da shan taba, dakatar da amfani da magungunan kashe zafi na (NSAIDs), barin shan giya, rage shan yaji, cin abinci akan lok da shan magunguna don rage yawan acid na ciki. <ref name="Na20116">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Maganin da ake amfani da shi don rage acid yawanci sun hada da [[Proton famfo mai hanawa|mai hanawa na proton pump]] (PPI) ko [[H2 blocker|mai hana H2]], tare da shawarar farko ta jiya na sati hudu.<ref name="Na20116" /> '''Gyambon ciki''' dalilin kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ana maganinta da hadin magunguna masu kashe kwayoyin cuta , irin su [[amoxicillin]], [[clarithromycin]], da PPI. <ref name="Wang2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Rashi magani na kwayoyin cutar yanata karuwa kuma don haka magani bazai kasance koyaushe yana da tasiri ba. <ref name="Wang20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Za a iyin maganin zubar jini ta hanyar [[endoscopy]], tare da bude tiyata yawanci ana amfani da su kawai a cikin yanayin da ba a yi nasara ba. <ref name="Mil20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} p20sn8jr06786ix9hqbe51gvde8jqyb 874019 874018 2026-07-01T23:05:36Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 874019 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Digestive system - Stomach ulcer -- Smart-Servier.png|thumb|inda wasu ke samun gyambo]] [[Fayil:Ulcer subungual DM.jpg|thumb|Gyambon Ciki]] '''Ciwon gyambon ciki''' shine rarakewa a cikin [[Mucosa na ciki|rufin ciki]], bangaren farko na [[kananan hanji]], ko kuma wani lokacin a kasan makogwaro .<ref name="Na2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ulcer a cikin ciki ana kiransa da '''ciwon ciki''', yayin da daya daga cikin kashi na farko na hanji shine ciwon '''gyambon ciki na hanji''' . <ref name="Na2011" /> Mafi yawan alamun bayyanar Gyambon ciki da hanji shine farkawa da dare tare da [[Epigastrium|ciwon ciki na sama]], da ciwon ciki na sama wanda yake tafiya idan mutum yaci abinci abinci. <ref name="Na20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> tare da gyambon ciki, ciwon zai iya tsananta idan ya kasance '''gyambon cikine na tumbi'''. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana kwatanta ciwon a matsayin ciwo [[Dyspepsia|mai zafi/kuna]] ko rashin jin daɗi. <ref name="Na20112" /> Sauran alamun sun hada da [[belching]], amai, rage nauyi, ko rashin son cin abinci. <ref name="Na20112" /> Kusan kashi uku na tsofaffi ba su da alamun cutar. <ref name="Na20112" /> Matsalolin da zata iya kawowa na iya hadawa da [[Zubar da ciki|zub da jini]], Rarakeawa da [[Toshewar fitar da ciki|toshewar ciki]] . <ref name="Mil2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> Zubar da jini yana faruwa a kusan kashi sha biyar (15%) na lokuta.<ref name="Mil2011" /> Abubuwan da suka fi kawo cutar gyambon ciki sun hada; da kwayar cuta ta ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' da magungunan kashe zafin jiki (NSAIDs).<ref name="Na20113">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Sauran, kananan abubuwan da ba a sani ba sun hada da [[Tabar taba|shan taba]], damuwa a sakamakon wasu yanayi mai tsanani na kiwon lafiya, [[cutar Behcet]], cutar [[Zollinger-Ellison ciwo|Zollinger-Ellison,]] [[cutar Crohn]], da [[Cirrhosis|ciwon hanta]].<ref name="Na20113" /> <ref name="St2002">{{Cite journal|url-status=S362–4}}</ref>Tsofaffi sun fi zama cikin hadari da illolin ulcer wanda magungunan kashe ciwon jiki ke sakawa <ref name="Na20114">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref>. Ana yin binciken gane cutar ne gwargwadon alamomin da mutum yazo dasu, da kuma yin bincike na [[endoscopy]] ko [[Barium hadiye|barium swallow]] .<ref name="Na20114" /> Ana iya gano kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ta hanyar gwajin jini. [[Gwajin numfashi na Urea|gwajin numfashi na urea]], gwada bahaya don alamun kwayoyin cuta, ko gwajin gyambon ciki na [[biopsy]].<ref name="Na20114" /> Sauran yanayin da ke haifar da irin wannan alamun sun hada da; [[ciwon daji na ciki]], [[Ciwon zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]], da [[Gastritis|kumburin rufin ciki]] ko [[Cholelithiasis|kumburin gallbladder]].<ref name="Na20115">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> == a == [[Abinci (abinci)|Abincin]] ba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar da ko hana gyambon ciki. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ingattacen maganin ta ya hada da dakatar da shan taba, dakatar da amfani da magungunan kashe zafi na (NSAIDs), barin shan giya, rage shan yaji, cin abinci akan loka da shan magunguna don rage yawan acid na ciki. <ref name="Na20116">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Maganin da ake amfani da shi don rage acid yawanci sun hada da [[Proton famfo mai hanawa|mai hanawa na proton pump]] (PPI) ko [[H2 blocker|mai hana H2]], tare da shawarar farko ta jiya na sati hudu.<ref name="Na20116" /> '''Gyambon ciki''' dalilin kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ana maganinta da hadin magunguna masu kashe kwayoyin cuta , irin su [[amoxicillin]], [[clarithromycin]], da PPI. <ref name="Wang2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Rashi magani na kwayoyin cutar yanata karuwa kuma don haka magani bazai kasance koyaushe yana da tasiri ba. <ref name="Wang20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Za a iyin maganin zubar jini ta hanyar [[endoscopy]], tare da bude tiyata yawanci ana amfani da su kawai a cikin yanayin da ba a yi nasara ba. <ref name="Mil20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} og7iinbo8ae33pnuf3ih5yneh1f2g0i 874020 874019 2026-07-01T23:06:02Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 874020 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Digestive system - Stomach ulcer -- Smart-Servier.png|thumb|inda wasu ke samun gyambo]] [[Fayil:Ulcer subungual DM.jpg|thumb|Gyambon Ciki]] '''Ciwon gyambon ciki''' shine rarakewa a cikin [[Mucosa na ciki|rufin ciki]], bangaren farko na [[kananan hanji]], ko kuma wani lokacin a kasan makogwaro .<ref name="Na2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ulcer a cikin ciki ana kiransa da '''ciwon ciki''', yayin da daya daga cikin kashi na farko na hanji shine ciwon '''gyambon ciki na hanji''' . <ref name="Na2011" /> Mafi yawan alamun bayyanar Gyambon ciki da hanji shine farkawa da dare tare da [[Epigastrium|ciwon ciki na sama]], da ciwon ciki na sama wanda yake tafiya idan mutum yaci abinci abinci. <ref name="Na20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> tare da gyambon ciki, ciwon zai iya tsananta idan ya kasance '''gyambon cikine na tumbi'''. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana kwatanta ciwon a matsayin ciwo [[Dyspepsia|mai zafi/kuna]] ko rashin jin daɗi. <ref name="Na20112" /> Sauran alamun sun hada da [[belching]], amai, rage nauyi, ko rashin son cin abinci. <ref name="Na20112" /> Kusan kashi uku na tsofaffi ba su da alamun cutar. <ref name="Na20112" /> Matsalolin da zata iya kawowa na iya hadawa da [[Zubar da ciki|zub da jini]], Rarakeawa da [[Toshewar fitar da ciki|toshewar ciki]] . <ref name="Mil2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> Zubar da jini yana faruwa a kusan kashi sha biyar (15%) na lokuta.<ref name="Mil2011" /> Abubuwan da suka fi kawo cutar gyambon ciki sun hada; da kwayar cuta ta ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' da magungunan kashe zafin jiki (NSAIDs).<ref name="Na20113">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Sauran, kananan abubuwan da ba a sani ba sun hada da [[Tabar taba|shan taba]], damuwa a sakamakon wasu yanayi mai tsanani na kiwon lafiya, [[cutar Behcet]], cutar [[Zollinger-Ellison ciwo|Zollinger-Ellison,]] [[cutar Crohn]], da [[Cirrhosis|ciwon hanta]].<ref name="Na20113" /> <ref name="St2002">{{Cite journal|url-status=S362–4}}</ref>Tsofaffi sun fi zama cikin hadari da illolin ulcer wanda magungunan kashe ciwon jiki ke sakawa <ref name="Na20114">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref>. Ana yin binciken gane cutar ne gwargwadon alamomin da mutum yazo dasu, da kuma yin bincike na [[endoscopy]] ko [[Barium hadiye|barium swallow]] .<ref name="Na20114" /> Ana iya gano kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ta hanyar gwajin jini. [[Gwajin numfashi na Urea|gwajin numfashi na urea]], gwada bahaya don alamun kwayoyin cuta, ko gwajin gyambon ciki na [[biopsy]].<ref name="Na20114" /> Sauran yanayin da ke haifar da irin wannan alamun sun hada da; [[ciwon daji na ciki]], [[Ciwon zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]], da [[Gastritis|kumburin rufin ciki]] ko [[Cholelithiasis|kumburin gallbladder]].<ref name="Na20115">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> == a == [[Abinci (abinci)|Abincin]] ba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar da ko hana gyambon ciki. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ingattacen maganin ta ya hada da dakatar da shan taba, dakatar da amfani da magungunan kashe zafi na (NSAIDs), barin shan giya, rage shan yaji, cin abinci akan lokac da shan magunguna don rage yawan acid na ciki. <ref name="Na20116">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Maganin da ake amfani da shi don rage acid yawanci sun hada da [[Proton famfo mai hanawa|mai hanawa na proton pump]] (PPI) ko [[H2 blocker|mai hana H2]], tare da shawarar farko ta jiya na sati hudu.<ref name="Na20116" /> '''Gyambon ciki''' dalilin kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ana maganinta da hadin magunguna masu kashe kwayoyin cuta , irin su [[amoxicillin]], [[clarithromycin]], da PPI. <ref name="Wang2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Rashi magani na kwayoyin cutar yanata karuwa kuma don haka magani bazai kasance koyaushe yana da tasiri ba. <ref name="Wang20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Za a iyin maganin zubar jini ta hanyar [[endoscopy]], tare da bude tiyata yawanci ana amfani da su kawai a cikin yanayin da ba a yi nasara ba. <ref name="Mil20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} b49vw6kuvawutefzig3re93osdfp4co 874021 874020 2026-07-01T23:06:35Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 874021 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Digestive system - Stomach ulcer -- Smart-Servier.png|thumb|inda wasu ke samun gyambo]] [[Fayil:Ulcer subungual DM.jpg|thumb|Gyambon Ciki]] '''Ciwon gyambon ciki''' shine rarakewa a cikin [[Mucosa na ciki|rufin ciki]], bangaren farko na [[kananan hanji]], ko kuma wani lokacin a kasan makogwaro .<ref name="Na2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ulcer a cikin ciki ana kiransa da '''ciwon ciki''', yayin da daya daga cikin kashi na farko na hanji shine ciwon '''gyambon ciki na hanji''' . <ref name="Na2011" /> Mafi yawan alamun bayyanar Gyambon ciki da hanji shine farkawa da dare tare da [[Epigastrium|ciwon ciki na sama]], da ciwon ciki na sama wanda yake tafiya idan mutum yaci abinci abinci. <ref name="Na20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> tare da gyambon ciki, ciwon zai iya tsananta idan ya kasance '''gyambon cikine na tumbi'''. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana kwatanta ciwon a matsayin ciwo [[Dyspepsia|mai zafi/kuna]] ko rashin jin daɗi. <ref name="Na20112" /> Sauran alamun sun hada da [[belching]], amai, rage nauyi, ko rashin son cin abinci. <ref name="Na20112" /> Kusan kashi uku na tsofaffi ba su da alamun cutar. <ref name="Na20112" /> Matsalolin da zata iya kawowa na iya hadawa da [[Zubar da ciki|zub da jini]], Rarakeawa da [[Toshewar fitar da ciki|toshewar ciki]] . <ref name="Mil2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> Zubar da jini yana faruwa a kusan kashi sha biyar (15%) na lokuta.<ref name="Mil2011" /> Abubuwan da suka fi kawo cutar gyambon ciki sun hada; da kwayar cuta ta ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' da magungunan kashe zafin jiki (NSAIDs).<ref name="Na20113">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Sauran, kananan abubuwan da ba a sani ba sun hada da [[Tabar taba|shan taba]], damuwa a sakamakon wasu yanayi mai tsanani na kiwon lafiya, [[cutar Behcet]], cutar [[Zollinger-Ellison ciwo|Zollinger-Ellison,]] [[cutar Crohn]], da [[Cirrhosis|ciwon hanta]].<ref name="Na20113" /> <ref name="St2002">{{Cite journal|url-status=S362–4}}</ref>Tsofaffi sun fi zama cikin hadari da illolin ulcer wanda magungunan kashe ciwon jiki ke sakawa <ref name="Na20114">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref>. Ana yin binciken gane cutar ne gwargwadon alamomin da mutum yazo dasu, da kuma yin bincike na [[endoscopy]] ko [[Barium hadiye|barium swallow]] .<ref name="Na20114" /> Ana iya gano kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ta hanyar gwajin jini. [[Gwajin numfashi na Urea|gwajin numfashi na urea]], gwada bahaya don alamun kwayoyin cuta, ko gwajin gyambon ciki na [[biopsy]].<ref name="Na20114" /> Sauran yanayin da ke haifar da irin wannan alamun sun hada da; [[ciwon daji na ciki]], [[Ciwon zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]], da [[Gastritis|kumburin rufin ciki]] ko [[Cholelithiasis|kumburin gallbladder]].<ref name="Na20115">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> == a == [[Abinci (abinci)|Abincin]] ba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar da ko hana gyambon ciki. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ingattacen maganin ta ya hada da dakatar da shan taba, dakatar da amfani da magungunan kashe zafi na (NSAIDs), barin shan giya, rage shan yaji, cin abinci akan lokaci da shan magunguna don rage yawan acid na ciki. <ref name="Na20116">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Maganin da ake amfani da shi don rage acid yawanci sun hada da [[Proton famfo mai hanawa|mai hanawa na proton pump]] (PPI) ko [[H2 blocker|mai hana H2]], tare da shawarar farko ta jiya na sati hudu.<ref name="Na20116" /> '''Gyambon ciki''' dalilin kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ana maganinta da hadin magunguna masu kashe kwayoyin cuta , irin su [[amoxicillin]], [[clarithromycin]], da PPI. <ref name="Wang2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Rashi magani na kwayoyin cutar yanata karuwa kuma don haka magani bazai kasance koyaushe yana da tasiri ba. <ref name="Wang20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Za a iyin maganin zubar jini ta hanyar [[endoscopy]], tare da bude tiyata yawanci ana amfani da su kawai a cikin yanayin da ba a yi nasara ba. <ref name="Mil20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} f91kf2g6n6p0itq0myxgukcdredls30 874023 874021 2026-07-01T23:07:16Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 874023 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Digestive system - Stomach ulcer -- Smart-Servier.png|thumb|inda wasu ke samun gyambo]] [[Fayil:Ulcer subungual DM.jpg|thumb|Gyambon Ciki]] '''Ciwon gyambon ciki''' shine rarakewa a cikin [[Mucosa na ciki|rufin ciki]], bangaren farko na [[kananan hanji]], ko kuma wani lokacin a kasan makogwaro .<ref name="Na2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ulcer a cikin ciki ana kiransa da '''ciwon ciki''', yayin da daya daga cikin kashi na farko na hanji shine ciwon '''gyambon ciki na hanji''' . <ref name="Na2011" /> Mafi yawan alamun bayyanar Gyambon ciki da hanji shine farkawa da dare tare da [[Epigastrium|ciwon ciki na sama]], da ciwon ciki na sama wanda yake tafiya idan mutum yaci abinci abinci. <ref name="Na20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> tare da gyambon ciki, ciwon zai iya tsananta idan ya kasance '''gyambon cikine na tumbi'''. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana kwatanta ciwon a matsayin ciwo [[Dyspepsia|mai zafi/kuna]] ko rashin jin daɗi. <ref name="Na20112" /> Sauran alamun sun hada da [[belching]], amai, rage nauyi, ko rashin son cin abinci. <ref name="Na20112" /> Kusan kashi uku na tsofaffi ba su da alamun cutar. <ref name="Na20112" /> Matsalolin da zata iya kawowa na iya hadawa da [[Zubar da ciki|zub da jini]], Rarakeawa da [[Toshewar fitar da ciki|toshewar ciki]] . <ref name="Mil2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> Zubar da jini yana faruwa a kusan kashi sha biyar (15%) na lokuta.<ref name="Mil2011" /> Abubuwan da suka fi kawo cutar gyambon ciki sun hada; da kwayar cuta ta ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' da magungunan kashe zafin jiki (NSAIDs).<ref name="Na20113">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Sauran, kananan abubuwan da ba a sani ba sun hada da [[Tabar taba|shan taba]], damuwa a sakamakon wasu yanayi mai tsanani na kiwon lafiya, [[cutar Behcet]], cutar [[Zollinger-Ellison ciwo|Zollinger-Ellison,]] [[cutar Crohn]], da [[Cirrhosis|ciwon hanta]].<ref name="Na20113" /> <ref name="St2002">{{Cite journal|url-status=S362–4}}</ref>Tsofaffi sun fi zama cikin hadari da illolin ulcer wanda magungunan kashe ciwon jiki ke sakawa <ref name="Na20114">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref>. Ana yin binciken gane cutar ne gwargwadon alamomin da mutum yazo dasu, da kuma yin bincike na [[endoscopy]] ko [[Barium hadiye|barium swallow]] .<ref name="Na20114" /> Ana iya gano kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ta hanyar gwajin jini. [[Gwajin numfashi na Urea|gwajin numfashi na urea]], gwada bahaya don alamun kwayoyin cuta, ko gwajin gyambon ciki na [[biopsy]].<ref name="Na20114" /> Sauran yanayin da ke haifar da irin wannan alamun sun hada da; [[ciwon daji na ciki]], [[Ciwon zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]], da [[Gastritis|kumburin rufin ciki]] ko [[Cholelithiasis|kumburin gallbladder]].<ref name="Na20115">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> == a == [[Abinci (abinci)|Abincin]] ba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar da ko hana gyambon ciki. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ingattacen maganin ta ya hada da dakatar da shan taba, dakatar da amfani da magungunan kashe zafi na (NSAIDs), barin shan giya, rage shan yaji, cin abinci akan lokaci, da shan magunguna don rage yawan acid na ciki. <ref name="Na20116">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Maganin da ake amfani da shi don rage acid yawanci sun hada da [[Proton famfo mai hanawa|mai hanawa na proton pump]] (PPI) ko [[H2 blocker|mai hana H2]], tare da shawarar farko ta jiya na sati hudu.<ref name="Na20116" /> '''Gyambon ciki''' dalilin kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ana maganinta da hadin magunguna masu kashe kwayoyin cuta , irin su [[amoxicillin]], [[clarithromycin]], da PPI. <ref name="Wang2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Rashi magani na kwayoyin cutar yanata karuwa kuma don haka magani bazai kasance koyaushe yana da tasiri ba. <ref name="Wang20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Za a iyin maganin zubar jini ta hanyar [[endoscopy]], tare da bude tiyata yawanci ana amfani da su kawai a cikin yanayin da ba a yi nasara ba. <ref name="Mil20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} ofkiw8r3scpf6d60u0a8ycnf1qwr8l2 874024 874023 2026-07-01T23:08:00Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 874024 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Digestive system - Stomach ulcer -- Smart-Servier.png|thumb|inda wasu ke samun gyambo]] [[Fayil:Ulcer subungual DM.jpg|thumb|Gyambon Ciki]] '''Ciwon gyambon ciki''' shine rarakewa a cikin [[Mucosa na ciki|rufin ciki]], bangaren farko na [[kananan hanji]], ko kuma wani lokacin a kasan makogwaro .<ref name="Na2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ulcer a cikin ciki ana kiransa da '''ciwon ciki''', yayin da daya daga cikin kashi na farko na hanji shine ciwon '''gyambon ciki na hanji''' . <ref name="Na2011" /> Mafi yawan alamun bayyanar Gyambon ciki da hanji shine farkawa da dare tare da [[Epigastrium|ciwon ciki na sama]], da ciwon ciki na sama wanda yake tafiya idan mutum yaci abinci abinci. <ref name="Na20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> tare da gyambon ciki, ciwon zai iya tsananta idan ya kasance '''gyambon cikine na tumbi'''. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana kwatanta ciwon a matsayin ciwo [[Dyspepsia|mai zafi/kuna]] ko rashin jin daɗi. <ref name="Na20112" /> Sauran alamun sun hada da [[belching]], amai, rage nauyi, ko rashin son cin abinci. <ref name="Na20112" /> Kusan kashi uku na tsofaffi ba su da alamun cutar. <ref name="Na20112" /> Matsalolin da zata iya kawowa na iya hadawa da [[Zubar da ciki|zub da jini]], Rarakeawa da [[Toshewar fitar da ciki|toshewar ciki]] . <ref name="Mil2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> Zubar da jini yana faruwa a kusan kashi sha biyar (15%) na lokuta.<ref name="Mil2011" /> Abubuwan da suka fi kawo cutar gyambon ciki sun hada; da kwayar cuta ta ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' da magungunan kashe zafin jiki (NSAIDs).<ref name="Na20113">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Sauran, kananan abubuwan da ba a sani ba sun hada da [[Tabar taba|shan taba]], damuwa a sakamakon wasu yanayi mai tsanani na kiwon lafiya, [[cutar Behcet]], cutar [[Zollinger-Ellison ciwo|Zollinger-Ellison,]] [[cutar Crohn]], da [[Cirrhosis|ciwon hanta]].<ref name="Na20113" /> <ref name="St2002">{{Cite journal|url-status=S362–4}}</ref>Tsofaffi sun fi zama cikin hadari da illolin ulcer wanda magungunan kashe ciwon jiki ke sakawa <ref name="Na20114">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref>. Ana yin binciken gane cutar ne gwargwadon alamomin da mutum yazo dasu, da kuma yin bincike na [[endoscopy]] ko [[Barium hadiye|barium swallow]] .<ref name="Na20114" /> Ana iya gano kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ta hanyar gwajin jini. [[Gwajin numfashi na Urea|gwajin numfashi na urea]], gwada bahaya don alamun kwayoyin cuta, ko gwajin gyambon ciki na [[biopsy]].<ref name="Na20114" /> Sauran yanayin da ke haifar da irin wannan alamun sun hada da; [[ciwon daji na ciki]], [[Ciwon zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]], da [[Gastritis|kumburin rufin ciki]] ko [[Cholelithiasis|kumburin gallbladder]].<ref name="Na20115">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> == a == [[Abinci (abinci)|Abincin]] ba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar da ko hana gyambon ciki. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ingattacen maganin ta ya hada da dakatar da shan taba, dakatar da amfani da magungunan kashe zafi na (NSAIDs), barin shan giya, rage shan yaji, cin abinci akan lokaci, ra da shan magunguna don rage yawan acid na ciki. <ref name="Na20116">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Maganin da ake amfani da shi don rage acid yawanci sun hada da [[Proton famfo mai hanawa|mai hanawa na proton pump]] (PPI) ko [[H2 blocker|mai hana H2]], tare da shawarar farko ta jiya na sati hudu.<ref name="Na20116" /> '''Gyambon ciki''' dalilin kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ana maganinta da hadin magunguna masu kashe kwayoyin cuta , irin su [[amoxicillin]], [[clarithromycin]], da PPI. <ref name="Wang2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Rashi magani na kwayoyin cutar yanata karuwa kuma don haka magani bazai kasance koyaushe yana da tasiri ba. <ref name="Wang20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Za a iyin maganin zubar jini ta hanyar [[endoscopy]], tare da bude tiyata yawanci ana amfani da su kawai a cikin yanayin da ba a yi nasara ba. <ref name="Mil20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} 52c44oruzgzdkwv9qstd0zj95ki2dy1 874025 874024 2026-07-01T23:08:30Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 874025 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Digestive system - Stomach ulcer -- Smart-Servier.png|thumb|inda wasu ke samun gyambo]] [[Fayil:Ulcer subungual DM.jpg|thumb|Gyambon Ciki]] '''Ciwon gyambon ciki''' shine rarakewa a cikin [[Mucosa na ciki|rufin ciki]], bangaren farko na [[kananan hanji]], ko kuma wani lokacin a kasan makogwaro .<ref name="Na2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ulcer a cikin ciki ana kiransa da '''ciwon ciki''', yayin da daya daga cikin kashi na farko na hanji shine ciwon '''gyambon ciki na hanji''' . <ref name="Na2011" /> Mafi yawan alamun bayyanar Gyambon ciki da hanji shine farkawa da dare tare da [[Epigastrium|ciwon ciki na sama]], da ciwon ciki na sama wanda yake tafiya idan mutum yaci abinci abinci. <ref name="Na20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> tare da gyambon ciki, ciwon zai iya tsananta idan ya kasance '''gyambon cikine na tumbi'''. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana kwatanta ciwon a matsayin ciwo [[Dyspepsia|mai zafi/kuna]] ko rashin jin daɗi. <ref name="Na20112" /> Sauran alamun sun hada da [[belching]], amai, rage nauyi, ko rashin son cin abinci. <ref name="Na20112" /> Kusan kashi uku na tsofaffi ba su da alamun cutar. <ref name="Na20112" /> Matsalolin da zata iya kawowa na iya hadawa da [[Zubar da ciki|zub da jini]], Rarakeawa da [[Toshewar fitar da ciki|toshewar ciki]] . <ref name="Mil2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> Zubar da jini yana faruwa a kusan kashi sha biyar (15%) na lokuta.<ref name="Mil2011" /> Abubuwan da suka fi kawo cutar gyambon ciki sun hada; da kwayar cuta ta ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' da magungunan kashe zafin jiki (NSAIDs).<ref name="Na20113">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Sauran, kananan abubuwan da ba a sani ba sun hada da [[Tabar taba|shan taba]], damuwa a sakamakon wasu yanayi mai tsanani na kiwon lafiya, [[cutar Behcet]], cutar [[Zollinger-Ellison ciwo|Zollinger-Ellison,]] [[cutar Crohn]], da [[Cirrhosis|ciwon hanta]].<ref name="Na20113" /> <ref name="St2002">{{Cite journal|url-status=S362–4}}</ref>Tsofaffi sun fi zama cikin hadari da illolin ulcer wanda magungunan kashe ciwon jiki ke sakawa <ref name="Na20114">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref>. Ana yin binciken gane cutar ne gwargwadon alamomin da mutum yazo dasu, da kuma yin bincike na [[endoscopy]] ko [[Barium hadiye|barium swallow]] .<ref name="Na20114" /> Ana iya gano kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ta hanyar gwajin jini. [[Gwajin numfashi na Urea|gwajin numfashi na urea]], gwada bahaya don alamun kwayoyin cuta, ko gwajin gyambon ciki na [[biopsy]].<ref name="Na20114" /> Sauran yanayin da ke haifar da irin wannan alamun sun hada da; [[ciwon daji na ciki]], [[Ciwon zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]], da [[Gastritis|kumburin rufin ciki]] ko [[Cholelithiasis|kumburin gallbladder]].<ref name="Na20115">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> == a == [[Abinci (abinci)|Abincin]] ba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar da ko hana gyambon ciki. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ingattacen maganin ta ya hada da dakatar da shan taba, dakatar da amfani da magungunan kashe zafi na (NSAIDs), barin shan giya, rage shan yaji, cin abinci akan lokaci, rage da shan magunguna don rage yawan acid na ciki. <ref name="Na20116">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Maganin da ake amfani da shi don rage acid yawanci sun hada da [[Proton famfo mai hanawa|mai hanawa na proton pump]] (PPI) ko [[H2 blocker|mai hana H2]], tare da shawarar farko ta jiya na sati hudu.<ref name="Na20116" /> '''Gyambon ciki''' dalilin kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ana maganinta da hadin magunguna masu kashe kwayoyin cuta , irin su [[amoxicillin]], [[clarithromycin]], da PPI. <ref name="Wang2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Rashi magani na kwayoyin cutar yanata karuwa kuma don haka magani bazai kasance koyaushe yana da tasiri ba. <ref name="Wang20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Za a iyin maganin zubar jini ta hanyar [[endoscopy]], tare da bude tiyata yawanci ana amfani da su kawai a cikin yanayin da ba a yi nasara ba. <ref name="Mil20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} p2unu8lkx34gziy1odcn9440kzsgg0x 874027 874025 2026-07-01T23:09:03Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 874027 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Digestive system - Stomach ulcer -- Smart-Servier.png|thumb|inda wasu ke samun gyambo]] [[Fayil:Ulcer subungual DM.jpg|thumb|Gyambon Ciki]] '''Ciwon gyambon ciki''' shine rarakewa a cikin [[Mucosa na ciki|rufin ciki]], bangaren farko na [[kananan hanji]], ko kuma wani lokacin a kasan makogwaro .<ref name="Na2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ulcer a cikin ciki ana kiransa da '''ciwon ciki''', yayin da daya daga cikin kashi na farko na hanji shine ciwon '''gyambon ciki na hanji''' . <ref name="Na2011" /> Mafi yawan alamun bayyanar Gyambon ciki da hanji shine farkawa da dare tare da [[Epigastrium|ciwon ciki na sama]], da ciwon ciki na sama wanda yake tafiya idan mutum yaci abinci abinci. <ref name="Na20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> tare da gyambon ciki, ciwon zai iya tsananta idan ya kasance '''gyambon cikine na tumbi'''. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana kwatanta ciwon a matsayin ciwo [[Dyspepsia|mai zafi/kuna]] ko rashin jin daɗi. <ref name="Na20112" /> Sauran alamun sun hada da [[belching]], amai, rage nauyi, ko rashin son cin abinci. <ref name="Na20112" /> Kusan kashi uku na tsofaffi ba su da alamun cutar. <ref name="Na20112" /> Matsalolin da zata iya kawowa na iya hadawa da [[Zubar da ciki|zub da jini]], Rarakeawa da [[Toshewar fitar da ciki|toshewar ciki]] . <ref name="Mil2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> Zubar da jini yana faruwa a kusan kashi sha biyar (15%) na lokuta.<ref name="Mil2011" /> Abubuwan da suka fi kawo cutar gyambon ciki sun hada; da kwayar cuta ta ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' da magungunan kashe zafin jiki (NSAIDs).<ref name="Na20113">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Sauran, kananan abubuwan da ba a sani ba sun hada da [[Tabar taba|shan taba]], damuwa a sakamakon wasu yanayi mai tsanani na kiwon lafiya, [[cutar Behcet]], cutar [[Zollinger-Ellison ciwo|Zollinger-Ellison,]] [[cutar Crohn]], da [[Cirrhosis|ciwon hanta]].<ref name="Na20113" /> <ref name="St2002">{{Cite journal|url-status=S362–4}}</ref>Tsofaffi sun fi zama cikin hadari da illolin ulcer wanda magungunan kashe ciwon jiki ke sakawa <ref name="Na20114">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref>. Ana yin binciken gane cutar ne gwargwadon alamomin da mutum yazo dasu, da kuma yin bincike na [[endoscopy]] ko [[Barium hadiye|barium swallow]] .<ref name="Na20114" /> Ana iya gano kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ta hanyar gwajin jini. [[Gwajin numfashi na Urea|gwajin numfashi na urea]], gwada bahaya don alamun kwayoyin cuta, ko gwajin gyambon ciki na [[biopsy]].<ref name="Na20114" /> Sauran yanayin da ke haifar da irin wannan alamun sun hada da; [[ciwon daji na ciki]], [[Ciwon zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]], da [[Gastritis|kumburin rufin ciki]] ko [[Cholelithiasis|kumburin gallbladder]].<ref name="Na20115">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> == a == [[Abinci (abinci)|Abincin]] ba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar da ko hana gyambon ciki. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ingattacen maganin ta ya hada da dakatar da shan taba, dakatar da amfani da magungunan kashe zafi na (NSAIDs), barin shan giya, rage shan yaji, cin abinci akan lokaci, rage Sha da shan magunguna don rage yawan acid na ciki. <ref name="Na20116">{{Cite journal|url-status=383–94, vii}}</ref> Maganin da ake amfani da shi don rage acid yawanci sun hada da [[Proton famfo mai hanawa|mai hanawa na proton pump]] (PPI) ko [[H2 blocker|mai hana H2]], tare da shawarar farko ta jiya na sati hudu.<ref name="Na20116" /> '''Gyambon ciki''' dalilin kwayar cutar ''H. pylori'' ana maganinta da hadin magunguna masu kashe kwayoyin cuta , irin su [[amoxicillin]], [[clarithromycin]], da PPI. <ref name="Wang2011">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Rashi magani na kwayoyin cutar yanata karuwa kuma don haka magani bazai kasance koyaushe yana da tasiri ba. <ref name="Wang20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=613–35}}</ref> Za a iyin maganin zubar jini ta hanyar [[endoscopy]], tare da bude tiyata yawanci ana amfani da su kawai a cikin yanayin da ba a yi nasara ba. <ref name="Mil20112">{{Cite journal|url-status=491–3}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} 1cvj2ap8ju1dv72xv02y9juki9k2hjq 0 48263 874052 542774 2026-07-02T01:07:49Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 874052 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Coat of arms of Nigeria.svg|thumb]] '''Manufofin Ci gaba da Najeriya''' game da yadda [[Najeriya]] ke aiwatar da Manufofin Ci gaba mai dorewa a cikin jihohi talatin da shida da [[Babban Birnin Tarayya, Najeriya|Babban Birnin Tarayya]] (FCT). Manufofin Ci Gaban Ci gaba mai dorewa (SDGs) sun gunshi manufofi goma sha bakwai na duniya wadanda aka tsara a matsayin "blueprint don cimma kyakkyawar makomar da ta fi dorewa ga kowa". Kowane kayan burin 17 ana sa ran za a cimma shi nan da shekarar 2030 a kowace kasa a duniya.<ref>{{cite book |title=Implementation of the SDGs A National Voluntary Review |date=June 2017 |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/16029Nigeria.pdf}}</ref> Najeriya tana ɗaya daga cikin kasashen da suka gabatar da Binciken Kasa na Voluntary (VNR) a cikin shekarar 2017 da 2020 kan aiwatar da SDGs a Babban Taron Siyasa na Ci gaba mai dorewa (HLPF).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=FG presents SDGs voluntary national review report to UN today |url=https://guardian.ng/news/fg-presents-sdgs-voluntary-national-review-report-to-un-today/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220135423/https://guardian.ng/news/fg-presents-sdgs-voluntary-national-review-report-to-un-today/ |archive-date=20 February 2023 |access-date=24 September 2020 |website=Guardian Nigeria }}</ref> A cikin 2020, Najeriya ta kasance 160 a cikin SDG Index na duniya na 2020. Gwamnati ta tabbatar da cewa abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci a ci gaban Najeriya a yanzu da manufofi suna mai da hankali kan cimma SDGs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sustainable Development Report 2020 |url=https://dashboards.sdgindex.org/profiles/nga |access-date=2020-09-23 |website=dashboards.sdgindex.org |language=en |archive-date=2021-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414155653/https://dashboards.sdgindex.org/profiles/nga |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-28 |title=The Government of Nigeria Presents 2nd Voluntary National Review on Sustainable Development |url=https://sdgs.gov.ng/the-government-of-nigeria-presents-2nd-voluntary-national-review-on-sustainable-development/ |access-date=2020-09-23 |website=Sustainable Development Goals |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421072927/https://sdgs.gov.ng/the-government-of-nigeria-presents-2nd-voluntary-national-review-on-sustainable-development/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ƙungiyar Matasan SDGs ta Legas wani muhimmin shiri ne na SDGs a Najeriya wanda ke da niyyar inganta sa hannun matasa wajen cimma 2030 Agenda da tallafawa dabarun ci gaba mai ɗorewa na jihar Legas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-06 |title=Lagos launches youth alliance platform |url=https://punchng.com/lagos-launches-youth-alliance-platform/ |access-date=2021-08-14 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tarihi == [[File:SDGs pin badge.jpg|thumb|SDGS a Najeriya]] [[Najeriya]] ta zama memba na [[Majalisar dinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] (UN) a ranar 7 ga Oktoba 1960.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=The Most Populated Countries In Africa.|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-10-most-populated-countries-in-africa.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=24 September 2020|website=World Atlas}}</ref> Najeriya ita ce kasa mafi yawan jama'a a Afirka kuma tana da na bakwai mafi yawan jamaʼa a duniya.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=General Assembly of the UN General Debate-H.E. Mr. Goodluck Ebele Jonathan, President (Nigeria)|url=https://unamid.unmissions.org/22-apr-2012-nigeria-government-upgrade-logistic-support-unamid|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220135524/https://unamid.unmissions.org/22-apr-2012-nigeria-government-upgrade-logistic-support-unamid|archive-date=20 February 2023|access-date=24 September 2020|website=GATEBATE UN}}</ref> Najeriya ta sami 'yancin kai a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1960. A cikin 2012, Najeriya ta ba da gudummawa ta biyar mafi yawan masu kiyaye zaman lafiya ga ayyukan kiyaye zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. SDGs ko Project 2030 kira ne na duniya don kawo karshen talauci, tabbatar da duniya da kuma tabbatar da cewa kowa yana jin dadin zaman lafiya da wadata nan dshekarar a 2030. Kasashe 193 ne suka karbe shi tare da Najeriya a matsayin daya daga cikin mambobinta na kasar. SDGs saiti ne na manufofi goma sha bakwai da suka hada kai wadanda ke da manufofi tare da akalla daya ko biyu a kan kowane manufa. An fara aiwatar da "Manufar Duniya" ga kowa a watan Janairun 2015. Manufofinta sune tabbatar da hada-hadar zamantakewa, kare muhalli da inganta ci gaban tattalin arziki. Gwamnatoci, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, bincike, ilimi da kungiyoyin farar hula (CSOs) suna karbar tallafi daga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya yayin da SDGs ke karfafa hadin gwiwa. Yana kuma tabbatar da zabin da ya dace ana karba yanzu don inganta rayuwa ga tsararraki masu zuwa ta hanyar da ta dace. SDGs sune tsare-tsare don duniya ta fuskanci zaman lafiya da wadata a cikakke nan da shekara ta 2030. Dangane da yarjejeniya tsakanin gwamnatin Najeriya da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, tana da niyyar daidaita abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci a ci gabanta tare da hadin gwiwa tare da CSOs da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don cimma SDGs tare. An tsara Agenda shekarar 2030 don gina duniya mai dorewa a kusa da P guda biyar, wato; Mutane, Duniyar, Ci gaba, Zaman Lafiya, da Hadin gwiwa, wadanda suka mamaye SDGs 17. A cikin 2017, Najeriya ta kasance daga cikin kasashe 44 na [[Majalisar dinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] don gabatar da Binciken Kasa na son rai (VNR) kan aiwatar da Agenda na 2030 da SDGs a Babban Taron Siyasa kan Ci Gaban Ci gaba (HLPF). Gwamnati, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, da cibiyoyin ilimi suna aiki don cimma wadannan manufofi a Najeriya. == Ci gaba a kan zababbun SDGs == === Manufar 3 - Lafiya da Lafiya mai kyau === A cewar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, akalla mutane miliyan 400 a Najeriya ba su da damar samun kiwon lafiya na asali kuma kashi 40% ba su da kariya ta zamantakewa. Manufofin Ci Gaban Ci gaba na Ci gaba suna da niyyar rage cututtukan da aka yi watsi da su, cutar kanjamau, hepatitis, cututtukun da ke dauke da ruwa da sauran cututtukani masu yaduwa. An ƙaddamar da Shirin Tattalin Arziki da Ci gaban Najeriya don daidaita SDGs tare da burin 2030. Daga cikin burin shine rage yawan mace-mace zuwa 70/100,000 haihuwa masu rai. === Manufar 4 - Ilimi === A cikin shekarar 2016, Hukumar Ilimi ta Kasa da Kasa ta Najeriya (UBEC) ta ba da rahoton cewa tana da mafi yawan yara marasa makaranta a duniya, kimanin miliyan 10.5. Saboda haka, aiwatar da tanadin Hukumar Ilimi ta Kasa ta Duniya don Ilimi na Kasa kyauta ga kowane yaro na Najeriya na shekarun zuwa makaranta. === Manufar 5 - Daidaita Jima'i === A shekara ta 2000, Najeriya ta sanya dokar manufofin kasa kan mata wanda ke jagorantar kayan aiki na duniya na Yarjejeniyar kan kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna bambanci ga mata (CEDAW). A cikin shekara ta 2015, wani rahoto na Ofishin Kididdiga na Kasa ya nuna ci gaba a samun damar 'yan mata zuwa ilimi, tare da yin rajista ga mata a makarantun firamare da sakandare ya karu daga 46.7% da 47.1% a cikin 2010 zuwa 48.3% da 47.9% bi da bi a cikin 2015. === Manufar 6 - Ruwa Mai Tsabtacewa da Tsabtace Yanayi === A cewar [[UNICEF]], karancin samar da ruwa da tsabtace muhalli sun kashe tattalin arzikin Najeriya kusan kashi 1.3% na GDP a kowace shekara. === Manufar 7 - Rashin Rashin Ruwa da Tsabtace Makamashi === Najeriya tana daya daga cikin mafi girman karancin makamashi a duniya, tare da kimanin 'yan Najeriya miliyan 90 (50% na yawan jama'a) ba su da damar samun wutar lantarki. Najeriya ta yi ikirarin samun gudummawar 13% na hydroelectricity ga hadin samar da wutar lantarki ta 2020; gudummawar 1% na makamashi na iska ga hadin samarwar wutar lantarki na kasar ta 2020; da kuma gudummawar 3% da 6% na hasken rana ga hadin samarwa na wutar lantarki na kasa ta 2020 da 2030 bi da bi. === Manufar 9 - Masana'antu, Innovation da Infrastructure === Ci gaban fasaha a Najeriya ya dogara da samun dama ga bayanai, dandamali na dijital da Intanet. Wani rahoto na 2013 na Hukumar Raya Kasuwanci da Matsakaicin Kasuwanci ta Najeriya (SMEDAN) ya nuna cewa akwai sama da miliyan 70 na Micro Small da Matsakaitan Kasuwanci (MSMEs) da ke ba da gudummawa 50% na GDP na kasar, amma an lura cewa kasa da 5% na wadannan kasuwancin suna da isasshen damar samun bashi na kudi. Yankunan da suka fi dacewa da taimakon wadannan MSMEs sune samun damar samun kudi, samar da ababen more rayuwa, da samar da wutar lantarki na yau da kullun.<ref name=":2" /> == Tsarin bayar da rahoto == A cikin 2017, Najeriya ta ba da kanta don kasancewa cikin kasashe don sake duba ci gaban 2030 Agenda. Gabatarwar Binciken Kasa na Voluntary (VNR) sune sake dubawa na shekara-shekara da aka gabatar ga Babban Taron Siyasa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Ci Gaban Ci gaba (HLPF). Najeriya ta kasance daga cikin kasashe 44 na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da suka gabatar da Binciken Kasa na son rai game da aiwatar da Agenda na 2030 da SDGs a HLPF. A cikin shekarar 2020, Najeriya ta kuma ba da gudummawa tare da wasu kasashe 46 don VNR. Binciken ya kuma mayar da hankali kan; * Talauci (SDG 1) * Lafiya da jin dadi (SDG 3), * Ilimi (SDG 4), * Daidaitawar jinsi (SDG 5) * Tattalin arzikin hada-hadar (SDG 8), * Samar da yanayi na zaman lafiya da tsaro (SDG 16) * Hadin gwiwa (SDG 17) Yankunan da aka mayar da hankali sun dogara ne akan abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci da manufofi na ci gaba na yanzu. "An ba da rahoton duk da annobar COVID-19 wacce aka yi imanin ta rage ci gaban 2030 Agenda. " == Ayyuka == === Binciken Kasa na son rai na 2020 === A watan Yulin shekarar 2020, Shugaba [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya gabatar da Binciken Kasa na Voluntary a zaman kwamitin na biyu na HLPF, a kan layi a karo na farko saboda annobar COVID-19. Ya ba da ci gaban bakwai daga cikin SDGs wadanda ake kira a matsayin ainihin kasar gaba daya. === Tallafin kudi === A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2020, Najeriya ta fara aiki a hukumance na tsarawa da aiwatar da Tsarin Tsarin Kudade na Kasa (INFF) don ba da gudummawar abubuwan ci gaban kasa da kuma cimma burin SDGs. Tsarin hada-hadar kudade na kasa (INFF) wani shiri ne na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don tallafawa kasashe wajen aiwatar da yarjejeniyoyin Ajenda Aiki na Addis Ababa (AAAA) don ba da tallafin SDGs. UNDP ta kasance tana tallafawa gwamnati da jama'arta ta hanyar magance kalubalen ci gaba, karfafawa da gina cibiyoyi masu inganta ci gaba mai dorewa da mulkin dimokradiyya. Misali, yayin rikicin [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]], UNDP ta ha]a hannu da Japan don tallafa wa harkokin kiwon lafiya da zamantakewar tattalin arzikin Nijeriya. == Kalubale == Shekarar 2020, wacce ake kira "Shekaru goma na Aiki" an ce tana da jinkirin ci gaba game da ci gaban SDGs kamar yadda Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari ya ruwaito a lokacin Binciken Kasa na Kasa na Najeriya na 2020 (VNR). Rahoton ya mayar da hankali kan batutuwan talauci (SDG-1) da tattalin arziki mai hadawa (SDG-8), kiwon lafiya da jin dadi (SDG-3), ilimi (SDG-4), daidaiton jinsi (SDG-5), yanayin da ke ba da damar zaman lafiya da tsaro (SDG-16), da haɗin gwiwa (SDG-15). == Al'umma da al'adu == === Ilimi mafi girma === Akwai kuma cibiyoyi daban-daban a duk fadin kasar da suka himmatu ga kirkirar wayar da kan jama'a ta SDGs, daya daga cikin wadannan shine Cibiyar Ci Gaban ta Jami'ar Ibadan (CESDEV). Jami'ar Ibadan ce ta kafa Cibiyar a matsayin nuna jajircewar jami'ar ga ci gaba mai dorewa. === Abubuwan da suka faru === ==== Makon SDGs na Legas ==== Makon SDS na Legas wani taron mako-mako ne na shekara-shekara wanda ake tunawa da shi ta hanyar hada masu ruwa da tsaki na bangarori don hada kai da Altruism, Advocacy & Action tare da hangen nesa don gano mafita, sake nazarin ci gaba, fadada wayar da kan jama'a, hadin gwiwa da sake tabbatar da jajircewa don hanzarta kokarin cimma SDGs na 2030. Makon SDGs yana da shirye-shirye masu zuwa: Gidan Gwamna na Virtual Meet-And-Greet tare da masu ba da damar SDGs na Legas, Open Goal Adoption da Mashahuran Lagosians, Neighborhood Outreach Campaign, Future of Lagos Hackathon, Legas Local Government / LCDAs Discourse on SDGs. Wadannan shirye-shiryen suna da alaqa sosai a cikin manufar su don saurin yin kokari don ci gaba don isar da SDGs a Jihar Legas. == Gungiyoyi == Wannan jerin kungiyoyi ne da ke hanzarta burin ci gaba mai dorewa a Najeriya: * UNDP a Najeriya * Cibiyar SDGs ta Matasan Najeriya * Shirin Ci gaban Canjin Yanayi na Duniya * Babban Kwamitin Australiya Najeriya * Lagos SDGs Youth Alliance * Koyar da SDGs * Cibiyar Nazarin Yanayi ta Najeriya (NCIC) == Dubi kuma == * [[Canjin yanayi a Najeriya]] * [[Gandun Daji a Najeriya|Kashe daji a Najeriya]] == Bayani == [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qxjjtajrx4enp8v8mx09vcryycmo74b 0 48663 873734 678550 2026-07-01T18:00:44Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 873734 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{databox}} '''Dashen huhu''', ko '''dashen huhu, wata hanya''' ce ta fiɗan huhun [[mutum]] guda ɗaya ko duka biyun don maye gurbin huhun da wasu. Ana iya maye gurbin huhun daga mai bayarwa mai [[rai]] ko Wanda ya mutu. Mai ba da gudummawar mai rai zai iya ba da gudummawar huhu ɗaya ne kawai. Saboda wasu cututtukan [[huhu]], mai karɓa na iya buƙatar samun huhu ɗaya ne kawai.<ref>[[Ciwon huhu]]</ref> Akwai wasu cututtukan huhu irin su cystic fibrosis, yana da matukar muhimmanci mai karɓa ya karbi huhu guda biyu. Yayin da dashen huhun ke ɗauke da wasu [[haɗari]] masu alaƙa da juna, kuma suna iya tsawaita tsawon rai da haɓaka ingancin rayuwa ga waɗanda ke a matakin ƙarshe na cutar huhu.<ref name="Inci">{{Cite journal|url-status=1473}}</ref> == Sharuɗɗan cancanta == Dashen huhu yanada ma'auni don aunawa ko mara lafiyan zai iya warkewa musamman ga mara lafiya Wanda kuma ke mataki na ƙarshe na [[Ciwon Huhun Daji|ciwon]], kuma ya bi dukkan wata hanya na ganin ya warke amma ba'a yi nasara ba. Sharudɗa iri-iri na iya sa irin wannan tiyata ta zama dole. Tun daga shekara ta 2005, dalilan da suka fi yawa na dashen huhu a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] sune: * 27% [[Cutar huhu na yau da kullun|na kullum cututtuka na huhu]] (COPD), ciki har da emphysema ; * 16% idiopathic fibrosis na huhu ; * 14% cystic fibrosis ; * 12% idiopathic (wanda aka fi sani da "primary") hauhawar jini na huhu ; * {{Spaces|2}}5% [[alpha 1-antitrypsin rashi]] ; * {{Spaces|2}}2% maye gurbin huhun da aka dasa a baya wanda ya gaza; * 24% wasu dalilai, ciki har da bronchiectasis da sarcoidosis . == Abubuwan da ba a yadda ayiba == Duk da kuma tsananin yanayin fitan numfashin majiyyaci, wasu dalilai ka iya sanya mara lafiyan cikin wani yanayi mai tsanani: * Cututtuka na yau da kullun (misali, gazawar zuciya, cututtukan koda, cutar hanta ) * Cututtuka na yanzu, gami da HIV da [[Ciwon hanta|hepatitis]] ** Duk da haka, sau da yawa, marasa lafiya na hepatitis C duka ana dasa su kuma ana amfani da su azaman masu ba da gudummawa idan mai karɓa yana da ciwon hanta. Hakazalika, zaɓaɓɓun waɗanda suka kamu da cutar kanjamau sun sami dashen huhu bayan an tantance su bisa ga al'ada. <ref>{{Cite journal|quote=6|url-status=882–889}}</ref> * [[Sankara|Ciwon daji]] na yanzu ko na baya-bayan nan * Amfani da barasa na yanzu, taba ko haramtattun kwayoyi * Shekaru * Yanayin tabin hankali * Tarihin rashin bin umarnin likita ==Iabari Akkan sankara == Tarihin dashen sassan jiki ya fara ne da yunƙuri da yawa waɗanda kuma ba su yi nasara ba saboda kin dasuwa na sassan jikin. Gwajin da akayi akan dabbobi daban-daban, ciki har da wasu likitoci kamar su: Vladimir Demikhov da Henry Metras, a cikin shekarar 1940s da 1950s, sun fara nuna cewa tsarin yana yiwuwa a fasahan ce. James Hardy na Jami'ar Mississippi ya yi dashen huhun mutum na farko a ranar 11 ga Yuni, 1963 . <ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=1065–1074}}</ref> <ref>"Transplanting Of Lung Apparently Successful", ''Tucson (AZ) Daily Citizen'', June 13, 1963, p1</ref> Bayan dashen huhu guda, majiyyacin, wanda aka gano daga baya a matsayin wanda aka yanke masa hukuncin kisa John Richard Russell, <ref>"Barnett To Free Killer Who Had Lung Transplant", ''Miami News'', June 26, 1963, p3A</ref> ya rayu tsawon kwanaki 18. Daga 1963 zuwa 1978, yunƙurin dashen huhun da wanda da yawa ba'a yi nasara ba saboda ƙin yarda da matsaloli tare da warkarwa na anastomotic. Sai bayan da aka kirkiro na'urar huhu na zuciya, tare da haɓaka magungunan rigakafi irin su cyclosporin, shine ake iya dashen sassan jiki kamar huhu har mara lafiyan ya warke.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2022}} Nasarar dashen sassan jiki na farko da ya shafi huhu shine dashen zuciya da huhu, wanda Dokta Bruce Reitz na Jami'ar Stanford ya yi a shekarar 1981 a kan wata mace da ke fama da hauhawar jini na idiopathic . <ref>{{Cite journal|quote=6|url-status=557–564}}</ref> <ref>Pulmonary Hypertension: A Patient's Survival Guide 3rd edition p. 126</ref> * 1983: Nasarar farko na dashen huhu ɗaya na dogon lokaci (Tom Hall) na Joel Cooper (Toronto) * 1986: Nasarar farko na dashen huhu biyu na dogon lokaci ( Ann Harrison ) na Joel D. Cooper (Toronto) <ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=1610}}</ref> * 1988: Nasarar farko na dogon lokaci na dashen huhu na huhu don cystic fibrosis na Joel Cooper (Toronto). A cikin 1988, Vera Dwyer, wata mace daga County Sligo a Ireland, an gano ta da cutar huhu da ba za a iya warkewa ba, na yau da kullun da fibrotic. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, an yi mata dashen huhu guda ɗaya a Burtaniya. A watan Nuwamba 2018, an gane Ms. Dwyer a matsayin wacce akayi ma dashen huhu ɗaya mafi dadewa a duniya a wani taron da aka yi a Asibitin Mater a [[Dublin]] . == Abubuwan da ake bukata wajen Dashe == === Abubuwan buƙatu don masu ba da gudummawa === Akwai wasu abubuwa da ake bukata wajen masu ba da gudummawar huhu, saboda buƙatun yiyuwar mai karɓa. Dangane da masu ba da taimakon huhu, sannan kuma ana la’akari da yadda tiyatar za ta shafi mai bayarwa: * Lafiyayye * Daidaita girman ** Huhu ko huhun da aka ba da gudummawa dole ne su zama babba don isassun iskar oxygen iskar da majiyyaci, amma ƙanƙanta da zai dace a cikin ramin ƙirjin mai karɓa. * Shekaru * Nau'in jini === Abubuwan da ake bukata wajen masu karɓa don yiwuwar karɓa === Yayin da cibiyar dashe ke da 'yanci don saka nata sharuɗɗan masu neman dashen, an yarda da wasu buƙatu bai ɗaya: * Cutar huhu wacce take mataki na ƙarshe * Ya bi dukkan hanyiyi na warkewa Amma ba'a samu nasara ba * Babu wasu yanayi na rashin lafiya (misali, zuciya, koda, hanta) ** Wasu majinyata masu irin wadannan cututtuka, idan har yanayinsu ya inganta har ya kai ga samun kwanciyar hankali don tsira da aikin tiyata, ana ba su kebancewa- da yawa masu fama da cutar huhu na karshen zamani za su sami ciwo mai tsanani ko na yau da kullun a wasu gabobin. ; * Babu cututtuka na yanzu ko [[Sankara|ciwon daji]] na baya-bayan nan. Wasu marasa lafiya, bisa ga al'ada, masu ciwon huhu ko wasu cututtuka, ana iya ba da izini. Har illa yau, akwai wasu lokuta inda kamuwa da cuta da ya rigaya ya kasance ba zai iya yiwuwa ba, kamar yadda yawancin marasa lafiya da cystic fibrosis. A irin waɗannan lokuta, cibiyoyin dashe, bisa ga ra'ayin kansu, na iya karɓa ko ƙin yarda da marasa lafiya da ke da cututtukan ''B. cepacia'' ko ''MRSA'' a halin yanzu. * Babu [[Kanjamau|HIV]] ko [[Ciwon hanta|hanta]], ko da yake wasu masu karɓa masu irin nau'in hanta kamar yadda mai bayarwa zai iya samun huhu, da kuma mutanen da ke dauke da kwayar cutar HIV waɗanda za a iya kwantar da su kuma suna iya samun ƙananan ƙwayar cutar HIV na iya zama masu cancanta; * Babu barasa, shan taba, ko shan miyagun ƙwayoyi (wasu mutanen da za su iya daina waɗannan halaye kuma suna bin magani ana iya ba su dama) * A cikin kewayon nauyi yarda (alamar rashin abinci mai gina jiki ko kiba duka suna da alaƙa da haɓakar mace-mace) * Shekaru (daya da biyu tx) * Bayanan martaba na tunani mai karbuwa * Yana da tsarin tallafi na zamantakewa * Mai ikon iya biyan kuɗi don kashe kuɗi (inda majiyyaci ke biyan kulawar likita kai tsaye) * Mai ikon bin tsarin tsarin dasawa. Dashen huhu babban aiki ne, kuma bayan dashen, dole ne majiyyaci ya kasance a shirye don bin tsarin magunguna na rayuwa da kuma ci gaba da kula da lafiya. === Gwaje-gwajen likitanci ga masu yuyuwar neman Dashe === Marasa lafiyan da ake la'akari da su don sanyawa a cikin jerin masu dashen sassan jiki suna yin gwaje-gwaje masu yawa na likita don kimanta yanayin lafiyarsu gabaɗaya da dacewa da aikin tiyata. * Nau'in jini ; Dole ne nau'in jinin mai karɓa ya dace da na mai bayarwa, saboda antigens da ke cikin huhu da aka bayar. Rashin daidaituwar nau'in jinin na iya haifar wa Mai amsa rashin ƙarfi ta hanyar tsarin rigakafi da ƙin yarda da gabobin da aka dasa daga baya. * Nau'in nama ; a zahiri, naman huhu shima zai yi daidai sosai tsakanin mai bayarwa da mai karɓa, amma sha'awar samun sashin mai ba da gudummawar da ya dace sosai dole ne a daidaita daidai da gaggawar buƙatun mara lafiya. * X-ray na kirji - PA & LAT, don tabbatar da girman huhu da kogon kirji * Gwajin aikin huhu * CT Scan (High Resolution Thoracic & Abdominal) * Duban ma'adinan kashi * MUGA (Gated cardiac blood pool scan) * Gwajin damuwa na zuciya (Dobutamine/Thallium scan) * Duban iska/perfusion (V/Q). * Electrocardiogram * Catheterization na zuciya * Echocardiogram === Makin rabon huhu === Kafin shekarar 2005, Ƙungiyar Sadarwa ta United Network don Rarraba gabobin jiki ta keɓe huhun masu ba da gudummawa a cikin Amurka bisa ga farkon zuwa, da aka fara yi wa marasa lafiya a cikin jerin dasawa. An maye gurbin wannan da tsarin da ake amfani da shi a halin yanzu, wanda masu zuwa masu shayarwa masu shekaru 12 zuwa sama suna sanya ma'aunin rabon huhu ko LAS, wanda ke yin la'akari da ma'auni daban-daban na lafiyar majiyyaci. Sabon tsarin ya ware huhu da aka ba da gudummawa su bisa ga masu buƙata da gaggawa maimakon tsawon lokacin da majiyyaci ya kasance a cikin jadawalin jerin masu bukatan dashen. Har yanzu ana ba majinyatan da ba su kai shekara 12 ba fifiko dangane da tsawon lokacin da suka yi a cikin jerin masu jiran dashen. Tsawon lokacin da aka kwashe wajen jira shine abunda ake dubawa kafin yanke hukunci a lokacin da majinyata da yawa ke da bukatan huhu iri ɗaya.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2022}} Marasa lafia da aka gwada kuma aka tabbatar da yiwuwar samun narasa akan rashin lafiyan su, ana basu takarda su rike tare da su a kowane lokaci akan jiran mai ba da gudummawa idan ya samu. Waɗannan majiyyatan kuma dole ne su kasance cikin shiri don ƙaura zuwa zaɓaɓɓen cibiyar da aka zaɓa a cikin sanarwa na ɗan lokaci. Ana iya ƙarfafa irin waɗannan marasa lafiya su iyakance tafiye-tafiyensu a cikin wani yanki na yanki don sauƙaƙe jigilar gaggawa zuwa cibiyar dasawa.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2022}} == Nau'in dashen huhu == === Lobe === Dashen lobe tiyata ne da ake cire wani ɓangaren huhun mai bayarwa mai rai ko wanda ya mutu kuma a yi amfani da shi don maye gurbin huhu mara lafiya. A cikin gudummawar rayuwa, wannan hanya tana buƙatar gudummawar lobes daga mutane biyu daban-daban, maye gurbin huhu a kowane gefen mai karɓa. Masu ba da gudummawa waɗanda aka bincike su da kyau yakamata su sami damar kula da rayuwar yau da kullun duk da raguwar ƙarar huhu. A cikin dashen lobar da ya mutu, mai ba da gudummawa ɗaya zai iya samar da lobes biyu.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2022}} === Huhu ɗaya === Ana kuma iya taimaka wa marasa lafiya da yawa ta hanyar dashen huhun lafiyayye guda ɗaya. Huhun da ake ba da gudummawa ana so fito ne daga mai bayarwa wanda aka ce kwakwalwarsa ta mutu.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2022}} === Huhu biyu === Wasu marasa lafiya na iya buƙatar maye gurbin huhu biyu. Wannan shi ne batun musamman ga mutanen da ke fama da cystic fibrosis, saboda ƙwayar cutar da ake samu a cikin irin waɗannan huhun marasa lafiyan; idan huhun daya kawai aka dasa, kwayoyin cutar da ke cikin huhun na asali zasu iya cutar da sabuwar huhun da aka dasa. === Zuciya - huhu === Wasu marasa lafiya na numfashi na iya samun ciwon zuciya mai tsanani wanda zai buƙaci a dasa musu zuciya. Ana iya jinyar waɗannan marasa lafiya ta hanyar tiyatar da ake maye gurbin huhu da zuciya da sassan jiki daga mai bayarwa ko masu ba da gudummawa.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2022}} Misalin da ya shafi irin wannan aikin ana kiran shi da"domino transplant" a cikin kafofin yada labarai. An fara yin shi a shekarar 1987, irin wannan dashen zuciyar da na huhu ya kunshi mai bayarwa na A, wanda aka cire nasa lafiyayyan zuciyarsa kuma aka dasa ma mai karɓa na B. == Tsari == Bayanai na yadda zaa gudanar da tiyatan ya dogara ne da irin nau'in dashen, matakai da yawa sun saba da duk waɗannan hanyoyin. Kafin yin aiki a kan mai karɓa, likitan da aka saka yana duba huhun (s) masu bayarwa don alamun lalacewa ko cuta. Idan an yarda da huhu, to, an haɗa mai karɓa zuwa layin IV da kayan aikin kulawa daban-daban, ciki har da pulse oximetry . Za a yi wa majinyaci maganin barci gabaɗaya, kuma injin zai hura masa numfashi. Yana ɗaukar kimanin sa'a ɗaya don shiriya majinyaci kafin fara tiyata. Dashen huhu ɗaya yana ɗaukar kimanin sa'o'i huɗu zuwa takwas, yayin da dashen huhu biyu yana ɗaukar kimanin sa'o'i shida zuwa goma sha biyu don kammalawa. Idan antaba ma majinyaci tiyatar ƙirjin na iya rikitar da aikin kuma ya buƙaci ƙarin lokaci. === Huhu ɗaya === [[File:DoubleLungTransplantScar.jpg|thumb| Ciwon ciki daga dashen huhu biyu]] A cikin dashen huhu guda ɗaya, an zaɓi huhu tare da mafi munin aikin huhu don maye gurbin. Idan duka huhun suna aiki daidai, to, huhu na banfaren dama ya fi son cirewa saboda yana guje wa yin motsi a cikin zuciya, kamar yadda ake buƙata don cire huhun hagu. A cikin dashen huhu guda ɗaya tsarin yana farawa bayan an bincika huhun mai bayarwa kuma an yanke shawarar karɓar huhun mai badawa. Anan katsewa ne daga ƙarƙashin kafada a kusa da ƙirji, yana ƙarewa kusa da sternum. Wata hanya ta daban ta ƙunshi ɓarna a ƙarƙashin ƙashin ƙirjin. Idan aka yi dashen huhu guda ɗaya huhun ya ruguje, an daure tasoshin jini a cikin huhu, an cire huhu a bututun mai . An sanya huhun mai ba da gudummawa, an sake haɗa magudanar jini da bututun buroshi, kuma huhu ya sake hurawa. Don tabbatar da huhu yana da gamsarwa kuma don share duk sauran jini da ƙumburi a cikin sabon huhu za a yi bronchoscopy . Lokacin da likitocin fiɗa suka gamsu da aikin huhu za a rufe ɓarnar ƙirjin.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2022}} === Huhu biyu === Dashen huhu sau biyu, wanda kuma aka sani da dasawa biyu, ana iya yin shi ko dai a jere, ko kuma a lokaci guda. Jeri ya fi kowa fiye da en block. Wannan yayi daidai da yin dashen huhu guda biyu daban-daban.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2022}} Aikin dashen na farawa ne bayan an duba huhun masu ba da gudummawa kuma an yanke shawarar dasawa. Ana yin wani yanki daga ƙarƙashin hammata na majiyyaci, a kusa da kashin kashin baya, sa'an nan kuma a koma zuwa ɗayan hammata; wannan shi ake kira da clamshell incision. A cikin yanayin dashen dasawa da huhun mai karɓa tare da mafi ƙarancin ayyukan huhu ya ruguje, an ɗaure tasoshin jini, kuma a yanke a madaidaicin bronchi . Daga nan sai a sanya sabon huhu sannan a sake manne hanyoyin jini. Don tabbatar da huhu ya gamsu kafin a dasa sauran an yi bronchoscopy . Lokacin da likitocin fiɗa suka gamsu da aikin sabon huhu, aikin tiyata a huhun na biyu zai ci gaba. A cikin kashi 10 zuwa 20% na dashen huhu sau biyu an haɗa majinyacin zuwa injin huhun zuciya wanda ke fitar da jini ga jiki kuma yana samar da iskar oxygen. == Kulawar bayan tiyata == Nan da nan bayan tiyata, ana sanya majiyyaci a cikin sashin kulawa mai zurfi don kulawa, yawanci na ƴan kwanaki. An sanya majiyyaci a kan na'urar iska don taimakawa numfashi. Gabaɗaya ana biyan bukatun abinci ta hanyar abinci mai gina jiki na mahaifa gabaɗaya, kodayake a wasu lokuta bututun nasogastric ya isa don ciyarwa. Ana kuma saka bututun ƙirji a ciki domin a cire ruwa mai yawa . Domin an killace majiyyaci a gado, ana amfani da catheter na fitsari . Ana amfani da layin IV a cikin wuyansa da hannu don saka idanu da ba da magunguna. Bayan ƴan kwanaki, hana duk wani rikitarwa, ana iya tura majiyyaci zuwa babban asibitin marasa lafiya don ƙarin murmurewa. Matsakaicin zaman asibiti bayan dashen huhu shine gabaɗaya mako ɗaya zuwa uku, kodayake rikitarwa na iya buƙatar dogon lokaci. <ref name="lung5" /> Bayan wannan matakin, yawanci ana buƙatar marasa lafiya su halarci wurin motsa jiki na kusan watanni 3 don dawo da lafiya. Ma'aunin nauyi, keken motsa jiki, injin tuƙi, shimfiɗa da ƙari duk wani ɓangare ne na shirin gyarawa.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2022}} Ana iya samun illoli da dama bayan tiyatar. Saboda an yanke wasu hanyoyin haɗin jijiyoyi zuwa huhu yayin aikin, masu karɓar dashen ba za su iya jin sha'awar tari ko jin lokacin da sababbin huhun su ke damun cunkoso ba. Don haka dole ne su yi ƙoƙari na hankali don ɗaukar numfashi mai zurfi da tari don kawar da ɓoye daga huhu. <ref name="PH Guide 134">Pulmonary Hypertension: A Patient's Survival Guide 3rd ed. p.134.</ref> Yawan bugun zuciyar su baya saurin amsawa ga aikin motsa jiki saboda yanke jijiyar vagus wanda yawanci zai taimaka wajen daidaita shi. <ref name="PH Guide 133">Pulmonary Hypertension: A Patient's Survival Guide 3rd ed. p. 133</ref> Hakanan suna iya lura da canjin muryarsu saboda yuwuwar lahani ga jijiyoyi masu daidaita sautin murya . <ref name="PH Guide 133" /> Shaidu sun nuna cewa motsa jiki na iya taimakawa wajen hanzarta farfadowar jiki a cikin manya bayan dashen huhu, yana taimakawa rage nakasa daga rashin aiki na jiki, duka kafin da kuma bayan dasawa. <ref name="Gutierrez-Arias_2021">{{Cite journal|quote=6|url-status=CD012307}}</ref> Koyaya, babu cikakkun jagororin kan yadda yakamata a yi motsa jiki a cikin wannan nau'in yawan jama'a. <ref name="Gutierrez-Arias_2021" /> Sakamakon da aka samu daga Binciken Tsare-tsare na shekarar 2021 ya kammala da cewa tasirin motsa jiki a cikin wannan yawan mutane har yanzu suna da matukar tambaya. <ref name="Gutierrez-Arias_2021">{{Cite journal|quote=6|url-status=CD012307}}</ref> Yayin da wasu nazarin ke ba da rahoton fa'idodin da aka samu daga motsa jiki, yayin da wasu ba su cimma matsaya ɗaya ba. <ref name="Gutierrez-Arias_2021" /> Duk da haka, labaran da ke cikin wannan bita na yau da kullum sun ba da rahoton haɓakawa a cikin ƙarfin tsoka da ƙara yawan ma'adinai na kashi da kuma ingantawa a cikin 6MWT. <ref name="Gutierrez-Arias_2021" /> == Daban-daban == Ana kuma gudanar da marasa lafiya bayan dasawa daga tuki na watanni 3 na farko suna jiran tantance ƙarfin mai haƙuri don tuƙi; Ana yawan yin wannan kima ta hanyar likitan kwantar da hankali . Gani, ikon jiki don yin ayyuka masu sauƙi kamar duba wuraren makafi, sanya bel ɗin kujera lafiya ba tare da an shafa wurin rauni ba da daidaitawar ido na hannu duk an tantance.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2022}} Tsafta ya zama mafi mahimmanci a rayuwar yau da kullun saboda magungunan rigakafi waɗanda ake buƙata kowace rana don hana ƙin dasawa. Rashin tsarin garkuwar jiki mai ƙarfi yana barin masu dashen dashe cikin haɗari ga cututtuka. Dole ne a kula da shirye-shiryen abinci da tsaftacewa yayin da [[gastroenteritis]] ya zama mafi haɗari.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2022}} == Hatsari == [[File:Lung_transplant_rejection_-_intermed_mag.jpg|thumb|225x225px| Micrograph yana nuna [[Dashen huhu|kin dashen huhu]] . Biopsy na huhu. H&amp;amp;E tabo .]] Kamar kowane aikin tiyata, akwai haɗarin zubar jini da kamuwa da cuta. Sabuwar huhun da aka dasa kanta na iya kasa waraka da aiki yadda ya kamata. Saboda babban sashi na jikin mai haƙuri ya fallasa zuwa iska ta waje, [[sepsis]] yana yiwuwa, don haka za a ba da maganin rigakafi don ƙoƙarin hana hakan. Sauran rikice-rikice sun haɗa da rikice-rikice na lymphoproliferative post-transplant, wani nau'i na lymphoma saboda masu hana rigakafi, da kumburin gastrointestinal da ciwon ciki da kuma esophagus. Kin amincewa da dasawa shine babban abin damuwa, nan da nan bayan tiyata da kuma ci gaba a tsawon rayuwar majiyyaci. Saboda huhu ko huhu da aka dasa ya fito daga wani mutum, tsarin garkuwar jikin mai karɓa zai gan shi a matsayin mamaya kuma yana ƙoƙarin kawar da shi. Kin dasawa wani yanayi ne mai tsanani kuma dole ne a yi maganinsa da wuri-wuri. Alamomin kin amincewa: * [[Zazzaɓi|zazzabi]] ; * alamun mura, gami da sanyi, tashin hankali, tashin zuciya, ji na rashin lafiya gabaɗaya, gumin dare; * ƙãra wahalar numfashi; * mummunan sakamakon gwajin huhu; * ƙara yawan ciwon kirji ko taushi; * karuwa ko raguwa a cikin nauyin jiki fiye da kilo biyu a cikin sa'o'i 24. Don hana ƙin dasawa da lalacewa na gaba ga sabon huhu ko huhu, dole ne marasa lafiya su ɗauki tsarin rigakafi na rigakafi . Yawancin lokaci marasa lafiya za su sha haɗin waɗannan magungunan don yaƙar haɗarin ƙi. Wannan alƙawari ne na rayuwa, kuma dole ne a bi shi sosai. An fara tsarin rigakafin rigakafi kafin ko bayan tiyata. Yawancin lokaci tsarin ya hada da cyclosporin, azathioprine da corticosteroids, amma kamar yadda abubuwan kin amincewa na iya sake faruwa a duk tsawon rayuwar mai haƙuri, ainihin zaɓaɓɓu da adadin maganin rigakafi na iya zama dole a canza su cikin lokaci. Wani lokaci ana ba da tacrolimus maimakon ciclosporin da mycophenolate mofetil maimakon azathioprine. Magungunan rigakafi waɗanda ake buƙata don hana ƙin yarda da gabobin jiki suma suna gabatar da wasu haɗari. Ta hanyar rage ƙarfin jiki don hawan maganin rigakafi, waɗannan magungunan kuma suna ƙara yiwuwar kamuwa da cuta. Ana iya rubuta maganin rigakafi don magance ko hana irin waɗannan cututtuka. Bi da bi, kamuwa da cuta na iya ƙara haɗarin ƙin yarda, kuma gabaɗaya hulɗa na iya yin tasiri tsakanin haɗarin biyu. <ref>{{Cite journal|quote=6|url-status=49–59}}</ref> Wasu magunguna na iya samun nephrotoxic ko wasu lahani masu lahani. Hakanan ana iya rubuta wasu magunguna don taimakawa rage waɗannan illolin. Hakanan akwai haɗarin cewa majiyyaci na iya samun [[Allergy|rashin lafiyar]] magungunan. Ana buƙatar kulawa ta kusa don daidaita fa'idodin waɗannan magungunan tare da haɗarin haɗari. Kin amincewa na lokaci-lokaci, ma'ana maimaita bayyanar cututtuka na kin amincewa fiye da shekara ta farko bayan tiyatar dasawa, yana faruwa a kusan kashi 50% na marasa lafiya. <ref name="Merck 18 p.1377">Merck Manual 18th ed. p. 1377</ref> Irin wannan rashin amincewa na yau da kullum yana gabatar da kansa a matsayin bronchiolitis obliterans, ko žasa akai-akai, atherosclerosis . <ref name="Merck 18 p.1377" /> == Hasashen == Waɗannan ƙididdiga sun dogara ne akan bayanai daga 2008. Bayanan tushe ba su da bambanci tsakanin gabobin masu ba da agaji masu rai da matattu, haka kuma ba a bambanta tsakanin lobar, guda ɗaya, da dashen huhu biyu ba. {| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;" |+Yawan tsira bayan dashen huhu ! ! 1 shekara tsira ! 5 shekaru tsira ! Shekaru 10 tsira |- | Dashen huhu | 83.6% | 53.4% | 28.4% |- | Dashen zuciya-huhu | 73.8% | 46.5% | 28.3% |} Huhun da aka dasa yakan wuce shekaru uku zuwa biyar kafin a nuna alamun gazawa. Nazarin ƙungiyar 2019 na kusan masu karɓar dashen huhu 10,000 a cikin Amurka sun nuna ingantaccen ingantaccen rayuwa na dogon lokaci ta amfani da sirolimus + tacrolimus (tsakanin rayuwa na shekaru 8.9) maimakon mycophenolate mofetil + tacrolimus (tsakiyar rayuwa shekaru 7.1) bayan fara rigakafin rigakafi a shekara guda. dashi. Tunda ba a gudanar da sirolimus har sai aƙalla watanni 3-12 bayan dasawa, waɗannan ƙididdiga na rayuwa na tsaka-tsaki sun kasance da sharadi na rayuwa na shekara 1 bayan dasawa. <ref>{{Cite journal|quote=6|url-status=e1910297}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Sarah Murnaghan rigimar dashen huhu * Ma'aunin tsira bayan dasawa == Manazarta == <references responsive="1"></references> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Lung transplantation * [http://www.unos.org/ United Network for Organ Sharing] * [http://ishlt.org/ International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation] * [http://www.lungtransplantfoundation.org/ Lung Transplant Foundation] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] bldhaqf80735etlk4f44giig4twcyg4 0 49099 873789 494040 2026-07-01T20:29:38Z Ummeeterh 31568 873789 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[File:Location_South_Africa_AU_Africa.svg|thumb| Wuri [[Afirka ta Kudu|Afirka]] ta Kudu]] [[Fayil:Cape Town (ZA), Iziko South African National Gallery -- 2024 -- 3454.jpg|thumb|komfanin africa]] [[Fayil:The case of the Royal African Company of England. Fleuron T020274-1.png|thumb|kamfanin afrika]] [[Afirka ta Kudu]] ita ce [[Jerin kasashen|ƙasa]] a mafi kudu a [[Afirka]]. Ita ce kasa ta 25 mafi girma a duniya ta fuskar kasa, kuma tana da kusan mutane miliyan 60, ita ce kasa ta 24 mafi yawan al'umma a duniya. [[Bankin Duniya]] ya ware [[Afirka]] ta Kudu a matsayin kasa mai matsakaicin karfin tattalin arziki, kuma sabuwar kasa mai ci gaban masana'antu.<ref>"South Africa". World Bank. Retrieved 30 October 2011.</ref> <ref>David Waugh (2000). "Manufacturing industries (chapter 19), World development (chapter 22)". Geography: An Integrated Approach . Nelson Thornes. pp. 563, 576– 579, 633, 640. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-17-444706-1</nowiki> . Retrieved 24 August 2013.</ref> Tattalin arzikinta shi ne na biyu mafi girma a [[Afirka]], kuma na 34 mafi girma a duniya. <ref>"South Africa" . International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 26 April 2015.</ref> Dangane da daidaiton ikon siye, Afirka ta Kudu tana da matsayi na bakwai mafi girma ga kowane mutum a Afirka. Koyaya, talauci da rashin daidaito suna ci gaba da yaɗuwa, inda kusan kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na al'ummar ƙasar ba su da aikin yi kuma suna rayuwa a ƙasa da dalar [[Amurka]] 1.25 a rana.<ref>"South Africa's Unemployment Rate Increases to 23.5%" . Bloomberg. 5 May 2009. Retrieved 30 May 2010.</ref> <ref>"HDI" (PDF). UNDP. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 December 2008.</ref> Duk da haka, an bayyana Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin mai matsakaicin karfi a harkokin kasa da kasa, kuma tana da gagarumin tasiri a yankin. <ref>Cooper, Andrew F; Antkiewicz, Agata; Shaw, Timothy M (10 December 2007). "Lessons from/for BRICSAM about South-North Relations at the Start of the 21st Century: Economic Size Trumps All Else?". International Studies Review . 9 (4): 675, 687. doi :10.1111/j.1468-2486.2007.00730.x{{Cite journal|url-status=675, 687}}</ref><ref>David A. Lynch (2010). Trade and Globalization: An Introduction to Regional Trade Agreements . Rowman & Littlefield. p. 51. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7425-6689-7</nowiki> . Retrieved 25 August 2013. "Southern Africa is home to the other of sub-Saharan Africa's regional powers: South Africa. South Africa is more than just a regional power; it is currently the most developed and economically powerful country in Africa, and now it is able to use that influence in Africa more than during the days of apartheid (white rule), when it was ostracised."</ref> [[File:Naspers Building, Cape Town.jpg|thumb]] Don ƙarin bayani kan nau'ikan kasuwancin wannan ƙasa da taƙaitaccen bayanin su, duba "Cibiyoyin kasuwanci a Afirka ta Kudu". == Manyan kamfanoni == {| | {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;" border="1" ! !Name !Founded !Industry !Revenue (2018) !Headquarters !Market Value (2018) !Ref(s) |- |1 |Anglo American |1917 |Diversified Metals & Mining |$27.6 billion |[[Johannesburg]] |$35.9 billion |<ref name="forbes2000" /> |- |2 |Sasol |1950 |Chemicals |$14.8 billion |Sandton |$21 billion |<ref name="forbes2000" /> |- |3 |Shoprite Holdings |1979 |Food Retail |$11 billion |Brackenfell |$7 billion |<ref name="forbes2000" /> |- |4 |MTN Group |1994 |Telecommunications |$10 billion |[[Johannesburg]] |$13.5 billion |<ref name="forbes2000" /> |- |5 |Absa Group Limited |1991 |Banking |$9.7 billion |[[Johannesburg]] |$9.9 billion |<ref name="forbes2000" /> |- |6 |Standard Bank Group |1862 |Banking |$9.6 billion |[[Johannesburg]] |$22.9 billion | |- |7 |Bidvest |1988 |Investment Services |$9.4 billion |Sandton |$7.2 billion |<ref name="forbes2000" /> |- |8 |Sanlam |1918 |Life & Health Insurance |$8.9 billion |Bellville |$12.4 billion |<ref name="forbes2000" /> |- |9 |Old Mutual |1845 |Insurance |$8.2 billion |Sandton |$8.3 billion |<ref name="forbes2000" /> |- |10 |Nedbank |1888 |Banking |$7.7 billion |Sandton |$9.4 billion |<ref name="forbes2000" /> |- |11 |FirstRand |1838 |Banking |$7.6 billion |[[Johannesburg]] |$27.2 billion |<ref name="forbes2000" /> |- |12 |Naspers |1915 |Broadcasting |$6.9 billion |[[Cape Town]] |$111.3 billion |<ref name="forbes2000" /> |- |13 |Vodacom |1994 |Telecommunications |$6.5 billion |[[Johannesburg]] |$9.6 billion | |- |14 |Mondi |1967 |Paper & Paper Products |$8.8 billion |[[Johannesburg]] |$10.9 billion |<ref name="forbes2000" /> |- |15 |MMI Holdings Limited |1898 |Life & Health Insurance |$6.1 billion |Centurion |$1.8 billion |<ref name="forbes2000" /> |- |16 |Investec |1974 |Investment Services |$6 billion |Sandton |$6.3 billion |<ref name="forbes2000" /> |- |17 |Telkom |1910 |Telecommunications |$3 billion |Centurion |$3.8 billion | |- |18 |[[Remgro]] |1948 |Conglomerates |$2 billion |Stellenbosch |$10.1 billion | |} |} == Fitattun kamfanoni == Wannan jeri ya haɗa da fitattun [[Kamfani|kamfanoni]] masu babban hedikwata dake cikin ƙasar. Masana'antu da sashin suna bin tsarin Taxonomy na Rarraba Masana'antu. Ƙungiyoyin da suka daina aiki an haɗa su kuma ana lura da su a matsayin sun lalace.{{Company-list table start}} {{Company-list table entry|[[Adcock Ingram]]|Health care|Pharmaceuticals|[[Johannesburg]]|1891|Healthcare products}} {{Company-list table entry|[[Afrihost]]|Telecommunications|Fixed line telecommunications|[[Johannesburg]]|2000|ISP}} {{Company-list table entry|[[Airports Company South Africa]] (ACSA)|Industrials|Transportation services|[[Bedfordview]]|1993|Airport management}} {{Company-list table entry|[[Anglo American plc|Anglo American]]|Basic materials|General mining|[[Johannesburg]]|1917|Mining}} {{Company-list table entry|[[Anglo American Platinum]]|Basic materials|General mining|[[Johannesburg]]|1995|Mining}} {{Company-list table entry|[[Aspen Pharmacare]]|Health care|Pharmaceuticals|[[uMhlanga, KwaZulu-Natal|uMhlanga]]|1850|Drug company}} {{Company-list table entry|[[Automobile Association of South Africa]]|Consumer services|Specialized consumer services|[[Midrand]]|1930|Automotive services}} {{Company-list table entry|[[ABSA Group Limited|ABSA Group]]|Financials|Banks|[[Johannesburg]]|1991|Banking and investments}} {{Company-list table entry|[[Business Connexion Group]]|Technology|Software|[[Johannesburg]]|1979|I/T}} {{Company-list table entry|[[Capitec Bank]]|Financials|Banks|[[Stellenbosch]]|2001|Bank}} {{Company-list table entry|[[Cell C]]|Telecommunications|Mobile telecommunications|[[Randburg]]|2001|Mobile network}} {{Company-list table entry|[[Checkers (supermarket chain)|Checkers]]|Consumer services|Food retailers & wholesalers|[[Brackenfell]]|1956<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iol.co.za/capeargus/how-raymond-ackerman-built-an-empire-1996510 |title=How Raymond Ackerman built an empire &#124; Cape Argus |publisher=Iol.co.za |date=2016-03-11 |access-date=2018-02-03}}</ref>|Supermarkets, part of [[Shoprite (South Africa)|Shoprite]] since 1991}} {{Company-list table entry|[[De Beers]]|Basic materials|General mining|[[Johannesburg]]|1995|Mining}} {{Company-list table entry|[[Defy Appliances]]|Manufacturing & services|Appliances|[[Durban]]|1905|}} {{Company-list table entry|[[De Haan's Bus & Coach]]|Industrials|Commercial vehicles & trucks|[[Cape Town]]|1951|Bus manufacturer}} {{Company-list table entry|[[Dimension Data]]|Technology|Software|[[Johannesburg]]|1983|Software and services}} {{Company-list table entry|[[e.tv]]|Consumer services|Broadcasting & entertainment|[[Cape Town]]|1998|Television}} {{Company-list table entry|[[Eskom]]|Utilities|Conventional electricity|[[Sunninghill, Gauteng|Sunninghill]]|1923|Electrical producer and distribution}} {{Company-list table entry|[[Exxaro]]|Basic materials|Coal|[[Pretoria]]|2006|Coal mining}} {{Company-list table entry|[[Food Lover's Market]]|Consumer services|Food retailers & wholesalers|[[Brackenfell]]|1993|Food Retailer}} {{Company-list table entry|[[First National Bank (South Africa)|First National Bank]]|Financials|Banks|[[Johannesburg]]|1838|Bank, part of [[First Rand]]}} {{Company-list table entry|[[First Rand]]|Financials|Banks|[[Johannesburg]]|1998|Bank}} {{Company-list table entry|[[FNB Connect]]|Telecommunications|Fixed line telecommunications|[[Johannesburg]]|2009|ISP, part of [[First National Bank (South Africa)|First National Bank]]}} {{Company-list table entry|[[Gallo Record Company]]|Consumer services|Broadcasting & entertainment|[[Johannesburg]]|1926|Record label, part of [[Times Media Group]]}} {{Company-list table entry|[[Gijima Group]]|Technology|Telecommunications equipment|[[Centurion, Gauteng|Centurion]]|1998|Communications technology}} {{Company-list table entry|[[Gold Fields]]|Basic materials|Gold mining|[[Johannesburg]]|1998|Gold mining}} {{Company-list table entry|[[Golden Arrow Bus Services]]|Consumer services|Travel & tourism|[[Cape Town]]|1863|Public transportation}} {{Company-list table entry|[[Harmony Gold (mining)|Harmony Gold]]|Basic materials|Gold mining|[[Melrose, Gauteng|Melrose]]|1950|Gold mining}} {{Company-list table entry|[[Hollard Group]]|Financials|Full line insurance|[[Johannesburg]]|1980|Private insurance}} {{Company-list table entry|[[Illovo Sugar]]|Consumer goods|Food products|[[Umhlanga, KwaZulu-Natal|uMhlanga]]|1891|Sugar}} {{Company-list table entry|[[Impala Platinum]]|Basic materials|General mining|[[Johannesburg]]|1973|Mining and refining}} {{Company-list table entry|[[Kumba Iron Ore]]|Basic materials|Iron & steel|[[Centurion, Gauteng|Centurion]]|2001|Iron mining}} {{Company-list table entry|[[Investec]]|Financials|Banks|[[Johannesburg]]|1974|Banking and investments}} {{Company-list table entry|[[LIFE Healthcare Group]]|Health care|Health care providers|[[Johannesburg]]|1983<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=877128 |title=Life Healthcare Group Holdings Limited: Private Company Information |publisher=Bloomberg |access-date=2018-02-03}}</ref>|Hospitals}} {{Company-list table entry|[[Mathews & Associates Architects]]|Industrials|Business support services|[[Pretoria]]|2000|Architecture}} {{Company-list table entry|[[Mediclinic International]]|Health care|Health care providers|[[Stellenbosch]]|1983|Hospitals}} {{Company-list table entry|[[M-Net]]|Consumer services|Broadcasting & entertainment|[[Johannesburg]]|1986|Television}} {{Company-list table entry|[[Mr. Price|Mr. Price Group Ltd.]]|Retail|Clothing, home and sport goods|[[Durban]]|1985|}} {{Company-list table entry|[[MTN Group]]|Telecommunications|Fixed line telecommunications|[[Johannesburg]]|1994|Multinational telecom}} {{Company-list table entry|[[MultiChoice]]|Consumer services|Broadcasting & entertainment|[[Johannesburg]]|1996|Entertainment and broadcasting}} {{Company-list table entry|[[MWEB]]|Telecommunications|Fixed line telecommunications|[[Cape Town]]|1997|ISP}} {{Company-list table entry|[[Naspers]]|Consumer services|Broadcasting & entertainment|[[Cape Town]]|1915|Media group}} {{Company-list table entry|[[Nedbank]]|Financials|Banks|[[Johannesburg]]|1888|Bank}} {{Company-list table entry|[[Neotel]]|Telecommunications|Fixed line telecommunications|[[Johannesburg]]|2006|ISP}} {{Company-list table entry|[[Netcare]]|Health care|Health care providers|[[Johannesburg]]|1996|Hospitals, part of [[General Healthcare Group]] (UK)}} {{Company-list table entry|[[Nu Metro Cinemas]]|Consumer services|Recreational services|[[Johannesburg]]|1932|Cinemas}} {{Company-list table entry|[[Old Mutual]]|Financials|Asset managers|[[Johannesburg]]|1845|Asset management and insurance}} {{Company-list table entry|[[Pick 'n Pay Stores|Pick 'n Pay]]|Consumer services|Food retailers & wholesalers|[[Cape Town]]|1967|Supermarket chain}} {{Company-list table entry|[[Pioneer Foods]]|Consumer goods|Food products|[[Bellville, Western Cape|Bellville]]|1997|Packaged goods}} {{Company-list table entry|[[PPC Ltd.]]|Industrials|Building materials & fixtures|[[Pretoria]]|1892|Cement}} {{Company-list table entry|[[Premier FMCG]]|Consumer goods|Food products|[[Johannesburg]]|1820|Packaged foods}} {{Company-list table entry|[[Primedia]]|Consumer services|Broadcasting & entertainment|[[Johannesburg]]|1994|Media holding group}} {{Company-list table entry|[[Primedia Broadcasting]]|Consumer services|Broadcasting & entertainment|[[Johannesburg]]|1994|Radio, news, part of [[Primedia]]}} {{Company-list table entry|[[PUTCO]]|Consumer services|Travel & tourism|[[Johannesburg]]|1945|Public transportation}} {{Company-list table entry|[[RCL Foods]]|Consumer goods|Food products|[[Westville, KwaZulu-Natal|Westville]]|1960|Primarily packaged foods}} {{Company-list table entry|[[Riovic]]|Technology|Computer services|[[Johannesburg]]|2015|P2P insurance, on-demand insurance platform}} {{Company-list table entry|[[Rovos Rail]]|Industrials|Railroads|[[Pretoria]]|1989|Rail}} {{Company-list table entry|[[South African Broadcasting Corporation]]|Consumer services|Broadcasting & entertainment|[[Johannesburg]]|1936|State broadcasting}} {{Company-list table entry|[[South African Airways]]|Consumer services|Airlines|[[Johannesburg]]|1934|Airline}} {{Company-list table entry|[[Sanlam]]|Financials|Asset managers|[[Bellville, Western Cape|Bellville]]|1918|Asset management and insurance}} {{Company-list table entry|[[Sasol]]|Oil & gas|Exploration & production|[[Johannesburg]]|1950|Refining}} {{Company-list table entry|[[Shoprite (South Africa)|Shoprite]]|Consumer services|Food retailers & wholesalers|[[Brackenfell]]|1979|Food retailer}} {{Company-list table entry|[[South African Breweries]]|Consumer goods|Brewers|[[Johannesburg]]|1895|Brewery, part of [[Anheuser-Busch InBev]] (Belgium)}} {{Company-list table entry|[[South African Post Office]]|Industrials|Delivery services|[[Pretoria]]|1991|Postal services}} {{Company-list table entry|[[Standard Bank]]|Financials|Banks|[[Johannesburg]]|1862|Banks}} {{Company-list table entry|[[StarSat, South Africa]]|Consumer services|Broadcasting & entertainment|[[Midrand]]|2010|Part of [[StarTimes]] (China)}} {{Company-list table entry|[[Ster-Kinekor]]|Consumer services|Recreational services|[[Johannesburg]]|1969|Cinemas}} {{Company-list table entry|[[Telkom (South Africa)|Telkom]]|Telecommunications|Fixed line telecommunications|[[Centurion, Gauteng|Centurion]]|1991|Telecom}} {{Company-list table entry|[[Telkom Mobile]]|Telecommunications|Mobile telecommunications|[[Centurion, Gauteng|Centurion]]|2010|Mobile GSM, part of [[Telkom (South Africa)|Telkom]]}} {{Company-list table entry|[[Tiger Brands]]|Consumer goods|Food products|[[Johannesburg]]|1921|Primarily packaged foods}} {{Company-list table entry|[[Times Media Group]]|Consumer services|Publishing|[[Johannesburg]]|2012|Publisher}} {{Company-list table entry|[[Tongaat Hulett]]|Consumer goods|Food products|[[oThongathi]]|1892|Sugar}} {{Company-list table entry|[[Transnet National Ports Authority]]|Industrials|Transportation services|[[Johannesburg]]|2005|Ports}} {{Company-list table entry|[[Transnet]]|Industrials|Transportation services|[[Johannesburg]]|1990|Ports and rail}} {{Company-list table entry|[[Travelstart]]|Consumer services|Travel & tourism|[[Cape Town]]|1999|Travel booking}} {{Company-list table entry|[[Union Carriage & Wagon]]|Industrials|Commercial vehicles & trucks|[[Nigel, Gauteng|Nigel]]|1957|Rolling stock manufacturer}} {{Company-list table entry|[[Vodacom]]|Telecommunications|Mobile telecommunications|[[Johannesburg]]|1994|Mobile network, part of [[Vodafone]] (UK)}} {{Company-list table entry|[[Wesizwe Platinum]]|Basic materials|General mining|[[Johannesburg]]|2003<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=24987152 |title=Wesizwe Platinum Limited: Private Company Information |publisher=Bloomberg |access-date=2018-02-03}}</ref>|Mining}} {{Company-list table entry|[[Woolworths (South Africa)|Woolworths]]|Consumer services|Broadline retailers|[[Cape Town]]|1931|Retail stores}} {{End}} {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ id="224" |Notable companies <br /><br /> <span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:1px solid #000; background-color:#f9f9f9; color:#f9f9f9;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;Active</span> <span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:1px solid #000; background-color:#f9e6ff; color:#f9e6ff;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;State-owned</span> <span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:1px solid #000; background-color:#dddddd; color:#dddddd;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;Defunct</span> !Name !Industry !Sector !Headquarters !Founded ! class="unsortable" |Notes |- |[[Adcock Ingram]] |Health care |Pharmaceuticals |[[Johannesburg]] |1891 |Healthcare products |- |[[Afrihost]] |Telecommunications |Fixed line telecommunications |[[Johannesburg]] |2000 |ISP |- |[[Airports Company South Africa]] (ACSA) |Industrials |Transportation services |[[Bedfordview]] |1993 |Airport management |- |[[Anglo American plc|Anglo American]] |Basic materials |General mining |[[Johannesburg]] |1917 |Mining |- |[[Anglo American Platinum]] |Basic materials |General mining |[[Johannesburg]] |1995 |Mining |- |[[Aspen Pharmacare]] |Health care |Pharmaceuticals |[[UMhlanga, KwaZulu-Natal|uMhlanga]] |1850 |Drug company |- |[[Automobile Association of South Africa]] |Consumer services |Specialized consumer services |[[Midrand]] |1930 |Automotive services |- |[[ABSA Group Limited|ABSA Group]] |Financials |Banks |[[Johannesburg]] |1991 |Banking and investments |- |[[Business Connexion Group]] |Technology |Software |[[Johannesburg]] |1979 |I/T |- |[[Capitec Bank]] |Financials |Banks |[[Stellenbosch]] |2001 |Bank |- |[[Cell C]] |Telecommunications |Mobile telecommunications |[[Randburg]] |2001 |Mobile network |- |[[Checkers (supermarket chain)|Checkers]] |Consumer services |Food retailers & wholesalers |[[Brackenfell]] |1956<ref><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation web cs1">[https://www.iol.co.za/capeargus/how-raymond-ackerman-built-an-empire-1996510 "How Raymond Ackerman built an empire &#x7C; Cape Argus"]. Iol.co.za. 11 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> |Supermarkets, part of [[Shoprite (South Africa)|Shoprite]] since 1991 |- |[[De Beers]] |Basic materials |General mining |[[Johannesburg]] |1995 |Mining |- |[[Defy Appliances]] |Manufacturing & services |Appliances |[[Durban]] |1905 | |- |[[De Haan's Bus & Coach]] |Industrials |Commercial vehicles & trucks |[[Cape Town]] |1951 |Bus manufacturer |- |[[Dimension Data]] |Technology |Software |[[Johannesburg]] |1983 |Software and services |- |[[e.tv]] |Consumer services |Broadcasting & entertainment |[[Cape Town]] |1998 |Television |- style="background:#f9e6ff;" |[[Eskom]] |Utilities |Conventional electricity |[[Sunninghill, Gauteng|Sunninghill]] |1923 |Electrical producer and distribution |- |[[Exxaro]] |Basic materials |Coal |[[Pretoria]] |2006 |Coal mining |- |[[Food Lover's Market]] |Consumer services |Food retailers & wholesalers |[[Brackenfell]] |1993 |Food Retailer |- |[[First National Bank (South Africa)|First National Bank]] |Financials |Banks |[[Johannesburg]] |1838 |Bank, part of [[First Rand]] |- |[[First Rand]] |Financials |Banks |[[Johannesburg]] |1998 |Bank |- |[[FNB Connect]] |Telecommunications |Fixed line telecommunications |[[Johannesburg]] |2009 |ISP, part of [[First National Bank (South Africa)|First National Bank]] |- |[[Gallo Record Company]] |Consumer services |Broadcasting & entertainment |[[Johannesburg]] |1926 |Record label, part of [[Times Media Group]] |- |[[Gijima Group]] |Technology |Telecommunications equipment |[[Centurion, Gauteng|Centurion]] |1998 |Communications technology |- |[[Gold Fields]] |Basic materials |Gold mining |[[Johannesburg]] |1998 |Gold mining |- |[[Golden Arrow Bus Services]] |Consumer services |Travel & tourism |[[Cape Town]] |1863 |Public transportation |- |[[Harmony Gold (mining)|Harmony Gold]] |Basic materials |Gold mining |[[Melrose, Gauteng|Melrose]] |1950 |Gold mining |- |[[Hollard Group]] |Financials |Full line insurance |[[Johannesburg]] |1980 |Private insurance |- |[[Illovo Sugar]] |Consumer goods |Food products |[[Umhlanga, KwaZulu-Natal|uMhlanga]] |1891 |Sugar |- |[[Impala Platinum]] |Basic materials |General mining |[[Johannesburg]] |1973 |Mining and refining |- |[[Kumba Iron Ore]] |Basic materials |Iron & steel |[[Centurion, Gauteng|Centurion]] |2001 |Iron mining |- |[[Investec]] |Financials |Banks |[[Johannesburg]] |1974 |Banking and investments |- |[[LIFE Healthcare Group]] |Health care |Health care providers |[[Johannesburg]] |1983<ref><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation web cs1">[https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=877128 "Life Healthcare Group Holdings Limited: Private Company Information"]. Bloomberg<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> |Hospitals |- |[[Mathews & Associates Architects]] |Industrials |Business support services |[[Pretoria]] |2000 |Architecture |- |[[Mediclinic International]] |Health care |Health care providers |[[Stellenbosch]] |1983 |Hospitals |- |[[M-Net]] |Consumer services |Broadcasting & entertainment |[[Johannesburg]] |1986 |Television |- |[[Mr. Price|Mr. Price Group Ltd.]] |Retail |Clothing, home and sport goods |[[Durban]] |1985 | |- |[[MTN Group]] |Telecommunications |Fixed line telecommunications |[[Johannesburg]] |1994 |Multinational telecom |- |[[MultiChoice]] |Consumer services |Broadcasting & entertainment |[[Johannesburg]] |1996 |Entertainment and broadcasting |- |[[MWEB]] |Telecommunications |Fixed line telecommunications |[[Cape Town]] |1997 |ISP |- |[[Naspers]] |Consumer services |Broadcasting & entertainment |[[Cape Town]] |1915 |Media group |- |[[Nedbank]] |Financials |Banks |[[Johannesburg]] |1888 |Bank |- |[[Neotel]] |Telecommunications |Fixed line telecommunications |[[Johannesburg]] |2006 |ISP |- |[[Netcare]] |Health care |Health care providers |[[Johannesburg]] |1996 |Hospitals, part of [[General Healthcare Group]] (UK) |- |[[Nu Metro Cinemas]] |Consumer services |Recreational services |[[Johannesburg]] |1932 |Cinemas |- |[[Old Mutual]] |Financials |Asset managers |[[Johannesburg]] |1845 |Asset management and insurance |- |[[Pick 'n Pay Stores|Pick 'n Pay]] |Consumer services |Food retailers & wholesalers |[[Cape Town]] |1967 |Supermarket chain |- |[[Pioneer Foods]] |Consumer goods |Food products |[[Bellville, Western Cape|Bellville]] |1997 |Packaged goods |- |[[PPC Ltd.]] |Industrials |Building materials & fixtures |[[Pretoria]] |1892 |Cement |- |[[Premier FMCG]] |Consumer goods |Food products |[[Johannesburg]] |1820 |Packaged foods |- |[[Primedia]] |Consumer services |Broadcasting & entertainment |[[Johannesburg]] |1994 |Media holding group |- |[[Primedia Broadcasting]] |Consumer services |Broadcasting & entertainment |[[Johannesburg]] |1994 |Radio, news, part of [[Primedia]] |- |[[PUTCO]] |Consumer services |Travel & tourism |[[Johannesburg]] |1945 |Public transportation |- |[[RCL Foods]] |Consumer goods |Food products |[[Westville, KwaZulu-Natal|Westville]] |1960 |Primarily packaged foods |- |[[Riovic]] |Technology |Computer services |[[Johannesburg]] |2015 |P2P insurance, on-demand insurance platform |- |[[Rovos Rail]] |Industrials |Railroads |[[Pretoria]] |1989 |Rail |- style="background:#f9e6ff;" |[[South African Broadcasting Corporation]] |Consumer services |Broadcasting & entertainment |[[Johannesburg]] |1936 |State broadcasting |- style="background:#f9e6ff;" |[[South African Airways]] |Consumer services |Airlines |[[Johannesburg]] |1934 |Airline |- |[[Sanlam]] |Financials |Asset managers |[[Bellville, Western Cape|Bellville]] |1918 |Asset management and insurance |- |[[Sasol]] |Oil & gas |Exploration & production |[[Johannesburg]] |1950 |Refining |- |[[Shoprite (South Africa)|Shoprite]] |Consumer services |Food retailers & wholesalers |[[Brackenfell]] |1979 |Food retailer |- |[[South African Breweries]] |Consumer goods |Brewers |[[Johannesburg]] |1895 |Brewery, part of [[Anheuser-Busch InBev]] (Belgium) |- style="background:#f9e6ff;" |[[South African Post Office]] |Industrials |Delivery services |[[Pretoria]] |1991 |Postal services |- |[[Standard Bank]] |Financials |Banks |[[Johannesburg]] |1862 |Banks |- |[[StarSat, South Africa]] |Consumer services |Broadcasting & entertainment |[[Midrand]] |2010 |Part of [[StarTimes]] (China) |- |[[Ster-Kinekor]] |Consumer services |Recreational services |[[Johannesburg]] |1969 |Cinemas |- |[[Telkom (South Africa)|Telkom]] |Telecommunications |Fixed line telecommunications |[[Centurion, Gauteng|Centurion]] |1991 |Telecom |- |[[Telkom Mobile]] |Telecommunications |Mobile telecommunications |[[Centurion, Gauteng|Centurion]] |2010 |Mobile GSM, part of [[Telkom (South Africa)|Telkom]] |- |[[Tiger Brands]] |Consumer goods |Food products |[[Johannesburg]] |1921 |Primarily packaged foods |- |[[Times Media Group]] |Consumer services |Publishing |[[Johannesburg]] |2012 |Publisher |- |[[Tongaat Hulett]] |Consumer goods |Food products |[[oThongathi]] |1892 |Sugar |- style="background:#f9e6ff;" |[[Transnet National Ports Authority]] |Industrials |Transportation services |[[Johannesburg]] |2005 |Ports |- style="background:#f9e6ff;" |[[Transnet]] |Industrials |Transportation services |[[Johannesburg]] |1990 |Ports and rail |- |[[Travelstart]] |Consumer services |Travel & tourism |[[Cape Town]] |1999 |Travel booking |- |[[Union Carriage & Wagon]] |Industrials |Commercial vehicles & trucks |[[Nigel, Gauteng|Nigel]] |1957 |Rolling stock manufacturer |- |[[Vodacom]] |Telecommunications |Mobile telecommunications |[[Johannesburg]] |1994 |Mobile network, part of [[Vodafone]] (UK) |- |[[Wesizwe Platinum]] |Basic materials |General mining |[[Johannesburg]] |2003<ref><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation web cs1">[https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=24987152 "Wesizwe Platinum Limited: Private Company Information"]. Bloomberg<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> |Mining |- |[[Woolworths (South Africa)|Woolworths]] |Consumer services |Broadline retailers |[[Cape Town]] |1931 |Retail stores |} == Manazarta == 1drbzc62t18m94xu0tzjktueujcd3b5 0 49113 873698 788374 2026-07-01T16:27:51Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 873698 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Fatimah Arabic Calligraphy.svg|thumb|Fatimah]] '''Fāṭima bint Muḥammad''' ( {{Lang-ar|فَاطِمَة ٱبْنَت مُحَمَّد|}} , 605/15–632 CE), wadda aka fi sani da '''Fāṭima al-Zahrāʾ''' ( {{Lang|ar|فَاطِمَة ٱلزَّهْرَاء}} ), ta kasance diyar [[Annabawa a Musulunci|annabin musulunci]] [[Muhammad]] da matarsa [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]] . {{Sfn|Campo|2009a}} Mijin Fatima shi ne [[Aliyu Ibn Abi ɗalib|Ali]], shine na huɗu a cikin [[Khalifofi shiryayyu|Khalifofin Rashidun]] kuma [[Limamai Sha Biyu|Imamin Shi'a]] na farko . 'Ƴaƴan Fatima su ne [[Alhasan ɗan Ali|Hasan]] da [[Alhusain ɗan Ali|Husaini]] Imaman Shi'a na biyu da na uku. {{Sfn|Buehler|2014}} {{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2022a}} An kwatanta Fatima da [[Maryamu, mahaifiyar Yesu|Maryamu]] mahaifiyar [[Isa|Isah]], musamman a aƙidar Shi'a. {{Sfn|Fedele|2018}} {{Sfn|Ernst|2003}} An ce Muhammadu ya ɗauke ta a matsayin mafificiya a mata {{Sfn|Buehler|2014}} {{Sfn|Qutbuddin|2006}} kuma mafi soyuwa a gare shi. {{Sfn|Soufi|1997}} {{Sfn|Buehler|2014}} Sau da yawa ana kallonta a matsayin babban abin tarihi ga matan [[musulmi]] sannan kuma ita me tausayi, karamci, da jurewa wahala ce. {{Sfn|Fedele|2018}} Ta hanyar Fatima ne zuriyar Annabi Muhammadu ﷺ suka wanzu har yau. {{Sfn|Abbas|2021}} {{Sfn|Qutbuddin|2006}} Sunanta da lakabinta sun kasance sanannen zaɓi ga ƴan mata musulmai. {{Sfn|Amir-Moezzi|Calmard|1999}} {{Sfn|Rogerson|2006}} Lokacin da Annabi Muhammadu ya rasu a shekara ta 632, Fatima da mijinta Ali sun ƙi amincewa da mulkin k[[Khalifofi|halifa]] na farko, [[Abubakar]] . Ma'auratan da magoya bayansu sun yi imanin cewa Ali shi ne mafi cancantar magajin Annabi Muhammadu, {{Sfn|Fedele|2018}} mai yiwuwa suna nufin sanarwarsa a Ghadir Khumm . {{Sfn|Amir-Moezzi|2022}} Rigima ta kunno kai dangane da mutuwar Fatima a cikin watanni shida da mutuwar Muhammadu. {{Sfn|Abbas|2021}} [[Mabiya Sunnah|Ahlus Sunna]] sun yarda cewa Fatima ta rasu ne da bakin ciki. {{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2022a}} A cikin [[Shi'a|Shi’a]] kuwa, an ce mutuwar Fatima (barin da tayi) ta yi ne kai tsaye sakamakon raunukan da ta samu a lokacin wani farmaki da aka kai gidanta don murkushe Ali, wanda Abubakar ya umarta. {{Sfn|Buehler|2014}} An yi imanin cewa fatawar Fatima da ta rasu shi ne kar khalifa ya halarci jana’izarta. {{Sfn|Mavani|2013}} {{Sfn|Kassam|Blomfield|2015}} An binne ta a asirce da daddare kuma ba a tabbatar da ainihin inda aka binne ta ba. {{Sfn|Khetia|2013}} {{Sfn|Klemm|2005}} == Suna da laƙabi == Mafi sanannan laƙabinta shi ne al-Zahra ( lit. 'me haskakawa', 'me haske ' ), {{Sfn|Buehler|2014}} wanda ke nuni akan taqawarta da tsayuwarta a cikin addu'a. {{Sfn|Ruffle|2011}} Shi'a sun yi imani da wannan taswirar cewa tana nuni ne ga halittarta ta farko daga hasken da ke ci gaba da haskakawa a cikin halittu. {{Sfn|Buehler|2014}} Shi'a Ibn Babawahy ( d. 991 ) ya rubuta cewa, duk lokacin da Fatima ta yi addu'a, haskenta yana haskakawa ga mazauna sama kamar yadda hasken taurari ke haskaka mazaunan duniya. {{Sfn|Soufi|1997}} Sauran lakabin ta a cikin Shi'a su ne al-Shiddiqa ( lit. 'me gaskiyta ' ), {{Sfn|Rogerson|2006}} al-Tahira ( lit. 'me tsarki' ), {{Sfn|Campo|2009a}} al-Mubaraka ( lit. 'me albarka' ), {{Sfn|Campo|2009a}} da al-Mansura ( lit. 'wanda Allah ya taimaka' ). {{Sfn|Buehler|2014}} Wani lakabin Shi'a kuma shi ne al-Muḥadditha, bisa la'akari da rahoton cewa mala'iku sun yi magana da Fatima a lokuta da dama, {{Sfn|Aslan|2011}} {{Sfn|Ayoub|2011}} {{Sfn|Pierce|2016}} kamar [[Maryamu, mahaifiyar Yesu|Maryamu]] mahaifiyar [[Isa|Isah]] . {{Sfn|Ayoub|2011}} == Manazarta == [[Category:Webarchive template wayback links]] m8n9adu0qxddswxgq3291ux20y2gpom 873701 873698 2026-07-01T16:28:52Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 873701 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Fatimah Arabic Calligraphy.svg|thumb|Fatimah]] '''Fāṭima bint Muḥammad''' ( {{Lang-ar|فَاطِمَة ٱبْنَت مُحَمَّد|}} , 605/15–632 CE), wadda aka fi sani da '''Fāṭima al-Zahrāʾ''' ( {{Lang|ar|فَاطِمَة ٱلزَّهْرَاء}} ), ta kasance diyar [[Annabawa a Musulunci|annabin musulunci]] [[Muhammad]] da matarsa [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]] . {{Sfn|Campo|2009a}} Mijin Fatima shi ne [[Aliyu Ibn Abi dalib|Ali]], shine na huɗu a cikin [[Khalifofi shiryayyu|Khalifofin Rashidun]] kuma [[Limamai Sha Biyu|Imamin Shi'a]] na farko . 'Ƴaƴan Fatima su ne [[Alhasan ɗan Ali|Hasan]] da [[Alhusain ɗan Ali|Husaini]] Imaman Shi'a na biyu da na uku. {{Sfn|Buehler|2014}} {{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2022a}} An kwatanta Fatima da [[Maryamu, mahaifiyar Yesu|Maryamu]] mahaifiyar [[Isa|Isah]], musamman a aƙidar Shi'a. {{Sfn|Fedele|2018}} {{Sfn|Ernst|2003}} An ce Muhammadu ya ɗauke ta a matsayin mafificiya a mata {{Sfn|Buehler|2014}} {{Sfn|Qutbuddin|2006}} kuma mafi soyuwa a gare shi. {{Sfn|Soufi|1997}} {{Sfn|Buehler|2014}} Sau da yawa ana kallonta a matsayin babban abin tarihi ga matan [[musulmi]] sannan kuma ita me tausayi, karamci, da jurewa wahala ce. {{Sfn|Fedele|2018}} Ta hanyar Fatima ne zuriyar Annabi Muhammadu ﷺ suka wanzu har yau. {{Sfn|Abbas|2021}} {{Sfn|Qutbuddin|2006}} Sunanta da lakabinta sun kasance sanannen zaɓi ga ƴan mata musulmai. {{Sfn|Amir-Moezzi|Calmard|1999}} {{Sfn|Rogerson|2006}} Lokacin da Annabi Muhammadu ya rasu a shekara ta 632, Fatima da mijinta Ali sun ƙi amincewa da mulkin k[[Khalifofi|halifa]] na farko, [[Abubakar]] . Ma'auratan da magoya bayansu sun yi imanin cewa Ali shi ne mafi cancantar magajin Annabi Muhammadu, {{Sfn|Fedele|2018}} mai yiwuwa suna nufin sanarwarsa a Ghadir Khumm . {{Sfn|Amir-Moezzi|2022}} Rigima ta kunno kai dangane da mutuwar Fatima a cikin watanni shida da mutuwar Muhammadu. {{Sfn|Abbas|2021}} [[Mabiya Sunnah|Ahlus Sunna]] sun yarda cewa Fatima ta rasu ne da bakin ciki. {{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2022a}} A cikin [[Shi'a|Shi’a]] kuwa, an ce mutuwar Fatima (barin da tayi) ta yi ne kai tsaye sakamakon raunukan da ta samu a lokacin wani farmaki da aka kai gidanta don murkushe Ali, wanda Abubakar ya umarta. {{Sfn|Buehler|2014}} An yi imanin cewa fatawar Fatima da ta rasu shi ne kar khalifa ya halarci jana’izarta. {{Sfn|Mavani|2013}} {{Sfn|Kassam|Blomfield|2015}} An binne ta a asirce da daddare kuma ba a tabbatar da ainihin inda aka binne ta ba. {{Sfn|Khetia|2013}} {{Sfn|Klemm|2005}} == Suna da laƙabi == Mafi sanannan laƙabinta shi ne al-Zahra ( lit. 'me haskakawa', 'me haske ' ), {{Sfn|Buehler|2014}} wanda ke nuni akan taqawarta da tsayuwarta a cikin addu'a. {{Sfn|Ruffle|2011}} Shi'a sun yi imani da wannan taswirar cewa tana nuni ne ga halittarta ta farko daga hasken da ke ci gaba da haskakawa a cikin halittu. {{Sfn|Buehler|2014}} Shi'a Ibn Babawahy ( d. 991 ) ya rubuta cewa, duk lokacin da Fatima ta yi addu'a, haskenta yana haskakawa ga mazauna sama kamar yadda hasken taurari ke haskaka mazaunan duniya. {{Sfn|Soufi|1997}} Sauran lakabin ta a cikin Shi'a su ne al-Shiddiqa ( lit. 'me gaskiyta ' ), {{Sfn|Rogerson|2006}} al-Tahira ( lit. 'me tsarki' ), {{Sfn|Campo|2009a}} al-Mubaraka ( lit. 'me albarka' ), {{Sfn|Campo|2009a}} da al-Mansura ( lit. 'wanda Allah ya taimaka' ). {{Sfn|Buehler|2014}} Wani lakabin Shi'a kuma shi ne al-Muḥadditha, bisa la'akari da rahoton cewa mala'iku sun yi magana da Fatima a lokuta da dama, {{Sfn|Aslan|2011}} {{Sfn|Ayoub|2011}} {{Sfn|Pierce|2016}} kamar [[Maryamu, mahaifiyar Yesu|Maryamu]] mahaifiyar [[Isa|Isah]] . {{Sfn|Ayoub|2011}} == Manazarta == [[Category:Webarchive template wayback links]] kvw3e2z46m77jsawkckjwbzurzawyhx 873703 873701 2026-07-01T16:31:24Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 873703 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Fatimah Arabic Calligraphy.svg|thumb|Fatimah]] '''Fāṭima bint Muḥammad''' ( {{Lang-ar|فَاطِمَة ٱبْنَت مُحَمَّد|}} , 605/15–632 CE), wadda aka fi sani da '''Fāṭima al-Zahrāʾ''' ( {{Lang|ar|فَاطِمَة ٱلزَّهْرَاء}} ), ta kasance diyar [[Annabawa a Musulunci|annabin musulunci]] [[Muhammad]] da matarsa [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]] . {{Sfn|Campo|2009a}} Mijin Fatima shi ne [[Aliyu Ibn Abi dalib|Ali]], shine na hudu a cikin [[Khalifofi shiryayyu|Khalifofin Rashidun]] kuma [[Limamai Sha Biyu|Imamin Shi'a]] na farko . 'Ƴaƴan Fatima su ne [[Alhasan dan Ali|Hasan]] da [[Alhusain dan Ali|Husaini]] Imaman Shi'a na biyu da na uku. {{Sfn|Buehler|2014}} {{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2022a}} An kwatanta Fatima da [[Maryamu, mahaifiyar Yesu|Maryamu]] mahaifiyar [[Isa|Isah]], musamman a aƙidar Shi'a. {{Sfn|Fedele|2018}} {{Sfn|Ernst|2003}} An ce Muhammadu ya ɗauke ta a matsayin mafificiya a mata {{Sfn|Buehler|2014}} {{Sfn|Qutbuddin|2006}} kuma mafi soyuwa a gare shi. {{Sfn|Soufi|1997}} {{Sfn|Buehler|2014}} Sau da yawa ana kallonta a matsayin babban abin tarihi ga matan [[musulmi]] sannan kuma ita me tausayi, karamci, da jurewa wahala ce. {{Sfn|Fedele|2018}} Ta hanyar Fatima ne zuriyar Annabi Muhammadu ﷺ suka wanzu har yau. {{Sfn|Abbas|2021}} {{Sfn|Qutbuddin|2006}} Sunanta da lakabinta sun kasance sanannen zaɓi ga ƴan mata musulmai. {{Sfn|Amir-Moezzi|Calmard|1999}} {{Sfn|Rogerson|2006}} Lokacin da Annabi Muhammadu ya rasu a shekara ta 632, Fatima da mijinta Ali sun ƙi amincewa da mulkin k[[Khalifofi|halifa]] na farko, [[Abubakar]] . Ma'auratan da magoya bayansu sun yi imanin cewa Ali shi ne mafi cancantar magajin Annabi Muhammadu, {{Sfn|Fedele|2018}} mai yiwuwa suna nufin sanarwarsa a Ghadir Khumm . {{Sfn|Amir-Moezzi|2022}} Rigima ta kunno kai dangane da mutuwar Fatima a cikin watanni shida da mutuwar Muhammadu. {{Sfn|Abbas|2021}} [[Mabiya Sunnah|Ahlus Sunna]] sun yarda cewa Fatima ta rasu ne da bakin ciki. {{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2022a}} A cikin [[Shi'a|Shi’a]] kuwa, an ce mutuwar Fatima (barin da tayi) ta yi ne kai tsaye sakamakon raunukan da ta samu a lokacin wani farmaki da aka kai gidanta don murkushe Ali, wanda Abubakar ya umarta. {{Sfn|Buehler|2014}} An yi imanin cewa fatawar Fatima da ta rasu shi ne kar khalifa ya halarci jana’izarta. {{Sfn|Mavani|2013}} {{Sfn|Kassam|Blomfield|2015}} An binne ta a asirce da daddare kuma ba a tabbatar da ainihin inda aka binne ta ba. {{Sfn|Khetia|2013}} {{Sfn|Klemm|2005}} == Suna da laƙabi == Mafi sanannan laƙabinta shi ne al-Zahra ( lit. 'me haskakawa', 'me haske ' ), {{Sfn|Buehler|2014}} wanda ke nuni akan taqawarta da tsayuwarta a cikin addu'a. {{Sfn|Ruffle|2011}} Shi'a sun yi imani da wannan taswirar cewa tana nuni ne ga halittarta ta farko daga hasken da ke ci gaba da haskakawa a cikin halittu. {{Sfn|Buehler|2014}} Shi'a Ibn Babawahy ( d. 991 ) ya rubuta cewa, duk lokacin da Fatima ta yi addu'a, haskenta yana haskakawa ga mazauna sama kamar yadda hasken taurari ke haskaka mazaunan duniya. {{Sfn|Soufi|1997}} Sauran lakabin ta a cikin Shi'a su ne al-Shiddiqa ( lit. 'me gaskiyta ' ), {{Sfn|Rogerson|2006}} al-Tahira ( lit. 'me tsarki' ), {{Sfn|Campo|2009a}} al-Mubaraka ( lit. 'me albarka' ), {{Sfn|Campo|2009a}} da al-Mansura ( lit. 'wanda Allah ya taimaka' ). {{Sfn|Buehler|2014}} Wani lakabin Shi'a kuma shi ne al-Muḥadditha, bisa la'akari da rahoton cewa mala'iku sun yi magana da Fatima a lokuta da dama, {{Sfn|Aslan|2011}} {{Sfn|Ayoub|2011}} {{Sfn|Pierce|2016}} kamar [[Maryamu, mahaifiyar Yesu|Maryamu]] mahaifiyar [[Isa|Isah]] . {{Sfn|Ayoub|2011}} == Manazarta == [[Category:Webarchive template wayback links]] 8b4i8shhgg634gx7eni6n02gik31jys 0 49913 874095 346954 2026-07-02T05:41:37Z Habibah A Jisambo 26434 874095 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{stub}} '''Twins Seven-Seven''' haifaffen Taiwo Olaniyi Oyewale-Toyeje Oyelale Osuntoki, wani fitaccen mawakin [[Najeriya]] ne da ya shahara wajen zage-zage da zage-zage. Ayyukansa sau da yawa suna nuna fage daga tarihin tarihin Yarabawa, tatsuniyoyi, da al'adun gargajiya. Sana'ar tagwaye Bakwai-Bakwai ya nuna zurfafa dangantakarsa da al'adun Yarbawa kuma ya haɗa ƙamus na gani na alamomi da ƙima. Salon fasaharsa na musamman da iya ba da labari sun bar tasiri mai dorewa a fagen fasahar Najeriya. ==Manazarta.== kitt3ywl8p1elci5eam4dw2siejbq1b 0 50196 873694 475821 2026-07-01T16:22:08Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 873694 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''An Bayyana Beauty Hoton''''' kai ne na shekarar 1828 na 'yar wasan Amurka Sarah Goodridge,ɗan ƙaramin hoto mai launin ruwa akan guntun hauren giwa.Nuna kawai ƙirjin mai zane wanda ke kewaye da farin zane,{{Convert|6.7|by|8|cm}} zanen,wanda aka samo asali da takarda, yanzu yana cikin tsarin zamani. Goodridge,mai shekaru arba'in lokacin da ta kammala ƙaramar,tana nuna ƙirjin da suka bayyana cike da "ma'auni,kodadde,da buoyancy"ta hanyar jituwa na haske,launi,da ma'auni.Tufafin da ke kewaye yana jawo mai kallo don mayar da hankali a kansu,wanda ke haifar da "share"jiki. Goodridge taba da hoton ga dan majalisa Daniel Webster,wanda ya kasance batun akai-akai kuma mai yiwuwa mai ƙauna,bayan mutuwar matarsa; Watakila ta yi niyyar tsokanar shi ya aure ta. Kodayake Webster ya auri wani,danginsa sun riƙe hoton har zuwa 1980s,lokacin da aka yi gwanjonsa a Christie's kuma Gloria da Richard Manney suka samu a 1981.Ma'auratan sun ba da gudummawa ko sayar da ƙananan tarin kayan fasaha na su,ciki har da ''Beauty Revealed'', zuwa Gidan kayan gargajiya na Metropolitan a 2006. [[File:Sarah Goodridge Beauty Revealed The Metropolitan Museum of Art.jpg|thumb|An Bayyana Kyau]] == Bayani da mahallin == ''Beauty Revealed'' Hoton kai ne ta Sarah Goodridge, wanda ke kwatanta nonon da ba a san shi ba, nonuwa masu ruwan hoda, da alamar kyau.Ana gabatar da waɗannan a cikin launi na gradation, suna ba da sakamako mai girma uku.<ref name="Packard" /> Ko da yake Goodridge ta cika shekara arba'in lokacin da ta zana wannan ƙaramar,a cewar mai sukar fasaha Chris Packard ƙirjinta kamar ƙanana ce, tare da "ma'auni, kodadde,da buoyancy" wanda ke cike da daidaituwar haske,launi, da daidaituwa. <ref name="Packard" /> An tsara ƙirjin da wani shuɗi,wanda a cikin sassa yana nuna haske. <ref name="Packard" /> {{Sfn|Walker|2009}} {{Convert|6.7|by|8|cm}} an saita zane a cikin akwati; {{Sfn|Barratt|Zabar|2010}} An fara shigar da shi a kan takardar goyon baya wanda ke da kwanan wata "1828"a baya. {{Sfn|Johnson|1990}} Aikin shine zanen launi na ruwa akan hauren giwa, bakin ciki isa haske don haskakawa ta haka yana ba da damar ƙirjin da aka kwatanta su "haske". Wannan matsakaicin ya kasance gama gari ga ƙananan ƙanana na Amurka, amma a cikin wannan yanayin kuma ya zama misalin naman da aka gabatar akansa.{{Sfn|Walker|2009}} An Kammala ''Beauty Revealed'' a lokacin shaharar ɗan ƙaramin hoto, matsakaicin da aka gabatar a Amurka a ƙarshen ƙarni na 18.A lokacin da Goodridge ta kammala hoton kanta, ƙananan abubuwa sun ƙaru cikin sarƙaƙƙiya da rawar jiki. Timeline of Art History Heilbrunn ya bayyana ''Beauty Revealed'' a matsayin wasa a kan kananan ido wanda a lokacin suka shahara a matsayin alamun soyayya a Ingila da Faransa, amma ba kowa ba ne a Amurka. {{Sfn|Johnson|1990}} Irin waɗannan ƙananan abubuwa sun ba da damar masu son ɗaukar hotuna na ƙaunatattun su ba tare da bayyana ainihin masu zama ba.{{Sfn|Johnson|1990}} == Labarin da tarihi==   Goodridge ta kasance ƙwararren 'yar zanen hoto na tushen [[Boston]] wanda ta yi karatu a ƙarƙashin Gilbert Stuart da Elkanah Tisdale. Tana da haɗin gwiwa na dogon lokaci tare da Daniel Webster,ɗan siyasa wanda ya fara ayyuka a matsayin Sanata daga [[Massachusetts]] a 1827. Webster ya aika mata da wasiku sama da arba’in a tsakanin shekara ta 1827 zuwa 1851,kuma da shigewar lokaci, gaisuwarsa zuwa gare ta ta zama sananne; Wasikunsa na ƙarshe sun aike da su zuwa ga "Masoyi, abokina", wanda bai dace da salon rubutun da ya saba ba.{{Sfn|Johnson|1990}} Ita, a halin yanzu, ta zana masa fenti fiye da goma sha biyu kuma ta bar garinsu na [[Boston]] don ziyarce shi a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] aƙalla sau biyu,sau ɗaya a cikin 1828 bayan mutuwar matarsa ta farko da kuma a cikin 1841–42,lokacin da Webster ya rabu.daga matarsa ta biyu. Goodridge ta kammala ''Beauty Bayyana'' a 1828,mai yiwuwa daga kallon kanta a cikin madubi. An ba da misalin ayyuka da yawa a matsayin abubuwan da za su iya ƙarfafawa, ciki har da John Vanderlyn 's ''Ariadne Barci a Tsibirin Naxos'' da Horatio Greenough 's sculpture ''Venus Victrix''. Goodridge ta aika da hotonta zuwa Webster lokacin da take sabon gwauruwa, {{Sfn|Walker|2009}} kuma, dangane da ƙaramin tsari, mai yiwuwa an yi nufinsa ne kawai don .<ref name="Packard" /> Masanin fasaha na Amurka John Updike ya nuna cewa mai zane ya yi niyyar ba da kansa ga Webster; Ya rubuta cewa bama-baman ƙirjin sun bayyana suna cewa "Mu naku ne don ɗaukar,a cikin duk ƙaunar da muke yi na hauren giwa, da nonuwanmu masu tausasawa". <ref>quoted in {{Harvard citation no brackets|Walker|2009}}</ref> Daga ƙarshe,duk da haka,Webster ya auri wata mace mai arziki.{{Sfn|Walker|2009}} Bayan mutuwar Webster, ''Beauty Revealed'' ta ci gaba da mika shi daga danginsa,tare da wani hoton kansa da Goodridge ta aika masa. Zuriyar 'yan siyasar sun yarda cewa Goodridge da Webster sun yi aure.A ƙarshe an yi gwanjon zanen ta hanyar Christie's, {{Sfn|Johnson|1990}} tare da jerin farashin $15,000, kuma ya wuce ta Alexander Gallery na New York daga baya a waccan shekarar kafin masu tarawa na New York Gloria Manney da mijinta Richard su saya.{{Sfn|Johnson|1990}} Ma'auratan sun haɗa da ''Beauty Revealed'' a cikin nunin "Tokens of Love:The Portrait Miniature in America" a cikin 1991, wanda ya zagaya da Gidan Tarihi na Art (Met) a New York, Gidan Tarihi na Kasa na Amurka Art a cikin 1991. Washington, DC,da Cibiyar Fasaha ta Chicago.<ref name="Baltimore Sun" /> {{Sfn|Johnson|1990}} ''Beauty Revealed'' ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan hotuna sama da ɗari uku da ma'auratan suka haɗa, waɗanda suka ba da ita ga Met a cikin 2006,a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin kyauta / siyan tarin su. Carrie Rebora Barratt da Lori Zabar na Met sun kwatanta hoton kansa na Goodridge a matsayin mafi tursasawa na "baƙon abu da ban mamaki" na ƙananan masu fasaha a cikin tarin. {{Sfn|Barratt|Zabar|2010}} Bayan shekaru biyu, ''Beauty Revealed'' an haɗa ta a cikin wani bita na baya, "Shekaru Philippe de Montebello: Masu ba da izini sun yi bikin shekaru goma na soyayya", wanda ya nuna ayyukan da aka samu a ƙarƙashin lokacin darektan Met Philippe de Montebello mai ritaya. Holland Cotter na ''[[New York Times|The New York Times]]'' ya haskaka hoton kanta na Goodridge, tana kwatanta shi da"abin ban mamaki". A cikin 2009, marubuta Jane Kamensky da Jill Lepore sun zana wahayi daga ''Beauty Revealed'' (da sauran zane-zane,irin su John Singleton Copley 's ''Boy tare da Squirrel'' ) don littafin su ''Blindspot'' . {{As of|2014}} , Gidan yana gizon Met ya lissafa ''Beauty Bayyana'' kamar ba a kan nuni ba. == Bincike == Masanin tarihin fasaha Dale Johnson ya bayyana ''Beauty Revealed'' a matsayin "mafi kyawun gaske", mai nuna ikon Goodridge na nuna fitilu da inuwa.Ta sami ƙulle-ƙulle da ƙyanƙyashe da aka yi amfani da su wajen ƙirƙirar zanen suna da daɗi.{{Sfn|Johnson|1990}} Rubutu a cikin ''Antiques'' a cikin 2012, Randall L. Holton da Charles A. Gilday sun ce zanen ya ci gaba da gabatar da kai wanda ke haifar da " ''frisson'' na yiwuwar batsa". Packard ya rubuta cewa ''Beauty Revealed'' ta yi aiki a matsayin nau'in synecdoche na gani, wanda ke wakiltar daukan Goodridge ta cikin ƙirjinta. Ya bambanta da "nauyi" na 1845 na kai da kuma wanda ba shi da rai na 1830,ya sami ''Beauty ya bayyana'' don gaba da Goodridge da bukatarta na kulawa.Da yake jayayya cewa tufafin da ke kewaye da ƙirjinta sunyi aiki don nuna wasan kwaikwayo (kamar labulen vaudeville ), Packard ya kwatanta idanun mai kallo yana mai da hankali kan ƙirjin,yayin da sauran jikin Goodridge ya shafe kuma an cire shi. <ref name="Packard" /> Wannan,in ji shi,ya ƙalubalanci zato da ra'ayi game da mace mai zaman gida na ƙarni na 19. == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} == Ayyukan da aka ambata ==   == Kara karantawa == * {{Cite journal|url-status=70–76}} [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cucg3ah35k48omet7autpwakhqdfazd 0 52691 874223 567043 2026-07-02T09:21:52Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 874223 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Three point shoot.JPG|thumb|Kwallan Kwando]] [[Fayil:Three point shoot.JPG|thumb|Pop Cola Panthers]] '''Pop Cola Panthers''' ƙwararriyar ƙungiyar [kwallon kwando]] ce wacce ta taka leda a [[qungiyar Kwando ta Philippine]] daga [[1990 PBA kakar|1990]] - [[2001 PBA kakar|2001]] . [[Kamfanin RFM]] ya mallaki ikon mallakar ikon amfani da sunan kamfani. A cikin 2001, lokacin da [[Kamfanin RFM]] ya sayar da dukkan hannun jarinsa na Cosmos Bottling Corporation zuwa [[Coca-Cola Bottlers Philippines, Inc.]] (CCBPI), an haɗa ikon amfani da ikon amfani da sunan PBA a cikin ma'amala. Bayan mallakar CCBPI, ikon mallakar PBA ya sake suna [[Coca-Cola Tigers]] tun daga [[2002 PBA kakar|lokacin 2002 PBA]] kuma an ɗauke shi azaman ƙungiyar faɗaɗawa. Har ila yau, ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ya taka rawa a ƙarƙashin sunayen Pop Cola/Diet Sarsi Sizzlers, Swift Mighty Meaty Hotdogs, Swift Mighty Meaties, Sunkist Orange Juicers/Bottlers da Pop Cola 800s. Pop Cola ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin ikon amfani da ikon amfani da ikon amfani da ikon amfani da ikon amfani da ikon amfani da sunan kamfani guda biyu don shiga gasar a cikin 1990 kakar, tare da abokin hamayyar abin sha mai laushi Pepsi-Cola, yana ƙara yawan ƙungiyoyin memba a cikin gasar zuwa takwas. A cikin shekaru 12 da suka yi a cikin PBA, an san su da Pop Cola Sizzlers, Sarsi, Swift Mighty Meaty, Sunkist Orange Juicers, Sunkist Orange Bottlers da Pop Cola 800s. Kungiyar ta yi amfani da sunan Pop Cola tun daga 1997 har zuwa kakar wasa ta karshe a PBA a 2001, duk da cewa an san kungiyar da Sunkist a gasar Kofin Kwamishinonin na 2000 kuma an san ta da Swift Panthers don wasannin farko na gasar cin kofin Gwamnoni na 2001. Fitowarsu ta farko ta wasan karshe ta zo ne a cikin 1991 All-Filipino, a matsayin Diet Sarsi, ta yi rashin nasara a hannun abokan hamayyar Purefoods TJ Hotdogs, wasanni 3 zuwa 2 a cikin mafi kyawun jerin wasannin karshe biyar. Taken PBA na farko na ƙungiyar ya zo a cikin 1992, lokacin da Swift ta doke 7-Up wasanni huɗu - babu wanda ya lashe taron PBA na uku a ƙarƙashin kocin Yeng Guiao . Har ila yau, ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da aka shigo da su a cikin tarihin PBA a Tony Harris, wanda ya zira kwallaye 105 na PBA don Swift lokacin da suka ci Ginebra 151-147 a wasan da aka gudanar a Iloilo City a ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 1992. A cikin 1993, Swift ya yi cinikin Jack Tanuan, Ricric Marata da Andy De Guzman don Sta. Lucia a musayar tsoffin 'yan wasan su a cikin kwanakin su na PABL, Vergel Meneses da Zaldy Realubit, kuma wannan ya ba Swift gasar cin kofin zakarun na biyu da ake kira Kofin Kwamishina, suna samun ramuwar gayya a kan abokin hamayyarsu na kasuwanci, Purefoods Oodles, wasanni 4 zuwa 2, Hotdogs sun kasance. mai ƙarfi ta mafi kyawun shigo da Ronnie Thompkins. Kungiyar ta kasance kasa-kasa a kakar wasa mai zuwa inda babban kocin Yeng Guiao ya yanke shawarar komawa Pepsi Mega, kuma Derek Pumaren ya karbi aikin horarwa, Swift ya kai ga wasan karshe a gasar cin kofin gwamna na kakar wasa, inda ta sha kashi a hannun Alaska wasanni shida. Lokacin 1995 ya zama shekarar tutoci ga ƙungiyar. A karkashin sunan '''Sunkist Orange Juices''', tawagar kusan cimma wani rare baya-to-baya lashe All-Filipino da Commissioner ta Cup sunayen kafin gama na uku overall a kakar-kare Gwamna Cup. An dakatar da tawagar ta kakar MVP Vergel Meneses, Bonel Balingit, Boybits Victoria, Kenneth Duremdes da Rudy Distrito (wanda aka dakatar da shi a 1995 saboda mummunar mummunar bindiga ta da ta buga ta buga. Sunkist/Pop Cola sun sha wahala a lokutan 1996 da 1997 kafin dukiyarsu ta canza a cikin 1998 lokacin da ƙungiyar ta ci nasara a matsayi na uku a ƙarƙashin kocin Norman Black, wanda har ma ya buga wasa ɗaya a lokacin Kofin Kwamishina don jagorantar 800s zuwa gama na uku a gasar da aka ce. Pop Cola ya sha fama da rashin nasara sau biyu a cikin lokutan 1999 da 2000 amma ya yi nasara mai kyau a kakar wasan su ta PBA ta ƙarshe a 2001 a ƙarƙashin kocin Chot Reyes, inda ya sami matsayi na uku a cikin taron All-Filipino. Haɗin kai ya ƙare lokacin da Kamfanin RFM ya siyar da ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar kamfani na PBA ga Coca-Cola Bottlers Philippines, Inc. (CCBPI), dangane da siyar da Kamfanin Cosmos Bottling Corporation zuwa CCBPI a 2001. == Rubuce-rubucen lokaci-lokaci == {| class="toccolours" style="float: right; font-size: 95%;" ! style="background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA;" |Labari |- |Zakaran ----Mai tsere ----Wuri na uku |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan="2" |Season ! rowspan="2" |Conference ! rowspan="2" |Team name ! colspan="3" |Overall record ! rowspan="2" |Finals |- !W !L ! % |- | rowspan="3" |1990 |First Conference | rowspan="3" |Pop Cola Sizzlers | rowspan="3" |10 | rowspan="3" |28 | rowspan="3" |.263 | |- |All-Filipino Conference | |- |Third Conference | |- bgcolor="#DDFFDD" | rowspan="3" bgcolor="white" |1991 |First Conference | rowspan="3" bgcolor="white" |Diet Sarsi Sizzlers | rowspan="3" bgcolor="white" |31 | rowspan="3" bgcolor="white" |27 | rowspan="3" bgcolor="white" |.534 | |- bgcolor="#D0E7FF" |All-Filipino Conference |Purefoods 3, Sarsi 2 |- |Third Conference | |- | rowspan="3" |1992 |First Conference | rowspan="9" |Swift Mighty Meaty Hotdogs /Meaties | rowspan="3" |29 | rowspan="3" |28 | rowspan="3" |.509 | |- bgcolor="#DDFFDD" |All-Filipino Conference | |- bgcolor="#FFE6BD" |Third Conference |'''Swift 4, 7-Up 0''' |- bgcolor="#DDFFDD" | rowspan="3" bgcolor="white" |1993 |All-Filipino Cup | rowspan="3" bgcolor="white" |46 | rowspan="3" bgcolor="white" |25 | rowspan="3" bgcolor="white" |.648 | |- bgcolor="#FFE6BD" |Commissioner's Cup |'''Swift 4, Purefoods 2''' |- bgcolor="#D0E7FF" |Governors Cup |San Miguel 4, Swift 1 |- | rowspan="3" |1994 |All-Filipino Cup | rowspan="3" |40 | rowspan="3" |33 | rowspan="3" |.548 | |- |Commissioner's Cup | |- bgcolor="#D0E7FF" |Governors Cup |Alaska 4, Swift 2 |- bgcolor="#FFE6BD" | rowspan="3" bgcolor="white" |1995 |All-Filipino Cup | rowspan="4" bgcolor="white" |Sunkist Orange Juicers | rowspan="3" bgcolor="white" |49 | rowspan="3" bgcolor="white" |23 | rowspan="3" bgcolor="white" |.681 |'''Sunkist 4, Alaska 3''' |- bgcolor="#FFE6BD" |Commissioner's Cup |'''Sunkist 4, Alaska 2''' |- bgcolor="#DDFFDD" |Governors Cup | |- | rowspan="3" |1996 |All-Filipino Cup | rowspan="3" |16 | rowspan="3" |22 | rowspan="3" |.421 | |- |Commissioner's Cup | rowspan="2" bgcolor="white" |Sunkist Orange Bottlers | |- |Governors Cup | |- | rowspan="3" |1997 |All-Filipino Cup | rowspan="3" |Pop Cola Bottlers | rowspan="3" |14 | rowspan="3" |24 | rowspan="3" |.368 | |- |Commissioner's Cup | |- |Governors Cup | |- bgcolor="#DDFFDD" | rowspan="4" bgcolor="white" |1998 |All-Filipino Cup | rowspan="8" bgcolor="white" |Pop Cola 800s | rowspan="4" bgcolor="white" |27 | rowspan="4" bgcolor="white" |27 | rowspan="4" bgcolor="white" |.500 | |- bgcolor="#DDFFDD" |Commissioner's Cup | |- bgcolor="#DDFFDD" |Centennial Cup | |- |Governors Cup | |- | rowspan="3" |1999 |All-Filipino Cup | rowspan="3" |8 | rowspan="3" |25 | rowspan="3" |.242 | |- |Commissioner's Cup | |- |Governors Cup | |- | rowspan="3" |2000 |All-Filipino Cup |6 |9 |.400 | |- |Commissioner's Cup |Sunkist Orange Juicers |4 |6 |.400 | |- |Governors Cup | rowspan="3" |Pop Cola Panthers |2 |7 |.222 | |- bgcolor="#DDFFDD" | rowspan="3" bgcolor="white" |2001 |All-Filipino Cup |11 |10 |.524 | |- |Commissioner's Cup |3 |7 |.300 | |- |Governors Cup | |10 |10 |.500 | |- ! colspan="3" |Overall record !306 !311 !.496 !4 championships |} == Kyauta == === Kyaututtukan mutum ɗaya === {| class="wikitable" ! style="{{PBA color cell|Pop Cola Panthers}}" | PBA Mafi Kyawun Dan Wasa ! style="{{PBA color cell|Pop Cola Panthers}}" | MVP na ƙarshe ! style="{{PBA color cell|Pop Cola Panthers}}" | Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan PBA na Taron |- | valign="top" | * Vergel Meneses - 1995 | valign="top" | | valign="top" | * Vergel Meneses - Gwamnonin 1994, 1995 All-Filipino, 1995 Kwamishinan |- ! style="{{PBA color cell|Pop Cola Panthers}}" | Kyautar PBA Rookie na Shekara ! style="{{PBA color cell|Pop Cola Panthers}}" | PBA All-Defensive Team ! style="{{PBA color cell|Pop Cola Panthers}}" | PBA Tafsirin Tawagar Farko |- | valign="top" | | valign="top" | * Elpidio Villamin - 1995 | valign="top" | * Nelson Asaytono - 1992-1993 * Al Solis - 1992-1993 * Vergel Meneses - 1994-1995 |- ! style="{{PBA color cell|Pop Cola Panthers}}" | Ƙungiya ta Biyu ta Tatsuniya ta PBA ! style="{{PBA color cell|Pop Cola Panthers}}" | PBA Mafi Ingantaccen Dan Wasa ! style="{{PBA color cell|Pop Cola Panthers}}" | Kyautar Wasannin Wasannin PBA |- | valign="top" | * Elpidio Villamin - 1991 * Vergel Meneses - 1993 * Nelson Asaytono - 1994-1995 * Boybits Victoria - 1994-1995 * Bonel Balingit - 1995 * Rudy Hatfield - 2001 | valign="top" | * Vergel Meneses - 1993 * Bonel Balingit - 1995 | valign="top" | |- ! style="{{PBA color cell|Pop Cola Panthers}}" |Mafi kyawun Shigo da PBA ! style="{{PBA color cell|Pop Cola Panthers}}" | ! style="{{PBA color cell|Pop Cola Panthers}}" | |- | valign="top" | * Tony Harris - 1992 Na uku * Ronnie Thompkins - Kwamishinan 1993 * Ronnie Grandison - Kwamishinan 1995 * Stevin Smith - Gwamnonin 1995 | valign="top" | | valign="top" | |} === Kyautar Mutum ɗaya na PBA Press Corps === {| class="wikitable" ! style="{{PBA color cell|Pop Cola Panthers}}" | Gudanarwar Shekarar ! style="{{PBA color cell|Pop Cola Panthers}}" | Jarumar Dalupan Kocin Shekara ! style="{{PBA color cell|Pop Cola Panthers}}" | Gwarzon Dan Wasan Tsaro |- | valign="top" | * Elmer Yanga - 1993-1995 | valign="top" | * Derrick Pumaren - 1995 | valign="top" | |- ! style="{{PBA color cell|Pop Cola Panthers}}" |Bogs Adornado Mai Komawa Gwarzon Dan Wasan Shekara ! style="{{PBA color cell|Pop Cola Panthers}}" | Mista Quality Mintuna ! style="{{PBA color cell|Pop Cola Panthers}}" | Tawagar All-Rookie |- | valign="top" | * Elpidio Villamin - 1995 | valign="top" | | valign="top" | |} === Duk-Star Karshen Karshen === {| class="wikitable" ! style="{{PBA color cell|Pop Cola Panthers}}" | All Star MVP ! style="{{PBA color cell|Pop Cola Panthers}}" | Kalubalen cikas ! style="{{PBA color cell|Pop Cola Panthers}}" | Shootout mai maki uku ! style="{{PBA color cell|Pop Cola Panthers}}" | Gasar Slam Dunk |- | valign="top" | * Vergel Meneses - 1995, 1998 * Kenneth Duremdes - 1996 | valign="top" | * Jack Santiago - 1996 | valign="top" | * Ric-Ric Marata - 1996 * Jasper Ocampo - 1998-1999 | valign="top" | * Vergel Meneses - 1993 |} == Fitattun 'yan wasa == === Manyan 'yan wasa 25 na PBA === * Ato Agustin - "Atomic Bomb" * Johnny Abarrientos #14 - "The Flying A" * Kenneth Duremdes - "Kyaftin Marbel" * Bernie Fabiosa #51 - "Sultan na Swipe" ya buga shekararsa ta ƙarshe a gasar tare da ƙungiyar a 1991. * Jojo Lastimosa - "Jolas" * Vergel Meneses - "The Aerial Voyager" === Sauran fitattun 'yan wasa ===   === Ana shigo da kaya ===   == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{S-start}} {{Succession box}} {{S-end}}{{Swift Mighty Meaties 1992 PBA Third Conference Champions}}{{Sunkist Orange Juicers 1995 PBA Commissioner's Cup Champions}}{{Pop Cola Panthers}} p7ym4sommy2dh372i5puplfmpyrps8j 874227 874223 2026-07-02T09:23:44Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 874227 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Three point shoot.JPG|thumb|Kwallan Kwando]] [[Fayil:Three point shoot.JPG|thumb|Pop Cola Panthers]] '''Pop Cola Panthers''' ƙwararriyar ƙungiyar [kwallon kwando]] ce wacce ta taka leda a [[qungiyar Kwando ta Philippine]] daga [[1990 PBA kakar|1990]] - [[2001 PBA kakar|2001]] . [[Kamfanin RFM]] ya mallaki ikon mallakar ikon amfani da sunan kamfani. A cikin 2001, lokacin da [[Kamfanin RFM]] ya sayar da dukkan hannun jarinsa na Cosmos Bottling Corporation zuwa [[Coca-Cola Bottlers Philippines, Inc.]] (CCBPI), an hada ikon amfani da ikon amfani da sunan PBA a cikin ma'amala. Bayan mallakar CCBPI, ikon mallakar PBA ya sake suna [[Coca-Cola Tigers]] tun daga [[2002 PBA kakar|lokacin 2002 PBA]] kuma an dauke shi azaman qungiyar fadadawa. Har ila yau, ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ya taka rawa a ƙarƙashin sunayen Pop Cola/Diet Sarsi Sizzlers, Swift Mighty Meaty Hotdogs, Swift Mighty Meaties, Sunkist Orange Juicers/Bottlers da Pop Cola 800s. Pop Cola ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin ikon amfani da ikon amfani da ikon amfani da ikon amfani da ikon amfani da ikon amfani da sunan kamfani guda biyu don shiga gasar a cikin 1990 kakar, tare da abokin hamayyar abin sha mai laushi Pepsi-Cola, yana ƙara yawan ƙungiyoyin memba a cikin gasar zuwa takwas. A cikin shekaru 12 da suka yi a cikin PBA, an san su da Pop Cola Sizzlers, Sarsi, Swift Mighty Meaty, Sunkist Orange Juicers, Sunkist Orange Bottlers da Pop Cola 800s. Kungiyar ta yi amfani da sunan Pop Cola tun daga 1997 har zuwa kakar wasa ta karshe a PBA a 2001, duk da cewa an san kungiyar da Sunkist a gasar Kofin Kwamishinonin na 2000 kuma an san ta da Swift Panthers don wasannin farko na gasar cin kofin Gwamnoni na 2001. Fitowarsu ta farko ta wasan karshe ta zo ne a cikin 1991 All-Filipino, a matsayin Diet Sarsi, ta yi rashin nasara a hannun abokan hamayyar Purefoods TJ Hotdogs, wasanni 3 zuwa 2 a cikin mafi kyawun jerin wasannin karshe biyar. Taken PBA na farko na ƙungiyar ya zo a cikin 1992, lokacin da Swift ta doke 7-Up wasanni huɗu - babu wanda ya lashe taron PBA na uku a ƙarƙashin kocin Yeng Guiao . Har ila yau, ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da aka shigo da su a cikin tarihin PBA a Tony Harris, wanda ya zira kwallaye 105 na PBA don Swift lokacin da suka ci Ginebra 151-147 a wasan da aka gudanar a Iloilo City a ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 1992. A cikin 1993, Swift ya yi cinikin Jack Tanuan, Ricric Marata da Andy De Guzman don Sta. Lucia a musayar tsoffin 'yan wasan su a cikin kwanakin su na PABL, Vergel Meneses da Zaldy Realubit, kuma wannan ya ba Swift gasar cin kofin zakarun na biyu da ake kira Kofin Kwamishina, suna samun ramuwar gayya a kan abokin hamayyarsu na kasuwanci, Purefoods Oodles, wasanni 4 zuwa 2, Hotdogs sun kasance. mai ƙarfi ta mafi kyawun shigo da Ronnie Thompkins. Kungiyar ta kasance kasa-kasa a kakar wasa mai zuwa inda babban kocin Yeng Guiao ya yanke shawarar komawa Pepsi Mega, kuma Derek Pumaren ya karbi aikin horarwa, Swift ya kai ga wasan karshe a gasar cin kofin gwamna na kakar wasa, inda ta sha kashi a hannun Alaska wasanni shida. Lokacin 1995 ya zama shekarar tutoci ga ƙungiyar. A karkashin sunan '''Sunkist Orange Juices''', tawagar kusan cimma wani rare baya-to-baya lashe All-Filipino da Commissioner ta Cup sunayen kafin gama na uku overall a kakar-kare Gwamna Cup. An dakatar da tawagar ta kakar MVP Vergel Meneses, Bonel Balingit, Boybits Victoria, Kenneth Duremdes da Rudy Distrito (wanda aka dakatar da shi a 1995 saboda mummunar mummunar bindiga ta da ta buga ta buga. Sunkist/Pop Cola sun sha wahala a lokutan 1996 da 1997 kafin dukiyarsu ta canza a cikin 1998 lokacin da ƙungiyar ta ci nasara a matsayi na uku a ƙarƙashin kocin Norman Black, wanda har ma ya buga wasa ɗaya a lokacin Kofin Kwamishina don jagorantar 800s zuwa gama na uku a gasar da aka ce. Pop Cola ya sha fama da rashin nasara sau biyu a cikin lokutan 1999 da 2000 amma ya yi nasara mai kyau a kakar wasan su ta PBA ta ƙarshe a 2001 a ƙarƙashin kocin Chot Reyes, inda ya sami matsayi na uku a cikin taron All-Filipino. Haɗin kai ya ƙare lokacin da Kamfanin RFM ya siyar da ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar kamfani na PBA ga Coca-Cola Bottlers Philippines, Inc. (CCBPI), dangane da siyar da Kamfanin Cosmos Bottling Corporation zuwa CCBPI a 2001. == Rubuce-rubucen lokaci-lokaci == {| class="toccolours" style="float: right; font-size: 95%;" ! style="background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA;" |Labari |- |Zakaran ----Mai tsere ----Wuri na uku |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan="2" |Season ! rowspan="2" |Conference ! rowspan="2" |Team name ! colspan="3" |Overall record ! rowspan="2" |Finals |- !W !L ! % |- | rowspan="3" |1990 |First Conference | rowspan="3" |Pop Cola Sizzlers | rowspan="3" |10 | rowspan="3" |28 | rowspan="3" |.263 | |- |All-Filipino Conference | |- |Third Conference | |- bgcolor="#DDFFDD" | rowspan="3" bgcolor="white" |1991 |First Conference | rowspan="3" bgcolor="white" |Diet Sarsi Sizzlers | rowspan="3" bgcolor="white" |31 | rowspan="3" bgcolor="white" |27 | rowspan="3" bgcolor="white" |.534 | |- bgcolor="#D0E7FF" |All-Filipino Conference |Purefoods 3, Sarsi 2 |- |Third Conference | |- | rowspan="3" |1992 |First Conference | rowspan="9" |Swift Mighty Meaty Hotdogs /Meaties | rowspan="3" |29 | rowspan="3" |28 | rowspan="3" |.509 | |- bgcolor="#DDFFDD" |All-Filipino Conference | |- bgcolor="#FFE6BD" |Third Conference |'''Swift 4, 7-Up 0''' |- bgcolor="#DDFFDD" | rowspan="3" bgcolor="white" |1993 |All-Filipino Cup | rowspan="3" bgcolor="white" |46 | rowspan="3" bgcolor="white" |25 | rowspan="3" bgcolor="white" |.648 | |- bgcolor="#FFE6BD" |Commissioner's Cup |'''Swift 4, Purefoods 2''' |- bgcolor="#D0E7FF" |Governors Cup |San Miguel 4, Swift 1 |- | rowspan="3" |1994 |All-Filipino Cup | rowspan="3" |40 | rowspan="3" |33 | rowspan="3" |.548 | |- |Commissioner's Cup | |- bgcolor="#D0E7FF" |Governors Cup |Alaska 4, Swift 2 |- bgcolor="#FFE6BD" | rowspan="3" bgcolor="white" |1995 |All-Filipino Cup | rowspan="4" bgcolor="white" |Sunkist Orange Juicers | rowspan="3" bgcolor="white" |49 | rowspan="3" bgcolor="white" |23 | rowspan="3" bgcolor="white" |.681 |'''Sunkist 4, Alaska 3''' |- bgcolor="#FFE6BD" |Commissioner's Cup |'''Sunkist 4, Alaska 2''' |- bgcolor="#DDFFDD" |Governors Cup | |- | rowspan="3" |1996 |All-Filipino Cup | rowspan="3" |16 | rowspan="3" |22 | rowspan="3" |.421 | |- |Commissioner's Cup | rowspan="2" bgcolor="white" |Sunkist Orange Bottlers | |- |Governors Cup | |- | rowspan="3" |1997 |All-Filipino Cup | rowspan="3" |Pop Cola Bottlers | rowspan="3" |14 | rowspan="3" |24 | rowspan="3" |.368 | |- |Commissioner's Cup | |- |Governors Cup | |- bgcolor="#DDFFDD" | rowspan="4" bgcolor="white" |1998 |All-Filipino Cup | rowspan="8" bgcolor="white" |Pop Cola 800s | rowspan="4" bgcolor="white" |27 | rowspan="4" bgcolor="white" |27 | rowspan="4" bgcolor="white" |.500 | |- bgcolor="#DDFFDD" |Commissioner's Cup | |- bgcolor="#DDFFDD" |Centennial Cup | |- |Governors Cup | |- | rowspan="3" |1999 |All-Filipino Cup | rowspan="3" |8 | rowspan="3" |25 | rowspan="3" |.242 | |- |Commissioner's Cup | |- |Governors Cup | |- | rowspan="3" |2000 |All-Filipino Cup |6 |9 |.400 | |- |Commissioner's Cup |Sunkist Orange Juicers |4 |6 |.400 | |- |Governors Cup | rowspan="3" |Pop Cola Panthers |2 |7 |.222 | |- bgcolor="#DDFFDD" | rowspan="3" bgcolor="white" |2001 |All-Filipino Cup |11 |10 |.524 | |- |Commissioner's Cup |3 |7 |.300 | |- |Governors Cup | |10 |10 |.500 | |- ! colspan="3" |Overall record !306 !311 !.496 !4 championships |} == Kyauta == === Kyaututtukan mutum ɗaya === {| class="wikitable" ! style="{{PBA color cell|Pop Cola Panthers}}" | PBA Mafi Kyawun Dan Wasa ! style="{{PBA color cell|Pop Cola Panthers}}" | MVP na ƙarshe ! style="{{PBA color cell|Pop Cola Panthers}}" | Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan PBA na Taron |- | valign="top" | * Vergel Meneses - 1995 | valign="top" | | valign="top" | * Vergel Meneses - Gwamnonin 1994, 1995 All-Filipino, 1995 Kwamishinan |- ! style="{{PBA color cell|Pop Cola Panthers}}" | Kyautar PBA Rookie na Shekara ! style="{{PBA color cell|Pop Cola Panthers}}" | PBA All-Defensive Team ! style="{{PBA color cell|Pop Cola Panthers}}" | PBA Tafsirin Tawagar Farko |- | valign="top" | | valign="top" | * Elpidio Villamin - 1995 | valign="top" | * Nelson Asaytono - 1992-1993 * Al Solis - 1992-1993 * Vergel Meneses - 1994-1995 |- ! style="{{PBA color cell|Pop Cola Panthers}}" | Ƙungiya ta Biyu ta Tatsuniya ta PBA ! style="{{PBA color cell|Pop Cola Panthers}}" | PBA Mafi Ingantaccen Dan Wasa ! style="{{PBA color cell|Pop Cola Panthers}}" | Kyautar Wasannin Wasannin PBA |- | valign="top" | * Elpidio Villamin - 1991 * Vergel Meneses - 1993 * Nelson Asaytono - 1994-1995 * Boybits Victoria - 1994-1995 * Bonel Balingit - 1995 * Rudy Hatfield - 2001 | valign="top" | * Vergel Meneses - 1993 * Bonel Balingit - 1995 | valign="top" | |- ! style="{{PBA color cell|Pop Cola Panthers}}" |Mafi kyawun Shigo da PBA ! style="{{PBA color cell|Pop Cola Panthers}}" | ! style="{{PBA color cell|Pop Cola Panthers}}" | |- | valign="top" | * Tony Harris - 1992 Na uku * Ronnie Thompkins - Kwamishinan 1993 * Ronnie Grandison - Kwamishinan 1995 * Stevin Smith - Gwamnonin 1995 | valign="top" | | valign="top" | |} === Kyautar Mutum ɗaya na PBA Press Corps === {| class="wikitable" ! style="{{PBA color cell|Pop Cola Panthers}}" | Gudanarwar Shekarar ! style="{{PBA color cell|Pop Cola Panthers}}" | Jarumar Dalupan Kocin Shekara ! style="{{PBA color cell|Pop Cola Panthers}}" | Gwarzon Dan Wasan Tsaro |- | valign="top" | * Elmer Yanga - 1993-1995 | valign="top" | * Derrick Pumaren - 1995 | valign="top" | |- ! style="{{PBA color cell|Pop Cola Panthers}}" |Bogs Adornado Mai Komawa Gwarzon Dan Wasan Shekara ! style="{{PBA color cell|Pop Cola Panthers}}" | Mista Quality Mintuna ! style="{{PBA color cell|Pop Cola Panthers}}" | Tawagar All-Rookie |- | valign="top" | * Elpidio Villamin - 1995 | valign="top" | | valign="top" | |} === Duk-Star Karshen Karshen === {| class="wikitable" ! style="{{PBA color cell|Pop Cola Panthers}}" | All Star MVP ! style="{{PBA color cell|Pop Cola Panthers}}" | Kalubalen cikas ! style="{{PBA color cell|Pop Cola Panthers}}" | Shootout mai maki uku ! style="{{PBA color cell|Pop Cola Panthers}}" | Gasar Slam Dunk |- | valign="top" | * Vergel Meneses - 1995, 1998 * Kenneth Duremdes - 1996 | valign="top" | * Jack Santiago - 1996 | valign="top" | * Ric-Ric Marata - 1996 * Jasper Ocampo - 1998-1999 | valign="top" | * Vergel Meneses - 1993 |} == Fitattun 'yan wasa == === Manyan 'yan wasa 25 na PBA === * Ato Agustin - "Atomic Bomb" * Johnny Abarrientos #14 - "The Flying A" * Kenneth Duremdes - "Kyaftin Marbel" * Bernie Fabiosa #51 - "Sultan na Swipe" ya buga shekararsa ta ƙarshe a gasar tare da ƙungiyar a 1991. * Jojo Lastimosa - "Jolas" * Vergel Meneses - "The Aerial Voyager" === Sauran fitattun 'yan wasa ===   === Ana shigo da kaya ===   == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{S-start}} {{Succession box}} {{S-end}}{{Swift Mighty Meaties 1992 PBA Third Conference Champions}}{{Sunkist Orange Juicers 1995 PBA Commissioner's Cup Champions}}{{Pop Cola Panthers}} df5otfttp5ynn2m3qnlr8zmv0bvonxm 874295 874227 2026-07-02T11:19:16Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 874295 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Three point shoot.JPG|thumb|Kwallan Kwando]] [[Fayil:Three point shoot.JPG|thumb|Pop Cola Panthers]] '''Pop Cola Panthers''' ƙwararriyar ƙungiyar [kwallon kwando]] ce wacce ta taka leda a [[qungiyar Kwando ta Philippine]] daga [[1990 PBA kakar|1990]] - [[2001 PBA kakar|2001]] . [[Kamfanin RFM]] ya mallaki ikon mallakar ikon amfani da sunan kamfani. A cikin 2001, lokacin da [[Kamfanin RFM]] ya sayar da dukkan hannun jarinsa na Cosmos Bottling Corporation zuwa [[Coca-Cola Bottlers Philippines, Inc.]] (CCBPI), an hada ikon amfani da ikon amfani da sunan PBA a cikin ma'amala. Bayan mallakar CCBPI, ikon mallakar PBA ya sake suna [[Coca-Cola Tigers]] tun daga [[2002 PBA kakar|lokacin 2002 PBA]] kuma an dauke shi azaman qungiyar fadadawa. Har ila yau, ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ya taka rawa a qarashin sunayen Pop Cola/Diet Sarsi Sizzlers, Swift Mighty Meaty Hotdogs, Swift Mighty Meaties, Sunkist Orange Juicers/Bottlers da Pop Cola 800s. Pop Cola ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin ikon amfani da ikon amfani da ikon amfani da ikon amfani da ikon amfani da ikon amfani da sunan kamfani guda biyu don shiga gasar a cikin 1990 kakar, tare da abokin hamayyar abin sha mai laushi Pepsi-Cola, yana ƙara yawan ƙungiyoyin memba a cikin gasar zuwa takwas. A cikin shekaru 12 da suka yi a cikin PBA, an san su da Pop Cola Sizzlers, Sarsi, Swift Mighty Meaty, Sunkist Orange Juicers, Sunkist Orange Bottlers da Pop Cola 800s. Kungiyar ta yi amfani da sunan Pop Cola tun daga 1997 har zuwa kakar wasa ta karshe a PBA a 2001, duk da cewa an san kungiyar da Sunkist a gasar Kofin Kwamishinonin na 2000 kuma an san ta da Swift Panthers don wasannin farko na gasar cin kofin Gwamnoni na 2001. Fitowarsu ta farko ta wasan karshe ta zo ne a cikin 1991 All-Filipino, a matsayin Diet Sarsi, ta yi rashin nasara a hannun abokan hamayyar Purefoods TJ Hotdogs, wasanni 3 zuwa 2 a cikin mafi kyawun jerin wasannin karshe biyar. Taken PBA na farko na qungiyar ya zo a cikin 1992, lokacin da Swift ta doke 7-Up wasanni huɗu - babu wanda ya lashe taron PBA na uku a wannan qarqashin kocin Yeng Guiao . Har ila yau, ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da aka shigo da su a cikin tarihin PBA a Tony Harris, wanda ya zira kwallaye 105 na PBA don Swift lokacin da suka ci Ginebra 151-147 a wasan da aka gudanar a Iloilo City a ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 1992. A cikin 1993, Swift ya yi cinikin Jack Tanuan, Ricric Marata da Andy De Guzman don Sta. Lucia a musayar tsoffin 'yan wasan su a cikin kwanakin su na PABL, Vergel Meneses da Zaldy Realubit, kuma wannan ya ba Swift gasar cin kofin zakarun na biyu da ake kira Kofin Kwamishina, suna samun ramuwar gayya a kan abokin hamayyarsu na kasuwanci, Purefoods Oodles, wasanni 4 zuwa 2, Hotdogs sun kasance. mai ƙarfi ta mafi kyawun shigo da Ronnie Thompkins. Kungiyar ta kasance kasa-kasa a kakar wasa mai zuwa inda babban kocin Yeng Guiao ya yanke shawarar komawa Pepsi Mega, kuma Derek Pumaren ya karbi aikin horarwa, Swift ya kai ga wasan karshe a gasar cin kofin gwamna na kakar wasa, inda ta sha kashi a hannun Alaska wasanni shida. Lokacin 1995 ya zama shekarar tutoci ga ƙungiyar. A karkashin sunan '''Sunkist Orange Juices''', tawagar kusan cimma wani rare baya-to-baya lashe All-Filipino da Commissioner ta Cup sunayen kafin gama na uku overall a kakar-kare Gwamna Cup. An dakatar da tawagar ta kakar MVP Vergel Meneses, Bonel Balingit, Boybits Victoria, Kenneth Duremdes da Rudy Distrito (wanda aka dakatar da shi a 1995 saboda mummunar mummunar bindiga ta da ta buga ta buga. Sunkist/Pop Cola sun sha wahala a lokutan 1996 da 1997 kafin dukiyarsu ta canza a cikin 1998 lokacin da ƙungiyar ta ci nasara a matsayi na uku a ƙarƙashin kocin Norman Black, wanda har ma ya buga wasa ɗaya a lokacin Kofin Kwamishina don jagorantar 800s zuwa gama na uku a gasar da aka ce. Pop Cola ya sha fama da rashin nasara sau biyu a cikin lokutan 1999 da 2000 amma ya yi nasara mai kyau a kakar wasan su ta PBA ta ƙarshe a 2001 a ƙarƙashin kocin Chot Reyes, inda ya sami matsayi na uku a cikin taron All-Filipino. Haɗin kai ya ƙare lokacin da Kamfanin RFM ya siyar da ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar kamfani na PBA ga Coca-Cola Bottlers Philippines, Inc. (CCBPI), dangane da siyar da Kamfanin Cosmos Bottling Corporation zuwa CCBPI a 2001. == Rubuce-rubucen lokaci-lokaci == {| class="toccolours" style="float: right; font-size: 95%;" ! style="background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA;" |Labari |- |Zakaran ----Mai tsere ----Wuri na uku |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan="2" |Season ! rowspan="2" |Conference ! rowspan="2" |Team name ! colspan="3" |Overall record ! rowspan="2" |Finals |- !W !L ! % |- | rowspan="3" |1990 |First Conference | rowspan="3" |Pop Cola Sizzlers | rowspan="3" |10 | rowspan="3" |28 | rowspan="3" |.263 | |- |All-Filipino Conference | |- |Third Conference | |- bgcolor="#DDFFDD" | rowspan="3" bgcolor="white" |1991 |First Conference | rowspan="3" bgcolor="white" |Diet Sarsi Sizzlers | rowspan="3" bgcolor="white" |31 | rowspan="3" bgcolor="white" |27 | rowspan="3" bgcolor="white" |.534 | |- bgcolor="#D0E7FF" |All-Filipino Conference |Purefoods 3, Sarsi 2 |- |Third Conference | |- | rowspan="3" |1992 |First Conference | rowspan="9" |Swift Mighty Meaty Hotdogs /Meaties | rowspan="3" |29 | rowspan="3" |28 | rowspan="3" |.509 | |- bgcolor="#DDFFDD" |All-Filipino Conference | |- bgcolor="#FFE6BD" |Third Conference |'''Swift 4, 7-Up 0''' |- bgcolor="#DDFFDD" | rowspan="3" bgcolor="white" |1993 |All-Filipino Cup | rowspan="3" bgcolor="white" |46 | rowspan="3" bgcolor="white" |25 | rowspan="3" bgcolor="white" |.648 | |- bgcolor="#FFE6BD" |Commissioner's Cup |'''Swift 4, Purefoods 2''' |- bgcolor="#D0E7FF" |Governors Cup |San Miguel 4, Swift 1 |- | rowspan="3" |1994 |All-Filipino Cup | rowspan="3" |40 | rowspan="3" |33 | rowspan="3" |.548 | |- |Commissioner's Cup | |- bgcolor="#D0E7FF" |Governors Cup |Alaska 4, Swift 2 |- bgcolor="#FFE6BD" | rowspan="3" bgcolor="white" |1995 |All-Filipino Cup | rowspan="4" bgcolor="white" |Sunkist Orange Juicers | rowspan="3" bgcolor="white" |49 | rowspan="3" bgcolor="white" |23 | rowspan="3" bgcolor="white" |.681 |'''Sunkist 4, Alaska 3''' |- bgcolor="#FFE6BD" |Commissioner's Cup |'''Sunkist 4, Alaska 2''' |- bgcolor="#DDFFDD" |Governors Cup | |- | rowspan="3" |1996 |All-Filipino Cup | rowspan="3" |16 | rowspan="3" |22 | rowspan="3" |.421 | |- |Commissioner's Cup | rowspan="2" bgcolor="white" |Sunkist Orange Bottlers | |- |Governors Cup | |- | rowspan="3" |1997 |All-Filipino Cup | rowspan="3" |Pop Cola Bottlers | rowspan="3" |14 | rowspan="3" |24 | rowspan="3" |.368 | |- |Commissioner's Cup | |- |Governors Cup | |- bgcolor="#DDFFDD" | rowspan="4" bgcolor="white" |1998 |All-Filipino Cup | rowspan="8" bgcolor="white" |Pop Cola 800s | rowspan="4" bgcolor="white" |27 | rowspan="4" bgcolor="white" |27 | rowspan="4" bgcolor="white" |.500 | |- bgcolor="#DDFFDD" |Commissioner's Cup | |- bgcolor="#DDFFDD" |Centennial Cup | |- |Governors Cup | |- | rowspan="3" |1999 |All-Filipino Cup | rowspan="3" |8 | rowspan="3" |25 | rowspan="3" |.242 | |- |Commissioner's Cup | |- |Governors Cup | |- | rowspan="3" |2000 |All-Filipino Cup |6 |9 |.400 | |- |Commissioner's Cup |Sunkist Orange Juicers |4 |6 |.400 | |- |Governors Cup | rowspan="3" |Pop Cola Panthers |2 |7 |.222 | |- bgcolor="#DDFFDD" | rowspan="3" bgcolor="white" |2001 |All-Filipino Cup |11 |10 |.524 | |- |Commissioner's Cup |3 |7 |.300 | |- |Governors Cup | |10 |10 |.500 | |- ! colspan="3" |Overall record !306 !311 !.496 !4 championships |} == Kyauta == === Kyaututtukan mutum ɗaya === {| class="wikitable" ! style="{{PBA color cell|Pop Cola Panthers}}" | PBA Mafi Kyawun Dan Wasa ! style="{{PBA color cell|Pop Cola Panthers}}" | MVP na ƙarshe ! style="{{PBA color cell|Pop Cola Panthers}}" | Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan PBA na Taron |- | valign="top" | * Vergel Meneses - 1995 | valign="top" | | valign="top" | * Vergel Meneses - Gwamnonin 1994, 1995 All-Filipino, 1995 Kwamishinan |- ! style="{{PBA color cell|Pop Cola Panthers}}" | Kyautar PBA Rookie na Shekara ! style="{{PBA color cell|Pop Cola Panthers}}" | PBA All-Defensive Team ! style="{{PBA color cell|Pop Cola Panthers}}" | PBA Tafsirin Tawagar Farko |- | valign="top" | | valign="top" | * Elpidio Villamin - 1995 | valign="top" | * Nelson Asaytono - 1992-1993 * Al Solis - 1992-1993 * Vergel Meneses - 1994-1995 |- ! style="{{PBA color cell|Pop Cola Panthers}}" | Ƙungiya ta Biyu ta Tatsuniya ta PBA ! style="{{PBA color cell|Pop Cola Panthers}}" | PBA Mafi Ingantaccen Dan Wasa ! style="{{PBA color cell|Pop Cola Panthers}}" | Kyautar Wasannin Wasannin PBA |- | valign="top" | * Elpidio Villamin - 1991 * Vergel Meneses - 1993 * Nelson Asaytono - 1994-1995 * Boybits Victoria - 1994-1995 * Bonel Balingit - 1995 * Rudy Hatfield - 2001 | valign="top" | * Vergel Meneses - 1993 * Bonel Balingit - 1995 | valign="top" | |- ! style="{{PBA color cell|Pop Cola Panthers}}" |Mafi kyawun Shigo da PBA ! style="{{PBA color cell|Pop Cola Panthers}}" | ! style="{{PBA color cell|Pop Cola Panthers}}" | |- | valign="top" | * Tony Harris - 1992 Na uku * Ronnie Thompkins - Kwamishinan 1993 * Ronnie Grandison - Kwamishinan 1995 * Stevin Smith - Gwamnonin 1995 | valign="top" | | valign="top" | |} === Kyautar Mutum ɗaya na PBA Press Corps === {| class="wikitable" ! style="{{PBA color cell|Pop Cola Panthers}}" | Gudanarwar Shekarar ! style="{{PBA color cell|Pop Cola Panthers}}" | Jarumar Dalupan Kocin Shekara ! style="{{PBA color cell|Pop Cola Panthers}}" | Gwarzon Dan Wasan Tsaro |- | valign="top" | * Elmer Yanga - 1993-1995 | valign="top" | * Derrick Pumaren - 1995 | valign="top" | |- ! style="{{PBA color cell|Pop Cola Panthers}}" |Bogs Adornado Mai Komawa Gwarzon Dan Wasan Shekara ! style="{{PBA color cell|Pop Cola Panthers}}" | Mista Quality Mintuna ! style="{{PBA color cell|Pop Cola Panthers}}" | Tawagar All-Rookie |- | valign="top" | * Elpidio Villamin - 1995 | valign="top" | | valign="top" | |} === Duk-Star Karshen Karshen === {| class="wikitable" ! style="{{PBA color cell|Pop Cola Panthers}}" | All Star MVP ! style="{{PBA color cell|Pop Cola Panthers}}" | Kalubalen cikas ! style="{{PBA color cell|Pop Cola Panthers}}" | Shootout mai maki uku ! style="{{PBA color cell|Pop Cola Panthers}}" | Gasar Slam Dunk |- | valign="top" | * Vergel Meneses - 1995, 1998 * Kenneth Duremdes - 1996 | valign="top" | * Jack Santiago - 1996 | valign="top" | * Ric-Ric Marata - 1996 * Jasper Ocampo - 1998-1999 | valign="top" | * Vergel Meneses - 1993 |} == Fitattun 'yan wasa == === Manyan 'yan wasa 25 na PBA === * Ato Agustin - "Atomic Bomb" * Johnny Abarrientos #14 - "The Flying A" * Kenneth Duremdes - "Kyaftin Marbel" * Bernie Fabiosa #51 - "Sultan na Swipe" ya buga shekararsa ta ƙarshe a gasar tare da ƙungiyar a 1991. * Jojo Lastimosa - "Jolas" * Vergel Meneses - "The Aerial Voyager" === Sauran fitattun 'yan wasa ===   === Ana shigo da kaya ===   == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{S-start}} {{Succession box}} {{S-end}}{{Swift Mighty Meaties 1992 PBA Third Conference Champions}}{{Sunkist Orange Juicers 1995 PBA Commissioner's Cup Champions}}{{Pop Cola Panthers}} ry7wgv2imgfitddu8ygc5s0trrf2ib9 0 53802 874151 679604 2026-07-02T08:19:03Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874151 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} A ranar 26 ga watan [[Yuli|Yulin]] shekara ta 2023, [[Rundunar Tsaron Nijar|sojoji]] daga masu gadin fadar shugaban ƙasar, [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] suka tsare [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|shugaba]] [[Mohamed Bazoum]], yayin da kuma wasu gungun sojoji suka sanar da hambarar da shi, suka kuma rufe iyakokin ƙasar, suka dakatar da hukumomin gwamnati tare da ayyana, dokar ta-baci yayin da suke sanar da kafa gwamnatin mulkin soja.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger : ce que l'on sait de la tentative de coup d'Etat en cours contre le président Mohamed Bazoum |trans-title=Niger: what we know about the ongoing coup attempt against President Mohamed Bazoum |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/niger/niger-ce-que-l-on-sait-de-la-tentative-de-coup-d-etat-en-cours-contre-le-president-mohamed-bazoum_5973206.html |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=Franceinfo |language=fr-FR |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726202029/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/niger/niger-ce-que-l-on-sait-de-la-tentative-de-coup-d-etat-en-cours-contre-le-president-mohamed-bazoum_5973206.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Wannan dai shi ne karo na biyar da sojoji suka yi [[Juyin mulkin Gabon 2023|juyin mulki]] tun bayan samun ƴancin kai a shekarar al 1960. == Fage == Kafin juyin mulkin, a baya ƙasar Nijar ta sha juyin mulkin soji har sau huɗu tun bayan samun ƴancin kai daga Faransa a shekarar 1960, inda na ƙarshe ya kasance a shekarar 2010. A tsakanin, an kuma yi yunkurin juyin mulki da dama, wanda na baya bayan nan shi ne a shekarar 2021, lokacin da ‘yan adawar soji suka yi yunƙurin kwace fadar shugaban ƙasar kwanaki biyu gabanin rantsar da zababben shugaban ƙasa na wancan lokaci [[Bazoum]], wanda shi ne shugaban kasar na farko da ya karbi mulki daga hannun [[Mahamadou Issoufou|zababben shugaban]] kasar ta hanyar dimokuradiyya. {{Efn|In March 2023, a Nigerien official alleged that another coup attempt was made while Bazoum was in [[Turkey]], although the government refused to comment.<ref name="f24"/>}} Har ila yau, juyin mulkin ya zo ne bayan irin abubuwan da suka faru a kasashe makwabta irin su Guinea, [[Mali]] da [[Burkina Faso]] tun daga shekara ta 2020, wanda ya kai ga kiran yankin da sunan "zaman juyin mulki".<ref name="aj1">{{Cite web |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger's Bazoum 'held by guards' in apparent coup attempt |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/26/soldiers-holding-niger-president-inside-palace-security-sources |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=Aljazeera |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727002123/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/26/soldiers-holding-niger-president-inside-palace-security-sources |url-status=live }}</ref> Manazarta sun ce tsadar rayuwa da kuma yadda ake ganin gazawar gwamnati da cin hanci da rashawa ne suka haddasa tayar da ƙayar baya. Kasar dai tana yawan matsayi a kasa a kididdigar ci gaban bil'adama ta [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] kuma ta sha fama da tashe-tashen hankula a karkashin jagorancin [[Al-Qaeda]], [[Daular Musulunci ta Iraƙi|Islamic State]] da [[Boko Haram]], duk da cewa sojojinta na samun horo da tallafin kayan aiki daga Amurka da Faransa, wadanda ke da sansani a can. A shekara ta 2022, ƙasar ta zama cibiyar yaki da jihadi na Faransa a yankin [[Sahel]] bayan korar ta daga Mali da Burkina Faso, inda aka bayyana Bazoum a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan tsirarun shugabannin da ke goyon bayan kasashen yamma a yankin. Tare da juyin mulki da dama da kuma karuwar kyamar Faransa a yankin, Nijar ta zama abokiyar kawancen Faransa ta karshe.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 February 2022 |title=FRANCE 24 |work=Niger becomes France’s partner of last resort after Mali withdrawal |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20220218-niger-becomes-france-s-partner-of-last-resort-after-mali-withdrawal |access-date=27 July 2023 |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726161918/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20220218-niger-becomes-france-s-partner-of-last-resort-after-mali-withdrawal |url-status=live }}</ref> An kuma bayar da rahoton cewa, jami’an da Amurka ta horas da su sun horar da da yawa daga cikin jami’an tsaron fadar shugaban kasar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Turse |first=Nick |date=2023-07-26 |title=Soldiers Mutiny in U.S.-Allied Niger |url=https://production.public.theintercept.cloud/2023/07/26/niger-coup-us-military/ |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=The Intercept |language=en-US}}</ref> == Abubuwan da suka faru == [[File:Bazoum_mhamed.jpg|thumb| [[Mohamed Bazoum|Mohammed Bazoum]], wanda ya mulki Nijar daga shekarar 2021 zuwa 2023]] A safiyar ranar 26 ga watan Yuli, shafin [[Twitter]] na fadar [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|shugaban ƙasar Nijar]] ya sanar da cewa jami'an tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Janar [[Omar Tchiani]] sun gudanar da zanga-zangar kin jinin Jamhuriyar Jama'a kuma suka yi kokarin "a banza" don samun goyon bayan sauran jami'an tsaro. <ref name="aj1" /> Har ila yau, an ce shugaba [[Mohamed Bazoum]] da iyalansa suna cikin koshin lafiya bayan da rahotanni suka bayyana cewa yana tsare a fadar shugaban kasa da ke [[Niamey|Yamai]] babban birnin kasar . <ref name="aj1" /> An kuma kama ministan cikin gida [[Hamadou Souley]] kuma aka tsare shi a cikin fadar, yayin da aka hangi kusan jami'an tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa ashirin a waje da rana. Rahotanni sun ce Tchiani ne ya jagoranci juyin mulkin, wanda masu sharhi suka ce Bazoum ya yi niyyar sauke shi daga mukaminsa. Da safe ne dai aka rufe fadar da ma’aikatun da ke kusa da fadar da motocin sojoji, sannan an hana ma’aikatan fadar shiga ofisoshinsu.<ref name="cnn1">{{cite web |last1=Dean |first1=Sarah |last2=Kennedy |first2=Niamh |last3=Madowo |first3=Larry |date=July 26, 2023 |title=Niger soldiers claim President Mohamed Bazoum has been ousted, deepening coup fears |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[CNN]] |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726233540/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Magoya bayan farar hula 400 na Bazoum ne suka yi kokarin tunkarar fadar, amma jami’an tsaron fadar shugaban kasar sun tarwatsa su da harbin bindiga, inda daya ya jikkata. A wani wurin kuma a birnin Yamai an bayyana lamarin a matsayin kwanciyar hankali. <ref name="aj1" /> Fadar shugaban kasar ta kuma yi ikirarin cewa an gudanar da zanga-zangar nuna goyon baya ga Bazoum a kewayen ofisoshin diflomasiyyar kasar da ke ketare. <ref name="cnn1" /> Dangane da wadannan abubuwan ne sojojin Nijar suka yi wa fadar shugaban kasa kawanya tare da goyon bayan Bazoum. Rundunar ta kuma fitar da wata sanarwa inda ta ce ta samu “manyan muhimman wurare” a kasar. Fadar shugaban kasar ta bayyana cewa sojoji da [[Gardin Sarki|dakarun tsaron kasar]] a shirye suke su kai farmaki kan masu gadin fadar.<ref name="bbc1">{{Cite news |last1=Minjibir |first1=Usman |last2=Macaulay |first2=Cecilia |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger coup attempt: President Mohamed Bazoum held |work=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66312011 |access-date=26 July 2023 |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726115806/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66312011 |url-status=live }}</ref> BBC ta kuma ruwaito cewa dakarun da ke biyayya ga gwamnatin sun yi wa gidan rediyon jihar ORTN kawanya. Ofishin jakadancin Amurka ya yi gargadi game da tafiya a kan Yamai ta Boulevard de la Republique, inda fadar shugaban kasa take. Amma da maraice, [[Rundunar Tsaron Nijar|Rundunar Sojan Sama]] Kanar-Major Amadou Abdramane ya tafi gidan talabijin na gwamnati [[Tele Sahel|Télé Sahel]] yana mai da'awar cewa an cire Shugaba Bazoum daga mulki tare da sanar da kafa Majalisar Tsaro ta Kasa . A zaune tare da wasu jami’ai tara sanye da kakin kakin jami’an tsaro daban-daban, ya ce jami’an tsaro da na tsaro sun yanke shawarar hambarar da gwamnatin “saboda tabarbarewar tsaro da rashin shugabanci na gari. Ya kuma sanar da rusa kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, da dakatar da hukumomin gwamnati, da rufe iyakokin kasar, da kuma dokar hana fita daga karfe 22:00 zuwa 05:00 agogon kasar, inda ya yi gargadi kan duk wani tsoma bakin kasashen waje. Gwamnatin mulkin sojan kasar ta fitar da wani tsawatawa ga Faransa kan keta dokar rufe sararin samaniyar bayan da wani jirgin soji ya sauka a wani sansanin sojin da safiyar yau. <ref name="bbc3" /> A safiyar ranar 27 ga Yuli, Bazoum ya wallafa a shafinsa na twitter cewa 'yan Nijar masu kaunar dimokuradiyya za su ga cewa "za a kiyaye nasarorin da aka samu da wahala". Ministan harkokin wajen kasar [[Hassoumi Massaoudou|Hassoumi Massoudou]] ya shaidawa kafar yada labaran Faransa ta 24 cewa, ikon kasar yana nan kan shugaban kasar, ya kuma kara da cewa Bazoum na cikin koshin lafiya kuma sojojin kasar ba su da hannu a ciki. Ya kuma ayyana kansa a matsayin shugaban kasa kuma ya yi kira ga duk masu neman dimokradiyya da su “sa wannan kasada ta gaza”. Rundunar sojojin Nijar ta fitar da wata sanarwa mai dauke da sa hannun babban hafsan hafsan sojin kasar Janar Abdou Sidikou Issa, inda kuma ta bayyana goyon bayanta ga juyin mulkin, yana mai nuni da bukatar kiyaye mutuncin shugaban kasar da iyalansa tare da kaucewa "mummunan fada...wanda zai iya haifar da zubar da jini da kuma shafar tsaron jama'a."<ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2023 |title=Niger's army command declares support for military coup |url=https://france24.com/en/africa/20230727-niger-s-army-command-declares-support-for-military-coup |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[France 24]] |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142320/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230727-niger-s-army-command-declares-support-for-military-coup |url-status=live }}</ref> A wani jawabi da ya yi a gidan talabijin jim kadan bayan Kanar Abdramane ya sanar da cewa za a dakatar da duk wasu harkokin jam'iyyun siyasa a kasar har sai wani lokaci.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2023 |title=Niger army pledges allegiance to coup makers |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/27/nigerien-army-pledges-allegiance-to-coup-plotters |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[Aljazeera]] |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142352/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/27/nigerien-army-pledges-allegiance-to-coup-plotters |url-status=live }}</ref> Wata zanga-zangar ta gudana tare da magoya bayan juyin mulkin da ke daga tutocin kasar Rasha, inda suka bayyana goyon bayansu ga kungiyar Wagner, da kuma jifa da duwatsu kan motar dan siyasar da ke wucewa. Babu rahoton jikkata. Masu zanga-zangar sun kuma yi tir da kasancewar Faransa da sauran sansanonin kasashen waje.<ref name="ap2">{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-mutinous-soldiers-attempted-coup-2efab1649bea7d89b14dbc9432f5f819|title=Niger's president vows democracy will prevail after mutinous soldiers detain him and declare a coup|date=27 July 2023|website=AP News|access-date=27 July 2023|archive-date=27 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142327/https://apnews.com/article/niger-mutinous-soldiers-attempted-coup-2efab1649bea7d89b14dbc9432f5f819|url-status=live}}</ref> Wasu masu zanga-zangar sun taru a wajen hedkwatar jam’iyyar [[Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism|PNDS-Trayya]] ta Bazoum, inda faifan bidiyo ke nuna yadda suke jifa da kona motoci.<ref name="bbc3">{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66324875 |title=Niger coup: Captive President Bazoum defiant after takeover |date=27 July 2023 |website=BBC |access-date=27 July 2023 |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142355/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66324875 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Martani == [[File:An ECOMIL (Ecowas Mission in Liberia) Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), Landrover Vehicle enters a compound controlled by US Marine Corps (USMC) assigned to Lima-B - DPLA - 2fd69242eeb244c9d485fef6e203bedd.jpeg|thumb]] [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|ECOWAS]] ta yi kokarin tattaunawa da ‘yan adawa amma ta kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ECOWAS Head Says Benin President On Mediation Mission To Niger |url=https://www.barrons.com/articles/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=www.barrons.com |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142406/https://www.barrons.com/news/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |url-status=live }}</ref> An ce magabacin Bazoum a matsayin shugaban ƙasa, [[Mahamadou Issoufou]], da kuma wasu tsaffin shugabannin sun shiga cikin tattaunawar. An yi Allah wadai da juyin mulkin da [[Bankin Duniya]],<ref>{{Cite web |work=al-Arabiya |title=World Bank monitoring Niger's political situation, denounces destabilization attempts |date=27 July 2023 |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2023/07/27/World-Bank-monitoring-Niger-s-political-situation-denounces-destabilization-attempts |access-date=27 July 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727002649/http://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2023/07/27/World-Bank-monitoring-Niger-s-political-situation-denounces-destabilization-attempts |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]], [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], [[Aljeriya]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Algeria strongly condemns coup attempt in Niger-Xinhua |url=https://english.news.cn/africa/20230727/31bccf0be3344f128e61c76b7566a7d4/c.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726193938/https://english.news.cn/africa/20230727/31bccf0be3344f128e61c76b7566a7d4/c.html |archive-date=26 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=english.news.cn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tentative de Coup d'Etat au Niger : l'Algérie condamne une «atteinte à l'ordre constitutionnel » |trans-title=Coup attempt in Niger: Algeria condemns an "attack on the constitutional order" |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/monde/tentative-de-coup-d-etat-au-niger-l-alg%C3%A9rie-condamne-une-atteinte-%C3%A0-l-ordre-constitutionnel-/2955164 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142342/https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/monde/tentative-de-coup-d-etat-au-niger-l-alg%C3%A9rie-condamne-une-atteinte-%C3%A0-l-ordre-constitutionnel-/2955164 |archive-date=27 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=www.aa.com.tr}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> [[Tarayyar Turai]], [[Faransa]] da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=2023-07-27 |title=Niger coup: world leaders react to president's detention |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/07/27/niger-coup-world-leaders-react-to-presidents-detention/ |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=Africanews |language=en |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142824/https://www.africanews.com/2023/07/27/niger-coup-world-leaders-react-to-presidents-detention/ |url-status=live }}</ref> suka yi kira da a gaggauta sakin Bazoum. Shugaban kasar [[Benin]] [[Patrice Talon]], wanda ya je Nijar a madadin kungiyar ECOWAS domin tattaunawa, ya kira juyin mulkin da "rashin halayya ta sojoji". Gamayyar siyasar jamhuriyar Nijar ta yi Allah wadai da juyin mulkin da cewa " hauka ce ta kisan kai da kuma nuna adawa da jamhuriya.<ref name="f24">{{Cite web |work=France 24 |title=Niger soldiers say President Bazoum has been removed, borders closed |date=26 July 2023 |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230726-niger-soldiers-say-president-bazoum-has-been-removed-borders-closed |access-date=27 July 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727000421/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230726-niger-soldiers-say-president-bazoum-has-been-removed-borders-closed |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Liikluspolitsei on sõiduki kinni pidanud ja kontrollib juhi dokumente. 2018. aasta mai, Tartu, Aleksandri tänava ots..jpg|thumb]] A ranar 10 ga Agusta, 2023, Kungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Kasashen Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS) ta yanke shawarar ci gaba da rike zabin tsoma bakin soja a Nijar. ta haka ne za a share fagen tattaro rundunar da ya kamata ta kunshi sojojin Najeriya da na Senegal.[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1472546/politique/coup-detat-au-niger-la-cedeao-retient-loption-militaire/]. == Bincike == Juyin mulkin shi ne na bakwai da ya faru a [[Afirka ta Yamma|yammacin Afirka]] da [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|tsakiyar Afirka]] tun daga shekarar 2020. Cameron Hudson, babban jami'i a cibiyar kula da dabaru da nazarin kasa da kasa, ya ce juyin mulkin zai iya yin tasiri a yakin da Nijar ke yi da 'yan ta'addar Islama, inda ya kara da cewa alamu na nuna cewa sojojin Nijar din ba su ji dadin irin tallafin da suke samu na yaki da 'yan ta'adda ba. Ulf Laessing, shugaban shirin Sahel a gidauniyar Konrad Adenauer, ya ce juyin mulkin ya kasance "mafarki" ga yammacin duniya, wanda ya la'anci Bazoum da Nijar a matsayin "sabon tsaro" a yankin. == Bayanan kula == <references group="lower-alpha" responsive="1"></references> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Category:Nijar]] [[Category:Juyin Mulki]] dl4ma15tnq106ctc23c65whsi73j1z3 874153 874151 2026-07-02T08:20:21Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874153 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} A ranar 26 ga watan [[Yuli|Yulin]] shekara ta ali 2023, [[Rundunar Tsaron Nijar|sojoji]] daga masu gadin fadar shugaban ƙasar, [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] suka tsare [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|shugaba]] [[Mohamed Bazoum]], yayin da kuma wasu gungun sojoji suka sanar da hambarar da shi, suka kuma rufe iyakokin ƙasar, suka dakatar da hukumomin gwamnati tare da ayyana, dokar ta-baci yayin da suke sanar da kafa gwamnatin mulkin soja.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger : ce que l'on sait de la tentative de coup d'Etat en cours contre le président Mohamed Bazoum |trans-title=Niger: what we know about the ongoing coup attempt against President Mohamed Bazoum |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/niger/niger-ce-que-l-on-sait-de-la-tentative-de-coup-d-etat-en-cours-contre-le-president-mohamed-bazoum_5973206.html |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=Franceinfo |language=fr-FR |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726202029/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/niger/niger-ce-que-l-on-sait-de-la-tentative-de-coup-d-etat-en-cours-contre-le-president-mohamed-bazoum_5973206.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Wannan dai shi ne karo na biyar da sojoji suka yi [[Juyin mulkin Gabon 2023|juyin mulki]] tun bayan samun ƴancin kai a shekarar al 1960. == Fage == Kafin juyin mulkin, a baya ƙasar Nijar ta sha juyin mulkin soji har sau huɗu tun bayan samun ƴancin kai daga Faransa a shekarar 1960, inda na ƙarshe ya kasance a shekarar 2010. A tsakanin, an kuma yi yunkurin juyin mulki da dama, wanda na baya bayan nan shi ne a shekarar 2021, lokacin da ‘yan adawar soji suka yi yunƙurin kwace fadar shugaban ƙasar kwanaki biyu gabanin rantsar da zababben shugaban ƙasa na wancan lokaci [[Bazoum]], wanda shi ne shugaban kasar na farko da ya karbi mulki daga hannun [[Mahamadou Issoufou|zababben shugaban]] kasar ta hanyar dimokuradiyya. {{Efn|In March 2023, a Nigerien official alleged that another coup attempt was made while Bazoum was in [[Turkey]], although the government refused to comment.<ref name="f24"/>}} Har ila yau, juyin mulkin ya zo ne bayan irin abubuwan da suka faru a kasashe makwabta irin su Guinea, [[Mali]] da [[Burkina Faso]] tun daga shekara ta 2020, wanda ya kai ga kiran yankin da sunan "zaman juyin mulki".<ref name="aj1">{{Cite web |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger's Bazoum 'held by guards' in apparent coup attempt |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/26/soldiers-holding-niger-president-inside-palace-security-sources |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=Aljazeera |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727002123/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/26/soldiers-holding-niger-president-inside-palace-security-sources |url-status=live }}</ref> Manazarta sun ce tsadar rayuwa da kuma yadda ake ganin gazawar gwamnati da cin hanci da rashawa ne suka haddasa tayar da ƙayar baya. Kasar dai tana yawan matsayi a kasa a kididdigar ci gaban bil'adama ta [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] kuma ta sha fama da tashe-tashen hankula a karkashin jagorancin [[Al-Qaeda]], [[Daular Musulunci ta Iraƙi|Islamic State]] da [[Boko Haram]], duk da cewa sojojinta na samun horo da tallafin kayan aiki daga Amurka da Faransa, wadanda ke da sansani a can. A shekara ta 2022, ƙasar ta zama cibiyar yaki da jihadi na Faransa a yankin [[Sahel]] bayan korar ta daga Mali da Burkina Faso, inda aka bayyana Bazoum a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan tsirarun shugabannin da ke goyon bayan kasashen yamma a yankin. Tare da juyin mulki da dama da kuma karuwar kyamar Faransa a yankin, Nijar ta zama abokiyar kawancen Faransa ta karshe.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 February 2022 |title=FRANCE 24 |work=Niger becomes France’s partner of last resort after Mali withdrawal |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20220218-niger-becomes-france-s-partner-of-last-resort-after-mali-withdrawal |access-date=27 July 2023 |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726161918/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20220218-niger-becomes-france-s-partner-of-last-resort-after-mali-withdrawal |url-status=live }}</ref> An kuma bayar da rahoton cewa, jami’an da Amurka ta horas da su sun horar da da yawa daga cikin jami’an tsaron fadar shugaban kasar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Turse |first=Nick |date=2023-07-26 |title=Soldiers Mutiny in U.S.-Allied Niger |url=https://production.public.theintercept.cloud/2023/07/26/niger-coup-us-military/ |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=The Intercept |language=en-US}}</ref> == Abubuwan da suka faru == [[File:Bazoum_mhamed.jpg|thumb| [[Mohamed Bazoum|Mohammed Bazoum]], wanda ya mulki Nijar daga shekarar 2021 zuwa 2023]] A safiyar ranar 26 ga watan Yuli, shafin [[Twitter]] na fadar [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|shugaban ƙasar Nijar]] ya sanar da cewa jami'an tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Janar [[Omar Tchiani]] sun gudanar da zanga-zangar kin jinin Jamhuriyar Jama'a kuma suka yi kokarin "a banza" don samun goyon bayan sauran jami'an tsaro. <ref name="aj1" /> Har ila yau, an ce shugaba [[Mohamed Bazoum]] da iyalansa suna cikin koshin lafiya bayan da rahotanni suka bayyana cewa yana tsare a fadar shugaban kasa da ke [[Niamey|Yamai]] babban birnin kasar . <ref name="aj1" /> An kuma kama ministan cikin gida [[Hamadou Souley]] kuma aka tsare shi a cikin fadar, yayin da aka hangi kusan jami'an tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa ashirin a waje da rana. Rahotanni sun ce Tchiani ne ya jagoranci juyin mulkin, wanda masu sharhi suka ce Bazoum ya yi niyyar sauke shi daga mukaminsa. Da safe ne dai aka rufe fadar da ma’aikatun da ke kusa da fadar da motocin sojoji, sannan an hana ma’aikatan fadar shiga ofisoshinsu.<ref name="cnn1">{{cite web |last1=Dean |first1=Sarah |last2=Kennedy |first2=Niamh |last3=Madowo |first3=Larry |date=July 26, 2023 |title=Niger soldiers claim President Mohamed Bazoum has been ousted, deepening coup fears |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[CNN]] |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726233540/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Magoya bayan farar hula 400 na Bazoum ne suka yi kokarin tunkarar fadar, amma jami’an tsaron fadar shugaban kasar sun tarwatsa su da harbin bindiga, inda daya ya jikkata. A wani wurin kuma a birnin Yamai an bayyana lamarin a matsayin kwanciyar hankali. <ref name="aj1" /> Fadar shugaban kasar ta kuma yi ikirarin cewa an gudanar da zanga-zangar nuna goyon baya ga Bazoum a kewayen ofisoshin diflomasiyyar kasar da ke ketare. <ref name="cnn1" /> Dangane da wadannan abubuwan ne sojojin Nijar suka yi wa fadar shugaban kasa kawanya tare da goyon bayan Bazoum. Rundunar ta kuma fitar da wata sanarwa inda ta ce ta samu “manyan muhimman wurare” a kasar. Fadar shugaban kasar ta bayyana cewa sojoji da [[Gardin Sarki|dakarun tsaron kasar]] a shirye suke su kai farmaki kan masu gadin fadar.<ref name="bbc1">{{Cite news |last1=Minjibir |first1=Usman |last2=Macaulay |first2=Cecilia |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger coup attempt: President Mohamed Bazoum held |work=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66312011 |access-date=26 July 2023 |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726115806/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66312011 |url-status=live }}</ref> BBC ta kuma ruwaito cewa dakarun da ke biyayya ga gwamnatin sun yi wa gidan rediyon jihar ORTN kawanya. Ofishin jakadancin Amurka ya yi gargadi game da tafiya a kan Yamai ta Boulevard de la Republique, inda fadar shugaban kasa take. Amma da maraice, [[Rundunar Tsaron Nijar|Rundunar Sojan Sama]] Kanar-Major Amadou Abdramane ya tafi gidan talabijin na gwamnati [[Tele Sahel|Télé Sahel]] yana mai da'awar cewa an cire Shugaba Bazoum daga mulki tare da sanar da kafa Majalisar Tsaro ta Kasa . A zaune tare da wasu jami’ai tara sanye da kakin kakin jami’an tsaro daban-daban, ya ce jami’an tsaro da na tsaro sun yanke shawarar hambarar da gwamnatin “saboda tabarbarewar tsaro da rashin shugabanci na gari. Ya kuma sanar da rusa kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, da dakatar da hukumomin gwamnati, da rufe iyakokin kasar, da kuma dokar hana fita daga karfe 22:00 zuwa 05:00 agogon kasar, inda ya yi gargadi kan duk wani tsoma bakin kasashen waje. Gwamnatin mulkin sojan kasar ta fitar da wani tsawatawa ga Faransa kan keta dokar rufe sararin samaniyar bayan da wani jirgin soji ya sauka a wani sansanin sojin da safiyar yau. <ref name="bbc3" /> A safiyar ranar 27 ga Yuli, Bazoum ya wallafa a shafinsa na twitter cewa 'yan Nijar masu kaunar dimokuradiyya za su ga cewa "za a kiyaye nasarorin da aka samu da wahala". Ministan harkokin wajen kasar [[Hassoumi Massaoudou|Hassoumi Massoudou]] ya shaidawa kafar yada labaran Faransa ta 24 cewa, ikon kasar yana nan kan shugaban kasar, ya kuma kara da cewa Bazoum na cikin koshin lafiya kuma sojojin kasar ba su da hannu a ciki. Ya kuma ayyana kansa a matsayin shugaban kasa kuma ya yi kira ga duk masu neman dimokradiyya da su “sa wannan kasada ta gaza”. Rundunar sojojin Nijar ta fitar da wata sanarwa mai dauke da sa hannun babban hafsan hafsan sojin kasar Janar Abdou Sidikou Issa, inda kuma ta bayyana goyon bayanta ga juyin mulkin, yana mai nuni da bukatar kiyaye mutuncin shugaban kasar da iyalansa tare da kaucewa "mummunan fada...wanda zai iya haifar da zubar da jini da kuma shafar tsaron jama'a."<ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2023 |title=Niger's army command declares support for military coup |url=https://france24.com/en/africa/20230727-niger-s-army-command-declares-support-for-military-coup |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[France 24]] |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142320/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230727-niger-s-army-command-declares-support-for-military-coup |url-status=live }}</ref> A wani jawabi da ya yi a gidan talabijin jim kadan bayan Kanar Abdramane ya sanar da cewa za a dakatar da duk wasu harkokin jam'iyyun siyasa a kasar har sai wani lokaci.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2023 |title=Niger army pledges allegiance to coup makers |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/27/nigerien-army-pledges-allegiance-to-coup-plotters |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[Aljazeera]] |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142352/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/27/nigerien-army-pledges-allegiance-to-coup-plotters |url-status=live }}</ref> Wata zanga-zangar ta gudana tare da magoya bayan juyin mulkin da ke daga tutocin kasar Rasha, inda suka bayyana goyon bayansu ga kungiyar Wagner, da kuma jifa da duwatsu kan motar dan siyasar da ke wucewa. Babu rahoton jikkata. Masu zanga-zangar sun kuma yi tir da kasancewar Faransa da sauran sansanonin kasashen waje.<ref name="ap2">{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-mutinous-soldiers-attempted-coup-2efab1649bea7d89b14dbc9432f5f819|title=Niger's president vows democracy will prevail after mutinous soldiers detain him and declare a coup|date=27 July 2023|website=AP News|access-date=27 July 2023|archive-date=27 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142327/https://apnews.com/article/niger-mutinous-soldiers-attempted-coup-2efab1649bea7d89b14dbc9432f5f819|url-status=live}}</ref> Wasu masu zanga-zangar sun taru a wajen hedkwatar jam’iyyar [[Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism|PNDS-Trayya]] ta Bazoum, inda faifan bidiyo ke nuna yadda suke jifa da kona motoci.<ref name="bbc3">{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66324875 |title=Niger coup: Captive President Bazoum defiant after takeover |date=27 July 2023 |website=BBC |access-date=27 July 2023 |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142355/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66324875 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Martani == [[File:An ECOMIL (Ecowas Mission in Liberia) Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), Landrover Vehicle enters a compound controlled by US Marine Corps (USMC) assigned to Lima-B - DPLA - 2fd69242eeb244c9d485fef6e203bedd.jpeg|thumb]] [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|ECOWAS]] ta yi kokarin tattaunawa da ‘yan adawa amma ta kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ECOWAS Head Says Benin President On Mediation Mission To Niger |url=https://www.barrons.com/articles/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=www.barrons.com |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142406/https://www.barrons.com/news/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |url-status=live }}</ref> An ce magabacin Bazoum a matsayin shugaban ƙasa, [[Mahamadou Issoufou]], da kuma wasu tsaffin shugabannin sun shiga cikin tattaunawar. An yi Allah wadai da juyin mulkin da [[Bankin Duniya]],<ref>{{Cite web |work=al-Arabiya |title=World Bank monitoring Niger's political situation, denounces destabilization attempts |date=27 July 2023 |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2023/07/27/World-Bank-monitoring-Niger-s-political-situation-denounces-destabilization-attempts |access-date=27 July 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727002649/http://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2023/07/27/World-Bank-monitoring-Niger-s-political-situation-denounces-destabilization-attempts |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]], [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], [[Aljeriya]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Algeria strongly condemns coup attempt in Niger-Xinhua |url=https://english.news.cn/africa/20230727/31bccf0be3344f128e61c76b7566a7d4/c.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726193938/https://english.news.cn/africa/20230727/31bccf0be3344f128e61c76b7566a7d4/c.html |archive-date=26 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=english.news.cn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tentative de Coup d'Etat au Niger : l'Algérie condamne une «atteinte à l'ordre constitutionnel » |trans-title=Coup attempt in Niger: Algeria condemns an "attack on the constitutional order" |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/monde/tentative-de-coup-d-etat-au-niger-l-alg%C3%A9rie-condamne-une-atteinte-%C3%A0-l-ordre-constitutionnel-/2955164 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142342/https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/monde/tentative-de-coup-d-etat-au-niger-l-alg%C3%A9rie-condamne-une-atteinte-%C3%A0-l-ordre-constitutionnel-/2955164 |archive-date=27 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=www.aa.com.tr}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> [[Tarayyar Turai]], [[Faransa]] da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=2023-07-27 |title=Niger coup: world leaders react to president's detention |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/07/27/niger-coup-world-leaders-react-to-presidents-detention/ |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=Africanews |language=en |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142824/https://www.africanews.com/2023/07/27/niger-coup-world-leaders-react-to-presidents-detention/ |url-status=live }}</ref> suka yi kira da a gaggauta sakin Bazoum. Shugaban kasar [[Benin]] [[Patrice Talon]], wanda ya je Nijar a madadin kungiyar ECOWAS domin tattaunawa, ya kira juyin mulkin da "rashin halayya ta sojoji". Gamayyar siyasar jamhuriyar Nijar ta yi Allah wadai da juyin mulkin da cewa " hauka ce ta kisan kai da kuma nuna adawa da jamhuriya.<ref name="f24">{{Cite web |work=France 24 |title=Niger soldiers say President Bazoum has been removed, borders closed |date=26 July 2023 |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230726-niger-soldiers-say-president-bazoum-has-been-removed-borders-closed |access-date=27 July 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727000421/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230726-niger-soldiers-say-president-bazoum-has-been-removed-borders-closed |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Liikluspolitsei on sõiduki kinni pidanud ja kontrollib juhi dokumente. 2018. aasta mai, Tartu, Aleksandri tänava ots..jpg|thumb]] A ranar 10 ga Agusta, 2023, Kungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Kasashen Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS) ta yanke shawarar ci gaba da rike zabin tsoma bakin soja a Nijar. ta haka ne za a share fagen tattaro rundunar da ya kamata ta kunshi sojojin Najeriya da na Senegal.[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1472546/politique/coup-detat-au-niger-la-cedeao-retient-loption-militaire/]. == Bincike == Juyin mulkin shi ne na bakwai da ya faru a [[Afirka ta Yamma|yammacin Afirka]] da [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|tsakiyar Afirka]] tun daga shekarar 2020. Cameron Hudson, babban jami'i a cibiyar kula da dabaru da nazarin kasa da kasa, ya ce juyin mulkin zai iya yin tasiri a yakin da Nijar ke yi da 'yan ta'addar Islama, inda ya kara da cewa alamu na nuna cewa sojojin Nijar din ba su ji dadin irin tallafin da suke samu na yaki da 'yan ta'adda ba. Ulf Laessing, shugaban shirin Sahel a gidauniyar Konrad Adenauer, ya ce juyin mulkin ya kasance "mafarki" ga yammacin duniya, wanda ya la'anci Bazoum da Nijar a matsayin "sabon tsaro" a yankin. == Bayanan kula == <references group="lower-alpha" responsive="1"></references> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Category:Nijar]] [[Category:Juyin Mulki]] 9dpaqlnb9xpc9tgh77zkpj52ychngx7 874154 874153 2026-07-02T08:21:02Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874154 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} A ranar 26 ga watan [[Yuli|Yulin]] shekara ta alif 2023, [[Rundunar Tsaron Nijar|sojoji]] daga masu gadin fadar shugaban ƙasar, [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] suka tsare [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|shugaba]] [[Mohamed Bazoum]], yayin da kuma wasu gungun sojoji suka sanar da hambarar da shi, suka kuma rufe iyakokin ƙasar, suka dakatar da hukumomin gwamnati tare da ayyana, dokar ta-baci yayin da suke sanar da kafa gwamnatin mulkin soja.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger : ce que l'on sait de la tentative de coup d'Etat en cours contre le président Mohamed Bazoum |trans-title=Niger: what we know about the ongoing coup attempt against President Mohamed Bazoum |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/niger/niger-ce-que-l-on-sait-de-la-tentative-de-coup-d-etat-en-cours-contre-le-president-mohamed-bazoum_5973206.html |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=Franceinfo |language=fr-FR |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726202029/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/niger/niger-ce-que-l-on-sait-de-la-tentative-de-coup-d-etat-en-cours-contre-le-president-mohamed-bazoum_5973206.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Wannan dai shi ne karo na biyar da sojoji suka yi [[Juyin mulkin Gabon 2023|juyin mulki]] tun bayan samun ƴancin kai a shekarar al 1960. == Fage == Kafin juyin mulkin, a baya ƙasar Nijar ta sha juyin mulkin soji har sau huɗu tun bayan samun ƴancin kai daga Faransa a shekarar 1960, inda na ƙarshe ya kasance a shekarar 2010. A tsakanin, an kuma yi yunkurin juyin mulki da dama, wanda na baya bayan nan shi ne a shekarar 2021, lokacin da ‘yan adawar soji suka yi yunƙurin kwace fadar shugaban ƙasar kwanaki biyu gabanin rantsar da zababben shugaban ƙasa na wancan lokaci [[Bazoum]], wanda shi ne shugaban kasar na farko da ya karbi mulki daga hannun [[Mahamadou Issoufou|zababben shugaban]] kasar ta hanyar dimokuradiyya. {{Efn|In March 2023, a Nigerien official alleged that another coup attempt was made while Bazoum was in [[Turkey]], although the government refused to comment.<ref name="f24"/>}} Har ila yau, juyin mulkin ya zo ne bayan irin abubuwan da suka faru a kasashe makwabta irin su Guinea, [[Mali]] da [[Burkina Faso]] tun daga shekara ta 2020, wanda ya kai ga kiran yankin da sunan "zaman juyin mulki".<ref name="aj1">{{Cite web |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger's Bazoum 'held by guards' in apparent coup attempt |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/26/soldiers-holding-niger-president-inside-palace-security-sources |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=Aljazeera |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727002123/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/26/soldiers-holding-niger-president-inside-palace-security-sources |url-status=live }}</ref> Manazarta sun ce tsadar rayuwa da kuma yadda ake ganin gazawar gwamnati da cin hanci da rashawa ne suka haddasa tayar da ƙayar baya. Kasar dai tana yawan matsayi a kasa a kididdigar ci gaban bil'adama ta [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] kuma ta sha fama da tashe-tashen hankula a karkashin jagorancin [[Al-Qaeda]], [[Daular Musulunci ta Iraƙi|Islamic State]] da [[Boko Haram]], duk da cewa sojojinta na samun horo da tallafin kayan aiki daga Amurka da Faransa, wadanda ke da sansani a can. A shekara ta 2022, ƙasar ta zama cibiyar yaki da jihadi na Faransa a yankin [[Sahel]] bayan korar ta daga Mali da Burkina Faso, inda aka bayyana Bazoum a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan tsirarun shugabannin da ke goyon bayan kasashen yamma a yankin. Tare da juyin mulki da dama da kuma karuwar kyamar Faransa a yankin, Nijar ta zama abokiyar kawancen Faransa ta karshe.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 February 2022 |title=FRANCE 24 |work=Niger becomes France’s partner of last resort after Mali withdrawal |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20220218-niger-becomes-france-s-partner-of-last-resort-after-mali-withdrawal |access-date=27 July 2023 |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726161918/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20220218-niger-becomes-france-s-partner-of-last-resort-after-mali-withdrawal |url-status=live }}</ref> An kuma bayar da rahoton cewa, jami’an da Amurka ta horas da su sun horar da da yawa daga cikin jami’an tsaron fadar shugaban kasar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Turse |first=Nick |date=2023-07-26 |title=Soldiers Mutiny in U.S.-Allied Niger |url=https://production.public.theintercept.cloud/2023/07/26/niger-coup-us-military/ |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=The Intercept |language=en-US}}</ref> == Abubuwan da suka faru == [[File:Bazoum_mhamed.jpg|thumb| [[Mohamed Bazoum|Mohammed Bazoum]], wanda ya mulki Nijar daga shekarar 2021 zuwa 2023]] A safiyar ranar 26 ga watan Yuli, shafin [[Twitter]] na fadar [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|shugaban ƙasar Nijar]] ya sanar da cewa jami'an tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Janar [[Omar Tchiani]] sun gudanar da zanga-zangar kin jinin Jamhuriyar Jama'a kuma suka yi kokarin "a banza" don samun goyon bayan sauran jami'an tsaro. <ref name="aj1" /> Har ila yau, an ce shugaba [[Mohamed Bazoum]] da iyalansa suna cikin koshin lafiya bayan da rahotanni suka bayyana cewa yana tsare a fadar shugaban kasa da ke [[Niamey|Yamai]] babban birnin kasar . <ref name="aj1" /> An kuma kama ministan cikin gida [[Hamadou Souley]] kuma aka tsare shi a cikin fadar, yayin da aka hangi kusan jami'an tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa ashirin a waje da rana. Rahotanni sun ce Tchiani ne ya jagoranci juyin mulkin, wanda masu sharhi suka ce Bazoum ya yi niyyar sauke shi daga mukaminsa. Da safe ne dai aka rufe fadar da ma’aikatun da ke kusa da fadar da motocin sojoji, sannan an hana ma’aikatan fadar shiga ofisoshinsu.<ref name="cnn1">{{cite web |last1=Dean |first1=Sarah |last2=Kennedy |first2=Niamh |last3=Madowo |first3=Larry |date=July 26, 2023 |title=Niger soldiers claim President Mohamed Bazoum has been ousted, deepening coup fears |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[CNN]] |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726233540/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Magoya bayan farar hula 400 na Bazoum ne suka yi kokarin tunkarar fadar, amma jami’an tsaron fadar shugaban kasar sun tarwatsa su da harbin bindiga, inda daya ya jikkata. A wani wurin kuma a birnin Yamai an bayyana lamarin a matsayin kwanciyar hankali. <ref name="aj1" /> Fadar shugaban kasar ta kuma yi ikirarin cewa an gudanar da zanga-zangar nuna goyon baya ga Bazoum a kewayen ofisoshin diflomasiyyar kasar da ke ketare. <ref name="cnn1" /> Dangane da wadannan abubuwan ne sojojin Nijar suka yi wa fadar shugaban kasa kawanya tare da goyon bayan Bazoum. Rundunar ta kuma fitar da wata sanarwa inda ta ce ta samu “manyan muhimman wurare” a kasar. Fadar shugaban kasar ta bayyana cewa sojoji da [[Gardin Sarki|dakarun tsaron kasar]] a shirye suke su kai farmaki kan masu gadin fadar.<ref name="bbc1">{{Cite news |last1=Minjibir |first1=Usman |last2=Macaulay |first2=Cecilia |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger coup attempt: President Mohamed Bazoum held |work=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66312011 |access-date=26 July 2023 |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726115806/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66312011 |url-status=live }}</ref> BBC ta kuma ruwaito cewa dakarun da ke biyayya ga gwamnatin sun yi wa gidan rediyon jihar ORTN kawanya. Ofishin jakadancin Amurka ya yi gargadi game da tafiya a kan Yamai ta Boulevard de la Republique, inda fadar shugaban kasa take. Amma da maraice, [[Rundunar Tsaron Nijar|Rundunar Sojan Sama]] Kanar-Major Amadou Abdramane ya tafi gidan talabijin na gwamnati [[Tele Sahel|Télé Sahel]] yana mai da'awar cewa an cire Shugaba Bazoum daga mulki tare da sanar da kafa Majalisar Tsaro ta Kasa . A zaune tare da wasu jami’ai tara sanye da kakin kakin jami’an tsaro daban-daban, ya ce jami’an tsaro da na tsaro sun yanke shawarar hambarar da gwamnatin “saboda tabarbarewar tsaro da rashin shugabanci na gari. Ya kuma sanar da rusa kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, da dakatar da hukumomin gwamnati, da rufe iyakokin kasar, da kuma dokar hana fita daga karfe 22:00 zuwa 05:00 agogon kasar, inda ya yi gargadi kan duk wani tsoma bakin kasashen waje. Gwamnatin mulkin sojan kasar ta fitar da wani tsawatawa ga Faransa kan keta dokar rufe sararin samaniyar bayan da wani jirgin soji ya sauka a wani sansanin sojin da safiyar yau. <ref name="bbc3" /> A safiyar ranar 27 ga Yuli, Bazoum ya wallafa a shafinsa na twitter cewa 'yan Nijar masu kaunar dimokuradiyya za su ga cewa "za a kiyaye nasarorin da aka samu da wahala". Ministan harkokin wajen kasar [[Hassoumi Massaoudou|Hassoumi Massoudou]] ya shaidawa kafar yada labaran Faransa ta 24 cewa, ikon kasar yana nan kan shugaban kasar, ya kuma kara da cewa Bazoum na cikin koshin lafiya kuma sojojin kasar ba su da hannu a ciki. Ya kuma ayyana kansa a matsayin shugaban kasa kuma ya yi kira ga duk masu neman dimokradiyya da su “sa wannan kasada ta gaza”. Rundunar sojojin Nijar ta fitar da wata sanarwa mai dauke da sa hannun babban hafsan hafsan sojin kasar Janar Abdou Sidikou Issa, inda kuma ta bayyana goyon bayanta ga juyin mulkin, yana mai nuni da bukatar kiyaye mutuncin shugaban kasar da iyalansa tare da kaucewa "mummunan fada...wanda zai iya haifar da zubar da jini da kuma shafar tsaron jama'a."<ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2023 |title=Niger's army command declares support for military coup |url=https://france24.com/en/africa/20230727-niger-s-army-command-declares-support-for-military-coup |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[France 24]] |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142320/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230727-niger-s-army-command-declares-support-for-military-coup |url-status=live }}</ref> A wani jawabi da ya yi a gidan talabijin jim kadan bayan Kanar Abdramane ya sanar da cewa za a dakatar da duk wasu harkokin jam'iyyun siyasa a kasar har sai wani lokaci.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2023 |title=Niger army pledges allegiance to coup makers |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/27/nigerien-army-pledges-allegiance-to-coup-plotters |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[Aljazeera]] |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142352/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/27/nigerien-army-pledges-allegiance-to-coup-plotters |url-status=live }}</ref> Wata zanga-zangar ta gudana tare da magoya bayan juyin mulkin da ke daga tutocin kasar Rasha, inda suka bayyana goyon bayansu ga kungiyar Wagner, da kuma jifa da duwatsu kan motar dan siyasar da ke wucewa. Babu rahoton jikkata. Masu zanga-zangar sun kuma yi tir da kasancewar Faransa da sauran sansanonin kasashen waje.<ref name="ap2">{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-mutinous-soldiers-attempted-coup-2efab1649bea7d89b14dbc9432f5f819|title=Niger's president vows democracy will prevail after mutinous soldiers detain him and declare a coup|date=27 July 2023|website=AP News|access-date=27 July 2023|archive-date=27 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142327/https://apnews.com/article/niger-mutinous-soldiers-attempted-coup-2efab1649bea7d89b14dbc9432f5f819|url-status=live}}</ref> Wasu masu zanga-zangar sun taru a wajen hedkwatar jam’iyyar [[Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism|PNDS-Trayya]] ta Bazoum, inda faifan bidiyo ke nuna yadda suke jifa da kona motoci.<ref name="bbc3">{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66324875 |title=Niger coup: Captive President Bazoum defiant after takeover |date=27 July 2023 |website=BBC |access-date=27 July 2023 |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142355/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66324875 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Martani == [[File:An ECOMIL (Ecowas Mission in Liberia) Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), Landrover Vehicle enters a compound controlled by US Marine Corps (USMC) assigned to Lima-B - DPLA - 2fd69242eeb244c9d485fef6e203bedd.jpeg|thumb]] [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|ECOWAS]] ta yi kokarin tattaunawa da ‘yan adawa amma ta kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ECOWAS Head Says Benin President On Mediation Mission To Niger |url=https://www.barrons.com/articles/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=www.barrons.com |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142406/https://www.barrons.com/news/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |url-status=live }}</ref> An ce magabacin Bazoum a matsayin shugaban ƙasa, [[Mahamadou Issoufou]], da kuma wasu tsaffin shugabannin sun shiga cikin tattaunawar. An yi Allah wadai da juyin mulkin da [[Bankin Duniya]],<ref>{{Cite web |work=al-Arabiya |title=World Bank monitoring Niger's political situation, denounces destabilization attempts |date=27 July 2023 |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2023/07/27/World-Bank-monitoring-Niger-s-political-situation-denounces-destabilization-attempts |access-date=27 July 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727002649/http://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2023/07/27/World-Bank-monitoring-Niger-s-political-situation-denounces-destabilization-attempts |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]], [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], [[Aljeriya]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Algeria strongly condemns coup attempt in Niger-Xinhua |url=https://english.news.cn/africa/20230727/31bccf0be3344f128e61c76b7566a7d4/c.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726193938/https://english.news.cn/africa/20230727/31bccf0be3344f128e61c76b7566a7d4/c.html |archive-date=26 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=english.news.cn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tentative de Coup d'Etat au Niger : l'Algérie condamne une «atteinte à l'ordre constitutionnel » |trans-title=Coup attempt in Niger: Algeria condemns an "attack on the constitutional order" |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/monde/tentative-de-coup-d-etat-au-niger-l-alg%C3%A9rie-condamne-une-atteinte-%C3%A0-l-ordre-constitutionnel-/2955164 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142342/https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/monde/tentative-de-coup-d-etat-au-niger-l-alg%C3%A9rie-condamne-une-atteinte-%C3%A0-l-ordre-constitutionnel-/2955164 |archive-date=27 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=www.aa.com.tr}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> [[Tarayyar Turai]], [[Faransa]] da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=2023-07-27 |title=Niger coup: world leaders react to president's detention |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/07/27/niger-coup-world-leaders-react-to-presidents-detention/ |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=Africanews |language=en |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142824/https://www.africanews.com/2023/07/27/niger-coup-world-leaders-react-to-presidents-detention/ |url-status=live }}</ref> suka yi kira da a gaggauta sakin Bazoum. Shugaban kasar [[Benin]] [[Patrice Talon]], wanda ya je Nijar a madadin kungiyar ECOWAS domin tattaunawa, ya kira juyin mulkin da "rashin halayya ta sojoji". Gamayyar siyasar jamhuriyar Nijar ta yi Allah wadai da juyin mulkin da cewa " hauka ce ta kisan kai da kuma nuna adawa da jamhuriya.<ref name="f24">{{Cite web |work=France 24 |title=Niger soldiers say President Bazoum has been removed, borders closed |date=26 July 2023 |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230726-niger-soldiers-say-president-bazoum-has-been-removed-borders-closed |access-date=27 July 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727000421/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230726-niger-soldiers-say-president-bazoum-has-been-removed-borders-closed |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Liikluspolitsei on sõiduki kinni pidanud ja kontrollib juhi dokumente. 2018. aasta mai, Tartu, Aleksandri tänava ots..jpg|thumb]] A ranar 10 ga Agusta, 2023, Kungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Kasashen Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS) ta yanke shawarar ci gaba da rike zabin tsoma bakin soja a Nijar. ta haka ne za a share fagen tattaro rundunar da ya kamata ta kunshi sojojin Najeriya da na Senegal.[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1472546/politique/coup-detat-au-niger-la-cedeao-retient-loption-militaire/]. == Bincike == Juyin mulkin shi ne na bakwai da ya faru a [[Afirka ta Yamma|yammacin Afirka]] da [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|tsakiyar Afirka]] tun daga shekarar 2020. Cameron Hudson, babban jami'i a cibiyar kula da dabaru da nazarin kasa da kasa, ya ce juyin mulkin zai iya yin tasiri a yakin da Nijar ke yi da 'yan ta'addar Islama, inda ya kara da cewa alamu na nuna cewa sojojin Nijar din ba su ji dadin irin tallafin da suke samu na yaki da 'yan ta'adda ba. Ulf Laessing, shugaban shirin Sahel a gidauniyar Konrad Adenauer, ya ce juyin mulkin ya kasance "mafarki" ga yammacin duniya, wanda ya la'anci Bazoum da Nijar a matsayin "sabon tsaro" a yankin. == Bayanan kula == <references group="lower-alpha" responsive="1"></references> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Category:Nijar]] [[Category:Juyin Mulki]] rvtoeojg1tdzc0fa7v6hf35cag8twr8 874155 874154 2026-07-02T08:21:42Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874155 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} A ranar 26 ga watan [[Yuli|Yulin]] shekara ta alif 2023, [[Rundunar Tsaron Nijar|sojoji]] daga masu gadin fadar shugaban ƙasar, [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] suka tsare [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|shugaba]] [[Mohamed Bazoum]], yayin da kuma wasu gungun sojoji suka sanar da hambarar da shi, suka kuma rufe iyakokin ƙasar, suka dakatar da hukumomin gwamnati tare da ayyana, dokar ta-baci yayin da suke sanar da kafa gwamnatin mulkin soja.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger : ce que l'on sait de la tentative de coup d'Etat en cours contre le président Mohamed Bazoum |trans-title=Niger: what we know about the ongoing coup attempt against President Mohamed Bazoum |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/niger/niger-ce-que-l-on-sait-de-la-tentative-de-coup-d-etat-en-cours-contre-le-president-mohamed-bazoum_5973206.html |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=Franceinfo |language=fr-FR |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726202029/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/niger/niger-ce-que-l-on-sait-de-la-tentative-de-coup-d-etat-en-cours-contre-le-president-mohamed-bazoum_5973206.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Wannan dai shi ne karo na biyar da sojoji suka yi [[Juyin mulkin Gabon 2023|juyin mulki]] tun bayan samun ƴancin kai a shekara al 1960. == Fage == Kafin juyin mulkin, a baya ƙasar Nijar ta sha juyin mulkin soji har sau huɗu tun bayan samun ƴancin kai daga Faransa a shekarar 1960, inda na ƙarshe ya kasance a shekarar 2010. A tsakanin, an kuma yi yunkurin juyin mulki da dama, wanda na baya bayan nan shi ne a shekarar 2021, lokacin da ‘yan adawar soji suka yi yunƙurin kwace fadar shugaban ƙasar kwanaki biyu gabanin rantsar da zababben shugaban ƙasa na wancan lokaci [[Bazoum]], wanda shi ne shugaban kasar na farko da ya karbi mulki daga hannun [[Mahamadou Issoufou|zababben shugaban]] kasar ta hanyar dimokuradiyya. {{Efn|In March 2023, a Nigerien official alleged that another coup attempt was made while Bazoum was in [[Turkey]], although the government refused to comment.<ref name="f24"/>}} Har ila yau, juyin mulkin ya zo ne bayan irin abubuwan da suka faru a kasashe makwabta irin su Guinea, [[Mali]] da [[Burkina Faso]] tun daga shekara ta 2020, wanda ya kai ga kiran yankin da sunan "zaman juyin mulki".<ref name="aj1">{{Cite web |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger's Bazoum 'held by guards' in apparent coup attempt |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/26/soldiers-holding-niger-president-inside-palace-security-sources |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=Aljazeera |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727002123/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/26/soldiers-holding-niger-president-inside-palace-security-sources |url-status=live }}</ref> Manazarta sun ce tsadar rayuwa da kuma yadda ake ganin gazawar gwamnati da cin hanci da rashawa ne suka haddasa tayar da ƙayar baya. Kasar dai tana yawan matsayi a kasa a kididdigar ci gaban bil'adama ta [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] kuma ta sha fama da tashe-tashen hankula a karkashin jagorancin [[Al-Qaeda]], [[Daular Musulunci ta Iraƙi|Islamic State]] da [[Boko Haram]], duk da cewa sojojinta na samun horo da tallafin kayan aiki daga Amurka da Faransa, wadanda ke da sansani a can. A shekara ta 2022, ƙasar ta zama cibiyar yaki da jihadi na Faransa a yankin [[Sahel]] bayan korar ta daga Mali da Burkina Faso, inda aka bayyana Bazoum a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan tsirarun shugabannin da ke goyon bayan kasashen yamma a yankin. Tare da juyin mulki da dama da kuma karuwar kyamar Faransa a yankin, Nijar ta zama abokiyar kawancen Faransa ta karshe.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 February 2022 |title=FRANCE 24 |work=Niger becomes France’s partner of last resort after Mali withdrawal |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20220218-niger-becomes-france-s-partner-of-last-resort-after-mali-withdrawal |access-date=27 July 2023 |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726161918/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20220218-niger-becomes-france-s-partner-of-last-resort-after-mali-withdrawal |url-status=live }}</ref> An kuma bayar da rahoton cewa, jami’an da Amurka ta horas da su sun horar da da yawa daga cikin jami’an tsaron fadar shugaban kasar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Turse |first=Nick |date=2023-07-26 |title=Soldiers Mutiny in U.S.-Allied Niger |url=https://production.public.theintercept.cloud/2023/07/26/niger-coup-us-military/ |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=The Intercept |language=en-US}}</ref> == Abubuwan da suka faru == [[File:Bazoum_mhamed.jpg|thumb| [[Mohamed Bazoum|Mohammed Bazoum]], wanda ya mulki Nijar daga shekarar 2021 zuwa 2023]] A safiyar ranar 26 ga watan Yuli, shafin [[Twitter]] na fadar [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|shugaban ƙasar Nijar]] ya sanar da cewa jami'an tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Janar [[Omar Tchiani]] sun gudanar da zanga-zangar kin jinin Jamhuriyar Jama'a kuma suka yi kokarin "a banza" don samun goyon bayan sauran jami'an tsaro. <ref name="aj1" /> Har ila yau, an ce shugaba [[Mohamed Bazoum]] da iyalansa suna cikin koshin lafiya bayan da rahotanni suka bayyana cewa yana tsare a fadar shugaban kasa da ke [[Niamey|Yamai]] babban birnin kasar . <ref name="aj1" /> An kuma kama ministan cikin gida [[Hamadou Souley]] kuma aka tsare shi a cikin fadar, yayin da aka hangi kusan jami'an tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa ashirin a waje da rana. Rahotanni sun ce Tchiani ne ya jagoranci juyin mulkin, wanda masu sharhi suka ce Bazoum ya yi niyyar sauke shi daga mukaminsa. Da safe ne dai aka rufe fadar da ma’aikatun da ke kusa da fadar da motocin sojoji, sannan an hana ma’aikatan fadar shiga ofisoshinsu.<ref name="cnn1">{{cite web |last1=Dean |first1=Sarah |last2=Kennedy |first2=Niamh |last3=Madowo |first3=Larry |date=July 26, 2023 |title=Niger soldiers claim President Mohamed Bazoum has been ousted, deepening coup fears |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[CNN]] |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726233540/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Magoya bayan farar hula 400 na Bazoum ne suka yi kokarin tunkarar fadar, amma jami’an tsaron fadar shugaban kasar sun tarwatsa su da harbin bindiga, inda daya ya jikkata. A wani wurin kuma a birnin Yamai an bayyana lamarin a matsayin kwanciyar hankali. <ref name="aj1" /> Fadar shugaban kasar ta kuma yi ikirarin cewa an gudanar da zanga-zangar nuna goyon baya ga Bazoum a kewayen ofisoshin diflomasiyyar kasar da ke ketare. <ref name="cnn1" /> Dangane da wadannan abubuwan ne sojojin Nijar suka yi wa fadar shugaban kasa kawanya tare da goyon bayan Bazoum. Rundunar ta kuma fitar da wata sanarwa inda ta ce ta samu “manyan muhimman wurare” a kasar. Fadar shugaban kasar ta bayyana cewa sojoji da [[Gardin Sarki|dakarun tsaron kasar]] a shirye suke su kai farmaki kan masu gadin fadar.<ref name="bbc1">{{Cite news |last1=Minjibir |first1=Usman |last2=Macaulay |first2=Cecilia |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger coup attempt: President Mohamed Bazoum held |work=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66312011 |access-date=26 July 2023 |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726115806/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66312011 |url-status=live }}</ref> BBC ta kuma ruwaito cewa dakarun da ke biyayya ga gwamnatin sun yi wa gidan rediyon jihar ORTN kawanya. Ofishin jakadancin Amurka ya yi gargadi game da tafiya a kan Yamai ta Boulevard de la Republique, inda fadar shugaban kasa take. Amma da maraice, [[Rundunar Tsaron Nijar|Rundunar Sojan Sama]] Kanar-Major Amadou Abdramane ya tafi gidan talabijin na gwamnati [[Tele Sahel|Télé Sahel]] yana mai da'awar cewa an cire Shugaba Bazoum daga mulki tare da sanar da kafa Majalisar Tsaro ta Kasa . A zaune tare da wasu jami’ai tara sanye da kakin kakin jami’an tsaro daban-daban, ya ce jami’an tsaro da na tsaro sun yanke shawarar hambarar da gwamnatin “saboda tabarbarewar tsaro da rashin shugabanci na gari. Ya kuma sanar da rusa kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, da dakatar da hukumomin gwamnati, da rufe iyakokin kasar, da kuma dokar hana fita daga karfe 22:00 zuwa 05:00 agogon kasar, inda ya yi gargadi kan duk wani tsoma bakin kasashen waje. Gwamnatin mulkin sojan kasar ta fitar da wani tsawatawa ga Faransa kan keta dokar rufe sararin samaniyar bayan da wani jirgin soji ya sauka a wani sansanin sojin da safiyar yau. <ref name="bbc3" /> A safiyar ranar 27 ga Yuli, Bazoum ya wallafa a shafinsa na twitter cewa 'yan Nijar masu kaunar dimokuradiyya za su ga cewa "za a kiyaye nasarorin da aka samu da wahala". Ministan harkokin wajen kasar [[Hassoumi Massaoudou|Hassoumi Massoudou]] ya shaidawa kafar yada labaran Faransa ta 24 cewa, ikon kasar yana nan kan shugaban kasar, ya kuma kara da cewa Bazoum na cikin koshin lafiya kuma sojojin kasar ba su da hannu a ciki. Ya kuma ayyana kansa a matsayin shugaban kasa kuma ya yi kira ga duk masu neman dimokradiyya da su “sa wannan kasada ta gaza”. Rundunar sojojin Nijar ta fitar da wata sanarwa mai dauke da sa hannun babban hafsan hafsan sojin kasar Janar Abdou Sidikou Issa, inda kuma ta bayyana goyon bayanta ga juyin mulkin, yana mai nuni da bukatar kiyaye mutuncin shugaban kasar da iyalansa tare da kaucewa "mummunan fada...wanda zai iya haifar da zubar da jini da kuma shafar tsaron jama'a."<ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2023 |title=Niger's army command declares support for military coup |url=https://france24.com/en/africa/20230727-niger-s-army-command-declares-support-for-military-coup |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[France 24]] |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142320/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230727-niger-s-army-command-declares-support-for-military-coup |url-status=live }}</ref> A wani jawabi da ya yi a gidan talabijin jim kadan bayan Kanar Abdramane ya sanar da cewa za a dakatar da duk wasu harkokin jam'iyyun siyasa a kasar har sai wani lokaci.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2023 |title=Niger army pledges allegiance to coup makers |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/27/nigerien-army-pledges-allegiance-to-coup-plotters |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[Aljazeera]] |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142352/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/27/nigerien-army-pledges-allegiance-to-coup-plotters |url-status=live }}</ref> Wata zanga-zangar ta gudana tare da magoya bayan juyin mulkin da ke daga tutocin kasar Rasha, inda suka bayyana goyon bayansu ga kungiyar Wagner, da kuma jifa da duwatsu kan motar dan siyasar da ke wucewa. Babu rahoton jikkata. Masu zanga-zangar sun kuma yi tir da kasancewar Faransa da sauran sansanonin kasashen waje.<ref name="ap2">{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-mutinous-soldiers-attempted-coup-2efab1649bea7d89b14dbc9432f5f819|title=Niger's president vows democracy will prevail after mutinous soldiers detain him and declare a coup|date=27 July 2023|website=AP News|access-date=27 July 2023|archive-date=27 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142327/https://apnews.com/article/niger-mutinous-soldiers-attempted-coup-2efab1649bea7d89b14dbc9432f5f819|url-status=live}}</ref> Wasu masu zanga-zangar sun taru a wajen hedkwatar jam’iyyar [[Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism|PNDS-Trayya]] ta Bazoum, inda faifan bidiyo ke nuna yadda suke jifa da kona motoci.<ref name="bbc3">{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66324875 |title=Niger coup: Captive President Bazoum defiant after takeover |date=27 July 2023 |website=BBC |access-date=27 July 2023 |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142355/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66324875 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Martani == [[File:An ECOMIL (Ecowas Mission in Liberia) Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), Landrover Vehicle enters a compound controlled by US Marine Corps (USMC) assigned to Lima-B - DPLA - 2fd69242eeb244c9d485fef6e203bedd.jpeg|thumb]] [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|ECOWAS]] ta yi kokarin tattaunawa da ‘yan adawa amma ta kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ECOWAS Head Says Benin President On Mediation Mission To Niger |url=https://www.barrons.com/articles/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=www.barrons.com |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142406/https://www.barrons.com/news/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |url-status=live }}</ref> An ce magabacin Bazoum a matsayin shugaban ƙasa, [[Mahamadou Issoufou]], da kuma wasu tsaffin shugabannin sun shiga cikin tattaunawar. An yi Allah wadai da juyin mulkin da [[Bankin Duniya]],<ref>{{Cite web |work=al-Arabiya |title=World Bank monitoring Niger's political situation, denounces destabilization attempts |date=27 July 2023 |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2023/07/27/World-Bank-monitoring-Niger-s-political-situation-denounces-destabilization-attempts |access-date=27 July 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727002649/http://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2023/07/27/World-Bank-monitoring-Niger-s-political-situation-denounces-destabilization-attempts |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]], [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], [[Aljeriya]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Algeria strongly condemns coup attempt in Niger-Xinhua |url=https://english.news.cn/africa/20230727/31bccf0be3344f128e61c76b7566a7d4/c.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726193938/https://english.news.cn/africa/20230727/31bccf0be3344f128e61c76b7566a7d4/c.html |archive-date=26 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=english.news.cn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tentative de Coup d'Etat au Niger : l'Algérie condamne une «atteinte à l'ordre constitutionnel » |trans-title=Coup attempt in Niger: Algeria condemns an "attack on the constitutional order" |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/monde/tentative-de-coup-d-etat-au-niger-l-alg%C3%A9rie-condamne-une-atteinte-%C3%A0-l-ordre-constitutionnel-/2955164 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142342/https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/monde/tentative-de-coup-d-etat-au-niger-l-alg%C3%A9rie-condamne-une-atteinte-%C3%A0-l-ordre-constitutionnel-/2955164 |archive-date=27 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=www.aa.com.tr}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> [[Tarayyar Turai]], [[Faransa]] da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=2023-07-27 |title=Niger coup: world leaders react to president's detention |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/07/27/niger-coup-world-leaders-react-to-presidents-detention/ |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=Africanews |language=en |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142824/https://www.africanews.com/2023/07/27/niger-coup-world-leaders-react-to-presidents-detention/ |url-status=live }}</ref> suka yi kira da a gaggauta sakin Bazoum. Shugaban kasar [[Benin]] [[Patrice Talon]], wanda ya je Nijar a madadin kungiyar ECOWAS domin tattaunawa, ya kira juyin mulkin da "rashin halayya ta sojoji". Gamayyar siyasar jamhuriyar Nijar ta yi Allah wadai da juyin mulkin da cewa " hauka ce ta kisan kai da kuma nuna adawa da jamhuriya.<ref name="f24">{{Cite web |work=France 24 |title=Niger soldiers say President Bazoum has been removed, borders closed |date=26 July 2023 |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230726-niger-soldiers-say-president-bazoum-has-been-removed-borders-closed |access-date=27 July 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727000421/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230726-niger-soldiers-say-president-bazoum-has-been-removed-borders-closed |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Liikluspolitsei on sõiduki kinni pidanud ja kontrollib juhi dokumente. 2018. aasta mai, Tartu, Aleksandri tänava ots..jpg|thumb]] A ranar 10 ga Agusta, 2023, Kungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Kasashen Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS) ta yanke shawarar ci gaba da rike zabin tsoma bakin soja a Nijar. ta haka ne za a share fagen tattaro rundunar da ya kamata ta kunshi sojojin Najeriya da na Senegal.[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1472546/politique/coup-detat-au-niger-la-cedeao-retient-loption-militaire/]. == Bincike == Juyin mulkin shi ne na bakwai da ya faru a [[Afirka ta Yamma|yammacin Afirka]] da [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|tsakiyar Afirka]] tun daga shekarar 2020. Cameron Hudson, babban jami'i a cibiyar kula da dabaru da nazarin kasa da kasa, ya ce juyin mulkin zai iya yin tasiri a yakin da Nijar ke yi da 'yan ta'addar Islama, inda ya kara da cewa alamu na nuna cewa sojojin Nijar din ba su ji dadin irin tallafin da suke samu na yaki da 'yan ta'adda ba. Ulf Laessing, shugaban shirin Sahel a gidauniyar Konrad Adenauer, ya ce juyin mulkin ya kasance "mafarki" ga yammacin duniya, wanda ya la'anci Bazoum da Nijar a matsayin "sabon tsaro" a yankin. == Bayanan kula == <references group="lower-alpha" responsive="1"></references> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Category:Nijar]] [[Category:Juyin Mulki]] 6y9z08ce5vgghsde73p6xddnf5hx5jj 874156 874155 2026-07-02T08:22:24Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874156 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} A ranar 26 ga watan [[Yuli|Yulin]] shekara ta alif 2023, [[Rundunar Tsaron Nijar|sojoji]] daga masu gadin fadar shugaban ƙasar, [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] suka tsare [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|shugaba]] [[Mohamed Bazoum]], yayin da kuma wasu gungun sojoji suka sanar da hambarar da shi, suka kuma rufe iyakokin ƙasar, suka dakatar da hukumomin gwamnati tare da ayyana, dokar ta-baci yayin da suke sanar da kafa gwamnatin mulkin soja.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger : ce que l'on sait de la tentative de coup d'Etat en cours contre le président Mohamed Bazoum |trans-title=Niger: what we know about the ongoing coup attempt against President Mohamed Bazoum |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/niger/niger-ce-que-l-on-sait-de-la-tentative-de-coup-d-etat-en-cours-contre-le-president-mohamed-bazoum_5973206.html |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=Franceinfo |language=fr-FR |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726202029/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/niger/niger-ce-que-l-on-sait-de-la-tentative-de-coup-d-etat-en-cours-contre-le-president-mohamed-bazoum_5973206.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Wannan dai shi ne karo na biyar da sojoji suka yi [[Juyin mulkin Gabon 2023|juyin mulki]] tun bayan samun ƴancin kai a shekara al 1960. == Fage == Kafin juyin mulkin, a baya ƙasar Nijar ta sha juyin mulkin soji har sau huɗu tun bayan samun ƴancin kai daga Faransa a shekara 1960, inda na ƙarshe ya kasance a shekarar 2010. A tsakanin, an kuma yi yunkurin juyin mulki da dama, wanda na baya bayan nan shi ne a shekarar 2021, lokacin da ‘yan adawar soji suka yi yunƙurin kwace fadar shugaban ƙasar kwanaki biyu gabanin rantsar da zababben shugaban ƙasa na wancan lokaci [[Bazoum]], wanda shi ne shugaban kasar na farko da ya karbi mulki daga hannun [[Mahamadou Issoufou|zababben shugaban]] kasar ta hanyar dimokuradiyya. {{Efn|In March 2023, a Nigerien official alleged that another coup attempt was made while Bazoum was in [[Turkey]], although the government refused to comment.<ref name="f24"/>}} Har ila yau, juyin mulkin ya zo ne bayan irin abubuwan da suka faru a kasashe makwabta irin su Guinea, [[Mali]] da [[Burkina Faso]] tun daga shekara ta 2020, wanda ya kai ga kiran yankin da sunan "zaman juyin mulki".<ref name="aj1">{{Cite web |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger's Bazoum 'held by guards' in apparent coup attempt |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/26/soldiers-holding-niger-president-inside-palace-security-sources |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=Aljazeera |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727002123/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/26/soldiers-holding-niger-president-inside-palace-security-sources |url-status=live }}</ref> Manazarta sun ce tsadar rayuwa da kuma yadda ake ganin gazawar gwamnati da cin hanci da rashawa ne suka haddasa tayar da ƙayar baya. Kasar dai tana yawan matsayi a kasa a kididdigar ci gaban bil'adama ta [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] kuma ta sha fama da tashe-tashen hankula a karkashin jagorancin [[Al-Qaeda]], [[Daular Musulunci ta Iraƙi|Islamic State]] da [[Boko Haram]], duk da cewa sojojinta na samun horo da tallafin kayan aiki daga Amurka da Faransa, wadanda ke da sansani a can. A shekara ta 2022, ƙasar ta zama cibiyar yaki da jihadi na Faransa a yankin [[Sahel]] bayan korar ta daga Mali da Burkina Faso, inda aka bayyana Bazoum a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan tsirarun shugabannin da ke goyon bayan kasashen yamma a yankin. Tare da juyin mulki da dama da kuma karuwar kyamar Faransa a yankin, Nijar ta zama abokiyar kawancen Faransa ta karshe.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 February 2022 |title=FRANCE 24 |work=Niger becomes France’s partner of last resort after Mali withdrawal |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20220218-niger-becomes-france-s-partner-of-last-resort-after-mali-withdrawal |access-date=27 July 2023 |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726161918/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20220218-niger-becomes-france-s-partner-of-last-resort-after-mali-withdrawal |url-status=live }}</ref> An kuma bayar da rahoton cewa, jami’an da Amurka ta horas da su sun horar da da yawa daga cikin jami’an tsaron fadar shugaban kasar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Turse |first=Nick |date=2023-07-26 |title=Soldiers Mutiny in U.S.-Allied Niger |url=https://production.public.theintercept.cloud/2023/07/26/niger-coup-us-military/ |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=The Intercept |language=en-US}}</ref> == Abubuwan da suka faru == [[File:Bazoum_mhamed.jpg|thumb| [[Mohamed Bazoum|Mohammed Bazoum]], wanda ya mulki Nijar daga shekarar 2021 zuwa 2023]] A safiyar ranar 26 ga watan Yuli, shafin [[Twitter]] na fadar [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|shugaban ƙasar Nijar]] ya sanar da cewa jami'an tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Janar [[Omar Tchiani]] sun gudanar da zanga-zangar kin jinin Jamhuriyar Jama'a kuma suka yi kokarin "a banza" don samun goyon bayan sauran jami'an tsaro. <ref name="aj1" /> Har ila yau, an ce shugaba [[Mohamed Bazoum]] da iyalansa suna cikin koshin lafiya bayan da rahotanni suka bayyana cewa yana tsare a fadar shugaban kasa da ke [[Niamey|Yamai]] babban birnin kasar . <ref name="aj1" /> An kuma kama ministan cikin gida [[Hamadou Souley]] kuma aka tsare shi a cikin fadar, yayin da aka hangi kusan jami'an tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa ashirin a waje da rana. Rahotanni sun ce Tchiani ne ya jagoranci juyin mulkin, wanda masu sharhi suka ce Bazoum ya yi niyyar sauke shi daga mukaminsa. Da safe ne dai aka rufe fadar da ma’aikatun da ke kusa da fadar da motocin sojoji, sannan an hana ma’aikatan fadar shiga ofisoshinsu.<ref name="cnn1">{{cite web |last1=Dean |first1=Sarah |last2=Kennedy |first2=Niamh |last3=Madowo |first3=Larry |date=July 26, 2023 |title=Niger soldiers claim President Mohamed Bazoum has been ousted, deepening coup fears |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[CNN]] |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726233540/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Magoya bayan farar hula 400 na Bazoum ne suka yi kokarin tunkarar fadar, amma jami’an tsaron fadar shugaban kasar sun tarwatsa su da harbin bindiga, inda daya ya jikkata. A wani wurin kuma a birnin Yamai an bayyana lamarin a matsayin kwanciyar hankali. <ref name="aj1" /> Fadar shugaban kasar ta kuma yi ikirarin cewa an gudanar da zanga-zangar nuna goyon baya ga Bazoum a kewayen ofisoshin diflomasiyyar kasar da ke ketare. <ref name="cnn1" /> Dangane da wadannan abubuwan ne sojojin Nijar suka yi wa fadar shugaban kasa kawanya tare da goyon bayan Bazoum. Rundunar ta kuma fitar da wata sanarwa inda ta ce ta samu “manyan muhimman wurare” a kasar. Fadar shugaban kasar ta bayyana cewa sojoji da [[Gardin Sarki|dakarun tsaron kasar]] a shirye suke su kai farmaki kan masu gadin fadar.<ref name="bbc1">{{Cite news |last1=Minjibir |first1=Usman |last2=Macaulay |first2=Cecilia |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger coup attempt: President Mohamed Bazoum held |work=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66312011 |access-date=26 July 2023 |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726115806/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66312011 |url-status=live }}</ref> BBC ta kuma ruwaito cewa dakarun da ke biyayya ga gwamnatin sun yi wa gidan rediyon jihar ORTN kawanya. Ofishin jakadancin Amurka ya yi gargadi game da tafiya a kan Yamai ta Boulevard de la Republique, inda fadar shugaban kasa take. Amma da maraice, [[Rundunar Tsaron Nijar|Rundunar Sojan Sama]] Kanar-Major Amadou Abdramane ya tafi gidan talabijin na gwamnati [[Tele Sahel|Télé Sahel]] yana mai da'awar cewa an cire Shugaba Bazoum daga mulki tare da sanar da kafa Majalisar Tsaro ta Kasa . A zaune tare da wasu jami’ai tara sanye da kakin kakin jami’an tsaro daban-daban, ya ce jami’an tsaro da na tsaro sun yanke shawarar hambarar da gwamnatin “saboda tabarbarewar tsaro da rashin shugabanci na gari. Ya kuma sanar da rusa kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, da dakatar da hukumomin gwamnati, da rufe iyakokin kasar, da kuma dokar hana fita daga karfe 22:00 zuwa 05:00 agogon kasar, inda ya yi gargadi kan duk wani tsoma bakin kasashen waje. Gwamnatin mulkin sojan kasar ta fitar da wani tsawatawa ga Faransa kan keta dokar rufe sararin samaniyar bayan da wani jirgin soji ya sauka a wani sansanin sojin da safiyar yau. <ref name="bbc3" /> A safiyar ranar 27 ga Yuli, Bazoum ya wallafa a shafinsa na twitter cewa 'yan Nijar masu kaunar dimokuradiyya za su ga cewa "za a kiyaye nasarorin da aka samu da wahala". Ministan harkokin wajen kasar [[Hassoumi Massaoudou|Hassoumi Massoudou]] ya shaidawa kafar yada labaran Faransa ta 24 cewa, ikon kasar yana nan kan shugaban kasar, ya kuma kara da cewa Bazoum na cikin koshin lafiya kuma sojojin kasar ba su da hannu a ciki. Ya kuma ayyana kansa a matsayin shugaban kasa kuma ya yi kira ga duk masu neman dimokradiyya da su “sa wannan kasada ta gaza”. Rundunar sojojin Nijar ta fitar da wata sanarwa mai dauke da sa hannun babban hafsan hafsan sojin kasar Janar Abdou Sidikou Issa, inda kuma ta bayyana goyon bayanta ga juyin mulkin, yana mai nuni da bukatar kiyaye mutuncin shugaban kasar da iyalansa tare da kaucewa "mummunan fada...wanda zai iya haifar da zubar da jini da kuma shafar tsaron jama'a."<ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2023 |title=Niger's army command declares support for military coup |url=https://france24.com/en/africa/20230727-niger-s-army-command-declares-support-for-military-coup |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[France 24]] |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142320/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230727-niger-s-army-command-declares-support-for-military-coup |url-status=live }}</ref> A wani jawabi da ya yi a gidan talabijin jim kadan bayan Kanar Abdramane ya sanar da cewa za a dakatar da duk wasu harkokin jam'iyyun siyasa a kasar har sai wani lokaci.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2023 |title=Niger army pledges allegiance to coup makers |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/27/nigerien-army-pledges-allegiance-to-coup-plotters |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[Aljazeera]] |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142352/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/27/nigerien-army-pledges-allegiance-to-coup-plotters |url-status=live }}</ref> Wata zanga-zangar ta gudana tare da magoya bayan juyin mulkin da ke daga tutocin kasar Rasha, inda suka bayyana goyon bayansu ga kungiyar Wagner, da kuma jifa da duwatsu kan motar dan siyasar da ke wucewa. Babu rahoton jikkata. Masu zanga-zangar sun kuma yi tir da kasancewar Faransa da sauran sansanonin kasashen waje.<ref name="ap2">{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-mutinous-soldiers-attempted-coup-2efab1649bea7d89b14dbc9432f5f819|title=Niger's president vows democracy will prevail after mutinous soldiers detain him and declare a coup|date=27 July 2023|website=AP News|access-date=27 July 2023|archive-date=27 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142327/https://apnews.com/article/niger-mutinous-soldiers-attempted-coup-2efab1649bea7d89b14dbc9432f5f819|url-status=live}}</ref> Wasu masu zanga-zangar sun taru a wajen hedkwatar jam’iyyar [[Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism|PNDS-Trayya]] ta Bazoum, inda faifan bidiyo ke nuna yadda suke jifa da kona motoci.<ref name="bbc3">{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66324875 |title=Niger coup: Captive President Bazoum defiant after takeover |date=27 July 2023 |website=BBC |access-date=27 July 2023 |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142355/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66324875 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Martani == [[File:An ECOMIL (Ecowas Mission in Liberia) Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), Landrover Vehicle enters a compound controlled by US Marine Corps (USMC) assigned to Lima-B - DPLA - 2fd69242eeb244c9d485fef6e203bedd.jpeg|thumb]] [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|ECOWAS]] ta yi kokarin tattaunawa da ‘yan adawa amma ta kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ECOWAS Head Says Benin President On Mediation Mission To Niger |url=https://www.barrons.com/articles/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=www.barrons.com |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142406/https://www.barrons.com/news/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |url-status=live }}</ref> An ce magabacin Bazoum a matsayin shugaban ƙasa, [[Mahamadou Issoufou]], da kuma wasu tsaffin shugabannin sun shiga cikin tattaunawar. An yi Allah wadai da juyin mulkin da [[Bankin Duniya]],<ref>{{Cite web |work=al-Arabiya |title=World Bank monitoring Niger's political situation, denounces destabilization attempts |date=27 July 2023 |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2023/07/27/World-Bank-monitoring-Niger-s-political-situation-denounces-destabilization-attempts |access-date=27 July 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727002649/http://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2023/07/27/World-Bank-monitoring-Niger-s-political-situation-denounces-destabilization-attempts |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]], [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], [[Aljeriya]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Algeria strongly condemns coup attempt in Niger-Xinhua |url=https://english.news.cn/africa/20230727/31bccf0be3344f128e61c76b7566a7d4/c.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726193938/https://english.news.cn/africa/20230727/31bccf0be3344f128e61c76b7566a7d4/c.html |archive-date=26 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=english.news.cn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tentative de Coup d'Etat au Niger : l'Algérie condamne une «atteinte à l'ordre constitutionnel » |trans-title=Coup attempt in Niger: Algeria condemns an "attack on the constitutional order" |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/monde/tentative-de-coup-d-etat-au-niger-l-alg%C3%A9rie-condamne-une-atteinte-%C3%A0-l-ordre-constitutionnel-/2955164 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142342/https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/monde/tentative-de-coup-d-etat-au-niger-l-alg%C3%A9rie-condamne-une-atteinte-%C3%A0-l-ordre-constitutionnel-/2955164 |archive-date=27 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=www.aa.com.tr}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> [[Tarayyar Turai]], [[Faransa]] da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=2023-07-27 |title=Niger coup: world leaders react to president's detention |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/07/27/niger-coup-world-leaders-react-to-presidents-detention/ |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=Africanews |language=en |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142824/https://www.africanews.com/2023/07/27/niger-coup-world-leaders-react-to-presidents-detention/ |url-status=live }}</ref> suka yi kira da a gaggauta sakin Bazoum. Shugaban kasar [[Benin]] [[Patrice Talon]], wanda ya je Nijar a madadin kungiyar ECOWAS domin tattaunawa, ya kira juyin mulkin da "rashin halayya ta sojoji". Gamayyar siyasar jamhuriyar Nijar ta yi Allah wadai da juyin mulkin da cewa " hauka ce ta kisan kai da kuma nuna adawa da jamhuriya.<ref name="f24">{{Cite web |work=France 24 |title=Niger soldiers say President Bazoum has been removed, borders closed |date=26 July 2023 |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230726-niger-soldiers-say-president-bazoum-has-been-removed-borders-closed |access-date=27 July 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727000421/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230726-niger-soldiers-say-president-bazoum-has-been-removed-borders-closed |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Liikluspolitsei on sõiduki kinni pidanud ja kontrollib juhi dokumente. 2018. aasta mai, Tartu, Aleksandri tänava ots..jpg|thumb]] A ranar 10 ga Agusta, 2023, Kungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Kasashen Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS) ta yanke shawarar ci gaba da rike zabin tsoma bakin soja a Nijar. ta haka ne za a share fagen tattaro rundunar da ya kamata ta kunshi sojojin Najeriya da na Senegal.[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1472546/politique/coup-detat-au-niger-la-cedeao-retient-loption-militaire/]. == Bincike == Juyin mulkin shi ne na bakwai da ya faru a [[Afirka ta Yamma|yammacin Afirka]] da [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|tsakiyar Afirka]] tun daga shekarar 2020. Cameron Hudson, babban jami'i a cibiyar kula da dabaru da nazarin kasa da kasa, ya ce juyin mulkin zai iya yin tasiri a yakin da Nijar ke yi da 'yan ta'addar Islama, inda ya kara da cewa alamu na nuna cewa sojojin Nijar din ba su ji dadin irin tallafin da suke samu na yaki da 'yan ta'adda ba. Ulf Laessing, shugaban shirin Sahel a gidauniyar Konrad Adenauer, ya ce juyin mulkin ya kasance "mafarki" ga yammacin duniya, wanda ya la'anci Bazoum da Nijar a matsayin "sabon tsaro" a yankin. == Bayanan kula == <references group="lower-alpha" responsive="1"></references> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Category:Nijar]] [[Category:Juyin Mulki]] p667wuou92yu8tiunfwk776f9og3gk9 874158 874156 2026-07-02T08:23:03Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874158 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} A ranar 26 ga watan [[Yuli|Yulin]] shekara ta alif 2023, [[Rundunar Tsaron Nijar|sojoji]] daga masu gadin fadar shugaban ƙasar, [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] suka tsare [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|shugaba]] [[Mohamed Bazoum]], yayin da kuma wasu gungun sojoji suka sanar da hambarar da shi, suka kuma rufe iyakokin ƙasar, suka dakatar da hukumomin gwamnati tare da ayyana, dokar ta-baci yayin da suke sanar da kafa gwamnatin mulkin soja.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger : ce que l'on sait de la tentative de coup d'Etat en cours contre le président Mohamed Bazoum |trans-title=Niger: what we know about the ongoing coup attempt against President Mohamed Bazoum |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/niger/niger-ce-que-l-on-sait-de-la-tentative-de-coup-d-etat-en-cours-contre-le-president-mohamed-bazoum_5973206.html |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=Franceinfo |language=fr-FR |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726202029/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/niger/niger-ce-que-l-on-sait-de-la-tentative-de-coup-d-etat-en-cours-contre-le-president-mohamed-bazoum_5973206.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Wannan dai shi ne karo na biyar da sojoji suka yi [[Juyin mulkin Gabon 2023|juyin mulki]] tun bayan samun ƴancin kai a shekara ali 1960. == Fage == Kafin juyin mulkin, a baya ƙasar Nijar ta sha juyin mulkin soji har sau huɗu tun bayan samun ƴancin kai daga Faransa a shekara 1960, inda na ƙarshe ya kasance a shekarar 2010. A tsakanin, an kuma yi yunkurin juyin mulki da dama, wanda na baya bayan nan shi ne a shekarar 2021, lokacin da ‘yan adawar soji suka yi yunƙurin kwace fadar shugaban ƙasar kwanaki biyu gabanin rantsar da zababben shugaban ƙasa na wancan lokaci [[Bazoum]], wanda shi ne shugaban kasar na farko da ya karbi mulki daga hannun [[Mahamadou Issoufou|zababben shugaban]] kasar ta hanyar dimokuradiyya. {{Efn|In March 2023, a Nigerien official alleged that another coup attempt was made while Bazoum was in [[Turkey]], although the government refused to comment.<ref name="f24"/>}} Har ila yau, juyin mulkin ya zo ne bayan irin abubuwan da suka faru a kasashe makwabta irin su Guinea, [[Mali]] da [[Burkina Faso]] tun daga shekara ta 2020, wanda ya kai ga kiran yankin da sunan "zaman juyin mulki".<ref name="aj1">{{Cite web |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger's Bazoum 'held by guards' in apparent coup attempt |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/26/soldiers-holding-niger-president-inside-palace-security-sources |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=Aljazeera |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727002123/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/26/soldiers-holding-niger-president-inside-palace-security-sources |url-status=live }}</ref> Manazarta sun ce tsadar rayuwa da kuma yadda ake ganin gazawar gwamnati da cin hanci da rashawa ne suka haddasa tayar da ƙayar baya. Kasar dai tana yawan matsayi a kasa a kididdigar ci gaban bil'adama ta [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] kuma ta sha fama da tashe-tashen hankula a karkashin jagorancin [[Al-Qaeda]], [[Daular Musulunci ta Iraƙi|Islamic State]] da [[Boko Haram]], duk da cewa sojojinta na samun horo da tallafin kayan aiki daga Amurka da Faransa, wadanda ke da sansani a can. A shekara ta 2022, ƙasar ta zama cibiyar yaki da jihadi na Faransa a yankin [[Sahel]] bayan korar ta daga Mali da Burkina Faso, inda aka bayyana Bazoum a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan tsirarun shugabannin da ke goyon bayan kasashen yamma a yankin. Tare da juyin mulki da dama da kuma karuwar kyamar Faransa a yankin, Nijar ta zama abokiyar kawancen Faransa ta karshe.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 February 2022 |title=FRANCE 24 |work=Niger becomes France’s partner of last resort after Mali withdrawal |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20220218-niger-becomes-france-s-partner-of-last-resort-after-mali-withdrawal |access-date=27 July 2023 |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726161918/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20220218-niger-becomes-france-s-partner-of-last-resort-after-mali-withdrawal |url-status=live }}</ref> An kuma bayar da rahoton cewa, jami’an da Amurka ta horas da su sun horar da da yawa daga cikin jami’an tsaron fadar shugaban kasar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Turse |first=Nick |date=2023-07-26 |title=Soldiers Mutiny in U.S.-Allied Niger |url=https://production.public.theintercept.cloud/2023/07/26/niger-coup-us-military/ |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=The Intercept |language=en-US}}</ref> == Abubuwan da suka faru == [[File:Bazoum_mhamed.jpg|thumb| [[Mohamed Bazoum|Mohammed Bazoum]], wanda ya mulki Nijar daga shekarar 2021 zuwa 2023]] A safiyar ranar 26 ga watan Yuli, shafin [[Twitter]] na fadar [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|shugaban ƙasar Nijar]] ya sanar da cewa jami'an tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Janar [[Omar Tchiani]] sun gudanar da zanga-zangar kin jinin Jamhuriyar Jama'a kuma suka yi kokarin "a banza" don samun goyon bayan sauran jami'an tsaro. <ref name="aj1" /> Har ila yau, an ce shugaba [[Mohamed Bazoum]] da iyalansa suna cikin koshin lafiya bayan da rahotanni suka bayyana cewa yana tsare a fadar shugaban kasa da ke [[Niamey|Yamai]] babban birnin kasar . <ref name="aj1" /> An kuma kama ministan cikin gida [[Hamadou Souley]] kuma aka tsare shi a cikin fadar, yayin da aka hangi kusan jami'an tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa ashirin a waje da rana. Rahotanni sun ce Tchiani ne ya jagoranci juyin mulkin, wanda masu sharhi suka ce Bazoum ya yi niyyar sauke shi daga mukaminsa. Da safe ne dai aka rufe fadar da ma’aikatun da ke kusa da fadar da motocin sojoji, sannan an hana ma’aikatan fadar shiga ofisoshinsu.<ref name="cnn1">{{cite web |last1=Dean |first1=Sarah |last2=Kennedy |first2=Niamh |last3=Madowo |first3=Larry |date=July 26, 2023 |title=Niger soldiers claim President Mohamed Bazoum has been ousted, deepening coup fears |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[CNN]] |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726233540/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Magoya bayan farar hula 400 na Bazoum ne suka yi kokarin tunkarar fadar, amma jami’an tsaron fadar shugaban kasar sun tarwatsa su da harbin bindiga, inda daya ya jikkata. A wani wurin kuma a birnin Yamai an bayyana lamarin a matsayin kwanciyar hankali. <ref name="aj1" /> Fadar shugaban kasar ta kuma yi ikirarin cewa an gudanar da zanga-zangar nuna goyon baya ga Bazoum a kewayen ofisoshin diflomasiyyar kasar da ke ketare. <ref name="cnn1" /> Dangane da wadannan abubuwan ne sojojin Nijar suka yi wa fadar shugaban kasa kawanya tare da goyon bayan Bazoum. Rundunar ta kuma fitar da wata sanarwa inda ta ce ta samu “manyan muhimman wurare” a kasar. Fadar shugaban kasar ta bayyana cewa sojoji da [[Gardin Sarki|dakarun tsaron kasar]] a shirye suke su kai farmaki kan masu gadin fadar.<ref name="bbc1">{{Cite news |last1=Minjibir |first1=Usman |last2=Macaulay |first2=Cecilia |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger coup attempt: President Mohamed Bazoum held |work=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66312011 |access-date=26 July 2023 |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726115806/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66312011 |url-status=live }}</ref> BBC ta kuma ruwaito cewa dakarun da ke biyayya ga gwamnatin sun yi wa gidan rediyon jihar ORTN kawanya. Ofishin jakadancin Amurka ya yi gargadi game da tafiya a kan Yamai ta Boulevard de la Republique, inda fadar shugaban kasa take. Amma da maraice, [[Rundunar Tsaron Nijar|Rundunar Sojan Sama]] Kanar-Major Amadou Abdramane ya tafi gidan talabijin na gwamnati [[Tele Sahel|Télé Sahel]] yana mai da'awar cewa an cire Shugaba Bazoum daga mulki tare da sanar da kafa Majalisar Tsaro ta Kasa . A zaune tare da wasu jami’ai tara sanye da kakin kakin jami’an tsaro daban-daban, ya ce jami’an tsaro da na tsaro sun yanke shawarar hambarar da gwamnatin “saboda tabarbarewar tsaro da rashin shugabanci na gari. Ya kuma sanar da rusa kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, da dakatar da hukumomin gwamnati, da rufe iyakokin kasar, da kuma dokar hana fita daga karfe 22:00 zuwa 05:00 agogon kasar, inda ya yi gargadi kan duk wani tsoma bakin kasashen waje. Gwamnatin mulkin sojan kasar ta fitar da wani tsawatawa ga Faransa kan keta dokar rufe sararin samaniyar bayan da wani jirgin soji ya sauka a wani sansanin sojin da safiyar yau. <ref name="bbc3" /> A safiyar ranar 27 ga Yuli, Bazoum ya wallafa a shafinsa na twitter cewa 'yan Nijar masu kaunar dimokuradiyya za su ga cewa "za a kiyaye nasarorin da aka samu da wahala". Ministan harkokin wajen kasar [[Hassoumi Massaoudou|Hassoumi Massoudou]] ya shaidawa kafar yada labaran Faransa ta 24 cewa, ikon kasar yana nan kan shugaban kasar, ya kuma kara da cewa Bazoum na cikin koshin lafiya kuma sojojin kasar ba su da hannu a ciki. Ya kuma ayyana kansa a matsayin shugaban kasa kuma ya yi kira ga duk masu neman dimokradiyya da su “sa wannan kasada ta gaza”. Rundunar sojojin Nijar ta fitar da wata sanarwa mai dauke da sa hannun babban hafsan hafsan sojin kasar Janar Abdou Sidikou Issa, inda kuma ta bayyana goyon bayanta ga juyin mulkin, yana mai nuni da bukatar kiyaye mutuncin shugaban kasar da iyalansa tare da kaucewa "mummunan fada...wanda zai iya haifar da zubar da jini da kuma shafar tsaron jama'a."<ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2023 |title=Niger's army command declares support for military coup |url=https://france24.com/en/africa/20230727-niger-s-army-command-declares-support-for-military-coup |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[France 24]] |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142320/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230727-niger-s-army-command-declares-support-for-military-coup |url-status=live }}</ref> A wani jawabi da ya yi a gidan talabijin jim kadan bayan Kanar Abdramane ya sanar da cewa za a dakatar da duk wasu harkokin jam'iyyun siyasa a kasar har sai wani lokaci.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2023 |title=Niger army pledges allegiance to coup makers |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/27/nigerien-army-pledges-allegiance-to-coup-plotters |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[Aljazeera]] |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142352/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/27/nigerien-army-pledges-allegiance-to-coup-plotters |url-status=live }}</ref> Wata zanga-zangar ta gudana tare da magoya bayan juyin mulkin da ke daga tutocin kasar Rasha, inda suka bayyana goyon bayansu ga kungiyar Wagner, da kuma jifa da duwatsu kan motar dan siyasar da ke wucewa. Babu rahoton jikkata. Masu zanga-zangar sun kuma yi tir da kasancewar Faransa da sauran sansanonin kasashen waje.<ref name="ap2">{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-mutinous-soldiers-attempted-coup-2efab1649bea7d89b14dbc9432f5f819|title=Niger's president vows democracy will prevail after mutinous soldiers detain him and declare a coup|date=27 July 2023|website=AP News|access-date=27 July 2023|archive-date=27 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142327/https://apnews.com/article/niger-mutinous-soldiers-attempted-coup-2efab1649bea7d89b14dbc9432f5f819|url-status=live}}</ref> Wasu masu zanga-zangar sun taru a wajen hedkwatar jam’iyyar [[Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism|PNDS-Trayya]] ta Bazoum, inda faifan bidiyo ke nuna yadda suke jifa da kona motoci.<ref name="bbc3">{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66324875 |title=Niger coup: Captive President Bazoum defiant after takeover |date=27 July 2023 |website=BBC |access-date=27 July 2023 |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142355/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66324875 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Martani == [[File:An ECOMIL (Ecowas Mission in Liberia) Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), Landrover Vehicle enters a compound controlled by US Marine Corps (USMC) assigned to Lima-B - DPLA - 2fd69242eeb244c9d485fef6e203bedd.jpeg|thumb]] [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|ECOWAS]] ta yi kokarin tattaunawa da ‘yan adawa amma ta kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ECOWAS Head Says Benin President On Mediation Mission To Niger |url=https://www.barrons.com/articles/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=www.barrons.com |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142406/https://www.barrons.com/news/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |url-status=live }}</ref> An ce magabacin Bazoum a matsayin shugaban ƙasa, [[Mahamadou Issoufou]], da kuma wasu tsaffin shugabannin sun shiga cikin tattaunawar. An yi Allah wadai da juyin mulkin da [[Bankin Duniya]],<ref>{{Cite web |work=al-Arabiya |title=World Bank monitoring Niger's political situation, denounces destabilization attempts |date=27 July 2023 |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2023/07/27/World-Bank-monitoring-Niger-s-political-situation-denounces-destabilization-attempts |access-date=27 July 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727002649/http://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2023/07/27/World-Bank-monitoring-Niger-s-political-situation-denounces-destabilization-attempts |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]], [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], [[Aljeriya]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Algeria strongly condemns coup attempt in Niger-Xinhua |url=https://english.news.cn/africa/20230727/31bccf0be3344f128e61c76b7566a7d4/c.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726193938/https://english.news.cn/africa/20230727/31bccf0be3344f128e61c76b7566a7d4/c.html |archive-date=26 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=english.news.cn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tentative de Coup d'Etat au Niger : l'Algérie condamne une «atteinte à l'ordre constitutionnel » |trans-title=Coup attempt in Niger: Algeria condemns an "attack on the constitutional order" |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/monde/tentative-de-coup-d-etat-au-niger-l-alg%C3%A9rie-condamne-une-atteinte-%C3%A0-l-ordre-constitutionnel-/2955164 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142342/https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/monde/tentative-de-coup-d-etat-au-niger-l-alg%C3%A9rie-condamne-une-atteinte-%C3%A0-l-ordre-constitutionnel-/2955164 |archive-date=27 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=www.aa.com.tr}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> [[Tarayyar Turai]], [[Faransa]] da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=2023-07-27 |title=Niger coup: world leaders react to president's detention |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/07/27/niger-coup-world-leaders-react-to-presidents-detention/ |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=Africanews |language=en |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142824/https://www.africanews.com/2023/07/27/niger-coup-world-leaders-react-to-presidents-detention/ |url-status=live }}</ref> suka yi kira da a gaggauta sakin Bazoum. Shugaban kasar [[Benin]] [[Patrice Talon]], wanda ya je Nijar a madadin kungiyar ECOWAS domin tattaunawa, ya kira juyin mulkin da "rashin halayya ta sojoji". Gamayyar siyasar jamhuriyar Nijar ta yi Allah wadai da juyin mulkin da cewa " hauka ce ta kisan kai da kuma nuna adawa da jamhuriya.<ref name="f24">{{Cite web |work=France 24 |title=Niger soldiers say President Bazoum has been removed, borders closed |date=26 July 2023 |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230726-niger-soldiers-say-president-bazoum-has-been-removed-borders-closed |access-date=27 July 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727000421/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230726-niger-soldiers-say-president-bazoum-has-been-removed-borders-closed |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Liikluspolitsei on sõiduki kinni pidanud ja kontrollib juhi dokumente. 2018. aasta mai, Tartu, Aleksandri tänava ots..jpg|thumb]] A ranar 10 ga Agusta, 2023, Kungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Kasashen Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS) ta yanke shawarar ci gaba da rike zabin tsoma bakin soja a Nijar. ta haka ne za a share fagen tattaro rundunar da ya kamata ta kunshi sojojin Najeriya da na Senegal.[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1472546/politique/coup-detat-au-niger-la-cedeao-retient-loption-militaire/]. == Bincike == Juyin mulkin shi ne na bakwai da ya faru a [[Afirka ta Yamma|yammacin Afirka]] da [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|tsakiyar Afirka]] tun daga shekarar 2020. Cameron Hudson, babban jami'i a cibiyar kula da dabaru da nazarin kasa da kasa, ya ce juyin mulkin zai iya yin tasiri a yakin da Nijar ke yi da 'yan ta'addar Islama, inda ya kara da cewa alamu na nuna cewa sojojin Nijar din ba su ji dadin irin tallafin da suke samu na yaki da 'yan ta'adda ba. Ulf Laessing, shugaban shirin Sahel a gidauniyar Konrad Adenauer, ya ce juyin mulkin ya kasance "mafarki" ga yammacin duniya, wanda ya la'anci Bazoum da Nijar a matsayin "sabon tsaro" a yankin. == Bayanan kula == <references group="lower-alpha" responsive="1"></references> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Category:Nijar]] [[Category:Juyin Mulki]] 1vizrrjk6ec17kareyknoty6z92mu3k 874160 874158 2026-07-02T08:23:37Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874160 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} A ranar 26 ga watan [[Yuli|Yulin]] shekara ta alif 2023, [[Rundunar Tsaron Nijar|sojoji]] daga masu gadin fadar shugaban ƙasar, [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] suka tsare [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|shugaba]] [[Mohamed Bazoum]], yayin da kuma wasu gungun sojoji suka sanar da hambarar da shi, suka kuma rufe iyakokin ƙasar, suka dakatar da hukumomin gwamnati tare da ayyana, dokar ta-baci yayin da suke sanar da kafa gwamnatin mulkin soja.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger : ce que l'on sait de la tentative de coup d'Etat en cours contre le président Mohamed Bazoum |trans-title=Niger: what we know about the ongoing coup attempt against President Mohamed Bazoum |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/niger/niger-ce-que-l-on-sait-de-la-tentative-de-coup-d-etat-en-cours-contre-le-president-mohamed-bazoum_5973206.html |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=Franceinfo |language=fr-FR |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726202029/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/niger/niger-ce-que-l-on-sait-de-la-tentative-de-coup-d-etat-en-cours-contre-le-president-mohamed-bazoum_5973206.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Wannan dai shi ne karo na biyar da sojoji suka yi [[Juyin mulkin Gabon 2023|juyin mulki]] tun bayan samun ƴancin kai a shekara alif 1960. == Fage == Kafin juyin mulkin, a baya ƙasar Nijar ta sha juyin mulkin soji har sau huɗu tun bayan samun ƴancin kai daga Faransa a shekara 1960, inda na ƙarshe ya kasance a shekarar 2010. A tsakanin, an kuma yi yunkurin juyin mulki da dama, wanda na baya bayan nan shi ne a shekarar 2021, lokacin da ‘yan adawar soji suka yi yunƙurin kwace fadar shugaban ƙasar kwanaki biyu gabanin rantsar da zababben shugaban ƙasa na wancan lokaci [[Bazoum]], wanda shi ne shugaban kasar na farko da ya karbi mulki daga hannun [[Mahamadou Issoufou|zababben shugaban]] kasar ta hanyar dimokuradiyya. {{Efn|In March 2023, a Nigerien official alleged that another coup attempt was made while Bazoum was in [[Turkey]], although the government refused to comment.<ref name="f24"/>}} Har ila yau, juyin mulkin ya zo ne bayan irin abubuwan da suka faru a kasashe makwabta irin su Guinea, [[Mali]] da [[Burkina Faso]] tun daga shekara ta 2020, wanda ya kai ga kiran yankin da sunan "zaman juyin mulki".<ref name="aj1">{{Cite web |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger's Bazoum 'held by guards' in apparent coup attempt |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/26/soldiers-holding-niger-president-inside-palace-security-sources |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=Aljazeera |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727002123/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/26/soldiers-holding-niger-president-inside-palace-security-sources |url-status=live }}</ref> Manazarta sun ce tsadar rayuwa da kuma yadda ake ganin gazawar gwamnati da cin hanci da rashawa ne suka haddasa tayar da ƙayar baya. Kasar dai tana yawan matsayi a kasa a kididdigar ci gaban bil'adama ta [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] kuma ta sha fama da tashe-tashen hankula a karkashin jagorancin [[Al-Qaeda]], [[Daular Musulunci ta Iraƙi|Islamic State]] da [[Boko Haram]], duk da cewa sojojinta na samun horo da tallafin kayan aiki daga Amurka da Faransa, wadanda ke da sansani a can. A shekara ta 2022, ƙasar ta zama cibiyar yaki da jihadi na Faransa a yankin [[Sahel]] bayan korar ta daga Mali da Burkina Faso, inda aka bayyana Bazoum a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan tsirarun shugabannin da ke goyon bayan kasashen yamma a yankin. Tare da juyin mulki da dama da kuma karuwar kyamar Faransa a yankin, Nijar ta zama abokiyar kawancen Faransa ta karshe.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 February 2022 |title=FRANCE 24 |work=Niger becomes France’s partner of last resort after Mali withdrawal |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20220218-niger-becomes-france-s-partner-of-last-resort-after-mali-withdrawal |access-date=27 July 2023 |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726161918/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20220218-niger-becomes-france-s-partner-of-last-resort-after-mali-withdrawal |url-status=live }}</ref> An kuma bayar da rahoton cewa, jami’an da Amurka ta horas da su sun horar da da yawa daga cikin jami’an tsaron fadar shugaban kasar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Turse |first=Nick |date=2023-07-26 |title=Soldiers Mutiny in U.S.-Allied Niger |url=https://production.public.theintercept.cloud/2023/07/26/niger-coup-us-military/ |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=The Intercept |language=en-US}}</ref> == Abubuwan da suka faru == [[File:Bazoum_mhamed.jpg|thumb| [[Mohamed Bazoum|Mohammed Bazoum]], wanda ya mulki Nijar daga shekarar 2021 zuwa 2023]] A safiyar ranar 26 ga watan Yuli, shafin [[Twitter]] na fadar [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|shugaban ƙasar Nijar]] ya sanar da cewa jami'an tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Janar [[Omar Tchiani]] sun gudanar da zanga-zangar kin jinin Jamhuriyar Jama'a kuma suka yi kokarin "a banza" don samun goyon bayan sauran jami'an tsaro. <ref name="aj1" /> Har ila yau, an ce shugaba [[Mohamed Bazoum]] da iyalansa suna cikin koshin lafiya bayan da rahotanni suka bayyana cewa yana tsare a fadar shugaban kasa da ke [[Niamey|Yamai]] babban birnin kasar . <ref name="aj1" /> An kuma kama ministan cikin gida [[Hamadou Souley]] kuma aka tsare shi a cikin fadar, yayin da aka hangi kusan jami'an tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa ashirin a waje da rana. Rahotanni sun ce Tchiani ne ya jagoranci juyin mulkin, wanda masu sharhi suka ce Bazoum ya yi niyyar sauke shi daga mukaminsa. Da safe ne dai aka rufe fadar da ma’aikatun da ke kusa da fadar da motocin sojoji, sannan an hana ma’aikatan fadar shiga ofisoshinsu.<ref name="cnn1">{{cite web |last1=Dean |first1=Sarah |last2=Kennedy |first2=Niamh |last3=Madowo |first3=Larry |date=July 26, 2023 |title=Niger soldiers claim President Mohamed Bazoum has been ousted, deepening coup fears |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[CNN]] |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726233540/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Magoya bayan farar hula 400 na Bazoum ne suka yi kokarin tunkarar fadar, amma jami’an tsaron fadar shugaban kasar sun tarwatsa su da harbin bindiga, inda daya ya jikkata. A wani wurin kuma a birnin Yamai an bayyana lamarin a matsayin kwanciyar hankali. <ref name="aj1" /> Fadar shugaban kasar ta kuma yi ikirarin cewa an gudanar da zanga-zangar nuna goyon baya ga Bazoum a kewayen ofisoshin diflomasiyyar kasar da ke ketare. <ref name="cnn1" /> Dangane da wadannan abubuwan ne sojojin Nijar suka yi wa fadar shugaban kasa kawanya tare da goyon bayan Bazoum. Rundunar ta kuma fitar da wata sanarwa inda ta ce ta samu “manyan muhimman wurare” a kasar. Fadar shugaban kasar ta bayyana cewa sojoji da [[Gardin Sarki|dakarun tsaron kasar]] a shirye suke su kai farmaki kan masu gadin fadar.<ref name="bbc1">{{Cite news |last1=Minjibir |first1=Usman |last2=Macaulay |first2=Cecilia |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger coup attempt: President Mohamed Bazoum held |work=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66312011 |access-date=26 July 2023 |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726115806/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66312011 |url-status=live }}</ref> BBC ta kuma ruwaito cewa dakarun da ke biyayya ga gwamnatin sun yi wa gidan rediyon jihar ORTN kawanya. Ofishin jakadancin Amurka ya yi gargadi game da tafiya a kan Yamai ta Boulevard de la Republique, inda fadar shugaban kasa take. Amma da maraice, [[Rundunar Tsaron Nijar|Rundunar Sojan Sama]] Kanar-Major Amadou Abdramane ya tafi gidan talabijin na gwamnati [[Tele Sahel|Télé Sahel]] yana mai da'awar cewa an cire Shugaba Bazoum daga mulki tare da sanar da kafa Majalisar Tsaro ta Kasa . A zaune tare da wasu jami’ai tara sanye da kakin kakin jami’an tsaro daban-daban, ya ce jami’an tsaro da na tsaro sun yanke shawarar hambarar da gwamnatin “saboda tabarbarewar tsaro da rashin shugabanci na gari. Ya kuma sanar da rusa kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, da dakatar da hukumomin gwamnati, da rufe iyakokin kasar, da kuma dokar hana fita daga karfe 22:00 zuwa 05:00 agogon kasar, inda ya yi gargadi kan duk wani tsoma bakin kasashen waje. Gwamnatin mulkin sojan kasar ta fitar da wani tsawatawa ga Faransa kan keta dokar rufe sararin samaniyar bayan da wani jirgin soji ya sauka a wani sansanin sojin da safiyar yau. <ref name="bbc3" /> A safiyar ranar 27 ga Yuli, Bazoum ya wallafa a shafinsa na twitter cewa 'yan Nijar masu kaunar dimokuradiyya za su ga cewa "za a kiyaye nasarorin da aka samu da wahala". Ministan harkokin wajen kasar [[Hassoumi Massaoudou|Hassoumi Massoudou]] ya shaidawa kafar yada labaran Faransa ta 24 cewa, ikon kasar yana nan kan shugaban kasar, ya kuma kara da cewa Bazoum na cikin koshin lafiya kuma sojojin kasar ba su da hannu a ciki. Ya kuma ayyana kansa a matsayin shugaban kasa kuma ya yi kira ga duk masu neman dimokradiyya da su “sa wannan kasada ta gaza”. Rundunar sojojin Nijar ta fitar da wata sanarwa mai dauke da sa hannun babban hafsan hafsan sojin kasar Janar Abdou Sidikou Issa, inda kuma ta bayyana goyon bayanta ga juyin mulkin, yana mai nuni da bukatar kiyaye mutuncin shugaban kasar da iyalansa tare da kaucewa "mummunan fada...wanda zai iya haifar da zubar da jini da kuma shafar tsaron jama'a."<ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2023 |title=Niger's army command declares support for military coup |url=https://france24.com/en/africa/20230727-niger-s-army-command-declares-support-for-military-coup |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[France 24]] |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142320/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230727-niger-s-army-command-declares-support-for-military-coup |url-status=live }}</ref> A wani jawabi da ya yi a gidan talabijin jim kadan bayan Kanar Abdramane ya sanar da cewa za a dakatar da duk wasu harkokin jam'iyyun siyasa a kasar har sai wani lokaci.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2023 |title=Niger army pledges allegiance to coup makers |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/27/nigerien-army-pledges-allegiance-to-coup-plotters |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[Aljazeera]] |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142352/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/27/nigerien-army-pledges-allegiance-to-coup-plotters |url-status=live }}</ref> Wata zanga-zangar ta gudana tare da magoya bayan juyin mulkin da ke daga tutocin kasar Rasha, inda suka bayyana goyon bayansu ga kungiyar Wagner, da kuma jifa da duwatsu kan motar dan siyasar da ke wucewa. Babu rahoton jikkata. Masu zanga-zangar sun kuma yi tir da kasancewar Faransa da sauran sansanonin kasashen waje.<ref name="ap2">{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-mutinous-soldiers-attempted-coup-2efab1649bea7d89b14dbc9432f5f819|title=Niger's president vows democracy will prevail after mutinous soldiers detain him and declare a coup|date=27 July 2023|website=AP News|access-date=27 July 2023|archive-date=27 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142327/https://apnews.com/article/niger-mutinous-soldiers-attempted-coup-2efab1649bea7d89b14dbc9432f5f819|url-status=live}}</ref> Wasu masu zanga-zangar sun taru a wajen hedkwatar jam’iyyar [[Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism|PNDS-Trayya]] ta Bazoum, inda faifan bidiyo ke nuna yadda suke jifa da kona motoci.<ref name="bbc3">{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66324875 |title=Niger coup: Captive President Bazoum defiant after takeover |date=27 July 2023 |website=BBC |access-date=27 July 2023 |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142355/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66324875 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Martani == [[File:An ECOMIL (Ecowas Mission in Liberia) Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), Landrover Vehicle enters a compound controlled by US Marine Corps (USMC) assigned to Lima-B - DPLA - 2fd69242eeb244c9d485fef6e203bedd.jpeg|thumb]] [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|ECOWAS]] ta yi kokarin tattaunawa da ‘yan adawa amma ta kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ECOWAS Head Says Benin President On Mediation Mission To Niger |url=https://www.barrons.com/articles/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=www.barrons.com |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142406/https://www.barrons.com/news/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |url-status=live }}</ref> An ce magabacin Bazoum a matsayin shugaban ƙasa, [[Mahamadou Issoufou]], da kuma wasu tsaffin shugabannin sun shiga cikin tattaunawar. An yi Allah wadai da juyin mulkin da [[Bankin Duniya]],<ref>{{Cite web |work=al-Arabiya |title=World Bank monitoring Niger's political situation, denounces destabilization attempts |date=27 July 2023 |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2023/07/27/World-Bank-monitoring-Niger-s-political-situation-denounces-destabilization-attempts |access-date=27 July 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727002649/http://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2023/07/27/World-Bank-monitoring-Niger-s-political-situation-denounces-destabilization-attempts |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]], [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], [[Aljeriya]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Algeria strongly condemns coup attempt in Niger-Xinhua |url=https://english.news.cn/africa/20230727/31bccf0be3344f128e61c76b7566a7d4/c.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726193938/https://english.news.cn/africa/20230727/31bccf0be3344f128e61c76b7566a7d4/c.html |archive-date=26 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=english.news.cn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tentative de Coup d'Etat au Niger : l'Algérie condamne une «atteinte à l'ordre constitutionnel » |trans-title=Coup attempt in Niger: Algeria condemns an "attack on the constitutional order" |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/monde/tentative-de-coup-d-etat-au-niger-l-alg%C3%A9rie-condamne-une-atteinte-%C3%A0-l-ordre-constitutionnel-/2955164 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142342/https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/monde/tentative-de-coup-d-etat-au-niger-l-alg%C3%A9rie-condamne-une-atteinte-%C3%A0-l-ordre-constitutionnel-/2955164 |archive-date=27 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=www.aa.com.tr}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> [[Tarayyar Turai]], [[Faransa]] da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=2023-07-27 |title=Niger coup: world leaders react to president's detention |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/07/27/niger-coup-world-leaders-react-to-presidents-detention/ |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=Africanews |language=en |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142824/https://www.africanews.com/2023/07/27/niger-coup-world-leaders-react-to-presidents-detention/ |url-status=live }}</ref> suka yi kira da a gaggauta sakin Bazoum. Shugaban kasar [[Benin]] [[Patrice Talon]], wanda ya je Nijar a madadin kungiyar ECOWAS domin tattaunawa, ya kira juyin mulkin da "rashin halayya ta sojoji". Gamayyar siyasar jamhuriyar Nijar ta yi Allah wadai da juyin mulkin da cewa " hauka ce ta kisan kai da kuma nuna adawa da jamhuriya.<ref name="f24">{{Cite web |work=France 24 |title=Niger soldiers say President Bazoum has been removed, borders closed |date=26 July 2023 |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230726-niger-soldiers-say-president-bazoum-has-been-removed-borders-closed |access-date=27 July 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727000421/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230726-niger-soldiers-say-president-bazoum-has-been-removed-borders-closed |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Liikluspolitsei on sõiduki kinni pidanud ja kontrollib juhi dokumente. 2018. aasta mai, Tartu, Aleksandri tänava ots..jpg|thumb]] A ranar 10 ga Agusta, 2023, Kungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Kasashen Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS) ta yanke shawarar ci gaba da rike zabin tsoma bakin soja a Nijar. ta haka ne za a share fagen tattaro rundunar da ya kamata ta kunshi sojojin Najeriya da na Senegal.[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1472546/politique/coup-detat-au-niger-la-cedeao-retient-loption-militaire/]. == Bincike == Juyin mulkin shi ne na bakwai da ya faru a [[Afirka ta Yamma|yammacin Afirka]] da [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|tsakiyar Afirka]] tun daga shekarar 2020. Cameron Hudson, babban jami'i a cibiyar kula da dabaru da nazarin kasa da kasa, ya ce juyin mulkin zai iya yin tasiri a yakin da Nijar ke yi da 'yan ta'addar Islama, inda ya kara da cewa alamu na nuna cewa sojojin Nijar din ba su ji dadin irin tallafin da suke samu na yaki da 'yan ta'adda ba. Ulf Laessing, shugaban shirin Sahel a gidauniyar Konrad Adenauer, ya ce juyin mulkin ya kasance "mafarki" ga yammacin duniya, wanda ya la'anci Bazoum da Nijar a matsayin "sabon tsaro" a yankin. == Bayanan kula == <references group="lower-alpha" responsive="1"></references> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Category:Nijar]] [[Category:Juyin Mulki]] ilnj3w0pqbd23tifm4xmmd9tktm0xgv 874161 874160 2026-07-02T08:24:04Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874161 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} A ranar 26 ga watan [[Yuli|Yulin]] shekara ta alif 2023, [[Rundunar Tsaron Nijar|sojoji]] daga masu gadin fadar shugaban ƙasar, [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] suka tsare [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|shugaba]] [[Mohamed Bazoum]], yayin da kuma wasu gungun sojoji suka sanar da hambarar da shi, suka kuma rufe iyakokin ƙasar, suka dakatar da hukumomin gwamnati tare da ayyana, dokar ta-baci yayin da suke sanar da kafa gwamnatin mulkin soja.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger : ce que l'on sait de la tentative de coup d'Etat en cours contre le président Mohamed Bazoum |trans-title=Niger: what we know about the ongoing coup attempt against President Mohamed Bazoum |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/niger/niger-ce-que-l-on-sait-de-la-tentative-de-coup-d-etat-en-cours-contre-le-president-mohamed-bazoum_5973206.html |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=Franceinfo |language=fr-FR |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726202029/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/niger/niger-ce-que-l-on-sait-de-la-tentative-de-coup-d-etat-en-cours-contre-le-president-mohamed-bazoum_5973206.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Wannan dai shi ne karo na biyar da sojoji suka yi [[Juyin mulkin Gabon 2023|juyin mulki]] tun bayan samun ƴancin kai a shekara alif 1960. == Fage == Kafin juyin mulkin, a baya ƙasar Nijar ta sha juyin mulkin soji har sau huɗu tun bayan samun ƴancin kai daga Faransa a shekara 1960, inda na ƙarshe ya kasance a shekara 2010. A tsakanin, an kuma yi yunkurin juyin mulki da dama, wanda na baya bayan nan shi ne a shekarar 2021, lokacin da ‘yan adawar soji suka yi yunƙurin kwace fadar shugaban ƙasar kwanaki biyu gabanin rantsar da zababben shugaban ƙasa na wancan lokaci [[Bazoum]], wanda shi ne shugaban kasar na farko da ya karbi mulki daga hannun [[Mahamadou Issoufou|zababben shugaban]] kasar ta hanyar dimokuradiyya. {{Efn|In March 2023, a Nigerien official alleged that another coup attempt was made while Bazoum was in [[Turkey]], although the government refused to comment.<ref name="f24"/>}} Har ila yau, juyin mulkin ya zo ne bayan irin abubuwan da suka faru a kasashe makwabta irin su Guinea, [[Mali]] da [[Burkina Faso]] tun daga shekara ta 2020, wanda ya kai ga kiran yankin da sunan "zaman juyin mulki".<ref name="aj1">{{Cite web |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger's Bazoum 'held by guards' in apparent coup attempt |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/26/soldiers-holding-niger-president-inside-palace-security-sources |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=Aljazeera |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727002123/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/26/soldiers-holding-niger-president-inside-palace-security-sources |url-status=live }}</ref> Manazarta sun ce tsadar rayuwa da kuma yadda ake ganin gazawar gwamnati da cin hanci da rashawa ne suka haddasa tayar da ƙayar baya. Kasar dai tana yawan matsayi a kasa a kididdigar ci gaban bil'adama ta [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] kuma ta sha fama da tashe-tashen hankula a karkashin jagorancin [[Al-Qaeda]], [[Daular Musulunci ta Iraƙi|Islamic State]] da [[Boko Haram]], duk da cewa sojojinta na samun horo da tallafin kayan aiki daga Amurka da Faransa, wadanda ke da sansani a can. A shekara ta 2022, ƙasar ta zama cibiyar yaki da jihadi na Faransa a yankin [[Sahel]] bayan korar ta daga Mali da Burkina Faso, inda aka bayyana Bazoum a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan tsirarun shugabannin da ke goyon bayan kasashen yamma a yankin. Tare da juyin mulki da dama da kuma karuwar kyamar Faransa a yankin, Nijar ta zama abokiyar kawancen Faransa ta karshe.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 February 2022 |title=FRANCE 24 |work=Niger becomes France’s partner of last resort after Mali withdrawal |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20220218-niger-becomes-france-s-partner-of-last-resort-after-mali-withdrawal |access-date=27 July 2023 |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726161918/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20220218-niger-becomes-france-s-partner-of-last-resort-after-mali-withdrawal |url-status=live }}</ref> An kuma bayar da rahoton cewa, jami’an da Amurka ta horas da su sun horar da da yawa daga cikin jami’an tsaron fadar shugaban kasar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Turse |first=Nick |date=2023-07-26 |title=Soldiers Mutiny in U.S.-Allied Niger |url=https://production.public.theintercept.cloud/2023/07/26/niger-coup-us-military/ |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=The Intercept |language=en-US}}</ref> == Abubuwan da suka faru == [[File:Bazoum_mhamed.jpg|thumb| [[Mohamed Bazoum|Mohammed Bazoum]], wanda ya mulki Nijar daga shekarar 2021 zuwa 2023]] A safiyar ranar 26 ga watan Yuli, shafin [[Twitter]] na fadar [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|shugaban ƙasar Nijar]] ya sanar da cewa jami'an tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Janar [[Omar Tchiani]] sun gudanar da zanga-zangar kin jinin Jamhuriyar Jama'a kuma suka yi kokarin "a banza" don samun goyon bayan sauran jami'an tsaro. <ref name="aj1" /> Har ila yau, an ce shugaba [[Mohamed Bazoum]] da iyalansa suna cikin koshin lafiya bayan da rahotanni suka bayyana cewa yana tsare a fadar shugaban kasa da ke [[Niamey|Yamai]] babban birnin kasar . <ref name="aj1" /> An kuma kama ministan cikin gida [[Hamadou Souley]] kuma aka tsare shi a cikin fadar, yayin da aka hangi kusan jami'an tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa ashirin a waje da rana. Rahotanni sun ce Tchiani ne ya jagoranci juyin mulkin, wanda masu sharhi suka ce Bazoum ya yi niyyar sauke shi daga mukaminsa. Da safe ne dai aka rufe fadar da ma’aikatun da ke kusa da fadar da motocin sojoji, sannan an hana ma’aikatan fadar shiga ofisoshinsu.<ref name="cnn1">{{cite web |last1=Dean |first1=Sarah |last2=Kennedy |first2=Niamh |last3=Madowo |first3=Larry |date=July 26, 2023 |title=Niger soldiers claim President Mohamed Bazoum has been ousted, deepening coup fears |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[CNN]] |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726233540/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Magoya bayan farar hula 400 na Bazoum ne suka yi kokarin tunkarar fadar, amma jami’an tsaron fadar shugaban kasar sun tarwatsa su da harbin bindiga, inda daya ya jikkata. A wani wurin kuma a birnin Yamai an bayyana lamarin a matsayin kwanciyar hankali. <ref name="aj1" /> Fadar shugaban kasar ta kuma yi ikirarin cewa an gudanar da zanga-zangar nuna goyon baya ga Bazoum a kewayen ofisoshin diflomasiyyar kasar da ke ketare. <ref name="cnn1" /> Dangane da wadannan abubuwan ne sojojin Nijar suka yi wa fadar shugaban kasa kawanya tare da goyon bayan Bazoum. Rundunar ta kuma fitar da wata sanarwa inda ta ce ta samu “manyan muhimman wurare” a kasar. Fadar shugaban kasar ta bayyana cewa sojoji da [[Gardin Sarki|dakarun tsaron kasar]] a shirye suke su kai farmaki kan masu gadin fadar.<ref name="bbc1">{{Cite news |last1=Minjibir |first1=Usman |last2=Macaulay |first2=Cecilia |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger coup attempt: President Mohamed Bazoum held |work=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66312011 |access-date=26 July 2023 |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726115806/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66312011 |url-status=live }}</ref> BBC ta kuma ruwaito cewa dakarun da ke biyayya ga gwamnatin sun yi wa gidan rediyon jihar ORTN kawanya. Ofishin jakadancin Amurka ya yi gargadi game da tafiya a kan Yamai ta Boulevard de la Republique, inda fadar shugaban kasa take. Amma da maraice, [[Rundunar Tsaron Nijar|Rundunar Sojan Sama]] Kanar-Major Amadou Abdramane ya tafi gidan talabijin na gwamnati [[Tele Sahel|Télé Sahel]] yana mai da'awar cewa an cire Shugaba Bazoum daga mulki tare da sanar da kafa Majalisar Tsaro ta Kasa . A zaune tare da wasu jami’ai tara sanye da kakin kakin jami’an tsaro daban-daban, ya ce jami’an tsaro da na tsaro sun yanke shawarar hambarar da gwamnatin “saboda tabarbarewar tsaro da rashin shugabanci na gari. Ya kuma sanar da rusa kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, da dakatar da hukumomin gwamnati, da rufe iyakokin kasar, da kuma dokar hana fita daga karfe 22:00 zuwa 05:00 agogon kasar, inda ya yi gargadi kan duk wani tsoma bakin kasashen waje. Gwamnatin mulkin sojan kasar ta fitar da wani tsawatawa ga Faransa kan keta dokar rufe sararin samaniyar bayan da wani jirgin soji ya sauka a wani sansanin sojin da safiyar yau. <ref name="bbc3" /> A safiyar ranar 27 ga Yuli, Bazoum ya wallafa a shafinsa na twitter cewa 'yan Nijar masu kaunar dimokuradiyya za su ga cewa "za a kiyaye nasarorin da aka samu da wahala". Ministan harkokin wajen kasar [[Hassoumi Massaoudou|Hassoumi Massoudou]] ya shaidawa kafar yada labaran Faransa ta 24 cewa, ikon kasar yana nan kan shugaban kasar, ya kuma kara da cewa Bazoum na cikin koshin lafiya kuma sojojin kasar ba su da hannu a ciki. Ya kuma ayyana kansa a matsayin shugaban kasa kuma ya yi kira ga duk masu neman dimokradiyya da su “sa wannan kasada ta gaza”. Rundunar sojojin Nijar ta fitar da wata sanarwa mai dauke da sa hannun babban hafsan hafsan sojin kasar Janar Abdou Sidikou Issa, inda kuma ta bayyana goyon bayanta ga juyin mulkin, yana mai nuni da bukatar kiyaye mutuncin shugaban kasar da iyalansa tare da kaucewa "mummunan fada...wanda zai iya haifar da zubar da jini da kuma shafar tsaron jama'a."<ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2023 |title=Niger's army command declares support for military coup |url=https://france24.com/en/africa/20230727-niger-s-army-command-declares-support-for-military-coup |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[France 24]] |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142320/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230727-niger-s-army-command-declares-support-for-military-coup |url-status=live }}</ref> A wani jawabi da ya yi a gidan talabijin jim kadan bayan Kanar Abdramane ya sanar da cewa za a dakatar da duk wasu harkokin jam'iyyun siyasa a kasar har sai wani lokaci.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2023 |title=Niger army pledges allegiance to coup makers |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/27/nigerien-army-pledges-allegiance-to-coup-plotters |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[Aljazeera]] |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142352/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/27/nigerien-army-pledges-allegiance-to-coup-plotters |url-status=live }}</ref> Wata zanga-zangar ta gudana tare da magoya bayan juyin mulkin da ke daga tutocin kasar Rasha, inda suka bayyana goyon bayansu ga kungiyar Wagner, da kuma jifa da duwatsu kan motar dan siyasar da ke wucewa. Babu rahoton jikkata. Masu zanga-zangar sun kuma yi tir da kasancewar Faransa da sauran sansanonin kasashen waje.<ref name="ap2">{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-mutinous-soldiers-attempted-coup-2efab1649bea7d89b14dbc9432f5f819|title=Niger's president vows democracy will prevail after mutinous soldiers detain him and declare a coup|date=27 July 2023|website=AP News|access-date=27 July 2023|archive-date=27 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142327/https://apnews.com/article/niger-mutinous-soldiers-attempted-coup-2efab1649bea7d89b14dbc9432f5f819|url-status=live}}</ref> Wasu masu zanga-zangar sun taru a wajen hedkwatar jam’iyyar [[Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism|PNDS-Trayya]] ta Bazoum, inda faifan bidiyo ke nuna yadda suke jifa da kona motoci.<ref name="bbc3">{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66324875 |title=Niger coup: Captive President Bazoum defiant after takeover |date=27 July 2023 |website=BBC |access-date=27 July 2023 |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142355/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66324875 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Martani == [[File:An ECOMIL (Ecowas Mission in Liberia) Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), Landrover Vehicle enters a compound controlled by US Marine Corps (USMC) assigned to Lima-B - DPLA - 2fd69242eeb244c9d485fef6e203bedd.jpeg|thumb]] [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|ECOWAS]] ta yi kokarin tattaunawa da ‘yan adawa amma ta kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ECOWAS Head Says Benin President On Mediation Mission To Niger |url=https://www.barrons.com/articles/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=www.barrons.com |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142406/https://www.barrons.com/news/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |url-status=live }}</ref> An ce magabacin Bazoum a matsayin shugaban ƙasa, [[Mahamadou Issoufou]], da kuma wasu tsaffin shugabannin sun shiga cikin tattaunawar. An yi Allah wadai da juyin mulkin da [[Bankin Duniya]],<ref>{{Cite web |work=al-Arabiya |title=World Bank monitoring Niger's political situation, denounces destabilization attempts |date=27 July 2023 |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2023/07/27/World-Bank-monitoring-Niger-s-political-situation-denounces-destabilization-attempts |access-date=27 July 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727002649/http://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2023/07/27/World-Bank-monitoring-Niger-s-political-situation-denounces-destabilization-attempts |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]], [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], [[Aljeriya]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Algeria strongly condemns coup attempt in Niger-Xinhua |url=https://english.news.cn/africa/20230727/31bccf0be3344f128e61c76b7566a7d4/c.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726193938/https://english.news.cn/africa/20230727/31bccf0be3344f128e61c76b7566a7d4/c.html |archive-date=26 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=english.news.cn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tentative de Coup d'Etat au Niger : l'Algérie condamne une «atteinte à l'ordre constitutionnel » |trans-title=Coup attempt in Niger: Algeria condemns an "attack on the constitutional order" |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/monde/tentative-de-coup-d-etat-au-niger-l-alg%C3%A9rie-condamne-une-atteinte-%C3%A0-l-ordre-constitutionnel-/2955164 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142342/https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/monde/tentative-de-coup-d-etat-au-niger-l-alg%C3%A9rie-condamne-une-atteinte-%C3%A0-l-ordre-constitutionnel-/2955164 |archive-date=27 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=www.aa.com.tr}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> [[Tarayyar Turai]], [[Faransa]] da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=2023-07-27 |title=Niger coup: world leaders react to president's detention |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/07/27/niger-coup-world-leaders-react-to-presidents-detention/ |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=Africanews |language=en |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142824/https://www.africanews.com/2023/07/27/niger-coup-world-leaders-react-to-presidents-detention/ |url-status=live }}</ref> suka yi kira da a gaggauta sakin Bazoum. Shugaban kasar [[Benin]] [[Patrice Talon]], wanda ya je Nijar a madadin kungiyar ECOWAS domin tattaunawa, ya kira juyin mulkin da "rashin halayya ta sojoji". Gamayyar siyasar jamhuriyar Nijar ta yi Allah wadai da juyin mulkin da cewa " hauka ce ta kisan kai da kuma nuna adawa da jamhuriya.<ref name="f24">{{Cite web |work=France 24 |title=Niger soldiers say President Bazoum has been removed, borders closed |date=26 July 2023 |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230726-niger-soldiers-say-president-bazoum-has-been-removed-borders-closed |access-date=27 July 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727000421/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230726-niger-soldiers-say-president-bazoum-has-been-removed-borders-closed |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Liikluspolitsei on sõiduki kinni pidanud ja kontrollib juhi dokumente. 2018. aasta mai, Tartu, Aleksandri tänava ots..jpg|thumb]] A ranar 10 ga Agusta, 2023, Kungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Kasashen Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS) ta yanke shawarar ci gaba da rike zabin tsoma bakin soja a Nijar. ta haka ne za a share fagen tattaro rundunar da ya kamata ta kunshi sojojin Najeriya da na Senegal.[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1472546/politique/coup-detat-au-niger-la-cedeao-retient-loption-militaire/]. == Bincike == Juyin mulkin shi ne na bakwai da ya faru a [[Afirka ta Yamma|yammacin Afirka]] da [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|tsakiyar Afirka]] tun daga shekarar 2020. Cameron Hudson, babban jami'i a cibiyar kula da dabaru da nazarin kasa da kasa, ya ce juyin mulkin zai iya yin tasiri a yakin da Nijar ke yi da 'yan ta'addar Islama, inda ya kara da cewa alamu na nuna cewa sojojin Nijar din ba su ji dadin irin tallafin da suke samu na yaki da 'yan ta'adda ba. Ulf Laessing, shugaban shirin Sahel a gidauniyar Konrad Adenauer, ya ce juyin mulkin ya kasance "mafarki" ga yammacin duniya, wanda ya la'anci Bazoum da Nijar a matsayin "sabon tsaro" a yankin. == Bayanan kula == <references group="lower-alpha" responsive="1"></references> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Category:Nijar]] [[Category:Juyin Mulki]] m9si0w4ozm57fnub79l4cfojnyaxd5f 874162 874161 2026-07-02T08:24:29Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874162 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} A ranar 26 ga watan [[Yuli|Yulin]] shekara ta alif 2023, [[Rundunar Tsaron Nijar|sojoji]] daga masu gadin fadar shugaban ƙasar, [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] suka tsare [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|shugaba]] [[Mohamed Bazoum]], yayin da kuma wasu gungun sojoji suka sanar da hambarar da shi, suka kuma rufe iyakokin ƙasar, suka dakatar da hukumomin gwamnati tare da ayyana, dokar ta-baci yayin da suke sanar da kafa gwamnatin mulkin soja.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger : ce que l'on sait de la tentative de coup d'Etat en cours contre le président Mohamed Bazoum |trans-title=Niger: what we know about the ongoing coup attempt against President Mohamed Bazoum |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/niger/niger-ce-que-l-on-sait-de-la-tentative-de-coup-d-etat-en-cours-contre-le-president-mohamed-bazoum_5973206.html |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=Franceinfo |language=fr-FR |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726202029/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/niger/niger-ce-que-l-on-sait-de-la-tentative-de-coup-d-etat-en-cours-contre-le-president-mohamed-bazoum_5973206.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Wannan dai shi ne karo na biyar da sojoji suka yi [[Juyin mulkin Gabon 2023|juyin mulki]] tun bayan samun ƴancin kai a shekara alif 1960. == Fage == Kafin juyin mulkin, a baya ƙasar Nijar ta sha juyin mulkin soji har sau huɗu tun bayan samun ƴancin kai daga Faransa a shekara a 1960, inda na ƙarshe ya kasance a shekara 2010. A tsakanin, an kuma yi yunkurin juyin mulki da dama, wanda na baya bayan nan shi ne a shekarar 2021, lokacin da ‘yan adawar soji suka yi yunƙurin kwace fadar shugaban ƙasar kwanaki biyu gabanin rantsar da zababben shugaban ƙasa na wancan lokaci [[Bazoum]], wanda shi ne shugaban kasar na farko da ya karbi mulki daga hannun [[Mahamadou Issoufou|zababben shugaban]] kasar ta hanyar dimokuradiyya. {{Efn|In March 2023, a Nigerien official alleged that another coup attempt was made while Bazoum was in [[Turkey]], although the government refused to comment.<ref name="f24"/>}} Har ila yau, juyin mulkin ya zo ne bayan irin abubuwan da suka faru a kasashe makwabta irin su Guinea, [[Mali]] da [[Burkina Faso]] tun daga shekara ta 2020, wanda ya kai ga kiran yankin da sunan "zaman juyin mulki".<ref name="aj1">{{Cite web |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger's Bazoum 'held by guards' in apparent coup attempt |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/26/soldiers-holding-niger-president-inside-palace-security-sources |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=Aljazeera |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727002123/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/26/soldiers-holding-niger-president-inside-palace-security-sources |url-status=live }}</ref> Manazarta sun ce tsadar rayuwa da kuma yadda ake ganin gazawar gwamnati da cin hanci da rashawa ne suka haddasa tayar da ƙayar baya. Kasar dai tana yawan matsayi a kasa a kididdigar ci gaban bil'adama ta [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] kuma ta sha fama da tashe-tashen hankula a karkashin jagorancin [[Al-Qaeda]], [[Daular Musulunci ta Iraƙi|Islamic State]] da [[Boko Haram]], duk da cewa sojojinta na samun horo da tallafin kayan aiki daga Amurka da Faransa, wadanda ke da sansani a can. A shekara ta 2022, ƙasar ta zama cibiyar yaki da jihadi na Faransa a yankin [[Sahel]] bayan korar ta daga Mali da Burkina Faso, inda aka bayyana Bazoum a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan tsirarun shugabannin da ke goyon bayan kasashen yamma a yankin. Tare da juyin mulki da dama da kuma karuwar kyamar Faransa a yankin, Nijar ta zama abokiyar kawancen Faransa ta karshe.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 February 2022 |title=FRANCE 24 |work=Niger becomes France’s partner of last resort after Mali withdrawal |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20220218-niger-becomes-france-s-partner-of-last-resort-after-mali-withdrawal |access-date=27 July 2023 |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726161918/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20220218-niger-becomes-france-s-partner-of-last-resort-after-mali-withdrawal |url-status=live }}</ref> An kuma bayar da rahoton cewa, jami’an da Amurka ta horas da su sun horar da da yawa daga cikin jami’an tsaron fadar shugaban kasar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Turse |first=Nick |date=2023-07-26 |title=Soldiers Mutiny in U.S.-Allied Niger |url=https://production.public.theintercept.cloud/2023/07/26/niger-coup-us-military/ |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=The Intercept |language=en-US}}</ref> == Abubuwan da suka faru == [[File:Bazoum_mhamed.jpg|thumb| [[Mohamed Bazoum|Mohammed Bazoum]], wanda ya mulki Nijar daga shekarar 2021 zuwa 2023]] A safiyar ranar 26 ga watan Yuli, shafin [[Twitter]] na fadar [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|shugaban ƙasar Nijar]] ya sanar da cewa jami'an tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Janar [[Omar Tchiani]] sun gudanar da zanga-zangar kin jinin Jamhuriyar Jama'a kuma suka yi kokarin "a banza" don samun goyon bayan sauran jami'an tsaro. <ref name="aj1" /> Har ila yau, an ce shugaba [[Mohamed Bazoum]] da iyalansa suna cikin koshin lafiya bayan da rahotanni suka bayyana cewa yana tsare a fadar shugaban kasa da ke [[Niamey|Yamai]] babban birnin kasar . <ref name="aj1" /> An kuma kama ministan cikin gida [[Hamadou Souley]] kuma aka tsare shi a cikin fadar, yayin da aka hangi kusan jami'an tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa ashirin a waje da rana. Rahotanni sun ce Tchiani ne ya jagoranci juyin mulkin, wanda masu sharhi suka ce Bazoum ya yi niyyar sauke shi daga mukaminsa. Da safe ne dai aka rufe fadar da ma’aikatun da ke kusa da fadar da motocin sojoji, sannan an hana ma’aikatan fadar shiga ofisoshinsu.<ref name="cnn1">{{cite web |last1=Dean |first1=Sarah |last2=Kennedy |first2=Niamh |last3=Madowo |first3=Larry |date=July 26, 2023 |title=Niger soldiers claim President Mohamed Bazoum has been ousted, deepening coup fears |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[CNN]] |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726233540/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Magoya bayan farar hula 400 na Bazoum ne suka yi kokarin tunkarar fadar, amma jami’an tsaron fadar shugaban kasar sun tarwatsa su da harbin bindiga, inda daya ya jikkata. A wani wurin kuma a birnin Yamai an bayyana lamarin a matsayin kwanciyar hankali. <ref name="aj1" /> Fadar shugaban kasar ta kuma yi ikirarin cewa an gudanar da zanga-zangar nuna goyon baya ga Bazoum a kewayen ofisoshin diflomasiyyar kasar da ke ketare. <ref name="cnn1" /> Dangane da wadannan abubuwan ne sojojin Nijar suka yi wa fadar shugaban kasa kawanya tare da goyon bayan Bazoum. Rundunar ta kuma fitar da wata sanarwa inda ta ce ta samu “manyan muhimman wurare” a kasar. Fadar shugaban kasar ta bayyana cewa sojoji da [[Gardin Sarki|dakarun tsaron kasar]] a shirye suke su kai farmaki kan masu gadin fadar.<ref name="bbc1">{{Cite news |last1=Minjibir |first1=Usman |last2=Macaulay |first2=Cecilia |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger coup attempt: President Mohamed Bazoum held |work=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66312011 |access-date=26 July 2023 |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726115806/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66312011 |url-status=live }}</ref> BBC ta kuma ruwaito cewa dakarun da ke biyayya ga gwamnatin sun yi wa gidan rediyon jihar ORTN kawanya. Ofishin jakadancin Amurka ya yi gargadi game da tafiya a kan Yamai ta Boulevard de la Republique, inda fadar shugaban kasa take. Amma da maraice, [[Rundunar Tsaron Nijar|Rundunar Sojan Sama]] Kanar-Major Amadou Abdramane ya tafi gidan talabijin na gwamnati [[Tele Sahel|Télé Sahel]] yana mai da'awar cewa an cire Shugaba Bazoum daga mulki tare da sanar da kafa Majalisar Tsaro ta Kasa . A zaune tare da wasu jami’ai tara sanye da kakin kakin jami’an tsaro daban-daban, ya ce jami’an tsaro da na tsaro sun yanke shawarar hambarar da gwamnatin “saboda tabarbarewar tsaro da rashin shugabanci na gari. Ya kuma sanar da rusa kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, da dakatar da hukumomin gwamnati, da rufe iyakokin kasar, da kuma dokar hana fita daga karfe 22:00 zuwa 05:00 agogon kasar, inda ya yi gargadi kan duk wani tsoma bakin kasashen waje. Gwamnatin mulkin sojan kasar ta fitar da wani tsawatawa ga Faransa kan keta dokar rufe sararin samaniyar bayan da wani jirgin soji ya sauka a wani sansanin sojin da safiyar yau. <ref name="bbc3" /> A safiyar ranar 27 ga Yuli, Bazoum ya wallafa a shafinsa na twitter cewa 'yan Nijar masu kaunar dimokuradiyya za su ga cewa "za a kiyaye nasarorin da aka samu da wahala". Ministan harkokin wajen kasar [[Hassoumi Massaoudou|Hassoumi Massoudou]] ya shaidawa kafar yada labaran Faransa ta 24 cewa, ikon kasar yana nan kan shugaban kasar, ya kuma kara da cewa Bazoum na cikin koshin lafiya kuma sojojin kasar ba su da hannu a ciki. Ya kuma ayyana kansa a matsayin shugaban kasa kuma ya yi kira ga duk masu neman dimokradiyya da su “sa wannan kasada ta gaza”. Rundunar sojojin Nijar ta fitar da wata sanarwa mai dauke da sa hannun babban hafsan hafsan sojin kasar Janar Abdou Sidikou Issa, inda kuma ta bayyana goyon bayanta ga juyin mulkin, yana mai nuni da bukatar kiyaye mutuncin shugaban kasar da iyalansa tare da kaucewa "mummunan fada...wanda zai iya haifar da zubar da jini da kuma shafar tsaron jama'a."<ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2023 |title=Niger's army command declares support for military coup |url=https://france24.com/en/africa/20230727-niger-s-army-command-declares-support-for-military-coup |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[France 24]] |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142320/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230727-niger-s-army-command-declares-support-for-military-coup |url-status=live }}</ref> A wani jawabi da ya yi a gidan talabijin jim kadan bayan Kanar Abdramane ya sanar da cewa za a dakatar da duk wasu harkokin jam'iyyun siyasa a kasar har sai wani lokaci.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2023 |title=Niger army pledges allegiance to coup makers |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/27/nigerien-army-pledges-allegiance-to-coup-plotters |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[Aljazeera]] |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142352/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/27/nigerien-army-pledges-allegiance-to-coup-plotters |url-status=live }}</ref> Wata zanga-zangar ta gudana tare da magoya bayan juyin mulkin da ke daga tutocin kasar Rasha, inda suka bayyana goyon bayansu ga kungiyar Wagner, da kuma jifa da duwatsu kan motar dan siyasar da ke wucewa. Babu rahoton jikkata. Masu zanga-zangar sun kuma yi tir da kasancewar Faransa da sauran sansanonin kasashen waje.<ref name="ap2">{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-mutinous-soldiers-attempted-coup-2efab1649bea7d89b14dbc9432f5f819|title=Niger's president vows democracy will prevail after mutinous soldiers detain him and declare a coup|date=27 July 2023|website=AP News|access-date=27 July 2023|archive-date=27 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142327/https://apnews.com/article/niger-mutinous-soldiers-attempted-coup-2efab1649bea7d89b14dbc9432f5f819|url-status=live}}</ref> Wasu masu zanga-zangar sun taru a wajen hedkwatar jam’iyyar [[Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism|PNDS-Trayya]] ta Bazoum, inda faifan bidiyo ke nuna yadda suke jifa da kona motoci.<ref name="bbc3">{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66324875 |title=Niger coup: Captive President Bazoum defiant after takeover |date=27 July 2023 |website=BBC |access-date=27 July 2023 |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142355/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66324875 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Martani == [[File:An ECOMIL (Ecowas Mission in Liberia) Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), Landrover Vehicle enters a compound controlled by US Marine Corps (USMC) assigned to Lima-B - DPLA - 2fd69242eeb244c9d485fef6e203bedd.jpeg|thumb]] [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|ECOWAS]] ta yi kokarin tattaunawa da ‘yan adawa amma ta kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ECOWAS Head Says Benin President On Mediation Mission To Niger |url=https://www.barrons.com/articles/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=www.barrons.com |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142406/https://www.barrons.com/news/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |url-status=live }}</ref> An ce magabacin Bazoum a matsayin shugaban ƙasa, [[Mahamadou Issoufou]], da kuma wasu tsaffin shugabannin sun shiga cikin tattaunawar. An yi Allah wadai da juyin mulkin da [[Bankin Duniya]],<ref>{{Cite web |work=al-Arabiya |title=World Bank monitoring Niger's political situation, denounces destabilization attempts |date=27 July 2023 |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2023/07/27/World-Bank-monitoring-Niger-s-political-situation-denounces-destabilization-attempts |access-date=27 July 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727002649/http://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2023/07/27/World-Bank-monitoring-Niger-s-political-situation-denounces-destabilization-attempts |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]], [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], [[Aljeriya]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Algeria strongly condemns coup attempt in Niger-Xinhua |url=https://english.news.cn/africa/20230727/31bccf0be3344f128e61c76b7566a7d4/c.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726193938/https://english.news.cn/africa/20230727/31bccf0be3344f128e61c76b7566a7d4/c.html |archive-date=26 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=english.news.cn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tentative de Coup d'Etat au Niger : l'Algérie condamne une «atteinte à l'ordre constitutionnel » |trans-title=Coup attempt in Niger: Algeria condemns an "attack on the constitutional order" |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/monde/tentative-de-coup-d-etat-au-niger-l-alg%C3%A9rie-condamne-une-atteinte-%C3%A0-l-ordre-constitutionnel-/2955164 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142342/https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/monde/tentative-de-coup-d-etat-au-niger-l-alg%C3%A9rie-condamne-une-atteinte-%C3%A0-l-ordre-constitutionnel-/2955164 |archive-date=27 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=www.aa.com.tr}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> [[Tarayyar Turai]], [[Faransa]] da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=2023-07-27 |title=Niger coup: world leaders react to president's detention |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/07/27/niger-coup-world-leaders-react-to-presidents-detention/ |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=Africanews |language=en |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142824/https://www.africanews.com/2023/07/27/niger-coup-world-leaders-react-to-presidents-detention/ |url-status=live }}</ref> suka yi kira da a gaggauta sakin Bazoum. Shugaban kasar [[Benin]] [[Patrice Talon]], wanda ya je Nijar a madadin kungiyar ECOWAS domin tattaunawa, ya kira juyin mulkin da "rashin halayya ta sojoji". Gamayyar siyasar jamhuriyar Nijar ta yi Allah wadai da juyin mulkin da cewa " hauka ce ta kisan kai da kuma nuna adawa da jamhuriya.<ref name="f24">{{Cite web |work=France 24 |title=Niger soldiers say President Bazoum has been removed, borders closed |date=26 July 2023 |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230726-niger-soldiers-say-president-bazoum-has-been-removed-borders-closed |access-date=27 July 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727000421/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230726-niger-soldiers-say-president-bazoum-has-been-removed-borders-closed |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Liikluspolitsei on sõiduki kinni pidanud ja kontrollib juhi dokumente. 2018. aasta mai, Tartu, Aleksandri tänava ots..jpg|thumb]] A ranar 10 ga Agusta, 2023, Kungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Kasashen Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS) ta yanke shawarar ci gaba da rike zabin tsoma bakin soja a Nijar. ta haka ne za a share fagen tattaro rundunar da ya kamata ta kunshi sojojin Najeriya da na Senegal.[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1472546/politique/coup-detat-au-niger-la-cedeao-retient-loption-militaire/]. == Bincike == Juyin mulkin shi ne na bakwai da ya faru a [[Afirka ta Yamma|yammacin Afirka]] da [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|tsakiyar Afirka]] tun daga shekarar 2020. Cameron Hudson, babban jami'i a cibiyar kula da dabaru da nazarin kasa da kasa, ya ce juyin mulkin zai iya yin tasiri a yakin da Nijar ke yi da 'yan ta'addar Islama, inda ya kara da cewa alamu na nuna cewa sojojin Nijar din ba su ji dadin irin tallafin da suke samu na yaki da 'yan ta'adda ba. Ulf Laessing, shugaban shirin Sahel a gidauniyar Konrad Adenauer, ya ce juyin mulkin ya kasance "mafarki" ga yammacin duniya, wanda ya la'anci Bazoum da Nijar a matsayin "sabon tsaro" a yankin. == Bayanan kula == <references group="lower-alpha" responsive="1"></references> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Category:Nijar]] [[Category:Juyin Mulki]] 3wascg9lrv46isxfoy9lgtbo6qx4c93 874164 874162 2026-07-02T08:26:02Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874164 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} A ranar 26 ga watan [[Yuli|Yulin]] shekara ta alif 2023, [[Rundunar Tsaron Nijar|sojoji]] daga masu gadin fadar shugaban ƙasar, [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] suka tsare [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|shugaba]] [[Mohamed Bazoum]], yayin da kuma wasu gungun sojoji suka sanar da hambarar da shi, suka kuma rufe iyakokin ƙasar, suka dakatar da hukumomin gwamnati tare da ayyana, dokar ta-baci yayin da suke sanar da kafa gwamnatin mulkin soja.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger : ce que l'on sait de la tentative de coup d'Etat en cours contre le président Mohamed Bazoum |trans-title=Niger: what we know about the ongoing coup attempt against President Mohamed Bazoum |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/niger/niger-ce-que-l-on-sait-de-la-tentative-de-coup-d-etat-en-cours-contre-le-president-mohamed-bazoum_5973206.html |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=Franceinfo |language=fr-FR |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726202029/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/niger/niger-ce-que-l-on-sait-de-la-tentative-de-coup-d-etat-en-cours-contre-le-president-mohamed-bazoum_5973206.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Wannan dai shi ne karo na biyar da sojoji suka yi [[Juyin mulkin Gabon 2023|juyin mulki]] tun bayan samun ƴancin kai a shekara alif 1960. == Fage == Kafin juyin mulkin, a baya ƙasar Nijar ta sha juyin mulkin soji har sau huɗu tun bayan samun ƴancin kai daga Faransa a shekara alif 1960, inda na ƙarshe ya kasance a shekara 2010. A tsakanin, an kuma yi yunkurin juyin mulki da dama, wanda na baya bayan nan shi ne a shekarar 2021, lokacin da ‘yan adawar soji suka yi yunƙurin kwace fadar shugaban ƙasar kwanaki biyu gabanin rantsar da zababben shugaban ƙasa na wancan lokaci [[Bazoum]], wanda shi ne shugaban kasar na farko da ya karbi mulki daga hannun [[Mahamadou Issoufou|zababben shugaban]] kasar ta hanyar dimokuradiyya. {{Efn|In March 2023, a Nigerien official alleged that another coup attempt was made while Bazoum was in [[Turkey]], although the government refused to comment.<ref name="f24"/>}} Har ila yau, juyin mulkin ya zo ne bayan irin abubuwan da suka faru a kasashe makwabta irin su Guinea, [[Mali]] da [[Burkina Faso]] tun daga shekara ta 2020, wanda ya kai ga kiran yankin da sunan "zaman juyin mulki".<ref name="aj1">{{Cite web |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger's Bazoum 'held by guards' in apparent coup attempt |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/26/soldiers-holding-niger-president-inside-palace-security-sources |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=Aljazeera |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727002123/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/26/soldiers-holding-niger-president-inside-palace-security-sources |url-status=live }}</ref> Manazarta sun ce tsadar rayuwa da kuma yadda ake ganin gazawar gwamnati da cin hanci da rashawa ne suka haddasa tayar da ƙayar baya. Kasar dai tana yawan matsayi a kasa a kididdigar ci gaban bil'adama ta [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] kuma ta sha fama da tashe-tashen hankula a karkashin jagorancin [[Al-Qaeda]], [[Daular Musulunci ta Iraƙi|Islamic State]] da [[Boko Haram]], duk da cewa sojojinta na samun horo da tallafin kayan aiki daga Amurka da Faransa, wadanda ke da sansani a can. A shekara ta 2022, ƙasar ta zama cibiyar yaki da jihadi na Faransa a yankin [[Sahel]] bayan korar ta daga Mali da Burkina Faso, inda aka bayyana Bazoum a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan tsirarun shugabannin da ke goyon bayan kasashen yamma a yankin. Tare da juyin mulki da dama da kuma karuwar kyamar Faransa a yankin, Nijar ta zama abokiyar kawancen Faransa ta karshe.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 February 2022 |title=FRANCE 24 |work=Niger becomes France’s partner of last resort after Mali withdrawal |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20220218-niger-becomes-france-s-partner-of-last-resort-after-mali-withdrawal |access-date=27 July 2023 |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726161918/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20220218-niger-becomes-france-s-partner-of-last-resort-after-mali-withdrawal |url-status=live }}</ref> An kuma bayar da rahoton cewa, jami’an da Amurka ta horas da su sun horar da da yawa daga cikin jami’an tsaron fadar shugaban kasar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Turse |first=Nick |date=2023-07-26 |title=Soldiers Mutiny in U.S.-Allied Niger |url=https://production.public.theintercept.cloud/2023/07/26/niger-coup-us-military/ |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=The Intercept |language=en-US}}</ref> == Abubuwan da suka faru == [[File:Bazoum_mhamed.jpg|thumb| [[Mohamed Bazoum|Mohammed Bazoum]], wanda ya mulki Nijar daga shekarar 2021 zuwa 2023]] A safiyar ranar 26 ga watan Yuli, shafin [[Twitter]] na fadar [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|shugaban ƙasar Nijar]] ya sanar da cewa jami'an tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Janar [[Omar Tchiani]] sun gudanar da zanga-zangar kin jinin Jamhuriyar Jama'a kuma suka yi kokarin "a banza" don samun goyon bayan sauran jami'an tsaro. <ref name="aj1" /> Har ila yau, an ce shugaba [[Mohamed Bazoum]] da iyalansa suna cikin koshin lafiya bayan da rahotanni suka bayyana cewa yana tsare a fadar shugaban kasa da ke [[Niamey|Yamai]] babban birnin kasar . <ref name="aj1" /> An kuma kama ministan cikin gida [[Hamadou Souley]] kuma aka tsare shi a cikin fadar, yayin da aka hangi kusan jami'an tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa ashirin a waje da rana. Rahotanni sun ce Tchiani ne ya jagoranci juyin mulkin, wanda masu sharhi suka ce Bazoum ya yi niyyar sauke shi daga mukaminsa. Da safe ne dai aka rufe fadar da ma’aikatun da ke kusa da fadar da motocin sojoji, sannan an hana ma’aikatan fadar shiga ofisoshinsu.<ref name="cnn1">{{cite web |last1=Dean |first1=Sarah |last2=Kennedy |first2=Niamh |last3=Madowo |first3=Larry |date=July 26, 2023 |title=Niger soldiers claim President Mohamed Bazoum has been ousted, deepening coup fears |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[CNN]] |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726233540/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Magoya bayan farar hula 400 na Bazoum ne suka yi kokarin tunkarar fadar, amma jami’an tsaron fadar shugaban kasar sun tarwatsa su da harbin bindiga, inda daya ya jikkata. A wani wurin kuma a birnin Yamai an bayyana lamarin a matsayin kwanciyar hankali. <ref name="aj1" /> Fadar shugaban kasar ta kuma yi ikirarin cewa an gudanar da zanga-zangar nuna goyon baya ga Bazoum a kewayen ofisoshin diflomasiyyar kasar da ke ketare. <ref name="cnn1" /> Dangane da wadannan abubuwan ne sojojin Nijar suka yi wa fadar shugaban kasa kawanya tare da goyon bayan Bazoum. Rundunar ta kuma fitar da wata sanarwa inda ta ce ta samu “manyan muhimman wurare” a kasar. Fadar shugaban kasar ta bayyana cewa sojoji da [[Gardin Sarki|dakarun tsaron kasar]] a shirye suke su kai farmaki kan masu gadin fadar.<ref name="bbc1">{{Cite news |last1=Minjibir |first1=Usman |last2=Macaulay |first2=Cecilia |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger coup attempt: President Mohamed Bazoum held |work=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66312011 |access-date=26 July 2023 |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726115806/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66312011 |url-status=live }}</ref> BBC ta kuma ruwaito cewa dakarun da ke biyayya ga gwamnatin sun yi wa gidan rediyon jihar ORTN kawanya. Ofishin jakadancin Amurka ya yi gargadi game da tafiya a kan Yamai ta Boulevard de la Republique, inda fadar shugaban kasa take. Amma da maraice, [[Rundunar Tsaron Nijar|Rundunar Sojan Sama]] Kanar-Major Amadou Abdramane ya tafi gidan talabijin na gwamnati [[Tele Sahel|Télé Sahel]] yana mai da'awar cewa an cire Shugaba Bazoum daga mulki tare da sanar da kafa Majalisar Tsaro ta Kasa . A zaune tare da wasu jami’ai tara sanye da kakin kakin jami’an tsaro daban-daban, ya ce jami’an tsaro da na tsaro sun yanke shawarar hambarar da gwamnatin “saboda tabarbarewar tsaro da rashin shugabanci na gari. Ya kuma sanar da rusa kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, da dakatar da hukumomin gwamnati, da rufe iyakokin kasar, da kuma dokar hana fita daga karfe 22:00 zuwa 05:00 agogon kasar, inda ya yi gargadi kan duk wani tsoma bakin kasashen waje. Gwamnatin mulkin sojan kasar ta fitar da wani tsawatawa ga Faransa kan keta dokar rufe sararin samaniyar bayan da wani jirgin soji ya sauka a wani sansanin sojin da safiyar yau. <ref name="bbc3" /> A safiyar ranar 27 ga Yuli, Bazoum ya wallafa a shafinsa na twitter cewa 'yan Nijar masu kaunar dimokuradiyya za su ga cewa "za a kiyaye nasarorin da aka samu da wahala". Ministan harkokin wajen kasar [[Hassoumi Massaoudou|Hassoumi Massoudou]] ya shaidawa kafar yada labaran Faransa ta 24 cewa, ikon kasar yana nan kan shugaban kasar, ya kuma kara da cewa Bazoum na cikin koshin lafiya kuma sojojin kasar ba su da hannu a ciki. Ya kuma ayyana kansa a matsayin shugaban kasa kuma ya yi kira ga duk masu neman dimokradiyya da su “sa wannan kasada ta gaza”. Rundunar sojojin Nijar ta fitar da wata sanarwa mai dauke da sa hannun babban hafsan hafsan sojin kasar Janar Abdou Sidikou Issa, inda kuma ta bayyana goyon bayanta ga juyin mulkin, yana mai nuni da bukatar kiyaye mutuncin shugaban kasar da iyalansa tare da kaucewa "mummunan fada...wanda zai iya haifar da zubar da jini da kuma shafar tsaron jama'a."<ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2023 |title=Niger's army command declares support for military coup |url=https://france24.com/en/africa/20230727-niger-s-army-command-declares-support-for-military-coup |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[France 24]] |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142320/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230727-niger-s-army-command-declares-support-for-military-coup |url-status=live }}</ref> A wani jawabi da ya yi a gidan talabijin jim kadan bayan Kanar Abdramane ya sanar da cewa za a dakatar da duk wasu harkokin jam'iyyun siyasa a kasar har sai wani lokaci.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2023 |title=Niger army pledges allegiance to coup makers |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/27/nigerien-army-pledges-allegiance-to-coup-plotters |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[Aljazeera]] |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142352/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/27/nigerien-army-pledges-allegiance-to-coup-plotters |url-status=live }}</ref> Wata zanga-zangar ta gudana tare da magoya bayan juyin mulkin da ke daga tutocin kasar Rasha, inda suka bayyana goyon bayansu ga kungiyar Wagner, da kuma jifa da duwatsu kan motar dan siyasar da ke wucewa. Babu rahoton jikkata. Masu zanga-zangar sun kuma yi tir da kasancewar Faransa da sauran sansanonin kasashen waje.<ref name="ap2">{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-mutinous-soldiers-attempted-coup-2efab1649bea7d89b14dbc9432f5f819|title=Niger's president vows democracy will prevail after mutinous soldiers detain him and declare a coup|date=27 July 2023|website=AP News|access-date=27 July 2023|archive-date=27 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142327/https://apnews.com/article/niger-mutinous-soldiers-attempted-coup-2efab1649bea7d89b14dbc9432f5f819|url-status=live}}</ref> Wasu masu zanga-zangar sun taru a wajen hedkwatar jam’iyyar [[Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism|PNDS-Trayya]] ta Bazoum, inda faifan bidiyo ke nuna yadda suke jifa da kona motoci.<ref name="bbc3">{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66324875 |title=Niger coup: Captive President Bazoum defiant after takeover |date=27 July 2023 |website=BBC |access-date=27 July 2023 |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142355/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66324875 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Martani == [[File:An ECOMIL (Ecowas Mission in Liberia) Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), Landrover Vehicle enters a compound controlled by US Marine Corps (USMC) assigned to Lima-B - DPLA - 2fd69242eeb244c9d485fef6e203bedd.jpeg|thumb]] [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|ECOWAS]] ta yi kokarin tattaunawa da ‘yan adawa amma ta kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ECOWAS Head Says Benin President On Mediation Mission To Niger |url=https://www.barrons.com/articles/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=www.barrons.com |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142406/https://www.barrons.com/news/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |url-status=live }}</ref> An ce magabacin Bazoum a matsayin shugaban ƙasa, [[Mahamadou Issoufou]], da kuma wasu tsaffin shugabannin sun shiga cikin tattaunawar. An yi Allah wadai da juyin mulkin da [[Bankin Duniya]],<ref>{{Cite web |work=al-Arabiya |title=World Bank monitoring Niger's political situation, denounces destabilization attempts |date=27 July 2023 |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2023/07/27/World-Bank-monitoring-Niger-s-political-situation-denounces-destabilization-attempts |access-date=27 July 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727002649/http://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2023/07/27/World-Bank-monitoring-Niger-s-political-situation-denounces-destabilization-attempts |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]], [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], [[Aljeriya]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Algeria strongly condemns coup attempt in Niger-Xinhua |url=https://english.news.cn/africa/20230727/31bccf0be3344f128e61c76b7566a7d4/c.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726193938/https://english.news.cn/africa/20230727/31bccf0be3344f128e61c76b7566a7d4/c.html |archive-date=26 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=english.news.cn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tentative de Coup d'Etat au Niger : l'Algérie condamne une «atteinte à l'ordre constitutionnel » |trans-title=Coup attempt in Niger: Algeria condemns an "attack on the constitutional order" |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/monde/tentative-de-coup-d-etat-au-niger-l-alg%C3%A9rie-condamne-une-atteinte-%C3%A0-l-ordre-constitutionnel-/2955164 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142342/https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/monde/tentative-de-coup-d-etat-au-niger-l-alg%C3%A9rie-condamne-une-atteinte-%C3%A0-l-ordre-constitutionnel-/2955164 |archive-date=27 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=www.aa.com.tr}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> [[Tarayyar Turai]], [[Faransa]] da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=2023-07-27 |title=Niger coup: world leaders react to president's detention |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/07/27/niger-coup-world-leaders-react-to-presidents-detention/ |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=Africanews |language=en |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142824/https://www.africanews.com/2023/07/27/niger-coup-world-leaders-react-to-presidents-detention/ |url-status=live }}</ref> suka yi kira da a gaggauta sakin Bazoum. Shugaban kasar [[Benin]] [[Patrice Talon]], wanda ya je Nijar a madadin kungiyar ECOWAS domin tattaunawa, ya kira juyin mulkin da "rashin halayya ta sojoji". Gamayyar siyasar jamhuriyar Nijar ta yi Allah wadai da juyin mulkin da cewa " hauka ce ta kisan kai da kuma nuna adawa da jamhuriya.<ref name="f24">{{Cite web |work=France 24 |title=Niger soldiers say President Bazoum has been removed, borders closed |date=26 July 2023 |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230726-niger-soldiers-say-president-bazoum-has-been-removed-borders-closed |access-date=27 July 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727000421/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230726-niger-soldiers-say-president-bazoum-has-been-removed-borders-closed |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Liikluspolitsei on sõiduki kinni pidanud ja kontrollib juhi dokumente. 2018. aasta mai, Tartu, Aleksandri tänava ots..jpg|thumb]] A ranar 10 ga Agusta, 2023, Kungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Kasashen Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS) ta yanke shawarar ci gaba da rike zabin tsoma bakin soja a Nijar. ta haka ne za a share fagen tattaro rundunar da ya kamata ta kunshi sojojin Najeriya da na Senegal.[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1472546/politique/coup-detat-au-niger-la-cedeao-retient-loption-militaire/]. == Bincike == Juyin mulkin shi ne na bakwai da ya faru a [[Afirka ta Yamma|yammacin Afirka]] da [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|tsakiyar Afirka]] tun daga shekarar 2020. Cameron Hudson, babban jami'i a cibiyar kula da dabaru da nazarin kasa da kasa, ya ce juyin mulkin zai iya yin tasiri a yakin da Nijar ke yi da 'yan ta'addar Islama, inda ya kara da cewa alamu na nuna cewa sojojin Nijar din ba su ji dadin irin tallafin da suke samu na yaki da 'yan ta'adda ba. Ulf Laessing, shugaban shirin Sahel a gidauniyar Konrad Adenauer, ya ce juyin mulkin ya kasance "mafarki" ga yammacin duniya, wanda ya la'anci Bazoum da Nijar a matsayin "sabon tsaro" a yankin. == Bayanan kula == <references group="lower-alpha" responsive="1"></references> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Category:Nijar]] [[Category:Juyin Mulki]] 4y3veezyew4am9xfxdjjaaw5479qscn 874165 874164 2026-07-02T08:26:38Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874165 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} A ranar 26 ga watan [[Yuli|Yulin]] shekara ta alif 2023, [[Rundunar Tsaron Nijar|sojoji]] daga masu gadin fadar shugaban ƙasar, [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] suka tsare [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|shugaba]] [[Mohamed Bazoum]], yayin da kuma wasu gungun sojoji suka sanar da hambarar da shi, suka kuma rufe iyakokin ƙasar, suka dakatar da hukumomin gwamnati tare da ayyana, dokar ta-baci yayin da suke sanar da kafa gwamnatin mulkin soja.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger : ce que l'on sait de la tentative de coup d'Etat en cours contre le président Mohamed Bazoum |trans-title=Niger: what we know about the ongoing coup attempt against President Mohamed Bazoum |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/niger/niger-ce-que-l-on-sait-de-la-tentative-de-coup-d-etat-en-cours-contre-le-president-mohamed-bazoum_5973206.html |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=Franceinfo |language=fr-FR |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726202029/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/niger/niger-ce-que-l-on-sait-de-la-tentative-de-coup-d-etat-en-cours-contre-le-president-mohamed-bazoum_5973206.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Wannan dai shi ne karo na biyar da sojoji suka yi [[Juyin mulkin Gabon 2023|juyin mulki]] tun bayan samun ƴancin kai a shekara alif 1960. == Fage == Kafin juyin mulkin, a baya ƙasar Nijar ta sha juyin mulkin soji har sau huɗu tun bayan samun ƴancin kai daga Faransa a shekara alif 1960, inda na ƙarshe ya kasance a shekara a 2010. A tsakanin, an kuma yi yunkurin juyin mulki da dama, wanda na baya bayan nan shi ne a shekarar 2021, lokacin da ‘yan adawar soji suka yi yunƙurin kwace fadar shugaban ƙasar kwanaki biyu gabanin rantsar da zababben shugaban ƙasa na wancan lokaci [[Bazoum]], wanda shi ne shugaban kasar na farko da ya karbi mulki daga hannun [[Mahamadou Issoufou|zababben shugaban]] kasar ta hanyar dimokuradiyya. {{Efn|In March 2023, a Nigerien official alleged that another coup attempt was made while Bazoum was in [[Turkey]], although the government refused to comment.<ref name="f24"/>}} Har ila yau, juyin mulkin ya zo ne bayan irin abubuwan da suka faru a kasashe makwabta irin su Guinea, [[Mali]] da [[Burkina Faso]] tun daga shekara ta 2020, wanda ya kai ga kiran yankin da sunan "zaman juyin mulki".<ref name="aj1">{{Cite web |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger's Bazoum 'held by guards' in apparent coup attempt |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/26/soldiers-holding-niger-president-inside-palace-security-sources |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=Aljazeera |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727002123/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/26/soldiers-holding-niger-president-inside-palace-security-sources |url-status=live }}</ref> Manazarta sun ce tsadar rayuwa da kuma yadda ake ganin gazawar gwamnati da cin hanci da rashawa ne suka haddasa tayar da ƙayar baya. Kasar dai tana yawan matsayi a kasa a kididdigar ci gaban bil'adama ta [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] kuma ta sha fama da tashe-tashen hankula a karkashin jagorancin [[Al-Qaeda]], [[Daular Musulunci ta Iraƙi|Islamic State]] da [[Boko Haram]], duk da cewa sojojinta na samun horo da tallafin kayan aiki daga Amurka da Faransa, wadanda ke da sansani a can. A shekara ta 2022, ƙasar ta zama cibiyar yaki da jihadi na Faransa a yankin [[Sahel]] bayan korar ta daga Mali da Burkina Faso, inda aka bayyana Bazoum a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan tsirarun shugabannin da ke goyon bayan kasashen yamma a yankin. Tare da juyin mulki da dama da kuma karuwar kyamar Faransa a yankin, Nijar ta zama abokiyar kawancen Faransa ta karshe.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 February 2022 |title=FRANCE 24 |work=Niger becomes France’s partner of last resort after Mali withdrawal |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20220218-niger-becomes-france-s-partner-of-last-resort-after-mali-withdrawal |access-date=27 July 2023 |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726161918/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20220218-niger-becomes-france-s-partner-of-last-resort-after-mali-withdrawal |url-status=live }}</ref> An kuma bayar da rahoton cewa, jami’an da Amurka ta horas da su sun horar da da yawa daga cikin jami’an tsaron fadar shugaban kasar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Turse |first=Nick |date=2023-07-26 |title=Soldiers Mutiny in U.S.-Allied Niger |url=https://production.public.theintercept.cloud/2023/07/26/niger-coup-us-military/ |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=The Intercept |language=en-US}}</ref> == Abubuwan da suka faru == [[File:Bazoum_mhamed.jpg|thumb| [[Mohamed Bazoum|Mohammed Bazoum]], wanda ya mulki Nijar daga shekarar 2021 zuwa 2023]] A safiyar ranar 26 ga watan Yuli, shafin [[Twitter]] na fadar [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|shugaban ƙasar Nijar]] ya sanar da cewa jami'an tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Janar [[Omar Tchiani]] sun gudanar da zanga-zangar kin jinin Jamhuriyar Jama'a kuma suka yi kokarin "a banza" don samun goyon bayan sauran jami'an tsaro. <ref name="aj1" /> Har ila yau, an ce shugaba [[Mohamed Bazoum]] da iyalansa suna cikin koshin lafiya bayan da rahotanni suka bayyana cewa yana tsare a fadar shugaban kasa da ke [[Niamey|Yamai]] babban birnin kasar . <ref name="aj1" /> An kuma kama ministan cikin gida [[Hamadou Souley]] kuma aka tsare shi a cikin fadar, yayin da aka hangi kusan jami'an tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa ashirin a waje da rana. Rahotanni sun ce Tchiani ne ya jagoranci juyin mulkin, wanda masu sharhi suka ce Bazoum ya yi niyyar sauke shi daga mukaminsa. Da safe ne dai aka rufe fadar da ma’aikatun da ke kusa da fadar da motocin sojoji, sannan an hana ma’aikatan fadar shiga ofisoshinsu.<ref name="cnn1">{{cite web |last1=Dean |first1=Sarah |last2=Kennedy |first2=Niamh |last3=Madowo |first3=Larry |date=July 26, 2023 |title=Niger soldiers claim President Mohamed Bazoum has been ousted, deepening coup fears |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[CNN]] |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726233540/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Magoya bayan farar hula 400 na Bazoum ne suka yi kokarin tunkarar fadar, amma jami’an tsaron fadar shugaban kasar sun tarwatsa su da harbin bindiga, inda daya ya jikkata. A wani wurin kuma a birnin Yamai an bayyana lamarin a matsayin kwanciyar hankali. <ref name="aj1" /> Fadar shugaban kasar ta kuma yi ikirarin cewa an gudanar da zanga-zangar nuna goyon baya ga Bazoum a kewayen ofisoshin diflomasiyyar kasar da ke ketare. <ref name="cnn1" /> Dangane da wadannan abubuwan ne sojojin Nijar suka yi wa fadar shugaban kasa kawanya tare da goyon bayan Bazoum. Rundunar ta kuma fitar da wata sanarwa inda ta ce ta samu “manyan muhimman wurare” a kasar. Fadar shugaban kasar ta bayyana cewa sojoji da [[Gardin Sarki|dakarun tsaron kasar]] a shirye suke su kai farmaki kan masu gadin fadar.<ref name="bbc1">{{Cite news |last1=Minjibir |first1=Usman |last2=Macaulay |first2=Cecilia |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger coup attempt: President Mohamed Bazoum held |work=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66312011 |access-date=26 July 2023 |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726115806/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66312011 |url-status=live }}</ref> BBC ta kuma ruwaito cewa dakarun da ke biyayya ga gwamnatin sun yi wa gidan rediyon jihar ORTN kawanya. Ofishin jakadancin Amurka ya yi gargadi game da tafiya a kan Yamai ta Boulevard de la Republique, inda fadar shugaban kasa take. Amma da maraice, [[Rundunar Tsaron Nijar|Rundunar Sojan Sama]] Kanar-Major Amadou Abdramane ya tafi gidan talabijin na gwamnati [[Tele Sahel|Télé Sahel]] yana mai da'awar cewa an cire Shugaba Bazoum daga mulki tare da sanar da kafa Majalisar Tsaro ta Kasa . A zaune tare da wasu jami’ai tara sanye da kakin kakin jami’an tsaro daban-daban, ya ce jami’an tsaro da na tsaro sun yanke shawarar hambarar da gwamnatin “saboda tabarbarewar tsaro da rashin shugabanci na gari. Ya kuma sanar da rusa kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, da dakatar da hukumomin gwamnati, da rufe iyakokin kasar, da kuma dokar hana fita daga karfe 22:00 zuwa 05:00 agogon kasar, inda ya yi gargadi kan duk wani tsoma bakin kasashen waje. Gwamnatin mulkin sojan kasar ta fitar da wani tsawatawa ga Faransa kan keta dokar rufe sararin samaniyar bayan da wani jirgin soji ya sauka a wani sansanin sojin da safiyar yau. <ref name="bbc3" /> A safiyar ranar 27 ga Yuli, Bazoum ya wallafa a shafinsa na twitter cewa 'yan Nijar masu kaunar dimokuradiyya za su ga cewa "za a kiyaye nasarorin da aka samu da wahala". Ministan harkokin wajen kasar [[Hassoumi Massaoudou|Hassoumi Massoudou]] ya shaidawa kafar yada labaran Faransa ta 24 cewa, ikon kasar yana nan kan shugaban kasar, ya kuma kara da cewa Bazoum na cikin koshin lafiya kuma sojojin kasar ba su da hannu a ciki. Ya kuma ayyana kansa a matsayin shugaban kasa kuma ya yi kira ga duk masu neman dimokradiyya da su “sa wannan kasada ta gaza”. Rundunar sojojin Nijar ta fitar da wata sanarwa mai dauke da sa hannun babban hafsan hafsan sojin kasar Janar Abdou Sidikou Issa, inda kuma ta bayyana goyon bayanta ga juyin mulkin, yana mai nuni da bukatar kiyaye mutuncin shugaban kasar da iyalansa tare da kaucewa "mummunan fada...wanda zai iya haifar da zubar da jini da kuma shafar tsaron jama'a."<ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2023 |title=Niger's army command declares support for military coup |url=https://france24.com/en/africa/20230727-niger-s-army-command-declares-support-for-military-coup |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[France 24]] |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142320/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230727-niger-s-army-command-declares-support-for-military-coup |url-status=live }}</ref> A wani jawabi da ya yi a gidan talabijin jim kadan bayan Kanar Abdramane ya sanar da cewa za a dakatar da duk wasu harkokin jam'iyyun siyasa a kasar har sai wani lokaci.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2023 |title=Niger army pledges allegiance to coup makers |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/27/nigerien-army-pledges-allegiance-to-coup-plotters |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[Aljazeera]] |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142352/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/27/nigerien-army-pledges-allegiance-to-coup-plotters |url-status=live }}</ref> Wata zanga-zangar ta gudana tare da magoya bayan juyin mulkin da ke daga tutocin kasar Rasha, inda suka bayyana goyon bayansu ga kungiyar Wagner, da kuma jifa da duwatsu kan motar dan siyasar da ke wucewa. Babu rahoton jikkata. Masu zanga-zangar sun kuma yi tir da kasancewar Faransa da sauran sansanonin kasashen waje.<ref name="ap2">{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-mutinous-soldiers-attempted-coup-2efab1649bea7d89b14dbc9432f5f819|title=Niger's president vows democracy will prevail after mutinous soldiers detain him and declare a coup|date=27 July 2023|website=AP News|access-date=27 July 2023|archive-date=27 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142327/https://apnews.com/article/niger-mutinous-soldiers-attempted-coup-2efab1649bea7d89b14dbc9432f5f819|url-status=live}}</ref> Wasu masu zanga-zangar sun taru a wajen hedkwatar jam’iyyar [[Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism|PNDS-Trayya]] ta Bazoum, inda faifan bidiyo ke nuna yadda suke jifa da kona motoci.<ref name="bbc3">{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66324875 |title=Niger coup: Captive President Bazoum defiant after takeover |date=27 July 2023 |website=BBC |access-date=27 July 2023 |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142355/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66324875 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Martani == [[File:An ECOMIL (Ecowas Mission in Liberia) Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), Landrover Vehicle enters a compound controlled by US Marine Corps (USMC) assigned to Lima-B - DPLA - 2fd69242eeb244c9d485fef6e203bedd.jpeg|thumb]] [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|ECOWAS]] ta yi kokarin tattaunawa da ‘yan adawa amma ta kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ECOWAS Head Says Benin President On Mediation Mission To Niger |url=https://www.barrons.com/articles/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=www.barrons.com |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142406/https://www.barrons.com/news/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |url-status=live }}</ref> An ce magabacin Bazoum a matsayin shugaban ƙasa, [[Mahamadou Issoufou]], da kuma wasu tsaffin shugabannin sun shiga cikin tattaunawar. An yi Allah wadai da juyin mulkin da [[Bankin Duniya]],<ref>{{Cite web |work=al-Arabiya |title=World Bank monitoring Niger's political situation, denounces destabilization attempts |date=27 July 2023 |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2023/07/27/World-Bank-monitoring-Niger-s-political-situation-denounces-destabilization-attempts |access-date=27 July 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727002649/http://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2023/07/27/World-Bank-monitoring-Niger-s-political-situation-denounces-destabilization-attempts |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]], [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], [[Aljeriya]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Algeria strongly condemns coup attempt in Niger-Xinhua |url=https://english.news.cn/africa/20230727/31bccf0be3344f128e61c76b7566a7d4/c.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726193938/https://english.news.cn/africa/20230727/31bccf0be3344f128e61c76b7566a7d4/c.html |archive-date=26 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=english.news.cn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tentative de Coup d'Etat au Niger : l'Algérie condamne une «atteinte à l'ordre constitutionnel » |trans-title=Coup attempt in Niger: Algeria condemns an "attack on the constitutional order" |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/monde/tentative-de-coup-d-etat-au-niger-l-alg%C3%A9rie-condamne-une-atteinte-%C3%A0-l-ordre-constitutionnel-/2955164 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142342/https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/monde/tentative-de-coup-d-etat-au-niger-l-alg%C3%A9rie-condamne-une-atteinte-%C3%A0-l-ordre-constitutionnel-/2955164 |archive-date=27 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=www.aa.com.tr}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> [[Tarayyar Turai]], [[Faransa]] da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=2023-07-27 |title=Niger coup: world leaders react to president's detention |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/07/27/niger-coup-world-leaders-react-to-presidents-detention/ |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=Africanews |language=en |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142824/https://www.africanews.com/2023/07/27/niger-coup-world-leaders-react-to-presidents-detention/ |url-status=live }}</ref> suka yi kira da a gaggauta sakin Bazoum. Shugaban kasar [[Benin]] [[Patrice Talon]], wanda ya je Nijar a madadin kungiyar ECOWAS domin tattaunawa, ya kira juyin mulkin da "rashin halayya ta sojoji". Gamayyar siyasar jamhuriyar Nijar ta yi Allah wadai da juyin mulkin da cewa " hauka ce ta kisan kai da kuma nuna adawa da jamhuriya.<ref name="f24">{{Cite web |work=France 24 |title=Niger soldiers say President Bazoum has been removed, borders closed |date=26 July 2023 |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230726-niger-soldiers-say-president-bazoum-has-been-removed-borders-closed |access-date=27 July 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727000421/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230726-niger-soldiers-say-president-bazoum-has-been-removed-borders-closed |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Liikluspolitsei on sõiduki kinni pidanud ja kontrollib juhi dokumente. 2018. aasta mai, Tartu, Aleksandri tänava ots..jpg|thumb]] A ranar 10 ga Agusta, 2023, Kungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Kasashen Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS) ta yanke shawarar ci gaba da rike zabin tsoma bakin soja a Nijar. ta haka ne za a share fagen tattaro rundunar da ya kamata ta kunshi sojojin Najeriya da na Senegal.[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1472546/politique/coup-detat-au-niger-la-cedeao-retient-loption-militaire/]. == Bincike == Juyin mulkin shi ne na bakwai da ya faru a [[Afirka ta Yamma|yammacin Afirka]] da [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|tsakiyar Afirka]] tun daga shekarar 2020. Cameron Hudson, babban jami'i a cibiyar kula da dabaru da nazarin kasa da kasa, ya ce juyin mulkin zai iya yin tasiri a yakin da Nijar ke yi da 'yan ta'addar Islama, inda ya kara da cewa alamu na nuna cewa sojojin Nijar din ba su ji dadin irin tallafin da suke samu na yaki da 'yan ta'adda ba. Ulf Laessing, shugaban shirin Sahel a gidauniyar Konrad Adenauer, ya ce juyin mulkin ya kasance "mafarki" ga yammacin duniya, wanda ya la'anci Bazoum da Nijar a matsayin "sabon tsaro" a yankin. == Bayanan kula == <references group="lower-alpha" responsive="1"></references> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Category:Nijar]] [[Category:Juyin Mulki]] pxpt6ysl5rv8586y60hl67nu8nnvfnf 874166 874165 2026-07-02T08:27:08Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874166 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} A ranar 26 ga watan [[Yuli|Yulin]] shekara ta alif 2023, [[Rundunar Tsaron Nijar|sojoji]] daga masu gadin fadar shugaban ƙasar, [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] suka tsare [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|shugaba]] [[Mohamed Bazoum]], yayin da kuma wasu gungun sojoji suka sanar da hambarar da shi, suka kuma rufe iyakokin ƙasar, suka dakatar da hukumomin gwamnati tare da ayyana, dokar ta-baci yayin da suke sanar da kafa gwamnatin mulkin soja.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger : ce que l'on sait de la tentative de coup d'Etat en cours contre le président Mohamed Bazoum |trans-title=Niger: what we know about the ongoing coup attempt against President Mohamed Bazoum |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/niger/niger-ce-que-l-on-sait-de-la-tentative-de-coup-d-etat-en-cours-contre-le-president-mohamed-bazoum_5973206.html |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=Franceinfo |language=fr-FR |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726202029/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/niger/niger-ce-que-l-on-sait-de-la-tentative-de-coup-d-etat-en-cours-contre-le-president-mohamed-bazoum_5973206.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Wannan dai shi ne karo na biyar da sojoji suka yi [[Juyin mulkin Gabon 2023|juyin mulki]] tun bayan samun ƴancin kai a shekara alif 1960. == Fage == Kafin juyin mulkin, a baya ƙasar Nijar ta sha juyin mulkin soji har sau huɗu tun bayan samun ƴancin kai daga Faransa a shekara alif 1960, inda na ƙarshe ya kasance a shekara al 2010. A tsakanin, an kuma yi yunkurin juyin mulki da dama, wanda na baya bayan nan shi ne a shekarar 2021, lokacin da ‘yan adawar soji suka yi yunƙurin kwace fadar shugaban ƙasar kwanaki biyu gabanin rantsar da zababben shugaban ƙasa na wancan lokaci [[Bazoum]], wanda shi ne shugaban kasar na farko da ya karbi mulki daga hannun [[Mahamadou Issoufou|zababben shugaban]] kasar ta hanyar dimokuradiyya. {{Efn|In March 2023, a Nigerien official alleged that another coup attempt was made while Bazoum was in [[Turkey]], although the government refused to comment.<ref name="f24"/>}} Har ila yau, juyin mulkin ya zo ne bayan irin abubuwan da suka faru a kasashe makwabta irin su Guinea, [[Mali]] da [[Burkina Faso]] tun daga shekara ta 2020, wanda ya kai ga kiran yankin da sunan "zaman juyin mulki".<ref name="aj1">{{Cite web |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger's Bazoum 'held by guards' in apparent coup attempt |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/26/soldiers-holding-niger-president-inside-palace-security-sources |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=Aljazeera |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727002123/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/26/soldiers-holding-niger-president-inside-palace-security-sources |url-status=live }}</ref> Manazarta sun ce tsadar rayuwa da kuma yadda ake ganin gazawar gwamnati da cin hanci da rashawa ne suka haddasa tayar da ƙayar baya. Kasar dai tana yawan matsayi a kasa a kididdigar ci gaban bil'adama ta [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] kuma ta sha fama da tashe-tashen hankula a karkashin jagorancin [[Al-Qaeda]], [[Daular Musulunci ta Iraƙi|Islamic State]] da [[Boko Haram]], duk da cewa sojojinta na samun horo da tallafin kayan aiki daga Amurka da Faransa, wadanda ke da sansani a can. A shekara ta 2022, ƙasar ta zama cibiyar yaki da jihadi na Faransa a yankin [[Sahel]] bayan korar ta daga Mali da Burkina Faso, inda aka bayyana Bazoum a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan tsirarun shugabannin da ke goyon bayan kasashen yamma a yankin. Tare da juyin mulki da dama da kuma karuwar kyamar Faransa a yankin, Nijar ta zama abokiyar kawancen Faransa ta karshe.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 February 2022 |title=FRANCE 24 |work=Niger becomes France’s partner of last resort after Mali withdrawal |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20220218-niger-becomes-france-s-partner-of-last-resort-after-mali-withdrawal |access-date=27 July 2023 |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726161918/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20220218-niger-becomes-france-s-partner-of-last-resort-after-mali-withdrawal |url-status=live }}</ref> An kuma bayar da rahoton cewa, jami’an da Amurka ta horas da su sun horar da da yawa daga cikin jami’an tsaron fadar shugaban kasar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Turse |first=Nick |date=2023-07-26 |title=Soldiers Mutiny in U.S.-Allied Niger |url=https://production.public.theintercept.cloud/2023/07/26/niger-coup-us-military/ |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=The Intercept |language=en-US}}</ref> == Abubuwan da suka faru == [[File:Bazoum_mhamed.jpg|thumb| [[Mohamed Bazoum|Mohammed Bazoum]], wanda ya mulki Nijar daga shekarar 2021 zuwa 2023]] A safiyar ranar 26 ga watan Yuli, shafin [[Twitter]] na fadar [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|shugaban ƙasar Nijar]] ya sanar da cewa jami'an tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Janar [[Omar Tchiani]] sun gudanar da zanga-zangar kin jinin Jamhuriyar Jama'a kuma suka yi kokarin "a banza" don samun goyon bayan sauran jami'an tsaro. <ref name="aj1" /> Har ila yau, an ce shugaba [[Mohamed Bazoum]] da iyalansa suna cikin koshin lafiya bayan da rahotanni suka bayyana cewa yana tsare a fadar shugaban kasa da ke [[Niamey|Yamai]] babban birnin kasar . <ref name="aj1" /> An kuma kama ministan cikin gida [[Hamadou Souley]] kuma aka tsare shi a cikin fadar, yayin da aka hangi kusan jami'an tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa ashirin a waje da rana. Rahotanni sun ce Tchiani ne ya jagoranci juyin mulkin, wanda masu sharhi suka ce Bazoum ya yi niyyar sauke shi daga mukaminsa. Da safe ne dai aka rufe fadar da ma’aikatun da ke kusa da fadar da motocin sojoji, sannan an hana ma’aikatan fadar shiga ofisoshinsu.<ref name="cnn1">{{cite web |last1=Dean |first1=Sarah |last2=Kennedy |first2=Niamh |last3=Madowo |first3=Larry |date=July 26, 2023 |title=Niger soldiers claim President Mohamed Bazoum has been ousted, deepening coup fears |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[CNN]] |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726233540/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Magoya bayan farar hula 400 na Bazoum ne suka yi kokarin tunkarar fadar, amma jami’an tsaron fadar shugaban kasar sun tarwatsa su da harbin bindiga, inda daya ya jikkata. A wani wurin kuma a birnin Yamai an bayyana lamarin a matsayin kwanciyar hankali. <ref name="aj1" /> Fadar shugaban kasar ta kuma yi ikirarin cewa an gudanar da zanga-zangar nuna goyon baya ga Bazoum a kewayen ofisoshin diflomasiyyar kasar da ke ketare. <ref name="cnn1" /> Dangane da wadannan abubuwan ne sojojin Nijar suka yi wa fadar shugaban kasa kawanya tare da goyon bayan Bazoum. Rundunar ta kuma fitar da wata sanarwa inda ta ce ta samu “manyan muhimman wurare” a kasar. Fadar shugaban kasar ta bayyana cewa sojoji da [[Gardin Sarki|dakarun tsaron kasar]] a shirye suke su kai farmaki kan masu gadin fadar.<ref name="bbc1">{{Cite news |last1=Minjibir |first1=Usman |last2=Macaulay |first2=Cecilia |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger coup attempt: President Mohamed Bazoum held |work=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66312011 |access-date=26 July 2023 |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726115806/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66312011 |url-status=live }}</ref> BBC ta kuma ruwaito cewa dakarun da ke biyayya ga gwamnatin sun yi wa gidan rediyon jihar ORTN kawanya. Ofishin jakadancin Amurka ya yi gargadi game da tafiya a kan Yamai ta Boulevard de la Republique, inda fadar shugaban kasa take. Amma da maraice, [[Rundunar Tsaron Nijar|Rundunar Sojan Sama]] Kanar-Major Amadou Abdramane ya tafi gidan talabijin na gwamnati [[Tele Sahel|Télé Sahel]] yana mai da'awar cewa an cire Shugaba Bazoum daga mulki tare da sanar da kafa Majalisar Tsaro ta Kasa . A zaune tare da wasu jami’ai tara sanye da kakin kakin jami’an tsaro daban-daban, ya ce jami’an tsaro da na tsaro sun yanke shawarar hambarar da gwamnatin “saboda tabarbarewar tsaro da rashin shugabanci na gari. Ya kuma sanar da rusa kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, da dakatar da hukumomin gwamnati, da rufe iyakokin kasar, da kuma dokar hana fita daga karfe 22:00 zuwa 05:00 agogon kasar, inda ya yi gargadi kan duk wani tsoma bakin kasashen waje. Gwamnatin mulkin sojan kasar ta fitar da wani tsawatawa ga Faransa kan keta dokar rufe sararin samaniyar bayan da wani jirgin soji ya sauka a wani sansanin sojin da safiyar yau. <ref name="bbc3" /> A safiyar ranar 27 ga Yuli, Bazoum ya wallafa a shafinsa na twitter cewa 'yan Nijar masu kaunar dimokuradiyya za su ga cewa "za a kiyaye nasarorin da aka samu da wahala". Ministan harkokin wajen kasar [[Hassoumi Massaoudou|Hassoumi Massoudou]] ya shaidawa kafar yada labaran Faransa ta 24 cewa, ikon kasar yana nan kan shugaban kasar, ya kuma kara da cewa Bazoum na cikin koshin lafiya kuma sojojin kasar ba su da hannu a ciki. Ya kuma ayyana kansa a matsayin shugaban kasa kuma ya yi kira ga duk masu neman dimokradiyya da su “sa wannan kasada ta gaza”. Rundunar sojojin Nijar ta fitar da wata sanarwa mai dauke da sa hannun babban hafsan hafsan sojin kasar Janar Abdou Sidikou Issa, inda kuma ta bayyana goyon bayanta ga juyin mulkin, yana mai nuni da bukatar kiyaye mutuncin shugaban kasar da iyalansa tare da kaucewa "mummunan fada...wanda zai iya haifar da zubar da jini da kuma shafar tsaron jama'a."<ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2023 |title=Niger's army command declares support for military coup |url=https://france24.com/en/africa/20230727-niger-s-army-command-declares-support-for-military-coup |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[France 24]] |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142320/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230727-niger-s-army-command-declares-support-for-military-coup |url-status=live }}</ref> A wani jawabi da ya yi a gidan talabijin jim kadan bayan Kanar Abdramane ya sanar da cewa za a dakatar da duk wasu harkokin jam'iyyun siyasa a kasar har sai wani lokaci.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2023 |title=Niger army pledges allegiance to coup makers |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/27/nigerien-army-pledges-allegiance-to-coup-plotters |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[Aljazeera]] |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142352/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/27/nigerien-army-pledges-allegiance-to-coup-plotters |url-status=live }}</ref> Wata zanga-zangar ta gudana tare da magoya bayan juyin mulkin da ke daga tutocin kasar Rasha, inda suka bayyana goyon bayansu ga kungiyar Wagner, da kuma jifa da duwatsu kan motar dan siyasar da ke wucewa. Babu rahoton jikkata. Masu zanga-zangar sun kuma yi tir da kasancewar Faransa da sauran sansanonin kasashen waje.<ref name="ap2">{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-mutinous-soldiers-attempted-coup-2efab1649bea7d89b14dbc9432f5f819|title=Niger's president vows democracy will prevail after mutinous soldiers detain him and declare a coup|date=27 July 2023|website=AP News|access-date=27 July 2023|archive-date=27 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142327/https://apnews.com/article/niger-mutinous-soldiers-attempted-coup-2efab1649bea7d89b14dbc9432f5f819|url-status=live}}</ref> Wasu masu zanga-zangar sun taru a wajen hedkwatar jam’iyyar [[Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism|PNDS-Trayya]] ta Bazoum, inda faifan bidiyo ke nuna yadda suke jifa da kona motoci.<ref name="bbc3">{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66324875 |title=Niger coup: Captive President Bazoum defiant after takeover |date=27 July 2023 |website=BBC |access-date=27 July 2023 |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142355/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66324875 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Martani == [[File:An ECOMIL (Ecowas Mission in Liberia) Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), Landrover Vehicle enters a compound controlled by US Marine Corps (USMC) assigned to Lima-B - DPLA - 2fd69242eeb244c9d485fef6e203bedd.jpeg|thumb]] [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|ECOWAS]] ta yi kokarin tattaunawa da ‘yan adawa amma ta kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ECOWAS Head Says Benin President On Mediation Mission To Niger |url=https://www.barrons.com/articles/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=www.barrons.com |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142406/https://www.barrons.com/news/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |url-status=live }}</ref> An ce magabacin Bazoum a matsayin shugaban ƙasa, [[Mahamadou Issoufou]], da kuma wasu tsaffin shugabannin sun shiga cikin tattaunawar. An yi Allah wadai da juyin mulkin da [[Bankin Duniya]],<ref>{{Cite web |work=al-Arabiya |title=World Bank monitoring Niger's political situation, denounces destabilization attempts |date=27 July 2023 |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2023/07/27/World-Bank-monitoring-Niger-s-political-situation-denounces-destabilization-attempts |access-date=27 July 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727002649/http://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2023/07/27/World-Bank-monitoring-Niger-s-political-situation-denounces-destabilization-attempts |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]], [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], [[Aljeriya]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Algeria strongly condemns coup attempt in Niger-Xinhua |url=https://english.news.cn/africa/20230727/31bccf0be3344f128e61c76b7566a7d4/c.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726193938/https://english.news.cn/africa/20230727/31bccf0be3344f128e61c76b7566a7d4/c.html |archive-date=26 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=english.news.cn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tentative de Coup d'Etat au Niger : l'Algérie condamne une «atteinte à l'ordre constitutionnel » |trans-title=Coup attempt in Niger: Algeria condemns an "attack on the constitutional order" |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/monde/tentative-de-coup-d-etat-au-niger-l-alg%C3%A9rie-condamne-une-atteinte-%C3%A0-l-ordre-constitutionnel-/2955164 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142342/https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/monde/tentative-de-coup-d-etat-au-niger-l-alg%C3%A9rie-condamne-une-atteinte-%C3%A0-l-ordre-constitutionnel-/2955164 |archive-date=27 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=www.aa.com.tr}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> [[Tarayyar Turai]], [[Faransa]] da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=2023-07-27 |title=Niger coup: world leaders react to president's detention |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/07/27/niger-coup-world-leaders-react-to-presidents-detention/ |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=Africanews |language=en |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142824/https://www.africanews.com/2023/07/27/niger-coup-world-leaders-react-to-presidents-detention/ |url-status=live }}</ref> suka yi kira da a gaggauta sakin Bazoum. Shugaban kasar [[Benin]] [[Patrice Talon]], wanda ya je Nijar a madadin kungiyar ECOWAS domin tattaunawa, ya kira juyin mulkin da "rashin halayya ta sojoji". Gamayyar siyasar jamhuriyar Nijar ta yi Allah wadai da juyin mulkin da cewa " hauka ce ta kisan kai da kuma nuna adawa da jamhuriya.<ref name="f24">{{Cite web |work=France 24 |title=Niger soldiers say President Bazoum has been removed, borders closed |date=26 July 2023 |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230726-niger-soldiers-say-president-bazoum-has-been-removed-borders-closed |access-date=27 July 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727000421/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230726-niger-soldiers-say-president-bazoum-has-been-removed-borders-closed |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Liikluspolitsei on sõiduki kinni pidanud ja kontrollib juhi dokumente. 2018. aasta mai, Tartu, Aleksandri tänava ots..jpg|thumb]] A ranar 10 ga Agusta, 2023, Kungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Kasashen Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS) ta yanke shawarar ci gaba da rike zabin tsoma bakin soja a Nijar. ta haka ne za a share fagen tattaro rundunar da ya kamata ta kunshi sojojin Najeriya da na Senegal.[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1472546/politique/coup-detat-au-niger-la-cedeao-retient-loption-militaire/]. == Bincike == Juyin mulkin shi ne na bakwai da ya faru a [[Afirka ta Yamma|yammacin Afirka]] da [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|tsakiyar Afirka]] tun daga shekarar 2020. Cameron Hudson, babban jami'i a cibiyar kula da dabaru da nazarin kasa da kasa, ya ce juyin mulkin zai iya yin tasiri a yakin da Nijar ke yi da 'yan ta'addar Islama, inda ya kara da cewa alamu na nuna cewa sojojin Nijar din ba su ji dadin irin tallafin da suke samu na yaki da 'yan ta'adda ba. Ulf Laessing, shugaban shirin Sahel a gidauniyar Konrad Adenauer, ya ce juyin mulkin ya kasance "mafarki" ga yammacin duniya, wanda ya la'anci Bazoum da Nijar a matsayin "sabon tsaro" a yankin. == Bayanan kula == <references group="lower-alpha" responsive="1"></references> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Category:Nijar]] [[Category:Juyin Mulki]] ktnc18eeonvyqtiabykl2mmmbhfbe85 874167 874166 2026-07-02T08:27:38Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874167 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} A ranar 26 ga watan [[Yuli|Yulin]] shekara ta alif 2023, [[Rundunar Tsaron Nijar|sojoji]] daga masu gadin fadar shugaban ƙasar, [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] suka tsare [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|shugaba]] [[Mohamed Bazoum]], yayin da kuma wasu gungun sojoji suka sanar da hambarar da shi, suka kuma rufe iyakokin ƙasar, suka dakatar da hukumomin gwamnati tare da ayyana, dokar ta-baci yayin da suke sanar da kafa gwamnatin mulkin soja.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger : ce que l'on sait de la tentative de coup d'Etat en cours contre le président Mohamed Bazoum |trans-title=Niger: what we know about the ongoing coup attempt against President Mohamed Bazoum |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/niger/niger-ce-que-l-on-sait-de-la-tentative-de-coup-d-etat-en-cours-contre-le-president-mohamed-bazoum_5973206.html |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=Franceinfo |language=fr-FR |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726202029/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/niger/niger-ce-que-l-on-sait-de-la-tentative-de-coup-d-etat-en-cours-contre-le-president-mohamed-bazoum_5973206.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Wannan dai shi ne karo na biyar da sojoji suka yi [[Juyin mulkin Gabon 2023|juyin mulki]] tun bayan samun ƴancin kai a shekara alif 1960. == Fage == Kafin juyin mulkin, a baya ƙasar Nijar ta sha juyin mulkin soji har sau huɗu tun bayan samun ƴancin kai daga Faransa a shekara alif 1960, inda na ƙarshe ya kasance a shekara ali 2010. A tsakanin, an kuma yi yunkurin juyin mulki da dama, wanda na baya bayan nan shi ne a shekarar 2021, lokacin da ‘yan adawar soji suka yi yunƙurin kwace fadar shugaban ƙasar kwanaki biyu gabanin rantsar da zababben shugaban ƙasa na wancan lokaci [[Bazoum]], wanda shi ne shugaban kasar na farko da ya karbi mulki daga hannun [[Mahamadou Issoufou|zababben shugaban]] kasar ta hanyar dimokuradiyya. {{Efn|In March 2023, a Nigerien official alleged that another coup attempt was made while Bazoum was in [[Turkey]], although the government refused to comment.<ref name="f24"/>}} Har ila yau, juyin mulkin ya zo ne bayan irin abubuwan da suka faru a kasashe makwabta irin su Guinea, [[Mali]] da [[Burkina Faso]] tun daga shekara ta 2020, wanda ya kai ga kiran yankin da sunan "zaman juyin mulki".<ref name="aj1">{{Cite web |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger's Bazoum 'held by guards' in apparent coup attempt |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/26/soldiers-holding-niger-president-inside-palace-security-sources |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=Aljazeera |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727002123/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/26/soldiers-holding-niger-president-inside-palace-security-sources |url-status=live }}</ref> Manazarta sun ce tsadar rayuwa da kuma yadda ake ganin gazawar gwamnati da cin hanci da rashawa ne suka haddasa tayar da ƙayar baya. Kasar dai tana yawan matsayi a kasa a kididdigar ci gaban bil'adama ta [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] kuma ta sha fama da tashe-tashen hankula a karkashin jagorancin [[Al-Qaeda]], [[Daular Musulunci ta Iraƙi|Islamic State]] da [[Boko Haram]], duk da cewa sojojinta na samun horo da tallafin kayan aiki daga Amurka da Faransa, wadanda ke da sansani a can. A shekara ta 2022, ƙasar ta zama cibiyar yaki da jihadi na Faransa a yankin [[Sahel]] bayan korar ta daga Mali da Burkina Faso, inda aka bayyana Bazoum a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan tsirarun shugabannin da ke goyon bayan kasashen yamma a yankin. Tare da juyin mulki da dama da kuma karuwar kyamar Faransa a yankin, Nijar ta zama abokiyar kawancen Faransa ta karshe.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 February 2022 |title=FRANCE 24 |work=Niger becomes France’s partner of last resort after Mali withdrawal |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20220218-niger-becomes-france-s-partner-of-last-resort-after-mali-withdrawal |access-date=27 July 2023 |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726161918/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20220218-niger-becomes-france-s-partner-of-last-resort-after-mali-withdrawal |url-status=live }}</ref> An kuma bayar da rahoton cewa, jami’an da Amurka ta horas da su sun horar da da yawa daga cikin jami’an tsaron fadar shugaban kasar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Turse |first=Nick |date=2023-07-26 |title=Soldiers Mutiny in U.S.-Allied Niger |url=https://production.public.theintercept.cloud/2023/07/26/niger-coup-us-military/ |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=The Intercept |language=en-US}}</ref> == Abubuwan da suka faru == [[File:Bazoum_mhamed.jpg|thumb| [[Mohamed Bazoum|Mohammed Bazoum]], wanda ya mulki Nijar daga shekarar 2021 zuwa 2023]] A safiyar ranar 26 ga watan Yuli, shafin [[Twitter]] na fadar [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|shugaban ƙasar Nijar]] ya sanar da cewa jami'an tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Janar [[Omar Tchiani]] sun gudanar da zanga-zangar kin jinin Jamhuriyar Jama'a kuma suka yi kokarin "a banza" don samun goyon bayan sauran jami'an tsaro. <ref name="aj1" /> Har ila yau, an ce shugaba [[Mohamed Bazoum]] da iyalansa suna cikin koshin lafiya bayan da rahotanni suka bayyana cewa yana tsare a fadar shugaban kasa da ke [[Niamey|Yamai]] babban birnin kasar . <ref name="aj1" /> An kuma kama ministan cikin gida [[Hamadou Souley]] kuma aka tsare shi a cikin fadar, yayin da aka hangi kusan jami'an tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa ashirin a waje da rana. Rahotanni sun ce Tchiani ne ya jagoranci juyin mulkin, wanda masu sharhi suka ce Bazoum ya yi niyyar sauke shi daga mukaminsa. Da safe ne dai aka rufe fadar da ma’aikatun da ke kusa da fadar da motocin sojoji, sannan an hana ma’aikatan fadar shiga ofisoshinsu.<ref name="cnn1">{{cite web |last1=Dean |first1=Sarah |last2=Kennedy |first2=Niamh |last3=Madowo |first3=Larry |date=July 26, 2023 |title=Niger soldiers claim President Mohamed Bazoum has been ousted, deepening coup fears |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[CNN]] |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726233540/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Magoya bayan farar hula 400 na Bazoum ne suka yi kokarin tunkarar fadar, amma jami’an tsaron fadar shugaban kasar sun tarwatsa su da harbin bindiga, inda daya ya jikkata. A wani wurin kuma a birnin Yamai an bayyana lamarin a matsayin kwanciyar hankali. <ref name="aj1" /> Fadar shugaban kasar ta kuma yi ikirarin cewa an gudanar da zanga-zangar nuna goyon baya ga Bazoum a kewayen ofisoshin diflomasiyyar kasar da ke ketare. <ref name="cnn1" /> Dangane da wadannan abubuwan ne sojojin Nijar suka yi wa fadar shugaban kasa kawanya tare da goyon bayan Bazoum. Rundunar ta kuma fitar da wata sanarwa inda ta ce ta samu “manyan muhimman wurare” a kasar. Fadar shugaban kasar ta bayyana cewa sojoji da [[Gardin Sarki|dakarun tsaron kasar]] a shirye suke su kai farmaki kan masu gadin fadar.<ref name="bbc1">{{Cite news |last1=Minjibir |first1=Usman |last2=Macaulay |first2=Cecilia |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger coup attempt: President Mohamed Bazoum held |work=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66312011 |access-date=26 July 2023 |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726115806/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66312011 |url-status=live }}</ref> BBC ta kuma ruwaito cewa dakarun da ke biyayya ga gwamnatin sun yi wa gidan rediyon jihar ORTN kawanya. Ofishin jakadancin Amurka ya yi gargadi game da tafiya a kan Yamai ta Boulevard de la Republique, inda fadar shugaban kasa take. Amma da maraice, [[Rundunar Tsaron Nijar|Rundunar Sojan Sama]] Kanar-Major Amadou Abdramane ya tafi gidan talabijin na gwamnati [[Tele Sahel|Télé Sahel]] yana mai da'awar cewa an cire Shugaba Bazoum daga mulki tare da sanar da kafa Majalisar Tsaro ta Kasa . A zaune tare da wasu jami’ai tara sanye da kakin kakin jami’an tsaro daban-daban, ya ce jami’an tsaro da na tsaro sun yanke shawarar hambarar da gwamnatin “saboda tabarbarewar tsaro da rashin shugabanci na gari. Ya kuma sanar da rusa kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, da dakatar da hukumomin gwamnati, da rufe iyakokin kasar, da kuma dokar hana fita daga karfe 22:00 zuwa 05:00 agogon kasar, inda ya yi gargadi kan duk wani tsoma bakin kasashen waje. Gwamnatin mulkin sojan kasar ta fitar da wani tsawatawa ga Faransa kan keta dokar rufe sararin samaniyar bayan da wani jirgin soji ya sauka a wani sansanin sojin da safiyar yau. <ref name="bbc3" /> A safiyar ranar 27 ga Yuli, Bazoum ya wallafa a shafinsa na twitter cewa 'yan Nijar masu kaunar dimokuradiyya za su ga cewa "za a kiyaye nasarorin da aka samu da wahala". Ministan harkokin wajen kasar [[Hassoumi Massaoudou|Hassoumi Massoudou]] ya shaidawa kafar yada labaran Faransa ta 24 cewa, ikon kasar yana nan kan shugaban kasar, ya kuma kara da cewa Bazoum na cikin koshin lafiya kuma sojojin kasar ba su da hannu a ciki. Ya kuma ayyana kansa a matsayin shugaban kasa kuma ya yi kira ga duk masu neman dimokradiyya da su “sa wannan kasada ta gaza”. Rundunar sojojin Nijar ta fitar da wata sanarwa mai dauke da sa hannun babban hafsan hafsan sojin kasar Janar Abdou Sidikou Issa, inda kuma ta bayyana goyon bayanta ga juyin mulkin, yana mai nuni da bukatar kiyaye mutuncin shugaban kasar da iyalansa tare da kaucewa "mummunan fada...wanda zai iya haifar da zubar da jini da kuma shafar tsaron jama'a."<ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2023 |title=Niger's army command declares support for military coup |url=https://france24.com/en/africa/20230727-niger-s-army-command-declares-support-for-military-coup |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[France 24]] |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142320/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230727-niger-s-army-command-declares-support-for-military-coup |url-status=live }}</ref> A wani jawabi da ya yi a gidan talabijin jim kadan bayan Kanar Abdramane ya sanar da cewa za a dakatar da duk wasu harkokin jam'iyyun siyasa a kasar har sai wani lokaci.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2023 |title=Niger army pledges allegiance to coup makers |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/27/nigerien-army-pledges-allegiance-to-coup-plotters |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[Aljazeera]] |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142352/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/27/nigerien-army-pledges-allegiance-to-coup-plotters |url-status=live }}</ref> Wata zanga-zangar ta gudana tare da magoya bayan juyin mulkin da ke daga tutocin kasar Rasha, inda suka bayyana goyon bayansu ga kungiyar Wagner, da kuma jifa da duwatsu kan motar dan siyasar da ke wucewa. Babu rahoton jikkata. Masu zanga-zangar sun kuma yi tir da kasancewar Faransa da sauran sansanonin kasashen waje.<ref name="ap2">{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-mutinous-soldiers-attempted-coup-2efab1649bea7d89b14dbc9432f5f819|title=Niger's president vows democracy will prevail after mutinous soldiers detain him and declare a coup|date=27 July 2023|website=AP News|access-date=27 July 2023|archive-date=27 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142327/https://apnews.com/article/niger-mutinous-soldiers-attempted-coup-2efab1649bea7d89b14dbc9432f5f819|url-status=live}}</ref> Wasu masu zanga-zangar sun taru a wajen hedkwatar jam’iyyar [[Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism|PNDS-Trayya]] ta Bazoum, inda faifan bidiyo ke nuna yadda suke jifa da kona motoci.<ref name="bbc3">{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66324875 |title=Niger coup: Captive President Bazoum defiant after takeover |date=27 July 2023 |website=BBC |access-date=27 July 2023 |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142355/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66324875 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Martani == [[File:An ECOMIL (Ecowas Mission in Liberia) Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), Landrover Vehicle enters a compound controlled by US Marine Corps (USMC) assigned to Lima-B - DPLA - 2fd69242eeb244c9d485fef6e203bedd.jpeg|thumb]] [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|ECOWAS]] ta yi kokarin tattaunawa da ‘yan adawa amma ta kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ECOWAS Head Says Benin President On Mediation Mission To Niger |url=https://www.barrons.com/articles/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=www.barrons.com |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142406/https://www.barrons.com/news/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |url-status=live }}</ref> An ce magabacin Bazoum a matsayin shugaban ƙasa, [[Mahamadou Issoufou]], da kuma wasu tsaffin shugabannin sun shiga cikin tattaunawar. An yi Allah wadai da juyin mulkin da [[Bankin Duniya]],<ref>{{Cite web |work=al-Arabiya |title=World Bank monitoring Niger's political situation, denounces destabilization attempts |date=27 July 2023 |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2023/07/27/World-Bank-monitoring-Niger-s-political-situation-denounces-destabilization-attempts |access-date=27 July 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727002649/http://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2023/07/27/World-Bank-monitoring-Niger-s-political-situation-denounces-destabilization-attempts |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]], [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], [[Aljeriya]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Algeria strongly condemns coup attempt in Niger-Xinhua |url=https://english.news.cn/africa/20230727/31bccf0be3344f128e61c76b7566a7d4/c.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726193938/https://english.news.cn/africa/20230727/31bccf0be3344f128e61c76b7566a7d4/c.html |archive-date=26 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=english.news.cn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tentative de Coup d'Etat au Niger : l'Algérie condamne une «atteinte à l'ordre constitutionnel » |trans-title=Coup attempt in Niger: Algeria condemns an "attack on the constitutional order" |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/monde/tentative-de-coup-d-etat-au-niger-l-alg%C3%A9rie-condamne-une-atteinte-%C3%A0-l-ordre-constitutionnel-/2955164 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142342/https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/monde/tentative-de-coup-d-etat-au-niger-l-alg%C3%A9rie-condamne-une-atteinte-%C3%A0-l-ordre-constitutionnel-/2955164 |archive-date=27 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=www.aa.com.tr}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> [[Tarayyar Turai]], [[Faransa]] da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=2023-07-27 |title=Niger coup: world leaders react to president's detention |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/07/27/niger-coup-world-leaders-react-to-presidents-detention/ |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=Africanews |language=en |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142824/https://www.africanews.com/2023/07/27/niger-coup-world-leaders-react-to-presidents-detention/ |url-status=live }}</ref> suka yi kira da a gaggauta sakin Bazoum. Shugaban kasar [[Benin]] [[Patrice Talon]], wanda ya je Nijar a madadin kungiyar ECOWAS domin tattaunawa, ya kira juyin mulkin da "rashin halayya ta sojoji". Gamayyar siyasar jamhuriyar Nijar ta yi Allah wadai da juyin mulkin da cewa " hauka ce ta kisan kai da kuma nuna adawa da jamhuriya.<ref name="f24">{{Cite web |work=France 24 |title=Niger soldiers say President Bazoum has been removed, borders closed |date=26 July 2023 |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230726-niger-soldiers-say-president-bazoum-has-been-removed-borders-closed |access-date=27 July 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727000421/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230726-niger-soldiers-say-president-bazoum-has-been-removed-borders-closed |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Liikluspolitsei on sõiduki kinni pidanud ja kontrollib juhi dokumente. 2018. aasta mai, Tartu, Aleksandri tänava ots..jpg|thumb]] A ranar 10 ga Agusta, 2023, Kungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Kasashen Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS) ta yanke shawarar ci gaba da rike zabin tsoma bakin soja a Nijar. ta haka ne za a share fagen tattaro rundunar da ya kamata ta kunshi sojojin Najeriya da na Senegal.[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1472546/politique/coup-detat-au-niger-la-cedeao-retient-loption-militaire/]. == Bincike == Juyin mulkin shi ne na bakwai da ya faru a [[Afirka ta Yamma|yammacin Afirka]] da [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|tsakiyar Afirka]] tun daga shekarar 2020. Cameron Hudson, babban jami'i a cibiyar kula da dabaru da nazarin kasa da kasa, ya ce juyin mulkin zai iya yin tasiri a yakin da Nijar ke yi da 'yan ta'addar Islama, inda ya kara da cewa alamu na nuna cewa sojojin Nijar din ba su ji dadin irin tallafin da suke samu na yaki da 'yan ta'adda ba. Ulf Laessing, shugaban shirin Sahel a gidauniyar Konrad Adenauer, ya ce juyin mulkin ya kasance "mafarki" ga yammacin duniya, wanda ya la'anci Bazoum da Nijar a matsayin "sabon tsaro" a yankin. == Bayanan kula == <references group="lower-alpha" responsive="1"></references> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Category:Nijar]] [[Category:Juyin Mulki]] rdt2mgqseah6qu136z1mwbl0otybpum 874169 874167 2026-07-02T08:30:39Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874169 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} A ranar 26 ga watan [[Yuli|Yulin]] shekara ta alif 2023, [[Rundunar Tsaron Nijar|sojoji]] daga masu gadin fadar shugaban ƙasar, [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] suka tsare [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|shugaba]] [[Mohamed Bazoum]], yayin da kuma wasu gungun sojoji suka sanar da hambarar da shi, suka kuma rufe iyakokin ƙasar, suka dakatar da hukumomin gwamnati tare da ayyana, dokar ta-baci yayin da suke sanar da kafa gwamnatin mulkin soja.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger : ce que l'on sait de la tentative de coup d'Etat en cours contre le président Mohamed Bazoum |trans-title=Niger: what we know about the ongoing coup attempt against President Mohamed Bazoum |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/niger/niger-ce-que-l-on-sait-de-la-tentative-de-coup-d-etat-en-cours-contre-le-president-mohamed-bazoum_5973206.html |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=Franceinfo |language=fr-FR |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726202029/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/niger/niger-ce-que-l-on-sait-de-la-tentative-de-coup-d-etat-en-cours-contre-le-president-mohamed-bazoum_5973206.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Wannan dai shi ne karo na biyar da sojoji suka yi [[Juyin mulkin Gabon 2023|juyin mulki]] tun bayan samun ƴancin kai a shekara alif 1960. == Fage == Kafin juyin mulkin, a baya ƙasar Nijar ta sha juyin mulkin soji har sau huɗu tun bayan samun ƴancin kai daga Faransa a shekara alif 1960, inda na ƙarshe ya kasance a shekara ali 2010. A tsakanin, an kuma yi yunkurin juyin mulki da dama, wanda na baya bayan nan shi ne a shekara 2021, lokacin da ‘yan adawar soji suka yi yunƙurin kwace fadar shugaban ƙasar kwanaki biyu gabanin rantsar da zababben shugaban ƙasa na wancan lokaci [[Bazoum]], wanda shi ne shugaban kasar na farko da ya karbi mulki daga hannun [[Mahamadou Issoufou|zababben shugaban]] kasar ta hanyar dimokuradiyya. {{Efn|In March 2023, a Nigerien official alleged that another coup attempt was made while Bazoum was in [[Turkey]], although the government refused to comment.<ref name="f24"/>}} Har ila yau, juyin mulkin ya zo ne bayan irin abubuwan da suka faru a kasashe makwabta irin su Guinea, [[Mali]] da [[Burkina Faso]] tun daga shekara ta 2020, wanda ya kai ga kiran yankin da sunan "zaman juyin mulki".<ref name="aj1">{{Cite web |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger's Bazoum 'held by guards' in apparent coup attempt |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/26/soldiers-holding-niger-president-inside-palace-security-sources |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=Aljazeera |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727002123/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/26/soldiers-holding-niger-president-inside-palace-security-sources |url-status=live }}</ref> Manazarta sun ce tsadar rayuwa da kuma yadda ake ganin gazawar gwamnati da cin hanci da rashawa ne suka haddasa tayar da ƙayar baya. Kasar dai tana yawan matsayi a kasa a kididdigar ci gaban bil'adama ta [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] kuma ta sha fama da tashe-tashen hankula a karkashin jagorancin [[Al-Qaeda]], [[Daular Musulunci ta Iraƙi|Islamic State]] da [[Boko Haram]], duk da cewa sojojinta na samun horo da tallafin kayan aiki daga Amurka da Faransa, wadanda ke da sansani a can. A shekara ta 2022, ƙasar ta zama cibiyar yaki da jihadi na Faransa a yankin [[Sahel]] bayan korar ta daga Mali da Burkina Faso, inda aka bayyana Bazoum a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan tsirarun shugabannin da ke goyon bayan kasashen yamma a yankin. Tare da juyin mulki da dama da kuma karuwar kyamar Faransa a yankin, Nijar ta zama abokiyar kawancen Faransa ta karshe.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 February 2022 |title=FRANCE 24 |work=Niger becomes France’s partner of last resort after Mali withdrawal |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20220218-niger-becomes-france-s-partner-of-last-resort-after-mali-withdrawal |access-date=27 July 2023 |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726161918/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20220218-niger-becomes-france-s-partner-of-last-resort-after-mali-withdrawal |url-status=live }}</ref> An kuma bayar da rahoton cewa, jami’an da Amurka ta horas da su sun horar da da yawa daga cikin jami’an tsaron fadar shugaban kasar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Turse |first=Nick |date=2023-07-26 |title=Soldiers Mutiny in U.S.-Allied Niger |url=https://production.public.theintercept.cloud/2023/07/26/niger-coup-us-military/ |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=The Intercept |language=en-US}}</ref> == Abubuwan da suka faru == [[File:Bazoum_mhamed.jpg|thumb| [[Mohamed Bazoum|Mohammed Bazoum]], wanda ya mulki Nijar daga shekarar 2021 zuwa 2023]] A safiyar ranar 26 ga watan Yuli, shafin [[Twitter]] na fadar [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|shugaban ƙasar Nijar]] ya sanar da cewa jami'an tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Janar [[Omar Tchiani]] sun gudanar da zanga-zangar kin jinin Jamhuriyar Jama'a kuma suka yi kokarin "a banza" don samun goyon bayan sauran jami'an tsaro. <ref name="aj1" /> Har ila yau, an ce shugaba [[Mohamed Bazoum]] da iyalansa suna cikin koshin lafiya bayan da rahotanni suka bayyana cewa yana tsare a fadar shugaban kasa da ke [[Niamey|Yamai]] babban birnin kasar . <ref name="aj1" /> An kuma kama ministan cikin gida [[Hamadou Souley]] kuma aka tsare shi a cikin fadar, yayin da aka hangi kusan jami'an tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa ashirin a waje da rana. Rahotanni sun ce Tchiani ne ya jagoranci juyin mulkin, wanda masu sharhi suka ce Bazoum ya yi niyyar sauke shi daga mukaminsa. Da safe ne dai aka rufe fadar da ma’aikatun da ke kusa da fadar da motocin sojoji, sannan an hana ma’aikatan fadar shiga ofisoshinsu.<ref name="cnn1">{{cite web |last1=Dean |first1=Sarah |last2=Kennedy |first2=Niamh |last3=Madowo |first3=Larry |date=July 26, 2023 |title=Niger soldiers claim President Mohamed Bazoum has been ousted, deepening coup fears |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[CNN]] |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726233540/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Magoya bayan farar hula 400 na Bazoum ne suka yi kokarin tunkarar fadar, amma jami’an tsaron fadar shugaban kasar sun tarwatsa su da harbin bindiga, inda daya ya jikkata. A wani wurin kuma a birnin Yamai an bayyana lamarin a matsayin kwanciyar hankali. <ref name="aj1" /> Fadar shugaban kasar ta kuma yi ikirarin cewa an gudanar da zanga-zangar nuna goyon baya ga Bazoum a kewayen ofisoshin diflomasiyyar kasar da ke ketare. <ref name="cnn1" /> Dangane da wadannan abubuwan ne sojojin Nijar suka yi wa fadar shugaban kasa kawanya tare da goyon bayan Bazoum. Rundunar ta kuma fitar da wata sanarwa inda ta ce ta samu “manyan muhimman wurare” a kasar. Fadar shugaban kasar ta bayyana cewa sojoji da [[Gardin Sarki|dakarun tsaron kasar]] a shirye suke su kai farmaki kan masu gadin fadar.<ref name="bbc1">{{Cite news |last1=Minjibir |first1=Usman |last2=Macaulay |first2=Cecilia |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger coup attempt: President Mohamed Bazoum held |work=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66312011 |access-date=26 July 2023 |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726115806/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66312011 |url-status=live }}</ref> BBC ta kuma ruwaito cewa dakarun da ke biyayya ga gwamnatin sun yi wa gidan rediyon jihar ORTN kawanya. Ofishin jakadancin Amurka ya yi gargadi game da tafiya a kan Yamai ta Boulevard de la Republique, inda fadar shugaban kasa take. Amma da maraice, [[Rundunar Tsaron Nijar|Rundunar Sojan Sama]] Kanar-Major Amadou Abdramane ya tafi gidan talabijin na gwamnati [[Tele Sahel|Télé Sahel]] yana mai da'awar cewa an cire Shugaba Bazoum daga mulki tare da sanar da kafa Majalisar Tsaro ta Kasa . A zaune tare da wasu jami’ai tara sanye da kakin kakin jami’an tsaro daban-daban, ya ce jami’an tsaro da na tsaro sun yanke shawarar hambarar da gwamnatin “saboda tabarbarewar tsaro da rashin shugabanci na gari. Ya kuma sanar da rusa kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, da dakatar da hukumomin gwamnati, da rufe iyakokin kasar, da kuma dokar hana fita daga karfe 22:00 zuwa 05:00 agogon kasar, inda ya yi gargadi kan duk wani tsoma bakin kasashen waje. Gwamnatin mulkin sojan kasar ta fitar da wani tsawatawa ga Faransa kan keta dokar rufe sararin samaniyar bayan da wani jirgin soji ya sauka a wani sansanin sojin da safiyar yau. <ref name="bbc3" /> A safiyar ranar 27 ga Yuli, Bazoum ya wallafa a shafinsa na twitter cewa 'yan Nijar masu kaunar dimokuradiyya za su ga cewa "za a kiyaye nasarorin da aka samu da wahala". Ministan harkokin wajen kasar [[Hassoumi Massaoudou|Hassoumi Massoudou]] ya shaidawa kafar yada labaran Faransa ta 24 cewa, ikon kasar yana nan kan shugaban kasar, ya kuma kara da cewa Bazoum na cikin koshin lafiya kuma sojojin kasar ba su da hannu a ciki. Ya kuma ayyana kansa a matsayin shugaban kasa kuma ya yi kira ga duk masu neman dimokradiyya da su “sa wannan kasada ta gaza”. Rundunar sojojin Nijar ta fitar da wata sanarwa mai dauke da sa hannun babban hafsan hafsan sojin kasar Janar Abdou Sidikou Issa, inda kuma ta bayyana goyon bayanta ga juyin mulkin, yana mai nuni da bukatar kiyaye mutuncin shugaban kasar da iyalansa tare da kaucewa "mummunan fada...wanda zai iya haifar da zubar da jini da kuma shafar tsaron jama'a."<ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2023 |title=Niger's army command declares support for military coup |url=https://france24.com/en/africa/20230727-niger-s-army-command-declares-support-for-military-coup |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[France 24]] |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142320/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230727-niger-s-army-command-declares-support-for-military-coup |url-status=live }}</ref> A wani jawabi da ya yi a gidan talabijin jim kadan bayan Kanar Abdramane ya sanar da cewa za a dakatar da duk wasu harkokin jam'iyyun siyasa a kasar har sai wani lokaci.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2023 |title=Niger army pledges allegiance to coup makers |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/27/nigerien-army-pledges-allegiance-to-coup-plotters |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[Aljazeera]] |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142352/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/27/nigerien-army-pledges-allegiance-to-coup-plotters |url-status=live }}</ref> Wata zanga-zangar ta gudana tare da magoya bayan juyin mulkin da ke daga tutocin kasar Rasha, inda suka bayyana goyon bayansu ga kungiyar Wagner, da kuma jifa da duwatsu kan motar dan siyasar da ke wucewa. Babu rahoton jikkata. Masu zanga-zangar sun kuma yi tir da kasancewar Faransa da sauran sansanonin kasashen waje.<ref name="ap2">{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-mutinous-soldiers-attempted-coup-2efab1649bea7d89b14dbc9432f5f819|title=Niger's president vows democracy will prevail after mutinous soldiers detain him and declare a coup|date=27 July 2023|website=AP News|access-date=27 July 2023|archive-date=27 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142327/https://apnews.com/article/niger-mutinous-soldiers-attempted-coup-2efab1649bea7d89b14dbc9432f5f819|url-status=live}}</ref> Wasu masu zanga-zangar sun taru a wajen hedkwatar jam’iyyar [[Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism|PNDS-Trayya]] ta Bazoum, inda faifan bidiyo ke nuna yadda suke jifa da kona motoci.<ref name="bbc3">{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66324875 |title=Niger coup: Captive President Bazoum defiant after takeover |date=27 July 2023 |website=BBC |access-date=27 July 2023 |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142355/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66324875 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Martani == [[File:An ECOMIL (Ecowas Mission in Liberia) Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), Landrover Vehicle enters a compound controlled by US Marine Corps (USMC) assigned to Lima-B - DPLA - 2fd69242eeb244c9d485fef6e203bedd.jpeg|thumb]] [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|ECOWAS]] ta yi kokarin tattaunawa da ‘yan adawa amma ta kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ECOWAS Head Says Benin President On Mediation Mission To Niger |url=https://www.barrons.com/articles/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=www.barrons.com |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142406/https://www.barrons.com/news/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |url-status=live }}</ref> An ce magabacin Bazoum a matsayin shugaban ƙasa, [[Mahamadou Issoufou]], da kuma wasu tsaffin shugabannin sun shiga cikin tattaunawar. An yi Allah wadai da juyin mulkin da [[Bankin Duniya]],<ref>{{Cite web |work=al-Arabiya |title=World Bank monitoring Niger's political situation, denounces destabilization attempts |date=27 July 2023 |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2023/07/27/World-Bank-monitoring-Niger-s-political-situation-denounces-destabilization-attempts |access-date=27 July 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727002649/http://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2023/07/27/World-Bank-monitoring-Niger-s-political-situation-denounces-destabilization-attempts |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]], [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], [[Aljeriya]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Algeria strongly condemns coup attempt in Niger-Xinhua |url=https://english.news.cn/africa/20230727/31bccf0be3344f128e61c76b7566a7d4/c.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726193938/https://english.news.cn/africa/20230727/31bccf0be3344f128e61c76b7566a7d4/c.html |archive-date=26 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=english.news.cn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tentative de Coup d'Etat au Niger : l'Algérie condamne une «atteinte à l'ordre constitutionnel » |trans-title=Coup attempt in Niger: Algeria condemns an "attack on the constitutional order" |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/monde/tentative-de-coup-d-etat-au-niger-l-alg%C3%A9rie-condamne-une-atteinte-%C3%A0-l-ordre-constitutionnel-/2955164 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142342/https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/monde/tentative-de-coup-d-etat-au-niger-l-alg%C3%A9rie-condamne-une-atteinte-%C3%A0-l-ordre-constitutionnel-/2955164 |archive-date=27 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=www.aa.com.tr}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> [[Tarayyar Turai]], [[Faransa]] da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=2023-07-27 |title=Niger coup: world leaders react to president's detention |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/07/27/niger-coup-world-leaders-react-to-presidents-detention/ |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=Africanews |language=en |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142824/https://www.africanews.com/2023/07/27/niger-coup-world-leaders-react-to-presidents-detention/ |url-status=live }}</ref> suka yi kira da a gaggauta sakin Bazoum. Shugaban kasar [[Benin]] [[Patrice Talon]], wanda ya je Nijar a madadin kungiyar ECOWAS domin tattaunawa, ya kira juyin mulkin da "rashin halayya ta sojoji". Gamayyar siyasar jamhuriyar Nijar ta yi Allah wadai da juyin mulkin da cewa " hauka ce ta kisan kai da kuma nuna adawa da jamhuriya.<ref name="f24">{{Cite web |work=France 24 |title=Niger soldiers say President Bazoum has been removed, borders closed |date=26 July 2023 |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230726-niger-soldiers-say-president-bazoum-has-been-removed-borders-closed |access-date=27 July 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727000421/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230726-niger-soldiers-say-president-bazoum-has-been-removed-borders-closed |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Liikluspolitsei on sõiduki kinni pidanud ja kontrollib juhi dokumente. 2018. aasta mai, Tartu, Aleksandri tänava ots..jpg|thumb]] A ranar 10 ga Agusta, 2023, Kungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Kasashen Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS) ta yanke shawarar ci gaba da rike zabin tsoma bakin soja a Nijar. ta haka ne za a share fagen tattaro rundunar da ya kamata ta kunshi sojojin Najeriya da na Senegal.[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1472546/politique/coup-detat-au-niger-la-cedeao-retient-loption-militaire/]. == Bincike == Juyin mulkin shi ne na bakwai da ya faru a [[Afirka ta Yamma|yammacin Afirka]] da [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|tsakiyar Afirka]] tun daga shekarar 2020. Cameron Hudson, babban jami'i a cibiyar kula da dabaru da nazarin kasa da kasa, ya ce juyin mulkin zai iya yin tasiri a yakin da Nijar ke yi da 'yan ta'addar Islama, inda ya kara da cewa alamu na nuna cewa sojojin Nijar din ba su ji dadin irin tallafin da suke samu na yaki da 'yan ta'adda ba. Ulf Laessing, shugaban shirin Sahel a gidauniyar Konrad Adenauer, ya ce juyin mulkin ya kasance "mafarki" ga yammacin duniya, wanda ya la'anci Bazoum da Nijar a matsayin "sabon tsaro" a yankin. == Bayanan kula == <references group="lower-alpha" responsive="1"></references> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Category:Nijar]] [[Category:Juyin Mulki]] f193b64y824zjeronv7u3kzgpcvzsrk 874170 874169 2026-07-02T08:32:18Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874170 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} A ranar 26 ga watan [[Yuli|Yulin]] shekara ta alif 2023, [[Rundunar Tsaron Nijar|sojoji]] daga masu gadin fadar shugaban ƙasar, [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] suka tsare [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|shugaba]] [[Mohamed Bazoum]], yayin da kuma wasu gungun sojoji suka sanar da hambarar da shi, suka kuma rufe iyakokin ƙasar, suka dakatar da hukumomin gwamnati tare da ayyana, dokar ta-baci yayin da suke sanar da kafa gwamnatin mulkin soja.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger : ce que l'on sait de la tentative de coup d'Etat en cours contre le président Mohamed Bazoum |trans-title=Niger: what we know about the ongoing coup attempt against President Mohamed Bazoum |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/niger/niger-ce-que-l-on-sait-de-la-tentative-de-coup-d-etat-en-cours-contre-le-president-mohamed-bazoum_5973206.html |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=Franceinfo |language=fr-FR |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726202029/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/niger/niger-ce-que-l-on-sait-de-la-tentative-de-coup-d-etat-en-cours-contre-le-president-mohamed-bazoum_5973206.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Wannan dai shi ne karo na biyar da sojoji suka yi [[Juyin mulkin Gabon 2023|juyin mulki]] tun bayan samun ƴancin kai a shekara alif 1960. == Fage == Kafin juyin mulkin, a baya ƙasar Nijar ta sha juyin mulkin soji har sau huɗu tun bayan samun ƴancin kai daga Faransa a shekara alif 1960, inda na ƙarshe ya kasance a shekara alif 2010. A tsakanin, an kuma yi yunkurin juyin mulki da dama, wanda na baya bayan nan shi ne a shekara 2021, lokacin da ‘yan adawar soji suka yi yunƙurin kwace fadar shugaban ƙasar kwanaki biyu gabanin rantsar da zababben shugaban ƙasa na wancan lokaci [[Bazoum]], wanda shi ne shugaban kasar na farko da ya karbi mulki daga hannun [[Mahamadou Issoufou|zababben shugaban]] kasar ta hanyar dimokuradiyya. {{Efn|In March 2023, a Nigerien official alleged that another coup attempt was made while Bazoum was in [[Turkey]], although the government refused to comment.<ref name="f24"/>}} Har ila yau, juyin mulkin ya zo ne bayan irin abubuwan da suka faru a kasashe makwabta irin su Guinea, [[Mali]] da [[Burkina Faso]] tun daga shekara ta 2020, wanda ya kai ga kiran yankin da sunan "zaman juyin mulki".<ref name="aj1">{{Cite web |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger's Bazoum 'held by guards' in apparent coup attempt |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/26/soldiers-holding-niger-president-inside-palace-security-sources |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=Aljazeera |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727002123/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/26/soldiers-holding-niger-president-inside-palace-security-sources |url-status=live }}</ref> Manazarta sun ce tsadar rayuwa da kuma yadda ake ganin gazawar gwamnati da cin hanci da rashawa ne suka haddasa tayar da ƙayar baya. Kasar dai tana yawan matsayi a kasa a kididdigar ci gaban bil'adama ta [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] kuma ta sha fama da tashe-tashen hankula a karkashin jagorancin [[Al-Qaeda]], [[Daular Musulunci ta Iraƙi|Islamic State]] da [[Boko Haram]], duk da cewa sojojinta na samun horo da tallafin kayan aiki daga Amurka da Faransa, wadanda ke da sansani a can. A shekara ta 2022, ƙasar ta zama cibiyar yaki da jihadi na Faransa a yankin [[Sahel]] bayan korar ta daga Mali da Burkina Faso, inda aka bayyana Bazoum a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan tsirarun shugabannin da ke goyon bayan kasashen yamma a yankin. Tare da juyin mulki da dama da kuma karuwar kyamar Faransa a yankin, Nijar ta zama abokiyar kawancen Faransa ta karshe.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 February 2022 |title=FRANCE 24 |work=Niger becomes France’s partner of last resort after Mali withdrawal |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20220218-niger-becomes-france-s-partner-of-last-resort-after-mali-withdrawal |access-date=27 July 2023 |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726161918/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20220218-niger-becomes-france-s-partner-of-last-resort-after-mali-withdrawal |url-status=live }}</ref> An kuma bayar da rahoton cewa, jami’an da Amurka ta horas da su sun horar da da yawa daga cikin jami’an tsaron fadar shugaban kasar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Turse |first=Nick |date=2023-07-26 |title=Soldiers Mutiny in U.S.-Allied Niger |url=https://production.public.theintercept.cloud/2023/07/26/niger-coup-us-military/ |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=The Intercept |language=en-US}}</ref> == Abubuwan da suka faru == [[File:Bazoum_mhamed.jpg|thumb| [[Mohamed Bazoum|Mohammed Bazoum]], wanda ya mulki Nijar daga shekarar 2021 zuwa 2023]] A safiyar ranar 26 ga watan Yuli, shafin [[Twitter]] na fadar [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|shugaban ƙasar Nijar]] ya sanar da cewa jami'an tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Janar [[Omar Tchiani]] sun gudanar da zanga-zangar kin jinin Jamhuriyar Jama'a kuma suka yi kokarin "a banza" don samun goyon bayan sauran jami'an tsaro. <ref name="aj1" /> Har ila yau, an ce shugaba [[Mohamed Bazoum]] da iyalansa suna cikin koshin lafiya bayan da rahotanni suka bayyana cewa yana tsare a fadar shugaban kasa da ke [[Niamey|Yamai]] babban birnin kasar . <ref name="aj1" /> An kuma kama ministan cikin gida [[Hamadou Souley]] kuma aka tsare shi a cikin fadar, yayin da aka hangi kusan jami'an tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa ashirin a waje da rana. Rahotanni sun ce Tchiani ne ya jagoranci juyin mulkin, wanda masu sharhi suka ce Bazoum ya yi niyyar sauke shi daga mukaminsa. Da safe ne dai aka rufe fadar da ma’aikatun da ke kusa da fadar da motocin sojoji, sannan an hana ma’aikatan fadar shiga ofisoshinsu.<ref name="cnn1">{{cite web |last1=Dean |first1=Sarah |last2=Kennedy |first2=Niamh |last3=Madowo |first3=Larry |date=July 26, 2023 |title=Niger soldiers claim President Mohamed Bazoum has been ousted, deepening coup fears |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[CNN]] |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726233540/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Magoya bayan farar hula 400 na Bazoum ne suka yi kokarin tunkarar fadar, amma jami’an tsaron fadar shugaban kasar sun tarwatsa su da harbin bindiga, inda daya ya jikkata. A wani wurin kuma a birnin Yamai an bayyana lamarin a matsayin kwanciyar hankali. <ref name="aj1" /> Fadar shugaban kasar ta kuma yi ikirarin cewa an gudanar da zanga-zangar nuna goyon baya ga Bazoum a kewayen ofisoshin diflomasiyyar kasar da ke ketare. <ref name="cnn1" /> Dangane da wadannan abubuwan ne sojojin Nijar suka yi wa fadar shugaban kasa kawanya tare da goyon bayan Bazoum. Rundunar ta kuma fitar da wata sanarwa inda ta ce ta samu “manyan muhimman wurare” a kasar. Fadar shugaban kasar ta bayyana cewa sojoji da [[Gardin Sarki|dakarun tsaron kasar]] a shirye suke su kai farmaki kan masu gadin fadar.<ref name="bbc1">{{Cite news |last1=Minjibir |first1=Usman |last2=Macaulay |first2=Cecilia |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger coup attempt: President Mohamed Bazoum held |work=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66312011 |access-date=26 July 2023 |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726115806/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66312011 |url-status=live }}</ref> BBC ta kuma ruwaito cewa dakarun da ke biyayya ga gwamnatin sun yi wa gidan rediyon jihar ORTN kawanya. Ofishin jakadancin Amurka ya yi gargadi game da tafiya a kan Yamai ta Boulevard de la Republique, inda fadar shugaban kasa take. Amma da maraice, [[Rundunar Tsaron Nijar|Rundunar Sojan Sama]] Kanar-Major Amadou Abdramane ya tafi gidan talabijin na gwamnati [[Tele Sahel|Télé Sahel]] yana mai da'awar cewa an cire Shugaba Bazoum daga mulki tare da sanar da kafa Majalisar Tsaro ta Kasa . A zaune tare da wasu jami’ai tara sanye da kakin kakin jami’an tsaro daban-daban, ya ce jami’an tsaro da na tsaro sun yanke shawarar hambarar da gwamnatin “saboda tabarbarewar tsaro da rashin shugabanci na gari. Ya kuma sanar da rusa kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, da dakatar da hukumomin gwamnati, da rufe iyakokin kasar, da kuma dokar hana fita daga karfe 22:00 zuwa 05:00 agogon kasar, inda ya yi gargadi kan duk wani tsoma bakin kasashen waje. Gwamnatin mulkin sojan kasar ta fitar da wani tsawatawa ga Faransa kan keta dokar rufe sararin samaniyar bayan da wani jirgin soji ya sauka a wani sansanin sojin da safiyar yau. <ref name="bbc3" /> A safiyar ranar 27 ga Yuli, Bazoum ya wallafa a shafinsa na twitter cewa 'yan Nijar masu kaunar dimokuradiyya za su ga cewa "za a kiyaye nasarorin da aka samu da wahala". Ministan harkokin wajen kasar [[Hassoumi Massaoudou|Hassoumi Massoudou]] ya shaidawa kafar yada labaran Faransa ta 24 cewa, ikon kasar yana nan kan shugaban kasar, ya kuma kara da cewa Bazoum na cikin koshin lafiya kuma sojojin kasar ba su da hannu a ciki. Ya kuma ayyana kansa a matsayin shugaban kasa kuma ya yi kira ga duk masu neman dimokradiyya da su “sa wannan kasada ta gaza”. Rundunar sojojin Nijar ta fitar da wata sanarwa mai dauke da sa hannun babban hafsan hafsan sojin kasar Janar Abdou Sidikou Issa, inda kuma ta bayyana goyon bayanta ga juyin mulkin, yana mai nuni da bukatar kiyaye mutuncin shugaban kasar da iyalansa tare da kaucewa "mummunan fada...wanda zai iya haifar da zubar da jini da kuma shafar tsaron jama'a."<ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2023 |title=Niger's army command declares support for military coup |url=https://france24.com/en/africa/20230727-niger-s-army-command-declares-support-for-military-coup |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[France 24]] |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142320/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230727-niger-s-army-command-declares-support-for-military-coup |url-status=live }}</ref> A wani jawabi da ya yi a gidan talabijin jim kadan bayan Kanar Abdramane ya sanar da cewa za a dakatar da duk wasu harkokin jam'iyyun siyasa a kasar har sai wani lokaci.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2023 |title=Niger army pledges allegiance to coup makers |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/27/nigerien-army-pledges-allegiance-to-coup-plotters |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[Aljazeera]] |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142352/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/27/nigerien-army-pledges-allegiance-to-coup-plotters |url-status=live }}</ref> Wata zanga-zangar ta gudana tare da magoya bayan juyin mulkin da ke daga tutocin kasar Rasha, inda suka bayyana goyon bayansu ga kungiyar Wagner, da kuma jifa da duwatsu kan motar dan siyasar da ke wucewa. Babu rahoton jikkata. Masu zanga-zangar sun kuma yi tir da kasancewar Faransa da sauran sansanonin kasashen waje.<ref name="ap2">{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-mutinous-soldiers-attempted-coup-2efab1649bea7d89b14dbc9432f5f819|title=Niger's president vows democracy will prevail after mutinous soldiers detain him and declare a coup|date=27 July 2023|website=AP News|access-date=27 July 2023|archive-date=27 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142327/https://apnews.com/article/niger-mutinous-soldiers-attempted-coup-2efab1649bea7d89b14dbc9432f5f819|url-status=live}}</ref> Wasu masu zanga-zangar sun taru a wajen hedkwatar jam’iyyar [[Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism|PNDS-Trayya]] ta Bazoum, inda faifan bidiyo ke nuna yadda suke jifa da kona motoci.<ref name="bbc3">{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66324875 |title=Niger coup: Captive President Bazoum defiant after takeover |date=27 July 2023 |website=BBC |access-date=27 July 2023 |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142355/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66324875 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Martani == [[File:An ECOMIL (Ecowas Mission in Liberia) Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), Landrover Vehicle enters a compound controlled by US Marine Corps (USMC) assigned to Lima-B - DPLA - 2fd69242eeb244c9d485fef6e203bedd.jpeg|thumb]] [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|ECOWAS]] ta yi kokarin tattaunawa da ‘yan adawa amma ta kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ECOWAS Head Says Benin President On Mediation Mission To Niger |url=https://www.barrons.com/articles/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=www.barrons.com |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142406/https://www.barrons.com/news/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |url-status=live }}</ref> An ce magabacin Bazoum a matsayin shugaban ƙasa, [[Mahamadou Issoufou]], da kuma wasu tsaffin shugabannin sun shiga cikin tattaunawar. An yi Allah wadai da juyin mulkin da [[Bankin Duniya]],<ref>{{Cite web |work=al-Arabiya |title=World Bank monitoring Niger's political situation, denounces destabilization attempts |date=27 July 2023 |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2023/07/27/World-Bank-monitoring-Niger-s-political-situation-denounces-destabilization-attempts |access-date=27 July 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727002649/http://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2023/07/27/World-Bank-monitoring-Niger-s-political-situation-denounces-destabilization-attempts |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]], [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], [[Aljeriya]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Algeria strongly condemns coup attempt in Niger-Xinhua |url=https://english.news.cn/africa/20230727/31bccf0be3344f128e61c76b7566a7d4/c.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726193938/https://english.news.cn/africa/20230727/31bccf0be3344f128e61c76b7566a7d4/c.html |archive-date=26 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=english.news.cn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tentative de Coup d'Etat au Niger : l'Algérie condamne une «atteinte à l'ordre constitutionnel » |trans-title=Coup attempt in Niger: Algeria condemns an "attack on the constitutional order" |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/monde/tentative-de-coup-d-etat-au-niger-l-alg%C3%A9rie-condamne-une-atteinte-%C3%A0-l-ordre-constitutionnel-/2955164 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142342/https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/monde/tentative-de-coup-d-etat-au-niger-l-alg%C3%A9rie-condamne-une-atteinte-%C3%A0-l-ordre-constitutionnel-/2955164 |archive-date=27 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=www.aa.com.tr}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> [[Tarayyar Turai]], [[Faransa]] da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=2023-07-27 |title=Niger coup: world leaders react to president's detention |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/07/27/niger-coup-world-leaders-react-to-presidents-detention/ |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=Africanews |language=en |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142824/https://www.africanews.com/2023/07/27/niger-coup-world-leaders-react-to-presidents-detention/ |url-status=live }}</ref> suka yi kira da a gaggauta sakin Bazoum. Shugaban kasar [[Benin]] [[Patrice Talon]], wanda ya je Nijar a madadin kungiyar ECOWAS domin tattaunawa, ya kira juyin mulkin da "rashin halayya ta sojoji". Gamayyar siyasar jamhuriyar Nijar ta yi Allah wadai da juyin mulkin da cewa " hauka ce ta kisan kai da kuma nuna adawa da jamhuriya.<ref name="f24">{{Cite web |work=France 24 |title=Niger soldiers say President Bazoum has been removed, borders closed |date=26 July 2023 |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230726-niger-soldiers-say-president-bazoum-has-been-removed-borders-closed |access-date=27 July 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727000421/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230726-niger-soldiers-say-president-bazoum-has-been-removed-borders-closed |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Liikluspolitsei on sõiduki kinni pidanud ja kontrollib juhi dokumente. 2018. aasta mai, Tartu, Aleksandri tänava ots..jpg|thumb]] A ranar 10 ga Agusta, 2023, Kungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Kasashen Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS) ta yanke shawarar ci gaba da rike zabin tsoma bakin soja a Nijar. ta haka ne za a share fagen tattaro rundunar da ya kamata ta kunshi sojojin Najeriya da na Senegal.[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1472546/politique/coup-detat-au-niger-la-cedeao-retient-loption-militaire/]. == Bincike == Juyin mulkin shi ne na bakwai da ya faru a [[Afirka ta Yamma|yammacin Afirka]] da [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|tsakiyar Afirka]] tun daga shekarar 2020. Cameron Hudson, babban jami'i a cibiyar kula da dabaru da nazarin kasa da kasa, ya ce juyin mulkin zai iya yin tasiri a yakin da Nijar ke yi da 'yan ta'addar Islama, inda ya kara da cewa alamu na nuna cewa sojojin Nijar din ba su ji dadin irin tallafin da suke samu na yaki da 'yan ta'adda ba. Ulf Laessing, shugaban shirin Sahel a gidauniyar Konrad Adenauer, ya ce juyin mulkin ya kasance "mafarki" ga yammacin duniya, wanda ya la'anci Bazoum da Nijar a matsayin "sabon tsaro" a yankin. == Bayanan kula == <references group="lower-alpha" responsive="1"></references> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Category:Nijar]] [[Category:Juyin Mulki]] 6r2o7nxpalnwy2vfpotz7l9t1ypjamz 874171 874170 2026-07-02T08:32:51Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874171 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} A ranar 26 ga watan [[Yuli|Yulin]] shekara ta alif 2023, [[Rundunar Tsaron Nijar|sojoji]] daga masu gadin fadar shugaban ƙasar, [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] suka tsare [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|shugaba]] [[Mohamed Bazoum]], yayin da kuma wasu gungun sojoji suka sanar da hambarar da shi, suka kuma rufe iyakokin ƙasar, suka dakatar da hukumomin gwamnati tare da ayyana, dokar ta-baci yayin da suke sanar da kafa gwamnatin mulkin soja.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger : ce que l'on sait de la tentative de coup d'Etat en cours contre le président Mohamed Bazoum |trans-title=Niger: what we know about the ongoing coup attempt against President Mohamed Bazoum |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/niger/niger-ce-que-l-on-sait-de-la-tentative-de-coup-d-etat-en-cours-contre-le-president-mohamed-bazoum_5973206.html |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=Franceinfo |language=fr-FR |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726202029/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/niger/niger-ce-que-l-on-sait-de-la-tentative-de-coup-d-etat-en-cours-contre-le-president-mohamed-bazoum_5973206.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Wannan dai shi ne karo na biyar da sojoji suka yi [[Juyin mulkin Gabon 2023|juyin mulki]] tun bayan samun ƴancin kai a shekara alif 1960. == Fage == Kafin juyin mulkin, a baya ƙasar Nijar ta sha juyin mulkin soji har sau huɗu tun bayan samun ƴancin kai daga Faransa a shekara alif 1960, inda na ƙarshe ya kasance a shekara alif 2010. A tsakanin, an kuma yi yunkurin juyin mulki da dama, wanda na baya bayan nan shi ne a shekara a 2021, lokacin da ‘yan adawar soji suka yi yunƙurin kwace fadar shugaban ƙasar kwanaki biyu gabanin rantsar da zababben shugaban ƙasa na wancan lokaci [[Bazoum]], wanda shi ne shugaban kasar na farko da ya karbi mulki daga hannun [[Mahamadou Issoufou|zababben shugaban]] kasar ta hanyar dimokuradiyya. {{Efn|In March 2023, a Nigerien official alleged that another coup attempt was made while Bazoum was in [[Turkey]], although the government refused to comment.<ref name="f24"/>}} Har ila yau, juyin mulkin ya zo ne bayan irin abubuwan da suka faru a kasashe makwabta irin su Guinea, [[Mali]] da [[Burkina Faso]] tun daga shekara ta 2020, wanda ya kai ga kiran yankin da sunan "zaman juyin mulki".<ref name="aj1">{{Cite web |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger's Bazoum 'held by guards' in apparent coup attempt |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/26/soldiers-holding-niger-president-inside-palace-security-sources |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=Aljazeera |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727002123/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/26/soldiers-holding-niger-president-inside-palace-security-sources |url-status=live }}</ref> Manazarta sun ce tsadar rayuwa da kuma yadda ake ganin gazawar gwamnati da cin hanci da rashawa ne suka haddasa tayar da ƙayar baya. Kasar dai tana yawan matsayi a kasa a kididdigar ci gaban bil'adama ta [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] kuma ta sha fama da tashe-tashen hankula a karkashin jagorancin [[Al-Qaeda]], [[Daular Musulunci ta Iraƙi|Islamic State]] da [[Boko Haram]], duk da cewa sojojinta na samun horo da tallafin kayan aiki daga Amurka da Faransa, wadanda ke da sansani a can. A shekara ta 2022, ƙasar ta zama cibiyar yaki da jihadi na Faransa a yankin [[Sahel]] bayan korar ta daga Mali da Burkina Faso, inda aka bayyana Bazoum a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan tsirarun shugabannin da ke goyon bayan kasashen yamma a yankin. Tare da juyin mulki da dama da kuma karuwar kyamar Faransa a yankin, Nijar ta zama abokiyar kawancen Faransa ta karshe.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 February 2022 |title=FRANCE 24 |work=Niger becomes France’s partner of last resort after Mali withdrawal |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20220218-niger-becomes-france-s-partner-of-last-resort-after-mali-withdrawal |access-date=27 July 2023 |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726161918/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20220218-niger-becomes-france-s-partner-of-last-resort-after-mali-withdrawal |url-status=live }}</ref> An kuma bayar da rahoton cewa, jami’an da Amurka ta horas da su sun horar da da yawa daga cikin jami’an tsaron fadar shugaban kasar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Turse |first=Nick |date=2023-07-26 |title=Soldiers Mutiny in U.S.-Allied Niger |url=https://production.public.theintercept.cloud/2023/07/26/niger-coup-us-military/ |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=The Intercept |language=en-US}}</ref> == Abubuwan da suka faru == [[File:Bazoum_mhamed.jpg|thumb| [[Mohamed Bazoum|Mohammed Bazoum]], wanda ya mulki Nijar daga shekarar 2021 zuwa 2023]] A safiyar ranar 26 ga watan Yuli, shafin [[Twitter]] na fadar [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|shugaban ƙasar Nijar]] ya sanar da cewa jami'an tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Janar [[Omar Tchiani]] sun gudanar da zanga-zangar kin jinin Jamhuriyar Jama'a kuma suka yi kokarin "a banza" don samun goyon bayan sauran jami'an tsaro. <ref name="aj1" /> Har ila yau, an ce shugaba [[Mohamed Bazoum]] da iyalansa suna cikin koshin lafiya bayan da rahotanni suka bayyana cewa yana tsare a fadar shugaban kasa da ke [[Niamey|Yamai]] babban birnin kasar . <ref name="aj1" /> An kuma kama ministan cikin gida [[Hamadou Souley]] kuma aka tsare shi a cikin fadar, yayin da aka hangi kusan jami'an tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa ashirin a waje da rana. Rahotanni sun ce Tchiani ne ya jagoranci juyin mulkin, wanda masu sharhi suka ce Bazoum ya yi niyyar sauke shi daga mukaminsa. Da safe ne dai aka rufe fadar da ma’aikatun da ke kusa da fadar da motocin sojoji, sannan an hana ma’aikatan fadar shiga ofisoshinsu.<ref name="cnn1">{{cite web |last1=Dean |first1=Sarah |last2=Kennedy |first2=Niamh |last3=Madowo |first3=Larry |date=July 26, 2023 |title=Niger soldiers claim President Mohamed Bazoum has been ousted, deepening coup fears |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[CNN]] |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726233540/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Magoya bayan farar hula 400 na Bazoum ne suka yi kokarin tunkarar fadar, amma jami’an tsaron fadar shugaban kasar sun tarwatsa su da harbin bindiga, inda daya ya jikkata. A wani wurin kuma a birnin Yamai an bayyana lamarin a matsayin kwanciyar hankali. <ref name="aj1" /> Fadar shugaban kasar ta kuma yi ikirarin cewa an gudanar da zanga-zangar nuna goyon baya ga Bazoum a kewayen ofisoshin diflomasiyyar kasar da ke ketare. <ref name="cnn1" /> Dangane da wadannan abubuwan ne sojojin Nijar suka yi wa fadar shugaban kasa kawanya tare da goyon bayan Bazoum. Rundunar ta kuma fitar da wata sanarwa inda ta ce ta samu “manyan muhimman wurare” a kasar. Fadar shugaban kasar ta bayyana cewa sojoji da [[Gardin Sarki|dakarun tsaron kasar]] a shirye suke su kai farmaki kan masu gadin fadar.<ref name="bbc1">{{Cite news |last1=Minjibir |first1=Usman |last2=Macaulay |first2=Cecilia |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger coup attempt: President Mohamed Bazoum held |work=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66312011 |access-date=26 July 2023 |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726115806/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66312011 |url-status=live }}</ref> BBC ta kuma ruwaito cewa dakarun da ke biyayya ga gwamnatin sun yi wa gidan rediyon jihar ORTN kawanya. Ofishin jakadancin Amurka ya yi gargadi game da tafiya a kan Yamai ta Boulevard de la Republique, inda fadar shugaban kasa take. Amma da maraice, [[Rundunar Tsaron Nijar|Rundunar Sojan Sama]] Kanar-Major Amadou Abdramane ya tafi gidan talabijin na gwamnati [[Tele Sahel|Télé Sahel]] yana mai da'awar cewa an cire Shugaba Bazoum daga mulki tare da sanar da kafa Majalisar Tsaro ta Kasa . A zaune tare da wasu jami’ai tara sanye da kakin kakin jami’an tsaro daban-daban, ya ce jami’an tsaro da na tsaro sun yanke shawarar hambarar da gwamnatin “saboda tabarbarewar tsaro da rashin shugabanci na gari. Ya kuma sanar da rusa kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, da dakatar da hukumomin gwamnati, da rufe iyakokin kasar, da kuma dokar hana fita daga karfe 22:00 zuwa 05:00 agogon kasar, inda ya yi gargadi kan duk wani tsoma bakin kasashen waje. Gwamnatin mulkin sojan kasar ta fitar da wani tsawatawa ga Faransa kan keta dokar rufe sararin samaniyar bayan da wani jirgin soji ya sauka a wani sansanin sojin da safiyar yau. <ref name="bbc3" /> A safiyar ranar 27 ga Yuli, Bazoum ya wallafa a shafinsa na twitter cewa 'yan Nijar masu kaunar dimokuradiyya za su ga cewa "za a kiyaye nasarorin da aka samu da wahala". Ministan harkokin wajen kasar [[Hassoumi Massaoudou|Hassoumi Massoudou]] ya shaidawa kafar yada labaran Faransa ta 24 cewa, ikon kasar yana nan kan shugaban kasar, ya kuma kara da cewa Bazoum na cikin koshin lafiya kuma sojojin kasar ba su da hannu a ciki. Ya kuma ayyana kansa a matsayin shugaban kasa kuma ya yi kira ga duk masu neman dimokradiyya da su “sa wannan kasada ta gaza”. Rundunar sojojin Nijar ta fitar da wata sanarwa mai dauke da sa hannun babban hafsan hafsan sojin kasar Janar Abdou Sidikou Issa, inda kuma ta bayyana goyon bayanta ga juyin mulkin, yana mai nuni da bukatar kiyaye mutuncin shugaban kasar da iyalansa tare da kaucewa "mummunan fada...wanda zai iya haifar da zubar da jini da kuma shafar tsaron jama'a."<ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2023 |title=Niger's army command declares support for military coup |url=https://france24.com/en/africa/20230727-niger-s-army-command-declares-support-for-military-coup |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[France 24]] |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142320/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230727-niger-s-army-command-declares-support-for-military-coup |url-status=live }}</ref> A wani jawabi da ya yi a gidan talabijin jim kadan bayan Kanar Abdramane ya sanar da cewa za a dakatar da duk wasu harkokin jam'iyyun siyasa a kasar har sai wani lokaci.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2023 |title=Niger army pledges allegiance to coup makers |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/27/nigerien-army-pledges-allegiance-to-coup-plotters |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[Aljazeera]] |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142352/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/27/nigerien-army-pledges-allegiance-to-coup-plotters |url-status=live }}</ref> Wata zanga-zangar ta gudana tare da magoya bayan juyin mulkin da ke daga tutocin kasar Rasha, inda suka bayyana goyon bayansu ga kungiyar Wagner, da kuma jifa da duwatsu kan motar dan siyasar da ke wucewa. Babu rahoton jikkata. Masu zanga-zangar sun kuma yi tir da kasancewar Faransa da sauran sansanonin kasashen waje.<ref name="ap2">{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-mutinous-soldiers-attempted-coup-2efab1649bea7d89b14dbc9432f5f819|title=Niger's president vows democracy will prevail after mutinous soldiers detain him and declare a coup|date=27 July 2023|website=AP News|access-date=27 July 2023|archive-date=27 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142327/https://apnews.com/article/niger-mutinous-soldiers-attempted-coup-2efab1649bea7d89b14dbc9432f5f819|url-status=live}}</ref> Wasu masu zanga-zangar sun taru a wajen hedkwatar jam’iyyar [[Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism|PNDS-Trayya]] ta Bazoum, inda faifan bidiyo ke nuna yadda suke jifa da kona motoci.<ref name="bbc3">{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66324875 |title=Niger coup: Captive President Bazoum defiant after takeover |date=27 July 2023 |website=BBC |access-date=27 July 2023 |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142355/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66324875 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Martani == [[File:An ECOMIL (Ecowas Mission in Liberia) Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), Landrover Vehicle enters a compound controlled by US Marine Corps (USMC) assigned to Lima-B - DPLA - 2fd69242eeb244c9d485fef6e203bedd.jpeg|thumb]] [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|ECOWAS]] ta yi kokarin tattaunawa da ‘yan adawa amma ta kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ECOWAS Head Says Benin President On Mediation Mission To Niger |url=https://www.barrons.com/articles/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=www.barrons.com |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142406/https://www.barrons.com/news/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |url-status=live }}</ref> An ce magabacin Bazoum a matsayin shugaban ƙasa, [[Mahamadou Issoufou]], da kuma wasu tsaffin shugabannin sun shiga cikin tattaunawar. An yi Allah wadai da juyin mulkin da [[Bankin Duniya]],<ref>{{Cite web |work=al-Arabiya |title=World Bank monitoring Niger's political situation, denounces destabilization attempts |date=27 July 2023 |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2023/07/27/World-Bank-monitoring-Niger-s-political-situation-denounces-destabilization-attempts |access-date=27 July 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727002649/http://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2023/07/27/World-Bank-monitoring-Niger-s-political-situation-denounces-destabilization-attempts |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]], [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], [[Aljeriya]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Algeria strongly condemns coup attempt in Niger-Xinhua |url=https://english.news.cn/africa/20230727/31bccf0be3344f128e61c76b7566a7d4/c.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726193938/https://english.news.cn/africa/20230727/31bccf0be3344f128e61c76b7566a7d4/c.html |archive-date=26 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=english.news.cn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tentative de Coup d'Etat au Niger : l'Algérie condamne une «atteinte à l'ordre constitutionnel » |trans-title=Coup attempt in Niger: Algeria condemns an "attack on the constitutional order" |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/monde/tentative-de-coup-d-etat-au-niger-l-alg%C3%A9rie-condamne-une-atteinte-%C3%A0-l-ordre-constitutionnel-/2955164 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142342/https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/monde/tentative-de-coup-d-etat-au-niger-l-alg%C3%A9rie-condamne-une-atteinte-%C3%A0-l-ordre-constitutionnel-/2955164 |archive-date=27 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=www.aa.com.tr}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> [[Tarayyar Turai]], [[Faransa]] da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=2023-07-27 |title=Niger coup: world leaders react to president's detention |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/07/27/niger-coup-world-leaders-react-to-presidents-detention/ |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=Africanews |language=en |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142824/https://www.africanews.com/2023/07/27/niger-coup-world-leaders-react-to-presidents-detention/ |url-status=live }}</ref> suka yi kira da a gaggauta sakin Bazoum. Shugaban kasar [[Benin]] [[Patrice Talon]], wanda ya je Nijar a madadin kungiyar ECOWAS domin tattaunawa, ya kira juyin mulkin da "rashin halayya ta sojoji". Gamayyar siyasar jamhuriyar Nijar ta yi Allah wadai da juyin mulkin da cewa " hauka ce ta kisan kai da kuma nuna adawa da jamhuriya.<ref name="f24">{{Cite web |work=France 24 |title=Niger soldiers say President Bazoum has been removed, borders closed |date=26 July 2023 |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230726-niger-soldiers-say-president-bazoum-has-been-removed-borders-closed |access-date=27 July 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727000421/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230726-niger-soldiers-say-president-bazoum-has-been-removed-borders-closed |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Liikluspolitsei on sõiduki kinni pidanud ja kontrollib juhi dokumente. 2018. aasta mai, Tartu, Aleksandri tänava ots..jpg|thumb]] A ranar 10 ga Agusta, 2023, Kungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Kasashen Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS) ta yanke shawarar ci gaba da rike zabin tsoma bakin soja a Nijar. ta haka ne za a share fagen tattaro rundunar da ya kamata ta kunshi sojojin Najeriya da na Senegal.[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1472546/politique/coup-detat-au-niger-la-cedeao-retient-loption-militaire/]. == Bincike == Juyin mulkin shi ne na bakwai da ya faru a [[Afirka ta Yamma|yammacin Afirka]] da [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|tsakiyar Afirka]] tun daga shekarar 2020. Cameron Hudson, babban jami'i a cibiyar kula da dabaru da nazarin kasa da kasa, ya ce juyin mulkin zai iya yin tasiri a yakin da Nijar ke yi da 'yan ta'addar Islama, inda ya kara da cewa alamu na nuna cewa sojojin Nijar din ba su ji dadin irin tallafin da suke samu na yaki da 'yan ta'adda ba. Ulf Laessing, shugaban shirin Sahel a gidauniyar Konrad Adenauer, ya ce juyin mulkin ya kasance "mafarki" ga yammacin duniya, wanda ya la'anci Bazoum da Nijar a matsayin "sabon tsaro" a yankin. == Bayanan kula == <references group="lower-alpha" responsive="1"></references> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Category:Nijar]] [[Category:Juyin Mulki]] 4see83bvmurs12ac6g1aod87drqfjfl 874173 874171 2026-07-02T08:33:17Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874173 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} A ranar 26 ga watan [[Yuli|Yulin]] shekara ta alif 2023, [[Rundunar Tsaron Nijar|sojoji]] daga masu gadin fadar shugaban ƙasar, [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] suka tsare [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|shugaba]] [[Mohamed Bazoum]], yayin da kuma wasu gungun sojoji suka sanar da hambarar da shi, suka kuma rufe iyakokin ƙasar, suka dakatar da hukumomin gwamnati tare da ayyana, dokar ta-baci yayin da suke sanar da kafa gwamnatin mulkin soja.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger : ce que l'on sait de la tentative de coup d'Etat en cours contre le président Mohamed Bazoum |trans-title=Niger: what we know about the ongoing coup attempt against President Mohamed Bazoum |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/niger/niger-ce-que-l-on-sait-de-la-tentative-de-coup-d-etat-en-cours-contre-le-president-mohamed-bazoum_5973206.html |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=Franceinfo |language=fr-FR |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726202029/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/niger/niger-ce-que-l-on-sait-de-la-tentative-de-coup-d-etat-en-cours-contre-le-president-mohamed-bazoum_5973206.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Wannan dai shi ne karo na biyar da sojoji suka yi [[Juyin mulkin Gabon 2023|juyin mulki]] tun bayan samun ƴancin kai a shekara alif 1960. == Fage == Kafin juyin mulkin, a baya ƙasar Nijar ta sha juyin mulkin soji har sau huɗu tun bayan samun ƴancin kai daga Faransa a shekara alif 1960, inda na ƙarshe ya kasance a shekara alif 2010. A tsakanin, an kuma yi yunkurin juyin mulki da dama, wanda na baya bayan nan shi ne a shekara al 2021, lokacin da ‘yan adawar soji suka yi yunƙurin kwace fadar shugaban ƙasar kwanaki biyu gabanin rantsar da zababben shugaban ƙasa na wancan lokaci [[Bazoum]], wanda shi ne shugaban kasar na farko da ya karbi mulki daga hannun [[Mahamadou Issoufou|zababben shugaban]] kasar ta hanyar dimokuradiyya. {{Efn|In March 2023, a Nigerien official alleged that another coup attempt was made while Bazoum was in [[Turkey]], although the government refused to comment.<ref name="f24"/>}} Har ila yau, juyin mulkin ya zo ne bayan irin abubuwan da suka faru a kasashe makwabta irin su Guinea, [[Mali]] da [[Burkina Faso]] tun daga shekara ta 2020, wanda ya kai ga kiran yankin da sunan "zaman juyin mulki".<ref name="aj1">{{Cite web |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger's Bazoum 'held by guards' in apparent coup attempt |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/26/soldiers-holding-niger-president-inside-palace-security-sources |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=Aljazeera |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727002123/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/26/soldiers-holding-niger-president-inside-palace-security-sources |url-status=live }}</ref> Manazarta sun ce tsadar rayuwa da kuma yadda ake ganin gazawar gwamnati da cin hanci da rashawa ne suka haddasa tayar da ƙayar baya. Kasar dai tana yawan matsayi a kasa a kididdigar ci gaban bil'adama ta [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] kuma ta sha fama da tashe-tashen hankula a karkashin jagorancin [[Al-Qaeda]], [[Daular Musulunci ta Iraƙi|Islamic State]] da [[Boko Haram]], duk da cewa sojojinta na samun horo da tallafin kayan aiki daga Amurka da Faransa, wadanda ke da sansani a can. A shekara ta 2022, ƙasar ta zama cibiyar yaki da jihadi na Faransa a yankin [[Sahel]] bayan korar ta daga Mali da Burkina Faso, inda aka bayyana Bazoum a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan tsirarun shugabannin da ke goyon bayan kasashen yamma a yankin. Tare da juyin mulki da dama da kuma karuwar kyamar Faransa a yankin, Nijar ta zama abokiyar kawancen Faransa ta karshe.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 February 2022 |title=FRANCE 24 |work=Niger becomes France’s partner of last resort after Mali withdrawal |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20220218-niger-becomes-france-s-partner-of-last-resort-after-mali-withdrawal |access-date=27 July 2023 |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726161918/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20220218-niger-becomes-france-s-partner-of-last-resort-after-mali-withdrawal |url-status=live }}</ref> An kuma bayar da rahoton cewa, jami’an da Amurka ta horas da su sun horar da da yawa daga cikin jami’an tsaron fadar shugaban kasar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Turse |first=Nick |date=2023-07-26 |title=Soldiers Mutiny in U.S.-Allied Niger |url=https://production.public.theintercept.cloud/2023/07/26/niger-coup-us-military/ |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=The Intercept |language=en-US}}</ref> == Abubuwan da suka faru == [[File:Bazoum_mhamed.jpg|thumb| [[Mohamed Bazoum|Mohammed Bazoum]], wanda ya mulki Nijar daga shekarar 2021 zuwa 2023]] A safiyar ranar 26 ga watan Yuli, shafin [[Twitter]] na fadar [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|shugaban ƙasar Nijar]] ya sanar da cewa jami'an tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Janar [[Omar Tchiani]] sun gudanar da zanga-zangar kin jinin Jamhuriyar Jama'a kuma suka yi kokarin "a banza" don samun goyon bayan sauran jami'an tsaro. <ref name="aj1" /> Har ila yau, an ce shugaba [[Mohamed Bazoum]] da iyalansa suna cikin koshin lafiya bayan da rahotanni suka bayyana cewa yana tsare a fadar shugaban kasa da ke [[Niamey|Yamai]] babban birnin kasar . <ref name="aj1" /> An kuma kama ministan cikin gida [[Hamadou Souley]] kuma aka tsare shi a cikin fadar, yayin da aka hangi kusan jami'an tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa ashirin a waje da rana. Rahotanni sun ce Tchiani ne ya jagoranci juyin mulkin, wanda masu sharhi suka ce Bazoum ya yi niyyar sauke shi daga mukaminsa. Da safe ne dai aka rufe fadar da ma’aikatun da ke kusa da fadar da motocin sojoji, sannan an hana ma’aikatan fadar shiga ofisoshinsu.<ref name="cnn1">{{cite web |last1=Dean |first1=Sarah |last2=Kennedy |first2=Niamh |last3=Madowo |first3=Larry |date=July 26, 2023 |title=Niger soldiers claim President Mohamed Bazoum has been ousted, deepening coup fears |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[CNN]] |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726233540/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Magoya bayan farar hula 400 na Bazoum ne suka yi kokarin tunkarar fadar, amma jami’an tsaron fadar shugaban kasar sun tarwatsa su da harbin bindiga, inda daya ya jikkata. A wani wurin kuma a birnin Yamai an bayyana lamarin a matsayin kwanciyar hankali. <ref name="aj1" /> Fadar shugaban kasar ta kuma yi ikirarin cewa an gudanar da zanga-zangar nuna goyon baya ga Bazoum a kewayen ofisoshin diflomasiyyar kasar da ke ketare. <ref name="cnn1" /> Dangane da wadannan abubuwan ne sojojin Nijar suka yi wa fadar shugaban kasa kawanya tare da goyon bayan Bazoum. Rundunar ta kuma fitar da wata sanarwa inda ta ce ta samu “manyan muhimman wurare” a kasar. Fadar shugaban kasar ta bayyana cewa sojoji da [[Gardin Sarki|dakarun tsaron kasar]] a shirye suke su kai farmaki kan masu gadin fadar.<ref name="bbc1">{{Cite news |last1=Minjibir |first1=Usman |last2=Macaulay |first2=Cecilia |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger coup attempt: President Mohamed Bazoum held |work=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66312011 |access-date=26 July 2023 |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726115806/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66312011 |url-status=live }}</ref> BBC ta kuma ruwaito cewa dakarun da ke biyayya ga gwamnatin sun yi wa gidan rediyon jihar ORTN kawanya. Ofishin jakadancin Amurka ya yi gargadi game da tafiya a kan Yamai ta Boulevard de la Republique, inda fadar shugaban kasa take. Amma da maraice, [[Rundunar Tsaron Nijar|Rundunar Sojan Sama]] Kanar-Major Amadou Abdramane ya tafi gidan talabijin na gwamnati [[Tele Sahel|Télé Sahel]] yana mai da'awar cewa an cire Shugaba Bazoum daga mulki tare da sanar da kafa Majalisar Tsaro ta Kasa . A zaune tare da wasu jami’ai tara sanye da kakin kakin jami’an tsaro daban-daban, ya ce jami’an tsaro da na tsaro sun yanke shawarar hambarar da gwamnatin “saboda tabarbarewar tsaro da rashin shugabanci na gari. Ya kuma sanar da rusa kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, da dakatar da hukumomin gwamnati, da rufe iyakokin kasar, da kuma dokar hana fita daga karfe 22:00 zuwa 05:00 agogon kasar, inda ya yi gargadi kan duk wani tsoma bakin kasashen waje. Gwamnatin mulkin sojan kasar ta fitar da wani tsawatawa ga Faransa kan keta dokar rufe sararin samaniyar bayan da wani jirgin soji ya sauka a wani sansanin sojin da safiyar yau. <ref name="bbc3" /> A safiyar ranar 27 ga Yuli, Bazoum ya wallafa a shafinsa na twitter cewa 'yan Nijar masu kaunar dimokuradiyya za su ga cewa "za a kiyaye nasarorin da aka samu da wahala". Ministan harkokin wajen kasar [[Hassoumi Massaoudou|Hassoumi Massoudou]] ya shaidawa kafar yada labaran Faransa ta 24 cewa, ikon kasar yana nan kan shugaban kasar, ya kuma kara da cewa Bazoum na cikin koshin lafiya kuma sojojin kasar ba su da hannu a ciki. Ya kuma ayyana kansa a matsayin shugaban kasa kuma ya yi kira ga duk masu neman dimokradiyya da su “sa wannan kasada ta gaza”. Rundunar sojojin Nijar ta fitar da wata sanarwa mai dauke da sa hannun babban hafsan hafsan sojin kasar Janar Abdou Sidikou Issa, inda kuma ta bayyana goyon bayanta ga juyin mulkin, yana mai nuni da bukatar kiyaye mutuncin shugaban kasar da iyalansa tare da kaucewa "mummunan fada...wanda zai iya haifar da zubar da jini da kuma shafar tsaron jama'a."<ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2023 |title=Niger's army command declares support for military coup |url=https://france24.com/en/africa/20230727-niger-s-army-command-declares-support-for-military-coup |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[France 24]] |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142320/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230727-niger-s-army-command-declares-support-for-military-coup |url-status=live }}</ref> A wani jawabi da ya yi a gidan talabijin jim kadan bayan Kanar Abdramane ya sanar da cewa za a dakatar da duk wasu harkokin jam'iyyun siyasa a kasar har sai wani lokaci.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2023 |title=Niger army pledges allegiance to coup makers |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/27/nigerien-army-pledges-allegiance-to-coup-plotters |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[Aljazeera]] |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142352/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/27/nigerien-army-pledges-allegiance-to-coup-plotters |url-status=live }}</ref> Wata zanga-zangar ta gudana tare da magoya bayan juyin mulkin da ke daga tutocin kasar Rasha, inda suka bayyana goyon bayansu ga kungiyar Wagner, da kuma jifa da duwatsu kan motar dan siyasar da ke wucewa. Babu rahoton jikkata. Masu zanga-zangar sun kuma yi tir da kasancewar Faransa da sauran sansanonin kasashen waje.<ref name="ap2">{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-mutinous-soldiers-attempted-coup-2efab1649bea7d89b14dbc9432f5f819|title=Niger's president vows democracy will prevail after mutinous soldiers detain him and declare a coup|date=27 July 2023|website=AP News|access-date=27 July 2023|archive-date=27 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142327/https://apnews.com/article/niger-mutinous-soldiers-attempted-coup-2efab1649bea7d89b14dbc9432f5f819|url-status=live}}</ref> Wasu masu zanga-zangar sun taru a wajen hedkwatar jam’iyyar [[Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism|PNDS-Trayya]] ta Bazoum, inda faifan bidiyo ke nuna yadda suke jifa da kona motoci.<ref name="bbc3">{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66324875 |title=Niger coup: Captive President Bazoum defiant after takeover |date=27 July 2023 |website=BBC |access-date=27 July 2023 |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142355/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66324875 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Martani == [[File:An ECOMIL (Ecowas Mission in Liberia) Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), Landrover Vehicle enters a compound controlled by US Marine Corps (USMC) assigned to Lima-B - DPLA - 2fd69242eeb244c9d485fef6e203bedd.jpeg|thumb]] [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|ECOWAS]] ta yi kokarin tattaunawa da ‘yan adawa amma ta kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ECOWAS Head Says Benin President On Mediation Mission To Niger |url=https://www.barrons.com/articles/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=www.barrons.com |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142406/https://www.barrons.com/news/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |url-status=live }}</ref> An ce magabacin Bazoum a matsayin shugaban ƙasa, [[Mahamadou Issoufou]], da kuma wasu tsaffin shugabannin sun shiga cikin tattaunawar. An yi Allah wadai da juyin mulkin da [[Bankin Duniya]],<ref>{{Cite web |work=al-Arabiya |title=World Bank monitoring Niger's political situation, denounces destabilization attempts |date=27 July 2023 |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2023/07/27/World-Bank-monitoring-Niger-s-political-situation-denounces-destabilization-attempts |access-date=27 July 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727002649/http://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2023/07/27/World-Bank-monitoring-Niger-s-political-situation-denounces-destabilization-attempts |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]], [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], [[Aljeriya]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Algeria strongly condemns coup attempt in Niger-Xinhua |url=https://english.news.cn/africa/20230727/31bccf0be3344f128e61c76b7566a7d4/c.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726193938/https://english.news.cn/africa/20230727/31bccf0be3344f128e61c76b7566a7d4/c.html |archive-date=26 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=english.news.cn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tentative de Coup d'Etat au Niger : l'Algérie condamne une «atteinte à l'ordre constitutionnel » |trans-title=Coup attempt in Niger: Algeria condemns an "attack on the constitutional order" |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/monde/tentative-de-coup-d-etat-au-niger-l-alg%C3%A9rie-condamne-une-atteinte-%C3%A0-l-ordre-constitutionnel-/2955164 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142342/https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/monde/tentative-de-coup-d-etat-au-niger-l-alg%C3%A9rie-condamne-une-atteinte-%C3%A0-l-ordre-constitutionnel-/2955164 |archive-date=27 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=www.aa.com.tr}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> [[Tarayyar Turai]], [[Faransa]] da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=2023-07-27 |title=Niger coup: world leaders react to president's detention |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/07/27/niger-coup-world-leaders-react-to-presidents-detention/ |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=Africanews |language=en |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142824/https://www.africanews.com/2023/07/27/niger-coup-world-leaders-react-to-presidents-detention/ |url-status=live }}</ref> suka yi kira da a gaggauta sakin Bazoum. Shugaban kasar [[Benin]] [[Patrice Talon]], wanda ya je Nijar a madadin kungiyar ECOWAS domin tattaunawa, ya kira juyin mulkin da "rashin halayya ta sojoji". Gamayyar siyasar jamhuriyar Nijar ta yi Allah wadai da juyin mulkin da cewa " hauka ce ta kisan kai da kuma nuna adawa da jamhuriya.<ref name="f24">{{Cite web |work=France 24 |title=Niger soldiers say President Bazoum has been removed, borders closed |date=26 July 2023 |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230726-niger-soldiers-say-president-bazoum-has-been-removed-borders-closed |access-date=27 July 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727000421/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230726-niger-soldiers-say-president-bazoum-has-been-removed-borders-closed |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Liikluspolitsei on sõiduki kinni pidanud ja kontrollib juhi dokumente. 2018. aasta mai, Tartu, Aleksandri tänava ots..jpg|thumb]] A ranar 10 ga Agusta, 2023, Kungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Kasashen Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS) ta yanke shawarar ci gaba da rike zabin tsoma bakin soja a Nijar. ta haka ne za a share fagen tattaro rundunar da ya kamata ta kunshi sojojin Najeriya da na Senegal.[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1472546/politique/coup-detat-au-niger-la-cedeao-retient-loption-militaire/]. == Bincike == Juyin mulkin shi ne na bakwai da ya faru a [[Afirka ta Yamma|yammacin Afirka]] da [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|tsakiyar Afirka]] tun daga shekarar 2020. Cameron Hudson, babban jami'i a cibiyar kula da dabaru da nazarin kasa da kasa, ya ce juyin mulkin zai iya yin tasiri a yakin da Nijar ke yi da 'yan ta'addar Islama, inda ya kara da cewa alamu na nuna cewa sojojin Nijar din ba su ji dadin irin tallafin da suke samu na yaki da 'yan ta'adda ba. Ulf Laessing, shugaban shirin Sahel a gidauniyar Konrad Adenauer, ya ce juyin mulkin ya kasance "mafarki" ga yammacin duniya, wanda ya la'anci Bazoum da Nijar a matsayin "sabon tsaro" a yankin. == Bayanan kula == <references group="lower-alpha" responsive="1"></references> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Category:Nijar]] [[Category:Juyin Mulki]] ajw5nz0kzbce6vkd2x3watnalvxcd0p 874174 874173 2026-07-02T08:33:42Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874174 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} A ranar 26 ga watan [[Yuli|Yulin]] shekara ta alif 2023, [[Rundunar Tsaron Nijar|sojoji]] daga masu gadin fadar shugaban ƙasar, [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] suka tsare [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|shugaba]] [[Mohamed Bazoum]], yayin da kuma wasu gungun sojoji suka sanar da hambarar da shi, suka kuma rufe iyakokin ƙasar, suka dakatar da hukumomin gwamnati tare da ayyana, dokar ta-baci yayin da suke sanar da kafa gwamnatin mulkin soja.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger : ce que l'on sait de la tentative de coup d'Etat en cours contre le président Mohamed Bazoum |trans-title=Niger: what we know about the ongoing coup attempt against President Mohamed Bazoum |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/niger/niger-ce-que-l-on-sait-de-la-tentative-de-coup-d-etat-en-cours-contre-le-president-mohamed-bazoum_5973206.html |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=Franceinfo |language=fr-FR |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726202029/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/niger/niger-ce-que-l-on-sait-de-la-tentative-de-coup-d-etat-en-cours-contre-le-president-mohamed-bazoum_5973206.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Wannan dai shi ne karo na biyar da sojoji suka yi [[Juyin mulkin Gabon 2023|juyin mulki]] tun bayan samun ƴancin kai a shekara alif 1960. == Fage == Kafin juyin mulkin, a baya ƙasar Nijar ta sha juyin mulkin soji har sau huɗu tun bayan samun ƴancin kai daga Faransa a shekara alif 1960, inda na ƙarshe ya kasance a shekara alif 2010. A tsakanin, an kuma yi yunkurin juyin mulki da dama, wanda na baya bayan nan shi ne a shekara ali 2021, lokacin da ‘yan adawar soji suka yi yunƙurin kwace fadar shugaban ƙasar kwanaki biyu gabanin rantsar da zababben shugaban ƙasa na wancan lokaci [[Bazoum]], wanda shi ne shugaban kasar na farko da ya karbi mulki daga hannun [[Mahamadou Issoufou|zababben shugaban]] kasar ta hanyar dimokuradiyya. {{Efn|In March 2023, a Nigerien official alleged that another coup attempt was made while Bazoum was in [[Turkey]], although the government refused to comment.<ref name="f24"/>}} Har ila yau, juyin mulkin ya zo ne bayan irin abubuwan da suka faru a kasashe makwabta irin su Guinea, [[Mali]] da [[Burkina Faso]] tun daga shekara ta 2020, wanda ya kai ga kiran yankin da sunan "zaman juyin mulki".<ref name="aj1">{{Cite web |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger's Bazoum 'held by guards' in apparent coup attempt |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/26/soldiers-holding-niger-president-inside-palace-security-sources |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=Aljazeera |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727002123/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/26/soldiers-holding-niger-president-inside-palace-security-sources |url-status=live }}</ref> Manazarta sun ce tsadar rayuwa da kuma yadda ake ganin gazawar gwamnati da cin hanci da rashawa ne suka haddasa tayar da ƙayar baya. Kasar dai tana yawan matsayi a kasa a kididdigar ci gaban bil'adama ta [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] kuma ta sha fama da tashe-tashen hankula a karkashin jagorancin [[Al-Qaeda]], [[Daular Musulunci ta Iraƙi|Islamic State]] da [[Boko Haram]], duk da cewa sojojinta na samun horo da tallafin kayan aiki daga Amurka da Faransa, wadanda ke da sansani a can. A shekara ta 2022, ƙasar ta zama cibiyar yaki da jihadi na Faransa a yankin [[Sahel]] bayan korar ta daga Mali da Burkina Faso, inda aka bayyana Bazoum a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan tsirarun shugabannin da ke goyon bayan kasashen yamma a yankin. Tare da juyin mulki da dama da kuma karuwar kyamar Faransa a yankin, Nijar ta zama abokiyar kawancen Faransa ta karshe.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 February 2022 |title=FRANCE 24 |work=Niger becomes France’s partner of last resort after Mali withdrawal |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20220218-niger-becomes-france-s-partner-of-last-resort-after-mali-withdrawal |access-date=27 July 2023 |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726161918/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20220218-niger-becomes-france-s-partner-of-last-resort-after-mali-withdrawal |url-status=live }}</ref> An kuma bayar da rahoton cewa, jami’an da Amurka ta horas da su sun horar da da yawa daga cikin jami’an tsaron fadar shugaban kasar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Turse |first=Nick |date=2023-07-26 |title=Soldiers Mutiny in U.S.-Allied Niger |url=https://production.public.theintercept.cloud/2023/07/26/niger-coup-us-military/ |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=The Intercept |language=en-US}}</ref> == Abubuwan da suka faru == [[File:Bazoum_mhamed.jpg|thumb| [[Mohamed Bazoum|Mohammed Bazoum]], wanda ya mulki Nijar daga shekarar 2021 zuwa 2023]] A safiyar ranar 26 ga watan Yuli, shafin [[Twitter]] na fadar [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|shugaban ƙasar Nijar]] ya sanar da cewa jami'an tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Janar [[Omar Tchiani]] sun gudanar da zanga-zangar kin jinin Jamhuriyar Jama'a kuma suka yi kokarin "a banza" don samun goyon bayan sauran jami'an tsaro. <ref name="aj1" /> Har ila yau, an ce shugaba [[Mohamed Bazoum]] da iyalansa suna cikin koshin lafiya bayan da rahotanni suka bayyana cewa yana tsare a fadar shugaban kasa da ke [[Niamey|Yamai]] babban birnin kasar . <ref name="aj1" /> An kuma kama ministan cikin gida [[Hamadou Souley]] kuma aka tsare shi a cikin fadar, yayin da aka hangi kusan jami'an tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa ashirin a waje da rana. Rahotanni sun ce Tchiani ne ya jagoranci juyin mulkin, wanda masu sharhi suka ce Bazoum ya yi niyyar sauke shi daga mukaminsa. Da safe ne dai aka rufe fadar da ma’aikatun da ke kusa da fadar da motocin sojoji, sannan an hana ma’aikatan fadar shiga ofisoshinsu.<ref name="cnn1">{{cite web |last1=Dean |first1=Sarah |last2=Kennedy |first2=Niamh |last3=Madowo |first3=Larry |date=July 26, 2023 |title=Niger soldiers claim President Mohamed Bazoum has been ousted, deepening coup fears |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[CNN]] |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726233540/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Magoya bayan farar hula 400 na Bazoum ne suka yi kokarin tunkarar fadar, amma jami’an tsaron fadar shugaban kasar sun tarwatsa su da harbin bindiga, inda daya ya jikkata. A wani wurin kuma a birnin Yamai an bayyana lamarin a matsayin kwanciyar hankali. <ref name="aj1" /> Fadar shugaban kasar ta kuma yi ikirarin cewa an gudanar da zanga-zangar nuna goyon baya ga Bazoum a kewayen ofisoshin diflomasiyyar kasar da ke ketare. <ref name="cnn1" /> Dangane da wadannan abubuwan ne sojojin Nijar suka yi wa fadar shugaban kasa kawanya tare da goyon bayan Bazoum. Rundunar ta kuma fitar da wata sanarwa inda ta ce ta samu “manyan muhimman wurare” a kasar. Fadar shugaban kasar ta bayyana cewa sojoji da [[Gardin Sarki|dakarun tsaron kasar]] a shirye suke su kai farmaki kan masu gadin fadar.<ref name="bbc1">{{Cite news |last1=Minjibir |first1=Usman |last2=Macaulay |first2=Cecilia |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger coup attempt: President Mohamed Bazoum held |work=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66312011 |access-date=26 July 2023 |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726115806/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66312011 |url-status=live }}</ref> BBC ta kuma ruwaito cewa dakarun da ke biyayya ga gwamnatin sun yi wa gidan rediyon jihar ORTN kawanya. Ofishin jakadancin Amurka ya yi gargadi game da tafiya a kan Yamai ta Boulevard de la Republique, inda fadar shugaban kasa take. Amma da maraice, [[Rundunar Tsaron Nijar|Rundunar Sojan Sama]] Kanar-Major Amadou Abdramane ya tafi gidan talabijin na gwamnati [[Tele Sahel|Télé Sahel]] yana mai da'awar cewa an cire Shugaba Bazoum daga mulki tare da sanar da kafa Majalisar Tsaro ta Kasa . A zaune tare da wasu jami’ai tara sanye da kakin kakin jami’an tsaro daban-daban, ya ce jami’an tsaro da na tsaro sun yanke shawarar hambarar da gwamnatin “saboda tabarbarewar tsaro da rashin shugabanci na gari. Ya kuma sanar da rusa kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, da dakatar da hukumomin gwamnati, da rufe iyakokin kasar, da kuma dokar hana fita daga karfe 22:00 zuwa 05:00 agogon kasar, inda ya yi gargadi kan duk wani tsoma bakin kasashen waje. Gwamnatin mulkin sojan kasar ta fitar da wani tsawatawa ga Faransa kan keta dokar rufe sararin samaniyar bayan da wani jirgin soji ya sauka a wani sansanin sojin da safiyar yau. <ref name="bbc3" /> A safiyar ranar 27 ga Yuli, Bazoum ya wallafa a shafinsa na twitter cewa 'yan Nijar masu kaunar dimokuradiyya za su ga cewa "za a kiyaye nasarorin da aka samu da wahala". Ministan harkokin wajen kasar [[Hassoumi Massaoudou|Hassoumi Massoudou]] ya shaidawa kafar yada labaran Faransa ta 24 cewa, ikon kasar yana nan kan shugaban kasar, ya kuma kara da cewa Bazoum na cikin koshin lafiya kuma sojojin kasar ba su da hannu a ciki. Ya kuma ayyana kansa a matsayin shugaban kasa kuma ya yi kira ga duk masu neman dimokradiyya da su “sa wannan kasada ta gaza”. Rundunar sojojin Nijar ta fitar da wata sanarwa mai dauke da sa hannun babban hafsan hafsan sojin kasar Janar Abdou Sidikou Issa, inda kuma ta bayyana goyon bayanta ga juyin mulkin, yana mai nuni da bukatar kiyaye mutuncin shugaban kasar da iyalansa tare da kaucewa "mummunan fada...wanda zai iya haifar da zubar da jini da kuma shafar tsaron jama'a."<ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2023 |title=Niger's army command declares support for military coup |url=https://france24.com/en/africa/20230727-niger-s-army-command-declares-support-for-military-coup |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[France 24]] |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142320/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230727-niger-s-army-command-declares-support-for-military-coup |url-status=live }}</ref> A wani jawabi da ya yi a gidan talabijin jim kadan bayan Kanar Abdramane ya sanar da cewa za a dakatar da duk wasu harkokin jam'iyyun siyasa a kasar har sai wani lokaci.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2023 |title=Niger army pledges allegiance to coup makers |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/27/nigerien-army-pledges-allegiance-to-coup-plotters |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[Aljazeera]] |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142352/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/27/nigerien-army-pledges-allegiance-to-coup-plotters |url-status=live }}</ref> Wata zanga-zangar ta gudana tare da magoya bayan juyin mulkin da ke daga tutocin kasar Rasha, inda suka bayyana goyon bayansu ga kungiyar Wagner, da kuma jifa da duwatsu kan motar dan siyasar da ke wucewa. Babu rahoton jikkata. Masu zanga-zangar sun kuma yi tir da kasancewar Faransa da sauran sansanonin kasashen waje.<ref name="ap2">{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-mutinous-soldiers-attempted-coup-2efab1649bea7d89b14dbc9432f5f819|title=Niger's president vows democracy will prevail after mutinous soldiers detain him and declare a coup|date=27 July 2023|website=AP News|access-date=27 July 2023|archive-date=27 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142327/https://apnews.com/article/niger-mutinous-soldiers-attempted-coup-2efab1649bea7d89b14dbc9432f5f819|url-status=live}}</ref> Wasu masu zanga-zangar sun taru a wajen hedkwatar jam’iyyar [[Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism|PNDS-Trayya]] ta Bazoum, inda faifan bidiyo ke nuna yadda suke jifa da kona motoci.<ref name="bbc3">{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66324875 |title=Niger coup: Captive President Bazoum defiant after takeover |date=27 July 2023 |website=BBC |access-date=27 July 2023 |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142355/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66324875 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Martani == [[File:An ECOMIL (Ecowas Mission in Liberia) Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), Landrover Vehicle enters a compound controlled by US Marine Corps (USMC) assigned to Lima-B - DPLA - 2fd69242eeb244c9d485fef6e203bedd.jpeg|thumb]] [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|ECOWAS]] ta yi kokarin tattaunawa da ‘yan adawa amma ta kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ECOWAS Head Says Benin President On Mediation Mission To Niger |url=https://www.barrons.com/articles/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=www.barrons.com |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142406/https://www.barrons.com/news/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |url-status=live }}</ref> An ce magabacin Bazoum a matsayin shugaban ƙasa, [[Mahamadou Issoufou]], da kuma wasu tsaffin shugabannin sun shiga cikin tattaunawar. An yi Allah wadai da juyin mulkin da [[Bankin Duniya]],<ref>{{Cite web |work=al-Arabiya |title=World Bank monitoring Niger's political situation, denounces destabilization attempts |date=27 July 2023 |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2023/07/27/World-Bank-monitoring-Niger-s-political-situation-denounces-destabilization-attempts |access-date=27 July 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727002649/http://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2023/07/27/World-Bank-monitoring-Niger-s-political-situation-denounces-destabilization-attempts |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]], [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], [[Aljeriya]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Algeria strongly condemns coup attempt in Niger-Xinhua |url=https://english.news.cn/africa/20230727/31bccf0be3344f128e61c76b7566a7d4/c.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726193938/https://english.news.cn/africa/20230727/31bccf0be3344f128e61c76b7566a7d4/c.html |archive-date=26 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=english.news.cn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tentative de Coup d'Etat au Niger : l'Algérie condamne une «atteinte à l'ordre constitutionnel » |trans-title=Coup attempt in Niger: Algeria condemns an "attack on the constitutional order" |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/monde/tentative-de-coup-d-etat-au-niger-l-alg%C3%A9rie-condamne-une-atteinte-%C3%A0-l-ordre-constitutionnel-/2955164 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142342/https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/monde/tentative-de-coup-d-etat-au-niger-l-alg%C3%A9rie-condamne-une-atteinte-%C3%A0-l-ordre-constitutionnel-/2955164 |archive-date=27 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=www.aa.com.tr}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> [[Tarayyar Turai]], [[Faransa]] da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=2023-07-27 |title=Niger coup: world leaders react to president's detention |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/07/27/niger-coup-world-leaders-react-to-presidents-detention/ |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=Africanews |language=en |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142824/https://www.africanews.com/2023/07/27/niger-coup-world-leaders-react-to-presidents-detention/ |url-status=live }}</ref> suka yi kira da a gaggauta sakin Bazoum. Shugaban kasar [[Benin]] [[Patrice Talon]], wanda ya je Nijar a madadin kungiyar ECOWAS domin tattaunawa, ya kira juyin mulkin da "rashin halayya ta sojoji". Gamayyar siyasar jamhuriyar Nijar ta yi Allah wadai da juyin mulkin da cewa " hauka ce ta kisan kai da kuma nuna adawa da jamhuriya.<ref name="f24">{{Cite web |work=France 24 |title=Niger soldiers say President Bazoum has been removed, borders closed |date=26 July 2023 |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230726-niger-soldiers-say-president-bazoum-has-been-removed-borders-closed |access-date=27 July 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727000421/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230726-niger-soldiers-say-president-bazoum-has-been-removed-borders-closed |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Liikluspolitsei on sõiduki kinni pidanud ja kontrollib juhi dokumente. 2018. aasta mai, Tartu, Aleksandri tänava ots..jpg|thumb]] A ranar 10 ga Agusta, 2023, Kungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Kasashen Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS) ta yanke shawarar ci gaba da rike zabin tsoma bakin soja a Nijar. ta haka ne za a share fagen tattaro rundunar da ya kamata ta kunshi sojojin Najeriya da na Senegal.[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1472546/politique/coup-detat-au-niger-la-cedeao-retient-loption-militaire/]. == Bincike == Juyin mulkin shi ne na bakwai da ya faru a [[Afirka ta Yamma|yammacin Afirka]] da [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|tsakiyar Afirka]] tun daga shekarar 2020. Cameron Hudson, babban jami'i a cibiyar kula da dabaru da nazarin kasa da kasa, ya ce juyin mulkin zai iya yin tasiri a yakin da Nijar ke yi da 'yan ta'addar Islama, inda ya kara da cewa alamu na nuna cewa sojojin Nijar din ba su ji dadin irin tallafin da suke samu na yaki da 'yan ta'adda ba. Ulf Laessing, shugaban shirin Sahel a gidauniyar Konrad Adenauer, ya ce juyin mulkin ya kasance "mafarki" ga yammacin duniya, wanda ya la'anci Bazoum da Nijar a matsayin "sabon tsaro" a yankin. == Bayanan kula == <references group="lower-alpha" responsive="1"></references> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Category:Nijar]] [[Category:Juyin Mulki]] jgu0bg3nx05fbgjvoltv2uoobf2httd 874175 874174 2026-07-02T08:34:29Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874175 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} A ranar 26 ga watan [[Yuli|Yulin]] shekara ta alif 2023, [[Rundunar Tsaron Nijar|sojoji]] daga masu gadin fadar shugaban ƙasar, [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] suka tsare [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|shugaba]] [[Mohamed Bazoum]], yayin da kuma wasu gungun sojoji suka sanar da hambarar da shi, suka kuma rufe iyakokin ƙasar, suka dakatar da hukumomin gwamnati tare da ayyana, dokar ta-baci yayin da suke sanar da kafa gwamnatin mulkin soja.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger : ce que l'on sait de la tentative de coup d'Etat en cours contre le président Mohamed Bazoum |trans-title=Niger: what we know about the ongoing coup attempt against President Mohamed Bazoum |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/niger/niger-ce-que-l-on-sait-de-la-tentative-de-coup-d-etat-en-cours-contre-le-president-mohamed-bazoum_5973206.html |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=Franceinfo |language=fr-FR |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726202029/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/niger/niger-ce-que-l-on-sait-de-la-tentative-de-coup-d-etat-en-cours-contre-le-president-mohamed-bazoum_5973206.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Wannan dai shi ne karo na biyar da sojoji suka yi [[Juyin mulkin Gabon 2023|juyin mulki]] tun bayan samun ƴancin kai a shekara alif 1960. == Fage == Kafin juyin mulkin, a baya ƙasar Nijar ta sha juyin mulkin soji har sau huɗu tun bayan samun ƴancin kai daga Faransa a shekara alif 1960, inda na ƙarshe ya kasance a shekara alif 2010. A tsakanin, an kuma yi yunkurin juyin mulki da dama, wanda na baya bayan nan shi ne a shekara alif 2021, lokacin da ‘yan adawar soji suka yi yunƙurin kwace fadar shugaban ƙasar kwanaki biyu gabanin rantsar da zababben shugaban ƙasa na wancan lokaci [[Bazoum]], wanda shi ne shugaban kasar na farko da ya karbi mulki daga hannun [[Mahamadou Issoufou|zababben shugaban]] kasar ta hanyar dimokuradiyya. {{Efn|In March 2023, a Nigerien official alleged that another coup attempt was made while Bazoum was in [[Turkey]], although the government refused to comment.<ref name="f24"/>}} Har ila yau, juyin mulkin ya zo ne bayan irin abubuwan da suka faru a kasashe makwabta irin su Guinea, [[Mali]] da [[Burkina Faso]] tun daga shekara ta 2020, wanda ya kai ga kiran yankin da sunan "zaman juyin mulki".<ref name="aj1">{{Cite web |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger's Bazoum 'held by guards' in apparent coup attempt |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/26/soldiers-holding-niger-president-inside-palace-security-sources |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=Aljazeera |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727002123/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/26/soldiers-holding-niger-president-inside-palace-security-sources |url-status=live }}</ref> Manazarta sun ce tsadar rayuwa da kuma yadda ake ganin gazawar gwamnati da cin hanci da rashawa ne suka haddasa tayar da ƙayar baya. Kasar dai tana yawan matsayi a kasa a kididdigar ci gaban bil'adama ta [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] kuma ta sha fama da tashe-tashen hankula a karkashin jagorancin [[Al-Qaeda]], [[Daular Musulunci ta Iraƙi|Islamic State]] da [[Boko Haram]], duk da cewa sojojinta na samun horo da tallafin kayan aiki daga Amurka da Faransa, wadanda ke da sansani a can. A shekara ta 2022, ƙasar ta zama cibiyar yaki da jihadi na Faransa a yankin [[Sahel]] bayan korar ta daga Mali da Burkina Faso, inda aka bayyana Bazoum a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan tsirarun shugabannin da ke goyon bayan kasashen yamma a yankin. Tare da juyin mulki da dama da kuma karuwar kyamar Faransa a yankin, Nijar ta zama abokiyar kawancen Faransa ta karshe.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 February 2022 |title=FRANCE 24 |work=Niger becomes France’s partner of last resort after Mali withdrawal |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20220218-niger-becomes-france-s-partner-of-last-resort-after-mali-withdrawal |access-date=27 July 2023 |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726161918/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20220218-niger-becomes-france-s-partner-of-last-resort-after-mali-withdrawal |url-status=live }}</ref> An kuma bayar da rahoton cewa, jami’an da Amurka ta horas da su sun horar da da yawa daga cikin jami’an tsaron fadar shugaban kasar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Turse |first=Nick |date=2023-07-26 |title=Soldiers Mutiny in U.S.-Allied Niger |url=https://production.public.theintercept.cloud/2023/07/26/niger-coup-us-military/ |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=The Intercept |language=en-US}}</ref> == Abubuwan da suka faru == [[File:Bazoum_mhamed.jpg|thumb| [[Mohamed Bazoum|Mohammed Bazoum]], wanda ya mulki Nijar daga shekarar 2021 zuwa 2023]] A safiyar ranar 26 ga watan Yuli, shafin [[Twitter]] na fadar [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|shugaban ƙasar Nijar]] ya sanar da cewa jami'an tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Janar [[Omar Tchiani]] sun gudanar da zanga-zangar kin jinin Jamhuriyar Jama'a kuma suka yi kokarin "a banza" don samun goyon bayan sauran jami'an tsaro. <ref name="aj1" /> Har ila yau, an ce shugaba [[Mohamed Bazoum]] da iyalansa suna cikin koshin lafiya bayan da rahotanni suka bayyana cewa yana tsare a fadar shugaban kasa da ke [[Niamey|Yamai]] babban birnin kasar . <ref name="aj1" /> An kuma kama ministan cikin gida [[Hamadou Souley]] kuma aka tsare shi a cikin fadar, yayin da aka hangi kusan jami'an tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa ashirin a waje da rana. Rahotanni sun ce Tchiani ne ya jagoranci juyin mulkin, wanda masu sharhi suka ce Bazoum ya yi niyyar sauke shi daga mukaminsa. Da safe ne dai aka rufe fadar da ma’aikatun da ke kusa da fadar da motocin sojoji, sannan an hana ma’aikatan fadar shiga ofisoshinsu.<ref name="cnn1">{{cite web |last1=Dean |first1=Sarah |last2=Kennedy |first2=Niamh |last3=Madowo |first3=Larry |date=July 26, 2023 |title=Niger soldiers claim President Mohamed Bazoum has been ousted, deepening coup fears |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[CNN]] |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726233540/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Magoya bayan farar hula 400 na Bazoum ne suka yi kokarin tunkarar fadar, amma jami’an tsaron fadar shugaban kasar sun tarwatsa su da harbin bindiga, inda daya ya jikkata. A wani wurin kuma a birnin Yamai an bayyana lamarin a matsayin kwanciyar hankali. <ref name="aj1" /> Fadar shugaban kasar ta kuma yi ikirarin cewa an gudanar da zanga-zangar nuna goyon baya ga Bazoum a kewayen ofisoshin diflomasiyyar kasar da ke ketare. <ref name="cnn1" /> Dangane da wadannan abubuwan ne sojojin Nijar suka yi wa fadar shugaban kasa kawanya tare da goyon bayan Bazoum. Rundunar ta kuma fitar da wata sanarwa inda ta ce ta samu “manyan muhimman wurare” a kasar. Fadar shugaban kasar ta bayyana cewa sojoji da [[Gardin Sarki|dakarun tsaron kasar]] a shirye suke su kai farmaki kan masu gadin fadar.<ref name="bbc1">{{Cite news |last1=Minjibir |first1=Usman |last2=Macaulay |first2=Cecilia |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger coup attempt: President Mohamed Bazoum held |work=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66312011 |access-date=26 July 2023 |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726115806/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66312011 |url-status=live }}</ref> BBC ta kuma ruwaito cewa dakarun da ke biyayya ga gwamnatin sun yi wa gidan rediyon jihar ORTN kawanya. Ofishin jakadancin Amurka ya yi gargadi game da tafiya a kan Yamai ta Boulevard de la Republique, inda fadar shugaban kasa take. Amma da maraice, [[Rundunar Tsaron Nijar|Rundunar Sojan Sama]] Kanar-Major Amadou Abdramane ya tafi gidan talabijin na gwamnati [[Tele Sahel|Télé Sahel]] yana mai da'awar cewa an cire Shugaba Bazoum daga mulki tare da sanar da kafa Majalisar Tsaro ta Kasa . A zaune tare da wasu jami’ai tara sanye da kakin kakin jami’an tsaro daban-daban, ya ce jami’an tsaro da na tsaro sun yanke shawarar hambarar da gwamnatin “saboda tabarbarewar tsaro da rashin shugabanci na gari. Ya kuma sanar da rusa kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, da dakatar da hukumomin gwamnati, da rufe iyakokin kasar, da kuma dokar hana fita daga karfe 22:00 zuwa 05:00 agogon kasar, inda ya yi gargadi kan duk wani tsoma bakin kasashen waje. Gwamnatin mulkin sojan kasar ta fitar da wani tsawatawa ga Faransa kan keta dokar rufe sararin samaniyar bayan da wani jirgin soji ya sauka a wani sansanin sojin da safiyar yau. <ref name="bbc3" /> A safiyar ranar 27 ga Yuli, Bazoum ya wallafa a shafinsa na twitter cewa 'yan Nijar masu kaunar dimokuradiyya za su ga cewa "za a kiyaye nasarorin da aka samu da wahala". Ministan harkokin wajen kasar [[Hassoumi Massaoudou|Hassoumi Massoudou]] ya shaidawa kafar yada labaran Faransa ta 24 cewa, ikon kasar yana nan kan shugaban kasar, ya kuma kara da cewa Bazoum na cikin koshin lafiya kuma sojojin kasar ba su da hannu a ciki. Ya kuma ayyana kansa a matsayin shugaban kasa kuma ya yi kira ga duk masu neman dimokradiyya da su “sa wannan kasada ta gaza”. Rundunar sojojin Nijar ta fitar da wata sanarwa mai dauke da sa hannun babban hafsan hafsan sojin kasar Janar Abdou Sidikou Issa, inda kuma ta bayyana goyon bayanta ga juyin mulkin, yana mai nuni da bukatar kiyaye mutuncin shugaban kasar da iyalansa tare da kaucewa "mummunan fada...wanda zai iya haifar da zubar da jini da kuma shafar tsaron jama'a."<ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2023 |title=Niger's army command declares support for military coup |url=https://france24.com/en/africa/20230727-niger-s-army-command-declares-support-for-military-coup |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[France 24]] |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142320/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230727-niger-s-army-command-declares-support-for-military-coup |url-status=live }}</ref> A wani jawabi da ya yi a gidan talabijin jim kadan bayan Kanar Abdramane ya sanar da cewa za a dakatar da duk wasu harkokin jam'iyyun siyasa a kasar har sai wani lokaci.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2023 |title=Niger army pledges allegiance to coup makers |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/27/nigerien-army-pledges-allegiance-to-coup-plotters |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[Aljazeera]] |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142352/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/27/nigerien-army-pledges-allegiance-to-coup-plotters |url-status=live }}</ref> Wata zanga-zangar ta gudana tare da magoya bayan juyin mulkin da ke daga tutocin kasar Rasha, inda suka bayyana goyon bayansu ga kungiyar Wagner, da kuma jifa da duwatsu kan motar dan siyasar da ke wucewa. Babu rahoton jikkata. Masu zanga-zangar sun kuma yi tir da kasancewar Faransa da sauran sansanonin kasashen waje.<ref name="ap2">{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-mutinous-soldiers-attempted-coup-2efab1649bea7d89b14dbc9432f5f819|title=Niger's president vows democracy will prevail after mutinous soldiers detain him and declare a coup|date=27 July 2023|website=AP News|access-date=27 July 2023|archive-date=27 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142327/https://apnews.com/article/niger-mutinous-soldiers-attempted-coup-2efab1649bea7d89b14dbc9432f5f819|url-status=live}}</ref> Wasu masu zanga-zangar sun taru a wajen hedkwatar jam’iyyar [[Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism|PNDS-Trayya]] ta Bazoum, inda faifan bidiyo ke nuna yadda suke jifa da kona motoci.<ref name="bbc3">{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66324875 |title=Niger coup: Captive President Bazoum defiant after takeover |date=27 July 2023 |website=BBC |access-date=27 July 2023 |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142355/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66324875 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Martani == [[File:An ECOMIL (Ecowas Mission in Liberia) Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), Landrover Vehicle enters a compound controlled by US Marine Corps (USMC) assigned to Lima-B - DPLA - 2fd69242eeb244c9d485fef6e203bedd.jpeg|thumb]] [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|ECOWAS]] ta yi kokarin tattaunawa da ‘yan adawa amma ta kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ECOWAS Head Says Benin President On Mediation Mission To Niger |url=https://www.barrons.com/articles/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=www.barrons.com |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142406/https://www.barrons.com/news/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |url-status=live }}</ref> An ce magabacin Bazoum a matsayin shugaban ƙasa, [[Mahamadou Issoufou]], da kuma wasu tsaffin shugabannin sun shiga cikin tattaunawar. An yi Allah wadai da juyin mulkin da [[Bankin Duniya]],<ref>{{Cite web |work=al-Arabiya |title=World Bank monitoring Niger's political situation, denounces destabilization attempts |date=27 July 2023 |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2023/07/27/World-Bank-monitoring-Niger-s-political-situation-denounces-destabilization-attempts |access-date=27 July 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727002649/http://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2023/07/27/World-Bank-monitoring-Niger-s-political-situation-denounces-destabilization-attempts |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]], [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], [[Aljeriya]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Algeria strongly condemns coup attempt in Niger-Xinhua |url=https://english.news.cn/africa/20230727/31bccf0be3344f128e61c76b7566a7d4/c.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726193938/https://english.news.cn/africa/20230727/31bccf0be3344f128e61c76b7566a7d4/c.html |archive-date=26 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=english.news.cn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tentative de Coup d'Etat au Niger : l'Algérie condamne une «atteinte à l'ordre constitutionnel » |trans-title=Coup attempt in Niger: Algeria condemns an "attack on the constitutional order" |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/monde/tentative-de-coup-d-etat-au-niger-l-alg%C3%A9rie-condamne-une-atteinte-%C3%A0-l-ordre-constitutionnel-/2955164 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142342/https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/monde/tentative-de-coup-d-etat-au-niger-l-alg%C3%A9rie-condamne-une-atteinte-%C3%A0-l-ordre-constitutionnel-/2955164 |archive-date=27 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=www.aa.com.tr}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> [[Tarayyar Turai]], [[Faransa]] da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=2023-07-27 |title=Niger coup: world leaders react to president's detention |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/07/27/niger-coup-world-leaders-react-to-presidents-detention/ |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=Africanews |language=en |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142824/https://www.africanews.com/2023/07/27/niger-coup-world-leaders-react-to-presidents-detention/ |url-status=live }}</ref> suka yi kira da a gaggauta sakin Bazoum. Shugaban kasar [[Benin]] [[Patrice Talon]], wanda ya je Nijar a madadin kungiyar ECOWAS domin tattaunawa, ya kira juyin mulkin da "rashin halayya ta sojoji". Gamayyar siyasar jamhuriyar Nijar ta yi Allah wadai da juyin mulkin da cewa " hauka ce ta kisan kai da kuma nuna adawa da jamhuriya.<ref name="f24">{{Cite web |work=France 24 |title=Niger soldiers say President Bazoum has been removed, borders closed |date=26 July 2023 |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230726-niger-soldiers-say-president-bazoum-has-been-removed-borders-closed |access-date=27 July 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727000421/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230726-niger-soldiers-say-president-bazoum-has-been-removed-borders-closed |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Liikluspolitsei on sõiduki kinni pidanud ja kontrollib juhi dokumente. 2018. aasta mai, Tartu, Aleksandri tänava ots..jpg|thumb]] A ranar 10 ga Agusta, 2023, Kungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Kasashen Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS) ta yanke shawarar ci gaba da rike zabin tsoma bakin soja a Nijar. ta haka ne za a share fagen tattaro rundunar da ya kamata ta kunshi sojojin Najeriya da na Senegal.[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1472546/politique/coup-detat-au-niger-la-cedeao-retient-loption-militaire/]. == Bincike == Juyin mulkin shi ne na bakwai da ya faru a [[Afirka ta Yamma|yammacin Afirka]] da [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|tsakiyar Afirka]] tun daga shekarar 2020. Cameron Hudson, babban jami'i a cibiyar kula da dabaru da nazarin kasa da kasa, ya ce juyin mulkin zai iya yin tasiri a yakin da Nijar ke yi da 'yan ta'addar Islama, inda ya kara da cewa alamu na nuna cewa sojojin Nijar din ba su ji dadin irin tallafin da suke samu na yaki da 'yan ta'adda ba. Ulf Laessing, shugaban shirin Sahel a gidauniyar Konrad Adenauer, ya ce juyin mulkin ya kasance "mafarki" ga yammacin duniya, wanda ya la'anci Bazoum da Nijar a matsayin "sabon tsaro" a yankin. == Bayanan kula == <references group="lower-alpha" responsive="1"></references> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Category:Nijar]] [[Category:Juyin Mulki]] m1zpl1x52x18kv4t8eysrth4dja7phw 874176 874175 2026-07-02T08:35:19Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874176 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} A ranar 26 ga watan [[Yuli|Yulin]] shekara ta alif 2023, [[Rundunar Tsaron Nijar|sojoji]] daga masu gadin fadar shugaban ƙasar, [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] suka tsare [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|shugaba]] [[Mohamed Bazoum]], yayin da kuma wasu gungun sojoji suka sanar da hambarar da shi, suka kuma rufe iyakokin ƙasar, suka dakatar da hukumomin gwamnati tare da ayyana, dokar ta-baci yayin da suke sanar da kafa gwamnatin mulkin soja.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger : ce que l'on sait de la tentative de coup d'Etat en cours contre le président Mohamed Bazoum |trans-title=Niger: what we know about the ongoing coup attempt against President Mohamed Bazoum |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/niger/niger-ce-que-l-on-sait-de-la-tentative-de-coup-d-etat-en-cours-contre-le-president-mohamed-bazoum_5973206.html |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=Franceinfo |language=fr-FR |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726202029/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/niger/niger-ce-que-l-on-sait-de-la-tentative-de-coup-d-etat-en-cours-contre-le-president-mohamed-bazoum_5973206.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Wannan dai shi ne karo na biyar da sojoji suka yi [[Juyin mulkin Gabon 2023|juyin mulki]] tun bayan samun ƴancin kai a shekara alif 1960. == Fage == Kafin juyin mulkin, a baya ƙasar Nijar ta sha juyin mulkin soji har sau huɗu tun bayan samun ƴancin kai daga Faransa a shekara alif 1960, inda na ƙarshe ya kasance a shekara alif 2010. A tsakanin, an kuma yi yunkurin juyin mulki da dama, wanda na baya bayan nan shi ne a shekara alif 2021, lokacin da ‘yan adawar soji suka yi yunƙurin kwace fadar shugaban ƙasar kwanaki biyu gabanin rantsar da zababben shugaban ƙasa na wancan lokaci [[Bazoum]], wanda shi ne shugaban kasar na farko da ya karbi mulki daga hannun [[Mahamadou Issoufou|zababben shugaban]] kasar ta hanyar dimokuradiyya. {{Efn|In March 2023, a Nigerien official alleged that another coup attempt was made while Bazoum was in [[Turkey]], although the government refused to comment.<ref name="f24"/>}} Har ila yau, juyin mulkin ya zo ne bayan irin abubuwan da suka faru a kasashe makwabta irin su Guinea, [[Mali]] da [[Burkina Faso]] tun daga shekara ta 2020, wanda ya kai ga kiran yankin da sunan "zaman juyin mulki".<ref name="aj1">{{Cite web |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger's Bazoum 'held by guards' in apparent coup attempt |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/26/soldiers-holding-niger-president-inside-palace-security-sources |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=Aljazeera |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727002123/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/26/soldiers-holding-niger-president-inside-palace-security-sources |url-status=live }}</ref> Manazarta sun ce tsadar rayuwa da kuma yadda ake ganin gazawar gwamnati da cin hanci da rashawa ne suka haddasa tayar da ƙayar baya. Kasar dai tana yawan matsayi a kasa a kididdigar ci gaban bil'adama ta [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] kuma ta sha fama da tashe-tashen hankula a karkashin jagorancin [[Al-Qaeda]], [[Daular Musulunci ta Iraƙi|Islamic State]] da [[Boko Haram]], duk da cewa sojojinta na samun horo da tallafin kayan aiki daga Amurka da Faransa, wadanda ke da sansani a can. A shekara ta a 2022, ƙasar ta zama cibiyar yaki da jihadi na Faransa a yankin [[Sahel]] bayan korar ta daga Mali da Burkina Faso, inda aka bayyana Bazoum a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan tsirarun shugabannin da ke goyon bayan kasashen yamma a yankin. Tare da juyin mulki da dama da kuma karuwar kyamar Faransa a yankin, Nijar ta zama abokiyar kawancen Faransa ta karshe.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 February 2022 |title=FRANCE 24 |work=Niger becomes France’s partner of last resort after Mali withdrawal |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20220218-niger-becomes-france-s-partner-of-last-resort-after-mali-withdrawal |access-date=27 July 2023 |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726161918/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20220218-niger-becomes-france-s-partner-of-last-resort-after-mali-withdrawal |url-status=live }}</ref> An kuma bayar da rahoton cewa, jami’an da Amurka ta horas da su sun horar da da yawa daga cikin jami’an tsaron fadar shugaban kasar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Turse |first=Nick |date=2023-07-26 |title=Soldiers Mutiny in U.S.-Allied Niger |url=https://production.public.theintercept.cloud/2023/07/26/niger-coup-us-military/ |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=The Intercept |language=en-US}}</ref> == Abubuwan da suka faru == [[File:Bazoum_mhamed.jpg|thumb| [[Mohamed Bazoum|Mohammed Bazoum]], wanda ya mulki Nijar daga shekarar 2021 zuwa 2023]] A safiyar ranar 26 ga watan Yuli, shafin [[Twitter]] na fadar [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|shugaban ƙasar Nijar]] ya sanar da cewa jami'an tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Janar [[Omar Tchiani]] sun gudanar da zanga-zangar kin jinin Jamhuriyar Jama'a kuma suka yi kokarin "a banza" don samun goyon bayan sauran jami'an tsaro. <ref name="aj1" /> Har ila yau, an ce shugaba [[Mohamed Bazoum]] da iyalansa suna cikin koshin lafiya bayan da rahotanni suka bayyana cewa yana tsare a fadar shugaban kasa da ke [[Niamey|Yamai]] babban birnin kasar . <ref name="aj1" /> An kuma kama ministan cikin gida [[Hamadou Souley]] kuma aka tsare shi a cikin fadar, yayin da aka hangi kusan jami'an tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa ashirin a waje da rana. Rahotanni sun ce Tchiani ne ya jagoranci juyin mulkin, wanda masu sharhi suka ce Bazoum ya yi niyyar sauke shi daga mukaminsa. Da safe ne dai aka rufe fadar da ma’aikatun da ke kusa da fadar da motocin sojoji, sannan an hana ma’aikatan fadar shiga ofisoshinsu.<ref name="cnn1">{{cite web |last1=Dean |first1=Sarah |last2=Kennedy |first2=Niamh |last3=Madowo |first3=Larry |date=July 26, 2023 |title=Niger soldiers claim President Mohamed Bazoum has been ousted, deepening coup fears |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[CNN]] |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726233540/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Magoya bayan farar hula 400 na Bazoum ne suka yi kokarin tunkarar fadar, amma jami’an tsaron fadar shugaban kasar sun tarwatsa su da harbin bindiga, inda daya ya jikkata. A wani wurin kuma a birnin Yamai an bayyana lamarin a matsayin kwanciyar hankali. <ref name="aj1" /> Fadar shugaban kasar ta kuma yi ikirarin cewa an gudanar da zanga-zangar nuna goyon baya ga Bazoum a kewayen ofisoshin diflomasiyyar kasar da ke ketare. <ref name="cnn1" /> Dangane da wadannan abubuwan ne sojojin Nijar suka yi wa fadar shugaban kasa kawanya tare da goyon bayan Bazoum. Rundunar ta kuma fitar da wata sanarwa inda ta ce ta samu “manyan muhimman wurare” a kasar. Fadar shugaban kasar ta bayyana cewa sojoji da [[Gardin Sarki|dakarun tsaron kasar]] a shirye suke su kai farmaki kan masu gadin fadar.<ref name="bbc1">{{Cite news |last1=Minjibir |first1=Usman |last2=Macaulay |first2=Cecilia |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger coup attempt: President Mohamed Bazoum held |work=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66312011 |access-date=26 July 2023 |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726115806/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66312011 |url-status=live }}</ref> BBC ta kuma ruwaito cewa dakarun da ke biyayya ga gwamnatin sun yi wa gidan rediyon jihar ORTN kawanya. Ofishin jakadancin Amurka ya yi gargadi game da tafiya a kan Yamai ta Boulevard de la Republique, inda fadar shugaban kasa take. Amma da maraice, [[Rundunar Tsaron Nijar|Rundunar Sojan Sama]] Kanar-Major Amadou Abdramane ya tafi gidan talabijin na gwamnati [[Tele Sahel|Télé Sahel]] yana mai da'awar cewa an cire Shugaba Bazoum daga mulki tare da sanar da kafa Majalisar Tsaro ta Kasa . A zaune tare da wasu jami’ai tara sanye da kakin kakin jami’an tsaro daban-daban, ya ce jami’an tsaro da na tsaro sun yanke shawarar hambarar da gwamnatin “saboda tabarbarewar tsaro da rashin shugabanci na gari. Ya kuma sanar da rusa kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, da dakatar da hukumomin gwamnati, da rufe iyakokin kasar, da kuma dokar hana fita daga karfe 22:00 zuwa 05:00 agogon kasar, inda ya yi gargadi kan duk wani tsoma bakin kasashen waje. Gwamnatin mulkin sojan kasar ta fitar da wani tsawatawa ga Faransa kan keta dokar rufe sararin samaniyar bayan da wani jirgin soji ya sauka a wani sansanin sojin da safiyar yau. <ref name="bbc3" /> A safiyar ranar 27 ga Yuli, Bazoum ya wallafa a shafinsa na twitter cewa 'yan Nijar masu kaunar dimokuradiyya za su ga cewa "za a kiyaye nasarorin da aka samu da wahala". Ministan harkokin wajen kasar [[Hassoumi Massaoudou|Hassoumi Massoudou]] ya shaidawa kafar yada labaran Faransa ta 24 cewa, ikon kasar yana nan kan shugaban kasar, ya kuma kara da cewa Bazoum na cikin koshin lafiya kuma sojojin kasar ba su da hannu a ciki. Ya kuma ayyana kansa a matsayin shugaban kasa kuma ya yi kira ga duk masu neman dimokradiyya da su “sa wannan kasada ta gaza”. Rundunar sojojin Nijar ta fitar da wata sanarwa mai dauke da sa hannun babban hafsan hafsan sojin kasar Janar Abdou Sidikou Issa, inda kuma ta bayyana goyon bayanta ga juyin mulkin, yana mai nuni da bukatar kiyaye mutuncin shugaban kasar da iyalansa tare da kaucewa "mummunan fada...wanda zai iya haifar da zubar da jini da kuma shafar tsaron jama'a."<ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2023 |title=Niger's army command declares support for military coup |url=https://france24.com/en/africa/20230727-niger-s-army-command-declares-support-for-military-coup |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[France 24]] |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142320/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230727-niger-s-army-command-declares-support-for-military-coup |url-status=live }}</ref> A wani jawabi da ya yi a gidan talabijin jim kadan bayan Kanar Abdramane ya sanar da cewa za a dakatar da duk wasu harkokin jam'iyyun siyasa a kasar har sai wani lokaci.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2023 |title=Niger army pledges allegiance to coup makers |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/27/nigerien-army-pledges-allegiance-to-coup-plotters |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[Aljazeera]] |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142352/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/27/nigerien-army-pledges-allegiance-to-coup-plotters |url-status=live }}</ref> Wata zanga-zangar ta gudana tare da magoya bayan juyin mulkin da ke daga tutocin kasar Rasha, inda suka bayyana goyon bayansu ga kungiyar Wagner, da kuma jifa da duwatsu kan motar dan siyasar da ke wucewa. Babu rahoton jikkata. Masu zanga-zangar sun kuma yi tir da kasancewar Faransa da sauran sansanonin kasashen waje.<ref name="ap2">{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-mutinous-soldiers-attempted-coup-2efab1649bea7d89b14dbc9432f5f819|title=Niger's president vows democracy will prevail after mutinous soldiers detain him and declare a coup|date=27 July 2023|website=AP News|access-date=27 July 2023|archive-date=27 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142327/https://apnews.com/article/niger-mutinous-soldiers-attempted-coup-2efab1649bea7d89b14dbc9432f5f819|url-status=live}}</ref> Wasu masu zanga-zangar sun taru a wajen hedkwatar jam’iyyar [[Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism|PNDS-Trayya]] ta Bazoum, inda faifan bidiyo ke nuna yadda suke jifa da kona motoci.<ref name="bbc3">{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66324875 |title=Niger coup: Captive President Bazoum defiant after takeover |date=27 July 2023 |website=BBC |access-date=27 July 2023 |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142355/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66324875 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Martani == [[File:An ECOMIL (Ecowas Mission in Liberia) Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), Landrover Vehicle enters a compound controlled by US Marine Corps (USMC) assigned to Lima-B - DPLA - 2fd69242eeb244c9d485fef6e203bedd.jpeg|thumb]] [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|ECOWAS]] ta yi kokarin tattaunawa da ‘yan adawa amma ta kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ECOWAS Head Says Benin President On Mediation Mission To Niger |url=https://www.barrons.com/articles/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=www.barrons.com |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142406/https://www.barrons.com/news/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |url-status=live }}</ref> An ce magabacin Bazoum a matsayin shugaban ƙasa, [[Mahamadou Issoufou]], da kuma wasu tsaffin shugabannin sun shiga cikin tattaunawar. An yi Allah wadai da juyin mulkin da [[Bankin Duniya]],<ref>{{Cite web |work=al-Arabiya |title=World Bank monitoring Niger's political situation, denounces destabilization attempts |date=27 July 2023 |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2023/07/27/World-Bank-monitoring-Niger-s-political-situation-denounces-destabilization-attempts |access-date=27 July 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727002649/http://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2023/07/27/World-Bank-monitoring-Niger-s-political-situation-denounces-destabilization-attempts |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]], [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], [[Aljeriya]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Algeria strongly condemns coup attempt in Niger-Xinhua |url=https://english.news.cn/africa/20230727/31bccf0be3344f128e61c76b7566a7d4/c.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726193938/https://english.news.cn/africa/20230727/31bccf0be3344f128e61c76b7566a7d4/c.html |archive-date=26 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=english.news.cn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tentative de Coup d'Etat au Niger : l'Algérie condamne une «atteinte à l'ordre constitutionnel » |trans-title=Coup attempt in Niger: Algeria condemns an "attack on the constitutional order" |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/monde/tentative-de-coup-d-etat-au-niger-l-alg%C3%A9rie-condamne-une-atteinte-%C3%A0-l-ordre-constitutionnel-/2955164 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142342/https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/monde/tentative-de-coup-d-etat-au-niger-l-alg%C3%A9rie-condamne-une-atteinte-%C3%A0-l-ordre-constitutionnel-/2955164 |archive-date=27 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=www.aa.com.tr}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> [[Tarayyar Turai]], [[Faransa]] da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=2023-07-27 |title=Niger coup: world leaders react to president's detention |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/07/27/niger-coup-world-leaders-react-to-presidents-detention/ |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=Africanews |language=en |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142824/https://www.africanews.com/2023/07/27/niger-coup-world-leaders-react-to-presidents-detention/ |url-status=live }}</ref> suka yi kira da a gaggauta sakin Bazoum. Shugaban kasar [[Benin]] [[Patrice Talon]], wanda ya je Nijar a madadin kungiyar ECOWAS domin tattaunawa, ya kira juyin mulkin da "rashin halayya ta sojoji". Gamayyar siyasar jamhuriyar Nijar ta yi Allah wadai da juyin mulkin da cewa " hauka ce ta kisan kai da kuma nuna adawa da jamhuriya.<ref name="f24">{{Cite web |work=France 24 |title=Niger soldiers say President Bazoum has been removed, borders closed |date=26 July 2023 |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230726-niger-soldiers-say-president-bazoum-has-been-removed-borders-closed |access-date=27 July 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727000421/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230726-niger-soldiers-say-president-bazoum-has-been-removed-borders-closed |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Liikluspolitsei on sõiduki kinni pidanud ja kontrollib juhi dokumente. 2018. aasta mai, Tartu, Aleksandri tänava ots..jpg|thumb]] A ranar 10 ga Agusta, 2023, Kungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Kasashen Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS) ta yanke shawarar ci gaba da rike zabin tsoma bakin soja a Nijar. ta haka ne za a share fagen tattaro rundunar da ya kamata ta kunshi sojojin Najeriya da na Senegal.[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1472546/politique/coup-detat-au-niger-la-cedeao-retient-loption-militaire/]. == Bincike == Juyin mulkin shi ne na bakwai da ya faru a [[Afirka ta Yamma|yammacin Afirka]] da [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|tsakiyar Afirka]] tun daga shekarar 2020. Cameron Hudson, babban jami'i a cibiyar kula da dabaru da nazarin kasa da kasa, ya ce juyin mulkin zai iya yin tasiri a yakin da Nijar ke yi da 'yan ta'addar Islama, inda ya kara da cewa alamu na nuna cewa sojojin Nijar din ba su ji dadin irin tallafin da suke samu na yaki da 'yan ta'adda ba. Ulf Laessing, shugaban shirin Sahel a gidauniyar Konrad Adenauer, ya ce juyin mulkin ya kasance "mafarki" ga yammacin duniya, wanda ya la'anci Bazoum da Nijar a matsayin "sabon tsaro" a yankin. == Bayanan kula == <references group="lower-alpha" responsive="1"></references> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Category:Nijar]] [[Category:Juyin Mulki]] n1xi0yr2gbmvrsj5xlyyu4dvoqsoztz 874177 874176 2026-07-02T08:35:48Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874177 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} A ranar 26 ga watan [[Yuli|Yulin]] shekara ta alif 2023, [[Rundunar Tsaron Nijar|sojoji]] daga masu gadin fadar shugaban ƙasar, [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] suka tsare [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|shugaba]] [[Mohamed Bazoum]], yayin da kuma wasu gungun sojoji suka sanar da hambarar da shi, suka kuma rufe iyakokin ƙasar, suka dakatar da hukumomin gwamnati tare da ayyana, dokar ta-baci yayin da suke sanar da kafa gwamnatin mulkin soja.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger : ce que l'on sait de la tentative de coup d'Etat en cours contre le président Mohamed Bazoum |trans-title=Niger: what we know about the ongoing coup attempt against President Mohamed Bazoum |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/niger/niger-ce-que-l-on-sait-de-la-tentative-de-coup-d-etat-en-cours-contre-le-president-mohamed-bazoum_5973206.html |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=Franceinfo |language=fr-FR |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726202029/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/niger/niger-ce-que-l-on-sait-de-la-tentative-de-coup-d-etat-en-cours-contre-le-president-mohamed-bazoum_5973206.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Wannan dai shi ne karo na biyar da sojoji suka yi [[Juyin mulkin Gabon 2023|juyin mulki]] tun bayan samun ƴancin kai a shekara alif 1960. == Fage == Kafin juyin mulkin, a baya ƙasar Nijar ta sha juyin mulkin soji har sau huɗu tun bayan samun ƴancin kai daga Faransa a shekara alif 1960, inda na ƙarshe ya kasance a shekara alif 2010. A tsakanin, an kuma yi yunkurin juyin mulki da dama, wanda na baya bayan nan shi ne a shekara alif 2021, lokacin da ‘yan adawar soji suka yi yunƙurin kwace fadar shugaban ƙasar kwanaki biyu gabanin rantsar da zababben shugaban ƙasa na wancan lokaci [[Bazoum]], wanda shi ne shugaban kasar na farko da ya karbi mulki daga hannun [[Mahamadou Issoufou|zababben shugaban]] kasar ta hanyar dimokuradiyya. {{Efn|In March 2023, a Nigerien official alleged that another coup attempt was made while Bazoum was in [[Turkey]], although the government refused to comment.<ref name="f24"/>}} Har ila yau, juyin mulkin ya zo ne bayan irin abubuwan da suka faru a kasashe makwabta irin su Guinea, [[Mali]] da [[Burkina Faso]] tun daga shekara ta a 2020, wanda ya kai ga kiran yankin da sunan "zaman juyin mulki".<ref name="aj1">{{Cite web |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger's Bazoum 'held by guards' in apparent coup attempt |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/26/soldiers-holding-niger-president-inside-palace-security-sources |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=Aljazeera |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727002123/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/26/soldiers-holding-niger-president-inside-palace-security-sources |url-status=live }}</ref> Manazarta sun ce tsadar rayuwa da kuma yadda ake ganin gazawar gwamnati da cin hanci da rashawa ne suka haddasa tayar da ƙayar baya. Kasar dai tana yawan matsayi a kasa a kididdigar ci gaban bil'adama ta [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] kuma ta sha fama da tashe-tashen hankula a karkashin jagorancin [[Al-Qaeda]], [[Daular Musulunci ta Iraƙi|Islamic State]] da [[Boko Haram]], duk da cewa sojojinta na samun horo da tallafin kayan aiki daga Amurka da Faransa, wadanda ke da sansani a can. A shekara ta a 2022, ƙasar ta zama cibiyar yaki da jihadi na Faransa a yankin [[Sahel]] bayan korar ta daga Mali da Burkina Faso, inda aka bayyana Bazoum a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan tsirarun shugabannin da ke goyon bayan kasashen yamma a yankin. Tare da juyin mulki da dama da kuma karuwar kyamar Faransa a yankin, Nijar ta zama abokiyar kawancen Faransa ta karshe.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 February 2022 |title=FRANCE 24 |work=Niger becomes France’s partner of last resort after Mali withdrawal |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20220218-niger-becomes-france-s-partner-of-last-resort-after-mali-withdrawal |access-date=27 July 2023 |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726161918/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20220218-niger-becomes-france-s-partner-of-last-resort-after-mali-withdrawal |url-status=live }}</ref> An kuma bayar da rahoton cewa, jami’an da Amurka ta horas da su sun horar da da yawa daga cikin jami’an tsaron fadar shugaban kasar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Turse |first=Nick |date=2023-07-26 |title=Soldiers Mutiny in U.S.-Allied Niger |url=https://production.public.theintercept.cloud/2023/07/26/niger-coup-us-military/ |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=The Intercept |language=en-US}}</ref> == Abubuwan da suka faru == [[File:Bazoum_mhamed.jpg|thumb| [[Mohamed Bazoum|Mohammed Bazoum]], wanda ya mulki Nijar daga shekarar 2021 zuwa 2023]] A safiyar ranar 26 ga watan Yuli, shafin [[Twitter]] na fadar [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|shugaban ƙasar Nijar]] ya sanar da cewa jami'an tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Janar [[Omar Tchiani]] sun gudanar da zanga-zangar kin jinin Jamhuriyar Jama'a kuma suka yi kokarin "a banza" don samun goyon bayan sauran jami'an tsaro. <ref name="aj1" /> Har ila yau, an ce shugaba [[Mohamed Bazoum]] da iyalansa suna cikin koshin lafiya bayan da rahotanni suka bayyana cewa yana tsare a fadar shugaban kasa da ke [[Niamey|Yamai]] babban birnin kasar . <ref name="aj1" /> An kuma kama ministan cikin gida [[Hamadou Souley]] kuma aka tsare shi a cikin fadar, yayin da aka hangi kusan jami'an tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa ashirin a waje da rana. Rahotanni sun ce Tchiani ne ya jagoranci juyin mulkin, wanda masu sharhi suka ce Bazoum ya yi niyyar sauke shi daga mukaminsa. Da safe ne dai aka rufe fadar da ma’aikatun da ke kusa da fadar da motocin sojoji, sannan an hana ma’aikatan fadar shiga ofisoshinsu.<ref name="cnn1">{{cite web |last1=Dean |first1=Sarah |last2=Kennedy |first2=Niamh |last3=Madowo |first3=Larry |date=July 26, 2023 |title=Niger soldiers claim President Mohamed Bazoum has been ousted, deepening coup fears |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[CNN]] |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726233540/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Magoya bayan farar hula 400 na Bazoum ne suka yi kokarin tunkarar fadar, amma jami’an tsaron fadar shugaban kasar sun tarwatsa su da harbin bindiga, inda daya ya jikkata. A wani wurin kuma a birnin Yamai an bayyana lamarin a matsayin kwanciyar hankali. <ref name="aj1" /> Fadar shugaban kasar ta kuma yi ikirarin cewa an gudanar da zanga-zangar nuna goyon baya ga Bazoum a kewayen ofisoshin diflomasiyyar kasar da ke ketare. <ref name="cnn1" /> Dangane da wadannan abubuwan ne sojojin Nijar suka yi wa fadar shugaban kasa kawanya tare da goyon bayan Bazoum. Rundunar ta kuma fitar da wata sanarwa inda ta ce ta samu “manyan muhimman wurare” a kasar. Fadar shugaban kasar ta bayyana cewa sojoji da [[Gardin Sarki|dakarun tsaron kasar]] a shirye suke su kai farmaki kan masu gadin fadar.<ref name="bbc1">{{Cite news |last1=Minjibir |first1=Usman |last2=Macaulay |first2=Cecilia |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger coup attempt: President Mohamed Bazoum held |work=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66312011 |access-date=26 July 2023 |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726115806/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66312011 |url-status=live }}</ref> BBC ta kuma ruwaito cewa dakarun da ke biyayya ga gwamnatin sun yi wa gidan rediyon jihar ORTN kawanya. Ofishin jakadancin Amurka ya yi gargadi game da tafiya a kan Yamai ta Boulevard de la Republique, inda fadar shugaban kasa take. Amma da maraice, [[Rundunar Tsaron Nijar|Rundunar Sojan Sama]] Kanar-Major Amadou Abdramane ya tafi gidan talabijin na gwamnati [[Tele Sahel|Télé Sahel]] yana mai da'awar cewa an cire Shugaba Bazoum daga mulki tare da sanar da kafa Majalisar Tsaro ta Kasa . A zaune tare da wasu jami’ai tara sanye da kakin kakin jami’an tsaro daban-daban, ya ce jami’an tsaro da na tsaro sun yanke shawarar hambarar da gwamnatin “saboda tabarbarewar tsaro da rashin shugabanci na gari. Ya kuma sanar da rusa kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, da dakatar da hukumomin gwamnati, da rufe iyakokin kasar, da kuma dokar hana fita daga karfe 22:00 zuwa 05:00 agogon kasar, inda ya yi gargadi kan duk wani tsoma bakin kasashen waje. Gwamnatin mulkin sojan kasar ta fitar da wani tsawatawa ga Faransa kan keta dokar rufe sararin samaniyar bayan da wani jirgin soji ya sauka a wani sansanin sojin da safiyar yau. <ref name="bbc3" /> A safiyar ranar 27 ga Yuli, Bazoum ya wallafa a shafinsa na twitter cewa 'yan Nijar masu kaunar dimokuradiyya za su ga cewa "za a kiyaye nasarorin da aka samu da wahala". Ministan harkokin wajen kasar [[Hassoumi Massaoudou|Hassoumi Massoudou]] ya shaidawa kafar yada labaran Faransa ta 24 cewa, ikon kasar yana nan kan shugaban kasar, ya kuma kara da cewa Bazoum na cikin koshin lafiya kuma sojojin kasar ba su da hannu a ciki. Ya kuma ayyana kansa a matsayin shugaban kasa kuma ya yi kira ga duk masu neman dimokradiyya da su “sa wannan kasada ta gaza”. Rundunar sojojin Nijar ta fitar da wata sanarwa mai dauke da sa hannun babban hafsan hafsan sojin kasar Janar Abdou Sidikou Issa, inda kuma ta bayyana goyon bayanta ga juyin mulkin, yana mai nuni da bukatar kiyaye mutuncin shugaban kasar da iyalansa tare da kaucewa "mummunan fada...wanda zai iya haifar da zubar da jini da kuma shafar tsaron jama'a."<ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2023 |title=Niger's army command declares support for military coup |url=https://france24.com/en/africa/20230727-niger-s-army-command-declares-support-for-military-coup |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[France 24]] |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142320/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230727-niger-s-army-command-declares-support-for-military-coup |url-status=live }}</ref> A wani jawabi da ya yi a gidan talabijin jim kadan bayan Kanar Abdramane ya sanar da cewa za a dakatar da duk wasu harkokin jam'iyyun siyasa a kasar har sai wani lokaci.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2023 |title=Niger army pledges allegiance to coup makers |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/27/nigerien-army-pledges-allegiance-to-coup-plotters |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[Aljazeera]] |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142352/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/27/nigerien-army-pledges-allegiance-to-coup-plotters |url-status=live }}</ref> Wata zanga-zangar ta gudana tare da magoya bayan juyin mulkin da ke daga tutocin kasar Rasha, inda suka bayyana goyon bayansu ga kungiyar Wagner, da kuma jifa da duwatsu kan motar dan siyasar da ke wucewa. Babu rahoton jikkata. Masu zanga-zangar sun kuma yi tir da kasancewar Faransa da sauran sansanonin kasashen waje.<ref name="ap2">{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-mutinous-soldiers-attempted-coup-2efab1649bea7d89b14dbc9432f5f819|title=Niger's president vows democracy will prevail after mutinous soldiers detain him and declare a coup|date=27 July 2023|website=AP News|access-date=27 July 2023|archive-date=27 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142327/https://apnews.com/article/niger-mutinous-soldiers-attempted-coup-2efab1649bea7d89b14dbc9432f5f819|url-status=live}}</ref> Wasu masu zanga-zangar sun taru a wajen hedkwatar jam’iyyar [[Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism|PNDS-Trayya]] ta Bazoum, inda faifan bidiyo ke nuna yadda suke jifa da kona motoci.<ref name="bbc3">{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66324875 |title=Niger coup: Captive President Bazoum defiant after takeover |date=27 July 2023 |website=BBC |access-date=27 July 2023 |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142355/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66324875 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Martani == [[File:An ECOMIL (Ecowas Mission in Liberia) Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), Landrover Vehicle enters a compound controlled by US Marine Corps (USMC) assigned to Lima-B - DPLA - 2fd69242eeb244c9d485fef6e203bedd.jpeg|thumb]] [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|ECOWAS]] ta yi kokarin tattaunawa da ‘yan adawa amma ta kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ECOWAS Head Says Benin President On Mediation Mission To Niger |url=https://www.barrons.com/articles/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=www.barrons.com |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142406/https://www.barrons.com/news/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |url-status=live }}</ref> An ce magabacin Bazoum a matsayin shugaban ƙasa, [[Mahamadou Issoufou]], da kuma wasu tsaffin shugabannin sun shiga cikin tattaunawar. An yi Allah wadai da juyin mulkin da [[Bankin Duniya]],<ref>{{Cite web |work=al-Arabiya |title=World Bank monitoring Niger's political situation, denounces destabilization attempts |date=27 July 2023 |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2023/07/27/World-Bank-monitoring-Niger-s-political-situation-denounces-destabilization-attempts |access-date=27 July 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727002649/http://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2023/07/27/World-Bank-monitoring-Niger-s-political-situation-denounces-destabilization-attempts |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]], [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], [[Aljeriya]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Algeria strongly condemns coup attempt in Niger-Xinhua |url=https://english.news.cn/africa/20230727/31bccf0be3344f128e61c76b7566a7d4/c.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726193938/https://english.news.cn/africa/20230727/31bccf0be3344f128e61c76b7566a7d4/c.html |archive-date=26 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=english.news.cn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tentative de Coup d'Etat au Niger : l'Algérie condamne une «atteinte à l'ordre constitutionnel » |trans-title=Coup attempt in Niger: Algeria condemns an "attack on the constitutional order" |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/monde/tentative-de-coup-d-etat-au-niger-l-alg%C3%A9rie-condamne-une-atteinte-%C3%A0-l-ordre-constitutionnel-/2955164 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142342/https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/monde/tentative-de-coup-d-etat-au-niger-l-alg%C3%A9rie-condamne-une-atteinte-%C3%A0-l-ordre-constitutionnel-/2955164 |archive-date=27 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=www.aa.com.tr}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> [[Tarayyar Turai]], [[Faransa]] da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=2023-07-27 |title=Niger coup: world leaders react to president's detention |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/07/27/niger-coup-world-leaders-react-to-presidents-detention/ |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=Africanews |language=en |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142824/https://www.africanews.com/2023/07/27/niger-coup-world-leaders-react-to-presidents-detention/ |url-status=live }}</ref> suka yi kira da a gaggauta sakin Bazoum. Shugaban kasar [[Benin]] [[Patrice Talon]], wanda ya je Nijar a madadin kungiyar ECOWAS domin tattaunawa, ya kira juyin mulkin da "rashin halayya ta sojoji". Gamayyar siyasar jamhuriyar Nijar ta yi Allah wadai da juyin mulkin da cewa " hauka ce ta kisan kai da kuma nuna adawa da jamhuriya.<ref name="f24">{{Cite web |work=France 24 |title=Niger soldiers say President Bazoum has been removed, borders closed |date=26 July 2023 |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230726-niger-soldiers-say-president-bazoum-has-been-removed-borders-closed |access-date=27 July 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727000421/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230726-niger-soldiers-say-president-bazoum-has-been-removed-borders-closed |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Liikluspolitsei on sõiduki kinni pidanud ja kontrollib juhi dokumente. 2018. aasta mai, Tartu, Aleksandri tänava ots..jpg|thumb]] A ranar 10 ga Agusta, 2023, Kungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Kasashen Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS) ta yanke shawarar ci gaba da rike zabin tsoma bakin soja a Nijar. ta haka ne za a share fagen tattaro rundunar da ya kamata ta kunshi sojojin Najeriya da na Senegal.[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1472546/politique/coup-detat-au-niger-la-cedeao-retient-loption-militaire/]. == Bincike == Juyin mulkin shi ne na bakwai da ya faru a [[Afirka ta Yamma|yammacin Afirka]] da [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|tsakiyar Afirka]] tun daga shekarar 2020. Cameron Hudson, babban jami'i a cibiyar kula da dabaru da nazarin kasa da kasa, ya ce juyin mulkin zai iya yin tasiri a yakin da Nijar ke yi da 'yan ta'addar Islama, inda ya kara da cewa alamu na nuna cewa sojojin Nijar din ba su ji dadin irin tallafin da suke samu na yaki da 'yan ta'adda ba. Ulf Laessing, shugaban shirin Sahel a gidauniyar Konrad Adenauer, ya ce juyin mulkin ya kasance "mafarki" ga yammacin duniya, wanda ya la'anci Bazoum da Nijar a matsayin "sabon tsaro" a yankin. == Bayanan kula == <references group="lower-alpha" responsive="1"></references> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Category:Nijar]] [[Category:Juyin Mulki]] ll2suzej1p6qk0rtw2l6xpa9crmt9t4 874178 874177 2026-07-02T08:36:28Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874178 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} A ranar 26 ga watan [[Yuli|Yulin]] shekara ta alif 2023, [[Rundunar Tsaron Nijar|sojoji]] daga masu gadin fadar shugaban ƙasar, [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] suka tsare [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|shugaba]] [[Mohamed Bazoum]], yayin da kuma wasu gungun sojoji suka sanar da hambarar da shi, suka kuma rufe iyakokin ƙasar, suka dakatar da hukumomin gwamnati tare da ayyana, dokar ta-baci yayin da suke sanar da kafa gwamnatin mulkin soja.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger : ce que l'on sait de la tentative de coup d'Etat en cours contre le président Mohamed Bazoum |trans-title=Niger: what we know about the ongoing coup attempt against President Mohamed Bazoum |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/niger/niger-ce-que-l-on-sait-de-la-tentative-de-coup-d-etat-en-cours-contre-le-president-mohamed-bazoum_5973206.html |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=Franceinfo |language=fr-FR |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726202029/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/niger/niger-ce-que-l-on-sait-de-la-tentative-de-coup-d-etat-en-cours-contre-le-president-mohamed-bazoum_5973206.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Wannan dai shi ne karo na biyar da sojoji suka yi [[Juyin mulkin Gabon 2023|juyin mulki]] tun bayan samun ƴancin kai a shekara alif 1960. == Fage == Kafin juyin mulkin, a baya ƙasar Nijar ta sha juyin mulkin soji har sau huɗu tun bayan samun ƴancin kai daga Faransa a shekara alif 1960, inda na ƙarshe ya kasance a shekara alif 2010. A tsakanin, an kuma yi yunkurin juyin mulki da dama, wanda na baya bayan nan shi ne a shekara alif 2021, lokacin da ‘yan adawar soji suka yi yunƙurin kwace fadar shugaban ƙasar kwanaki biyu gabanin rantsar da zababben shugaban ƙasa na wancan lokaci [[Bazoum]], wanda shi ne shugaban kasar na farko da ya karbi mulki daga hannun [[Mahamadou Issoufou|zababben shugaban]] kasar ta hanyar dimokuradiyya. {{Efn|In March 2023, a Nigerien official alleged that another coup attempt was made while Bazoum was in [[Turkey]], although the government refused to comment.<ref name="f24"/>}} Har ila yau, juyin mulkin ya zo ne bayan irin abubuwan da suka faru a kasashe makwabta irin su Guinea, [[Mali]] da [[Burkina Faso]] tun daga shekara ta al 2020, wanda ya kai ga kiran yankin da sunan "zaman juyin mulki".<ref name="aj1">{{Cite web |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger's Bazoum 'held by guards' in apparent coup attempt |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/26/soldiers-holding-niger-president-inside-palace-security-sources |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=Aljazeera |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727002123/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/26/soldiers-holding-niger-president-inside-palace-security-sources |url-status=live }}</ref> Manazarta sun ce tsadar rayuwa da kuma yadda ake ganin gazawar gwamnati da cin hanci da rashawa ne suka haddasa tayar da ƙayar baya. Kasar dai tana yawan matsayi a kasa a kididdigar ci gaban bil'adama ta [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] kuma ta sha fama da tashe-tashen hankula a karkashin jagorancin [[Al-Qaeda]], [[Daular Musulunci ta Iraƙi|Islamic State]] da [[Boko Haram]], duk da cewa sojojinta na samun horo da tallafin kayan aiki daga Amurka da Faransa, wadanda ke da sansani a can. A shekara ta a 2022, ƙasar ta zama cibiyar yaki da jihadi na Faransa a yankin [[Sahel]] bayan korar ta daga Mali da Burkina Faso, inda aka bayyana Bazoum a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan tsirarun shugabannin da ke goyon bayan kasashen yamma a yankin. Tare da juyin mulki da dama da kuma karuwar kyamar Faransa a yankin, Nijar ta zama abokiyar kawancen Faransa ta karshe.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 February 2022 |title=FRANCE 24 |work=Niger becomes France’s partner of last resort after Mali withdrawal |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20220218-niger-becomes-france-s-partner-of-last-resort-after-mali-withdrawal |access-date=27 July 2023 |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726161918/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20220218-niger-becomes-france-s-partner-of-last-resort-after-mali-withdrawal |url-status=live }}</ref> An kuma bayar da rahoton cewa, jami’an da Amurka ta horas da su sun horar da da yawa daga cikin jami’an tsaron fadar shugaban kasar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Turse |first=Nick |date=2023-07-26 |title=Soldiers Mutiny in U.S.-Allied Niger |url=https://production.public.theintercept.cloud/2023/07/26/niger-coup-us-military/ |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=The Intercept |language=en-US}}</ref> == Abubuwan da suka faru == [[File:Bazoum_mhamed.jpg|thumb| [[Mohamed Bazoum|Mohammed Bazoum]], wanda ya mulki Nijar daga shekarar 2021 zuwa 2023]] A safiyar ranar 26 ga watan Yuli, shafin [[Twitter]] na fadar [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|shugaban ƙasar Nijar]] ya sanar da cewa jami'an tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Janar [[Omar Tchiani]] sun gudanar da zanga-zangar kin jinin Jamhuriyar Jama'a kuma suka yi kokarin "a banza" don samun goyon bayan sauran jami'an tsaro. <ref name="aj1" /> Har ila yau, an ce shugaba [[Mohamed Bazoum]] da iyalansa suna cikin koshin lafiya bayan da rahotanni suka bayyana cewa yana tsare a fadar shugaban kasa da ke [[Niamey|Yamai]] babban birnin kasar . <ref name="aj1" /> An kuma kama ministan cikin gida [[Hamadou Souley]] kuma aka tsare shi a cikin fadar, yayin da aka hangi kusan jami'an tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa ashirin a waje da rana. Rahotanni sun ce Tchiani ne ya jagoranci juyin mulkin, wanda masu sharhi suka ce Bazoum ya yi niyyar sauke shi daga mukaminsa. Da safe ne dai aka rufe fadar da ma’aikatun da ke kusa da fadar da motocin sojoji, sannan an hana ma’aikatan fadar shiga ofisoshinsu.<ref name="cnn1">{{cite web |last1=Dean |first1=Sarah |last2=Kennedy |first2=Niamh |last3=Madowo |first3=Larry |date=July 26, 2023 |title=Niger soldiers claim President Mohamed Bazoum has been ousted, deepening coup fears |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[CNN]] |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726233540/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Magoya bayan farar hula 400 na Bazoum ne suka yi kokarin tunkarar fadar, amma jami’an tsaron fadar shugaban kasar sun tarwatsa su da harbin bindiga, inda daya ya jikkata. A wani wurin kuma a birnin Yamai an bayyana lamarin a matsayin kwanciyar hankali. <ref name="aj1" /> Fadar shugaban kasar ta kuma yi ikirarin cewa an gudanar da zanga-zangar nuna goyon baya ga Bazoum a kewayen ofisoshin diflomasiyyar kasar da ke ketare. <ref name="cnn1" /> Dangane da wadannan abubuwan ne sojojin Nijar suka yi wa fadar shugaban kasa kawanya tare da goyon bayan Bazoum. Rundunar ta kuma fitar da wata sanarwa inda ta ce ta samu “manyan muhimman wurare” a kasar. Fadar shugaban kasar ta bayyana cewa sojoji da [[Gardin Sarki|dakarun tsaron kasar]] a shirye suke su kai farmaki kan masu gadin fadar.<ref name="bbc1">{{Cite news |last1=Minjibir |first1=Usman |last2=Macaulay |first2=Cecilia |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger coup attempt: President Mohamed Bazoum held |work=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66312011 |access-date=26 July 2023 |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726115806/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66312011 |url-status=live }}</ref> BBC ta kuma ruwaito cewa dakarun da ke biyayya ga gwamnatin sun yi wa gidan rediyon jihar ORTN kawanya. Ofishin jakadancin Amurka ya yi gargadi game da tafiya a kan Yamai ta Boulevard de la Republique, inda fadar shugaban kasa take. Amma da maraice, [[Rundunar Tsaron Nijar|Rundunar Sojan Sama]] Kanar-Major Amadou Abdramane ya tafi gidan talabijin na gwamnati [[Tele Sahel|Télé Sahel]] yana mai da'awar cewa an cire Shugaba Bazoum daga mulki tare da sanar da kafa Majalisar Tsaro ta Kasa . A zaune tare da wasu jami’ai tara sanye da kakin kakin jami’an tsaro daban-daban, ya ce jami’an tsaro da na tsaro sun yanke shawarar hambarar da gwamnatin “saboda tabarbarewar tsaro da rashin shugabanci na gari. Ya kuma sanar da rusa kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, da dakatar da hukumomin gwamnati, da rufe iyakokin kasar, da kuma dokar hana fita daga karfe 22:00 zuwa 05:00 agogon kasar, inda ya yi gargadi kan duk wani tsoma bakin kasashen waje. Gwamnatin mulkin sojan kasar ta fitar da wani tsawatawa ga Faransa kan keta dokar rufe sararin samaniyar bayan da wani jirgin soji ya sauka a wani sansanin sojin da safiyar yau. <ref name="bbc3" /> A safiyar ranar 27 ga Yuli, Bazoum ya wallafa a shafinsa na twitter cewa 'yan Nijar masu kaunar dimokuradiyya za su ga cewa "za a kiyaye nasarorin da aka samu da wahala". Ministan harkokin wajen kasar [[Hassoumi Massaoudou|Hassoumi Massoudou]] ya shaidawa kafar yada labaran Faransa ta 24 cewa, ikon kasar yana nan kan shugaban kasar, ya kuma kara da cewa Bazoum na cikin koshin lafiya kuma sojojin kasar ba su da hannu a ciki. Ya kuma ayyana kansa a matsayin shugaban kasa kuma ya yi kira ga duk masu neman dimokradiyya da su “sa wannan kasada ta gaza”. Rundunar sojojin Nijar ta fitar da wata sanarwa mai dauke da sa hannun babban hafsan hafsan sojin kasar Janar Abdou Sidikou Issa, inda kuma ta bayyana goyon bayanta ga juyin mulkin, yana mai nuni da bukatar kiyaye mutuncin shugaban kasar da iyalansa tare da kaucewa "mummunan fada...wanda zai iya haifar da zubar da jini da kuma shafar tsaron jama'a."<ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2023 |title=Niger's army command declares support for military coup |url=https://france24.com/en/africa/20230727-niger-s-army-command-declares-support-for-military-coup |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[France 24]] |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142320/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230727-niger-s-army-command-declares-support-for-military-coup |url-status=live }}</ref> A wani jawabi da ya yi a gidan talabijin jim kadan bayan Kanar Abdramane ya sanar da cewa za a dakatar da duk wasu harkokin jam'iyyun siyasa a kasar har sai wani lokaci.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2023 |title=Niger army pledges allegiance to coup makers |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/27/nigerien-army-pledges-allegiance-to-coup-plotters |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[Aljazeera]] |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142352/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/27/nigerien-army-pledges-allegiance-to-coup-plotters |url-status=live }}</ref> Wata zanga-zangar ta gudana tare da magoya bayan juyin mulkin da ke daga tutocin kasar Rasha, inda suka bayyana goyon bayansu ga kungiyar Wagner, da kuma jifa da duwatsu kan motar dan siyasar da ke wucewa. Babu rahoton jikkata. Masu zanga-zangar sun kuma yi tir da kasancewar Faransa da sauran sansanonin kasashen waje.<ref name="ap2">{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-mutinous-soldiers-attempted-coup-2efab1649bea7d89b14dbc9432f5f819|title=Niger's president vows democracy will prevail after mutinous soldiers detain him and declare a coup|date=27 July 2023|website=AP News|access-date=27 July 2023|archive-date=27 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142327/https://apnews.com/article/niger-mutinous-soldiers-attempted-coup-2efab1649bea7d89b14dbc9432f5f819|url-status=live}}</ref> Wasu masu zanga-zangar sun taru a wajen hedkwatar jam’iyyar [[Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism|PNDS-Trayya]] ta Bazoum, inda faifan bidiyo ke nuna yadda suke jifa da kona motoci.<ref name="bbc3">{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66324875 |title=Niger coup: Captive President Bazoum defiant after takeover |date=27 July 2023 |website=BBC |access-date=27 July 2023 |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142355/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66324875 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Martani == [[File:An ECOMIL (Ecowas Mission in Liberia) Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), Landrover Vehicle enters a compound controlled by US Marine Corps (USMC) assigned to Lima-B - DPLA - 2fd69242eeb244c9d485fef6e203bedd.jpeg|thumb]] [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|ECOWAS]] ta yi kokarin tattaunawa da ‘yan adawa amma ta kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ECOWAS Head Says Benin President On Mediation Mission To Niger |url=https://www.barrons.com/articles/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=www.barrons.com |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142406/https://www.barrons.com/news/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |url-status=live }}</ref> An ce magabacin Bazoum a matsayin shugaban ƙasa, [[Mahamadou Issoufou]], da kuma wasu tsaffin shugabannin sun shiga cikin tattaunawar. An yi Allah wadai da juyin mulkin da [[Bankin Duniya]],<ref>{{Cite web |work=al-Arabiya |title=World Bank monitoring Niger's political situation, denounces destabilization attempts |date=27 July 2023 |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2023/07/27/World-Bank-monitoring-Niger-s-political-situation-denounces-destabilization-attempts |access-date=27 July 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727002649/http://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2023/07/27/World-Bank-monitoring-Niger-s-political-situation-denounces-destabilization-attempts |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]], [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], [[Aljeriya]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Algeria strongly condemns coup attempt in Niger-Xinhua |url=https://english.news.cn/africa/20230727/31bccf0be3344f128e61c76b7566a7d4/c.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726193938/https://english.news.cn/africa/20230727/31bccf0be3344f128e61c76b7566a7d4/c.html |archive-date=26 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=english.news.cn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tentative de Coup d'Etat au Niger : l'Algérie condamne une «atteinte à l'ordre constitutionnel » |trans-title=Coup attempt in Niger: Algeria condemns an "attack on the constitutional order" |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/monde/tentative-de-coup-d-etat-au-niger-l-alg%C3%A9rie-condamne-une-atteinte-%C3%A0-l-ordre-constitutionnel-/2955164 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142342/https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/monde/tentative-de-coup-d-etat-au-niger-l-alg%C3%A9rie-condamne-une-atteinte-%C3%A0-l-ordre-constitutionnel-/2955164 |archive-date=27 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=www.aa.com.tr}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> [[Tarayyar Turai]], [[Faransa]] da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=2023-07-27 |title=Niger coup: world leaders react to president's detention |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/07/27/niger-coup-world-leaders-react-to-presidents-detention/ |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=Africanews |language=en |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142824/https://www.africanews.com/2023/07/27/niger-coup-world-leaders-react-to-presidents-detention/ |url-status=live }}</ref> suka yi kira da a gaggauta sakin Bazoum. Shugaban kasar [[Benin]] [[Patrice Talon]], wanda ya je Nijar a madadin kungiyar ECOWAS domin tattaunawa, ya kira juyin mulkin da "rashin halayya ta sojoji". Gamayyar siyasar jamhuriyar Nijar ta yi Allah wadai da juyin mulkin da cewa " hauka ce ta kisan kai da kuma nuna adawa da jamhuriya.<ref name="f24">{{Cite web |work=France 24 |title=Niger soldiers say President Bazoum has been removed, borders closed |date=26 July 2023 |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230726-niger-soldiers-say-president-bazoum-has-been-removed-borders-closed |access-date=27 July 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727000421/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230726-niger-soldiers-say-president-bazoum-has-been-removed-borders-closed |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Liikluspolitsei on sõiduki kinni pidanud ja kontrollib juhi dokumente. 2018. aasta mai, Tartu, Aleksandri tänava ots..jpg|thumb]] A ranar 10 ga Agusta, 2023, Kungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Kasashen Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS) ta yanke shawarar ci gaba da rike zabin tsoma bakin soja a Nijar. ta haka ne za a share fagen tattaro rundunar da ya kamata ta kunshi sojojin Najeriya da na Senegal.[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1472546/politique/coup-detat-au-niger-la-cedeao-retient-loption-militaire/]. == Bincike == Juyin mulkin shi ne na bakwai da ya faru a [[Afirka ta Yamma|yammacin Afirka]] da [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|tsakiyar Afirka]] tun daga shekarar 2020. Cameron Hudson, babban jami'i a cibiyar kula da dabaru da nazarin kasa da kasa, ya ce juyin mulkin zai iya yin tasiri a yakin da Nijar ke yi da 'yan ta'addar Islama, inda ya kara da cewa alamu na nuna cewa sojojin Nijar din ba su ji dadin irin tallafin da suke samu na yaki da 'yan ta'adda ba. Ulf Laessing, shugaban shirin Sahel a gidauniyar Konrad Adenauer, ya ce juyin mulkin ya kasance "mafarki" ga yammacin duniya, wanda ya la'anci Bazoum da Nijar a matsayin "sabon tsaro" a yankin. == Bayanan kula == <references group="lower-alpha" responsive="1"></references> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Category:Nijar]] [[Category:Juyin Mulki]] c1luoyfgyz59eu3waglrg9cikg2t7wy 874179 874178 2026-07-02T08:36:58Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874179 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} A ranar 26 ga watan [[Yuli|Yulin]] shekara ta alif 2023, [[Rundunar Tsaron Nijar|sojoji]] daga masu gadin fadar shugaban ƙasar, [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] suka tsare [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|shugaba]] [[Mohamed Bazoum]], yayin da kuma wasu gungun sojoji suka sanar da hambarar da shi, suka kuma rufe iyakokin ƙasar, suka dakatar da hukumomin gwamnati tare da ayyana, dokar ta-baci yayin da suke sanar da kafa gwamnatin mulkin soja.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger : ce que l'on sait de la tentative de coup d'Etat en cours contre le président Mohamed Bazoum |trans-title=Niger: what we know about the ongoing coup attempt against President Mohamed Bazoum |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/niger/niger-ce-que-l-on-sait-de-la-tentative-de-coup-d-etat-en-cours-contre-le-president-mohamed-bazoum_5973206.html |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=Franceinfo |language=fr-FR |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726202029/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/niger/niger-ce-que-l-on-sait-de-la-tentative-de-coup-d-etat-en-cours-contre-le-president-mohamed-bazoum_5973206.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Wannan dai shi ne karo na biyar da sojoji suka yi [[Juyin mulkin Gabon 2023|juyin mulki]] tun bayan samun ƴancin kai a shekara alif 1960. == Fage == Kafin juyin mulkin, a baya ƙasar Nijar ta sha juyin mulkin soji har sau huɗu tun bayan samun ƴancin kai daga Faransa a shekara alif 1960, inda na ƙarshe ya kasance a shekara alif 2010. A tsakanin, an kuma yi yunkurin juyin mulki da dama, wanda na baya bayan nan shi ne a shekara alif 2021, lokacin da ‘yan adawar soji suka yi yunƙurin kwace fadar shugaban ƙasar kwanaki biyu gabanin rantsar da zababben shugaban ƙasa na wancan lokaci [[Bazoum]], wanda shi ne shugaban kasar na farko da ya karbi mulki daga hannun [[Mahamadou Issoufou|zababben shugaban]] kasar ta hanyar dimokuradiyya. {{Efn|In March 2023, a Nigerien official alleged that another coup attempt was made while Bazoum was in [[Turkey]], although the government refused to comment.<ref name="f24"/>}} Har ila yau, juyin mulkin ya zo ne bayan irin abubuwan da suka faru a kasashe makwabta irin su Guinea, [[Mali]] da [[Burkina Faso]] tun daga shekara ta ali 2020, wanda ya kai ga kiran yankin da sunan "zaman juyin mulki".<ref name="aj1">{{Cite web |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger's Bazoum 'held by guards' in apparent coup attempt |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/26/soldiers-holding-niger-president-inside-palace-security-sources |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=Aljazeera |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727002123/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/26/soldiers-holding-niger-president-inside-palace-security-sources |url-status=live }}</ref> Manazarta sun ce tsadar rayuwa da kuma yadda ake ganin gazawar gwamnati da cin hanci da rashawa ne suka haddasa tayar da ƙayar baya. Kasar dai tana yawan matsayi a kasa a kididdigar ci gaban bil'adama ta [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] kuma ta sha fama da tashe-tashen hankula a karkashin jagorancin [[Al-Qaeda]], [[Daular Musulunci ta Iraƙi|Islamic State]] da [[Boko Haram]], duk da cewa sojojinta na samun horo da tallafin kayan aiki daga Amurka da Faransa, wadanda ke da sansani a can. A shekara ta a 2022, ƙasar ta zama cibiyar yaki da jihadi na Faransa a yankin [[Sahel]] bayan korar ta daga Mali da Burkina Faso, inda aka bayyana Bazoum a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan tsirarun shugabannin da ke goyon bayan kasashen yamma a yankin. Tare da juyin mulki da dama da kuma karuwar kyamar Faransa a yankin, Nijar ta zama abokiyar kawancen Faransa ta karshe.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 February 2022 |title=FRANCE 24 |work=Niger becomes France’s partner of last resort after Mali withdrawal |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20220218-niger-becomes-france-s-partner-of-last-resort-after-mali-withdrawal |access-date=27 July 2023 |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726161918/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20220218-niger-becomes-france-s-partner-of-last-resort-after-mali-withdrawal |url-status=live }}</ref> An kuma bayar da rahoton cewa, jami’an da Amurka ta horas da su sun horar da da yawa daga cikin jami’an tsaron fadar shugaban kasar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Turse |first=Nick |date=2023-07-26 |title=Soldiers Mutiny in U.S.-Allied Niger |url=https://production.public.theintercept.cloud/2023/07/26/niger-coup-us-military/ |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=The Intercept |language=en-US}}</ref> == Abubuwan da suka faru == [[File:Bazoum_mhamed.jpg|thumb| [[Mohamed Bazoum|Mohammed Bazoum]], wanda ya mulki Nijar daga shekarar 2021 zuwa 2023]] A safiyar ranar 26 ga watan Yuli, shafin [[Twitter]] na fadar [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|shugaban ƙasar Nijar]] ya sanar da cewa jami'an tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Janar [[Omar Tchiani]] sun gudanar da zanga-zangar kin jinin Jamhuriyar Jama'a kuma suka yi kokarin "a banza" don samun goyon bayan sauran jami'an tsaro. <ref name="aj1" /> Har ila yau, an ce shugaba [[Mohamed Bazoum]] da iyalansa suna cikin koshin lafiya bayan da rahotanni suka bayyana cewa yana tsare a fadar shugaban kasa da ke [[Niamey|Yamai]] babban birnin kasar . <ref name="aj1" /> An kuma kama ministan cikin gida [[Hamadou Souley]] kuma aka tsare shi a cikin fadar, yayin da aka hangi kusan jami'an tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa ashirin a waje da rana. Rahotanni sun ce Tchiani ne ya jagoranci juyin mulkin, wanda masu sharhi suka ce Bazoum ya yi niyyar sauke shi daga mukaminsa. Da safe ne dai aka rufe fadar da ma’aikatun da ke kusa da fadar da motocin sojoji, sannan an hana ma’aikatan fadar shiga ofisoshinsu.<ref name="cnn1">{{cite web |last1=Dean |first1=Sarah |last2=Kennedy |first2=Niamh |last3=Madowo |first3=Larry |date=July 26, 2023 |title=Niger soldiers claim President Mohamed Bazoum has been ousted, deepening coup fears |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[CNN]] |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726233540/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Magoya bayan farar hula 400 na Bazoum ne suka yi kokarin tunkarar fadar, amma jami’an tsaron fadar shugaban kasar sun tarwatsa su da harbin bindiga, inda daya ya jikkata. A wani wurin kuma a birnin Yamai an bayyana lamarin a matsayin kwanciyar hankali. <ref name="aj1" /> Fadar shugaban kasar ta kuma yi ikirarin cewa an gudanar da zanga-zangar nuna goyon baya ga Bazoum a kewayen ofisoshin diflomasiyyar kasar da ke ketare. <ref name="cnn1" /> Dangane da wadannan abubuwan ne sojojin Nijar suka yi wa fadar shugaban kasa kawanya tare da goyon bayan Bazoum. Rundunar ta kuma fitar da wata sanarwa inda ta ce ta samu “manyan muhimman wurare” a kasar. Fadar shugaban kasar ta bayyana cewa sojoji da [[Gardin Sarki|dakarun tsaron kasar]] a shirye suke su kai farmaki kan masu gadin fadar.<ref name="bbc1">{{Cite news |last1=Minjibir |first1=Usman |last2=Macaulay |first2=Cecilia |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger coup attempt: President Mohamed Bazoum held |work=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66312011 |access-date=26 July 2023 |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726115806/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66312011 |url-status=live }}</ref> BBC ta kuma ruwaito cewa dakarun da ke biyayya ga gwamnatin sun yi wa gidan rediyon jihar ORTN kawanya. Ofishin jakadancin Amurka ya yi gargadi game da tafiya a kan Yamai ta Boulevard de la Republique, inda fadar shugaban kasa take. Amma da maraice, [[Rundunar Tsaron Nijar|Rundunar Sojan Sama]] Kanar-Major Amadou Abdramane ya tafi gidan talabijin na gwamnati [[Tele Sahel|Télé Sahel]] yana mai da'awar cewa an cire Shugaba Bazoum daga mulki tare da sanar da kafa Majalisar Tsaro ta Kasa . A zaune tare da wasu jami’ai tara sanye da kakin kakin jami’an tsaro daban-daban, ya ce jami’an tsaro da na tsaro sun yanke shawarar hambarar da gwamnatin “saboda tabarbarewar tsaro da rashin shugabanci na gari. Ya kuma sanar da rusa kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, da dakatar da hukumomin gwamnati, da rufe iyakokin kasar, da kuma dokar hana fita daga karfe 22:00 zuwa 05:00 agogon kasar, inda ya yi gargadi kan duk wani tsoma bakin kasashen waje. Gwamnatin mulkin sojan kasar ta fitar da wani tsawatawa ga Faransa kan keta dokar rufe sararin samaniyar bayan da wani jirgin soji ya sauka a wani sansanin sojin da safiyar yau. <ref name="bbc3" /> A safiyar ranar 27 ga Yuli, Bazoum ya wallafa a shafinsa na twitter cewa 'yan Nijar masu kaunar dimokuradiyya za su ga cewa "za a kiyaye nasarorin da aka samu da wahala". Ministan harkokin wajen kasar [[Hassoumi Massaoudou|Hassoumi Massoudou]] ya shaidawa kafar yada labaran Faransa ta 24 cewa, ikon kasar yana nan kan shugaban kasar, ya kuma kara da cewa Bazoum na cikin koshin lafiya kuma sojojin kasar ba su da hannu a ciki. Ya kuma ayyana kansa a matsayin shugaban kasa kuma ya yi kira ga duk masu neman dimokradiyya da su “sa wannan kasada ta gaza”. Rundunar sojojin Nijar ta fitar da wata sanarwa mai dauke da sa hannun babban hafsan hafsan sojin kasar Janar Abdou Sidikou Issa, inda kuma ta bayyana goyon bayanta ga juyin mulkin, yana mai nuni da bukatar kiyaye mutuncin shugaban kasar da iyalansa tare da kaucewa "mummunan fada...wanda zai iya haifar da zubar da jini da kuma shafar tsaron jama'a."<ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2023 |title=Niger's army command declares support for military coup |url=https://france24.com/en/africa/20230727-niger-s-army-command-declares-support-for-military-coup |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[France 24]] |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142320/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230727-niger-s-army-command-declares-support-for-military-coup |url-status=live }}</ref> A wani jawabi da ya yi a gidan talabijin jim kadan bayan Kanar Abdramane ya sanar da cewa za a dakatar da duk wasu harkokin jam'iyyun siyasa a kasar har sai wani lokaci.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2023 |title=Niger army pledges allegiance to coup makers |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/27/nigerien-army-pledges-allegiance-to-coup-plotters |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[Aljazeera]] |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142352/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/27/nigerien-army-pledges-allegiance-to-coup-plotters |url-status=live }}</ref> Wata zanga-zangar ta gudana tare da magoya bayan juyin mulkin da ke daga tutocin kasar Rasha, inda suka bayyana goyon bayansu ga kungiyar Wagner, da kuma jifa da duwatsu kan motar dan siyasar da ke wucewa. Babu rahoton jikkata. Masu zanga-zangar sun kuma yi tir da kasancewar Faransa da sauran sansanonin kasashen waje.<ref name="ap2">{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-mutinous-soldiers-attempted-coup-2efab1649bea7d89b14dbc9432f5f819|title=Niger's president vows democracy will prevail after mutinous soldiers detain him and declare a coup|date=27 July 2023|website=AP News|access-date=27 July 2023|archive-date=27 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142327/https://apnews.com/article/niger-mutinous-soldiers-attempted-coup-2efab1649bea7d89b14dbc9432f5f819|url-status=live}}</ref> Wasu masu zanga-zangar sun taru a wajen hedkwatar jam’iyyar [[Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism|PNDS-Trayya]] ta Bazoum, inda faifan bidiyo ke nuna yadda suke jifa da kona motoci.<ref name="bbc3">{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66324875 |title=Niger coup: Captive President Bazoum defiant after takeover |date=27 July 2023 |website=BBC |access-date=27 July 2023 |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142355/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66324875 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Martani == [[File:An ECOMIL (Ecowas Mission in Liberia) Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), Landrover Vehicle enters a compound controlled by US Marine Corps (USMC) assigned to Lima-B - DPLA - 2fd69242eeb244c9d485fef6e203bedd.jpeg|thumb]] [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|ECOWAS]] ta yi kokarin tattaunawa da ‘yan adawa amma ta kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ECOWAS Head Says Benin President On Mediation Mission To Niger |url=https://www.barrons.com/articles/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=www.barrons.com |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142406/https://www.barrons.com/news/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |url-status=live }}</ref> An ce magabacin Bazoum a matsayin shugaban ƙasa, [[Mahamadou Issoufou]], da kuma wasu tsaffin shugabannin sun shiga cikin tattaunawar. An yi Allah wadai da juyin mulkin da [[Bankin Duniya]],<ref>{{Cite web |work=al-Arabiya |title=World Bank monitoring Niger's political situation, denounces destabilization attempts |date=27 July 2023 |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2023/07/27/World-Bank-monitoring-Niger-s-political-situation-denounces-destabilization-attempts |access-date=27 July 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727002649/http://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2023/07/27/World-Bank-monitoring-Niger-s-political-situation-denounces-destabilization-attempts |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]], [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], [[Aljeriya]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Algeria strongly condemns coup attempt in Niger-Xinhua |url=https://english.news.cn/africa/20230727/31bccf0be3344f128e61c76b7566a7d4/c.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726193938/https://english.news.cn/africa/20230727/31bccf0be3344f128e61c76b7566a7d4/c.html |archive-date=26 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=english.news.cn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tentative de Coup d'Etat au Niger : l'Algérie condamne une «atteinte à l'ordre constitutionnel » |trans-title=Coup attempt in Niger: Algeria condemns an "attack on the constitutional order" |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/monde/tentative-de-coup-d-etat-au-niger-l-alg%C3%A9rie-condamne-une-atteinte-%C3%A0-l-ordre-constitutionnel-/2955164 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142342/https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/monde/tentative-de-coup-d-etat-au-niger-l-alg%C3%A9rie-condamne-une-atteinte-%C3%A0-l-ordre-constitutionnel-/2955164 |archive-date=27 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=www.aa.com.tr}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> [[Tarayyar Turai]], [[Faransa]] da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=2023-07-27 |title=Niger coup: world leaders react to president's detention |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/07/27/niger-coup-world-leaders-react-to-presidents-detention/ |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=Africanews |language=en |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142824/https://www.africanews.com/2023/07/27/niger-coup-world-leaders-react-to-presidents-detention/ |url-status=live }}</ref> suka yi kira da a gaggauta sakin Bazoum. Shugaban kasar [[Benin]] [[Patrice Talon]], wanda ya je Nijar a madadin kungiyar ECOWAS domin tattaunawa, ya kira juyin mulkin da "rashin halayya ta sojoji". Gamayyar siyasar jamhuriyar Nijar ta yi Allah wadai da juyin mulkin da cewa " hauka ce ta kisan kai da kuma nuna adawa da jamhuriya.<ref name="f24">{{Cite web |work=France 24 |title=Niger soldiers say President Bazoum has been removed, borders closed |date=26 July 2023 |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230726-niger-soldiers-say-president-bazoum-has-been-removed-borders-closed |access-date=27 July 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727000421/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230726-niger-soldiers-say-president-bazoum-has-been-removed-borders-closed |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Liikluspolitsei on sõiduki kinni pidanud ja kontrollib juhi dokumente. 2018. aasta mai, Tartu, Aleksandri tänava ots..jpg|thumb]] A ranar 10 ga Agusta, 2023, Kungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Kasashen Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS) ta yanke shawarar ci gaba da rike zabin tsoma bakin soja a Nijar. ta haka ne za a share fagen tattaro rundunar da ya kamata ta kunshi sojojin Najeriya da na Senegal.[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1472546/politique/coup-detat-au-niger-la-cedeao-retient-loption-militaire/]. == Bincike == Juyin mulkin shi ne na bakwai da ya faru a [[Afirka ta Yamma|yammacin Afirka]] da [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|tsakiyar Afirka]] tun daga shekarar 2020. Cameron Hudson, babban jami'i a cibiyar kula da dabaru da nazarin kasa da kasa, ya ce juyin mulkin zai iya yin tasiri a yakin da Nijar ke yi da 'yan ta'addar Islama, inda ya kara da cewa alamu na nuna cewa sojojin Nijar din ba su ji dadin irin tallafin da suke samu na yaki da 'yan ta'adda ba. Ulf Laessing, shugaban shirin Sahel a gidauniyar Konrad Adenauer, ya ce juyin mulkin ya kasance "mafarki" ga yammacin duniya, wanda ya la'anci Bazoum da Nijar a matsayin "sabon tsaro" a yankin. == Bayanan kula == <references group="lower-alpha" responsive="1"></references> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Category:Nijar]] [[Category:Juyin Mulki]] 39gppkx1avixxsi2j0luksty5wretws 874180 874179 2026-07-02T08:38:50Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874180 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} A ranar 26 ga watan [[Yuli|Yulin]] shekara ta alif 2023, [[Rundunar Tsaron Nijar|sojoji]] daga masu gadin fadar shugaban ƙasar, [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] suka tsare [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|shugaba]] [[Mohamed Bazoum]], yayin da kuma wasu gungun sojoji suka sanar da hambarar da shi, suka kuma rufe iyakokin ƙasar, suka dakatar da hukumomin gwamnati tare da ayyana, dokar ta-baci yayin da suke sanar da kafa gwamnatin mulkin soja.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger : ce que l'on sait de la tentative de coup d'Etat en cours contre le président Mohamed Bazoum |trans-title=Niger: what we know about the ongoing coup attempt against President Mohamed Bazoum |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/niger/niger-ce-que-l-on-sait-de-la-tentative-de-coup-d-etat-en-cours-contre-le-president-mohamed-bazoum_5973206.html |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=Franceinfo |language=fr-FR |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726202029/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/niger/niger-ce-que-l-on-sait-de-la-tentative-de-coup-d-etat-en-cours-contre-le-president-mohamed-bazoum_5973206.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Wannan dai shi ne karo na biyar da sojoji suka yi [[Juyin mulkin Gabon 2023|juyin mulki]] tun bayan samun ƴancin kai a shekara alif 1960. == Fage == Kafin juyin mulkin, a baya ƙasar Nijar ta sha juyin mulkin soji har sau huɗu tun bayan samun ƴancin kai daga Faransa a shekara alif 1960, inda na ƙarshe ya kasance a shekara alif 2010. A tsakanin, an kuma yi yunkurin juyin mulki da dama, wanda na baya bayan nan shi ne a shekara alif 2021, lokacin da ‘yan adawar soji suka yi yunƙurin kwace fadar shugaban ƙasar kwanaki biyu gabanin rantsar da zababben shugaban ƙasa na wancan lokaci [[Bazoum]], wanda shi ne shugaban kasar na farko da ya karbi mulki daga hannun [[Mahamadou Issoufou|zababben shugaban]] kasar ta hanyar dimokuradiyya. {{Efn|In March 2023, a Nigerien official alleged that another coup attempt was made while Bazoum was in [[Turkey]], although the government refused to comment.<ref name="f24"/>}} Har ila yau, juyin mulkin ya zo ne bayan irin abubuwan da suka faru a kasashe makwabta irin su Guinea, [[Mali]] da [[Burkina Faso]] tun daga shekara ta alif 2020, wanda ya kai ga kiran yankin da sunan "zaman juyin mulki".<ref name="aj1">{{Cite web |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger's Bazoum 'held by guards' in apparent coup attempt |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/26/soldiers-holding-niger-president-inside-palace-security-sources |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=Aljazeera |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727002123/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/26/soldiers-holding-niger-president-inside-palace-security-sources |url-status=live }}</ref> Manazarta sun ce tsadar rayuwa da kuma yadda ake ganin gazawar gwamnati da cin hanci da rashawa ne suka haddasa tayar da ƙayar baya. Kasar dai tana yawan matsayi a kasa a kididdigar ci gaban bil'adama ta [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] kuma ta sha fama da tashe-tashen hankula a karkashin jagorancin [[Al-Qaeda]], [[Daular Musulunci ta Iraƙi|Islamic State]] da [[Boko Haram]], duk da cewa sojojinta na samun horo da tallafin kayan aiki daga Amurka da Faransa, wadanda ke da sansani a can. A shekara ta al 2022, ƙasar ta zama cibiyar yaki da jihadi na Faransa a yankin [[Sahel]] bayan korar ta daga Mali da Burkina Faso, inda aka bayyana Bazoum a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan tsirarun shugabannin da ke goyon bayan kasashen yamma a yankin. Tare da juyin mulki da dama da kuma karuwar kyamar Faransa a yankin, Nijar ta zama abokiyar kawancen Faransa ta karshe.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 February 2022 |title=FRANCE 24 |work=Niger becomes France’s partner of last resort after Mali withdrawal |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20220218-niger-becomes-france-s-partner-of-last-resort-after-mali-withdrawal |access-date=27 July 2023 |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726161918/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20220218-niger-becomes-france-s-partner-of-last-resort-after-mali-withdrawal |url-status=live }}</ref> An kuma bayar da rahoton cewa, jami’an da Amurka ta horas da su sun horar da da yawa daga cikin jami’an tsaron fadar shugaban kasar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Turse |first=Nick |date=2023-07-26 |title=Soldiers Mutiny in U.S.-Allied Niger |url=https://production.public.theintercept.cloud/2023/07/26/niger-coup-us-military/ |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=The Intercept |language=en-US}}</ref> == Abubuwan da suka faru == [[File:Bazoum_mhamed.jpg|thumb| [[Mohamed Bazoum|Mohammed Bazoum]], wanda ya mulki Nijar daga shekarar 2021 zuwa 2023]] A safiyar ranar 26 ga watan Yuli, shafin [[Twitter]] na fadar [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|shugaban ƙasar Nijar]] ya sanar da cewa jami'an tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Janar [[Omar Tchiani]] sun gudanar da zanga-zangar kin jinin Jamhuriyar Jama'a kuma suka yi kokarin "a banza" don samun goyon bayan sauran jami'an tsaro. <ref name="aj1" /> Har ila yau, an ce shugaba [[Mohamed Bazoum]] da iyalansa suna cikin koshin lafiya bayan da rahotanni suka bayyana cewa yana tsare a fadar shugaban kasa da ke [[Niamey|Yamai]] babban birnin kasar . <ref name="aj1" /> An kuma kama ministan cikin gida [[Hamadou Souley]] kuma aka tsare shi a cikin fadar, yayin da aka hangi kusan jami'an tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa ashirin a waje da rana. Rahotanni sun ce Tchiani ne ya jagoranci juyin mulkin, wanda masu sharhi suka ce Bazoum ya yi niyyar sauke shi daga mukaminsa. Da safe ne dai aka rufe fadar da ma’aikatun da ke kusa da fadar da motocin sojoji, sannan an hana ma’aikatan fadar shiga ofisoshinsu.<ref name="cnn1">{{cite web |last1=Dean |first1=Sarah |last2=Kennedy |first2=Niamh |last3=Madowo |first3=Larry |date=July 26, 2023 |title=Niger soldiers claim President Mohamed Bazoum has been ousted, deepening coup fears |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[CNN]] |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726233540/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Magoya bayan farar hula 400 na Bazoum ne suka yi kokarin tunkarar fadar, amma jami’an tsaron fadar shugaban kasar sun tarwatsa su da harbin bindiga, inda daya ya jikkata. A wani wurin kuma a birnin Yamai an bayyana lamarin a matsayin kwanciyar hankali. <ref name="aj1" /> Fadar shugaban kasar ta kuma yi ikirarin cewa an gudanar da zanga-zangar nuna goyon baya ga Bazoum a kewayen ofisoshin diflomasiyyar kasar da ke ketare. <ref name="cnn1" /> Dangane da wadannan abubuwan ne sojojin Nijar suka yi wa fadar shugaban kasa kawanya tare da goyon bayan Bazoum. Rundunar ta kuma fitar da wata sanarwa inda ta ce ta samu “manyan muhimman wurare” a kasar. Fadar shugaban kasar ta bayyana cewa sojoji da [[Gardin Sarki|dakarun tsaron kasar]] a shirye suke su kai farmaki kan masu gadin fadar.<ref name="bbc1">{{Cite news |last1=Minjibir |first1=Usman |last2=Macaulay |first2=Cecilia |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger coup attempt: President Mohamed Bazoum held |work=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66312011 |access-date=26 July 2023 |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726115806/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66312011 |url-status=live }}</ref> BBC ta kuma ruwaito cewa dakarun da ke biyayya ga gwamnatin sun yi wa gidan rediyon jihar ORTN kawanya. Ofishin jakadancin Amurka ya yi gargadi game da tafiya a kan Yamai ta Boulevard de la Republique, inda fadar shugaban kasa take. Amma da maraice, [[Rundunar Tsaron Nijar|Rundunar Sojan Sama]] Kanar-Major Amadou Abdramane ya tafi gidan talabijin na gwamnati [[Tele Sahel|Télé Sahel]] yana mai da'awar cewa an cire Shugaba Bazoum daga mulki tare da sanar da kafa Majalisar Tsaro ta Kasa . A zaune tare da wasu jami’ai tara sanye da kakin kakin jami’an tsaro daban-daban, ya ce jami’an tsaro da na tsaro sun yanke shawarar hambarar da gwamnatin “saboda tabarbarewar tsaro da rashin shugabanci na gari. Ya kuma sanar da rusa kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, da dakatar da hukumomin gwamnati, da rufe iyakokin kasar, da kuma dokar hana fita daga karfe 22:00 zuwa 05:00 agogon kasar, inda ya yi gargadi kan duk wani tsoma bakin kasashen waje. Gwamnatin mulkin sojan kasar ta fitar da wani tsawatawa ga Faransa kan keta dokar rufe sararin samaniyar bayan da wani jirgin soji ya sauka a wani sansanin sojin da safiyar yau. <ref name="bbc3" /> A safiyar ranar 27 ga Yuli, Bazoum ya wallafa a shafinsa na twitter cewa 'yan Nijar masu kaunar dimokuradiyya za su ga cewa "za a kiyaye nasarorin da aka samu da wahala". Ministan harkokin wajen kasar [[Hassoumi Massaoudou|Hassoumi Massoudou]] ya shaidawa kafar yada labaran Faransa ta 24 cewa, ikon kasar yana nan kan shugaban kasar, ya kuma kara da cewa Bazoum na cikin koshin lafiya kuma sojojin kasar ba su da hannu a ciki. Ya kuma ayyana kansa a matsayin shugaban kasa kuma ya yi kira ga duk masu neman dimokradiyya da su “sa wannan kasada ta gaza”. Rundunar sojojin Nijar ta fitar da wata sanarwa mai dauke da sa hannun babban hafsan hafsan sojin kasar Janar Abdou Sidikou Issa, inda kuma ta bayyana goyon bayanta ga juyin mulkin, yana mai nuni da bukatar kiyaye mutuncin shugaban kasar da iyalansa tare da kaucewa "mummunan fada...wanda zai iya haifar da zubar da jini da kuma shafar tsaron jama'a."<ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2023 |title=Niger's army command declares support for military coup |url=https://france24.com/en/africa/20230727-niger-s-army-command-declares-support-for-military-coup |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[France 24]] |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142320/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230727-niger-s-army-command-declares-support-for-military-coup |url-status=live }}</ref> A wani jawabi da ya yi a gidan talabijin jim kadan bayan Kanar Abdramane ya sanar da cewa za a dakatar da duk wasu harkokin jam'iyyun siyasa a kasar har sai wani lokaci.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2023 |title=Niger army pledges allegiance to coup makers |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/27/nigerien-army-pledges-allegiance-to-coup-plotters |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[Aljazeera]] |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142352/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/27/nigerien-army-pledges-allegiance-to-coup-plotters |url-status=live }}</ref> Wata zanga-zangar ta gudana tare da magoya bayan juyin mulkin da ke daga tutocin kasar Rasha, inda suka bayyana goyon bayansu ga kungiyar Wagner, da kuma jifa da duwatsu kan motar dan siyasar da ke wucewa. Babu rahoton jikkata. Masu zanga-zangar sun kuma yi tir da kasancewar Faransa da sauran sansanonin kasashen waje.<ref name="ap2">{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-mutinous-soldiers-attempted-coup-2efab1649bea7d89b14dbc9432f5f819|title=Niger's president vows democracy will prevail after mutinous soldiers detain him and declare a coup|date=27 July 2023|website=AP News|access-date=27 July 2023|archive-date=27 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142327/https://apnews.com/article/niger-mutinous-soldiers-attempted-coup-2efab1649bea7d89b14dbc9432f5f819|url-status=live}}</ref> Wasu masu zanga-zangar sun taru a wajen hedkwatar jam’iyyar [[Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism|PNDS-Trayya]] ta Bazoum, inda faifan bidiyo ke nuna yadda suke jifa da kona motoci.<ref name="bbc3">{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66324875 |title=Niger coup: Captive President Bazoum defiant after takeover |date=27 July 2023 |website=BBC |access-date=27 July 2023 |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142355/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66324875 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Martani == [[File:An ECOMIL (Ecowas Mission in Liberia) Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), Landrover Vehicle enters a compound controlled by US Marine Corps (USMC) assigned to Lima-B - DPLA - 2fd69242eeb244c9d485fef6e203bedd.jpeg|thumb]] [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|ECOWAS]] ta yi kokarin tattaunawa da ‘yan adawa amma ta kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ECOWAS Head Says Benin President On Mediation Mission To Niger |url=https://www.barrons.com/articles/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=www.barrons.com |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142406/https://www.barrons.com/news/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |url-status=live }}</ref> An ce magabacin Bazoum a matsayin shugaban ƙasa, [[Mahamadou Issoufou]], da kuma wasu tsaffin shugabannin sun shiga cikin tattaunawar. An yi Allah wadai da juyin mulkin da [[Bankin Duniya]],<ref>{{Cite web |work=al-Arabiya |title=World Bank monitoring Niger's political situation, denounces destabilization attempts |date=27 July 2023 |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2023/07/27/World-Bank-monitoring-Niger-s-political-situation-denounces-destabilization-attempts |access-date=27 July 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727002649/http://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2023/07/27/World-Bank-monitoring-Niger-s-political-situation-denounces-destabilization-attempts |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]], [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], [[Aljeriya]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Algeria strongly condemns coup attempt in Niger-Xinhua |url=https://english.news.cn/africa/20230727/31bccf0be3344f128e61c76b7566a7d4/c.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726193938/https://english.news.cn/africa/20230727/31bccf0be3344f128e61c76b7566a7d4/c.html |archive-date=26 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=english.news.cn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tentative de Coup d'Etat au Niger : l'Algérie condamne une «atteinte à l'ordre constitutionnel » |trans-title=Coup attempt in Niger: Algeria condemns an "attack on the constitutional order" |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/monde/tentative-de-coup-d-etat-au-niger-l-alg%C3%A9rie-condamne-une-atteinte-%C3%A0-l-ordre-constitutionnel-/2955164 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142342/https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/monde/tentative-de-coup-d-etat-au-niger-l-alg%C3%A9rie-condamne-une-atteinte-%C3%A0-l-ordre-constitutionnel-/2955164 |archive-date=27 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=www.aa.com.tr}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> [[Tarayyar Turai]], [[Faransa]] da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=2023-07-27 |title=Niger coup: world leaders react to president's detention |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/07/27/niger-coup-world-leaders-react-to-presidents-detention/ |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=Africanews |language=en |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142824/https://www.africanews.com/2023/07/27/niger-coup-world-leaders-react-to-presidents-detention/ |url-status=live }}</ref> suka yi kira da a gaggauta sakin Bazoum. Shugaban kasar [[Benin]] [[Patrice Talon]], wanda ya je Nijar a madadin kungiyar ECOWAS domin tattaunawa, ya kira juyin mulkin da "rashin halayya ta sojoji". Gamayyar siyasar jamhuriyar Nijar ta yi Allah wadai da juyin mulkin da cewa " hauka ce ta kisan kai da kuma nuna adawa da jamhuriya.<ref name="f24">{{Cite web |work=France 24 |title=Niger soldiers say President Bazoum has been removed, borders closed |date=26 July 2023 |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230726-niger-soldiers-say-president-bazoum-has-been-removed-borders-closed |access-date=27 July 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727000421/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230726-niger-soldiers-say-president-bazoum-has-been-removed-borders-closed |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Liikluspolitsei on sõiduki kinni pidanud ja kontrollib juhi dokumente. 2018. aasta mai, Tartu, Aleksandri tänava ots..jpg|thumb]] A ranar 10 ga Agusta, 2023, Kungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Kasashen Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS) ta yanke shawarar ci gaba da rike zabin tsoma bakin soja a Nijar. ta haka ne za a share fagen tattaro rundunar da ya kamata ta kunshi sojojin Najeriya da na Senegal.[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1472546/politique/coup-detat-au-niger-la-cedeao-retient-loption-militaire/]. == Bincike == Juyin mulkin shi ne na bakwai da ya faru a [[Afirka ta Yamma|yammacin Afirka]] da [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|tsakiyar Afirka]] tun daga shekarar 2020. Cameron Hudson, babban jami'i a cibiyar kula da dabaru da nazarin kasa da kasa, ya ce juyin mulkin zai iya yin tasiri a yakin da Nijar ke yi da 'yan ta'addar Islama, inda ya kara da cewa alamu na nuna cewa sojojin Nijar din ba su ji dadin irin tallafin da suke samu na yaki da 'yan ta'adda ba. Ulf Laessing, shugaban shirin Sahel a gidauniyar Konrad Adenauer, ya ce juyin mulkin ya kasance "mafarki" ga yammacin duniya, wanda ya la'anci Bazoum da Nijar a matsayin "sabon tsaro" a yankin. == Bayanan kula == <references group="lower-alpha" responsive="1"></references> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Category:Nijar]] [[Category:Juyin Mulki]] 7r7ivs2td1q6jn4dwic98q7zt8w88kn 874181 874180 2026-07-02T08:39:34Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874181 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} A ranar 26 ga watan [[Yuli|Yulin]] shekara ta alif 2023, [[Rundunar Tsaron Nijar|sojoji]] daga masu gadin fadar shugaban ƙasar, [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] suka tsare [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|shugaba]] [[Mohamed Bazoum]], yayin da kuma wasu gungun sojoji suka sanar da hambarar da shi, suka kuma rufe iyakokin ƙasar, suka dakatar da hukumomin gwamnati tare da ayyana, dokar ta-baci yayin da suke sanar da kafa gwamnatin mulkin soja.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger : ce que l'on sait de la tentative de coup d'Etat en cours contre le président Mohamed Bazoum |trans-title=Niger: what we know about the ongoing coup attempt against President Mohamed Bazoum |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/niger/niger-ce-que-l-on-sait-de-la-tentative-de-coup-d-etat-en-cours-contre-le-president-mohamed-bazoum_5973206.html |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=Franceinfo |language=fr-FR |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726202029/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/niger/niger-ce-que-l-on-sait-de-la-tentative-de-coup-d-etat-en-cours-contre-le-president-mohamed-bazoum_5973206.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Wannan dai shi ne karo na biyar da sojoji suka yi [[Juyin mulkin Gabon 2023|juyin mulki]] tun bayan samun ƴancin kai a shekara alif 1960. == Fage == Kafin juyin mulkin, a baya ƙasar Nijar ta sha juyin mulkin soji har sau huɗu tun bayan samun ƴancin kai daga Faransa a shekara alif 1960, inda na ƙarshe ya kasance a shekara alif 2010. A tsakanin, an kuma yi yunkurin juyin mulki da dama, wanda na baya bayan nan shi ne a shekara alif 2021, lokacin da ‘yan adawar soji suka yi yunƙurin kwace fadar shugaban ƙasar kwanaki biyu gabanin rantsar da zababben shugaban ƙasa na wancan lokaci [[Bazoum]], wanda shi ne shugaban kasar na farko da ya karbi mulki daga hannun [[Mahamadou Issoufou|zababben shugaban]] kasar ta hanyar dimokuradiyya. {{Efn|In March 2023, a Nigerien official alleged that another coup attempt was made while Bazoum was in [[Turkey]], although the government refused to comment.<ref name="f24"/>}} Har ila yau, juyin mulkin ya zo ne bayan irin abubuwan da suka faru a kasashe makwabta irin su Guinea, [[Mali]] da [[Burkina Faso]] tun daga shekara ta alif 2020, wanda ya kai ga kiran yankin da sunan "zaman juyin mulki".<ref name="aj1">{{Cite web |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger's Bazoum 'held by guards' in apparent coup attempt |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/26/soldiers-holding-niger-president-inside-palace-security-sources |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=Aljazeera |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727002123/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/26/soldiers-holding-niger-president-inside-palace-security-sources |url-status=live }}</ref> Manazarta sun ce tsadar rayuwa da kuma yadda ake ganin gazawar gwamnati da cin hanci da rashawa ne suka haddasa tayar da ƙayar baya. Kasar dai tana yawan matsayi a kasa a kididdigar ci gaban bil'adama ta [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] kuma ta sha fama da tashe-tashen hankula a karkashin jagorancin [[Al-Qaeda]], [[Daular Musulunci ta Iraƙi|Islamic State]] da [[Boko Haram]], duk da cewa sojojinta na samun horo da tallafin kayan aiki daga Amurka da Faransa, wadanda ke da sansani a can. A shekara ta ali 2022, ƙasar ta zama cibiyar yaki da jihadi na Faransa a yankin [[Sahel]] bayan korar ta daga Mali da Burkina Faso, inda aka bayyana Bazoum a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan tsirarun shugabannin da ke goyon bayan kasashen yamma a yankin. Tare da juyin mulki da dama da kuma karuwar kyamar Faransa a yankin, Nijar ta zama abokiyar kawancen Faransa ta karshe.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 February 2022 |title=FRANCE 24 |work=Niger becomes France’s partner of last resort after Mali withdrawal |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20220218-niger-becomes-france-s-partner-of-last-resort-after-mali-withdrawal |access-date=27 July 2023 |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726161918/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20220218-niger-becomes-france-s-partner-of-last-resort-after-mali-withdrawal |url-status=live }}</ref> An kuma bayar da rahoton cewa, jami’an da Amurka ta horas da su sun horar da da yawa daga cikin jami’an tsaron fadar shugaban kasar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Turse |first=Nick |date=2023-07-26 |title=Soldiers Mutiny in U.S.-Allied Niger |url=https://production.public.theintercept.cloud/2023/07/26/niger-coup-us-military/ |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=The Intercept |language=en-US}}</ref> == Abubuwan da suka faru == [[File:Bazoum_mhamed.jpg|thumb| [[Mohamed Bazoum|Mohammed Bazoum]], wanda ya mulki Nijar daga shekarar 2021 zuwa 2023]] A safiyar ranar 26 ga watan Yuli, shafin [[Twitter]] na fadar [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|shugaban ƙasar Nijar]] ya sanar da cewa jami'an tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Janar [[Omar Tchiani]] sun gudanar da zanga-zangar kin jinin Jamhuriyar Jama'a kuma suka yi kokarin "a banza" don samun goyon bayan sauran jami'an tsaro. <ref name="aj1" /> Har ila yau, an ce shugaba [[Mohamed Bazoum]] da iyalansa suna cikin koshin lafiya bayan da rahotanni suka bayyana cewa yana tsare a fadar shugaban kasa da ke [[Niamey|Yamai]] babban birnin kasar . <ref name="aj1" /> An kuma kama ministan cikin gida [[Hamadou Souley]] kuma aka tsare shi a cikin fadar, yayin da aka hangi kusan jami'an tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa ashirin a waje da rana. Rahotanni sun ce Tchiani ne ya jagoranci juyin mulkin, wanda masu sharhi suka ce Bazoum ya yi niyyar sauke shi daga mukaminsa. Da safe ne dai aka rufe fadar da ma’aikatun da ke kusa da fadar da motocin sojoji, sannan an hana ma’aikatan fadar shiga ofisoshinsu.<ref name="cnn1">{{cite web |last1=Dean |first1=Sarah |last2=Kennedy |first2=Niamh |last3=Madowo |first3=Larry |date=July 26, 2023 |title=Niger soldiers claim President Mohamed Bazoum has been ousted, deepening coup fears |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[CNN]] |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726233540/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Magoya bayan farar hula 400 na Bazoum ne suka yi kokarin tunkarar fadar, amma jami’an tsaron fadar shugaban kasar sun tarwatsa su da harbin bindiga, inda daya ya jikkata. A wani wurin kuma a birnin Yamai an bayyana lamarin a matsayin kwanciyar hankali. <ref name="aj1" /> Fadar shugaban kasar ta kuma yi ikirarin cewa an gudanar da zanga-zangar nuna goyon baya ga Bazoum a kewayen ofisoshin diflomasiyyar kasar da ke ketare. <ref name="cnn1" /> Dangane da wadannan abubuwan ne sojojin Nijar suka yi wa fadar shugaban kasa kawanya tare da goyon bayan Bazoum. Rundunar ta kuma fitar da wata sanarwa inda ta ce ta samu “manyan muhimman wurare” a kasar. Fadar shugaban kasar ta bayyana cewa sojoji da [[Gardin Sarki|dakarun tsaron kasar]] a shirye suke su kai farmaki kan masu gadin fadar.<ref name="bbc1">{{Cite news |last1=Minjibir |first1=Usman |last2=Macaulay |first2=Cecilia |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger coup attempt: President Mohamed Bazoum held |work=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66312011 |access-date=26 July 2023 |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726115806/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66312011 |url-status=live }}</ref> BBC ta kuma ruwaito cewa dakarun da ke biyayya ga gwamnatin sun yi wa gidan rediyon jihar ORTN kawanya. Ofishin jakadancin Amurka ya yi gargadi game da tafiya a kan Yamai ta Boulevard de la Republique, inda fadar shugaban kasa take. Amma da maraice, [[Rundunar Tsaron Nijar|Rundunar Sojan Sama]] Kanar-Major Amadou Abdramane ya tafi gidan talabijin na gwamnati [[Tele Sahel|Télé Sahel]] yana mai da'awar cewa an cire Shugaba Bazoum daga mulki tare da sanar da kafa Majalisar Tsaro ta Kasa . A zaune tare da wasu jami’ai tara sanye da kakin kakin jami’an tsaro daban-daban, ya ce jami’an tsaro da na tsaro sun yanke shawarar hambarar da gwamnatin “saboda tabarbarewar tsaro da rashin shugabanci na gari. Ya kuma sanar da rusa kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, da dakatar da hukumomin gwamnati, da rufe iyakokin kasar, da kuma dokar hana fita daga karfe 22:00 zuwa 05:00 agogon kasar, inda ya yi gargadi kan duk wani tsoma bakin kasashen waje. Gwamnatin mulkin sojan kasar ta fitar da wani tsawatawa ga Faransa kan keta dokar rufe sararin samaniyar bayan da wani jirgin soji ya sauka a wani sansanin sojin da safiyar yau. <ref name="bbc3" /> A safiyar ranar 27 ga Yuli, Bazoum ya wallafa a shafinsa na twitter cewa 'yan Nijar masu kaunar dimokuradiyya za su ga cewa "za a kiyaye nasarorin da aka samu da wahala". Ministan harkokin wajen kasar [[Hassoumi Massaoudou|Hassoumi Massoudou]] ya shaidawa kafar yada labaran Faransa ta 24 cewa, ikon kasar yana nan kan shugaban kasar, ya kuma kara da cewa Bazoum na cikin koshin lafiya kuma sojojin kasar ba su da hannu a ciki. Ya kuma ayyana kansa a matsayin shugaban kasa kuma ya yi kira ga duk masu neman dimokradiyya da su “sa wannan kasada ta gaza”. Rundunar sojojin Nijar ta fitar da wata sanarwa mai dauke da sa hannun babban hafsan hafsan sojin kasar Janar Abdou Sidikou Issa, inda kuma ta bayyana goyon bayanta ga juyin mulkin, yana mai nuni da bukatar kiyaye mutuncin shugaban kasar da iyalansa tare da kaucewa "mummunan fada...wanda zai iya haifar da zubar da jini da kuma shafar tsaron jama'a."<ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2023 |title=Niger's army command declares support for military coup |url=https://france24.com/en/africa/20230727-niger-s-army-command-declares-support-for-military-coup |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[France 24]] |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142320/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230727-niger-s-army-command-declares-support-for-military-coup |url-status=live }}</ref> A wani jawabi da ya yi a gidan talabijin jim kadan bayan Kanar Abdramane ya sanar da cewa za a dakatar da duk wasu harkokin jam'iyyun siyasa a kasar har sai wani lokaci.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2023 |title=Niger army pledges allegiance to coup makers |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/27/nigerien-army-pledges-allegiance-to-coup-plotters |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[Aljazeera]] |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142352/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/27/nigerien-army-pledges-allegiance-to-coup-plotters |url-status=live }}</ref> Wata zanga-zangar ta gudana tare da magoya bayan juyin mulkin da ke daga tutocin kasar Rasha, inda suka bayyana goyon bayansu ga kungiyar Wagner, da kuma jifa da duwatsu kan motar dan siyasar da ke wucewa. Babu rahoton jikkata. Masu zanga-zangar sun kuma yi tir da kasancewar Faransa da sauran sansanonin kasashen waje.<ref name="ap2">{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-mutinous-soldiers-attempted-coup-2efab1649bea7d89b14dbc9432f5f819|title=Niger's president vows democracy will prevail after mutinous soldiers detain him and declare a coup|date=27 July 2023|website=AP News|access-date=27 July 2023|archive-date=27 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142327/https://apnews.com/article/niger-mutinous-soldiers-attempted-coup-2efab1649bea7d89b14dbc9432f5f819|url-status=live}}</ref> Wasu masu zanga-zangar sun taru a wajen hedkwatar jam’iyyar [[Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism|PNDS-Trayya]] ta Bazoum, inda faifan bidiyo ke nuna yadda suke jifa da kona motoci.<ref name="bbc3">{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66324875 |title=Niger coup: Captive President Bazoum defiant after takeover |date=27 July 2023 |website=BBC |access-date=27 July 2023 |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142355/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66324875 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Martani == [[File:An ECOMIL (Ecowas Mission in Liberia) Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), Landrover Vehicle enters a compound controlled by US Marine Corps (USMC) assigned to Lima-B - DPLA - 2fd69242eeb244c9d485fef6e203bedd.jpeg|thumb]] [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|ECOWAS]] ta yi kokarin tattaunawa da ‘yan adawa amma ta kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ECOWAS Head Says Benin President On Mediation Mission To Niger |url=https://www.barrons.com/articles/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=www.barrons.com |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142406/https://www.barrons.com/news/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |url-status=live }}</ref> An ce magabacin Bazoum a matsayin shugaban ƙasa, [[Mahamadou Issoufou]], da kuma wasu tsaffin shugabannin sun shiga cikin tattaunawar. An yi Allah wadai da juyin mulkin da [[Bankin Duniya]],<ref>{{Cite web |work=al-Arabiya |title=World Bank monitoring Niger's political situation, denounces destabilization attempts |date=27 July 2023 |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2023/07/27/World-Bank-monitoring-Niger-s-political-situation-denounces-destabilization-attempts |access-date=27 July 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727002649/http://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2023/07/27/World-Bank-monitoring-Niger-s-political-situation-denounces-destabilization-attempts |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]], [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], [[Aljeriya]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Algeria strongly condemns coup attempt in Niger-Xinhua |url=https://english.news.cn/africa/20230727/31bccf0be3344f128e61c76b7566a7d4/c.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726193938/https://english.news.cn/africa/20230727/31bccf0be3344f128e61c76b7566a7d4/c.html |archive-date=26 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=english.news.cn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tentative de Coup d'Etat au Niger : l'Algérie condamne une «atteinte à l'ordre constitutionnel » |trans-title=Coup attempt in Niger: Algeria condemns an "attack on the constitutional order" |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/monde/tentative-de-coup-d-etat-au-niger-l-alg%C3%A9rie-condamne-une-atteinte-%C3%A0-l-ordre-constitutionnel-/2955164 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142342/https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/monde/tentative-de-coup-d-etat-au-niger-l-alg%C3%A9rie-condamne-une-atteinte-%C3%A0-l-ordre-constitutionnel-/2955164 |archive-date=27 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=www.aa.com.tr}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> [[Tarayyar Turai]], [[Faransa]] da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=2023-07-27 |title=Niger coup: world leaders react to president's detention |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/07/27/niger-coup-world-leaders-react-to-presidents-detention/ |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=Africanews |language=en |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142824/https://www.africanews.com/2023/07/27/niger-coup-world-leaders-react-to-presidents-detention/ |url-status=live }}</ref> suka yi kira da a gaggauta sakin Bazoum. Shugaban kasar [[Benin]] [[Patrice Talon]], wanda ya je Nijar a madadin kungiyar ECOWAS domin tattaunawa, ya kira juyin mulkin da "rashin halayya ta sojoji". Gamayyar siyasar jamhuriyar Nijar ta yi Allah wadai da juyin mulkin da cewa " hauka ce ta kisan kai da kuma nuna adawa da jamhuriya.<ref name="f24">{{Cite web |work=France 24 |title=Niger soldiers say President Bazoum has been removed, borders closed |date=26 July 2023 |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230726-niger-soldiers-say-president-bazoum-has-been-removed-borders-closed |access-date=27 July 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727000421/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230726-niger-soldiers-say-president-bazoum-has-been-removed-borders-closed |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Liikluspolitsei on sõiduki kinni pidanud ja kontrollib juhi dokumente. 2018. aasta mai, Tartu, Aleksandri tänava ots..jpg|thumb]] A ranar 10 ga Agusta, 2023, Kungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Kasashen Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS) ta yanke shawarar ci gaba da rike zabin tsoma bakin soja a Nijar. ta haka ne za a share fagen tattaro rundunar da ya kamata ta kunshi sojojin Najeriya da na Senegal.[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1472546/politique/coup-detat-au-niger-la-cedeao-retient-loption-militaire/]. == Bincike == Juyin mulkin shi ne na bakwai da ya faru a [[Afirka ta Yamma|yammacin Afirka]] da [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|tsakiyar Afirka]] tun daga shekarar 2020. Cameron Hudson, babban jami'i a cibiyar kula da dabaru da nazarin kasa da kasa, ya ce juyin mulkin zai iya yin tasiri a yakin da Nijar ke yi da 'yan ta'addar Islama, inda ya kara da cewa alamu na nuna cewa sojojin Nijar din ba su ji dadin irin tallafin da suke samu na yaki da 'yan ta'adda ba. Ulf Laessing, shugaban shirin Sahel a gidauniyar Konrad Adenauer, ya ce juyin mulkin ya kasance "mafarki" ga yammacin duniya, wanda ya la'anci Bazoum da Nijar a matsayin "sabon tsaro" a yankin. == Bayanan kula == <references group="lower-alpha" responsive="1"></references> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Category:Nijar]] [[Category:Juyin Mulki]] 7ggwzorqdx5uwzqa4xghh5bbf49owgn 874182 874181 2026-07-02T08:40:28Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874182 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} A ranar 26 ga watan [[Yuli|Yulin]] shekara ta alif 2023, [[Rundunar Tsaron Nijar|sojoji]] daga masu gadin fadar shugaban ƙasar, [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] suka tsare [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|shugaba]] [[Mohamed Bazoum]], yayin da kuma wasu gungun sojoji suka sanar da hambarar da shi, suka kuma rufe iyakokin ƙasar, suka dakatar da hukumomin gwamnati tare da ayyana, dokar ta-baci yayin da suke sanar da kafa gwamnatin mulkin soja.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger : ce que l'on sait de la tentative de coup d'Etat en cours contre le président Mohamed Bazoum |trans-title=Niger: what we know about the ongoing coup attempt against President Mohamed Bazoum |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/niger/niger-ce-que-l-on-sait-de-la-tentative-de-coup-d-etat-en-cours-contre-le-president-mohamed-bazoum_5973206.html |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=Franceinfo |language=fr-FR |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726202029/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/niger/niger-ce-que-l-on-sait-de-la-tentative-de-coup-d-etat-en-cours-contre-le-president-mohamed-bazoum_5973206.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Wannan dai shi ne karo na biyar da sojoji suka yi [[Juyin mulkin Gabon 2023|juyin mulki]] tun bayan samun ƴancin kai a shekara alif 1960. == Fage == Kafin juyin mulkin, a baya ƙasar Nijar ta sha juyin mulkin soji har sau huɗu tun bayan samun ƴancin kai daga Faransa a shekara alif 1960, inda na ƙarshe ya kasance a shekara alif 2010. A tsakanin, an kuma yi yunkurin juyin mulki da dama, wanda na baya bayan nan shi ne a shekara alif 2021, lokacin da ‘yan adawar soji suka yi yunƙurin kwace fadar shugaban ƙasar kwanaki biyu gabanin rantsar da zababben shugaban ƙasa na wancan lokaci [[Bazoum]], wanda shi ne shugaban kasar na farko da ya karbi mulki daga hannun [[Mahamadou Issoufou|zababben shugaban]] kasar ta hanyar dimokuradiyya. {{Efn|In March 2023, a Nigerien official alleged that another coup attempt was made while Bazoum was in [[Turkey]], although the government refused to comment.<ref name="f24"/>}} Har ila yau, juyin mulkin ya zo ne bayan irin abubuwan da suka faru a kasashe makwabta irin su Guinea, [[Mali]] da [[Burkina Faso]] tun daga shekara ta alif 2020, wanda ya kai ga kiran yankin da sunan "zaman juyin mulki".<ref name="aj1">{{Cite web |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger's Bazoum 'held by guards' in apparent coup attempt |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/26/soldiers-holding-niger-president-inside-palace-security-sources |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=Aljazeera |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727002123/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/26/soldiers-holding-niger-president-inside-palace-security-sources |url-status=live }}</ref> Manazarta sun ce tsadar rayuwa da kuma yadda ake ganin gazawar gwamnati da cin hanci da rashawa ne suka haddasa tayar da ƙayar baya. Kasar dai tana yawan matsayi a kasa a kididdigar ci gaban bil'adama ta [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] kuma ta sha fama da tashe-tashen hankula a karkashin jagorancin [[Al-Qaeda]], [[Daular Musulunci ta Iraƙi|Islamic State]] da [[Boko Haram]], duk da cewa sojojinta na samun horo da tallafin kayan aiki daga Amurka da Faransa, wadanda ke da sansani a can. A shekara ta alif 2022, ƙasar ta zama cibiyar yaki da jihadi na Faransa a yankin [[Sahel]] bayan korar ta daga Mali da Burkina Faso, inda aka bayyana Bazoum a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan tsirarun shugabannin da ke goyon bayan kasashen yamma a yankin. Tare da juyin mulki da dama da kuma karuwar kyamar Faransa a yankin, Nijar ta zama abokiyar kawancen Faransa ta karshe.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 February 2022 |title=FRANCE 24 |work=Niger becomes France’s partner of last resort after Mali withdrawal |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20220218-niger-becomes-france-s-partner-of-last-resort-after-mali-withdrawal |access-date=27 July 2023 |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726161918/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20220218-niger-becomes-france-s-partner-of-last-resort-after-mali-withdrawal |url-status=live }}</ref> An kuma bayar da rahoton cewa, jami’an da Amurka ta horas da su sun horar da da yawa daga cikin jami’an tsaron fadar shugaban kasar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Turse |first=Nick |date=2023-07-26 |title=Soldiers Mutiny in U.S.-Allied Niger |url=https://production.public.theintercept.cloud/2023/07/26/niger-coup-us-military/ |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=The Intercept |language=en-US}}</ref> == Abubuwan da suka faru == [[File:Bazoum_mhamed.jpg|thumb| [[Mohamed Bazoum|Mohammed Bazoum]], wanda ya mulki Nijar daga shekarar 2021 zuwa 2023]] A safiyar ranar 26 ga watan Yuli, shafin [[Twitter]] na fadar [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|shugaban ƙasar Nijar]] ya sanar da cewa jami'an tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Janar [[Omar Tchiani]] sun gudanar da zanga-zangar kin jinin Jamhuriyar Jama'a kuma suka yi kokarin "a banza" don samun goyon bayan sauran jami'an tsaro. <ref name="aj1" /> Har ila yau, an ce shugaba [[Mohamed Bazoum]] da iyalansa suna cikin koshin lafiya bayan da rahotanni suka bayyana cewa yana tsare a fadar shugaban kasa da ke [[Niamey|Yamai]] babban birnin kasar . <ref name="aj1" /> An kuma kama ministan cikin gida [[Hamadou Souley]] kuma aka tsare shi a cikin fadar, yayin da aka hangi kusan jami'an tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa ashirin a waje da rana. Rahotanni sun ce Tchiani ne ya jagoranci juyin mulkin, wanda masu sharhi suka ce Bazoum ya yi niyyar sauke shi daga mukaminsa. Da safe ne dai aka rufe fadar da ma’aikatun da ke kusa da fadar da motocin sojoji, sannan an hana ma’aikatan fadar shiga ofisoshinsu.<ref name="cnn1">{{cite web |last1=Dean |first1=Sarah |last2=Kennedy |first2=Niamh |last3=Madowo |first3=Larry |date=July 26, 2023 |title=Niger soldiers claim President Mohamed Bazoum has been ousted, deepening coup fears |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[CNN]] |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726233540/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Magoya bayan farar hula 400 na Bazoum ne suka yi kokarin tunkarar fadar, amma jami’an tsaron fadar shugaban kasar sun tarwatsa su da harbin bindiga, inda daya ya jikkata. A wani wurin kuma a birnin Yamai an bayyana lamarin a matsayin kwanciyar hankali. <ref name="aj1" /> Fadar shugaban kasar ta kuma yi ikirarin cewa an gudanar da zanga-zangar nuna goyon baya ga Bazoum a kewayen ofisoshin diflomasiyyar kasar da ke ketare. <ref name="cnn1" /> Dangane da wadannan abubuwan ne sojojin Nijar suka yi wa fadar shugaban kasa kawanya tare da goyon bayan Bazoum. Rundunar ta kuma fitar da wata sanarwa inda ta ce ta samu “manyan muhimman wurare” a kasar. Fadar shugaban kasar ta bayyana cewa sojoji da [[Gardin Sarki|dakarun tsaron kasar]] a shirye suke su kai farmaki kan masu gadin fadar.<ref name="bbc1">{{Cite news |last1=Minjibir |first1=Usman |last2=Macaulay |first2=Cecilia |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger coup attempt: President Mohamed Bazoum held |work=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66312011 |access-date=26 July 2023 |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726115806/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66312011 |url-status=live }}</ref> BBC ta kuma ruwaito cewa dakarun da ke biyayya ga gwamnatin sun yi wa gidan rediyon jihar ORTN kawanya. Ofishin jakadancin Amurka ya yi gargadi game da tafiya a kan Yamai ta Boulevard de la Republique, inda fadar shugaban kasa take. Amma da maraice, [[Rundunar Tsaron Nijar|Rundunar Sojan Sama]] Kanar-Major Amadou Abdramane ya tafi gidan talabijin na gwamnati [[Tele Sahel|Télé Sahel]] yana mai da'awar cewa an cire Shugaba Bazoum daga mulki tare da sanar da kafa Majalisar Tsaro ta Kasa . A zaune tare da wasu jami’ai tara sanye da kakin kakin jami’an tsaro daban-daban, ya ce jami’an tsaro da na tsaro sun yanke shawarar hambarar da gwamnatin “saboda tabarbarewar tsaro da rashin shugabanci na gari. Ya kuma sanar da rusa kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, da dakatar da hukumomin gwamnati, da rufe iyakokin kasar, da kuma dokar hana fita daga karfe 22:00 zuwa 05:00 agogon kasar, inda ya yi gargadi kan duk wani tsoma bakin kasashen waje. Gwamnatin mulkin sojan kasar ta fitar da wani tsawatawa ga Faransa kan keta dokar rufe sararin samaniyar bayan da wani jirgin soji ya sauka a wani sansanin sojin da safiyar yau. <ref name="bbc3" /> A safiyar ranar 27 ga Yuli, Bazoum ya wallafa a shafinsa na twitter cewa 'yan Nijar masu kaunar dimokuradiyya za su ga cewa "za a kiyaye nasarorin da aka samu da wahala". Ministan harkokin wajen kasar [[Hassoumi Massaoudou|Hassoumi Massoudou]] ya shaidawa kafar yada labaran Faransa ta 24 cewa, ikon kasar yana nan kan shugaban kasar, ya kuma kara da cewa Bazoum na cikin koshin lafiya kuma sojojin kasar ba su da hannu a ciki. Ya kuma ayyana kansa a matsayin shugaban kasa kuma ya yi kira ga duk masu neman dimokradiyya da su “sa wannan kasada ta gaza”. Rundunar sojojin Nijar ta fitar da wata sanarwa mai dauke da sa hannun babban hafsan hafsan sojin kasar Janar Abdou Sidikou Issa, inda kuma ta bayyana goyon bayanta ga juyin mulkin, yana mai nuni da bukatar kiyaye mutuncin shugaban kasar da iyalansa tare da kaucewa "mummunan fada...wanda zai iya haifar da zubar da jini da kuma shafar tsaron jama'a."<ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2023 |title=Niger's army command declares support for military coup |url=https://france24.com/en/africa/20230727-niger-s-army-command-declares-support-for-military-coup |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[France 24]] |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142320/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230727-niger-s-army-command-declares-support-for-military-coup |url-status=live }}</ref> A wani jawabi da ya yi a gidan talabijin jim kadan bayan Kanar Abdramane ya sanar da cewa za a dakatar da duk wasu harkokin jam'iyyun siyasa a kasar har sai wani lokaci.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2023 |title=Niger army pledges allegiance to coup makers |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/27/nigerien-army-pledges-allegiance-to-coup-plotters |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[Aljazeera]] |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142352/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/27/nigerien-army-pledges-allegiance-to-coup-plotters |url-status=live }}</ref> Wata zanga-zangar ta gudana tare da magoya bayan juyin mulkin da ke daga tutocin kasar Rasha, inda suka bayyana goyon bayansu ga kungiyar Wagner, da kuma jifa da duwatsu kan motar dan siyasar da ke wucewa. Babu rahoton jikkata. Masu zanga-zangar sun kuma yi tir da kasancewar Faransa da sauran sansanonin kasashen waje.<ref name="ap2">{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-mutinous-soldiers-attempted-coup-2efab1649bea7d89b14dbc9432f5f819|title=Niger's president vows democracy will prevail after mutinous soldiers detain him and declare a coup|date=27 July 2023|website=AP News|access-date=27 July 2023|archive-date=27 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142327/https://apnews.com/article/niger-mutinous-soldiers-attempted-coup-2efab1649bea7d89b14dbc9432f5f819|url-status=live}}</ref> Wasu masu zanga-zangar sun taru a wajen hedkwatar jam’iyyar [[Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism|PNDS-Trayya]] ta Bazoum, inda faifan bidiyo ke nuna yadda suke jifa da kona motoci.<ref name="bbc3">{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66324875 |title=Niger coup: Captive President Bazoum defiant after takeover |date=27 July 2023 |website=BBC |access-date=27 July 2023 |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142355/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66324875 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Martani == [[File:An ECOMIL (Ecowas Mission in Liberia) Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), Landrover Vehicle enters a compound controlled by US Marine Corps (USMC) assigned to Lima-B - DPLA - 2fd69242eeb244c9d485fef6e203bedd.jpeg|thumb]] [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|ECOWAS]] ta yi kokarin tattaunawa da ‘yan adawa amma ta kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ECOWAS Head Says Benin President On Mediation Mission To Niger |url=https://www.barrons.com/articles/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=www.barrons.com |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142406/https://www.barrons.com/news/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |url-status=live }}</ref> An ce magabacin Bazoum a matsayin shugaban ƙasa, [[Mahamadou Issoufou]], da kuma wasu tsaffin shugabannin sun shiga cikin tattaunawar. An yi Allah wadai da juyin mulkin da [[Bankin Duniya]],<ref>{{Cite web |work=al-Arabiya |title=World Bank monitoring Niger's political situation, denounces destabilization attempts |date=27 July 2023 |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2023/07/27/World-Bank-monitoring-Niger-s-political-situation-denounces-destabilization-attempts |access-date=27 July 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727002649/http://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2023/07/27/World-Bank-monitoring-Niger-s-political-situation-denounces-destabilization-attempts |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]], [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], [[Aljeriya]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Algeria strongly condemns coup attempt in Niger-Xinhua |url=https://english.news.cn/africa/20230727/31bccf0be3344f128e61c76b7566a7d4/c.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726193938/https://english.news.cn/africa/20230727/31bccf0be3344f128e61c76b7566a7d4/c.html |archive-date=26 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=english.news.cn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tentative de Coup d'Etat au Niger : l'Algérie condamne une «atteinte à l'ordre constitutionnel » |trans-title=Coup attempt in Niger: Algeria condemns an "attack on the constitutional order" |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/monde/tentative-de-coup-d-etat-au-niger-l-alg%C3%A9rie-condamne-une-atteinte-%C3%A0-l-ordre-constitutionnel-/2955164 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142342/https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/monde/tentative-de-coup-d-etat-au-niger-l-alg%C3%A9rie-condamne-une-atteinte-%C3%A0-l-ordre-constitutionnel-/2955164 |archive-date=27 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=www.aa.com.tr}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> [[Tarayyar Turai]], [[Faransa]] da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=2023-07-27 |title=Niger coup: world leaders react to president's detention |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/07/27/niger-coup-world-leaders-react-to-presidents-detention/ |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=Africanews |language=en |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142824/https://www.africanews.com/2023/07/27/niger-coup-world-leaders-react-to-presidents-detention/ |url-status=live }}</ref> suka yi kira da a gaggauta sakin Bazoum. Shugaban kasar [[Benin]] [[Patrice Talon]], wanda ya je Nijar a madadin kungiyar ECOWAS domin tattaunawa, ya kira juyin mulkin da "rashin halayya ta sojoji". Gamayyar siyasar jamhuriyar Nijar ta yi Allah wadai da juyin mulkin da cewa " hauka ce ta kisan kai da kuma nuna adawa da jamhuriya.<ref name="f24">{{Cite web |work=France 24 |title=Niger soldiers say President Bazoum has been removed, borders closed |date=26 July 2023 |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230726-niger-soldiers-say-president-bazoum-has-been-removed-borders-closed |access-date=27 July 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727000421/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230726-niger-soldiers-say-president-bazoum-has-been-removed-borders-closed |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Liikluspolitsei on sõiduki kinni pidanud ja kontrollib juhi dokumente. 2018. aasta mai, Tartu, Aleksandri tänava ots..jpg|thumb]] A ranar 10 ga Agusta, 2023, Kungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Kasashen Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS) ta yanke shawarar ci gaba da rike zabin tsoma bakin soja a Nijar. ta haka ne za a share fagen tattaro rundunar da ya kamata ta kunshi sojojin Najeriya da na Senegal.[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1472546/politique/coup-detat-au-niger-la-cedeao-retient-loption-militaire/]. == Bincike == Juyin mulkin shi ne na bakwai da ya faru a [[Afirka ta Yamma|yammacin Afirka]] da [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|tsakiyar Afirka]] tun daga shekarar 2020. Cameron Hudson, babban jami'i a cibiyar kula da dabaru da nazarin kasa da kasa, ya ce juyin mulkin zai iya yin tasiri a yakin da Nijar ke yi da 'yan ta'addar Islama, inda ya kara da cewa alamu na nuna cewa sojojin Nijar din ba su ji dadin irin tallafin da suke samu na yaki da 'yan ta'adda ba. Ulf Laessing, shugaban shirin Sahel a gidauniyar Konrad Adenauer, ya ce juyin mulkin ya kasance "mafarki" ga yammacin duniya, wanda ya la'anci Bazoum da Nijar a matsayin "sabon tsaro" a yankin. == Bayanan kula == <references group="lower-alpha" responsive="1"></references> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Category:Nijar]] [[Category:Juyin Mulki]] gazwqt0o60grj7iq5dtk4eudn19cjps 874183 874182 2026-07-02T08:41:54Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874183 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} A ranar 26 ga watan [[Yuli|Yulin]] shekara ta alif 2023, [[Rundunar Tsaron Nijar|sojoji]] daga masu gadin fadar shugaban ƙasar, [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] suka tsare [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|shugaba]] [[Mohamed Bazoum]], yayin da kuma wasu gungun sojoji suka sanar da hambarar da shi, suka kuma rufe iyakokin ƙasar, suka dakatar da hukumomin gwamnati tare da ayyana, dokar ta-baci yayin da suke sanar da kafa gwamnatin mulkin soja.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger : ce que l'on sait de la tentative de coup d'Etat en cours contre le président Mohamed Bazoum |trans-title=Niger: what we know about the ongoing coup attempt against President Mohamed Bazoum |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/niger/niger-ce-que-l-on-sait-de-la-tentative-de-coup-d-etat-en-cours-contre-le-president-mohamed-bazoum_5973206.html |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=Franceinfo |language=fr-FR |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726202029/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/niger/niger-ce-que-l-on-sait-de-la-tentative-de-coup-d-etat-en-cours-contre-le-president-mohamed-bazoum_5973206.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Wannan dai shi ne karo na biyar da sojoji suka yi [[Juyin mulkin Gabon 2023|juyin mulki]] tun bayan samun ƴancin kai a shekara alif 1960. == Fage == Kafin juyin mulkin, a baya ƙasar Nijar ta sha juyin mulkin soji har sau huɗu tun bayan samun ƴancin kai daga Faransa a shekara alif 1960, inda na ƙarshe ya kasance a shekara alif 2010. A tsakanin, an kuma yi yunkurin juyin mulki da dama, wanda na baya bayan nan shi ne a shekara alif 2021, lokacin da ‘yan adawar soji suka yi yunƙurin kwace fadar shugaban ƙasar kwanaki biyu gabanin rantsar da zababben shugaban ƙasa na wancan lokaci [[Bazoum]], wanda shi ne shugaban kasar na farko da ya karbi mulki daga hannun [[Mahamadou Issoufou|zababben shugaban]] kasar ta hanyar dimokuradiyya. {{Efn|In March 2023, a Nigerien official alleged that another coup attempt was made while Bazoum was in [[Turkey]], although the government refused to comment.<ref name="f24"/>}} Har ila yau, juyin mulkin ya zo ne bayan irin abubuwan da suka faru a kasashe makwabta irin su Guinea, [[Mali]] da [[Burkina Faso]] tun daga shekara ta alif 2020, wanda ya kai ga kiran yankin da sunan "zaman juyin mulki".<ref name="aj1">{{Cite web |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger's Bazoum 'held by guards' in apparent coup attempt |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/26/soldiers-holding-niger-president-inside-palace-security-sources |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=Aljazeera |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727002123/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/26/soldiers-holding-niger-president-inside-palace-security-sources |url-status=live }}</ref> Manazarta sun ce tsadar rayuwa da kuma yadda ake ganin gazawar gwamnati da cin hanci da rashawa ne suka haddasa tayar da ƙayar baya. Kasar dai tana yawan matsayi a kasa a kididdigar ci gaban bil'adama ta [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] kuma ta sha fama da tashe-tashen hankula a karkashin jagorancin [[Al-Qaeda]], [[Daular Musulunci ta Iraƙi|Islamic State]] da [[Boko Haram]], duk da cewa sojojinta na samun horo da tallafin kayan aiki daga Amurka da Faransa, wadanda ke da sansani a can. A shekara ta alif 2022, ƙasar ta zama cibiyar yaki da jihadi na Faransa a yankin [[Sahel]] bayan korar ta daga Mali da Burkina Faso, inda aka bayyana Bazoum a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan tsirarun shugabannin da ke goyon bayan kasashen yamma a yankin. Tare da juyin mulki da dama da kuma karuwar kyamar Faransa a yankin, Nijar ta zama abokiyar kawancen Faransa ta karshe.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 February 2022 |title=FRANCE 24 |work=Niger becomes France’s partner of last resort after Mali withdrawal |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20220218-niger-becomes-france-s-partner-of-last-resort-after-mali-withdrawal |access-date=27 July 2023 |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726161918/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20220218-niger-becomes-france-s-partner-of-last-resort-after-mali-withdrawal |url-status=live }}</ref> An kuma bayar da rahoton cewa, jami’an da Amurka ta horas da su sun horar da da yawa daga cikin jami’an tsaron fadar shugaban kasar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Turse |first=Nick |date=2023-07-26 |title=Soldiers Mutiny in U.S.-Allied Niger |url=https://production.public.theintercept.cloud/2023/07/26/niger-coup-us-military/ |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=The Intercept |language=en-US}}</ref> == Abubuwan da suka faru == [[File:Bazoum_mhamed.jpg|thumb| [[Mohamed Bazoum|Mohammed Bazoum]], wanda ya mulki Nijar daga shekara 2021 zuwa 2023]] A safiyar ranar 26 ga watan Yuli, shafin [[Twitter]] na fadar [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|shugaban ƙasar Nijar]] ya sanar da cewa jami'an tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Janar [[Omar Tchiani]] sun gudanar da zanga-zangar kin jinin Jamhuriyar Jama'a kuma suka yi kokarin "a banza" don samun goyon bayan sauran jami'an tsaro. <ref name="aj1" /> Har ila yau, an ce shugaba [[Mohamed Bazoum]] da iyalansa suna cikin koshin lafiya bayan da rahotanni suka bayyana cewa yana tsare a fadar shugaban kasa da ke [[Niamey|Yamai]] babban birnin kasar . <ref name="aj1" /> An kuma kama ministan cikin gida [[Hamadou Souley]] kuma aka tsare shi a cikin fadar, yayin da aka hangi kusan jami'an tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa ashirin a waje da rana. Rahotanni sun ce Tchiani ne ya jagoranci juyin mulkin, wanda masu sharhi suka ce Bazoum ya yi niyyar sauke shi daga mukaminsa. Da safe ne dai aka rufe fadar da ma’aikatun da ke kusa da fadar da motocin sojoji, sannan an hana ma’aikatan fadar shiga ofisoshinsu.<ref name="cnn1">{{cite web |last1=Dean |first1=Sarah |last2=Kennedy |first2=Niamh |last3=Madowo |first3=Larry |date=July 26, 2023 |title=Niger soldiers claim President Mohamed Bazoum has been ousted, deepening coup fears |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[CNN]] |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726233540/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Magoya bayan farar hula 400 na Bazoum ne suka yi kokarin tunkarar fadar, amma jami’an tsaron fadar shugaban kasar sun tarwatsa su da harbin bindiga, inda daya ya jikkata. A wani wurin kuma a birnin Yamai an bayyana lamarin a matsayin kwanciyar hankali. <ref name="aj1" /> Fadar shugaban kasar ta kuma yi ikirarin cewa an gudanar da zanga-zangar nuna goyon baya ga Bazoum a kewayen ofisoshin diflomasiyyar kasar da ke ketare. <ref name="cnn1" /> Dangane da wadannan abubuwan ne sojojin Nijar suka yi wa fadar shugaban kasa kawanya tare da goyon bayan Bazoum. Rundunar ta kuma fitar da wata sanarwa inda ta ce ta samu “manyan muhimman wurare” a kasar. Fadar shugaban kasar ta bayyana cewa sojoji da [[Gardin Sarki|dakarun tsaron kasar]] a shirye suke su kai farmaki kan masu gadin fadar.<ref name="bbc1">{{Cite news |last1=Minjibir |first1=Usman |last2=Macaulay |first2=Cecilia |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger coup attempt: President Mohamed Bazoum held |work=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66312011 |access-date=26 July 2023 |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726115806/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66312011 |url-status=live }}</ref> BBC ta kuma ruwaito cewa dakarun da ke biyayya ga gwamnatin sun yi wa gidan rediyon jihar ORTN kawanya. Ofishin jakadancin Amurka ya yi gargadi game da tafiya a kan Yamai ta Boulevard de la Republique, inda fadar shugaban kasa take. Amma da maraice, [[Rundunar Tsaron Nijar|Rundunar Sojan Sama]] Kanar-Major Amadou Abdramane ya tafi gidan talabijin na gwamnati [[Tele Sahel|Télé Sahel]] yana mai da'awar cewa an cire Shugaba Bazoum daga mulki tare da sanar da kafa Majalisar Tsaro ta Kasa . A zaune tare da wasu jami’ai tara sanye da kakin kakin jami’an tsaro daban-daban, ya ce jami’an tsaro da na tsaro sun yanke shawarar hambarar da gwamnatin “saboda tabarbarewar tsaro da rashin shugabanci na gari. Ya kuma sanar da rusa kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, da dakatar da hukumomin gwamnati, da rufe iyakokin kasar, da kuma dokar hana fita daga karfe 22:00 zuwa 05:00 agogon kasar, inda ya yi gargadi kan duk wani tsoma bakin kasashen waje. Gwamnatin mulkin sojan kasar ta fitar da wani tsawatawa ga Faransa kan keta dokar rufe sararin samaniyar bayan da wani jirgin soji ya sauka a wani sansanin sojin da safiyar yau. <ref name="bbc3" /> A safiyar ranar 27 ga Yuli, Bazoum ya wallafa a shafinsa na twitter cewa 'yan Nijar masu kaunar dimokuradiyya za su ga cewa "za a kiyaye nasarorin da aka samu da wahala". Ministan harkokin wajen kasar [[Hassoumi Massaoudou|Hassoumi Massoudou]] ya shaidawa kafar yada labaran Faransa ta 24 cewa, ikon kasar yana nan kan shugaban kasar, ya kuma kara da cewa Bazoum na cikin koshin lafiya kuma sojojin kasar ba su da hannu a ciki. Ya kuma ayyana kansa a matsayin shugaban kasa kuma ya yi kira ga duk masu neman dimokradiyya da su “sa wannan kasada ta gaza”. Rundunar sojojin Nijar ta fitar da wata sanarwa mai dauke da sa hannun babban hafsan hafsan sojin kasar Janar Abdou Sidikou Issa, inda kuma ta bayyana goyon bayanta ga juyin mulkin, yana mai nuni da bukatar kiyaye mutuncin shugaban kasar da iyalansa tare da kaucewa "mummunan fada...wanda zai iya haifar da zubar da jini da kuma shafar tsaron jama'a."<ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2023 |title=Niger's army command declares support for military coup |url=https://france24.com/en/africa/20230727-niger-s-army-command-declares-support-for-military-coup |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[France 24]] |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142320/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230727-niger-s-army-command-declares-support-for-military-coup |url-status=live }}</ref> A wani jawabi da ya yi a gidan talabijin jim kadan bayan Kanar Abdramane ya sanar da cewa za a dakatar da duk wasu harkokin jam'iyyun siyasa a kasar har sai wani lokaci.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2023 |title=Niger army pledges allegiance to coup makers |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/27/nigerien-army-pledges-allegiance-to-coup-plotters |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[Aljazeera]] |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142352/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/27/nigerien-army-pledges-allegiance-to-coup-plotters |url-status=live }}</ref> Wata zanga-zangar ta gudana tare da magoya bayan juyin mulkin da ke daga tutocin kasar Rasha, inda suka bayyana goyon bayansu ga kungiyar Wagner, da kuma jifa da duwatsu kan motar dan siyasar da ke wucewa. Babu rahoton jikkata. Masu zanga-zangar sun kuma yi tir da kasancewar Faransa da sauran sansanonin kasashen waje.<ref name="ap2">{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-mutinous-soldiers-attempted-coup-2efab1649bea7d89b14dbc9432f5f819|title=Niger's president vows democracy will prevail after mutinous soldiers detain him and declare a coup|date=27 July 2023|website=AP News|access-date=27 July 2023|archive-date=27 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142327/https://apnews.com/article/niger-mutinous-soldiers-attempted-coup-2efab1649bea7d89b14dbc9432f5f819|url-status=live}}</ref> Wasu masu zanga-zangar sun taru a wajen hedkwatar jam’iyyar [[Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism|PNDS-Trayya]] ta Bazoum, inda faifan bidiyo ke nuna yadda suke jifa da kona motoci.<ref name="bbc3">{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66324875 |title=Niger coup: Captive President Bazoum defiant after takeover |date=27 July 2023 |website=BBC |access-date=27 July 2023 |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142355/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66324875 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Martani == [[File:An ECOMIL (Ecowas Mission in Liberia) Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), Landrover Vehicle enters a compound controlled by US Marine Corps (USMC) assigned to Lima-B - DPLA - 2fd69242eeb244c9d485fef6e203bedd.jpeg|thumb]] [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|ECOWAS]] ta yi kokarin tattaunawa da ‘yan adawa amma ta kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ECOWAS Head Says Benin President On Mediation Mission To Niger |url=https://www.barrons.com/articles/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=www.barrons.com |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142406/https://www.barrons.com/news/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |url-status=live }}</ref> An ce magabacin Bazoum a matsayin shugaban ƙasa, [[Mahamadou Issoufou]], da kuma wasu tsaffin shugabannin sun shiga cikin tattaunawar. An yi Allah wadai da juyin mulkin da [[Bankin Duniya]],<ref>{{Cite web |work=al-Arabiya |title=World Bank monitoring Niger's political situation, denounces destabilization attempts |date=27 July 2023 |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2023/07/27/World-Bank-monitoring-Niger-s-political-situation-denounces-destabilization-attempts |access-date=27 July 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727002649/http://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2023/07/27/World-Bank-monitoring-Niger-s-political-situation-denounces-destabilization-attempts |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]], [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], [[Aljeriya]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Algeria strongly condemns coup attempt in Niger-Xinhua |url=https://english.news.cn/africa/20230727/31bccf0be3344f128e61c76b7566a7d4/c.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726193938/https://english.news.cn/africa/20230727/31bccf0be3344f128e61c76b7566a7d4/c.html |archive-date=26 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=english.news.cn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tentative de Coup d'Etat au Niger : l'Algérie condamne une «atteinte à l'ordre constitutionnel » |trans-title=Coup attempt in Niger: Algeria condemns an "attack on the constitutional order" |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/monde/tentative-de-coup-d-etat-au-niger-l-alg%C3%A9rie-condamne-une-atteinte-%C3%A0-l-ordre-constitutionnel-/2955164 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142342/https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/monde/tentative-de-coup-d-etat-au-niger-l-alg%C3%A9rie-condamne-une-atteinte-%C3%A0-l-ordre-constitutionnel-/2955164 |archive-date=27 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=www.aa.com.tr}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> [[Tarayyar Turai]], [[Faransa]] da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=2023-07-27 |title=Niger coup: world leaders react to president's detention |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/07/27/niger-coup-world-leaders-react-to-presidents-detention/ |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=Africanews |language=en |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142824/https://www.africanews.com/2023/07/27/niger-coup-world-leaders-react-to-presidents-detention/ |url-status=live }}</ref> suka yi kira da a gaggauta sakin Bazoum. Shugaban kasar [[Benin]] [[Patrice Talon]], wanda ya je Nijar a madadin kungiyar ECOWAS domin tattaunawa, ya kira juyin mulkin da "rashin halayya ta sojoji". Gamayyar siyasar jamhuriyar Nijar ta yi Allah wadai da juyin mulkin da cewa " hauka ce ta kisan kai da kuma nuna adawa da jamhuriya.<ref name="f24">{{Cite web |work=France 24 |title=Niger soldiers say President Bazoum has been removed, borders closed |date=26 July 2023 |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230726-niger-soldiers-say-president-bazoum-has-been-removed-borders-closed |access-date=27 July 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727000421/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230726-niger-soldiers-say-president-bazoum-has-been-removed-borders-closed |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Liikluspolitsei on sõiduki kinni pidanud ja kontrollib juhi dokumente. 2018. aasta mai, Tartu, Aleksandri tänava ots..jpg|thumb]] A ranar 10 ga Agusta, 2023, Kungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Kasashen Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS) ta yanke shawarar ci gaba da rike zabin tsoma bakin soja a Nijar. ta haka ne za a share fagen tattaro rundunar da ya kamata ta kunshi sojojin Najeriya da na Senegal.[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1472546/politique/coup-detat-au-niger-la-cedeao-retient-loption-militaire/]. == Bincike == Juyin mulkin shi ne na bakwai da ya faru a [[Afirka ta Yamma|yammacin Afirka]] da [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|tsakiyar Afirka]] tun daga shekarar 2020. Cameron Hudson, babban jami'i a cibiyar kula da dabaru da nazarin kasa da kasa, ya ce juyin mulkin zai iya yin tasiri a yakin da Nijar ke yi da 'yan ta'addar Islama, inda ya kara da cewa alamu na nuna cewa sojojin Nijar din ba su ji dadin irin tallafin da suke samu na yaki da 'yan ta'adda ba. Ulf Laessing, shugaban shirin Sahel a gidauniyar Konrad Adenauer, ya ce juyin mulkin ya kasance "mafarki" ga yammacin duniya, wanda ya la'anci Bazoum da Nijar a matsayin "sabon tsaro" a yankin. == Bayanan kula == <references group="lower-alpha" responsive="1"></references> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Category:Nijar]] [[Category:Juyin Mulki]] rwgfid4tbjcjeydplhoiskopxskor33 874184 874183 2026-07-02T08:42:31Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874184 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} A ranar 26 ga watan [[Yuli|Yulin]] shekara ta alif 2023, [[Rundunar Tsaron Nijar|sojoji]] daga masu gadin fadar shugaban ƙasar, [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] suka tsare [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|shugaba]] [[Mohamed Bazoum]], yayin da kuma wasu gungun sojoji suka sanar da hambarar da shi, suka kuma rufe iyakokin ƙasar, suka dakatar da hukumomin gwamnati tare da ayyana, dokar ta-baci yayin da suke sanar da kafa gwamnatin mulkin soja.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger : ce que l'on sait de la tentative de coup d'Etat en cours contre le président Mohamed Bazoum |trans-title=Niger: what we know about the ongoing coup attempt against President Mohamed Bazoum |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/niger/niger-ce-que-l-on-sait-de-la-tentative-de-coup-d-etat-en-cours-contre-le-president-mohamed-bazoum_5973206.html |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=Franceinfo |language=fr-FR |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726202029/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/niger/niger-ce-que-l-on-sait-de-la-tentative-de-coup-d-etat-en-cours-contre-le-president-mohamed-bazoum_5973206.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Wannan dai shi ne karo na biyar da sojoji suka yi [[Juyin mulkin Gabon 2023|juyin mulki]] tun bayan samun ƴancin kai a shekara alif 1960. == Fage == Kafin juyin mulkin, a baya ƙasar Nijar ta sha juyin mulkin soji har sau huɗu tun bayan samun ƴancin kai daga Faransa a shekara alif 1960, inda na ƙarshe ya kasance a shekara alif 2010. A tsakanin, an kuma yi yunkurin juyin mulki da dama, wanda na baya bayan nan shi ne a shekara alif 2021, lokacin da ‘yan adawar soji suka yi yunƙurin kwace fadar shugaban ƙasar kwanaki biyu gabanin rantsar da zababben shugaban ƙasa na wancan lokaci [[Bazoum]], wanda shi ne shugaban kasar na farko da ya karbi mulki daga hannun [[Mahamadou Issoufou|zababben shugaban]] kasar ta hanyar dimokuradiyya. {{Efn|In March 2023, a Nigerien official alleged that another coup attempt was made while Bazoum was in [[Turkey]], although the government refused to comment.<ref name="f24"/>}} Har ila yau, juyin mulkin ya zo ne bayan irin abubuwan da suka faru a kasashe makwabta irin su Guinea, [[Mali]] da [[Burkina Faso]] tun daga shekara ta alif 2020, wanda ya kai ga kiran yankin da sunan "zaman juyin mulki".<ref name="aj1">{{Cite web |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger's Bazoum 'held by guards' in apparent coup attempt |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/26/soldiers-holding-niger-president-inside-palace-security-sources |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=Aljazeera |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727002123/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/26/soldiers-holding-niger-president-inside-palace-security-sources |url-status=live }}</ref> Manazarta sun ce tsadar rayuwa da kuma yadda ake ganin gazawar gwamnati da cin hanci da rashawa ne suka haddasa tayar da ƙayar baya. Kasar dai tana yawan matsayi a kasa a kididdigar ci gaban bil'adama ta [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] kuma ta sha fama da tashe-tashen hankula a karkashin jagorancin [[Al-Qaeda]], [[Daular Musulunci ta Iraƙi|Islamic State]] da [[Boko Haram]], duk da cewa sojojinta na samun horo da tallafin kayan aiki daga Amurka da Faransa, wadanda ke da sansani a can. A shekara ta alif 2022, ƙasar ta zama cibiyar yaki da jihadi na Faransa a yankin [[Sahel]] bayan korar ta daga Mali da Burkina Faso, inda aka bayyana Bazoum a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan tsirarun shugabannin da ke goyon bayan kasashen yamma a yankin. Tare da juyin mulki da dama da kuma karuwar kyamar Faransa a yankin, Nijar ta zama abokiyar kawancen Faransa ta karshe.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 February 2022 |title=FRANCE 24 |work=Niger becomes France’s partner of last resort after Mali withdrawal |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20220218-niger-becomes-france-s-partner-of-last-resort-after-mali-withdrawal |access-date=27 July 2023 |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726161918/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20220218-niger-becomes-france-s-partner-of-last-resort-after-mali-withdrawal |url-status=live }}</ref> An kuma bayar da rahoton cewa, jami’an da Amurka ta horas da su sun horar da da yawa daga cikin jami’an tsaron fadar shugaban kasar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Turse |first=Nick |date=2023-07-26 |title=Soldiers Mutiny in U.S.-Allied Niger |url=https://production.public.theintercept.cloud/2023/07/26/niger-coup-us-military/ |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=The Intercept |language=en-US}}</ref> == Abubuwan da suka faru == [[File:Bazoum_mhamed.jpg|thumb| [[Mohamed Bazoum|Mohammed Bazoum]], wanda ya mulki Nijar daga shekara a 2021 zuwa 2023]] A safiyar ranar 26 ga watan Yuli, shafin [[Twitter]] na fadar [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|shugaban ƙasar Nijar]] ya sanar da cewa jami'an tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Janar [[Omar Tchiani]] sun gudanar da zanga-zangar kin jinin Jamhuriyar Jama'a kuma suka yi kokarin "a banza" don samun goyon bayan sauran jami'an tsaro. <ref name="aj1" /> Har ila yau, an ce shugaba [[Mohamed Bazoum]] da iyalansa suna cikin koshin lafiya bayan da rahotanni suka bayyana cewa yana tsare a fadar shugaban kasa da ke [[Niamey|Yamai]] babban birnin kasar . <ref name="aj1" /> An kuma kama ministan cikin gida [[Hamadou Souley]] kuma aka tsare shi a cikin fadar, yayin da aka hangi kusan jami'an tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa ashirin a waje da rana. Rahotanni sun ce Tchiani ne ya jagoranci juyin mulkin, wanda masu sharhi suka ce Bazoum ya yi niyyar sauke shi daga mukaminsa. Da safe ne dai aka rufe fadar da ma’aikatun da ke kusa da fadar da motocin sojoji, sannan an hana ma’aikatan fadar shiga ofisoshinsu.<ref name="cnn1">{{cite web |last1=Dean |first1=Sarah |last2=Kennedy |first2=Niamh |last3=Madowo |first3=Larry |date=July 26, 2023 |title=Niger soldiers claim President Mohamed Bazoum has been ousted, deepening coup fears |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[CNN]] |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726233540/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Magoya bayan farar hula 400 na Bazoum ne suka yi kokarin tunkarar fadar, amma jami’an tsaron fadar shugaban kasar sun tarwatsa su da harbin bindiga, inda daya ya jikkata. A wani wurin kuma a birnin Yamai an bayyana lamarin a matsayin kwanciyar hankali. <ref name="aj1" /> Fadar shugaban kasar ta kuma yi ikirarin cewa an gudanar da zanga-zangar nuna goyon baya ga Bazoum a kewayen ofisoshin diflomasiyyar kasar da ke ketare. <ref name="cnn1" /> Dangane da wadannan abubuwan ne sojojin Nijar suka yi wa fadar shugaban kasa kawanya tare da goyon bayan Bazoum. Rundunar ta kuma fitar da wata sanarwa inda ta ce ta samu “manyan muhimman wurare” a kasar. Fadar shugaban kasar ta bayyana cewa sojoji da [[Gardin Sarki|dakarun tsaron kasar]] a shirye suke su kai farmaki kan masu gadin fadar.<ref name="bbc1">{{Cite news |last1=Minjibir |first1=Usman |last2=Macaulay |first2=Cecilia |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger coup attempt: President Mohamed Bazoum held |work=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66312011 |access-date=26 July 2023 |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726115806/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66312011 |url-status=live }}</ref> BBC ta kuma ruwaito cewa dakarun da ke biyayya ga gwamnatin sun yi wa gidan rediyon jihar ORTN kawanya. Ofishin jakadancin Amurka ya yi gargadi game da tafiya a kan Yamai ta Boulevard de la Republique, inda fadar shugaban kasa take. Amma da maraice, [[Rundunar Tsaron Nijar|Rundunar Sojan Sama]] Kanar-Major Amadou Abdramane ya tafi gidan talabijin na gwamnati [[Tele Sahel|Télé Sahel]] yana mai da'awar cewa an cire Shugaba Bazoum daga mulki tare da sanar da kafa Majalisar Tsaro ta Kasa . A zaune tare da wasu jami’ai tara sanye da kakin kakin jami’an tsaro daban-daban, ya ce jami’an tsaro da na tsaro sun yanke shawarar hambarar da gwamnatin “saboda tabarbarewar tsaro da rashin shugabanci na gari. Ya kuma sanar da rusa kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, da dakatar da hukumomin gwamnati, da rufe iyakokin kasar, da kuma dokar hana fita daga karfe 22:00 zuwa 05:00 agogon kasar, inda ya yi gargadi kan duk wani tsoma bakin kasashen waje. Gwamnatin mulkin sojan kasar ta fitar da wani tsawatawa ga Faransa kan keta dokar rufe sararin samaniyar bayan da wani jirgin soji ya sauka a wani sansanin sojin da safiyar yau. <ref name="bbc3" /> A safiyar ranar 27 ga Yuli, Bazoum ya wallafa a shafinsa na twitter cewa 'yan Nijar masu kaunar dimokuradiyya za su ga cewa "za a kiyaye nasarorin da aka samu da wahala". Ministan harkokin wajen kasar [[Hassoumi Massaoudou|Hassoumi Massoudou]] ya shaidawa kafar yada labaran Faransa ta 24 cewa, ikon kasar yana nan kan shugaban kasar, ya kuma kara da cewa Bazoum na cikin koshin lafiya kuma sojojin kasar ba su da hannu a ciki. Ya kuma ayyana kansa a matsayin shugaban kasa kuma ya yi kira ga duk masu neman dimokradiyya da su “sa wannan kasada ta gaza”. Rundunar sojojin Nijar ta fitar da wata sanarwa mai dauke da sa hannun babban hafsan hafsan sojin kasar Janar Abdou Sidikou Issa, inda kuma ta bayyana goyon bayanta ga juyin mulkin, yana mai nuni da bukatar kiyaye mutuncin shugaban kasar da iyalansa tare da kaucewa "mummunan fada...wanda zai iya haifar da zubar da jini da kuma shafar tsaron jama'a."<ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2023 |title=Niger's army command declares support for military coup |url=https://france24.com/en/africa/20230727-niger-s-army-command-declares-support-for-military-coup |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[France 24]] |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142320/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230727-niger-s-army-command-declares-support-for-military-coup |url-status=live }}</ref> A wani jawabi da ya yi a gidan talabijin jim kadan bayan Kanar Abdramane ya sanar da cewa za a dakatar da duk wasu harkokin jam'iyyun siyasa a kasar har sai wani lokaci.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2023 |title=Niger army pledges allegiance to coup makers |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/27/nigerien-army-pledges-allegiance-to-coup-plotters |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[Aljazeera]] |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142352/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/27/nigerien-army-pledges-allegiance-to-coup-plotters |url-status=live }}</ref> Wata zanga-zangar ta gudana tare da magoya bayan juyin mulkin da ke daga tutocin kasar Rasha, inda suka bayyana goyon bayansu ga kungiyar Wagner, da kuma jifa da duwatsu kan motar dan siyasar da ke wucewa. Babu rahoton jikkata. Masu zanga-zangar sun kuma yi tir da kasancewar Faransa da sauran sansanonin kasashen waje.<ref name="ap2">{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-mutinous-soldiers-attempted-coup-2efab1649bea7d89b14dbc9432f5f819|title=Niger's president vows democracy will prevail after mutinous soldiers detain him and declare a coup|date=27 July 2023|website=AP News|access-date=27 July 2023|archive-date=27 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142327/https://apnews.com/article/niger-mutinous-soldiers-attempted-coup-2efab1649bea7d89b14dbc9432f5f819|url-status=live}}</ref> Wasu masu zanga-zangar sun taru a wajen hedkwatar jam’iyyar [[Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism|PNDS-Trayya]] ta Bazoum, inda faifan bidiyo ke nuna yadda suke jifa da kona motoci.<ref name="bbc3">{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66324875 |title=Niger coup: Captive President Bazoum defiant after takeover |date=27 July 2023 |website=BBC |access-date=27 July 2023 |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142355/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66324875 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Martani == [[File:An ECOMIL (Ecowas Mission in Liberia) Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), Landrover Vehicle enters a compound controlled by US Marine Corps (USMC) assigned to Lima-B - DPLA - 2fd69242eeb244c9d485fef6e203bedd.jpeg|thumb]] [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|ECOWAS]] ta yi kokarin tattaunawa da ‘yan adawa amma ta kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ECOWAS Head Says Benin President On Mediation Mission To Niger |url=https://www.barrons.com/articles/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=www.barrons.com |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142406/https://www.barrons.com/news/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |url-status=live }}</ref> An ce magabacin Bazoum a matsayin shugaban ƙasa, [[Mahamadou Issoufou]], da kuma wasu tsaffin shugabannin sun shiga cikin tattaunawar. An yi Allah wadai da juyin mulkin da [[Bankin Duniya]],<ref>{{Cite web |work=al-Arabiya |title=World Bank monitoring Niger's political situation, denounces destabilization attempts |date=27 July 2023 |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2023/07/27/World-Bank-monitoring-Niger-s-political-situation-denounces-destabilization-attempts |access-date=27 July 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727002649/http://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2023/07/27/World-Bank-monitoring-Niger-s-political-situation-denounces-destabilization-attempts |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]], [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], [[Aljeriya]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Algeria strongly condemns coup attempt in Niger-Xinhua |url=https://english.news.cn/africa/20230727/31bccf0be3344f128e61c76b7566a7d4/c.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726193938/https://english.news.cn/africa/20230727/31bccf0be3344f128e61c76b7566a7d4/c.html |archive-date=26 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=english.news.cn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tentative de Coup d'Etat au Niger : l'Algérie condamne une «atteinte à l'ordre constitutionnel » |trans-title=Coup attempt in Niger: Algeria condemns an "attack on the constitutional order" |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/monde/tentative-de-coup-d-etat-au-niger-l-alg%C3%A9rie-condamne-une-atteinte-%C3%A0-l-ordre-constitutionnel-/2955164 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142342/https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/monde/tentative-de-coup-d-etat-au-niger-l-alg%C3%A9rie-condamne-une-atteinte-%C3%A0-l-ordre-constitutionnel-/2955164 |archive-date=27 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=www.aa.com.tr}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> [[Tarayyar Turai]], [[Faransa]] da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=2023-07-27 |title=Niger coup: world leaders react to president's detention |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/07/27/niger-coup-world-leaders-react-to-presidents-detention/ |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=Africanews |language=en |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142824/https://www.africanews.com/2023/07/27/niger-coup-world-leaders-react-to-presidents-detention/ |url-status=live }}</ref> suka yi kira da a gaggauta sakin Bazoum. Shugaban kasar [[Benin]] [[Patrice Talon]], wanda ya je Nijar a madadin kungiyar ECOWAS domin tattaunawa, ya kira juyin mulkin da "rashin halayya ta sojoji". Gamayyar siyasar jamhuriyar Nijar ta yi Allah wadai da juyin mulkin da cewa " hauka ce ta kisan kai da kuma nuna adawa da jamhuriya.<ref name="f24">{{Cite web |work=France 24 |title=Niger soldiers say President Bazoum has been removed, borders closed |date=26 July 2023 |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230726-niger-soldiers-say-president-bazoum-has-been-removed-borders-closed |access-date=27 July 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727000421/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230726-niger-soldiers-say-president-bazoum-has-been-removed-borders-closed |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Liikluspolitsei on sõiduki kinni pidanud ja kontrollib juhi dokumente. 2018. aasta mai, Tartu, Aleksandri tänava ots..jpg|thumb]] A ranar 10 ga Agusta, 2023, Kungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Kasashen Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS) ta yanke shawarar ci gaba da rike zabin tsoma bakin soja a Nijar. ta haka ne za a share fagen tattaro rundunar da ya kamata ta kunshi sojojin Najeriya da na Senegal.[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1472546/politique/coup-detat-au-niger-la-cedeao-retient-loption-militaire/]. == Bincike == Juyin mulkin shi ne na bakwai da ya faru a [[Afirka ta Yamma|yammacin Afirka]] da [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|tsakiyar Afirka]] tun daga shekarar 2020. Cameron Hudson, babban jami'i a cibiyar kula da dabaru da nazarin kasa da kasa, ya ce juyin mulkin zai iya yin tasiri a yakin da Nijar ke yi da 'yan ta'addar Islama, inda ya kara da cewa alamu na nuna cewa sojojin Nijar din ba su ji dadin irin tallafin da suke samu na yaki da 'yan ta'adda ba. Ulf Laessing, shugaban shirin Sahel a gidauniyar Konrad Adenauer, ya ce juyin mulkin ya kasance "mafarki" ga yammacin duniya, wanda ya la'anci Bazoum da Nijar a matsayin "sabon tsaro" a yankin. == Bayanan kula == <references group="lower-alpha" responsive="1"></references> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Category:Nijar]] [[Category:Juyin Mulki]] 6dajnr1uq8v445m5ztp0kcp7nj88ib9 874185 874184 2026-07-02T08:46:30Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874185 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} A ranar 26 ga watan [[Yuli|Yulin]] shekara ta alif 2023, [[Rundunar Tsaron Nijar|sojoji]] daga masu gadin fadar shugaban ƙasar, [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] suka tsare [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|shugaba]] [[Mohamed Bazoum]], yayin da kuma wasu gungun sojoji suka sanar da hambarar da shi, suka kuma rufe iyakokin ƙasar, suka dakatar da hukumomin gwamnati tare da ayyana, dokar ta-baci yayin da suke sanar da kafa gwamnatin mulkin soja.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger : ce que l'on sait de la tentative de coup d'Etat en cours contre le président Mohamed Bazoum |trans-title=Niger: what we know about the ongoing coup attempt against President Mohamed Bazoum |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/niger/niger-ce-que-l-on-sait-de-la-tentative-de-coup-d-etat-en-cours-contre-le-president-mohamed-bazoum_5973206.html |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=Franceinfo |language=fr-FR |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726202029/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/niger/niger-ce-que-l-on-sait-de-la-tentative-de-coup-d-etat-en-cours-contre-le-president-mohamed-bazoum_5973206.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Wannan dai shi ne karo na biyar da sojoji suka yi [[Juyin mulkin Gabon 2023|juyin mulki]] tun bayan samun ƴancin kai a shekara alif 1960. == Fage == Kafin juyin mulkin, a baya ƙasar Nijar ta sha juyin mulkin soji har sau huɗu tun bayan samun ƴancin kai daga Faransa a shekara alif 1960, inda na ƙarshe ya kasance a shekara alif 2010. A tsakanin, an kuma yi yunkurin juyin mulki da dama, wanda na baya bayan nan shi ne a shekara alif 2021, lokacin da ‘yan adawar soji suka yi yunƙurin kwace fadar shugaban ƙasar kwanaki biyu gabanin rantsar da zababben shugaban ƙasa na wancan lokaci [[Bazoum]], wanda shi ne shugaban kasar na farko da ya karbi mulki daga hannun [[Mahamadou Issoufou|zababben shugaban]] kasar ta hanyar dimokuradiyya. {{Efn|In March 2023, a Nigerien official alleged that another coup attempt was made while Bazoum was in [[Turkey]], although the government refused to comment.<ref name="f24"/>}} Har ila yau, juyin mulkin ya zo ne bayan irin abubuwan da suka faru a kasashe makwabta irin su Guinea, [[Mali]] da [[Burkina Faso]] tun daga shekara ta alif 2020, wanda ya kai ga kiran yankin da sunan "zaman juyin mulki".<ref name="aj1">{{Cite web |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger's Bazoum 'held by guards' in apparent coup attempt |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/26/soldiers-holding-niger-president-inside-palace-security-sources |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=Aljazeera |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727002123/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/26/soldiers-holding-niger-president-inside-palace-security-sources |url-status=live }}</ref> Manazarta sun ce tsadar rayuwa da kuma yadda ake ganin gazawar gwamnati da cin hanci da rashawa ne suka haddasa tayar da ƙayar baya. Kasar dai tana yawan matsayi a kasa a kididdigar ci gaban bil'adama ta [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] kuma ta sha fama da tashe-tashen hankula a karkashin jagorancin [[Al-Qaeda]], [[Daular Musulunci ta Iraƙi|Islamic State]] da [[Boko Haram]], duk da cewa sojojinta na samun horo da tallafin kayan aiki daga Amurka da Faransa, wadanda ke da sansani a can. A shekara ta alif 2022, ƙasar ta zama cibiyar yaki da jihadi na Faransa a yankin [[Sahel]] bayan korar ta daga Mali da Burkina Faso, inda aka bayyana Bazoum a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan tsirarun shugabannin da ke goyon bayan kasashen yamma a yankin. Tare da juyin mulki da dama da kuma karuwar kyamar Faransa a yankin, Nijar ta zama abokiyar kawancen Faransa ta karshe.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 February 2022 |title=FRANCE 24 |work=Niger becomes France’s partner of last resort after Mali withdrawal |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20220218-niger-becomes-france-s-partner-of-last-resort-after-mali-withdrawal |access-date=27 July 2023 |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726161918/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20220218-niger-becomes-france-s-partner-of-last-resort-after-mali-withdrawal |url-status=live }}</ref> An kuma bayar da rahoton cewa, jami’an da Amurka ta horas da su sun horar da da yawa daga cikin jami’an tsaron fadar shugaban kasar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Turse |first=Nick |date=2023-07-26 |title=Soldiers Mutiny in U.S.-Allied Niger |url=https://production.public.theintercept.cloud/2023/07/26/niger-coup-us-military/ |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=The Intercept |language=en-US}}</ref> == Abubuwan da suka faru == [[File:Bazoum_mhamed.jpg|thumb| [[Mohamed Bazoum|Mohammed Bazoum]], wanda ya mulki Nijar daga shekara a 2021 zuwa 2023]] A safiyar ranar 26 ga watan Yuli, shafin [[Twitter]] na fadar [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|shugaban ƙasar Nijar]] ya sanar da cewa jami'an tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Janar [[Omar Tchiani]] sun gudanar da zanga-zangar kin jinin Jamhuriyar Jama'a kuma suka yi kokarin "a banza" don samun goyon bayan sauran jami'an tsaro. <ref name="aj1" /> Har ila yau, an ce shugaba [[Mohamed Bazoum]] da iyalansa suna cikin koshin lafiya bayan da rahotanni suka bayyana cewa yana tsare a fadar shugaban kasa da ke [[Niamey|Yamai]] babban birnin kasar . <ref name="aj1" /> An kuma kama ministan cikin gida [[Hamadou Souley]] kuma aka tsare shi a cikin fadar, yayin da aka hangi kusan jami'an tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa ashirin a waje da rana. Rahotanni sun ce Tchiani ne ya jagoranci juyin mulkin, wanda masu sharhi suka ce Bazoum ya yi niyyar sauke shi daga mukaminsa. Da safe ne dai aka rufe fadar da ma’aikatun da ke kusa da fadar da motocin sojoji, sannan an hana ma’aikatan fadar shiga ofisoshinsu.<ref name="cnn1">{{cite web |last1=Dean |first1=Sarah |last2=Kennedy |first2=Niamh |last3=Madowo |first3=Larry |date=July 26, 2023 |title=Niger soldiers claim President Mohamed Bazoum has been ousted, deepening coup fears |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[CNN]] |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726233540/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Magoya bayan farar hula 400 na Bazoum ne suka yi kokarin tunkarar fadar, amma jami’an tsaron fadar shugaban kasar sun tarwatsa su da harbin bindiga, inda daya ya jikkata. A wani wurin kuma a birnin Yamai an bayyana lamarin a matsayin kwanciyar hankali. <ref name="aj1" /> Fadar shugaban kasar ta kuma yi ikirarin cewa an gudanar da zanga-zangar nuna goyon baya ga Bazoum a kewayen ofisoshin diflomasiyyar kasar da ke ketare. <ref name="cnn1" /> Dangane da wadannan abubuwan ne sojojin Nijar suka yi wa fadar shugaban kasa kawanya tare da goyon bayan Bazoum. Rundunar ta kuma fitar da wata sanarwa inda ta ce ta samu “manyan muhimman wurare” a kasar. Fadar shugaban kasar ta bayyana cewa sojoji da [[Gardin Sarki|dakarun tsaron kasar]] a shirye suke su kai farmaki kan masu gadin fadar.<ref name="bbc1">{{Cite news |last1=Minjibir |first1=Usman |last2=Macaulay |first2=Cecilia |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger coup attempt: President Mohamed Bazoum held |work=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66312011 |access-date=26 July 2023 |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726115806/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66312011 |url-status=live }}</ref> BBC ta kuma ruwaito cewa dakarun da ke biyayya ga gwamnatin sun yi wa gidan rediyon jihar ORTN kawanya. Ofishin jakadancin Amurka ya yi gargadi ga me da tafiya a kan Yamai ta Boulevard de la Republique, inda fadar shugaban kasa take. Amma da maraice, [[Rundunar Tsaron Nijar|Rundunar Sojan Sama]] Kanar-Major Amadou Abdramane ya tafi gidan talabijin na gwamnati [[Tele Sahel|Télé Sahel]] yana mai da'awar cewa an cire Shugaba Bazoum daga mulki tare da sanar da kafa Majalisar Tsaro ta Kasa . A zaune tare da wasu jami’ai tara sanye da kakin kakin jami’an tsaro daban-daban, ya ce jami’an tsaro da na tsaro sun yanke shawarar hambarar da gwamnatin “saboda tabarbarewar tsaro da rashin shugabanci na gari. Ya kuma sanar da rusa kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, da dakatar da hukumomin gwamnati, da rufe iyakokin kasar, da kuma dokar hana fita daga karfe 22:00 zuwa 05:00 agogon kasar, inda ya yi gargadi kan duk wani tsoma bakin kasashen waje. Gwamnatin mulkin sojan kasar ta fitar da wani tsawatawa ga Faransa kan keta dokar rufe sararin samaniyar bayan da wani jirgin soji ya sauka a wani sansanin sojin da safiyar yau. <ref name="bbc3" /> A safiyar ranar 27 ga Yuli, Bazoum ya wallafa a shafinsa na twitter cewa 'yan Nijar masu kaunar dimokuradiyya za su ga cewa "za a kiyaye nasarorin da aka samu da wahala". Ministan harkokin wajen kasar [[Hassoumi Massaoudou|Hassoumi Massoudou]] ya shaidawa kafar yada labaran Faransa ta 24 cewa, ikon kasar yana nan kan shugaban kasar, ya kuma kara da cewa Bazoum na cikin koshin lafiya kuma sojojin kasar ba su da hannu a ciki. Ya kuma ayyana kansa a matsayin shugaban kasa kuma ya yi kira ga duk masu neman dimokradiyya da su “sa wannan kasada ta gaza”. Rundunar sojojin Nijar ta fitar da wata sanarwa mai dauke da sa hannun babban hafsan hafsan sojin kasar Janar Abdou Sidikou Issa, inda kuma ta bayyana goyon bayanta ga juyin mulkin, yana mai nuni da bukatar kiyaye mutuncin shugaban kasar da iyalansa tare da kaucewa "mummunan fada...wanda zai iya haifar da zubar da jini da kuma shafar tsaron jama'a."<ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2023 |title=Niger's army command declares support for military coup |url=https://france24.com/en/africa/20230727-niger-s-army-command-declares-support-for-military-coup |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[France 24]] |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142320/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230727-niger-s-army-command-declares-support-for-military-coup |url-status=live }}</ref> A wani jawabi da ya yi a gidan talabijin jim kadan bayan Kanar Abdramane ya sanar da cewa za a dakatar da duk wasu harkokin jam'iyyun siyasa a kasar har sai wani lokaci.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2023 |title=Niger army pledges allegiance to coup makers |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/27/nigerien-army-pledges-allegiance-to-coup-plotters |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[Aljazeera]] |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142352/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/27/nigerien-army-pledges-allegiance-to-coup-plotters |url-status=live }}</ref> Wata zanga-zangar ta gudana tare da magoya bayan juyin mulkin da ke daga tutocin kasar Rasha, inda suka bayyana goyon bayansu ga kungiyar Wagner, da kuma jifa da duwatsu kan motar dan siyasar da ke wucewa. Babu rahoton jikkata. Masu zanga-zangar sun kuma yi tir da kasancewar Faransa da sauran sansanonin kasashen waje.<ref name="ap2">{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-mutinous-soldiers-attempted-coup-2efab1649bea7d89b14dbc9432f5f819|title=Niger's president vows democracy will prevail after mutinous soldiers detain him and declare a coup|date=27 July 2023|website=AP News|access-date=27 July 2023|archive-date=27 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142327/https://apnews.com/article/niger-mutinous-soldiers-attempted-coup-2efab1649bea7d89b14dbc9432f5f819|url-status=live}}</ref> Wasu masu zanga-zangar sun taru a wajen hedkwatar jam’iyyar [[Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism|PNDS-Trayya]] ta Bazoum, inda faifan bidiyo ke nuna yadda suke jifa da kona motoci.<ref name="bbc3">{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66324875 |title=Niger coup: Captive President Bazoum defiant after takeover |date=27 July 2023 |website=BBC |access-date=27 July 2023 |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142355/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66324875 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Martani == [[File:An ECOMIL (Ecowas Mission in Liberia) Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), Landrover Vehicle enters a compound controlled by US Marine Corps (USMC) assigned to Lima-B - DPLA - 2fd69242eeb244c9d485fef6e203bedd.jpeg|thumb]] [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|ECOWAS]] ta yi kokarin tattaunawa da ‘yan adawa amma ta kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ECOWAS Head Says Benin President On Mediation Mission To Niger |url=https://www.barrons.com/articles/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=www.barrons.com |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142406/https://www.barrons.com/news/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |url-status=live }}</ref> An ce magabacin Bazoum a matsayin shugaban ƙasa, [[Mahamadou Issoufou]], da kuma wasu tsaffin shugabannin sun shiga cikin tattaunawar. An yi Allah wadai da juyin mulkin da [[Bankin Duniya]],<ref>{{Cite web |work=al-Arabiya |title=World Bank monitoring Niger's political situation, denounces destabilization attempts |date=27 July 2023 |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2023/07/27/World-Bank-monitoring-Niger-s-political-situation-denounces-destabilization-attempts |access-date=27 July 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727002649/http://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2023/07/27/World-Bank-monitoring-Niger-s-political-situation-denounces-destabilization-attempts |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]], [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], [[Aljeriya]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Algeria strongly condemns coup attempt in Niger-Xinhua |url=https://english.news.cn/africa/20230727/31bccf0be3344f128e61c76b7566a7d4/c.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726193938/https://english.news.cn/africa/20230727/31bccf0be3344f128e61c76b7566a7d4/c.html |archive-date=26 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=english.news.cn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tentative de Coup d'Etat au Niger : l'Algérie condamne une «atteinte à l'ordre constitutionnel » |trans-title=Coup attempt in Niger: Algeria condemns an "attack on the constitutional order" |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/monde/tentative-de-coup-d-etat-au-niger-l-alg%C3%A9rie-condamne-une-atteinte-%C3%A0-l-ordre-constitutionnel-/2955164 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142342/https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/monde/tentative-de-coup-d-etat-au-niger-l-alg%C3%A9rie-condamne-une-atteinte-%C3%A0-l-ordre-constitutionnel-/2955164 |archive-date=27 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=www.aa.com.tr}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> [[Tarayyar Turai]], [[Faransa]] da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=2023-07-27 |title=Niger coup: world leaders react to president's detention |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/07/27/niger-coup-world-leaders-react-to-presidents-detention/ |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=Africanews |language=en |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142824/https://www.africanews.com/2023/07/27/niger-coup-world-leaders-react-to-presidents-detention/ |url-status=live }}</ref> suka yi kira da a gaggauta sakin Bazoum. Shugaban kasar [[Benin]] [[Patrice Talon]], wanda ya je Nijar a madadin kungiyar ECOWAS domin tattaunawa, ya kira juyin mulkin da "rashin halayya ta sojoji". Gamayyar siyasar jamhuriyar Nijar ta yi Allah wadai da juyin mulkin da cewa " hauka ce ta kisan kai da kuma nuna adawa da jamhuriya.<ref name="f24">{{Cite web |work=France 24 |title=Niger soldiers say President Bazoum has been removed, borders closed |date=26 July 2023 |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230726-niger-soldiers-say-president-bazoum-has-been-removed-borders-closed |access-date=27 July 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727000421/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230726-niger-soldiers-say-president-bazoum-has-been-removed-borders-closed |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Liikluspolitsei on sõiduki kinni pidanud ja kontrollib juhi dokumente. 2018. aasta mai, Tartu, Aleksandri tänava ots..jpg|thumb]] A ranar 10 ga Agusta, 2023, Kungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Kasashen Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS) ta yanke shawarar ci gaba da rike zabin tsoma bakin soja a Nijar. ta haka ne za a share fagen tattaro rundunar da ya kamata ta kunshi sojojin Najeriya da na Senegal.[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1472546/politique/coup-detat-au-niger-la-cedeao-retient-loption-militaire/]. == Bincike == Juyin mulkin shi ne na bakwai da ya faru a [[Afirka ta Yamma|yammacin Afirka]] da [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|tsakiyar Afirka]] tun daga shekarar 2020. Cameron Hudson, babban jami'i a cibiyar kula da dabaru da nazarin kasa da kasa, ya ce juyin mulkin zai iya yin tasiri a yakin da Nijar ke yi da 'yan ta'addar Islama, inda ya kara da cewa alamu na nuna cewa sojojin Nijar din ba su ji dadin irin tallafin da suke samu na yaki da 'yan ta'adda ba. Ulf Laessing, shugaban shirin Sahel a gidauniyar Konrad Adenauer, ya ce juyin mulkin ya kasance "mafarki" ga yammacin duniya, wanda ya la'anci Bazoum da Nijar a matsayin "sabon tsaro" a yankin. == Bayanan kula == <references group="lower-alpha" responsive="1"></references> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Category:Nijar]] [[Category:Juyin Mulki]] rach6qa9ie63bn7t6v4fbbtx0n4salt 874186 874185 2026-07-02T08:49:06Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874186 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} A ranar 26 ga watan [[Yuli|Yulin]] shekara ta alif 2023, [[Rundunar Tsaron Nijar|sojoji]] daga masu gadin fadar shugaban ƙasar, [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] suka tsare [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|shugaba]] [[Mohamed Bazoum]], yayin da kuma wasu gungun sojoji suka sanar da hambarar da shi, suka kuma rufe iyakokin ƙasar, suka dakatar da hukumomin gwamnati tare da ayyana, dokar ta-baci yayin da suke sanar da kafa gwamnatin mulkin soja.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger : ce que l'on sait de la tentative de coup d'Etat en cours contre le président Mohamed Bazoum |trans-title=Niger: what we know about the ongoing coup attempt against President Mohamed Bazoum |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/niger/niger-ce-que-l-on-sait-de-la-tentative-de-coup-d-etat-en-cours-contre-le-president-mohamed-bazoum_5973206.html |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=Franceinfo |language=fr-FR |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726202029/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/niger/niger-ce-que-l-on-sait-de-la-tentative-de-coup-d-etat-en-cours-contre-le-president-mohamed-bazoum_5973206.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Wannan dai shi ne karo na biyar da sojoji suka yi [[Juyin mulkin Gabon 2023|juyin mulki]] tun bayan samun ƴancin kai a shekara alif 1960. == Fage == Kafin juyin mulkin, a baya ƙasar Nijar ta sha juyin mulkin soji har sau huɗu tun bayan samun ƴancin kai daga Faransa a shekara alif 1960, inda na ƙarshe ya kasance a shekara alif 2010. A tsakanin, an kuma yi yunkurin juyin mulki da dama, wanda na baya bayan nan shi ne a shekara alif 2021, lokacin da ‘yan adawar soji suka yi yunƙurin kwace fadar shugaban ƙasar kwanaki biyu gabanin rantsar da zababben shugaban ƙasa na wancan lokaci [[Bazoum]], wanda shi ne shugaban kasar na farko da ya karbi mulki daga hannun [[Mahamadou Issoufou|zababben shugaban]] kasar ta hanyar dimokuradiyya. {{Efn|In March 2023, a Nigerien official alleged that another coup attempt was made while Bazoum was in [[Turkey]], although the government refused to comment.<ref name="f24"/>}} Har ila yau, juyin mulkin ya zo ne bayan irin abubuwan da suka faru a kasashe makwabta irin su Guinea, [[Mali]] da [[Burkina Faso]] tun daga shekara ta alif 2020, wanda ya kai ga kiran yankin da sunan "zaman juyin mulki".<ref name="aj1">{{Cite web |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger's Bazoum 'held by guards' in apparent coup attempt |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/26/soldiers-holding-niger-president-inside-palace-security-sources |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=Aljazeera |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727002123/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/26/soldiers-holding-niger-president-inside-palace-security-sources |url-status=live }}</ref> Manazarta sun ce tsadar rayuwa da kuma yadda ake ganin gazawar gwamnati da cin hanci da rashawa ne suka haddasa tayar da ƙayar baya. Kasar dai tana yawan matsayi a kasa a kididdigar ci gaban bil'adama ta [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] kuma ta sha fama da tashe-tashen hankula a karkashin jagorancin [[Al-Qaeda]], [[Daular Musulunci ta Iraƙi|Islamic State]] da [[Boko Haram]], duk da cewa sojojinta na samun horo da tallafin kayan aiki daga Amurka da Faransa, wadanda ke da sansani a can. A shekara ta alif 2022, ƙasar ta zama cibiyar yaki da jihadi na Faransa a yankin [[Sahel]] bayan korar ta daga Mali da Burkina Faso, inda aka bayyana Bazoum a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan tsirarun shugabannin da ke goyon bayan kasashen yamma a yankin. Tare da juyin mulki da dama da kuma karuwar kyamar Faransa a yankin, Nijar ta zama abokiyar kawancen Faransa ta karshe.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 February 2022 |title=FRANCE 24 |work=Niger becomes France’s partner of last resort after Mali withdrawal |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20220218-niger-becomes-france-s-partner-of-last-resort-after-mali-withdrawal |access-date=27 July 2023 |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726161918/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20220218-niger-becomes-france-s-partner-of-last-resort-after-mali-withdrawal |url-status=live }}</ref> An kuma bayar da rahoton cewa, jami’an da Amurka ta horas da su sun horar da da yawa daga cikin jami’an tsaron fadar shugaban kasar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Turse |first=Nick |date=2023-07-26 |title=Soldiers Mutiny in U.S.-Allied Niger |url=https://production.public.theintercept.cloud/2023/07/26/niger-coup-us-military/ |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=The Intercept |language=en-US}}</ref> == Abubuwan da suka faru == [[File:Bazoum_mhamed.jpg|thumb| [[Mohamed Bazoum|Mohammed Bazoum]], wanda ya mulki Nijar daga shekara a 2021 zuwa 2023]] A safiyar ranar 26 ga watan Yuli, shafin [[Twitter]] na fadar [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|shugaban ƙasar Nijar]] ya sanar da cewa jami'an tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Janar [[Omar Tchiani]] sun gudanar da zanga-zangar kin jinin Jamhuriyar Jama'a kuma suka yi kokarin "a banza" don samun goyon bayan sauran jami'an tsaro. <ref name="aj1" /> Har ila yau, an ce shugaba [[Mohamed Bazoum]] da iyalansa suna cikin koshin lafiya bayan da rahotanni suka bayyana cewa yana tsare a fadar shugaban kasa da ke [[Niamey|Yamai]] babban birnin kasar . <ref name="aj1" /> An kuma kama ministan cikin gida [[Hamadou Souley]] kuma aka tsare shi a cikin fadar, yayin da aka hangi kusan jami'an tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa ashirin a waje da rana. Rahotanni sun ce Tchiani ne ya jagoranci juyin mulkin, wanda masu sharhi suka ce Bazoum ya yi niyyar sauke shi daga mukaminsa. Da safe ne dai aka rufe fadar da ma’aikatun da ke kusa da fadar da motocin sojoji, sannan an hana ma’aikatan fadar shiga ofisoshinsu.<ref name="cnn1">{{cite web |last1=Dean |first1=Sarah |last2=Kennedy |first2=Niamh |last3=Madowo |first3=Larry |date=July 26, 2023 |title=Niger soldiers claim President Mohamed Bazoum has been ousted, deepening coup fears |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[CNN]] |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726233540/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Magoya bayan farar hula 400 na Bazoum ne suka yi kokarin tunkarar fadar, amma jami’an tsaron fadar shugaban kasar sun tarwatsa su da harbin bindiga, inda daya ya jikkata. A wani wurin kuma a birnin Yamai an bayyana lamarin a matsayin kwanciyar hankali. <ref name="aj1" /> Fadar shugaban kasar ta kuma yi ikirarin cewa an gudanar da zanga-zangar nuna goyon baya ga Bazoum a kewayen ofisoshin diflomasiyyar kasar da ke ketare. <ref name="cnn1" /> Dangane da wadannan abubuwan ne sojojin Nijar suka yi wa fadar shugaban kasa kawanya tare da goyon bayan Bazoum. Rundunar ta kuma fitar da wata sanarwa inda ta ce ta samu “manyan muhimman wurare” a kasar. Fadar shugaban kasar ta bayyana cewa sojoji da [[Gardin Sarki|dakarun tsaron kasar]] a shirye suke su kai farmaki kan masu gadin fadar.<ref name="bbc1">{{Cite news |last1=Minjibir |first1=Usman |last2=Macaulay |first2=Cecilia |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger coup attempt: President Mohamed Bazoum held |work=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66312011 |access-date=26 July 2023 |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726115806/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66312011 |url-status=live }}</ref> BBC ta kuma ruwaito cewa dakarun da ke biyayya ga gwamnatin sun yi wa gidan rediyon jihar ORTN kawanya. Ofishin jakadancin Amurka ya yi gargadi ga me da tafiya a kan Yamai ta Boulevard de la Republique, inda fadar shugaban kasa take. Amma da maraice, [[Rundunar Tsaron Nijar|Rundunar Sojan Sama]] Kanar-Major Amadou Abdramane ya tafi gidan talabijin na gwamnati [[Tele Sahel|Télé Sahel]] yana mai da'awar cewa an cire Shugaba Bazoum daga mulki tare da sanar da kafa Majalisar Tsaro ta Kasa . A zaune tare da wasu jami’ai tara sanye da kakin kakin jami’an tsaro daban-daban, ya ce jami’an tsaro da na tsaro sun yanke shawarar hambarar da gwamnatin “saboda tabarbarewar tsaro da rashin shugabanci na gari. Ya kuma sanar da rusa kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, da dakatar da hukumomin gwamnati, da rufe iyakokin kasar, da kuma dokar hana fita daga karfe 22:00 zuwa 05:00 agogon kasar, inda ya yi gargadi kan duk wani tsoma bakin kasashen waje. Gwamnatin mulkin sojan kasar ta fitar da wani tsawatawa ga Faransa kan keta dokar rufe sararin samaniyar bayan da wani jirgin soji ya sauka a wani sansanin sojin da safiyar yau. <ref name="bbc3" /> A safiyar ranar 27 ga Yuli, Bazoum ya wallafa a shafinsa na twitter cewa 'yan Nijar masu kaunar dimokuradiyya za su ga cewa "za a kiyaye nasarorin da aka samu da wahala". Ministan harkokin wajen kasar [[Hassoumi Massaoudou|Hassoumi Massoudou]] ya shaidawa kafar yada labaran Faransa ta 24 cewa, ikon kasar yana nan kan shugaban kasar, ya kuma kara da cewa Bazoum na cikin koshin lafiya kuma sojojin kasar ba su da hannu a ciki. Ya kuma ayyana kansa a matsayin shugaban kasa kuma ya yi kira ga duk masu neman dimokradiyya da su “sa wannan kasada ta gaza”. Rundunar sojojin Nijar ta fitar da wata sanarwa mai dauke da sa hannun babban hafsan hafsan sojin kasar Janar Abdou Sidikou Issa, inda kuma ta bayyana goyon bayanta ga juyin mulkin, yana mai nuni da bukatar kiyaye mutuncin shugaban kasar da iyalansa tare da kaucewa "mummunan fada...wanda zai iya haifar da zubar da jini da kuma shafar tsaron jama'a."<ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2023 |title=Niger's army command declares support for military coup |url=https://france24.com/en/africa/20230727-niger-s-army-command-declares-support-for-military-coup |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[France 24]] |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142320/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230727-niger-s-army-command-declares-support-for-military-coup |url-status=live }}</ref> A wani jawabi da ya yi a gidan talabijin jim kadan bayan Kanar Abdramane ya sanar da cewa za a dakatar da duk wasu harkokin jam'iyyun siyasa a kasar har sai wani lokaci.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2023 |title=Niger army pledges allegiance to coup makers |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/27/nigerien-army-pledges-allegiance-to-coup-plotters |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[Aljazeera]] |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142352/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/27/nigerien-army-pledges-allegiance-to-coup-plotters |url-status=live }}</ref> Wata zanga-zangar ta gudana tare da magoya bayan juyin mulkin da ke daga tutocin kasar Rasha, inda suka bayyana goyon bayansu ga kungiyar Wagner, da kuma jifa da duwatsu kan motar dan siyasar da ke wucewa. Babu rahoton jikkata. Masu zanga-zangar sun kuma yi tir da kasancewar Faransa da sauran sansanonin kasashen waje.<ref name="ap2">{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-mutinous-soldiers-attempted-coup-2efab1649bea7d89b14dbc9432f5f819|title=Niger's president vows democracy will prevail after mutinous soldiers detain him and declare a coup|date=27 July 2023|website=AP News|access-date=27 July 2023|archive-date=27 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142327/https://apnews.com/article/niger-mutinous-soldiers-attempted-coup-2efab1649bea7d89b14dbc9432f5f819|url-status=live}}</ref> Wasu masu zanga-zangar sun taru a wajen hedkwatar jam’iyyar [[Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism|PNDS-Trayya]] ta Bazoum, inda faifan bidiyo ke nuna yadda suke jifa da kona motoci.<ref name="bbc3">{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66324875 |title=Niger coup: Captive President Bazoum defiant after takeover |date=27 July 2023 |website=BBC |access-date=27 July 2023 |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142355/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66324875 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Martani == [[File:An ECOMIL (Ecowas Mission in Liberia) Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), Landrover Vehicle enters a compound controlled by US Marine Corps (USMC) assigned to Lima-B - DPLA - 2fd69242eeb244c9d485fef6e203bedd.jpeg|thumb]] [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|ECOWAS]] ta yi kokarin tattaunawa da ‘yan adawa amma ta kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ECOWAS Head Says Benin President On Mediation Mission To Niger |url=https://www.barrons.com/articles/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=www.barrons.com |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142406/https://www.barrons.com/news/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |url-status=live }}</ref> An ce magabacin Bazoum a matsayin shugaban ƙasa, [[Mahamadou Issoufou]], da kuma wasu tsaffin shugabannin sun shiga cikin tattaunawar. An yi Allah wadai da juyin mulkin da [[Bankin Duniya]],<ref>{{Cite web |work=al-Arabiya |title=World Bank monitoring Niger's political situation, denounces destabilization attempts |date=27 July 2023 |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2023/07/27/World-Bank-monitoring-Niger-s-political-situation-denounces-destabilization-attempts |access-date=27 July 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727002649/http://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2023/07/27/World-Bank-monitoring-Niger-s-political-situation-denounces-destabilization-attempts |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]], [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], [[Aljeriya]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Algeria strongly condemns coup attempt in Niger-Xinhua |url=https://english.news.cn/africa/20230727/31bccf0be3344f128e61c76b7566a7d4/c.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726193938/https://english.news.cn/africa/20230727/31bccf0be3344f128e61c76b7566a7d4/c.html |archive-date=26 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=english.news.cn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tentative de Coup d'Etat au Niger : l'Algérie condamne une «atteinte à l'ordre constitutionnel » |trans-title=Coup attempt in Niger: Algeria condemns an "attack on the constitutional order" |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/monde/tentative-de-coup-d-etat-au-niger-l-alg%C3%A9rie-condamne-une-atteinte-%C3%A0-l-ordre-constitutionnel-/2955164 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142342/https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/monde/tentative-de-coup-d-etat-au-niger-l-alg%C3%A9rie-condamne-une-atteinte-%C3%A0-l-ordre-constitutionnel-/2955164 |archive-date=27 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=www.aa.com.tr}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> [[Tarayyar Turai]], [[Faransa]] da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=2023-07-27 |title=Niger coup: world leaders react to president's detention |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/07/27/niger-coup-world-leaders-react-to-presidents-detention/ |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=Africanews |language=en |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142824/https://www.africanews.com/2023/07/27/niger-coup-world-leaders-react-to-presidents-detention/ |url-status=live }}</ref> suka yi kira da a gaggauta sakin Bazoum. Shugaban kasar [[Benin]] [[Patrice Talon]], wanda ya je Nijar a madadin kungiyar ECOWAS domin tattaunawa, ya kira juyin mulkin da "rashin halayya ta sojoji". Gamayyar siyasar jamhuriyar Nijar ta yi Allah wadai da juyin mulkin da cewa " hauka ce ta kisan kai da kuma nuna adawa da jamhuriya.<ref name="f24">{{Cite web |work=France 24 |title=Niger soldiers say President Bazoum has been removed, borders closed |date=26 July 2023 |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230726-niger-soldiers-say-president-bazoum-has-been-removed-borders-closed |access-date=27 July 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727000421/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230726-niger-soldiers-say-president-bazoum-has-been-removed-borders-closed |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Liikluspolitsei on sõiduki kinni pidanud ja kontrollib juhi dokumente. 2018. aasta mai, Tartu, Aleksandri tänava ots..jpg|thumb]] A ranar 10 ga Agusta, 2023, Kungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Kasashen Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS) ta yanke shawarar ci gaba da rike zabin tsoma bakin soja a Nijar. ta haka ne za a share fagen tattaro rundunar da ya kamata ta kunshi sojojin Najeriya da na Senegal.[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1472546/politique/coup-detat-au-niger-la-cedeao-retient-loption-militaire/]. == Bincike == Juyin mulkin shi ne na bakwai da ya faru a [[Afirka ta Yammah|yammacin Afirka]] da [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|tsakiyar Afirka]] tun daga shekarar 2020. Cameron Hudson, babban jami'i a cibiyar kula da dabaru da nazarin kasa da kasa, ya ce juyin mulkin zai iya yin tasiri a yakin da Nijar ke yi da 'yan ta'addar Islama, inda ya kara da cewa alamu na nuna cewa sojojin Nijar din ba su ji dadin irin tallafin da suke samu na yaki da 'yan ta'adda ba. Ulf Laessing, shugaban shirin Sahel a gidauniyar Konrad Adenauer, ya ce juyin mulkin ya kasance "mafarki" ga yammacin duniya, wanda ya la'anci Bazoum da Nijar a matsayin "sabon tsaro" a yankin. == Bayanan kula == <references group="lower-alpha" responsive="1"></references> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Category:Nijar]] [[Category:Juyin Mulki]] pfuy6cvmfxxh92g4axv6yx0flc4h71p 0 53871 873612 840432 2026-07-01T13:09:10Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1337786791|Melinda Kgadiete]]" 873612 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Melinda Kgadiete''' (an haife ta a ranar 21 ga Yuli 1992) ƙwararriyar [[Ɗan ƙwallo|'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ce ta Afirka ta Kudu wacce ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari]] a ƙungiyar [[Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon ƙafa ta SAFA ta Afirka ta Kudu|ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta SAFA]] Mamelodi Sundowns da kuma ƙungiyar mata ta ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]] mur4wb9k3gix77k1jfpizhwnfzfyhwu 873616 873612 2026-07-01T13:12:44Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1337786791|Melinda Kgadiete]]" 873616 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Melinda Kgadiete''' (an haife ta a ranar 21 ga Yuli 1992) ƙwararriyar [[Ɗan ƙwallo|'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ce ta Afirka ta Kudu wacce ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari]] a ƙungiyar [[Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon ƙafa ta SAFA ta Afirka ta Kudu|ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta SAFA]] Mamelodi Sundowns da kuma ƙungiyar mata ta ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu == Aikin kulob == === Matan Celtics na Bloemfontein === Kgadiete tana cikin tawagar 'yan wasan mata ta Bloemfontein Celtics da suka lashe gasar cin kofin kasa ta Sasol League ta 2017, inda ta zura kwallaye biyu domin taimakawa kungiyar ta lashe 2-0 a kan Cape Town Roses a wasan karshe da aka gudanar a Mbombela. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=tsholofelomosina |date=2017-12-11 |title=Bloemfontein Celtic Ladies are Sasol Women's League champions again |url=https://alexnews.co.za/108962/bloemfontein-celtic-ladies-sasol-womens-league-champions/ |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=Alex News |language=en-US}}</ref> === Matan Mamelodi Sundowns === A shekarar 2021, ta koma ƙungiyar [[Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon ƙafa ta SAFA ta Afirka ta Kudu|ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta SAFA,]] Mamelodi Sundowns, kuma tana cikin ƙungiyar da ta lashe gasar zakarun mata ta COSAFA ta 2021. Ita ce ta fi kowa zira kwallaye a gasar cin kofin zakarun mata ta COSAFA, inda ta zura kwallaye 5 a raga. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-04 |title=ENG, FRE, POR: Sundowns crowned winners of TotalEnergies CAF Women’s Champions League {{!}} COSAFA Qualifiers |url=https://cosafa.com/sundowns-crowned-winners-of-totalenergies-caf-womens-champions-league-cosafa-qualifiers/ |access-date=2023-12-29 |language=en-GB}}</ref> A gasar zakarun mata ta CAF ta 2021, Kgadiete ta zura kwallon da ta yi nasara a wasan farko da Vihiga Queens daga Kenya. Kungiyar ta ci gaba da lashe gasar zakarun mata ta CAF da aka fara gudanarwa a Masar. Kungiyar ta kammala gasar cin kofin zakarun mata ta 3 ta hanyar lashe gasar Hollywoodbet Super League ta 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-20 |title=Caf Women's Champions League: Mamelodi Sundowns beat Hasaacas to rule Africa {{!}} Goal.com South Africa |url=https://www.goal.com/en-za/news/caf-womens-champions-league-mamelodi-sundowns-beat-ghanaian-side-hasaacas-to-rule-africa/bltf4ee16212cc29ff3 |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=www.goal.com |language=en-ZA}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Voice |first=Diski |date=2021-12-05 |title=Sundowns Crowned Champions OF Hollywoodbets Super League {{!}} Diski Voice |url=https://diskivoice.co.za/sundowns-crowned-champions-of-hollywoodbets-super-league/ |access-date=2024-01-01 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta zo ta biyu a gasar zakarun mata ta COSAFA ta 2022, inda Kgadiete ta zura kwallaye 3 a gasar, kuma ta zama 'yar wasan da ta fi kowa a gasar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-13 |title=EN, FR, PR: Green Buffaloes stun Mamelodi Sundowns to win regional title |url=https://cosafa.com/green-buffaloes-stun-mamelodi-sundowns-to-win-regional-title/ |access-date=2023-12-29 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Kungiyar ta kai wasan karshe na gasar zakarun mata ta CAF a karo na biyu a jere, kuma ta zo ta biyu a gasar har zuwa AS FAR a gasar zakarun mata ta CAF ta 2022. Kgadiete ta bayar da kwallaye biyu a gasar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-13 |title=AS FAR stun nine-woman Mamelodi Sundowns to clinch 2022 Caf Women's Champions League title {{!}} Goal.com South Africa |url=https://www.goal.com/en-za/news/as-far-stun-nine-woman-mamelodi-sundowns-to-clinch-2022-caf-women-s-champions-league-title/bltc72e136a7b1c7999 |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=www.goal.com |language=en-ZA}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba, an nada Sundowns Ladies a matsayin zakarun gasar Hollywoodbets Super League ta 2022 a karo na uku a jere. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-04 |title=Sundowns Ladies dominate the 2022 Hollywoodbets Super League Awards - SAFA.net |url=https://www.safa.net/2022/12/04/sundowns-ladies-dominate-the-2022-hollywoodbets-super-league-awards/ |access-date=2024-01-01 |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]] ascna3qdys2tndzfg2qlylwg9a8k2br 873619 873616 2026-07-01T13:13:37Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1337786791|Melinda Kgadiete]]" 873619 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Melinda Kgadiete''' (an haife ta a ranar 21 ga Yuli 1992) ƙwararriyar [[Ɗan ƙwallo|'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ce ta Afirka ta Kudu wacce ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari]] a ƙungiyar [[Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon ƙafa ta SAFA ta Afirka ta Kudu|ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta SAFA]] Mamelodi Sundowns da kuma ƙungiyar mata ta ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu == Aikin kulob == === Matan Celtics na Bloemfontein === Kgadiete tana cikin tawagar 'yan wasan mata ta Bloemfontein Celtics da suka lashe gasar cin kofin kasa ta Sasol League ta 2017, inda ta zura kwallaye biyu domin taimakawa kungiyar ta lashe 2-0 a kan Cape Town Roses a wasan karshe da aka gudanar a Mbombela. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=tsholofelomosina |date=2017-12-11 |title=Bloemfontein Celtic Ladies are Sasol Women's League champions again |url=https://alexnews.co.za/108962/bloemfontein-celtic-ladies-sasol-womens-league-champions/ |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=Alex News |language=en-US}}</ref> === Matan Mamelodi Sundowns === A shekarar 2021, ta koma ƙungiyar [[Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon ƙafa ta SAFA ta Afirka ta Kudu|ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta SAFA,]] Mamelodi Sundowns, kuma tana cikin ƙungiyar da ta lashe gasar zakarun mata ta COSAFA ta 2021. Ita ce ta fi kowa zira kwallaye a gasar cin kofin zakarun mata ta COSAFA, inda ta zura kwallaye 5 a raga. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-04 |title=ENG, FRE, POR: Sundowns crowned winners of TotalEnergies CAF Women’s Champions League {{!}} COSAFA Qualifiers |url=https://cosafa.com/sundowns-crowned-winners-of-totalenergies-caf-womens-champions-league-cosafa-qualifiers/ |access-date=2023-12-29 |language=en-GB}}</ref> A gasar zakarun mata ta CAF ta 2021, Kgadiete ta zura kwallon da ta yi nasara a wasan farko da Vihiga Queens daga Kenya. Kungiyar ta ci gaba da lashe gasar zakarun mata ta CAF da aka fara gudanarwa a Masar. Kungiyar ta kammala gasar cin kofin zakarun mata ta 3 ta hanyar lashe gasar Hollywoodbet Super League ta 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-20 |title=Caf Women's Champions League: Mamelodi Sundowns beat Hasaacas to rule Africa {{!}} Goal.com South Africa |url=https://www.goal.com/en-za/news/caf-womens-champions-league-mamelodi-sundowns-beat-ghanaian-side-hasaacas-to-rule-africa/bltf4ee16212cc29ff3 |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=www.goal.com |language=en-ZA}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Voice |first=Diski |date=2021-12-05 |title=Sundowns Crowned Champions OF Hollywoodbets Super League {{!}} Diski Voice |url=https://diskivoice.co.za/sundowns-crowned-champions-of-hollywoodbets-super-league/ |access-date=2024-01-01 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta zo ta biyu a gasar zakarun mata ta COSAFA ta 2022, inda Kgadiete ta zura kwallaye 3 a gasar, kuma ta zama 'yar wasan da ta fi kowa a gasar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-13 |title=EN, FR, PR: Green Buffaloes stun Mamelodi Sundowns to win regional title |url=https://cosafa.com/green-buffaloes-stun-mamelodi-sundowns-to-win-regional-title/ |access-date=2023-12-29 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Kungiyar ta kai wasan karshe na gasar zakarun mata ta CAF a karo na biyu a jere, kuma ta zo ta biyu a gasar har zuwa AS FAR a gasar zakarun mata ta CAF ta 2022. Kgadiete ta bayar da kwallaye biyu a gasar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-13 |title=AS FAR stun nine-woman Mamelodi Sundowns to clinch 2022 Caf Women's Champions League title {{!}} Goal.com South Africa |url=https://www.goal.com/en-za/news/as-far-stun-nine-woman-mamelodi-sundowns-to-clinch-2022-caf-women-s-champions-league-title/bltc72e136a7b1c7999 |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=www.goal.com |language=en-ZA}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba, an nada Sundowns Ladies a matsayin zakarun gasar Hollywoodbets Super League ta 2022 a karo na uku a jere. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-04 |title=Sundowns Ladies dominate the 2022 Hollywoodbets Super League Awards - SAFA.net |url=https://www.safa.net/2022/12/04/sundowns-ladies-dominate-the-2022-hollywoodbets-super-league-awards/ |access-date=2024-01-01 |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2023, she won the 2023 COSAFA Women's Champions League and the 2023 CAF Women's Champions League with Sundowns Ladies. Kgadiete scored the winner in the second CAF Women's Champions League group stage match against SCC Casablanca.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-11 |title=Sundowns through to CAF Women’s Champions League semi-finals |url=https://www.cafonline.com/caf-womens-champions-league/news/sundowns-through-to-caf-women-s-champions-league-semi-finals/ |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=CAF |language=en-GB}}</ref> In December, they completed the treble by winning the 2023 Hollywoodbets Super League. Kgadiete scored 14 goals in 22 appearances.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pillay |first=Alicia |date=2023-12-07 |title=Mamelodi Sundowns Ladies Defend Hollywoodbets Super League Title |url=https://gsport.co.za/mamelodi-sundowns-ladies-defend-hollywoodbets-super-league-title/ |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=gsport4girls |language=en-ZA}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Kgadiete ta fafata a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Afirka ta Kudu a [[Kofin Kasashen Afirka na Mata na 2018|gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afirka ta mata ta 2018,]] inda ta kare a matsayi na biyu. Ta kasance cikin tawagar mata ta ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu a gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afirka ta mata ta 2022 inda suka lashe kofin nahiyar na farko da kuma kofin duniya na mata na FIFA na 2023 inda suka kai zagaye na 16. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=29 June 2023 |title=Magaia brace hands South Africa first TotalEnergies WAFCON trophy |url=https://www.cafonline.com/caf-womens-africa-cup-of-nations/news/magaia-brace-hands-south-africa-first-wafcon-trophy/ |access-date=6 August 2023 |website=CAF |language=}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-23 |title=Coach Ellis names final Banyana Banyana World Cup squad - SAFA.net |url=https://www.safa.net/2023/06/23/coach-ellis-names-final-banyana-banyana-world-cup-squad/ |access-date=2023-12-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]] mji20faiwmvwoomd39c47cjigqvcb0v 873620 873619 2026-07-01T13:14:24Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1337786791|Melinda Kgadiete]]" 873620 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Melinda Kgadiete''' (an haife ta a ranar 21 ga Yuli 1992) ƙwararriyar [[Ɗan ƙwallo|'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ce ta Afirka ta Kudu wacce ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari]] a ƙungiyar [[Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon ƙafa ta SAFA ta Afirka ta Kudu|ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta SAFA]] Mamelodi Sundowns da kuma ƙungiyar mata ta ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu == Aikin kulob == === Matan Celtics na Bloemfontein === Kgadiete tana cikin tawagar 'yan wasan mata ta Bloemfontein Celtics da suka lashe gasar cin kofin kasa ta Sasol League ta 2017, inda ta zura kwallaye biyu domin taimakawa kungiyar ta lashe 2-0 a kan Cape Town Roses a wasan karshe da aka gudanar a Mbombela. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=tsholofelomosina |date=2017-12-11 |title=Bloemfontein Celtic Ladies are Sasol Women's League champions again |url=https://alexnews.co.za/108962/bloemfontein-celtic-ladies-sasol-womens-league-champions/ |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=Alex News |language=en-US}}</ref> === Matan Mamelodi Sundowns === A shekarar 2021, ta koma ƙungiyar [[Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon ƙafa ta SAFA ta Afirka ta Kudu|ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta SAFA,]] Mamelodi Sundowns, kuma tana cikin ƙungiyar da ta lashe gasar zakarun mata ta COSAFA ta 2021. Ita ce ta fi kowa zira kwallaye a gasar cin kofin zakarun mata ta COSAFA, inda ta zura kwallaye 5 a raga. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-04 |title=ENG, FRE, POR: Sundowns crowned winners of TotalEnergies CAF Women’s Champions League {{!}} COSAFA Qualifiers |url=https://cosafa.com/sundowns-crowned-winners-of-totalenergies-caf-womens-champions-league-cosafa-qualifiers/ |access-date=2023-12-29 |language=en-GB}}</ref> A gasar zakarun mata ta CAF ta 2021, Kgadiete ta zura kwallon da ta yi nasara a wasan farko da Vihiga Queens daga Kenya. Kungiyar ta ci gaba da lashe gasar zakarun mata ta CAF da aka fara gudanarwa a Masar. Kungiyar ta kammala gasar cin kofin zakarun mata ta 3 ta hanyar lashe gasar Hollywoodbet Super League ta 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-20 |title=Caf Women's Champions League: Mamelodi Sundowns beat Hasaacas to rule Africa {{!}} Goal.com South Africa |url=https://www.goal.com/en-za/news/caf-womens-champions-league-mamelodi-sundowns-beat-ghanaian-side-hasaacas-to-rule-africa/bltf4ee16212cc29ff3 |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=www.goal.com |language=en-ZA}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Voice |first=Diski |date=2021-12-05 |title=Sundowns Crowned Champions OF Hollywoodbets Super League {{!}} Diski Voice |url=https://diskivoice.co.za/sundowns-crowned-champions-of-hollywoodbets-super-league/ |access-date=2024-01-01 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta zo ta biyu a gasar zakarun mata ta COSAFA ta 2022, inda Kgadiete ta zura kwallaye 3 a gasar, kuma ta zama 'yar wasan da ta fi kowa a gasar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-13 |title=EN, FR, PR: Green Buffaloes stun Mamelodi Sundowns to win regional title |url=https://cosafa.com/green-buffaloes-stun-mamelodi-sundowns-to-win-regional-title/ |access-date=2023-12-29 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Kungiyar ta kai wasan karshe na gasar zakarun mata ta CAF a karo na biyu a jere, kuma ta zo ta biyu a gasar har zuwa AS FAR a gasar zakarun mata ta CAF ta 2022. Kgadiete ta bayar da kwallaye biyu a gasar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-13 |title=AS FAR stun nine-woman Mamelodi Sundowns to clinch 2022 Caf Women's Champions League title {{!}} Goal.com South Africa |url=https://www.goal.com/en-za/news/as-far-stun-nine-woman-mamelodi-sundowns-to-clinch-2022-caf-women-s-champions-league-title/bltc72e136a7b1c7999 |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=www.goal.com |language=en-ZA}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba, an nada Sundowns Ladies a matsayin zakarun gasar Hollywoodbets Super League ta 2022 a karo na uku a jere. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-04 |title=Sundowns Ladies dominate the 2022 Hollywoodbets Super League Awards - SAFA.net |url=https://www.safa.net/2022/12/04/sundowns-ladies-dominate-the-2022-hollywoodbets-super-league-awards/ |access-date=2024-01-01 |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2023, she won the 2023 COSAFA Women's Champions League and the 2023 CAF Women's Champions League with Sundowns Ladies. Kgadiete scored the winner in the second CAF Women's Champions League group stage match against SCC Casablanca.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-11 |title=Sundowns through to CAF Women’s Champions League semi-finals |url=https://www.cafonline.com/caf-womens-champions-league/news/sundowns-through-to-caf-women-s-champions-league-semi-finals/ |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=CAF |language=en-GB}}</ref> In December, they completed the treble by winning the 2023 Hollywoodbets Super League. Kgadiete scored 14 goals in 22 appearances.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pillay |first=Alicia |date=2023-12-07 |title=Mamelodi Sundowns Ladies Defend Hollywoodbets Super League Title |url=https://gsport.co.za/mamelodi-sundowns-ladies-defend-hollywoodbets-super-league-title/ |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=gsport4girls |language=en-ZA}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Kgadiete ta fafata a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Afirka ta Kudu a [[Kofin Kasashen Afirka na Mata na 2018|gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afirka ta mata ta 2018,]] inda ta kare a matsayi na biyu. Ta kasance cikin tawagar mata ta ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu a gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afirka ta mata ta 2022 inda suka lashe kofin nahiyar na farko da kuma kofin duniya na mata na FIFA na 2023 inda suka kai zagaye na 16. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=29 June 2023 |title=Magaia brace hands South Africa first TotalEnergies WAFCON trophy |url=https://www.cafonline.com/caf-womens-africa-cup-of-nations/news/magaia-brace-hands-south-africa-first-wafcon-trophy/ |access-date=6 August 2023 |website=CAF |language=}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-23 |title=Coach Ellis names final Banyana Banyana World Cup squad - SAFA.net |url=https://www.safa.net/2023/06/23/coach-ellis-names-final-banyana-banyana-world-cup-squad/ |access-date=2023-12-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Daraja == '''Kulob''' '''Matan Celtics na Bloemfontein''' * Gasar Cin Kofin Ƙasa ta Sasol League : 2017 '''Matan Mamelodi Sundowns''' '''Afirka ta Kudu''' [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]] oto1u2q6b90dqytgvp77pfj1tsy6pbw 873621 873620 2026-07-01T13:14:41Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1337786791|Melinda Kgadiete]]" 873621 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Melinda Kgadiete''' (an haife ta a ranar 21 ga Yuli 1992) ƙwararriyar [[Ɗan ƙwallo|'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ce ta Afirka ta Kudu wacce ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari]] a ƙungiyar [[Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon ƙafa ta SAFA ta Afirka ta Kudu|ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta SAFA]] Mamelodi Sundowns da kuma ƙungiyar mata ta ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu == Aikin kulob == === Matan Celtics na Bloemfontein === Kgadiete tana cikin tawagar 'yan wasan mata ta Bloemfontein Celtics da suka lashe gasar cin kofin kasa ta Sasol League ta 2017, inda ta zura kwallaye biyu domin taimakawa kungiyar ta lashe 2-0 a kan Cape Town Roses a wasan karshe da aka gudanar a Mbombela. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=tsholofelomosina |date=2017-12-11 |title=Bloemfontein Celtic Ladies are Sasol Women's League champions again |url=https://alexnews.co.za/108962/bloemfontein-celtic-ladies-sasol-womens-league-champions/ |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=Alex News |language=en-US}}</ref> === Matan Mamelodi Sundowns === A shekarar 2021, ta koma ƙungiyar [[Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon ƙafa ta SAFA ta Afirka ta Kudu|ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta SAFA,]] Mamelodi Sundowns, kuma tana cikin ƙungiyar da ta lashe gasar zakarun mata ta COSAFA ta 2021. Ita ce ta fi kowa zira kwallaye a gasar cin kofin zakarun mata ta COSAFA, inda ta zura kwallaye 5 a raga. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-04 |title=ENG, FRE, POR: Sundowns crowned winners of TotalEnergies CAF Women’s Champions League {{!}} COSAFA Qualifiers |url=https://cosafa.com/sundowns-crowned-winners-of-totalenergies-caf-womens-champions-league-cosafa-qualifiers/ |access-date=2023-12-29 |language=en-GB}}</ref> A gasar zakarun mata ta CAF ta 2021, Kgadiete ta zura kwallon da ta yi nasara a wasan farko da Vihiga Queens daga Kenya. Kungiyar ta ci gaba da lashe gasar zakarun mata ta CAF da aka fara gudanarwa a Masar. Kungiyar ta kammala gasar cin kofin zakarun mata ta 3 ta hanyar lashe gasar Hollywoodbet Super League ta 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-20 |title=Caf Women's Champions League: Mamelodi Sundowns beat Hasaacas to rule Africa {{!}} Goal.com South Africa |url=https://www.goal.com/en-za/news/caf-womens-champions-league-mamelodi-sundowns-beat-ghanaian-side-hasaacas-to-rule-africa/bltf4ee16212cc29ff3 |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=www.goal.com |language=en-ZA}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Voice |first=Diski |date=2021-12-05 |title=Sundowns Crowned Champions OF Hollywoodbets Super League {{!}} Diski Voice |url=https://diskivoice.co.za/sundowns-crowned-champions-of-hollywoodbets-super-league/ |access-date=2024-01-01 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta zo ta biyu a gasar zakarun mata ta COSAFA ta 2022, inda Kgadiete ta zura kwallaye 3 a gasar, kuma ta zama 'yar wasan da ta fi kowa a gasar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-13 |title=EN, FR, PR: Green Buffaloes stun Mamelodi Sundowns to win regional title |url=https://cosafa.com/green-buffaloes-stun-mamelodi-sundowns-to-win-regional-title/ |access-date=2023-12-29 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Kungiyar ta kai wasan karshe na gasar zakarun mata ta CAF a karo na biyu a jere, kuma ta zo ta biyu a gasar har zuwa AS FAR a gasar zakarun mata ta CAF ta 2022. Kgadiete ta bayar da kwallaye biyu a gasar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-13 |title=AS FAR stun nine-woman Mamelodi Sundowns to clinch 2022 Caf Women's Champions League title {{!}} Goal.com South Africa |url=https://www.goal.com/en-za/news/as-far-stun-nine-woman-mamelodi-sundowns-to-clinch-2022-caf-women-s-champions-league-title/bltc72e136a7b1c7999 |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=www.goal.com |language=en-ZA}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba, an nada Sundowns Ladies a matsayin zakarun gasar Hollywoodbets Super League ta 2022 a karo na uku a jere. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-04 |title=Sundowns Ladies dominate the 2022 Hollywoodbets Super League Awards - SAFA.net |url=https://www.safa.net/2022/12/04/sundowns-ladies-dominate-the-2022-hollywoodbets-super-league-awards/ |access-date=2024-01-01 |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2023, she won the 2023 COSAFA Women's Champions League and the 2023 CAF Women's Champions League with Sundowns Ladies. Kgadiete scored the winner in the second CAF Women's Champions League group stage match against SCC Casablanca.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-11 |title=Sundowns through to CAF Women’s Champions League semi-finals |url=https://www.cafonline.com/caf-womens-champions-league/news/sundowns-through-to-caf-women-s-champions-league-semi-finals/ |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=CAF |language=en-GB}}</ref> In December, they completed the treble by winning the 2023 Hollywoodbets Super League. Kgadiete scored 14 goals in 22 appearances.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pillay |first=Alicia |date=2023-12-07 |title=Mamelodi Sundowns Ladies Defend Hollywoodbets Super League Title |url=https://gsport.co.za/mamelodi-sundowns-ladies-defend-hollywoodbets-super-league-title/ |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=gsport4girls |language=en-ZA}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Kgadiete ta fafata a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Afirka ta Kudu a [[Kofin Kasashen Afirka na Mata na 2018|gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afirka ta mata ta 2018,]] inda ta kare a matsayi na biyu. Ta kasance cikin tawagar mata ta ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu a gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afirka ta mata ta 2022 inda suka lashe kofin nahiyar na farko da kuma kofin duniya na mata na FIFA na 2023 inda suka kai zagaye na 16. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=29 June 2023 |title=Magaia brace hands South Africa first TotalEnergies WAFCON trophy |url=https://www.cafonline.com/caf-womens-africa-cup-of-nations/news/magaia-brace-hands-south-africa-first-wafcon-trophy/ |access-date=6 August 2023 |website=CAF |language=}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-23 |title=Coach Ellis names final Banyana Banyana World Cup squad - SAFA.net |url=https://www.safa.net/2023/06/23/coach-ellis-names-final-banyana-banyana-world-cup-squad/ |access-date=2023-12-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Daraja == '''Kulob''' '''Matan Celtics na Bloemfontein''' * Gasar Cin Kofin Ƙasa ta Sasol League : 2017 '''Matan Mamelodi Sundowns''' * [[Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon ƙafa ta SAFA ta Afirka ta Kudu|Ƙungiyar Mata ta SAFA]] : 2021, 2022, 2023 * Gasar Zakarun Mata ta CAF : 2021, 2023 Ta zo ta biyu: 2022 * Gasar Zakarun Mata ta COSAFA : 2021, 2023 Ta zo ta biyu: 2022 '''Afirka ta Kudu''' * Gasar Cin Kofin Kasashen Afirka ta Mata : 2022, ta zo ta biyu: [[Kofin Kasashen Afirka na Mata na 2018|2018]] '''Mutum ɗaya''' [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]] 7ibsbq3g33yd8oxkw2t21ed77r7oex0 873622 873621 2026-07-01T13:15:04Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1337786791|Melinda Kgadiete]]" 873622 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Melinda Kgadiete''' (an haife ta a ranar 21 ga Yuli 1992) ƙwararriyar [[Ɗan ƙwallo|'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ce ta Afirka ta Kudu wacce ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari]] a ƙungiyar [[Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon ƙafa ta SAFA ta Afirka ta Kudu|ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta SAFA]] Mamelodi Sundowns da kuma ƙungiyar mata ta ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu == Aikin kulob == === Matan Celtics na Bloemfontein === Kgadiete tana cikin tawagar 'yan wasan mata ta Bloemfontein Celtics da suka lashe gasar cin kofin kasa ta Sasol League ta 2017, inda ta zura kwallaye biyu domin taimakawa kungiyar ta lashe 2-0 a kan Cape Town Roses a wasan karshe da aka gudanar a Mbombela. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=tsholofelomosina |date=2017-12-11 |title=Bloemfontein Celtic Ladies are Sasol Women's League champions again |url=https://alexnews.co.za/108962/bloemfontein-celtic-ladies-sasol-womens-league-champions/ |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=Alex News |language=en-US}}</ref> === Matan Mamelodi Sundowns === A shekarar 2021, ta koma ƙungiyar [[Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon ƙafa ta SAFA ta Afirka ta Kudu|ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta SAFA,]] Mamelodi Sundowns, kuma tana cikin ƙungiyar da ta lashe gasar zakarun mata ta COSAFA ta 2021. Ita ce ta fi kowa zira kwallaye a gasar cin kofin zakarun mata ta COSAFA, inda ta zura kwallaye 5 a raga. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-04 |title=ENG, FRE, POR: Sundowns crowned winners of TotalEnergies CAF Women’s Champions League {{!}} COSAFA Qualifiers |url=https://cosafa.com/sundowns-crowned-winners-of-totalenergies-caf-womens-champions-league-cosafa-qualifiers/ |access-date=2023-12-29 |language=en-GB}}</ref> A gasar zakarun mata ta CAF ta 2021, Kgadiete ta zura kwallon da ta yi nasara a wasan farko da Vihiga Queens daga Kenya. Kungiyar ta ci gaba da lashe gasar zakarun mata ta CAF da aka fara gudanarwa a Masar. Kungiyar ta kammala gasar cin kofin zakarun mata ta 3 ta hanyar lashe gasar Hollywoodbet Super League ta 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-20 |title=Caf Women's Champions League: Mamelodi Sundowns beat Hasaacas to rule Africa {{!}} Goal.com South Africa |url=https://www.goal.com/en-za/news/caf-womens-champions-league-mamelodi-sundowns-beat-ghanaian-side-hasaacas-to-rule-africa/bltf4ee16212cc29ff3 |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=www.goal.com |language=en-ZA}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Voice |first=Diski |date=2021-12-05 |title=Sundowns Crowned Champions OF Hollywoodbets Super League {{!}} Diski Voice |url=https://diskivoice.co.za/sundowns-crowned-champions-of-hollywoodbets-super-league/ |access-date=2024-01-01 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta zo ta biyu a gasar zakarun mata ta COSAFA ta 2022, inda Kgadiete ta zura kwallaye 3 a gasar, kuma ta zama 'yar wasan da ta fi kowa a gasar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-13 |title=EN, FR, PR: Green Buffaloes stun Mamelodi Sundowns to win regional title |url=https://cosafa.com/green-buffaloes-stun-mamelodi-sundowns-to-win-regional-title/ |access-date=2023-12-29 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Kungiyar ta kai wasan karshe na gasar zakarun mata ta CAF a karo na biyu a jere, kuma ta zo ta biyu a gasar har zuwa AS FAR a gasar zakarun mata ta CAF ta 2022. Kgadiete ta bayar da kwallaye biyu a gasar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-13 |title=AS FAR stun nine-woman Mamelodi Sundowns to clinch 2022 Caf Women's Champions League title {{!}} Goal.com South Africa |url=https://www.goal.com/en-za/news/as-far-stun-nine-woman-mamelodi-sundowns-to-clinch-2022-caf-women-s-champions-league-title/bltc72e136a7b1c7999 |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=www.goal.com |language=en-ZA}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba, an nada Sundowns Ladies a matsayin zakarun gasar Hollywoodbets Super League ta 2022 a karo na uku a jere. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-04 |title=Sundowns Ladies dominate the 2022 Hollywoodbets Super League Awards - SAFA.net |url=https://www.safa.net/2022/12/04/sundowns-ladies-dominate-the-2022-hollywoodbets-super-league-awards/ |access-date=2024-01-01 |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2023, she won the 2023 COSAFA Women's Champions League and the 2023 CAF Women's Champions League with Sundowns Ladies. Kgadiete scored the winner in the second CAF Women's Champions League group stage match against SCC Casablanca.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-11 |title=Sundowns through to CAF Women’s Champions League semi-finals |url=https://www.cafonline.com/caf-womens-champions-league/news/sundowns-through-to-caf-women-s-champions-league-semi-finals/ |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=CAF |language=en-GB}}</ref> In December, they completed the treble by winning the 2023 Hollywoodbets Super League. Kgadiete scored 14 goals in 22 appearances.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pillay |first=Alicia |date=2023-12-07 |title=Mamelodi Sundowns Ladies Defend Hollywoodbets Super League Title |url=https://gsport.co.za/mamelodi-sundowns-ladies-defend-hollywoodbets-super-league-title/ |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=gsport4girls |language=en-ZA}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Kgadiete ta fafata a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Afirka ta Kudu a [[Kofin Kasashen Afirka na Mata na 2018|gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afirka ta mata ta 2018,]] inda ta kare a matsayi na biyu. Ta kasance cikin tawagar mata ta ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu a gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afirka ta mata ta 2022 inda suka lashe kofin nahiyar na farko da kuma kofin duniya na mata na FIFA na 2023 inda suka kai zagaye na 16. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=29 June 2023 |title=Magaia brace hands South Africa first TotalEnergies WAFCON trophy |url=https://www.cafonline.com/caf-womens-africa-cup-of-nations/news/magaia-brace-hands-south-africa-first-wafcon-trophy/ |access-date=6 August 2023 |website=CAF |language=}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-23 |title=Coach Ellis names final Banyana Banyana World Cup squad - SAFA.net |url=https://www.safa.net/2023/06/23/coach-ellis-names-final-banyana-banyana-world-cup-squad/ |access-date=2023-12-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Daraja == '''Kulob''' '''Matan Celtics na Bloemfontein''' * Gasar Cin Kofin Ƙasa ta Sasol League : 2017 '''Matan Mamelodi Sundowns''' * [[Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon ƙafa ta SAFA ta Afirka ta Kudu|Ƙungiyar Mata ta SAFA]] : 2021, 2022, 2023 * Gasar Zakarun Mata ta CAF : 2021, 2023 Ta zo ta biyu: 2022 * Gasar Zakarun Mata ta COSAFA : 2021, 2023 Ta zo ta biyu: 2022 '''Afirka ta Kudu''' * Gasar Cin Kofin Kasashen Afirka ta Mata : 2022, ta zo ta biyu: [[Kofin Kasashen Afirka na Mata na 2018|2018]] '''Mutum ɗaya''' * Gasar Zakarun Mata ta COSAFA ta 2021 : Mafi yawan kwallaye (kwallaye 5) * Gasar Zakarun Mata ta COSAFA ta 2022 : 'Yar Wasan Gasar == Nassoshi == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]] 9yzryywyijw2dpjvmyh33knl1as93ft 873624 873622 2026-07-01T13:16:46Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 873624 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Melinda Kgadiete''' (an haife ta a ranar 21 ga Yuli 1992) ƙwararriyar [[Ɗan ƙwallo|'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ce ta Afirka ta Kudu wacce ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari]] a ƙungiyar [[Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon ƙafa ta SAFA ta Afirka ta Kudu|ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta SAFA]] Mamelodi Sundowns da kuma ƙungiyar mata ta ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu == Aikin kulob == === Matan Celtics na Bloemfontein === Kgadiete tana cikin tawagar 'yan wasan mata ta Bloemfontein Celtics da suka lashe gasar cin kofin kasa ta Sasol League ta 2017, inda ta zura kwallaye biyu domin taimakawa kungiyar ta lashe 2-0 a kan Cape Town Roses a wasan karshe da aka gudanar a Mbombela. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=tsholofelomosina |date=2017-12-11 |title=Bloemfontein Celtic Ladies are Sasol Women's League champions again |url=https://alexnews.co.za/108962/bloemfontein-celtic-ladies-sasol-womens-league-champions/ |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=Alex News |language=en-US}}</ref> === Matan Mamelodi Sundowns === A shekarar 2021, ta koma ƙungiyar [[Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon ƙafa ta SAFA ta Afirka ta Kudu|ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta SAFA,]] Mamelodi Sundowns, kuma tana cikin ƙungiyar da ta lashe gasar zakarun mata ta COSAFA ta 2021. Ita ce ta fi kowa zira kwallaye a gasar cin kofin zakarun mata ta COSAFA, inda ta zura kwallaye 5 a raga. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-04 |title=ENG, FRE, POR: Sundowns crowned winners of TotalEnergies CAF Women’s Champions League {{!}} COSAFA Qualifiers |url=https://cosafa.com/sundowns-crowned-winners-of-totalenergies-caf-womens-champions-league-cosafa-qualifiers/ |access-date=2023-12-29 |language=en-GB}}</ref> A gasar zakarun mata ta CAF ta 2021, Kgadiete ta zura kwallon da ta yi nasara a wasan farko da Vihiga Queens daga Kenya. Kungiyar ta ci gaba da lashe gasar zakarun mata ta CAF da aka fara gudanarwa a Masar. Kungiyar ta kammala gasar cin kofin zakarun mata ta 3 ta hanyar lashe gasar Hollywoodbet Super League ta 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-20 |title=Caf Women's Champions League: Mamelodi Sundowns beat Hasaacas to rule Africa {{!}} Goal.com South Africa |url=https://www.goal.com/en-za/news/caf-womens-champions-league-mamelodi-sundowns-beat-ghanaian-side-hasaacas-to-rule-africa/bltf4ee16212cc29ff3 |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=www.goal.com |language=en-ZA}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Voice |first=Diski |date=2021-12-05 |title=Sundowns Crowned Champions OF Hollywoodbets Super League {{!}} Diski Voice |url=https://diskivoice.co.za/sundowns-crowned-champions-of-hollywoodbets-super-league/ |access-date=2024-01-01 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta zo ta biyu a gasar zakarun mata ta COSAFA ta 2022, inda Kgadiete ta zura kwallaye 3 a gasar, kuma ta zama 'yar wasan da ta fi kowa a gasar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-13 |title=EN, FR, PR: Green Buffaloes stun Mamelodi Sundowns to win regional title |url=https://cosafa.com/green-buffaloes-stun-mamelodi-sundowns-to-win-regional-title/ |access-date=2023-12-29 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Kungiyar ta kai wasan karshe na gasar zakarun mata ta CAF a karo na biyu a jere, kuma ta zo ta biyu a gasar har zuwa AS FAR a gasar zakarun mata ta CAF ta 2022. Kgadiete ta bayar da kwallaye biyu a gasar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-13 |title=AS FAR stun nine-woman Mamelodi Sundowns to clinch 2022 Caf Women's Champions League title {{!}} Goal.com South Africa |url=https://www.goal.com/en-za/news/as-far-stun-nine-woman-mamelodi-sundowns-to-clinch-2022-caf-women-s-champions-league-title/bltc72e136a7b1c7999 |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=www.goal.com |language=en-ZA}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba, an nada Sundowns Ladies a matsayin zakarun gasar Hollywoodbets Super League ta 2022 a karo na uku a jere. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-04 |title=Sundowns Ladies dominate the 2022 Hollywoodbets Super League Awards - SAFA.net |url=https://www.safa.net/2022/12/04/sundowns-ladies-dominate-the-2022-hollywoodbets-super-league-awards/ |access-date=2024-01-01 |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2023, she won the 2023 COSAFA Women's Champions League and the 2023 CAF Women's Champions League with Sundowns Ladies. Kgadiete scored the winner in the second CAF Women's Champions League group stage match against SCC Casablanca.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-11 |title=Sundowns through to CAF Women’s Champions League semi-finals |url=https://www.cafonline.com/caf-womens-champions-league/news/sundowns-through-to-caf-women-s-champions-league-semi-finals/ |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=CAF |language=en-GB}}</ref> In December, they completed the treble by winning the 2023 Hollywoodbets Super League. Kgadiete scored 14 goals in 22 appearances.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pillay |first=Alicia |date=2023-12-07 |title=Mamelodi Sundowns Ladies Defend Hollywoodbets Super League Title |url=https://gsport.co.za/mamelodi-sundowns-ladies-defend-hollywoodbets-super-league-title/ |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=gsport4girls |language=en-ZA}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Kgadiete ta fafata a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Afirka ta Kudu a [[Kofin Kasashen Afirka na Mata na 2018|gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afirka ta mata ta 2018,]] inda ta kare a matsayi na biyu. Ta kasance cikin tawagar mata ta ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu a gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afirka ta mata ta 2022 inda suka lashe kofin nahiyar na farko da kuma kofin duniya na mata na FIFA na 2023 inda suka kai zagaye na 16. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=29 June 2023 |title=Magaia brace hands South Africa first TotalEnergies WAFCON trophy |url=https://www.cafonline.com/caf-womens-africa-cup-of-nations/news/magaia-brace-hands-south-africa-first-wafcon-trophy/ |access-date=6 August 2023 |website=CAF |language=}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-23 |title=Coach Ellis names final Banyana Banyana World Cup squad - SAFA.net |url=https://www.safa.net/2023/06/23/coach-ellis-names-final-banyana-banyana-world-cup-squad/ |access-date=2023-12-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Daraja == '''Kulob''' '''Matan Celtics na Bloemfontein''' * Gasar Cin Kofin Ƙasa ta Sasol League : 2017 '''Matan Mamelodi Sundowns''' * [[Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon ƙafa ta SAFA ta Afirka ta Kudu|Ƙungiyar Mata ta SAFA]] : 2021, 2022, 2023 * Gasar Zakarun Mata ta CAF : 2021, 2023 Ta zo ta biyu: 2022 * Gasar Zakarun Mata ta COSAFA : 2021, 2023 Ta zo ta biyu: 2022 '''Afirka ta Kudu''' * Gasar Cin Kofin Kasashen Afirka ta Mata : 2022, ta zo ta biyu: [[Kofin Kasashen Afirka na Mata na 2018|2018]] '''Mutum ɗaya''' * Gasar Zakarun Mata ta COSAFA ta 2021 : Mafi yawan kwallaye (kwallaye 5) * Gasar Zakarun Mata ta COSAFA ta 2022 : 'Yar Wasan Gasar == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]] fkv9vcsgmy8a61mec1qqo8r9wzft3o5 0 54078 873708 866469 2026-07-01T16:42:06Z Mahuta 11340 An kirkira ta fassara "Early life" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1341987228|Chika Anadu]]" 873708 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chika Anadu''' 'yar fim ce ta Najeriya wacce aka fi sani da fim din B for Boy (2013). Ta kuma rubuta kuma ta samar da gajeren fina-finai da yawa.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Vourlias |first=Christopher |title=Durban Festival: ‘Boy’ Helmer’s Path to Screen Full of Curves |url=https://variety.com/2014/film/festivals/durban-festival-boy-helmers-path-to-screen-full-of-curves-1201264472/ |access-date=18 February 2016 |website=Variety}}</ref> An san fina-finai na Anadu da magance batutuwan nuna bambanci tsakanin jinsi da matsalolin al'adu da ke kewaye da al'ada a Najeriya. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Chika Anadu a watan Nuwamba 1980 a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], wacce ke yankin kudu maso yammacin [[Najeriya]]. Lokacin da take da shekaru 16, ta koma Ingila don ci gaba da karatunta. Yayinda take can, ta yi matakan 'A', ta kammala digiri na farko a fannin Shari'a da Criminology, kuma ta sami MA a Nazarin Afirka: Ci gaban Dan Adam da Ci gaba mai dorewa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ellerson |first=Beti |title=A Glance at Cannes: The Festival Residency |url=http://africanwomenincinema.blogspot.ca/2011/05/glance-at-cannes-festival-residency.html |access-date=22 February 2016 |website=African Women in Cinema Blog}}</ref> A wata hira da aka yi da Kwalejin Fim ta New York, Anadu ta bayyana cewa tana son fina-finai a duk rayuwarta ta farko, amma ba sai 2006 ba ce ta yi tunanin zama darektan a matsayin aiki na gaskiya ga kanta. Anadu ta koma Najeriya a shekara ta 2006 don kammala shirin ta na National Youth Service Corps (NYSC), shirin aiki na tilas na gwamnati ga 'yan Najeriya da digiri na jami'a. A lokacin da ta zauna, ta ga fim din Italiyanci Cinema Paradiso (1988) kuma sha'awar zama darektan ta burge ta. == Rayuwar farko == Lokacin da take da shekaru 16, ta ƙaura zuwa Ingila don ci gaba da karatunta. == Ayyuka == Anadu ya koma Najeriya a shekara ta 2008 kuma ya fara aiki a cikin talabijin da fim. Ba ta gamsu da kwarewarta ba, Anadu ta fara rubutu da yin fim dinta a watan Oktoba da Nuwamba 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Obenson |first=Tambay |title=Chika Anadu Wins AFI Fest 2013 Breakthrough Award w/ Feature Debut B For Boy |url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/chika-anadu-wins-afi-fest-2013-breakthrough-award-w-feature-debut-b-for-boy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306175816/http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/chika-anadu-wins-afi-fest-2013-breakthrough-award-w-feature-debut-b-for-boy |archive-date=6 March 2016 |access-date=22 February 2016 |publisher=Indiewire}}</ref> An nuna gajeren fim dinta na farko, Epilogue (2009), a bikin fina-finai na San Diego Black na 2010 a Amurka. An nuna ''Ava'' (2010) a cikin gajeren fim na bikin fina-finai na Cannes a cikin 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Epilogue |url=http://nigercultures.net/en/file.film.epilogue.13880.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306012110/http://nigercultures.net/en/file.film.epilogue.13880.html |archive-date=March 6, 2016 |access-date=25 February 2016 |publisher=Nigercultures}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2010, Kwalejin Fim ta New York ta zo Najeriya a karo na farko, tana ba da bita na tsawon wata a cikin jagora, wasan kwaikwayo, rubutun allo, da aikin kyamara. Anadu ta zaɓi yin rajista a cikin bita na rubutun allo maimakon jagorantar, duk da sanin cewa tana so ta zama darektan.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Kim |title=Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy |url=http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ |access-date=25 February 2016 |website=The Seattle Medium}}</ref> A wannan lokacin, Anadu ya nemi shirin zama na Cannes Cinéfondation a Paris. Maganin rubutun shafi 14 wanda ya kasance wani ɓangare na gabatarwar ta shine tushen abin da zai Kafa fim dinta na farko, B for Boy (2013). Anadu ya sami ɗaya daga cikin wurare shida kuma ya koma Paris don shiga. Ta rubuta rubutun don B for Boy (2013) a lokacin da ta zauna makonni biyu da rabi. <ref name=":1" /> Anadu ta samar da fim din tare da kamfaninta mai zaman kanta No Blondes Production . An harbe fim din a cikin kwanaki 17, tare da Anadu yana aiki a matsayin darektan, marubuci, furodusa, darektan jefawa, mai binciken wuri, mai lissafi, da lauya. Fim din ya samo asali ne daga kuɗin iyali, dangin Anadu sun ba da gudummawa 70% na farashin, yayin da abokin aikinta mai samarwa Arie Esiri ya ba da guddina ga sauran kashi 30.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Kim |title=Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy |url=http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ |access-date=25 February 2016 |website=The Seattle Medium}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBennett">Bennett, Kim. [http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ "Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy"]. ''The Seattle Medium''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> B for Boy (2013) an fara shi ne a duniya a bikin fina-finai na BFI na London a shekarar 2013. An kuma nuna shi a AFI Fest inda ya lashe kyautar AFI Fest 2013 Breakthrough Award tare da kyautar kuɗi ta $ 5,000. An gudanar da fim din na Afirka ta Kudu a Durban a ranar 19 ga Yuli, 2014. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Vourlias |first=Christopher |title=Durban Festival: ‘Boy’ Helmer’s Path to Screen Full of Curves |url=https://variety.com/2014/film/festivals/durban-festival-boy-helmers-path-to-screen-full-of-curves-1201264472/ |access-date=18 February 2016 |website=Variety}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFVourlias">Vourlias, Christopher. [https://variety.com/2014/film/festivals/durban-festival-boy-helmers-path-to-screen-full-of-curves-1201264472/ "Durban Festival: 'Boy' Helmer's Path to Screen Full of Curves"]. ''Variety''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Fim din |- |2009 |''Labari na ƙarshe'' |- |2010 |''Ava'' |- |2012 |''Dalilin Aure'' |- |2013 |''[[B for Boy|B don Ɗauki]]'' |- |2015 |''Komawa Gida'' |- |2020 |''Haskaka Idanunka'' |- |2023 |Ba na zuwa gare ku da sa'a |} == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == <references /> [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 0mo3gnigs8zbfo4rvb1ww6j78h29vu7 873716 873708 2026-07-01T16:56:30Z Yusuf Murja 46196 An kirkira ta fassara "Early life" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1341987228|Chika Anadu]]" 873716 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chika Anadu''' 'yar fim ce ta Najeriya wacce aka fi sani da fim din B for Boy (2013). Ta kuma rubuta kuma ta samar da gajeren fina-finai da yawa.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Vourlias |first=Christopher |title=Durban Festival: ‘Boy’ Helmer’s Path to Screen Full of Curves |url=https://variety.com/2014/film/festivals/durban-festival-boy-helmers-path-to-screen-full-of-curves-1201264472/ |access-date=18 February 2016 |website=Variety}}</ref> An san fina-finai na Anadu da magance batutuwan nuna bambanci tsakanin jinsi da matsalolin al'adu da ke kewaye da al'ada a Najeriya. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Chika Anadu a watan Nuwamba 1980 a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], wacce ke yankin kudu maso yammacin [[Najeriya]]. Lokacin da take da shekaru 16, ta koma Ingila don ci gaba da karatunta. Yayinda take can, ta yi matakan 'A', ta kammala digiri na farko a fannin Shari'a da Criminology, kuma ta sami MA a Nazarin Afirka: Ci gaban Dan Adam da Ci gaba mai dorewa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ellerson |first=Beti |title=A Glance at Cannes: The Festival Residency |url=http://africanwomenincinema.blogspot.ca/2011/05/glance-at-cannes-festival-residency.html |access-date=22 February 2016 |website=African Women in Cinema Blog}}</ref> A wata hira da aka yi da Kwalejin Fim ta New York, Anadu ta bayyana cewa tana son fina-finai a duk rayuwarta ta farko, amma ba sai 2006 ba ce ta yi tunanin zama darektan a matsayin aiki na gaskiya ga kanta. Anadu ta koma Najeriya a shekara ta 2006 don kammala shirin ta na National Youth Service Corps (NYSC), shirin aiki na tilas na gwamnati ga 'yan Najeriya da digiri na jami'a. A lokacin da ta zauna, ta ga fim din Italiyanci Cinema Paradiso (1988) kuma sha'awar zama darektan ta burge ta. == Rayuwar farko == Lokacin da take da shekaru 16, ta ƙaura zuwa Ingila don ci gaba da karatunta. == Early life == Lokacin da take da shekaru 16, ta ƙaura zuwa Ingila don ci gaba da karatunta. == Ayyuka == Anadu ya koma Najeriya a shekara ta 2008 kuma ya fara aiki a cikin talabijin da fim. Ba ta gamsu da kwarewarta ba, Anadu ta fara rubutu da yin fim dinta a watan Oktoba da Nuwamba 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Obenson |first=Tambay |title=Chika Anadu Wins AFI Fest 2013 Breakthrough Award w/ Feature Debut B For Boy |url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/chika-anadu-wins-afi-fest-2013-breakthrough-award-w-feature-debut-b-for-boy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306175816/http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/chika-anadu-wins-afi-fest-2013-breakthrough-award-w-feature-debut-b-for-boy |archive-date=6 March 2016 |access-date=22 February 2016 |publisher=Indiewire}}</ref> An nuna gajeren fim dinta na farko, Epilogue (2009), a bikin fina-finai na San Diego Black na 2010 a Amurka. An nuna ''Ava'' (2010) a cikin gajeren fim na bikin fina-finai na Cannes a cikin 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Epilogue |url=http://nigercultures.net/en/file.film.epilogue.13880.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306012110/http://nigercultures.net/en/file.film.epilogue.13880.html |archive-date=March 6, 2016 |access-date=25 February 2016 |publisher=Nigercultures}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2010, Kwalejin Fim ta New York ta zo Najeriya a karo na farko, tana ba da bita na tsawon wata a cikin jagora, wasan kwaikwayo, rubutun allo, da aikin kyamara. Anadu ta zaɓi yin rajista a cikin bita na rubutun allo maimakon jagorantar, duk da sanin cewa tana so ta zama darektan.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Kim |title=Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy |url=http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ |access-date=25 February 2016 |website=The Seattle Medium}}</ref> A wannan lokacin, Anadu ya nemi shirin zama na Cannes Cinéfondation a Paris. Maganin rubutun shafi 14 wanda ya kasance wani ɓangare na gabatarwar ta shine tushen abin da zai Kafa fim dinta na farko, B for Boy (2013). Anadu ya sami ɗaya daga cikin wurare shida kuma ya koma Paris don shiga. Ta rubuta rubutun don B for Boy (2013) a lokacin da ta zauna makonni biyu da rabi. <ref name=":1" /> Anadu ta samar da fim din tare da kamfaninta mai zaman kanta No Blondes Production . An harbe fim din a cikin kwanaki 17, tare da Anadu yana aiki a matsayin darektan, marubuci, furodusa, darektan jefawa, mai binciken wuri, mai lissafi, da lauya. Fim din ya samo asali ne daga kuɗin iyali, dangin Anadu sun ba da gudummawa 70% na farashin, yayin da abokin aikinta mai samarwa Arie Esiri ya ba da guddina ga sauran kashi 30.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Kim |title=Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy |url=http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ |access-date=25 February 2016 |website=The Seattle Medium}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBennett">Bennett, Kim. [http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ "Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy"]. ''The Seattle Medium''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> B for Boy (2013) an fara shi ne a duniya a bikin fina-finai na BFI na London a shekarar 2013. An kuma nuna shi a AFI Fest inda ya lashe kyautar AFI Fest 2013 Breakthrough Award tare da kyautar kuɗi ta $ 5,000. An gudanar da fim din na Afirka ta Kudu a Durban a ranar 19 ga Yuli, 2014. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Vourlias |first=Christopher |title=Durban Festival: ‘Boy’ Helmer’s Path to Screen Full of Curves |url=https://variety.com/2014/film/festivals/durban-festival-boy-helmers-path-to-screen-full-of-curves-1201264472/ |access-date=18 February 2016 |website=Variety}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFVourlias">Vourlias, Christopher. [https://variety.com/2014/film/festivals/durban-festival-boy-helmers-path-to-screen-full-of-curves-1201264472/ "Durban Festival: 'Boy' Helmer's Path to Screen Full of Curves"]. ''Variety''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Fim din |- |2009 |''Labari na ƙarshe'' |- |2010 |''Ava'' |- |2012 |''Dalilin Aure'' |- |2013 |''[[B for Boy|B don Ɗauki]]'' |- |2015 |''Komawa Gida'' |- |2020 |''Haskaka Idanunka'' |- |2023 |Ba na zuwa gare ku da sa'a |} == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == <references /> [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 9mkwsg6jq34brn0qgngk6bo86im79kl 0 54177 874145 857463 2026-07-02T08:09:26Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 874145 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Chike C. Nwoffiah''' listenⓘ (an haife shi a ranar 22 ga watan Yulin 1965 a Najeriya) ɗan fim ne kuma mai ba da shawara kan zane-zane. An lissafa shi a matsayin daya daga cikin "Daya daga cikin mutane goma sanannu goma yan asalin yan afriak mazauna america" a cikin San Francisco Bay Area ta City Flight Magazine a cikin 2000. == Ilimi da aiki == Nwoffiah yayi karatu a Kwalejin Gwamnati, Umuahia, da Jami'ar Legas, [1] kafin ya koma Amurka [2] don karatu a Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Jami'ar Columbia (INM) da Cibiyar Fim ta Hollywood . Ya kasance shugaban kungiyar Rhesus Media Group kuma babban darakta na gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Oriki, duka biyu a California.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2022 |title=Chike Nwoffiah Biography: All You Need To Know |url=https://gossiptrendz.com/chike-nwoffiah-biography/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419050401/https://gossiptrendz.com/chike-nwoffiah-biography/ |archive-date=19 April 2023 |access-date=16 February 2023 |website=GossipTrendz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2007 |title=Music - Chike C. Nwoffiah |url=http://www.paloaltoonline.com/weekly/morguepdf/2007/2007_03_30.paw.section1.pdf |access-date=16 February 2010 |website=Palo Alto Online - page 15 - Worth a Look |publisher=Palo Alto Weekly |archive-date=16 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616014138/http://www.paloaltoonline.com/weekly/morguepdf/2007/2007_03_30.paw.section1.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya kasance memba na ma'aikata a Kwalejin Menlo, California . <ref>{{Cite web |date=Summer 2007 |title=2007 Conference for Community Arts Education - Keynote Speakers |url=http://www.nationalguild.org/guildnotes/GuildNotesSummer07_Web.pdf |access-date=16 February 2010 |website=Guild Notes |publisher=National Guild of Community Schools of the Arts}}{{Dead link|date=August 2017}}</ref><ref name="Wunder">{{Cite web |date=27 October 2017 |title=An Interview with Silicon Valley's African Film Festival founder Chike C Nwoffiah |url=https://thewunderland.de/interview-silicon-valleys-african-film-festival-founder-chike-c-nwoffiah/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616044906/https://thewunderland.de/interview-silicon-valleys-african-film-festival-founder-chike-c-nwoffiah/ |archive-date=16 June 2021 |access-date=15 June 2021 |website=The Wunderland |publisher=The Wunderland 2021}}</ref> Ya kasance Babban Abokin Hulɗa a C3 Media, [[Abuja]], Najeriya. Ya kasance darektan bikin fina-finai na Silicon Valley na Afirka . <ref name="Wunder" /> == Hotunan fina-finai == * 2000: ''Girma a matsayin baƙar fata a Amurka'' * 2001: ''Jamaica - Ruhun Kasuwanci'' * 2002: ''Tantu'' * 2003: ''Wani Gishiri a Tarihi'' * 2004: ''Kashewa a cikin Choctaw'' * 2005: Kowane Ƙididdigar Sauka''Kowane Kashi na Sauka'' * 2006: ''Bridges'' * 2007: ''Farka Afirka'' * 2009: ''Addu'a don Inauguration'' * 2009: ''Sabar - rayuwa rawa ce!'' == Sauran bayanai == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]] 7rd7cgsh5vky5lrhyt0lkfib3unlx1a 0 54253 873743 345338 2026-07-01T18:32:53Z Mariya Hamza 25296 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347101385|Kingsley Ogoro]]" 873743 wikitext text/x-wiki Kingsley Eloho Ogoro (an haife shi a ranar 29 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 1965), shi ne darektan fina-finai na Najeriya, marubuci, mai shirya kiɗa kuma tsohon mai rawa. An fi saninsa da fim din 2003 Osuofia a Landan tare da Nkem Owoh, kuma tun daga lokacin ya yi aiki galibi a matsayin furodusa da darektan masana'antar fina-finai ta Nollywood. == Rayuwa ta farko == Ogoro ya halarci Jami'ar Sokoto inda ya yi karatun Banking & Finance, ya kammala a shekarar 1988, amma ya ci gaba da sha'awar kiɗa duk da rashin amincewar iyayensa. Kafin karatunsa na jami'a, ya kai wasan karshe na John Player Disco Dancing Championships, bayan haka ya fara mai da hankali kan aikin kiɗa a matsayin furodusa.[1] == Rayuwa ta mutum == Ogoro a baya ta auri tsohon mawaƙin pop Esse Agesse . Ma'aurata suna da 'ya'ya uku. 'Yarsu ta fari, Ewoma Ogoro, ta kasance Miss Nigeria Ireland a 2012 kuma yanzu injiniya ce. 'Yarsu ta biyu, Mamobo Ogoro 'yar kasuwa ce a Ireland, ita ce ta kafa GORM kuma mai gabatarwa a NewstalkFM . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mamobo Ogoro, Presenter on NewstalkFM |url=https://www.newstalk.com/shows/younified-1735225/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209021854/https://www.newstalk.com/shows/younified-1735225 |archive-date=2024-12-09 |access-date=2024-12-16}}</ref> Ɗansu ƙarami Sean Ogoro yana aiki kuma yana zaune a Ireland. == Hotunan fina-finai == === A matsayin mai samarwa === * ''Gwauruwa'' (2005) * ''[[Across the Niger|A fadin Nijar]]'' (2004) * ''Osuofia a cikin London 2'' (2004) * Veno (2004) * Dangerous Babe (2003) * ''[[Osuofia in London|Osuofia a Landan]]'' (2003) === A matsayin darektan === * ''Gwauruwa'' (2005) * ''Osuofia a cikin London 2'' (2004) * Veno (2004) * ''[[Osuofia in London|Osuofia a Landan]]'' (2003) * ''Komawa'' (2003) === A matsayin marubucin allo === * ''Gwauruwa'' (2005) * ''Osuofia a cikin London 2'' (2004) * ''Osuofia a Landan'' (2003) == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] igbhdvousj3n80jm0srtcpwma96q7ct 873744 873743 2026-07-01T18:33:33Z Mariya Hamza 25296 /* A matsayin mai samarwa */ 873744 wikitext text/x-wiki Kingsley Eloho Ogoro (an haife shi a ranar 29 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 1965), shi ne darektan fina-finai na Najeriya, marubuci, mai shirya kiɗa kuma tsohon mai rawa. An fi saninsa da fim din 2003 Osuofia a Landan tare da Nkem Owoh, kuma tun daga lokacin ya yi aiki galibi a matsayin furodusa da darektan masana'antar fina-finai ta Nollywood. == Rayuwa ta farko == Ogoro ya halarci Jami'ar Sokoto inda ya yi karatun Banking & Finance, ya kammala a shekarar 1988, amma ya ci gaba da sha'awar kiɗa duk da rashin amincewar iyayensa. Kafin karatunsa na jami'a, ya kai wasan karshe na John Player Disco Dancing Championships, bayan haka ya fara mai da hankali kan aikin kiɗa a matsayin furodusa.[1] == Rayuwa ta mutum == Ogoro a baya ta auri tsohon mawaƙin pop Esse Agesse . Ma'aurata suna da 'ya'ya uku. 'Yarsu ta fari, Ewoma Ogoro, ta kasance Miss Nigeria Ireland a 2012 kuma yanzu injiniya ce. 'Yarsu ta biyu, Mamobo Ogoro 'yar kasuwa ce a Ireland, ita ce ta kafa GORM kuma mai gabatarwa a NewstalkFM . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mamobo Ogoro, Presenter on NewstalkFM |url=https://www.newstalk.com/shows/younified-1735225/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209021854/https://www.newstalk.com/shows/younified-1735225 |archive-date=2024-12-09 |access-date=2024-12-16}}</ref> Ɗansu ƙarami Sean Ogoro yana aiki kuma yana zaune a Ireland. == Hotunan fina-finai == === A matsayin mai furodusa=== * ''Gwauruwa'' (2005) * ''[[Across the Niger|A fadin Nijar]]'' (2004) * ''Osuofia a cikin London 2'' (2004) * Veno (2004) * Dangerous Babe (2003) * ''[[Osuofia in London|Osuofia a Landan]]'' (2003) === A matsayin darektan === * ''Gwauruwa'' (2005) * ''Osuofia a cikin London 2'' (2004) * Veno (2004) * ''[[Osuofia in London|Osuofia a Landan]]'' (2003) * ''Komawa'' (2003) === A matsayin marubucin allo === * ''Gwauruwa'' (2005) * ''Osuofia a cikin London 2'' (2004) * ''Osuofia a Landan'' (2003) == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] gqtcmk243go6of5qzqv11iy9y8fat4x 873745 873744 2026-07-01T18:34:19Z Mariya Hamza 25296 873745 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Kingsley Eloho Ogoro (an haife shi a ranar 29 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 1965), shi ne darektan fina-finai na Najeriya, marubuci, mai shirya kiɗa kuma tsohon mai rawa. An fi saninsa da fim din 2003 Osuofia a Landan tare da Nkem Owoh, kuma tun daga lokacin ya yi aiki galibi a matsayin furodusa da darektan masana'antar fina-finai ta Nollywood. == Rayuwa ta farko == Ogoro ya halarci Jami'ar Sokoto inda ya yi karatun Banking & Finance, ya kammala a shekarar 1988, amma ya ci gaba da sha'awar kiɗa duk da rashin amincewar iyayensa. Kafin karatunsa na jami'a, ya kai wasan karshe na John Player Disco Dancing Championships, bayan haka ya fara mai da hankali kan aikin kiɗa a matsayin furodusa.[1] == Rayuwa ta mutum == Ogoro a baya ta auri tsohon mawaƙin pop Esse Agesse . Ma'aurata suna da 'ya'ya uku. 'Yarsu ta fari, Ewoma Ogoro, ta kasance Miss Nigeria Ireland a 2012 kuma yanzu injiniya ce. 'Yarsu ta biyu, Mamobo Ogoro 'yar kasuwa ce a Ireland, ita ce ta kafa GORM kuma mai gabatarwa a NewstalkFM . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mamobo Ogoro, Presenter on NewstalkFM |url=https://www.newstalk.com/shows/younified-1735225/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209021854/https://www.newstalk.com/shows/younified-1735225 |archive-date=2024-12-09 |access-date=2024-12-16}}</ref> Ɗansu ƙarami Sean Ogoro yana aiki kuma yana zaune a Ireland. == Hotunan fina-finai == === A matsayin mai furodusa=== * ''Gwauruwa'' (2005) * ''[[Across the Niger|A fadin Nijar]]'' (2004) * ''Osuofia a cikin London 2'' (2004) * Veno (2004) * Dangerous Babe (2003) * ''[[Osuofia in London|Osuofia a Landan]]'' (2003) === A matsayin darektan === * ''Gwauruwa'' (2005) * ''Osuofia a cikin London 2'' (2004) * Veno (2004) * ''[[Osuofia in London|Osuofia a Landan]]'' (2003) * ''Komawa'' (2003) === A matsayin marubucin allo === * ''Gwauruwa'' (2005) * ''Osuofia a cikin London 2'' (2004) * ''Osuofia a Landan'' (2003) == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] e5k68xjmlal25enko96bit71f04v35r 0 56873 874081 362448 2026-07-02T05:23:45Z Ummeeterh 31568 874081 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Gari ne da yake a Birnin Patna dake a karkashin jahar [[Bihar]] a kasar [[indiya]]. Akidayar shekarar 2011 Garin yana da jumullar mutane 182,429.{{stub}} 2j6440bnebccwyv5ttaoaqdysnhaxb7 0 57273 873921 496183 2026-07-01T22:12:33Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 873921 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Blausen_0043_Appendix_Child.png |thumb| Blausen 0043 Appendix Child.]] [[File:Stitches_post_appendicitis_surgery.jpg |thumb| Stitches post appendicitis surgery.]] '''Appendicitis''' shine kumburi na appendix . <ref name=Graf1996>{{cite journal | vauthors = Graffeo CS, Counselman FL | title = Appendicitis | journal = Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America | volume = 14 | issue = 4 | pages = 653–71 | date = November 1996 | pmid = 8921763 | doi = 10.1016/s0733-8627(05)70273-x }}</ref> Alamu sun haɗa da [[Ciwon ciki|ciwon ƙananan ciki]] na dama, tashin [[zuciya]], [[amai]], da rage sha'awar ci ko. <ref name=Graf1996 /> Duk da haka, kusan kashi 40% na mutane ba su da waɗannan alamun bayyanar. <ref name=Graf1996 /> Matsanancin rikice-rikice na abin da ya rushe sun haɗa da tartsatsi, kumburi mai zafi na rufin ciki na bangon ciki da [[sepsis]]. Appendicitis yana faruwa ne ta hanyar toshe ɓangaren ɓangaren appendix. <ref name=Piep1982>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pieper R, Kager L, Tidefeldt U | title = Obstruction of appendix vermiformis causing acute appendicitis. An experimental study in the rabbit | journal = Acta Chirurgica Scandinavica | volume = 148 | issue = 1 | pages = 63–72 | year = 1982 | pmid = 7136413 }}</ref> Wannan ya fi faruwa saboda “dutse” da aka lakafta da najasa . Ƙunƙashin ƙwayar lymphoid daga kamuwa da ƙwayar cuta, ƙwayoyin cuta, gallstone, ko ciwace-ciwace na iya haifar da toshewar. <ref name=Har2012>{{cite book|editor-last1=Longo|editor-first1=Dan L.|display-editors=etal|title=Harrison's principles of internal medicine.|date=2012|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York|isbn=978-0-07174889-6|pages = Chapter 300|edition=18th|url=http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=331&Sectionid=40727094|access-date=6 November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330064145/http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=331§ionid=40727094|archive-date=30 March 2016}}</ref> Wannan toshewar yana haifar da ƙarin matsi a cikin appendix, raguwar kwararar jini zuwa kyallen da ke cikin appendix, da haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin appendix yana haifar da kumburi. <ref name=Har2012 /> Haɗuwa da kumburi, raguwar kwararar [[jini]] zuwa appendix da ɓacin rai yana haifar da rauni na nama da mutuwar nama. Idan ba a kula da wannan tsari ba, appendix na iya fashe, yana sakin ƙwayoyin cuta zuwa cikin rami na ciki, yana haifar da ƙarin rikitarwa. <ref name="Schw2010">{{cite book|title=Schwartz's principles of surgery|date=2010|publisher=McGraw-Hill, Medical Pub. Division|location=New York|isbn=978-0-07-1547703|pages = Chapter 30|edition=9th}}</ref> Fahimtar ciwon appendicitis ya dogara ne akan alamomi da alamun mutum. A cikin lamuran da ba a san ganewar asali ba, kulawa ta kusa, hoton likita, da gwaje-gwajen dakin gwaje-gwaje na iya taimakawa. <ref name=Paul2003>{{cite journal | vauthors = Paulson EK, Kalady MF, Pappas TN | title = Clinical practice. Suspected appendicitis | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 348 | issue = 3 | pages = 236–42 | date = January 2003 | pmid = 12529465 | doi = 10.1056/nejmcp013351 | url = http://faculty.vet.upenn.edu/gastro/documents/NEJMappendicitis.pdf | access-date = 2017-11-01 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170922005733/http://faculty.vet.upenn.edu/gastro/documents/NEJMappendicitis.pdf | archive-date = 2017-09-22 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Gwaje-gwajen hoto guda biyu da aka fi amfani da su sune na'urar duban dan tayi da na'urar daukar hoto (CT scan). <ref name=Paul2003 /> An nuna CT scan ya zama daidai fiye da duban dan tayi wajen gano m appendicitis. <ref name=Shogilev2014>{{cite journal | vauthors = Shogilev DJ, Duus N, Odom SR, Shapiro NI | title = Diagnosing appendicitis: evidence-based review of the diagnostic approach in 2014 | journal = The Western Journal of Emergency Medicine | volume = 15 | issue = 7 | pages = 859–71 | date = November 2014 | pmid = 25493136 | pmc = 4251237 | doi = 10.5811/westjem.2014.9.21568 | type = Review }}</ref> Duk da haka, ana iya fi son duban dan tayi a matsayin gwajin hoto na farko a yara da mata masu juna biyu saboda hadarin da ke tattare da bayyanar radiation daga CT scans. <ref name=Paul2003 /> Daidaitaccen magani don m appendicitis shine cirewar appendix na tiyata . Ana iya yin wannan ta hanyar buɗaɗɗen ciki a cikin ciki ( laparotomy ) ko ta ƴan ƙananan ƙulla tare da taimakon kyamarori ( laparoscopy ). Tiyata yana rage haɗarin illa ko mutuwa da ke tattare da fashewar kari. Magungunan rigakafi na iya yin tasiri daidai gwargwado a wasu lokuta na appendicitis marasa fashe. <ref name=Antibiotics2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Varadhan KK, Neal KR, Lobo DN | title = Safety and efficacy of antibiotics compared with appendicectomy for treatment of uncomplicated acute appendicitis: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials | journal = BMJ | volume = 344 | pages = e2156 | date = April 2012 | pmid = 22491789 | pmc = 3320713 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.e2156 }}</ref> Yana daya daga cikin abubuwan da aka fi sani da mahimmanci na ciwon ciki mai tsanani wanda ke zuwa da sauri . A cikin shekarar 2015 kimanin mutane miliyan 11.6 na appendicitis sun faru wanda ya haifar da mutuwar kusan 50,100. <ref name=GBD2015Pre>{{cite journal | author = GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1545–1602 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733282 | pmc = 5055577 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name=GBD2015De>{{cite journal | author = GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1459–1544 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733281 | pmc = 5388903 | doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A Amurka, appendicitis shine mafi yawan sanadin ciwon ciki kwatsam da ake buƙatar tiyata. <ref name=Graf1996 /> A kowace shekara a Amurka, fiye da mutane 300,000 masu fama da cutar appendicitis ana cire su ta hanyar tiyata. <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mason RJ | title = Surgery for appendicitis: is it necessary? | journal = Surgical Infections | volume = 9 | issue = 4 | pages = 481–8 | date = August 2008 | pmid = 18687030 | doi = 10.1089/sur.2007.079 }}</ref> Reginald Fitz an yaba da kasancewa mutum na farko da ya bayyana yanayin a shekarar 1886. <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Fitz RH |title=Perforating inflammation of the vermiform appendix with special reference to its early diagnosis and treatment |journal=American Journal of the Medical Sciences |issue=92 |pages=321–46 |year=1886}}</ref> [[File:En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Appendicitis.webm|thumbtime=1:10|thumb| Takaitaccen bidiyon jagora ( rubutun )]] {{Stub}} == Manazarta == <references /> [[Category: Kiwon lafiya]] kobf27bs4spv6coqchjvlqcp6w84no5 873922 873921 2026-07-01T22:13:09Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 873922 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Blausen_0043_Appendix_Child.png |thumb| Blausen 0043 Appendix Child.]] [[File:Stitches_post_appendicitis_surgery.jpg |thumb| Stitches post appendicitis surgery.]] '''Appendicitis''' shine kumburi na appendix . <ref name=Graf1996>{{cite journal | vauthors = Graffeo CS, Counselman FL | title = Appendicitis | journal = Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America | volume = 14 | issue = 4 | pages = 653–71 | date = November 1996 | pmid = 8921763 | doi = 10.1016/s0733-8627(05)70273-x }}</ref> Alamu sun haɗa da [[Ciwon ciki|ciwon ƙananan ciki]] na dama, tashin [[zuciya]], [[amai]], da rage sha'awar ci ko sha<ref name=Graf1996 /> Duk da haka, kusan kashi 40% na mutane ba su da waɗannan alamun bayyanar. <ref name=Graf1996 /> Matsanancin rikice-rikice na abin da ya rushe sun haɗa da tartsatsi, kumburi mai zafi na rufin ciki na bangon ciki da [[sepsis]]. Appendicitis yana faruwa ne ta hanyar toshe ɓangaren ɓangaren appendix. <ref name=Piep1982>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pieper R, Kager L, Tidefeldt U | title = Obstruction of appendix vermiformis causing acute appendicitis. An experimental study in the rabbit | journal = Acta Chirurgica Scandinavica | volume = 148 | issue = 1 | pages = 63–72 | year = 1982 | pmid = 7136413 }}</ref> Wannan ya fi faruwa saboda “dutse” da aka lakafta da najasa . Ƙunƙashin ƙwayar lymphoid daga kamuwa da ƙwayar cuta, ƙwayoyin cuta, gallstone, ko ciwace-ciwace na iya haifar da toshewar. <ref name=Har2012>{{cite book|editor-last1=Longo|editor-first1=Dan L.|display-editors=etal|title=Harrison's principles of internal medicine.|date=2012|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York|isbn=978-0-07174889-6|pages = Chapter 300|edition=18th|url=http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=331&Sectionid=40727094|access-date=6 November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330064145/http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=331§ionid=40727094|archive-date=30 March 2016}}</ref> Wannan toshewar yana haifar da ƙarin matsi a cikin appendix, raguwar kwararar jini zuwa kyallen da ke cikin appendix, da haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin appendix yana haifar da kumburi. <ref name=Har2012 /> Haɗuwa da kumburi, raguwar kwararar [[jini]] zuwa appendix da ɓacin rai yana haifar da rauni na nama da mutuwar nama. Idan ba a kula da wannan tsari ba, appendix na iya fashe, yana sakin ƙwayoyin cuta zuwa cikin rami na ciki, yana haifar da ƙarin rikitarwa. <ref name="Schw2010">{{cite book|title=Schwartz's principles of surgery|date=2010|publisher=McGraw-Hill, Medical Pub. Division|location=New York|isbn=978-0-07-1547703|pages = Chapter 30|edition=9th}}</ref> Fahimtar ciwon appendicitis ya dogara ne akan alamomi da alamun mutum. A cikin lamuran da ba a san ganewar asali ba, kulawa ta kusa, hoton likita, da gwaje-gwajen dakin gwaje-gwaje na iya taimakawa. <ref name=Paul2003>{{cite journal | vauthors = Paulson EK, Kalady MF, Pappas TN | title = Clinical practice. Suspected appendicitis | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 348 | issue = 3 | pages = 236–42 | date = January 2003 | pmid = 12529465 | doi = 10.1056/nejmcp013351 | url = http://faculty.vet.upenn.edu/gastro/documents/NEJMappendicitis.pdf | access-date = 2017-11-01 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170922005733/http://faculty.vet.upenn.edu/gastro/documents/NEJMappendicitis.pdf | archive-date = 2017-09-22 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Gwaje-gwajen hoto guda biyu da aka fi amfani da su sune na'urar duban dan tayi da na'urar daukar hoto (CT scan). <ref name=Paul2003 /> An nuna CT scan ya zama daidai fiye da duban dan tayi wajen gano m appendicitis. <ref name=Shogilev2014>{{cite journal | vauthors = Shogilev DJ, Duus N, Odom SR, Shapiro NI | title = Diagnosing appendicitis: evidence-based review of the diagnostic approach in 2014 | journal = The Western Journal of Emergency Medicine | volume = 15 | issue = 7 | pages = 859–71 | date = November 2014 | pmid = 25493136 | pmc = 4251237 | doi = 10.5811/westjem.2014.9.21568 | type = Review }}</ref> Duk da haka, ana iya fi son duban dan tayi a matsayin gwajin hoto na farko a yara da mata masu juna biyu saboda hadarin da ke tattare da bayyanar radiation daga CT scans. <ref name=Paul2003 /> Daidaitaccen magani don m appendicitis shine cirewar appendix na tiyata . Ana iya yin wannan ta hanyar buɗaɗɗen ciki a cikin ciki ( laparotomy ) ko ta ƴan ƙananan ƙulla tare da taimakon kyamarori ( laparoscopy ). Tiyata yana rage haɗarin illa ko mutuwa da ke tattare da fashewar kari. Magungunan rigakafi na iya yin tasiri daidai gwargwado a wasu lokuta na appendicitis marasa fashe. <ref name=Antibiotics2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Varadhan KK, Neal KR, Lobo DN | title = Safety and efficacy of antibiotics compared with appendicectomy for treatment of uncomplicated acute appendicitis: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials | journal = BMJ | volume = 344 | pages = e2156 | date = April 2012 | pmid = 22491789 | pmc = 3320713 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.e2156 }}</ref> Yana daya daga cikin abubuwan da aka fi sani da mahimmanci na ciwon ciki mai tsanani wanda ke zuwa da sauri . A cikin shekarar 2015 kimanin mutane miliyan 11.6 na appendicitis sun faru wanda ya haifar da mutuwar kusan 50,100. <ref name=GBD2015Pre>{{cite journal | author = GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1545–1602 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733282 | pmc = 5055577 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name=GBD2015De>{{cite journal | author = GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1459–1544 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733281 | pmc = 5388903 | doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A Amurka, appendicitis shine mafi yawan sanadin ciwon ciki kwatsam da ake buƙatar tiyata. <ref name=Graf1996 /> A kowace shekara a Amurka, fiye da mutane 300,000 masu fama da cutar appendicitis ana cire su ta hanyar tiyata. <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mason RJ | title = Surgery for appendicitis: is it necessary? | journal = Surgical Infections | volume = 9 | issue = 4 | pages = 481–8 | date = August 2008 | pmid = 18687030 | doi = 10.1089/sur.2007.079 }}</ref> Reginald Fitz an yaba da kasancewa mutum na farko da ya bayyana yanayin a shekarar 1886. <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Fitz RH |title=Perforating inflammation of the vermiform appendix with special reference to its early diagnosis and treatment |journal=American Journal of the Medical Sciences |issue=92 |pages=321–46 |year=1886}}</ref> [[File:En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Appendicitis.webm|thumbtime=1:10|thumb| Takaitaccen bidiyon jagora ( rubutun )]] {{Stub}} == Manazarta == <references /> [[Category: Kiwon lafiya]] f61o1g5g7mfgnyhxb706n1b327c2k9u 873923 873922 2026-07-01T22:13:58Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 873923 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Blausen_0043_Appendix_Child.png |thumb| Blausen 0043 Appendix Child.]] [[File:Stitches_post_appendicitis_surgery.jpg |thumb| Stitches post appendicitis surgery.]] '''Appendicitis''' shine kumburi na appendix . <ref name=Graf1996>{{cite journal | vauthors = Graffeo CS, Counselman FL | title = Appendicitis | journal = Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America | volume = 14 | issue = 4 | pages = 653–71 | date = November 1996 | pmid = 8921763 | doi = 10.1016/s0733-8627(05)70273-x }}</ref> Alamu sun haɗa da [[Ciwon ciki|ciwon ƙananan ciki]] na dama, tashin [[zuciya]], [[amai]], da rage sha'awar ci ko sha. <ref name=Graf1996 /> Duk da haka, kusan kashi 40% na mutane ba su da waɗannan alamun bayyanar. <ref name=Graf1996 /> Matsanancin rikice-rikice na abin da ya rushe sun haɗa da tartsatsi, kumburi mai zafi na rufin ciki na bangon ciki da [[sepsis]]. Appendicitis yana faruwa ne ta hanyar toshe ɓangaren ɓangaren appendix. <ref name=Piep1982>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pieper R, Kager L, Tidefeldt U | title = Obstruction of appendix vermiformis causing acute appendicitis. An experimental study in the rabbit | journal = Acta Chirurgica Scandinavica | volume = 148 | issue = 1 | pages = 63–72 | year = 1982 | pmid = 7136413 }}</ref> Wannan ya fi faruwa saboda “dutse” da aka lakafta da najasa . Ƙunƙashin ƙwayar lymphoid daga kamuwa da ƙwayar cuta, ƙwayoyin cuta, gallstone, ko ciwace-ciwace na iya haifar da toshewar. <ref name=Har2012>{{cite book|editor-last1=Longo|editor-first1=Dan L.|display-editors=etal|title=Harrison's principles of internal medicine.|date=2012|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York|isbn=978-0-07174889-6|pages = Chapter 300|edition=18th|url=http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=331&Sectionid=40727094|access-date=6 November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330064145/http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=331§ionid=40727094|archive-date=30 March 2016}}</ref> Wannan toshewar yana haifar da ƙarin matsi a cikin appendix, raguwar kwararar jini zuwa kyallen da ke cikin appendix, da haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin appendix yana haifar da kumburi. <ref name=Har2012 /> Haɗuwa da kumburi, raguwar kwararar [[jini]] zuwa appendix da ɓacin rai yana haifar da rauni na nama da mutuwar nama. Idan ba a kula da wannan tsari ba, appendix na iya fashe, yana sakin ƙwayoyin cuta zuwa cikin rami na ciki, yana haifar da ƙarin rikitarwa. <ref name="Schw2010">{{cite book|title=Schwartz's principles of surgery|date=2010|publisher=McGraw-Hill, Medical Pub. Division|location=New York|isbn=978-0-07-1547703|pages = Chapter 30|edition=9th}}</ref> Fahimtar ciwon appendicitis ya dogara ne akan alamomi da alamun mutum. A cikin lamuran da ba a san ganewar asali ba, kulawa ta kusa, hoton likita, da gwaje-gwajen dakin gwaje-gwaje na iya taimakawa. <ref name=Paul2003>{{cite journal | vauthors = Paulson EK, Kalady MF, Pappas TN | title = Clinical practice. Suspected appendicitis | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 348 | issue = 3 | pages = 236–42 | date = January 2003 | pmid = 12529465 | doi = 10.1056/nejmcp013351 | url = http://faculty.vet.upenn.edu/gastro/documents/NEJMappendicitis.pdf | access-date = 2017-11-01 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170922005733/http://faculty.vet.upenn.edu/gastro/documents/NEJMappendicitis.pdf | archive-date = 2017-09-22 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Gwaje-gwajen hoto guda biyu da aka fi amfani da su sune na'urar duban dan tayi da na'urar daukar hoto (CT scan). <ref name=Paul2003 /> An nuna CT scan ya zama daidai fiye da duban dan tayi wajen gano m appendicitis. <ref name=Shogilev2014>{{cite journal | vauthors = Shogilev DJ, Duus N, Odom SR, Shapiro NI | title = Diagnosing appendicitis: evidence-based review of the diagnostic approach in 2014 | journal = The Western Journal of Emergency Medicine | volume = 15 | issue = 7 | pages = 859–71 | date = November 2014 | pmid = 25493136 | pmc = 4251237 | doi = 10.5811/westjem.2014.9.21568 | type = Review }}</ref> Duk da haka, ana iya fi son duban dan tayi a matsayin gwajin hoto na farko a yara da mata masu juna biyu saboda hadarin da ke tattare da bayyanar radiation daga CT scans. <ref name=Paul2003 /> Daidaitaccen magani don m appendicitis shine cirewar appendix na tiyata . Ana iya yin wannan ta hanyar buɗaɗɗen ciki a cikin ciki ( laparotomy ) ko ta ƴan ƙananan ƙulla tare da taimakon kyamarori ( laparoscopy ). Tiyata yana rage haɗarin illa ko mutuwa da ke tattare da fashewar kari. Magungunan rigakafi na iya yin tasiri daidai gwargwado a wasu lokuta na appendicitis marasa fashe. <ref name=Antibiotics2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Varadhan KK, Neal KR, Lobo DN | title = Safety and efficacy of antibiotics compared with appendicectomy for treatment of uncomplicated acute appendicitis: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials | journal = BMJ | volume = 344 | pages = e2156 | date = April 2012 | pmid = 22491789 | pmc = 3320713 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.e2156 }}</ref> Yana daya daga cikin abubuwan da aka fi sani da mahimmanci na ciwon ciki mai tsanani wanda ke zuwa da sauri . A cikin shekarar 2015 kimanin mutane miliyan 11.6 na appendicitis sun faru wanda ya haifar da mutuwar kusan 50,100. <ref name=GBD2015Pre>{{cite journal | author = GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1545–1602 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733282 | pmc = 5055577 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name=GBD2015De>{{cite journal | author = GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1459–1544 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733281 | pmc = 5388903 | doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A Amurka, appendicitis shine mafi yawan sanadin ciwon ciki kwatsam da ake buƙatar tiyata. <ref name=Graf1996 /> A kowace shekara a Amurka, fiye da mutane 300,000 masu fama da cutar appendicitis ana cire su ta hanyar tiyata. <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mason RJ | title = Surgery for appendicitis: is it necessary? | journal = Surgical Infections | volume = 9 | issue = 4 | pages = 481–8 | date = August 2008 | pmid = 18687030 | doi = 10.1089/sur.2007.079 }}</ref> Reginald Fitz an yaba da kasancewa mutum na farko da ya bayyana yanayin a shekarar 1886. <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Fitz RH |title=Perforating inflammation of the vermiform appendix with special reference to its early diagnosis and treatment |journal=American Journal of the Medical Sciences |issue=92 |pages=321–46 |year=1886}}</ref> [[File:En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Appendicitis.webm|thumbtime=1:10|thumb| Takaitaccen bidiyon jagora ( rubutun )]] {{Stub}} == Manazarta == <references /> [[Category: Kiwon lafiya]] tf8k7saic5d0zjo3qrjmui04g4rspve 873926 873923 2026-07-01T22:14:32Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 873926 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Blausen_0043_Appendix_Child.png |thumb| Blausen 0043 Appendix Child.]] [[File:Stitches_post_appendicitis_surgery.jpg |thumb| Stitches post appendicitis surgery.]] '''Appendicitis''' shine kumburi na appendix . <ref name=Graf1996>{{cite journal | vauthors = Graffeo CS, Counselman FL | title = Appendicitis | journal = Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America | volume = 14 | issue = 4 | pages = 653–71 | date = November 1996 | pmid = 8921763 | doi = 10.1016/s0733-8627(05)70273-x }}</ref> Alamu sun haɗa da [[Ciwon ciki|ciwon ƙananan ciki]] na dama, tashin [[zuciya]], [[amai]], da rage sha'awar ci ko sha. <ref name=Graf1996 /> Duk da haka, kusan kashi 40% na mutane ba su da waɗannan alamun bayyanar. <ref name=Graf1996 /> Matsanancin rikice-rikice na abin da ya rushe sun haɗa da tartsatsi, kumburi mai zafi na rufin ciki na bangon ciki da [[sepsis]]. Appendicitis yana faruwa ne ta hanyar toshe ɓangaren appendix. <ref name=Piep1982>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pieper R, Kager L, Tidefeldt U | title = Obstruction of appendix vermiformis causing acute appendicitis. An experimental study in the rabbit | journal = Acta Chirurgica Scandinavica | volume = 148 | issue = 1 | pages = 63–72 | year = 1982 | pmid = 7136413 }}</ref> Wannan ya fi faruwa saboda “dutse” da aka lakafta da najasa . Ƙunƙashin ƙwayar lymphoid daga kamuwa da ƙwayar cuta, ƙwayoyin cuta, gallstone, ko ciwace-ciwace na iya haifar da toshewar. <ref name=Har2012>{{cite book|editor-last1=Longo|editor-first1=Dan L.|display-editors=etal|title=Harrison's principles of internal medicine.|date=2012|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York|isbn=978-0-07174889-6|pages = Chapter 300|edition=18th|url=http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=331&Sectionid=40727094|access-date=6 November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330064145/http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=331§ionid=40727094|archive-date=30 March 2016}}</ref> Wannan toshewar yana haifar da ƙarin matsi a cikin appendix, raguwar kwararar jini zuwa kyallen da ke cikin appendix, da haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin appendix yana haifar da kumburi. <ref name=Har2012 /> Haɗuwa da kumburi, raguwar kwararar [[jini]] zuwa appendix da ɓacin rai yana haifar da rauni na nama da mutuwar nama. Idan ba a kula da wannan tsari ba, appendix na iya fashe, yana sakin ƙwayoyin cuta zuwa cikin rami na ciki, yana haifar da ƙarin rikitarwa. <ref name="Schw2010">{{cite book|title=Schwartz's principles of surgery|date=2010|publisher=McGraw-Hill, Medical Pub. Division|location=New York|isbn=978-0-07-1547703|pages = Chapter 30|edition=9th}}</ref> Fahimtar ciwon appendicitis ya dogara ne akan alamomi da alamun mutum. A cikin lamuran da ba a san ganewar asali ba, kulawa ta kusa, hoton likita, da gwaje-gwajen dakin gwaje-gwaje na iya taimakawa. <ref name=Paul2003>{{cite journal | vauthors = Paulson EK, Kalady MF, Pappas TN | title = Clinical practice. Suspected appendicitis | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 348 | issue = 3 | pages = 236–42 | date = January 2003 | pmid = 12529465 | doi = 10.1056/nejmcp013351 | url = http://faculty.vet.upenn.edu/gastro/documents/NEJMappendicitis.pdf | access-date = 2017-11-01 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170922005733/http://faculty.vet.upenn.edu/gastro/documents/NEJMappendicitis.pdf | archive-date = 2017-09-22 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Gwaje-gwajen hoto guda biyu da aka fi amfani da su sune na'urar duban dan tayi da na'urar daukar hoto (CT scan). <ref name=Paul2003 /> An nuna CT scan ya zama daidai fiye da duban dan tayi wajen gano m appendicitis. <ref name=Shogilev2014>{{cite journal | vauthors = Shogilev DJ, Duus N, Odom SR, Shapiro NI | title = Diagnosing appendicitis: evidence-based review of the diagnostic approach in 2014 | journal = The Western Journal of Emergency Medicine | volume = 15 | issue = 7 | pages = 859–71 | date = November 2014 | pmid = 25493136 | pmc = 4251237 | doi = 10.5811/westjem.2014.9.21568 | type = Review }}</ref> Duk da haka, ana iya fi son duban dan tayi a matsayin gwajin hoto na farko a yara da mata masu juna biyu saboda hadarin da ke tattare da bayyanar radiation daga CT scans. <ref name=Paul2003 /> Daidaitaccen magani don m appendicitis shine cirewar appendix na tiyata . Ana iya yin wannan ta hanyar buɗaɗɗen ciki a cikin ciki ( laparotomy ) ko ta ƴan ƙananan ƙulla tare da taimakon kyamarori ( laparoscopy ). Tiyata yana rage haɗarin illa ko mutuwa da ke tattare da fashewar kari. Magungunan rigakafi na iya yin tasiri daidai gwargwado a wasu lokuta na appendicitis marasa fashe. <ref name=Antibiotics2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Varadhan KK, Neal KR, Lobo DN | title = Safety and efficacy of antibiotics compared with appendicectomy for treatment of uncomplicated acute appendicitis: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials | journal = BMJ | volume = 344 | pages = e2156 | date = April 2012 | pmid = 22491789 | pmc = 3320713 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.e2156 }}</ref> Yana daya daga cikin abubuwan da aka fi sani da mahimmanci na ciwon ciki mai tsanani wanda ke zuwa da sauri . A cikin shekarar 2015 kimanin mutane miliyan 11.6 na appendicitis sun faru wanda ya haifar da mutuwar kusan 50,100. <ref name=GBD2015Pre>{{cite journal | author = GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1545–1602 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733282 | pmc = 5055577 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name=GBD2015De>{{cite journal | author = GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1459–1544 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733281 | pmc = 5388903 | doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A Amurka, appendicitis shine mafi yawan sanadin ciwon ciki kwatsam da ake buƙatar tiyata. <ref name=Graf1996 /> A kowace shekara a Amurka, fiye da mutane 300,000 masu fama da cutar appendicitis ana cire su ta hanyar tiyata. <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mason RJ | title = Surgery for appendicitis: is it necessary? | journal = Surgical Infections | volume = 9 | issue = 4 | pages = 481–8 | date = August 2008 | pmid = 18687030 | doi = 10.1089/sur.2007.079 }}</ref> Reginald Fitz an yaba da kasancewa mutum na farko da ya bayyana yanayin a shekarar 1886. <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Fitz RH |title=Perforating inflammation of the vermiform appendix with special reference to its early diagnosis and treatment |journal=American Journal of the Medical Sciences |issue=92 |pages=321–46 |year=1886}}</ref> [[File:En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Appendicitis.webm|thumbtime=1:10|thumb| Takaitaccen bidiyon jagora ( rubutun )]] {{Stub}} == Manazarta == <references /> [[Category: Kiwon lafiya]] 82zbi8qk50w8xot0s7mbby83qb1bp9z 873928 873926 2026-07-01T22:15:46Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 873928 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Blausen_0043_Appendix_Child.png |thumb| Blausen 0043 Appendix Child.]] [[File:Stitches_post_appendicitis_surgery.jpg |thumb| Stitches post appendicitis surgery.]] '''Appendicitis''' shine kumburi na appendix . <ref name=Graf1996>{{cite journal | vauthors = Graffeo CS, Counselman FL | title = Appendicitis | journal = Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America | volume = 14 | issue = 4 | pages = 653–71 | date = November 1996 | pmid = 8921763 | doi = 10.1016/s0733-8627(05)70273-x }}</ref> Alamu sun haɗa da [[Ciwon ciki|ciwon ƙananan ciki]] na dama, tashin [[zuciya]], [[amai]], da rage sha'awar ci ko sha. <ref name=Graf1996 /> Duk da haka, kusan kashi 40% na mutane ba su da waɗannan alamun bayyanar. <ref name=Graf1996 /> Matsanancin rikice-rikice na abin da ya rushe sun haɗa da tartsatsi, kumburi mai zafi na rufin ciki na bangon ciki da [[sepsis]]. Appendicitis yana faruwa ne ta hanyar toshe ɓangaren appendix. <ref name=Piep1982>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pieper R, Kager L, Tidefeldt U | title = Obstruction of appendix vermiformis causing acute appendicitis. An experimental study in the rabbit | journal = Acta Chirurgica Scandinavica | volume = 148 | issue = 1 | pages = 63–72 | year = 1982 | pmid = 7136413 }}</ref> Wannan ya fi faruwa saboda “dutse” da aka lakafta da najasa . Ƙunƙashin ƙwayar lymphoid daga kamuwa da ƙwayar cuta, ƙwayoyin cuta, gallstone, ko ciwace-ciwace na iya haifar da toshewar. <ref name=Har2012>{{cite book|editor-last1=Longo|editor-first1=Dan L.|display-editors=etal|title=Harrison's principles of internal medicine.|date=2012|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York|isbn=978-0-07174889-6|pages = Chapter 300|edition=18th|url=http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=331&Sectionid=40727094|access-date=6 November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330064145/http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=331§ionid=40727094|archive-date=30 March 2016}}</ref> Wannan toshewar yana haifar da ƙarin matsi a cikin appendix, raguwar kwararar jini zuwa kyallen da ke cikin appendix, da haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin appendix yana haifar da kumburi. <ref name=Har2012 /> Haɗuwa da kumburi, raguwar kwararar [[jini]] zuwa appendix da ɓacin rai yana haifar da rauni na nama da mutuwar nama. Idan ba a kula da wannan tsari ba, appendix na iya fashewa, yana sakin ƙwayoyin cuta zuwa cikin rami na ciki, yana haifar da ƙarin rikitarwa. <ref name="Schw2010">{{cite book|title=Schwartz's principles of surgery|date=2010|publisher=McGraw-Hill, Medical Pub. Division|location=New York|isbn=978-0-07-1547703|pages = Chapter 30|edition=9th}}</ref> Fahimtar ciwon appendicitis ya dogara ne akan alamomi da alamun mutum. A cikin lamuran da ba a san ganewar asali ba, kulawa ta kusa, hoton likita, da gwaje-gwajen dakin gwaje-gwaje na iya taimakawa. <ref name=Paul2003>{{cite journal | vauthors = Paulson EK, Kalady MF, Pappas TN | title = Clinical practice. Suspected appendicitis | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 348 | issue = 3 | pages = 236–42 | date = January 2003 | pmid = 12529465 | doi = 10.1056/nejmcp013351 | url = http://faculty.vet.upenn.edu/gastro/documents/NEJMappendicitis.pdf | access-date = 2017-11-01 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170922005733/http://faculty.vet.upenn.edu/gastro/documents/NEJMappendicitis.pdf | archive-date = 2017-09-22 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Gwaje-gwajen hoto guda biyu da aka fi amfani da su sune na'urar duban dan tayi da na'urar daukar hoto (CT scan). <ref name=Paul2003 /> An nuna CT scan ya zama daidai fiye da duban dan tayi wajen gano m appendicitis. <ref name=Shogilev2014>{{cite journal | vauthors = Shogilev DJ, Duus N, Odom SR, Shapiro NI | title = Diagnosing appendicitis: evidence-based review of the diagnostic approach in 2014 | journal = The Western Journal of Emergency Medicine | volume = 15 | issue = 7 | pages = 859–71 | date = November 2014 | pmid = 25493136 | pmc = 4251237 | doi = 10.5811/westjem.2014.9.21568 | type = Review }}</ref> Duk da haka, ana iya fi son duban dan tayi a matsayin gwajin hoto na farko a yara da mata masu juna biyu saboda hadarin da ke tattare da bayyanar radiation daga CT scans. <ref name=Paul2003 /> Daidaitaccen magani don m appendicitis shine cirewar appendix na tiyata . Ana iya yin wannan ta hanyar buɗaɗɗen ciki a cikin ciki ( laparotomy ) ko ta ƴan ƙananan ƙulla tare da taimakon kyamarori ( laparoscopy ). Tiyata yana rage haɗarin illa ko mutuwa da ke tattare da fashewar kari. Magungunan rigakafi na iya yin tasiri daidai gwargwado a wasu lokuta na appendicitis marasa fashe. <ref name=Antibiotics2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Varadhan KK, Neal KR, Lobo DN | title = Safety and efficacy of antibiotics compared with appendicectomy for treatment of uncomplicated acute appendicitis: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials | journal = BMJ | volume = 344 | pages = e2156 | date = April 2012 | pmid = 22491789 | pmc = 3320713 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.e2156 }}</ref> Yana daya daga cikin abubuwan da aka fi sani da mahimmanci na ciwon ciki mai tsanani wanda ke zuwa da sauri . A cikin shekarar 2015 kimanin mutane miliyan 11.6 na appendicitis sun faru wanda ya haifar da mutuwar kusan 50,100. <ref name=GBD2015Pre>{{cite journal | author = GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1545–1602 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733282 | pmc = 5055577 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name=GBD2015De>{{cite journal | author = GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1459–1544 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733281 | pmc = 5388903 | doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A Amurka, appendicitis shine mafi yawan sanadin ciwon ciki kwatsam da ake buƙatar tiyata. <ref name=Graf1996 /> A kowace shekara a Amurka, fiye da mutane 300,000 masu fama da cutar appendicitis ana cire su ta hanyar tiyata. <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mason RJ | title = Surgery for appendicitis: is it necessary? | journal = Surgical Infections | volume = 9 | issue = 4 | pages = 481–8 | date = August 2008 | pmid = 18687030 | doi = 10.1089/sur.2007.079 }}</ref> Reginald Fitz an yaba da kasancewa mutum na farko da ya bayyana yanayin a shekarar 1886. <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Fitz RH |title=Perforating inflammation of the vermiform appendix with special reference to its early diagnosis and treatment |journal=American Journal of the Medical Sciences |issue=92 |pages=321–46 |year=1886}}</ref> [[File:En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Appendicitis.webm|thumbtime=1:10|thumb| Takaitaccen bidiyon jagora ( rubutun )]] {{Stub}} == Manazarta == <references /> [[Category: Kiwon lafiya]] m0hx5tghynq6vwgk1np10ixgvnfhxc5 873930 873928 2026-07-01T22:16:48Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 873930 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Blausen_0043_Appendix_Child.png |thumb| Blausen 0043 Appendix Child.]] [[File:Stitches_post_appendicitis_surgery.jpg |thumb| Stitches post appendicitis surgery.]] '''Appendicitis''' shine kumburi na appendix . <ref name=Graf1996>{{cite journal | vauthors = Graffeo CS, Counselman FL | title = Appendicitis | journal = Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America | volume = 14 | issue = 4 | pages = 653–71 | date = November 1996 | pmid = 8921763 | doi = 10.1016/s0733-8627(05)70273-x }}</ref> Alamu sun haɗa da [[Ciwon ciki|ciwon ƙananan ciki]] na dama, tashin [[zuciya]], [[amai]], da rage sha'awar ci ko sha. <ref name=Graf1996 /> Duk da haka, kusan kashi 40% na mutane ba su da waɗannan alamun bayyanar. <ref name=Graf1996 /> Matsanancin rikice-rikice na abin da ya rushe sun haɗa da tartsatsi, kumburi mai zafi na rufin ciki na bangon ciki da [[sepsis]]. Appendicitis yana faruwa ne ta hanyar toshe ɓangaren appendix. <ref name=Piep1982>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pieper R, Kager L, Tidefeldt U | title = Obstruction of appendix vermiformis causing acute appendicitis. An experimental study in the rabbit | journal = Acta Chirurgica Scandinavica | volume = 148 | issue = 1 | pages = 63–72 | year = 1982 | pmid = 7136413 }}</ref> Wannan ya fi faruwa saboda “dutse” da aka lakafta da najasa . Ƙunƙashin ƙwayar lymphoid daga kamuwa da ƙwayar cuta, ƙwayoyin cuta, gallstone, ko ciwace-ciwace na iya haifar da toshewar. <ref name=Har2012>{{cite book|editor-last1=Longo|editor-first1=Dan L.|display-editors=etal|title=Harrison's principles of internal medicine.|date=2012|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York|isbn=978-0-07174889-6|pages = Chapter 300|edition=18th|url=http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=331&Sectionid=40727094|access-date=6 November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330064145/http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=331§ionid=40727094|archive-date=30 March 2016}}</ref> Wannan toshewar yana haifar da ƙarin matsi a cikin appendix, raguwar kwararar jini zuwa kyallen da ke cikin appendix, da haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin appendix yana haifar da kumburi. <ref name=Har2012 /> Haɗuwa da kumburi, raguwar kwararar [[jini]] zuwa appendix da ɓacin rai yana haifar da rauni na nama da mutuwar nama. Idan ba a kula da wannan tsari ba, appendix na iya fashewa, yana sakin ƙwayoyin cuta zuwa cikin rami na ciki, yana haifar da ƙarin rikitarwa. <ref name="Schw2010">{{cite book|title=Schwartz's principles of surgery|date=2010|publisher=McGraw-Hill, Medical Pub. Division|location=New York|isbn=978-0-07-1547703|pages = Chapter 30|edition=9th}}</ref> Fahimtar ciwon appendicitis ya dogara ne akan alamomi da alamun mutum. A cikin lamuran da ba a san ganewar asali ba, kulawa ta kusa, hoton likita, da gwaje-gwajen dakin gwaje-gwaje na iya taimakawa sosai. <ref name=Paul2003>{{cite journal | vauthors = Paulson EK, Kalady MF, Pappas TN | title = Clinical practice. Suspected appendicitis | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 348 | issue = 3 | pages = 236–42 | date = January 2003 | pmid = 12529465 | doi = 10.1056/nejmcp013351 | url = http://faculty.vet.upenn.edu/gastro/documents/NEJMappendicitis.pdf | access-date = 2017-11-01 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170922005733/http://faculty.vet.upenn.edu/gastro/documents/NEJMappendicitis.pdf | archive-date = 2017-09-22 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Gwaje-gwajen hoto guda biyu da aka fi amfani da su sune na'urar duban dan tayi da na'urar daukar hoto (CT scan). <ref name=Paul2003 /> An nuna CT scan ya zama daidai fiye da duban dan tayi wajen gano m appendicitis. <ref name=Shogilev2014>{{cite journal | vauthors = Shogilev DJ, Duus N, Odom SR, Shapiro NI | title = Diagnosing appendicitis: evidence-based review of the diagnostic approach in 2014 | journal = The Western Journal of Emergency Medicine | volume = 15 | issue = 7 | pages = 859–71 | date = November 2014 | pmid = 25493136 | pmc = 4251237 | doi = 10.5811/westjem.2014.9.21568 | type = Review }}</ref> Duk da haka, ana iya fi son duban dan tayi a matsayin gwajin hoto na farko a yara da mata masu juna biyu saboda hadarin da ke tattare da bayyanar radiation daga CT scans. <ref name=Paul2003 /> Daidaitaccen magani don m appendicitis shine cirewar appendix na tiyata . Ana iya yin wannan ta hanyar buɗaɗɗen ciki a cikin ciki ( laparotomy ) ko ta ƴan ƙananan ƙulla tare da taimakon kyamarori ( laparoscopy ). Tiyata yana rage haɗarin illa ko mutuwa da ke tattare da fashewar kari. Magungunan rigakafi na iya yin tasiri daidai gwargwado a wasu lokuta na appendicitis marasa fashe. <ref name=Antibiotics2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Varadhan KK, Neal KR, Lobo DN | title = Safety and efficacy of antibiotics compared with appendicectomy for treatment of uncomplicated acute appendicitis: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials | journal = BMJ | volume = 344 | pages = e2156 | date = April 2012 | pmid = 22491789 | pmc = 3320713 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.e2156 }}</ref> Yana daya daga cikin abubuwan da aka fi sani da mahimmanci na ciwon ciki mai tsanani wanda ke zuwa da sauri . A cikin shekarar 2015 kimanin mutane miliyan 11.6 na appendicitis sun faru wanda ya haifar da mutuwar kusan 50,100. <ref name=GBD2015Pre>{{cite journal | author = GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1545–1602 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733282 | pmc = 5055577 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name=GBD2015De>{{cite journal | author = GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1459–1544 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733281 | pmc = 5388903 | doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A Amurka, appendicitis shine mafi yawan sanadin ciwon ciki kwatsam da ake buƙatar tiyata. <ref name=Graf1996 /> A kowace shekara a Amurka, fiye da mutane 300,000 masu fama da cutar appendicitis ana cire su ta hanyar tiyata. <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mason RJ | title = Surgery for appendicitis: is it necessary? | journal = Surgical Infections | volume = 9 | issue = 4 | pages = 481–8 | date = August 2008 | pmid = 18687030 | doi = 10.1089/sur.2007.079 }}</ref> Reginald Fitz an yaba da kasancewa mutum na farko da ya bayyana yanayin a shekarar 1886. <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Fitz RH |title=Perforating inflammation of the vermiform appendix with special reference to its early diagnosis and treatment |journal=American Journal of the Medical Sciences |issue=92 |pages=321–46 |year=1886}}</ref> [[File:En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Appendicitis.webm|thumbtime=1:10|thumb| Takaitaccen bidiyon jagora ( rubutun )]] {{Stub}} == Manazarta == <references /> [[Category: Kiwon lafiya]] nrldl2oq83f8w2pd1p8v8zbiw88t7ed 873931 873930 2026-07-01T22:17:22Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 873931 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Blausen_0043_Appendix_Child.png |thumb| Blausen 0043 Appendix Child.]] [[File:Stitches_post_appendicitis_surgery.jpg |thumb| Stitches post appendicitis surgery.]] '''Appendicitis''' shine kumburi na appendix . <ref name=Graf1996>{{cite journal | vauthors = Graffeo CS, Counselman FL | title = Appendicitis | journal = Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America | volume = 14 | issue = 4 | pages = 653–71 | date = November 1996 | pmid = 8921763 | doi = 10.1016/s0733-8627(05)70273-x }}</ref> Alamu sun haɗa da [[Ciwon ciki|ciwon ƙananan ciki]] na dama, tashin [[zuciya]], [[amai]], da rage sha'awar ci ko sha. <ref name=Graf1996 /> Duk da haka, kusan kashi 40% na mutane ba su da waɗannan alamun bayyanar. <ref name=Graf1996 /> Matsanancin rikice-rikice na abin da ya rushe sun haɗa da tartsatsi, kumburi mai zafi na rufin ciki na bangon ciki da [[sepsis]]. Appendicitis yana faruwa ne ta hanyar toshe ɓangaren appendix. <ref name=Piep1982>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pieper R, Kager L, Tidefeldt U | title = Obstruction of appendix vermiformis causing acute appendicitis. An experimental study in the rabbit | journal = Acta Chirurgica Scandinavica | volume = 148 | issue = 1 | pages = 63–72 | year = 1982 | pmid = 7136413 }}</ref> Wannan ya fi faruwa saboda “dutse” da aka lakafta da najasa . Ƙunƙashin ƙwayar lymphoid daga kamuwa da ƙwayar cuta, ƙwayoyin cuta, gallstone, ko ciwace-ciwace na iya haifar da toshewar. <ref name=Har2012>{{cite book|editor-last1=Longo|editor-first1=Dan L.|display-editors=etal|title=Harrison's principles of internal medicine.|date=2012|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York|isbn=978-0-07174889-6|pages = Chapter 300|edition=18th|url=http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=331&Sectionid=40727094|access-date=6 November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330064145/http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=331§ionid=40727094|archive-date=30 March 2016}}</ref> Wannan toshewar yana haifar da ƙarin matsi a cikin appendix, raguwar kwararar jini zuwa kyallen da ke cikin appendix, da haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin appendix yana haifar da kumburi. <ref name=Har2012 /> Haɗuwa da kumburi, raguwar kwararar [[jini]] zuwa appendix da ɓacin rai yana haifar da rauni na nama da mutuwar nama. Idan ba a kula da wannan tsari ba, appendix na iya fashewa, yana sakin ƙwayoyin cuta zuwa cikin rami na ciki, yana haifar da ƙarin rikitarwa. <ref name="Schw2010">{{cite book|title=Schwartz's principles of surgery|date=2010|publisher=McGraw-Hill, Medical Pub. Division|location=New York|isbn=978-0-07-1547703|pages = Chapter 30|edition=9th}}</ref> Fahimtar ciwon appendicitis ya dogara ne akan alamomi da alamun mutum. A cikin lamuran da ba a san ganewar asali ba, kulawa ta kusa, hoton likita, da gwaje-gwajen dakin gwaje-gwaje na iya taimakawa sosai. <ref name=Paul2003>{{cite journal | vauthors = Paulson EK, Kalady MF, Pappas TN | title = Clinical practice. Suspected appendicitis | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 348 | issue = 3 | pages = 236–42 | date = January 2003 | pmid = 12529465 | doi = 10.1056/nejmcp013351 | url = http://faculty.vet.upenn.edu/gastro/documents/NEJMappendicitis.pdf | access-date = 2017-11-01 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170922005733/http://faculty.vet.upenn.edu/gastro/documents/NEJMappendicitis.pdf | archive-date = 2017-09-22 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Gwaje-gwajen hoto guda biyu da aka fi amfani da su sune na'urar duban dan tayi da na'urar daukar hoto (CT scan). <ref name=Paul2003 /> An nuna CT scan ya zama daidai fiye da duban dan tayi wajen gano m appendicitis. <ref name=Shogilev2014>{{cite journal | vauthors = Shogilev DJ, Duus N, Odom SR, Shapiro NI | title = Diagnosing appendicitis: evidence-based review of the diagnostic approach in 2014 | journal = The Western Journal of Emergency Medicine | volume = 15 | issue = 7 | pages = 859–71 | date = November 2014 | pmid = 25493136 | pmc = 4251237 | doi = 10.5811/westjem.2014.9.21568 | type = Review }}</ref> Duk da haka, ana iya fi son duban dan tayi a matsayin gwajin hoto na farko a yara da mata masu juna biyu saboda hadarin da ke tattare da bayyanar radiation daga CT scans. <ref name=Paul2003 /> Daidaitaccen magani don magaappendicitis shine cirewar appendix na tiyata . Ana iya yin wannan ta hanyar buɗaɗɗen ciki a cikin ciki ( laparotomy ) ko ta ƴan ƙananan ƙulla tare da taimakon kyamarori ( laparoscopy ). Tiyata yana rage haɗarin illa ko mutuwa da ke tattare da fashewar kari. Magungunan rigakafi na iya yin tasiri daidai gwargwado a wasu lokuta na appendicitis marasa fashe. <ref name=Antibiotics2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Varadhan KK, Neal KR, Lobo DN | title = Safety and efficacy of antibiotics compared with appendicectomy for treatment of uncomplicated acute appendicitis: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials | journal = BMJ | volume = 344 | pages = e2156 | date = April 2012 | pmid = 22491789 | pmc = 3320713 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.e2156 }}</ref> Yana daya daga cikin abubuwan da aka fi sani da mahimmanci na ciwon ciki mai tsanani wanda ke zuwa da sauri . A cikin shekarar 2015 kimanin mutane miliyan 11.6 na appendicitis sun faru wanda ya haifar da mutuwar kusan 50,100. <ref name=GBD2015Pre>{{cite journal | author = GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1545–1602 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733282 | pmc = 5055577 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name=GBD2015De>{{cite journal | author = GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1459–1544 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733281 | pmc = 5388903 | doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A Amurka, appendicitis shine mafi yawan sanadin ciwon ciki kwatsam da ake buƙatar tiyata. <ref name=Graf1996 /> A kowace shekara a Amurka, fiye da mutane 300,000 masu fama da cutar appendicitis ana cire su ta hanyar tiyata. <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mason RJ | title = Surgery for appendicitis: is it necessary? | journal = Surgical Infections | volume = 9 | issue = 4 | pages = 481–8 | date = August 2008 | pmid = 18687030 | doi = 10.1089/sur.2007.079 }}</ref> Reginald Fitz an yaba da kasancewa mutum na farko da ya bayyana yanayin a shekarar 1886. <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Fitz RH |title=Perforating inflammation of the vermiform appendix with special reference to its early diagnosis and treatment |journal=American Journal of the Medical Sciences |issue=92 |pages=321–46 |year=1886}}</ref> [[File:En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Appendicitis.webm|thumbtime=1:10|thumb| Takaitaccen bidiyon jagora ( rubutun )]] {{Stub}} == Manazarta == <references /> [[Category: Kiwon lafiya]] a1axyb0hov76qzql3vvd3gcn3oavmsz 873933 873931 2026-07-01T22:18:27Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 873933 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Blausen_0043_Appendix_Child.png |thumb| Blausen 0043 Appendix Child.]] [[File:Stitches_post_appendicitis_surgery.jpg |thumb| Stitches post appendicitis surgery.]] '''Appendicitis''' shine kumburi na appendix . <ref name=Graf1996>{{cite journal | vauthors = Graffeo CS, Counselman FL | title = Appendicitis | journal = Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America | volume = 14 | issue = 4 | pages = 653–71 | date = November 1996 | pmid = 8921763 | doi = 10.1016/s0733-8627(05)70273-x }}</ref> Alamu sun haɗa da [[Ciwon ciki|ciwon ƙananan ciki]] na dama, tashin [[zuciya]], [[amai]], da rage sha'awar ci ko sha. <ref name=Graf1996 /> Duk da haka, kusan kashi 40% na mutane ba su da waɗannan alamun bayyanar. <ref name=Graf1996 /> Matsanancin rikice-rikice na abin da ya rushe sun haɗa da tartsatsi, kumburi mai zafi na rufin ciki na bangon ciki da [[sepsis]]. Appendicitis yana faruwa ne ta hanyar toshe ɓangaren appendix. <ref name=Piep1982>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pieper R, Kager L, Tidefeldt U | title = Obstruction of appendix vermiformis causing acute appendicitis. An experimental study in the rabbit | journal = Acta Chirurgica Scandinavica | volume = 148 | issue = 1 | pages = 63–72 | year = 1982 | pmid = 7136413 }}</ref> Wannan ya fi faruwa saboda “dutse” da aka lakafta da najasa . Ƙunƙashin ƙwayar lymphoid daga kamuwa da ƙwayar cuta, ƙwayoyin cuta, gallstone, ko ciwace-ciwace na iya haifar da toshewar. <ref name=Har2012>{{cite book|editor-last1=Longo|editor-first1=Dan L.|display-editors=etal|title=Harrison's principles of internal medicine.|date=2012|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York|isbn=978-0-07174889-6|pages = Chapter 300|edition=18th|url=http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=331&Sectionid=40727094|access-date=6 November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330064145/http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=331§ionid=40727094|archive-date=30 March 2016}}</ref> Wannan toshewar yana haifar da ƙarin matsi a cikin appendix, raguwar kwararar jini zuwa kyallen da ke cikin appendix, da haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin appendix yana haifar da kumburi. <ref name=Har2012 /> Haɗuwa da kumburi, raguwar kwararar [[jini]] zuwa appendix da ɓacin rai yana haifar da rauni na nama da mutuwar nama. Idan ba a kula da wannan tsari ba, appendix na iya fashewa, yana sakin ƙwayoyin cuta zuwa cikin rami na ciki, yana haifar da ƙarin rikitarwa. <ref name="Schw2010">{{cite book|title=Schwartz's principles of surgery|date=2010|publisher=McGraw-Hill, Medical Pub. Division|location=New York|isbn=978-0-07-1547703|pages = Chapter 30|edition=9th}}</ref> Fahimtar ciwon appendicitis ya dogara ne akan alamomi da alamun mutum. A cikin lamuran da ba a san ganewar asali ba, kulawa ta kusa, hoton likita, da gwaje-gwajen dakin gwaje-gwaje na iya taimakawa sosai. <ref name=Paul2003>{{cite journal | vauthors = Paulson EK, Kalady MF, Pappas TN | title = Clinical practice. Suspected appendicitis | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 348 | issue = 3 | pages = 236–42 | date = January 2003 | pmid = 12529465 | doi = 10.1056/nejmcp013351 | url = http://faculty.vet.upenn.edu/gastro/documents/NEJMappendicitis.pdf | access-date = 2017-11-01 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170922005733/http://faculty.vet.upenn.edu/gastro/documents/NEJMappendicitis.pdf | archive-date = 2017-09-22 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Gwaje-gwajen hoto guda biyu da aka fi amfani da su sune na'urar duban dan tayi da na'urar daukar hoto (CT scan). <ref name=Paul2003 /> An nuna CT scan ya zama daidai fiye da duban dan tayi wajen gano m appendicitis. <ref name=Shogilev2014>{{cite journal | vauthors = Shogilev DJ, Duus N, Odom SR, Shapiro NI | title = Diagnosing appendicitis: evidence-based review of the diagnostic approach in 2014 | journal = The Western Journal of Emergency Medicine | volume = 15 | issue = 7 | pages = 859–71 | date = November 2014 | pmid = 25493136 | pmc = 4251237 | doi = 10.5811/westjem.2014.9.21568 | type = Review }}</ref> Duk da haka, ana iya fi son duban dan tayi a matsayin gwajin hoto na farko a yara da mata masu juna biyu saboda hadarin da ke tattare da bayyanar radiation daga CT scans. <ref name=Paul2003 /> Daidaitaccen magani don magance appendicitis shine cirewar appendix na tiyata . Ana iya yin wannan ta hanyar buɗaɗɗen ciki a cikin ciki ( laparotomy ) ko ta ƴan ƙananan ƙulla tare da taimakon kyamarori ( laparoscopy ). Tiyata yana rage haɗarin illa ko mutuwa da ke tattare da fashewar kari. Magungunan rigakafi na iya yin tasiri daidai gwargwado a wasu lokuta na appendicitis marasa fashe. <ref name=Antibiotics2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Varadhan KK, Neal KR, Lobo DN | title = Safety and efficacy of antibiotics compared with appendicectomy for treatment of uncomplicated acute appendicitis: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials | journal = BMJ | volume = 344 | pages = e2156 | date = April 2012 | pmid = 22491789 | pmc = 3320713 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.e2156 }}</ref> Yana daya daga cikin abubuwan da aka fi sani da mahimmanci na ciwon ciki mai tsanani wanda ke zuwa da sauri . A cikin shekarar 2015 kimanin mutane miliyan 11.6 na appendicitis sun faru wanda ya haifar da mutuwar kusan 50,100. <ref name=GBD2015Pre>{{cite journal | author = GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1545–1602 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733282 | pmc = 5055577 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name=GBD2015De>{{cite journal | author = GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1459–1544 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733281 | pmc = 5388903 | doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A Amurka, appendicitis shine mafi yawan sanadin ciwon ciki kwatsam da ake buƙatar tiyata. <ref name=Graf1996 /> A kowace shekara a Amurka, fiye da mutane 300,000 masu fama da cutar appendicitis ana cire su ta hanyar tiyata. <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mason RJ | title = Surgery for appendicitis: is it necessary? | journal = Surgical Infections | volume = 9 | issue = 4 | pages = 481–8 | date = August 2008 | pmid = 18687030 | doi = 10.1089/sur.2007.079 }}</ref> Reginald Fitz an yaba da kasancewa mutum na farko da ya bayyana yanayin a shekarar 1886. <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Fitz RH |title=Perforating inflammation of the vermiform appendix with special reference to its early diagnosis and treatment |journal=American Journal of the Medical Sciences |issue=92 |pages=321–46 |year=1886}}</ref> [[File:En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Appendicitis.webm|thumbtime=1:10|thumb| Takaitaccen bidiyon jagora ( rubutun )]] {{Stub}} == Manazarta == <references /> [[Category: Kiwon lafiya]] k2rxid1y5dke2sjoc6j4a09s5vs9xeo 873935 873933 2026-07-01T22:19:11Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 873935 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Blausen_0043_Appendix_Child.png |thumb| Blausen 0043 Appendix Child.]] [[File:Stitches_post_appendicitis_surgery.jpg |thumb| Stitches post appendicitis surgery.]] '''Appendicitis''' shine kumburi na appendix . <ref name=Graf1996>{{cite journal | vauthors = Graffeo CS, Counselman FL | title = Appendicitis | journal = Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America | volume = 14 | issue = 4 | pages = 653–71 | date = November 1996 | pmid = 8921763 | doi = 10.1016/s0733-8627(05)70273-x }}</ref> Alamu sun haɗa da [[Ciwon ciki|ciwon ƙananan ciki]] na dama, tashin [[zuciya]], [[amai]], da rage sha'awar ci ko sha. <ref name=Graf1996 /> Duk da haka, kusan kashi 40% na mutane ba su da waɗannan alamun bayyanar. <ref name=Graf1996 /> Matsanancin rikice-rikice na abin da ya rushe sun haɗa da tartsatsi, kumburi mai zafi na rufin ciki na bangon ciki da [[sepsis]]. Appendicitis yana faruwa ne ta hanyar toshe ɓangaren appendix. <ref name=Piep1982>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pieper R, Kager L, Tidefeldt U | title = Obstruction of appendix vermiformis causing acute appendicitis. An experimental study in the rabbit | journal = Acta Chirurgica Scandinavica | volume = 148 | issue = 1 | pages = 63–72 | year = 1982 | pmid = 7136413 }}</ref> Wannan ya fi faruwa saboda “dutse” da aka lakafta da najasa . Ƙunƙashin ƙwayar lymphoid daga kamuwa da ƙwayar cuta, ƙwayoyin cuta, gallstone, ko ciwace-ciwace na iya haifar da toshewar. <ref name=Har2012>{{cite book|editor-last1=Longo|editor-first1=Dan L.|display-editors=etal|title=Harrison's principles of internal medicine.|date=2012|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York|isbn=978-0-07174889-6|pages = Chapter 300|edition=18th|url=http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=331&Sectionid=40727094|access-date=6 November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330064145/http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=331§ionid=40727094|archive-date=30 March 2016}}</ref> Wannan toshewar yana haifar da ƙarin matsi a cikin appendix, raguwar kwararar jini zuwa kyallen da ke cikin appendix, da haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin appendix yana haifar da kumburi. <ref name=Har2012 /> Haɗuwa da kumburi, raguwar kwararar [[jini]] zuwa appendix da ɓacin rai yana haifar da rauni na nama da mutuwar nama. Idan ba a kula da wannan tsari ba, appendix na iya fashewa, yana sakin ƙwayoyin cuta zuwa cikin rami na ciki, yana haifar da ƙarin rikitarwa. <ref name="Schw2010">{{cite book|title=Schwartz's principles of surgery|date=2010|publisher=McGraw-Hill, Medical Pub. Division|location=New York|isbn=978-0-07-1547703|pages = Chapter 30|edition=9th}}</ref> Fahimtar ciwon appendicitis ya dogara ne akan alamomi da alamun mutum. A cikin lamuran da ba a san ganewar asali ba, kulawa ta kusa, hoton likita, da gwaje-gwajen dakin gwaje-gwaje na iya taimakawa sosai. <ref name=Paul2003>{{cite journal | vauthors = Paulson EK, Kalady MF, Pappas TN | title = Clinical practice. Suspected appendicitis | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 348 | issue = 3 | pages = 236–42 | date = January 2003 | pmid = 12529465 | doi = 10.1056/nejmcp013351 | url = http://faculty.vet.upenn.edu/gastro/documents/NEJMappendicitis.pdf | access-date = 2017-11-01 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170922005733/http://faculty.vet.upenn.edu/gastro/documents/NEJMappendicitis.pdf | archive-date = 2017-09-22 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Gwaje-gwajen hoto guda biyu da aka fi amfani da su sune na'urar duban dan tayi da na'urar daukar hoto (CT scan). <ref name=Paul2003 /> An nuna CT scan ya zama daidai fiye da duban dan tayi wajen gano m appendicitis. <ref name=Shogilev2014>{{cite journal | vauthors = Shogilev DJ, Duus N, Odom SR, Shapiro NI | title = Diagnosing appendicitis: evidence-based review of the diagnostic approach in 2014 | journal = The Western Journal of Emergency Medicine | volume = 15 | issue = 7 | pages = 859–71 | date = November 2014 | pmid = 25493136 | pmc = 4251237 | doi = 10.5811/westjem.2014.9.21568 | type = Review }}</ref> Duk da haka, ana iya fi son duban dan tayi a matsayin gwajin hoto na farko a yara da mata masu juna biyu saboda hadarin da ke tattare da bayyanar radiation daga CT scans. <ref name=Paul2003 /> Daidaitaccen magance appendicitis shine cirewar appendix na tiyata . Ana iya yin wannan ta hanyar buɗaɗɗen ciki a cikin ciki ( laparotomy ) ko ta ƴan ƙananan ƙulla tare da taimakon kyamarori ( laparoscopy ). Tiyata yana rage haɗarin illa ko mutuwa da ke tattare da fashewar kari. Magungunan rigakafi na iya yin tasiri daidai gwargwado a wasu lokuta na appendicitis marasa fashe. <ref name=Antibiotics2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Varadhan KK, Neal KR, Lobo DN | title = Safety and efficacy of antibiotics compared with appendicectomy for treatment of uncomplicated acute appendicitis: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials | journal = BMJ | volume = 344 | pages = e2156 | date = April 2012 | pmid = 22491789 | pmc = 3320713 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.e2156 }}</ref> Yana daya daga cikin abubuwan da aka fi sani da mahimmanci na ciwon ciki mai tsanani wanda ke zuwa da sauri . A cikin shekarar 2015 kimanin mutane miliyan 11.6 na appendicitis sun faru wanda ya haifar da mutuwar kusan 50,100. <ref name=GBD2015Pre>{{cite journal | author = GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1545–1602 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733282 | pmc = 5055577 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name=GBD2015De>{{cite journal | author = GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1459–1544 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733281 | pmc = 5388903 | doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A Amurka, appendicitis shine mafi yawan sanadin ciwon ciki kwatsam da ake buƙatar tiyata. <ref name=Graf1996 /> A kowace shekara a Amurka, fiye da mutane 300,000 masu fama da cutar appendicitis ana cire su ta hanyar tiyata. <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mason RJ | title = Surgery for appendicitis: is it necessary? | journal = Surgical Infections | volume = 9 | issue = 4 | pages = 481–8 | date = August 2008 | pmid = 18687030 | doi = 10.1089/sur.2007.079 }}</ref> Reginald Fitz an yaba da kasancewa mutum na farko da ya bayyana yanayin a shekarar 1886. <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Fitz RH |title=Perforating inflammation of the vermiform appendix with special reference to its early diagnosis and treatment |journal=American Journal of the Medical Sciences |issue=92 |pages=321–46 |year=1886}}</ref> [[File:En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Appendicitis.webm|thumbtime=1:10|thumb| Takaitaccen bidiyon jagora ( rubutun )]] {{Stub}} == Manazarta == <references /> [[Category: Kiwon lafiya]] 2rtoekzeb20z1eqopflg2f7csiqzi29 873936 873935 2026-07-01T22:19:36Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 873936 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Blausen_0043_Appendix_Child.png |thumb| Blausen 0043 Appendix Child.]] [[File:Stitches_post_appendicitis_surgery.jpg |thumb| Stitches post appendicitis surgery.]] '''Appendicitis''' shine kumburi na appendix . <ref name=Graf1996>{{cite journal | vauthors = Graffeo CS, Counselman FL | title = Appendicitis | journal = Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America | volume = 14 | issue = 4 | pages = 653–71 | date = November 1996 | pmid = 8921763 | doi = 10.1016/s0733-8627(05)70273-x }}</ref> Alamu sun haɗa da [[Ciwon ciki|ciwon ƙananan ciki]] na dama, tashin [[zuciya]], [[amai]], da rage sha'awar ci ko sha. <ref name=Graf1996 /> Duk da haka, kusan kashi 40% na mutane ba su da waɗannan alamun bayyanar. <ref name=Graf1996 /> Matsanancin rikice-rikice na abin da ya rushe sun haɗa da tartsatsi, kumburi mai zafi na rufin ciki na bangon ciki da [[sepsis]]. Appendicitis yana faruwa ne ta hanyar toshe ɓangaren appendix. <ref name=Piep1982>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pieper R, Kager L, Tidefeldt U | title = Obstruction of appendix vermiformis causing acute appendicitis. An experimental study in the rabbit | journal = Acta Chirurgica Scandinavica | volume = 148 | issue = 1 | pages = 63–72 | year = 1982 | pmid = 7136413 }}</ref> Wannan ya fi faruwa saboda “dutse” da aka lakafta da najasa . Ƙunƙashin ƙwayar lymphoid daga kamuwa da ƙwayar cuta, ƙwayoyin cuta, gallstone, ko ciwace-ciwace na iya haifar da toshewar. <ref name=Har2012>{{cite book|editor-last1=Longo|editor-first1=Dan L.|display-editors=etal|title=Harrison's principles of internal medicine.|date=2012|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York|isbn=978-0-07174889-6|pages = Chapter 300|edition=18th|url=http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=331&Sectionid=40727094|access-date=6 November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330064145/http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=331§ionid=40727094|archive-date=30 March 2016}}</ref> Wannan toshewar yana haifar da ƙarin matsi a cikin appendix, raguwar kwararar jini zuwa kyallen da ke cikin appendix, da haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin appendix yana haifar da kumburi. <ref name=Har2012 /> Haɗuwa da kumburi, raguwar kwararar [[jini]] zuwa appendix da ɓacin rai yana haifar da rauni na nama da mutuwar nama. Idan ba a kula da wannan tsari ba, appendix na iya fashewa, yana sakin ƙwayoyin cuta zuwa cikin rami na ciki, yana haifar da ƙarin rikitarwa. <ref name="Schw2010">{{cite book|title=Schwartz's principles of surgery|date=2010|publisher=McGraw-Hill, Medical Pub. Division|location=New York|isbn=978-0-07-1547703|pages = Chapter 30|edition=9th}}</ref> Fahimtar ciwon appendicitis ya dogara ne akan alamomi da alamun mutum. A cikin lamuran da ba a san ganewar asali ba, kulawa ta kusa, hoton likita, da gwaje-gwajen dakin gwaje-gwaje na iya taimakawa sosai. <ref name=Paul2003>{{cite journal | vauthors = Paulson EK, Kalady MF, Pappas TN | title = Clinical practice. Suspected appendicitis | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 348 | issue = 3 | pages = 236–42 | date = January 2003 | pmid = 12529465 | doi = 10.1056/nejmcp013351 | url = http://faculty.vet.upenn.edu/gastro/documents/NEJMappendicitis.pdf | access-date = 2017-11-01 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170922005733/http://faculty.vet.upenn.edu/gastro/documents/NEJMappendicitis.pdf | archive-date = 2017-09-22 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Gwaje-gwajen hoto guda biyu da aka fi amfani da su sune na'urar duban dan tayi da na'urar daukar hoto (CT scan). <ref name=Paul2003 /> An nuna CT scan ya zama daidai fiye da duban dan tayi wajen gano m appendicitis. <ref name=Shogilev2014>{{cite journal | vauthors = Shogilev DJ, Duus N, Odom SR, Shapiro NI | title = Diagnosing appendicitis: evidence-based review of the diagnostic approach in 2014 | journal = The Western Journal of Emergency Medicine | volume = 15 | issue = 7 | pages = 859–71 | date = November 2014 | pmid = 25493136 | pmc = 4251237 | doi = 10.5811/westjem.2014.9.21568 | type = Review }}</ref> Duk da haka, ana iya fi son duban dan tayi a matsayin gwajin hoto na farko a yara da mata masu juna biyu saboda hadarin da ke tattare da bayyanar radiation daga CT scans. <ref name=Paul2003 /> Inganitaccen magance appendicitis shine cirewar appendix na tiyata . Ana iya yin wannan ta hanyar buɗaɗɗen ciki a cikin ciki ( laparotomy ) ko ta ƴan ƙananan ƙulla tare da taimakon kyamarori ( laparoscopy ). Tiyata yana rage haɗarin illa ko mutuwa da ke tattare da fashewar kari. Magungunan rigakafi na iya yin tasiri daidai gwargwado a wasu lokuta na appendicitis marasa fashe. <ref name=Antibiotics2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Varadhan KK, Neal KR, Lobo DN | title = Safety and efficacy of antibiotics compared with appendicectomy for treatment of uncomplicated acute appendicitis: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials | journal = BMJ | volume = 344 | pages = e2156 | date = April 2012 | pmid = 22491789 | pmc = 3320713 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.e2156 }}</ref> Yana daya daga cikin abubuwan da aka fi sani da mahimmanci na ciwon ciki mai tsanani wanda ke zuwa da sauri . A cikin shekarar 2015 kimanin mutane miliyan 11.6 na appendicitis sun faru wanda ya haifar da mutuwar kusan 50,100. <ref name=GBD2015Pre>{{cite journal | author = GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1545–1602 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733282 | pmc = 5055577 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name=GBD2015De>{{cite journal | author = GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1459–1544 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733281 | pmc = 5388903 | doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A Amurka, appendicitis shine mafi yawan sanadin ciwon ciki kwatsam da ake buƙatar tiyata. <ref name=Graf1996 /> A kowace shekara a Amurka, fiye da mutane 300,000 masu fama da cutar appendicitis ana cire su ta hanyar tiyata. <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mason RJ | title = Surgery for appendicitis: is it necessary? | journal = Surgical Infections | volume = 9 | issue = 4 | pages = 481–8 | date = August 2008 | pmid = 18687030 | doi = 10.1089/sur.2007.079 }}</ref> Reginald Fitz an yaba da kasancewa mutum na farko da ya bayyana yanayin a shekarar 1886. <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Fitz RH |title=Perforating inflammation of the vermiform appendix with special reference to its early diagnosis and treatment |journal=American Journal of the Medical Sciences |issue=92 |pages=321–46 |year=1886}}</ref> [[File:En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Appendicitis.webm|thumbtime=1:10|thumb| Takaitaccen bidiyon jagora ( rubutun )]] {{Stub}} == Manazarta == <references /> [[Category: Kiwon lafiya]] e4h89vjzlsg0gckgogur03qzdfrtvml 873937 873936 2026-07-01T22:20:03Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 873937 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Blausen_0043_Appendix_Child.png |thumb| Blausen 0043 Appendix Child.]] [[File:Stitches_post_appendicitis_surgery.jpg |thumb| Stitches post appendicitis surgery.]] '''Appendicitis''' shine kumburi na appendix . <ref name=Graf1996>{{cite journal | vauthors = Graffeo CS, Counselman FL | title = Appendicitis | journal = Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America | volume = 14 | issue = 4 | pages = 653–71 | date = November 1996 | pmid = 8921763 | doi = 10.1016/s0733-8627(05)70273-x }}</ref> Alamu sun haɗa da [[Ciwon ciki|ciwon ƙananan ciki]] na dama, tashin [[zuciya]], [[amai]], da rage sha'awar ci ko sha. <ref name=Graf1996 /> Duk da haka, kusan kashi 40% na mutane ba su da waɗannan alamun bayyanar. <ref name=Graf1996 /> Matsanancin rikice-rikice na abin da ya rushe sun haɗa da tartsatsi, kumburi mai zafi na rufin ciki na bangon ciki da [[sepsis]]. Appendicitis yana faruwa ne ta hanyar toshe ɓangaren appendix. <ref name=Piep1982>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pieper R, Kager L, Tidefeldt U | title = Obstruction of appendix vermiformis causing acute appendicitis. An experimental study in the rabbit | journal = Acta Chirurgica Scandinavica | volume = 148 | issue = 1 | pages = 63–72 | year = 1982 | pmid = 7136413 }}</ref> Wannan ya fi faruwa saboda “dutse” da aka lakafta da najasa . Ƙunƙashin ƙwayar lymphoid daga kamuwa da ƙwayar cuta, ƙwayoyin cuta, gallstone, ko ciwace-ciwace na iya haifar da toshewar. <ref name=Har2012>{{cite book|editor-last1=Longo|editor-first1=Dan L.|display-editors=etal|title=Harrison's principles of internal medicine.|date=2012|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York|isbn=978-0-07174889-6|pages = Chapter 300|edition=18th|url=http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=331&Sectionid=40727094|access-date=6 November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330064145/http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=331§ionid=40727094|archive-date=30 March 2016}}</ref> Wannan toshewar yana haifar da ƙarin matsi a cikin appendix, raguwar kwararar jini zuwa kyallen da ke cikin appendix, da haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin appendix yana haifar da kumburi. <ref name=Har2012 /> Haɗuwa da kumburi, raguwar kwararar [[jini]] zuwa appendix da ɓacin rai yana haifar da rauni na nama da mutuwar nama. Idan ba a kula da wannan tsari ba, appendix na iya fashewa, yana sakin ƙwayoyin cuta zuwa cikin rami na ciki, yana haifar da ƙarin rikitarwa. <ref name="Schw2010">{{cite book|title=Schwartz's principles of surgery|date=2010|publisher=McGraw-Hill, Medical Pub. Division|location=New York|isbn=978-0-07-1547703|pages = Chapter 30|edition=9th}}</ref> Fahimtar ciwon appendicitis ya dogara ne akan alamomi da alamun mutum. A cikin lamuran da ba a san ganewar asali ba, kulawa ta kusa, hoton likita, da gwaje-gwajen dakin gwaje-gwaje na iya taimakawa sosai. <ref name=Paul2003>{{cite journal | vauthors = Paulson EK, Kalady MF, Pappas TN | title = Clinical practice. Suspected appendicitis | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 348 | issue = 3 | pages = 236–42 | date = January 2003 | pmid = 12529465 | doi = 10.1056/nejmcp013351 | url = http://faculty.vet.upenn.edu/gastro/documents/NEJMappendicitis.pdf | access-date = 2017-11-01 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170922005733/http://faculty.vet.upenn.edu/gastro/documents/NEJMappendicitis.pdf | archive-date = 2017-09-22 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Gwaje-gwajen hoto guda biyu da aka fi amfani da su sune na'urar duban dan tayi da na'urar daukar hoto (CT scan). <ref name=Paul2003 /> An nuna CT scan ya zama daidai fiye da duban dan tayi wajen gano m appendicitis. <ref name=Shogilev2014>{{cite journal | vauthors = Shogilev DJ, Duus N, Odom SR, Shapiro NI | title = Diagnosing appendicitis: evidence-based review of the diagnostic approach in 2014 | journal = The Western Journal of Emergency Medicine | volume = 15 | issue = 7 | pages = 859–71 | date = November 2014 | pmid = 25493136 | pmc = 4251237 | doi = 10.5811/westjem.2014.9.21568 | type = Review }}</ref> Duk da haka, ana iya fi son duban dan tayi a matsayin gwajin hoto na farko a yara da mata masu juna biyu saboda hadarin da ke tattare da bayyanar radiation daga CT scans. <ref name=Paul2003 /> Ingantaccen magance appendicitis shine cirewar appendix na tiyata . Ana iya yin wannan ta hanyar buɗaɗɗen ciki a cikin ciki ( laparotomy ) ko ta ƴan ƙananan ƙulla tare da taimakon kyamarori ( laparoscopy ). Tiyata yana rage haɗarin illa ko mutuwa da ke tattare da fashewar kari. Magungunan rigakafi na iya yin tasiri daidai gwargwado a wasu lokuta na appendicitis marasa fashe. <ref name=Antibiotics2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Varadhan KK, Neal KR, Lobo DN | title = Safety and efficacy of antibiotics compared with appendicectomy for treatment of uncomplicated acute appendicitis: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials | journal = BMJ | volume = 344 | pages = e2156 | date = April 2012 | pmid = 22491789 | pmc = 3320713 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.e2156 }}</ref> Yana daya daga cikin abubuwan da aka fi sani da mahimmanci na ciwon ciki mai tsanani wanda ke zuwa da sauri . A cikin shekarar 2015 kimanin mutane miliyan 11.6 na appendicitis sun faru wanda ya haifar da mutuwar kusan 50,100. <ref name=GBD2015Pre>{{cite journal | author = GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1545–1602 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733282 | pmc = 5055577 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name=GBD2015De>{{cite journal | author = GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1459–1544 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733281 | pmc = 5388903 | doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A Amurka, appendicitis shine mafi yawan sanadin ciwon ciki kwatsam da ake buƙatar tiyata. <ref name=Graf1996 /> A kowace shekara a Amurka, fiye da mutane 300,000 masu fama da cutar appendicitis ana cire su ta hanyar tiyata. <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mason RJ | title = Surgery for appendicitis: is it necessary? | journal = Surgical Infections | volume = 9 | issue = 4 | pages = 481–8 | date = August 2008 | pmid = 18687030 | doi = 10.1089/sur.2007.079 }}</ref> Reginald Fitz an yaba da kasancewa mutum na farko da ya bayyana yanayin a shekarar 1886. <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Fitz RH |title=Perforating inflammation of the vermiform appendix with special reference to its early diagnosis and treatment |journal=American Journal of the Medical Sciences |issue=92 |pages=321–46 |year=1886}}</ref> [[File:En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Appendicitis.webm|thumbtime=1:10|thumb| Takaitaccen bidiyon jagora ( rubutun )]] {{Stub}} == Manazarta == <references /> [[Category: Kiwon lafiya]] 19okj10o2z5x4fs87p2hnlm85ux885c 873938 873937 2026-07-01T22:20:36Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 873938 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Blausen_0043_Appendix_Child.png |thumb| Blausen 0043 Appendix Child.]] [[File:Stitches_post_appendicitis_surgery.jpg |thumb| Stitches post appendicitis surgery.]] '''Appendicitis''' shine kumburi na appendix . <ref name=Graf1996>{{cite journal | vauthors = Graffeo CS, Counselman FL | title = Appendicitis | journal = Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America | volume = 14 | issue = 4 | pages = 653–71 | date = November 1996 | pmid = 8921763 | doi = 10.1016/s0733-8627(05)70273-x }}</ref> Alamu sun haɗa da [[Ciwon ciki|ciwon ƙananan ciki]] na dama, tashin [[zuciya]], [[amai]], da rage sha'awar ci ko sha. <ref name=Graf1996 /> Duk da haka, kusan kashi 40% na mutane ba su da waɗannan alamun bayyanar. <ref name=Graf1996 /> Matsanancin rikice-rikice na abin da ya rushe sun haɗa da tartsatsi, kumburi mai zafi na rufin ciki na bangon ciki da [[sepsis]]. Appendicitis yana faruwa ne ta hanyar toshe ɓangaren appendix. <ref name=Piep1982>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pieper R, Kager L, Tidefeldt U | title = Obstruction of appendix vermiformis causing acute appendicitis. An experimental study in the rabbit | journal = Acta Chirurgica Scandinavica | volume = 148 | issue = 1 | pages = 63–72 | year = 1982 | pmid = 7136413 }}</ref> Wannan ya fi faruwa saboda “dutse” da aka lakafta da najasa . Ƙunƙashin ƙwayar lymphoid daga kamuwa da ƙwayar cuta, ƙwayoyin cuta, gallstone, ko ciwace-ciwace na iya haifar da toshewar. <ref name=Har2012>{{cite book|editor-last1=Longo|editor-first1=Dan L.|display-editors=etal|title=Harrison's principles of internal medicine.|date=2012|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York|isbn=978-0-07174889-6|pages = Chapter 300|edition=18th|url=http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=331&Sectionid=40727094|access-date=6 November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330064145/http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=331§ionid=40727094|archive-date=30 March 2016}}</ref> Wannan toshewar yana haifar da ƙarin matsi a cikin appendix, raguwar kwararar jini zuwa kyallen da ke cikin appendix, da haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin appendix yana haifar da kumburi. <ref name=Har2012 /> Haɗuwa da kumburi, raguwar kwararar [[jini]] zuwa appendix da ɓacin rai yana haifar da rauni na nama da mutuwar nama. Idan ba a kula da wannan tsari ba, appendix na iya fashewa, yana sakin ƙwayoyin cuta zuwa cikin rami na ciki, yana haifar da ƙarin rikitarwa. <ref name="Schw2010">{{cite book|title=Schwartz's principles of surgery|date=2010|publisher=McGraw-Hill, Medical Pub. Division|location=New York|isbn=978-0-07-1547703|pages = Chapter 30|edition=9th}}</ref> Fahimtar ciwon appendicitis ya dogara ne akan alamomi da alamun mutum. A cikin lamuran da ba a san ganewar asali ba, kulawa ta kusa, hoton likita, da gwaje-gwajen dakin gwaje-gwaje na iya taimakawa sosai. <ref name=Paul2003>{{cite journal | vauthors = Paulson EK, Kalady MF, Pappas TN | title = Clinical practice. Suspected appendicitis | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 348 | issue = 3 | pages = 236–42 | date = January 2003 | pmid = 12529465 | doi = 10.1056/nejmcp013351 | url = http://faculty.vet.upenn.edu/gastro/documents/NEJMappendicitis.pdf | access-date = 2017-11-01 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170922005733/http://faculty.vet.upenn.edu/gastro/documents/NEJMappendicitis.pdf | archive-date = 2017-09-22 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Gwaje-gwajen hoto guda biyu da aka fi amfani da su sune na'urar duban dan tayi da na'urar daukar hoto (CT scan). <ref name=Paul2003 /> An nuna CT scan ya zama daidai fiye da duban dan tayi wajen gano m appendicitis. <ref name=Shogilev2014>{{cite journal | vauthors = Shogilev DJ, Duus N, Odom SR, Shapiro NI | title = Diagnosing appendicitis: evidence-based review of the diagnostic approach in 2014 | journal = The Western Journal of Emergency Medicine | volume = 15 | issue = 7 | pages = 859–71 | date = November 2014 | pmid = 25493136 | pmc = 4251237 | doi = 10.5811/westjem.2014.9.21568 | type = Review }}</ref> Duk da haka, ana iya fi son duban dan tayi a matsayin gwajin hoto na farko a yara da mata masu juna biyu saboda hadarin da ke tattare da bayyanar radiation daga CT scans. <ref name=Paul2003 /> Ingantaccin magance appendicitis shine cirewar appendix na tiyata . Ana iya yin wannan ta hanyar buɗaɗɗen ciki a cikin ciki ( laparotomy ) ko ta ƴan ƙananan ƙulla tare da taimakon kyamarori ( laparoscopy ). Tiyata yana rage haɗarin illa ko mutuwa da ke tattare da fashewar kari. Magungunan rigakafi na iya yin tasiri daidai gwargwado a wasu lokuta na appendicitis marasa fashe. <ref name=Antibiotics2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Varadhan KK, Neal KR, Lobo DN | title = Safety and efficacy of antibiotics compared with appendicectomy for treatment of uncomplicated acute appendicitis: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials | journal = BMJ | volume = 344 | pages = e2156 | date = April 2012 | pmid = 22491789 | pmc = 3320713 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.e2156 }}</ref> Yana daya daga cikin abubuwan da aka fi sani da mahimmanci na ciwon ciki mai tsanani wanda ke zuwa da sauri . A cikin shekarar 2015 kimanin mutane miliyan 11.6 na appendicitis sun faru wanda ya haifar da mutuwar kusan 50,100. <ref name=GBD2015Pre>{{cite journal | author = GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1545–1602 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733282 | pmc = 5055577 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name=GBD2015De>{{cite journal | author = GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1459–1544 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733281 | pmc = 5388903 | doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A Amurka, appendicitis shine mafi yawan sanadin ciwon ciki kwatsam da ake buƙatar tiyata. <ref name=Graf1996 /> A kowace shekara a Amurka, fiye da mutane 300,000 masu fama da cutar appendicitis ana cire su ta hanyar tiyata. <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mason RJ | title = Surgery for appendicitis: is it necessary? | journal = Surgical Infections | volume = 9 | issue = 4 | pages = 481–8 | date = August 2008 | pmid = 18687030 | doi = 10.1089/sur.2007.079 }}</ref> Reginald Fitz an yaba da kasancewa mutum na farko da ya bayyana yanayin a shekarar 1886. <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Fitz RH |title=Perforating inflammation of the vermiform appendix with special reference to its early diagnosis and treatment |journal=American Journal of the Medical Sciences |issue=92 |pages=321–46 |year=1886}}</ref> [[File:En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Appendicitis.webm|thumbtime=1:10|thumb| Takaitaccen bidiyon jagora ( rubutun )]] {{Stub}} == Manazarta == <references /> [[Category: Kiwon lafiya]] lnd506ks7enghmkngyp1czizws3hx0o 873939 873938 2026-07-01T22:20:59Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 873939 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Blausen_0043_Appendix_Child.png |thumb| Blausen 0043 Appendix Child.]] [[File:Stitches_post_appendicitis_surgery.jpg |thumb| Stitches post appendicitis surgery.]] '''Appendicitis''' shine kumburi na appendix . <ref name=Graf1996>{{cite journal | vauthors = Graffeo CS, Counselman FL | title = Appendicitis | journal = Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America | volume = 14 | issue = 4 | pages = 653–71 | date = November 1996 | pmid = 8921763 | doi = 10.1016/s0733-8627(05)70273-x }}</ref> Alamu sun haɗa da [[Ciwon ciki|ciwon ƙananan ciki]] na dama, tashin [[zuciya]], [[amai]], da rage sha'awar ci ko sha. <ref name=Graf1996 /> Duk da haka, kusan kashi 40% na mutane ba su da waɗannan alamun bayyanar. <ref name=Graf1996 /> Matsanancin rikice-rikice na abin da ya rushe sun haɗa da tartsatsi, kumburi mai zafi na rufin ciki na bangon ciki da [[sepsis]]. Appendicitis yana faruwa ne ta hanyar toshe ɓangaren appendix. <ref name=Piep1982>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pieper R, Kager L, Tidefeldt U | title = Obstruction of appendix vermiformis causing acute appendicitis. An experimental study in the rabbit | journal = Acta Chirurgica Scandinavica | volume = 148 | issue = 1 | pages = 63–72 | year = 1982 | pmid = 7136413 }}</ref> Wannan ya fi faruwa saboda “dutse” da aka lakafta da najasa . Ƙunƙashin ƙwayar lymphoid daga kamuwa da ƙwayar cuta, ƙwayoyin cuta, gallstone, ko ciwace-ciwace na iya haifar da toshewar. <ref name=Har2012>{{cite book|editor-last1=Longo|editor-first1=Dan L.|display-editors=etal|title=Harrison's principles of internal medicine.|date=2012|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York|isbn=978-0-07174889-6|pages = Chapter 300|edition=18th|url=http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=331&Sectionid=40727094|access-date=6 November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330064145/http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=331§ionid=40727094|archive-date=30 March 2016}}</ref> Wannan toshewar yana haifar da ƙarin matsi a cikin appendix, raguwar kwararar jini zuwa kyallen da ke cikin appendix, da haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin appendix yana haifar da kumburi. <ref name=Har2012 /> Haɗuwa da kumburi, raguwar kwararar [[jini]] zuwa appendix da ɓacin rai yana haifar da rauni na nama da mutuwar nama. Idan ba a kula da wannan tsari ba, appendix na iya fashewa, yana sakin ƙwayoyin cuta zuwa cikin rami na ciki, yana haifar da ƙarin rikitarwa. <ref name="Schw2010">{{cite book|title=Schwartz's principles of surgery|date=2010|publisher=McGraw-Hill, Medical Pub. Division|location=New York|isbn=978-0-07-1547703|pages = Chapter 30|edition=9th}}</ref> Fahimtar ciwon appendicitis ya dogara ne akan alamomi da alamun mutum. A cikin lamuran da ba a san ganewar asali ba, kulawa ta kusa, hoton likita, da gwaje-gwajen dakin gwaje-gwaje na iya taimakawa sosai. <ref name=Paul2003>{{cite journal | vauthors = Paulson EK, Kalady MF, Pappas TN | title = Clinical practice. Suspected appendicitis | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 348 | issue = 3 | pages = 236–42 | date = January 2003 | pmid = 12529465 | doi = 10.1056/nejmcp013351 | url = http://faculty.vet.upenn.edu/gastro/documents/NEJMappendicitis.pdf | access-date = 2017-11-01 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170922005733/http://faculty.vet.upenn.edu/gastro/documents/NEJMappendicitis.pdf | archive-date = 2017-09-22 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Gwaje-gwajen hoto guda biyu da aka fi amfani da su sune na'urar duban dan tayi da na'urar daukar hoto (CT scan). <ref name=Paul2003 /> An nuna CT scan ya zama daidai fiye da duban dan tayi wajen gano m appendicitis. <ref name=Shogilev2014>{{cite journal | vauthors = Shogilev DJ, Duus N, Odom SR, Shapiro NI | title = Diagnosing appendicitis: evidence-based review of the diagnostic approach in 2014 | journal = The Western Journal of Emergency Medicine | volume = 15 | issue = 7 | pages = 859–71 | date = November 2014 | pmid = 25493136 | pmc = 4251237 | doi = 10.5811/westjem.2014.9.21568 | type = Review }}</ref> Duk da haka, ana iya fi son duban dan tayi a matsayin gwajin hoto na farko a yara da mata masu juna biyu saboda hadarin da ke tattare da bayyanar radiation daga CT scans. <ref name=Paul2003 /> Ingantaccinya magance appendicitis shine cirewar appendix na tiyata . Ana iya yin wannan ta hanyar buɗaɗɗen ciki a cikin ciki ( laparotomy ) ko ta ƴan ƙananan ƙulla tare da taimakon kyamarori ( laparoscopy ). Tiyata yana rage haɗarin illa ko mutuwa da ke tattare da fashewar kari. Magungunan rigakafi na iya yin tasiri daidai gwargwado a wasu lokuta na appendicitis marasa fashe. <ref name=Antibiotics2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Varadhan KK, Neal KR, Lobo DN | title = Safety and efficacy of antibiotics compared with appendicectomy for treatment of uncomplicated acute appendicitis: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials | journal = BMJ | volume = 344 | pages = e2156 | date = April 2012 | pmid = 22491789 | pmc = 3320713 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.e2156 }}</ref> Yana daya daga cikin abubuwan da aka fi sani da mahimmanci na ciwon ciki mai tsanani wanda ke zuwa da sauri . A cikin shekarar 2015 kimanin mutane miliyan 11.6 na appendicitis sun faru wanda ya haifar da mutuwar kusan 50,100. <ref name=GBD2015Pre>{{cite journal | author = GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1545–1602 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733282 | pmc = 5055577 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name=GBD2015De>{{cite journal | author = GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1459–1544 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733281 | pmc = 5388903 | doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A Amurka, appendicitis shine mafi yawan sanadin ciwon ciki kwatsam da ake buƙatar tiyata. <ref name=Graf1996 /> A kowace shekara a Amurka, fiye da mutane 300,000 masu fama da cutar appendicitis ana cire su ta hanyar tiyata. <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mason RJ | title = Surgery for appendicitis: is it necessary? | journal = Surgical Infections | volume = 9 | issue = 4 | pages = 481–8 | date = August 2008 | pmid = 18687030 | doi = 10.1089/sur.2007.079 }}</ref> Reginald Fitz an yaba da kasancewa mutum na farko da ya bayyana yanayin a shekarar 1886. <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Fitz RH |title=Perforating inflammation of the vermiform appendix with special reference to its early diagnosis and treatment |journal=American Journal of the Medical Sciences |issue=92 |pages=321–46 |year=1886}}</ref> [[File:En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Appendicitis.webm|thumbtime=1:10|thumb| Takaitaccen bidiyon jagora ( rubutun )]] {{Stub}} == Manazarta == <references /> [[Category: Kiwon lafiya]] iom8n70u0u0q49lj7echgttij8cfzej 873940 873939 2026-07-01T22:21:28Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 873940 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Blausen_0043_Appendix_Child.png |thumb| Blausen 0043 Appendix Child.]] [[File:Stitches_post_appendicitis_surgery.jpg |thumb| Stitches post appendicitis surgery.]] '''Appendicitis''' shine kumburi na appendix . <ref name=Graf1996>{{cite journal | vauthors = Graffeo CS, Counselman FL | title = Appendicitis | journal = Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America | volume = 14 | issue = 4 | pages = 653–71 | date = November 1996 | pmid = 8921763 | doi = 10.1016/s0733-8627(05)70273-x }}</ref> Alamu sun haɗa da [[Ciwon ciki|ciwon ƙananan ciki]] na dama, tashin [[zuciya]], [[amai]], da rage sha'awar ci ko sha. <ref name=Graf1996 /> Duk da haka, kusan kashi 40% na mutane ba su da waɗannan alamun bayyanar. <ref name=Graf1996 /> Matsanancin rikice-rikice na abin da ya rushe sun haɗa da tartsatsi, kumburi mai zafi na rufin ciki na bangon ciki da [[sepsis]]. Appendicitis yana faruwa ne ta hanyar toshe ɓangaren appendix. <ref name=Piep1982>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pieper R, Kager L, Tidefeldt U | title = Obstruction of appendix vermiformis causing acute appendicitis. An experimental study in the rabbit | journal = Acta Chirurgica Scandinavica | volume = 148 | issue = 1 | pages = 63–72 | year = 1982 | pmid = 7136413 }}</ref> Wannan ya fi faruwa saboda “dutse” da aka lakafta da najasa . Ƙunƙashin ƙwayar lymphoid daga kamuwa da ƙwayar cuta, ƙwayoyin cuta, gallstone, ko ciwace-ciwace na iya haifar da toshewar. <ref name=Har2012>{{cite book|editor-last1=Longo|editor-first1=Dan L.|display-editors=etal|title=Harrison's principles of internal medicine.|date=2012|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York|isbn=978-0-07174889-6|pages = Chapter 300|edition=18th|url=http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=331&Sectionid=40727094|access-date=6 November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330064145/http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=331§ionid=40727094|archive-date=30 March 2016}}</ref> Wannan toshewar yana haifar da ƙarin matsi a cikin appendix, raguwar kwararar jini zuwa kyallen da ke cikin appendix, da haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin appendix yana haifar da kumburi. <ref name=Har2012 /> Haɗuwa da kumburi, raguwar kwararar [[jini]] zuwa appendix da ɓacin rai yana haifar da rauni na nama da mutuwar nama. Idan ba a kula da wannan tsari ba, appendix na iya fashewa, yana sakin ƙwayoyin cuta zuwa cikin rami na ciki, yana haifar da ƙarin rikitarwa. <ref name="Schw2010">{{cite book|title=Schwartz's principles of surgery|date=2010|publisher=McGraw-Hill, Medical Pub. Division|location=New York|isbn=978-0-07-1547703|pages = Chapter 30|edition=9th}}</ref> Fahimtar ciwon appendicitis ya dogara ne akan alamomi da alamun mutum. A cikin lamuran da ba a san ganewar asali ba, kulawa ta kusa, hoton likita, da gwaje-gwajen dakin gwaje-gwaje na iya taimakawa sosai. <ref name=Paul2003>{{cite journal | vauthors = Paulson EK, Kalady MF, Pappas TN | title = Clinical practice. Suspected appendicitis | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 348 | issue = 3 | pages = 236–42 | date = January 2003 | pmid = 12529465 | doi = 10.1056/nejmcp013351 | url = http://faculty.vet.upenn.edu/gastro/documents/NEJMappendicitis.pdf | access-date = 2017-11-01 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170922005733/http://faculty.vet.upenn.edu/gastro/documents/NEJMappendicitis.pdf | archive-date = 2017-09-22 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Gwaje-gwajen hoto guda biyu da aka fi amfani da su sune na'urar duban dan tayi da na'urar daukar hoto (CT scan). <ref name=Paul2003 /> An nuna CT scan ya zama daidai fiye da duban dan tayi wajen gano m appendicitis. <ref name=Shogilev2014>{{cite journal | vauthors = Shogilev DJ, Duus N, Odom SR, Shapiro NI | title = Diagnosing appendicitis: evidence-based review of the diagnostic approach in 2014 | journal = The Western Journal of Emergency Medicine | volume = 15 | issue = 7 | pages = 859–71 | date = November 2014 | pmid = 25493136 | pmc = 4251237 | doi = 10.5811/westjem.2014.9.21568 | type = Review }}</ref> Duk da haka, ana iya fi son duban dan tayi a matsayin gwajin hoto na farko a yara da mata masu juna biyu saboda hadarin da ke tattare da bayyanar radiation daga CT scans. <ref name=Paul2003 /> Ingantaccinyar magance appendicitis shine cirewar appendix na tiyata . Ana iya yin wannan ta hanyar buɗaɗɗen ciki a cikin ciki ( laparotomy ) ko ta ƴan ƙananan ƙulla tare da taimakon kyamarori ( laparoscopy ). Tiyata yana rage haɗarin illa ko mutuwa da ke tattare da fashewar kari. Magungunan rigakafi na iya yin tasiri daidai gwargwado a wasu lokuta na appendicitis marasa fashe. <ref name=Antibiotics2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Varadhan KK, Neal KR, Lobo DN | title = Safety and efficacy of antibiotics compared with appendicectomy for treatment of uncomplicated acute appendicitis: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials | journal = BMJ | volume = 344 | pages = e2156 | date = April 2012 | pmid = 22491789 | pmc = 3320713 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.e2156 }}</ref> Yana daya daga cikin abubuwan da aka fi sani da mahimmanci na ciwon ciki mai tsanani wanda ke zuwa da sauri . A cikin shekarar 2015 kimanin mutane miliyan 11.6 na appendicitis sun faru wanda ya haifar da mutuwar kusan 50,100. <ref name=GBD2015Pre>{{cite journal | author = GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1545–1602 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733282 | pmc = 5055577 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name=GBD2015De>{{cite journal | author = GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1459–1544 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733281 | pmc = 5388903 | doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A Amurka, appendicitis shine mafi yawan sanadin ciwon ciki kwatsam da ake buƙatar tiyata. <ref name=Graf1996 /> A kowace shekara a Amurka, fiye da mutane 300,000 masu fama da cutar appendicitis ana cire su ta hanyar tiyata. <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mason RJ | title = Surgery for appendicitis: is it necessary? | journal = Surgical Infections | volume = 9 | issue = 4 | pages = 481–8 | date = August 2008 | pmid = 18687030 | doi = 10.1089/sur.2007.079 }}</ref> Reginald Fitz an yaba da kasancewa mutum na farko da ya bayyana yanayin a shekarar 1886. <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Fitz RH |title=Perforating inflammation of the vermiform appendix with special reference to its early diagnosis and treatment |journal=American Journal of the Medical Sciences |issue=92 |pages=321–46 |year=1886}}</ref> [[File:En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Appendicitis.webm|thumbtime=1:10|thumb| Takaitaccen bidiyon jagora ( rubutun )]] {{Stub}} == Manazarta == <references /> [[Category: Kiwon lafiya]] obd89l4vmiszb8qv216qolgfje5e98b 873941 873940 2026-07-01T22:21:52Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 873941 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Blausen_0043_Appendix_Child.png |thumb| Blausen 0043 Appendix Child.]] [[File:Stitches_post_appendicitis_surgery.jpg |thumb| Stitches post appendicitis surgery.]] '''Appendicitis''' shine kumburi na appendix . <ref name=Graf1996>{{cite journal | vauthors = Graffeo CS, Counselman FL | title = Appendicitis | journal = Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America | volume = 14 | issue = 4 | pages = 653–71 | date = November 1996 | pmid = 8921763 | doi = 10.1016/s0733-8627(05)70273-x }}</ref> Alamu sun haɗa da [[Ciwon ciki|ciwon ƙananan ciki]] na dama, tashin [[zuciya]], [[amai]], da rage sha'awar ci ko sha. <ref name=Graf1996 /> Duk da haka, kusan kashi 40% na mutane ba su da waɗannan alamun bayyanar. <ref name=Graf1996 /> Matsanancin rikice-rikice na abin da ya rushe sun haɗa da tartsatsi, kumburi mai zafi na rufin ciki na bangon ciki da [[sepsis]]. Appendicitis yana faruwa ne ta hanyar toshe ɓangaren appendix. <ref name=Piep1982>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pieper R, Kager L, Tidefeldt U | title = Obstruction of appendix vermiformis causing acute appendicitis. An experimental study in the rabbit | journal = Acta Chirurgica Scandinavica | volume = 148 | issue = 1 | pages = 63–72 | year = 1982 | pmid = 7136413 }}</ref> Wannan ya fi faruwa saboda “dutse” da aka lakafta da najasa . Ƙunƙashin ƙwayar lymphoid daga kamuwa da ƙwayar cuta, ƙwayoyin cuta, gallstone, ko ciwace-ciwace na iya haifar da toshewar. <ref name=Har2012>{{cite book|editor-last1=Longo|editor-first1=Dan L.|display-editors=etal|title=Harrison's principles of internal medicine.|date=2012|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York|isbn=978-0-07174889-6|pages = Chapter 300|edition=18th|url=http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=331&Sectionid=40727094|access-date=6 November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330064145/http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=331§ionid=40727094|archive-date=30 March 2016}}</ref> Wannan toshewar yana haifar da ƙarin matsi a cikin appendix, raguwar kwararar jini zuwa kyallen da ke cikin appendix, da haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin appendix yana haifar da kumburi. <ref name=Har2012 /> Haɗuwa da kumburi, raguwar kwararar [[jini]] zuwa appendix da ɓacin rai yana haifar da rauni na nama da mutuwar nama. Idan ba a kula da wannan tsari ba, appendix na iya fashewa, yana sakin ƙwayoyin cuta zuwa cikin rami na ciki, yana haifar da ƙarin rikitarwa. <ref name="Schw2010">{{cite book|title=Schwartz's principles of surgery|date=2010|publisher=McGraw-Hill, Medical Pub. Division|location=New York|isbn=978-0-07-1547703|pages = Chapter 30|edition=9th}}</ref> Fahimtar ciwon appendicitis ya dogara ne akan alamomi da alamun mutum. A cikin lamuran da ba a san ganewar asali ba, kulawa ta kusa, hoton likita, da gwaje-gwajen dakin gwaje-gwaje na iya taimakawa sosai. <ref name=Paul2003>{{cite journal | vauthors = Paulson EK, Kalady MF, Pappas TN | title = Clinical practice. Suspected appendicitis | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 348 | issue = 3 | pages = 236–42 | date = January 2003 | pmid = 12529465 | doi = 10.1056/nejmcp013351 | url = http://faculty.vet.upenn.edu/gastro/documents/NEJMappendicitis.pdf | access-date = 2017-11-01 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170922005733/http://faculty.vet.upenn.edu/gastro/documents/NEJMappendicitis.pdf | archive-date = 2017-09-22 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Gwaje-gwajen hoto guda biyu da aka fi amfani da su sune na'urar duban dan tayi da na'urar daukar hoto (CT scan). <ref name=Paul2003 /> An nuna CT scan ya zama daidai fiye da duban dan tayi wajen gano m appendicitis. <ref name=Shogilev2014>{{cite journal | vauthors = Shogilev DJ, Duus N, Odom SR, Shapiro NI | title = Diagnosing appendicitis: evidence-based review of the diagnostic approach in 2014 | journal = The Western Journal of Emergency Medicine | volume = 15 | issue = 7 | pages = 859–71 | date = November 2014 | pmid = 25493136 | pmc = 4251237 | doi = 10.5811/westjem.2014.9.21568 | type = Review }}</ref> Duk da haka, ana iya fi son duban dan tayi a matsayin gwajin hoto na farko a yara da mata masu juna biyu saboda hadarin da ke tattare da bayyanar radiation daga CT scans. <ref name=Paul2003 /> Ingantaccinyar han magance appendicitis shine cirewar appendix na tiyata . Ana iya yin wannan ta hanyar buɗaɗɗen ciki a cikin ciki ( laparotomy ) ko ta ƴan ƙananan ƙulla tare da taimakon kyamarori ( laparoscopy ). Tiyata yana rage haɗarin illa ko mutuwa da ke tattare da fashewar kari. Magungunan rigakafi na iya yin tasiri daidai gwargwado a wasu lokuta na appendicitis marasa fashe. <ref name=Antibiotics2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Varadhan KK, Neal KR, Lobo DN | title = Safety and efficacy of antibiotics compared with appendicectomy for treatment of uncomplicated acute appendicitis: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials | journal = BMJ | volume = 344 | pages = e2156 | date = April 2012 | pmid = 22491789 | pmc = 3320713 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.e2156 }}</ref> Yana daya daga cikin abubuwan da aka fi sani da mahimmanci na ciwon ciki mai tsanani wanda ke zuwa da sauri . A cikin shekarar 2015 kimanin mutane miliyan 11.6 na appendicitis sun faru wanda ya haifar da mutuwar kusan 50,100. <ref name=GBD2015Pre>{{cite journal | author = GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1545–1602 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733282 | pmc = 5055577 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name=GBD2015De>{{cite journal | author = GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1459–1544 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733281 | pmc = 5388903 | doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A Amurka, appendicitis shine mafi yawan sanadin ciwon ciki kwatsam da ake buƙatar tiyata. <ref name=Graf1996 /> A kowace shekara a Amurka, fiye da mutane 300,000 masu fama da cutar appendicitis ana cire su ta hanyar tiyata. <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mason RJ | title = Surgery for appendicitis: is it necessary? | journal = Surgical Infections | volume = 9 | issue = 4 | pages = 481–8 | date = August 2008 | pmid = 18687030 | doi = 10.1089/sur.2007.079 }}</ref> Reginald Fitz an yaba da kasancewa mutum na farko da ya bayyana yanayin a shekarar 1886. <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Fitz RH |title=Perforating inflammation of the vermiform appendix with special reference to its early diagnosis and treatment |journal=American Journal of the Medical Sciences |issue=92 |pages=321–46 |year=1886}}</ref> [[File:En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Appendicitis.webm|thumbtime=1:10|thumb| Takaitaccen bidiyon jagora ( rubutun )]] {{Stub}} == Manazarta == <references /> [[Category: Kiwon lafiya]] czck45xit978rtk5cbfj0hu20s7jo8v 873943 873941 2026-07-01T22:22:17Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 873943 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Blausen_0043_Appendix_Child.png |thumb| Blausen 0043 Appendix Child.]] [[File:Stitches_post_appendicitis_surgery.jpg |thumb| Stitches post appendicitis surgery.]] '''Appendicitis''' shine kumburi na appendix . <ref name=Graf1996>{{cite journal | vauthors = Graffeo CS, Counselman FL | title = Appendicitis | journal = Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America | volume = 14 | issue = 4 | pages = 653–71 | date = November 1996 | pmid = 8921763 | doi = 10.1016/s0733-8627(05)70273-x }}</ref> Alamu sun haɗa da [[Ciwon ciki|ciwon ƙananan ciki]] na dama, tashin [[zuciya]], [[amai]], da rage sha'awar ci ko sha. <ref name=Graf1996 /> Duk da haka, kusan kashi 40% na mutane ba su da waɗannan alamun bayyanar. <ref name=Graf1996 /> Matsanancin rikice-rikice na abin da ya rushe sun haɗa da tartsatsi, kumburi mai zafi na rufin ciki na bangon ciki da [[sepsis]]. Appendicitis yana faruwa ne ta hanyar toshe ɓangaren appendix. <ref name=Piep1982>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pieper R, Kager L, Tidefeldt U | title = Obstruction of appendix vermiformis causing acute appendicitis. An experimental study in the rabbit | journal = Acta Chirurgica Scandinavica | volume = 148 | issue = 1 | pages = 63–72 | year = 1982 | pmid = 7136413 }}</ref> Wannan ya fi faruwa saboda “dutse” da aka lakafta da najasa . Ƙunƙashin ƙwayar lymphoid daga kamuwa da ƙwayar cuta, ƙwayoyin cuta, gallstone, ko ciwace-ciwace na iya haifar da toshewar. <ref name=Har2012>{{cite book|editor-last1=Longo|editor-first1=Dan L.|display-editors=etal|title=Harrison's principles of internal medicine.|date=2012|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York|isbn=978-0-07174889-6|pages = Chapter 300|edition=18th|url=http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=331&Sectionid=40727094|access-date=6 November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330064145/http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=331§ionid=40727094|archive-date=30 March 2016}}</ref> Wannan toshewar yana haifar da ƙarin matsi a cikin appendix, raguwar kwararar jini zuwa kyallen da ke cikin appendix, da haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin appendix yana haifar da kumburi. <ref name=Har2012 /> Haɗuwa da kumburi, raguwar kwararar [[jini]] zuwa appendix da ɓacin rai yana haifar da rauni na nama da mutuwar nama. Idan ba a kula da wannan tsari ba, appendix na iya fashewa, yana sakin ƙwayoyin cuta zuwa cikin rami na ciki, yana haifar da ƙarin rikitarwa. <ref name="Schw2010">{{cite book|title=Schwartz's principles of surgery|date=2010|publisher=McGraw-Hill, Medical Pub. Division|location=New York|isbn=978-0-07-1547703|pages = Chapter 30|edition=9th}}</ref> Fahimtar ciwon appendicitis ya dogara ne akan alamomi da alamun mutum. A cikin lamuran da ba a san ganewar asali ba, kulawa ta kusa, hoton likita, da gwaje-gwajen dakin gwaje-gwaje na iya taimakawa sosai. <ref name=Paul2003>{{cite journal | vauthors = Paulson EK, Kalady MF, Pappas TN | title = Clinical practice. Suspected appendicitis | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 348 | issue = 3 | pages = 236–42 | date = January 2003 | pmid = 12529465 | doi = 10.1056/nejmcp013351 | url = http://faculty.vet.upenn.edu/gastro/documents/NEJMappendicitis.pdf | access-date = 2017-11-01 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170922005733/http://faculty.vet.upenn.edu/gastro/documents/NEJMappendicitis.pdf | archive-date = 2017-09-22 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Gwaje-gwajen hoto guda biyu da aka fi amfani da su sune na'urar duban dan tayi da na'urar daukar hoto (CT scan). <ref name=Paul2003 /> An nuna CT scan ya zama daidai fiye da duban dan tayi wajen gano m appendicitis. <ref name=Shogilev2014>{{cite journal | vauthors = Shogilev DJ, Duus N, Odom SR, Shapiro NI | title = Diagnosing appendicitis: evidence-based review of the diagnostic approach in 2014 | journal = The Western Journal of Emergency Medicine | volume = 15 | issue = 7 | pages = 859–71 | date = November 2014 | pmid = 25493136 | pmc = 4251237 | doi = 10.5811/westjem.2014.9.21568 | type = Review }}</ref> Duk da haka, ana iya fi son duban dan tayi a matsayin gwajin hoto na farko a yara da mata masu juna biyu saboda hadarin da ke tattare da bayyanar radiation daga CT scans. <ref name=Paul2003 /> Ingantaccinyar hany magance appendicitis shine cirewar appendix na tiyata . Ana iya yin wannan ta hanyar buɗaɗɗen ciki a cikin ciki ( laparotomy ) ko ta ƴan ƙananan ƙulla tare da taimakon kyamarori ( laparoscopy ). Tiyata yana rage haɗarin illa ko mutuwa da ke tattare da fashewar kari. Magungunan rigakafi na iya yin tasiri daidai gwargwado a wasu lokuta na appendicitis marasa fashe. <ref name=Antibiotics2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Varadhan KK, Neal KR, Lobo DN | title = Safety and efficacy of antibiotics compared with appendicectomy for treatment of uncomplicated acute appendicitis: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials | journal = BMJ | volume = 344 | pages = e2156 | date = April 2012 | pmid = 22491789 | pmc = 3320713 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.e2156 }}</ref> Yana daya daga cikin abubuwan da aka fi sani da mahimmanci na ciwon ciki mai tsanani wanda ke zuwa da sauri . A cikin shekarar 2015 kimanin mutane miliyan 11.6 na appendicitis sun faru wanda ya haifar da mutuwar kusan 50,100. <ref name=GBD2015Pre>{{cite journal | author = GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1545–1602 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733282 | pmc = 5055577 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name=GBD2015De>{{cite journal | author = GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1459–1544 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733281 | pmc = 5388903 | doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A Amurka, appendicitis shine mafi yawan sanadin ciwon ciki kwatsam da ake buƙatar tiyata. <ref name=Graf1996 /> A kowace shekara a Amurka, fiye da mutane 300,000 masu fama da cutar appendicitis ana cire su ta hanyar tiyata. <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mason RJ | title = Surgery for appendicitis: is it necessary? | journal = Surgical Infections | volume = 9 | issue = 4 | pages = 481–8 | date = August 2008 | pmid = 18687030 | doi = 10.1089/sur.2007.079 }}</ref> Reginald Fitz an yaba da kasancewa mutum na farko da ya bayyana yanayin a shekarar 1886. <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Fitz RH |title=Perforating inflammation of the vermiform appendix with special reference to its early diagnosis and treatment |journal=American Journal of the Medical Sciences |issue=92 |pages=321–46 |year=1886}}</ref> [[File:En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Appendicitis.webm|thumbtime=1:10|thumb| Takaitaccen bidiyon jagora ( rubutun )]] {{Stub}} == Manazarta == <references /> [[Category: Kiwon lafiya]] b3ebfvbmesvqqko7yl70u8ewwj7popa 873944 873943 2026-07-01T22:22:46Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 873944 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Blausen_0043_Appendix_Child.png |thumb| Blausen 0043 Appendix Child.]] [[File:Stitches_post_appendicitis_surgery.jpg |thumb| Stitches post appendicitis surgery.]] '''Appendicitis''' shine kumburi na appendix . <ref name=Graf1996>{{cite journal | vauthors = Graffeo CS, Counselman FL | title = Appendicitis | journal = Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America | volume = 14 | issue = 4 | pages = 653–71 | date = November 1996 | pmid = 8921763 | doi = 10.1016/s0733-8627(05)70273-x }}</ref> Alamu sun haɗa da [[Ciwon ciki|ciwon ƙananan ciki]] na dama, tashin [[zuciya]], [[amai]], da rage sha'awar ci ko sha. <ref name=Graf1996 /> Duk da haka, kusan kashi 40% na mutane ba su da waɗannan alamun bayyanar. <ref name=Graf1996 /> Matsanancin rikice-rikice na abin da ya rushe sun haɗa da tartsatsi, kumburi mai zafi na rufin ciki na bangon ciki da [[sepsis]]. Appendicitis yana faruwa ne ta hanyar toshe ɓangaren appendix. <ref name=Piep1982>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pieper R, Kager L, Tidefeldt U | title = Obstruction of appendix vermiformis causing acute appendicitis. An experimental study in the rabbit | journal = Acta Chirurgica Scandinavica | volume = 148 | issue = 1 | pages = 63–72 | year = 1982 | pmid = 7136413 }}</ref> Wannan ya fi faruwa saboda “dutse” da aka lakafta da najasa . Ƙunƙashin ƙwayar lymphoid daga kamuwa da ƙwayar cuta, ƙwayoyin cuta, gallstone, ko ciwace-ciwace na iya haifar da toshewar. <ref name=Har2012>{{cite book|editor-last1=Longo|editor-first1=Dan L.|display-editors=etal|title=Harrison's principles of internal medicine.|date=2012|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York|isbn=978-0-07174889-6|pages = Chapter 300|edition=18th|url=http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=331&Sectionid=40727094|access-date=6 November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330064145/http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=331§ionid=40727094|archive-date=30 March 2016}}</ref> Wannan toshewar yana haifar da ƙarin matsi a cikin appendix, raguwar kwararar jini zuwa kyallen da ke cikin appendix, da haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin appendix yana haifar da kumburi. <ref name=Har2012 /> Haɗuwa da kumburi, raguwar kwararar [[jini]] zuwa appendix da ɓacin rai yana haifar da rauni na nama da mutuwar nama. Idan ba a kula da wannan tsari ba, appendix na iya fashewa, yana sakin ƙwayoyin cuta zuwa cikin rami na ciki, yana haifar da ƙarin rikitarwa. <ref name="Schw2010">{{cite book|title=Schwartz's principles of surgery|date=2010|publisher=McGraw-Hill, Medical Pub. Division|location=New York|isbn=978-0-07-1547703|pages = Chapter 30|edition=9th}}</ref> Fahimtar ciwon appendicitis ya dogara ne akan alamomi da alamun mutum. A cikin lamuran da ba a san ganewar asali ba, kulawa ta kusa, hoton likita, da gwaje-gwajen dakin gwaje-gwaje na iya taimakawa sosai. <ref name=Paul2003>{{cite journal | vauthors = Paulson EK, Kalady MF, Pappas TN | title = Clinical practice. Suspected appendicitis | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 348 | issue = 3 | pages = 236–42 | date = January 2003 | pmid = 12529465 | doi = 10.1056/nejmcp013351 | url = http://faculty.vet.upenn.edu/gastro/documents/NEJMappendicitis.pdf | access-date = 2017-11-01 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170922005733/http://faculty.vet.upenn.edu/gastro/documents/NEJMappendicitis.pdf | archive-date = 2017-09-22 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Gwaje-gwajen hoto guda biyu da aka fi amfani da su sune na'urar duban dan tayi da na'urar daukar hoto (CT scan). <ref name=Paul2003 /> An nuna CT scan ya zama daidai fiye da duban dan tayi wajen gano m appendicitis. <ref name=Shogilev2014>{{cite journal | vauthors = Shogilev DJ, Duus N, Odom SR, Shapiro NI | title = Diagnosing appendicitis: evidence-based review of the diagnostic approach in 2014 | journal = The Western Journal of Emergency Medicine | volume = 15 | issue = 7 | pages = 859–71 | date = November 2014 | pmid = 25493136 | pmc = 4251237 | doi = 10.5811/westjem.2014.9.21568 | type = Review }}</ref> Duk da haka, ana iya fi son duban dan tayi a matsayin gwajin hoto na farko a yara da mata masu juna biyu saboda hadarin da ke tattare da bayyanar radiation daga CT scans. <ref name=Paul2003 /> Ingantaccinyar hanya magance appendicitis shine cirewar appendix na tiyata . Ana iya yin wannan ta hanyar buɗaɗɗen ciki a cikin ciki ( laparotomy ) ko ta ƴan ƙananan ƙulla tare da taimakon kyamarori ( laparoscopy ). Tiyata yana rage haɗarin illa ko mutuwa da ke tattare da fashewar kari. Magungunan rigakafi na iya yin tasiri daidai gwargwado a wasu lokuta na appendicitis marasa fashe. <ref name=Antibiotics2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Varadhan KK, Neal KR, Lobo DN | title = Safety and efficacy of antibiotics compared with appendicectomy for treatment of uncomplicated acute appendicitis: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials | journal = BMJ | volume = 344 | pages = e2156 | date = April 2012 | pmid = 22491789 | pmc = 3320713 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.e2156 }}</ref> Yana daya daga cikin abubuwan da aka fi sani da mahimmanci na ciwon ciki mai tsanani wanda ke zuwa da sauri . A cikin shekarar 2015 kimanin mutane miliyan 11.6 na appendicitis sun faru wanda ya haifar da mutuwar kusan 50,100. <ref name=GBD2015Pre>{{cite journal | author = GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1545–1602 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733282 | pmc = 5055577 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name=GBD2015De>{{cite journal | author = GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1459–1544 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733281 | pmc = 5388903 | doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A Amurka, appendicitis shine mafi yawan sanadin ciwon ciki kwatsam da ake buƙatar tiyata. <ref name=Graf1996 /> A kowace shekara a Amurka, fiye da mutane 300,000 masu fama da cutar appendicitis ana cire su ta hanyar tiyata. <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mason RJ | title = Surgery for appendicitis: is it necessary? | journal = Surgical Infections | volume = 9 | issue = 4 | pages = 481–8 | date = August 2008 | pmid = 18687030 | doi = 10.1089/sur.2007.079 }}</ref> Reginald Fitz an yaba da kasancewa mutum na farko da ya bayyana yanayin a shekarar 1886. <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Fitz RH |title=Perforating inflammation of the vermiform appendix with special reference to its early diagnosis and treatment |journal=American Journal of the Medical Sciences |issue=92 |pages=321–46 |year=1886}}</ref> [[File:En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Appendicitis.webm|thumbtime=1:10|thumb| Takaitaccen bidiyon jagora ( rubutun )]] {{Stub}} == Manazarta == <references /> [[Category: Kiwon lafiya]] 2bd1ropjdt1yz67aa85syb5eslt7397 873945 873944 2026-07-01T22:23:05Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 873945 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Blausen_0043_Appendix_Child.png |thumb| Blausen 0043 Appendix Child.]] [[File:Stitches_post_appendicitis_surgery.jpg |thumb| Stitches post appendicitis surgery.]] '''Appendicitis''' shine kumburi na appendix . <ref name=Graf1996>{{cite journal | vauthors = Graffeo CS, Counselman FL | title = Appendicitis | journal = Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America | volume = 14 | issue = 4 | pages = 653–71 | date = November 1996 | pmid = 8921763 | doi = 10.1016/s0733-8627(05)70273-x }}</ref> Alamu sun haɗa da [[Ciwon ciki|ciwon ƙananan ciki]] na dama, tashin [[zuciya]], [[amai]], da rage sha'awar ci ko sha. <ref name=Graf1996 /> Duk da haka, kusan kashi 40% na mutane ba su da waɗannan alamun bayyanar. <ref name=Graf1996 /> Matsanancin rikice-rikice na abin da ya rushe sun haɗa da tartsatsi, kumburi mai zafi na rufin ciki na bangon ciki da [[sepsis]]. Appendicitis yana faruwa ne ta hanyar toshe ɓangaren appendix. <ref name=Piep1982>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pieper R, Kager L, Tidefeldt U | title = Obstruction of appendix vermiformis causing acute appendicitis. An experimental study in the rabbit | journal = Acta Chirurgica Scandinavica | volume = 148 | issue = 1 | pages = 63–72 | year = 1982 | pmid = 7136413 }}</ref> Wannan ya fi faruwa saboda “dutse” da aka lakafta da najasa . Ƙunƙashin ƙwayar lymphoid daga kamuwa da ƙwayar cuta, ƙwayoyin cuta, gallstone, ko ciwace-ciwace na iya haifar da toshewar. <ref name=Har2012>{{cite book|editor-last1=Longo|editor-first1=Dan L.|display-editors=etal|title=Harrison's principles of internal medicine.|date=2012|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York|isbn=978-0-07174889-6|pages = Chapter 300|edition=18th|url=http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=331&Sectionid=40727094|access-date=6 November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330064145/http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=331§ionid=40727094|archive-date=30 March 2016}}</ref> Wannan toshewar yana haifar da ƙarin matsi a cikin appendix, raguwar kwararar jini zuwa kyallen da ke cikin appendix, da haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin appendix yana haifar da kumburi. <ref name=Har2012 /> Haɗuwa da kumburi, raguwar kwararar [[jini]] zuwa appendix da ɓacin rai yana haifar da rauni na nama da mutuwar nama. Idan ba a kula da wannan tsari ba, appendix na iya fashewa, yana sakin ƙwayoyin cuta zuwa cikin rami na ciki, yana haifar da ƙarin rikitarwa. <ref name="Schw2010">{{cite book|title=Schwartz's principles of surgery|date=2010|publisher=McGraw-Hill, Medical Pub. Division|location=New York|isbn=978-0-07-1547703|pages = Chapter 30|edition=9th}}</ref> Fahimtar ciwon appendicitis ya dogara ne akan alamomi da alamun mutum. A cikin lamuran da ba a san ganewar asali ba, kulawa ta kusa, hoton likita, da gwaje-gwajen dakin gwaje-gwaje na iya taimakawa sosai. <ref name=Paul2003>{{cite journal | vauthors = Paulson EK, Kalady MF, Pappas TN | title = Clinical practice. Suspected appendicitis | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 348 | issue = 3 | pages = 236–42 | date = January 2003 | pmid = 12529465 | doi = 10.1056/nejmcp013351 | url = http://faculty.vet.upenn.edu/gastro/documents/NEJMappendicitis.pdf | access-date = 2017-11-01 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170922005733/http://faculty.vet.upenn.edu/gastro/documents/NEJMappendicitis.pdf | archive-date = 2017-09-22 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Gwaje-gwajen hoto guda biyu da aka fi amfani da su sune na'urar duban dan tayi da na'urar daukar hoto (CT scan). <ref name=Paul2003 /> An nuna CT scan ya zama daidai fiye da duban dan tayi wajen gano m appendicitis. <ref name=Shogilev2014>{{cite journal | vauthors = Shogilev DJ, Duus N, Odom SR, Shapiro NI | title = Diagnosing appendicitis: evidence-based review of the diagnostic approach in 2014 | journal = The Western Journal of Emergency Medicine | volume = 15 | issue = 7 | pages = 859–71 | date = November 2014 | pmid = 25493136 | pmc = 4251237 | doi = 10.5811/westjem.2014.9.21568 | type = Review }}</ref> Duk da haka, ana iya fi son duban dan tayi a matsayin gwajin hoto na farko a yara da mata masu juna biyu saboda hadarin da ke tattare da bayyanar radiation daga CT scans. <ref name=Paul2003 /> Ingantaccinyar hanyar magance appendicitis shine cirewar appendix na tiyata . Ana iya yin wannan ta hanyar buɗaɗɗen ciki a cikin ciki ( laparotomy ) ko ta ƴan ƙananan ƙulla tare da taimakon kyamarori ( laparoscopy ). Tiyata yana rage haɗarin illa ko mutuwa da ke tattare da fashewar kari. Magungunan rigakafi na iya yin tasiri daidai gwargwado a wasu lokuta na appendicitis marasa fashe. <ref name=Antibiotics2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Varadhan KK, Neal KR, Lobo DN | title = Safety and efficacy of antibiotics compared with appendicectomy for treatment of uncomplicated acute appendicitis: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials | journal = BMJ | volume = 344 | pages = e2156 | date = April 2012 | pmid = 22491789 | pmc = 3320713 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.e2156 }}</ref> Yana daya daga cikin abubuwan da aka fi sani da mahimmanci na ciwon ciki mai tsanani wanda ke zuwa da sauri . A cikin shekarar 2015 kimanin mutane miliyan 11.6 na appendicitis sun faru wanda ya haifar da mutuwar kusan 50,100. <ref name=GBD2015Pre>{{cite journal | author = GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1545–1602 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733282 | pmc = 5055577 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name=GBD2015De>{{cite journal | author = GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1459–1544 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733281 | pmc = 5388903 | doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A Amurka, appendicitis shine mafi yawan sanadin ciwon ciki kwatsam da ake buƙatar tiyata. <ref name=Graf1996 /> A kowace shekara a Amurka, fiye da mutane 300,000 masu fama da cutar appendicitis ana cire su ta hanyar tiyata. <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mason RJ | title = Surgery for appendicitis: is it necessary? | journal = Surgical Infections | volume = 9 | issue = 4 | pages = 481–8 | date = August 2008 | pmid = 18687030 | doi = 10.1089/sur.2007.079 }}</ref> Reginald Fitz an yaba da kasancewa mutum na farko da ya bayyana yanayin a shekarar 1886. <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Fitz RH |title=Perforating inflammation of the vermiform appendix with special reference to its early diagnosis and treatment |journal=American Journal of the Medical Sciences |issue=92 |pages=321–46 |year=1886}}</ref> [[File:En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Appendicitis.webm|thumbtime=1:10|thumb| Takaitaccen bidiyon jagora ( rubutun )]] {{Stub}} == Manazarta == <references /> [[Category: Kiwon lafiya]] 82dpxi3y33vol4bztzj636bkvk14ypg 873946 873945 2026-07-01T22:23:34Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 873946 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Blausen_0043_Appendix_Child.png |thumb| Blausen 0043 Appendix Child.]] [[File:Stitches_post_appendicitis_surgery.jpg |thumb| Stitches post appendicitis surgery.]] '''Appendicitis''' shine kumburi na appendix . <ref name=Graf1996>{{cite journal | vauthors = Graffeo CS, Counselman FL | title = Appendicitis | journal = Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America | volume = 14 | issue = 4 | pages = 653–71 | date = November 1996 | pmid = 8921763 | doi = 10.1016/s0733-8627(05)70273-x }}</ref> Alamu sun haɗa da [[Ciwon ciki|ciwon ƙananan ciki]] na dama, tashin [[zuciya]], [[amai]], da rage sha'awar ci ko sha. <ref name=Graf1996 /> Duk da haka, kusan kashi 40% na mutane ba su da waɗannan alamun bayyanar. <ref name=Graf1996 /> Matsanancin rikice-rikice na abin da ya rushe sun haɗa da tartsatsi, kumburi mai zafi na rufin ciki na bangon ciki da [[sepsis]]. Appendicitis yana faruwa ne ta hanyar toshe ɓangaren appendix. <ref name=Piep1982>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pieper R, Kager L, Tidefeldt U | title = Obstruction of appendix vermiformis causing acute appendicitis. An experimental study in the rabbit | journal = Acta Chirurgica Scandinavica | volume = 148 | issue = 1 | pages = 63–72 | year = 1982 | pmid = 7136413 }}</ref> Wannan ya fi faruwa saboda “dutse” da aka lakafta da najasa . Ƙunƙashin ƙwayar lymphoid daga kamuwa da ƙwayar cuta, ƙwayoyin cuta, gallstone, ko ciwace-ciwace na iya haifar da toshewar. <ref name=Har2012>{{cite book|editor-last1=Longo|editor-first1=Dan L.|display-editors=etal|title=Harrison's principles of internal medicine.|date=2012|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York|isbn=978-0-07174889-6|pages = Chapter 300|edition=18th|url=http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=331&Sectionid=40727094|access-date=6 November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330064145/http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=331§ionid=40727094|archive-date=30 March 2016}}</ref> Wannan toshewar yana haifar da ƙarin matsi a cikin appendix, raguwar kwararar jini zuwa kyallen da ke cikin appendix, da haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin appendix yana haifar da kumburi. <ref name=Har2012 /> Haɗuwa da kumburi, raguwar kwararar [[jini]] zuwa appendix da ɓacin rai yana haifar da rauni na nama da mutuwar nama. Idan ba a kula da wannan tsari ba, appendix na iya fashewa, yana sakin ƙwayoyin cuta zuwa cikin rami na ciki, yana haifar da ƙarin rikitarwa. <ref name="Schw2010">{{cite book|title=Schwartz's principles of surgery|date=2010|publisher=McGraw-Hill, Medical Pub. Division|location=New York|isbn=978-0-07-1547703|pages = Chapter 30|edition=9th}}</ref> Fahimtar ciwon appendicitis ya dogara ne akan alamomi da alamun mutum. A cikin lamuran da ba a san ganewar asali ba, kulawa ta kusa, hoton likita, da gwaje-gwajen dakin gwaje-gwaje na iya taimakawa sosai. <ref name=Paul2003>{{cite journal | vauthors = Paulson EK, Kalady MF, Pappas TN | title = Clinical practice. Suspected appendicitis | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 348 | issue = 3 | pages = 236–42 | date = January 2003 | pmid = 12529465 | doi = 10.1056/nejmcp013351 | url = http://faculty.vet.upenn.edu/gastro/documents/NEJMappendicitis.pdf | access-date = 2017-11-01 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170922005733/http://faculty.vet.upenn.edu/gastro/documents/NEJMappendicitis.pdf | archive-date = 2017-09-22 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Gwaje-gwajen hoto guda biyu da aka fi amfani da su sune na'urar duban dan tayi da na'urar daukar hoto (CT scan). <ref name=Paul2003 /> An nuna CT scan ya zama daidai fiye da duban dan tayi wajen gano m appendicitis. <ref name=Shogilev2014>{{cite journal | vauthors = Shogilev DJ, Duus N, Odom SR, Shapiro NI | title = Diagnosing appendicitis: evidence-based review of the diagnostic approach in 2014 | journal = The Western Journal of Emergency Medicine | volume = 15 | issue = 7 | pages = 859–71 | date = November 2014 | pmid = 25493136 | pmc = 4251237 | doi = 10.5811/westjem.2014.9.21568 | type = Review }}</ref> Duk da haka, ana iya fi son duban dan tayi a matsayin gwajin hoto na farko a yara da mata masu juna biyu saboda hadarin da ke tattare da bayyanar radiation daga CT scans. <ref name=Paul2003 /> Ingantaccinyar hanyar magance appendicitis shine cirewar appendix ta tiyata . Ana iya yin wannan ta hanyar buɗaɗɗen ciki a cikin ciki ( laparotomy ) ko ta ƴan ƙananan ƙulla tare da taimakon kyamarori ( laparoscopy ). Tiyata yana rage haɗarin illa ko mutuwa da ke tattare da fashewar kari. Magungunan rigakafi na iya yin tasiri daidai gwargwado a wasu lokuta na appendicitis marasa fashe. <ref name=Antibiotics2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Varadhan KK, Neal KR, Lobo DN | title = Safety and efficacy of antibiotics compared with appendicectomy for treatment of uncomplicated acute appendicitis: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials | journal = BMJ | volume = 344 | pages = e2156 | date = April 2012 | pmid = 22491789 | pmc = 3320713 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.e2156 }}</ref> Yana daya daga cikin abubuwan da aka fi sani da mahimmanci na ciwon ciki mai tsanani wanda ke zuwa da sauri . A cikin shekarar 2015 kimanin mutane miliyan 11.6 na appendicitis sun faru wanda ya haifar da mutuwar kusan 50,100. <ref name=GBD2015Pre>{{cite journal | author = GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1545–1602 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733282 | pmc = 5055577 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name=GBD2015De>{{cite journal | author = GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1459–1544 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733281 | pmc = 5388903 | doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A Amurka, appendicitis shine mafi yawan sanadin ciwon ciki kwatsam da ake buƙatar tiyata. <ref name=Graf1996 /> A kowace shekara a Amurka, fiye da mutane 300,000 masu fama da cutar appendicitis ana cire su ta hanyar tiyata. <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mason RJ | title = Surgery for appendicitis: is it necessary? | journal = Surgical Infections | volume = 9 | issue = 4 | pages = 481–8 | date = August 2008 | pmid = 18687030 | doi = 10.1089/sur.2007.079 }}</ref> Reginald Fitz an yaba da kasancewa mutum na farko da ya bayyana yanayin a shekarar 1886. <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Fitz RH |title=Perforating inflammation of the vermiform appendix with special reference to its early diagnosis and treatment |journal=American Journal of the Medical Sciences |issue=92 |pages=321–46 |year=1886}}</ref> [[File:En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Appendicitis.webm|thumbtime=1:10|thumb| Takaitaccen bidiyon jagora ( rubutun )]] {{Stub}} == Manazarta == <references /> [[Category: Kiwon lafiya]] s59izvwc3pbtu1otomwtalicgj22y2c 873947 873946 2026-07-01T22:24:00Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 873947 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Blausen_0043_Appendix_Child.png |thumb| Blausen 0043 Appendix Child.]] [[File:Stitches_post_appendicitis_surgery.jpg |thumb| Stitches post appendicitis surgery.]] '''Appendicitis''' shine kumburi na appendix . <ref name=Graf1996>{{cite journal | vauthors = Graffeo CS, Counselman FL | title = Appendicitis | journal = Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America | volume = 14 | issue = 4 | pages = 653–71 | date = November 1996 | pmid = 8921763 | doi = 10.1016/s0733-8627(05)70273-x }}</ref> Alamu sun haɗa da [[Ciwon ciki|ciwon ƙananan ciki]] na dama, tashin [[zuciya]], [[amai]], da rage sha'awar ci ko sha. <ref name=Graf1996 /> Duk da haka, kusan kashi 40% na mutane ba su da waɗannan alamun bayyanar. <ref name=Graf1996 /> Matsanancin rikice-rikice na abin da ya rushe sun haɗa da tartsatsi, kumburi mai zafi na rufin ciki na bangon ciki da [[sepsis]]. Appendicitis yana faruwa ne ta hanyar toshe ɓangaren appendix. <ref name=Piep1982>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pieper R, Kager L, Tidefeldt U | title = Obstruction of appendix vermiformis causing acute appendicitis. An experimental study in the rabbit | journal = Acta Chirurgica Scandinavica | volume = 148 | issue = 1 | pages = 63–72 | year = 1982 | pmid = 7136413 }}</ref> Wannan ya fi faruwa saboda “dutse” da aka lakafta da najasa . Ƙunƙashin ƙwayar lymphoid daga kamuwa da ƙwayar cuta, ƙwayoyin cuta, gallstone, ko ciwace-ciwace na iya haifar da toshewar. <ref name=Har2012>{{cite book|editor-last1=Longo|editor-first1=Dan L.|display-editors=etal|title=Harrison's principles of internal medicine.|date=2012|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York|isbn=978-0-07174889-6|pages = Chapter 300|edition=18th|url=http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=331&Sectionid=40727094|access-date=6 November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330064145/http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=331§ionid=40727094|archive-date=30 March 2016}}</ref> Wannan toshewar yana haifar da ƙarin matsi a cikin appendix, raguwar kwararar jini zuwa kyallen da ke cikin appendix, da haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin appendix yana haifar da kumburi. <ref name=Har2012 /> Haɗuwa da kumburi, raguwar kwararar [[jini]] zuwa appendix da ɓacin rai yana haifar da rauni na nama da mutuwar nama. Idan ba a kula da wannan tsari ba, appendix na iya fashewa, yana sakin ƙwayoyin cuta zuwa cikin rami na ciki, yana haifar da ƙarin rikitarwa. <ref name="Schw2010">{{cite book|title=Schwartz's principles of surgery|date=2010|publisher=McGraw-Hill, Medical Pub. Division|location=New York|isbn=978-0-07-1547703|pages = Chapter 30|edition=9th}}</ref> Fahimtar ciwon appendicitis ya dogara ne akan alamomi da alamun mutum. A cikin lamuran da ba a san ganewar asali ba, kulawa ta kusa, hoton likita, da gwaje-gwajen dakin gwaje-gwaje na iya taimakawa sosai. <ref name=Paul2003>{{cite journal | vauthors = Paulson EK, Kalady MF, Pappas TN | title = Clinical practice. Suspected appendicitis | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 348 | issue = 3 | pages = 236–42 | date = January 2003 | pmid = 12529465 | doi = 10.1056/nejmcp013351 | url = http://faculty.vet.upenn.edu/gastro/documents/NEJMappendicitis.pdf | access-date = 2017-11-01 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170922005733/http://faculty.vet.upenn.edu/gastro/documents/NEJMappendicitis.pdf | archive-date = 2017-09-22 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Gwaje-gwajen hoto guda biyu da aka fi amfani da su sune na'urar duban dan tayi da na'urar daukar hoto (CT scan). <ref name=Paul2003 /> An nuna CT scan ya zama daidai fiye da duban dan tayi wajen gano m appendicitis. <ref name=Shogilev2014>{{cite journal | vauthors = Shogilev DJ, Duus N, Odom SR, Shapiro NI | title = Diagnosing appendicitis: evidence-based review of the diagnostic approach in 2014 | journal = The Western Journal of Emergency Medicine | volume = 15 | issue = 7 | pages = 859–71 | date = November 2014 | pmid = 25493136 | pmc = 4251237 | doi = 10.5811/westjem.2014.9.21568 | type = Review }}</ref> Duk da haka, ana iya fi son duban dan tayi a matsayin gwajin hoto na farko a yara da mata masu juna biyu saboda hadarin da ke tattare da bayyanar radiation daga CT scans. <ref name=Paul2003 /> Ingantaccinyar hanyar magance appendicitis shine cirewar appendix ta h tiyata . Ana iya yin wannan ta hanyar buɗaɗɗen ciki a cikin ciki ( laparotomy ) ko ta ƴan ƙananan ƙulla tare da taimakon kyamarori ( laparoscopy ). Tiyata yana rage haɗarin illa ko mutuwa da ke tattare da fashewar kari. Magungunan rigakafi na iya yin tasiri daidai gwargwado a wasu lokuta na appendicitis marasa fashe. <ref name=Antibiotics2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Varadhan KK, Neal KR, Lobo DN | title = Safety and efficacy of antibiotics compared with appendicectomy for treatment of uncomplicated acute appendicitis: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials | journal = BMJ | volume = 344 | pages = e2156 | date = April 2012 | pmid = 22491789 | pmc = 3320713 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.e2156 }}</ref> Yana daya daga cikin abubuwan da aka fi sani da mahimmanci na ciwon ciki mai tsanani wanda ke zuwa da sauri . A cikin shekarar 2015 kimanin mutane miliyan 11.6 na appendicitis sun faru wanda ya haifar da mutuwar kusan 50,100. <ref name=GBD2015Pre>{{cite journal | author = GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1545–1602 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733282 | pmc = 5055577 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name=GBD2015De>{{cite journal | author = GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1459–1544 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733281 | pmc = 5388903 | doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A Amurka, appendicitis shine mafi yawan sanadin ciwon ciki kwatsam da ake buƙatar tiyata. <ref name=Graf1996 /> A kowace shekara a Amurka, fiye da mutane 300,000 masu fama da cutar appendicitis ana cire su ta hanyar tiyata. <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mason RJ | title = Surgery for appendicitis: is it necessary? | journal = Surgical Infections | volume = 9 | issue = 4 | pages = 481–8 | date = August 2008 | pmid = 18687030 | doi = 10.1089/sur.2007.079 }}</ref> Reginald Fitz an yaba da kasancewa mutum na farko da ya bayyana yanayin a shekarar 1886. <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Fitz RH |title=Perforating inflammation of the vermiform appendix with special reference to its early diagnosis and treatment |journal=American Journal of the Medical Sciences |issue=92 |pages=321–46 |year=1886}}</ref> [[File:En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Appendicitis.webm|thumbtime=1:10|thumb| Takaitaccen bidiyon jagora ( rubutun )]] {{Stub}} == Manazarta == <references /> [[Category: Kiwon lafiya]] 4ry8cy9owlpl1lnc6w7e3f5oqlmuxdv 873948 873947 2026-07-01T22:24:35Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 873948 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Blausen_0043_Appendix_Child.png |thumb| Blausen 0043 Appendix Child.]] [[File:Stitches_post_appendicitis_surgery.jpg |thumb| Stitches post appendicitis surgery.]] '''Appendicitis''' shine kumburi na appendix . <ref name=Graf1996>{{cite journal | vauthors = Graffeo CS, Counselman FL | title = Appendicitis | journal = Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America | volume = 14 | issue = 4 | pages = 653–71 | date = November 1996 | pmid = 8921763 | doi = 10.1016/s0733-8627(05)70273-x }}</ref> Alamu sun haɗa da [[Ciwon ciki|ciwon ƙananan ciki]] na dama, tashin [[zuciya]], [[amai]], da rage sha'awar ci ko sha. <ref name=Graf1996 /> Duk da haka, kusan kashi 40% na mutane ba su da waɗannan alamun bayyanar. <ref name=Graf1996 /> Matsanancin rikice-rikice na abin da ya rushe sun haɗa da tartsatsi, kumburi mai zafi na rufin ciki na bangon ciki da [[sepsis]]. Appendicitis yana faruwa ne ta hanyar toshe ɓangaren appendix. <ref name=Piep1982>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pieper R, Kager L, Tidefeldt U | title = Obstruction of appendix vermiformis causing acute appendicitis. An experimental study in the rabbit | journal = Acta Chirurgica Scandinavica | volume = 148 | issue = 1 | pages = 63–72 | year = 1982 | pmid = 7136413 }}</ref> Wannan ya fi faruwa saboda “dutse” da aka lakafta da najasa . Ƙunƙashin ƙwayar lymphoid daga kamuwa da ƙwayar cuta, ƙwayoyin cuta, gallstone, ko ciwace-ciwace na iya haifar da toshewar. <ref name=Har2012>{{cite book|editor-last1=Longo|editor-first1=Dan L.|display-editors=etal|title=Harrison's principles of internal medicine.|date=2012|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York|isbn=978-0-07174889-6|pages = Chapter 300|edition=18th|url=http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=331&Sectionid=40727094|access-date=6 November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330064145/http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=331§ionid=40727094|archive-date=30 March 2016}}</ref> Wannan toshewar yana haifar da ƙarin matsi a cikin appendix, raguwar kwararar jini zuwa kyallen da ke cikin appendix, da haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin appendix yana haifar da kumburi. <ref name=Har2012 /> Haɗuwa da kumburi, raguwar kwararar [[jini]] zuwa appendix da ɓacin rai yana haifar da rauni na nama da mutuwar nama. Idan ba a kula da wannan tsari ba, appendix na iya fashewa, yana sakin ƙwayoyin cuta zuwa cikin rami na ciki, yana haifar da ƙarin rikitarwa. <ref name="Schw2010">{{cite book|title=Schwartz's principles of surgery|date=2010|publisher=McGraw-Hill, Medical Pub. Division|location=New York|isbn=978-0-07-1547703|pages = Chapter 30|edition=9th}}</ref> Fahimtar ciwon appendicitis ya dogara ne akan alamomi da alamun mutum. A cikin lamuran da ba a san ganewar asali ba, kulawa ta kusa, hoton likita, da gwaje-gwajen dakin gwaje-gwaje na iya taimakawa sosai. <ref name=Paul2003>{{cite journal | vauthors = Paulson EK, Kalady MF, Pappas TN | title = Clinical practice. Suspected appendicitis | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 348 | issue = 3 | pages = 236–42 | date = January 2003 | pmid = 12529465 | doi = 10.1056/nejmcp013351 | url = http://faculty.vet.upenn.edu/gastro/documents/NEJMappendicitis.pdf | access-date = 2017-11-01 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170922005733/http://faculty.vet.upenn.edu/gastro/documents/NEJMappendicitis.pdf | archive-date = 2017-09-22 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Gwaje-gwajen hoto guda biyu da aka fi amfani da su sune na'urar duban dan tayi da na'urar daukar hoto (CT scan). <ref name=Paul2003 /> An nuna CT scan ya zama daidai fiye da duban dan tayi wajen gano m appendicitis. <ref name=Shogilev2014>{{cite journal | vauthors = Shogilev DJ, Duus N, Odom SR, Shapiro NI | title = Diagnosing appendicitis: evidence-based review of the diagnostic approach in 2014 | journal = The Western Journal of Emergency Medicine | volume = 15 | issue = 7 | pages = 859–71 | date = November 2014 | pmid = 25493136 | pmc = 4251237 | doi = 10.5811/westjem.2014.9.21568 | type = Review }}</ref> Duk da haka, ana iya fi son duban dan tayi a matsayin gwajin hoto na farko a yara da mata masu juna biyu saboda hadarin da ke tattare da bayyanar radiation daga CT scans. <ref name=Paul2003 /> Ingantaccinyar hanyar magance appendicitis shine cirewar appendix ta ha tiyata . Ana iya yin wannan ta hanyar buɗaɗɗen ciki a cikin ciki ( laparotomy ) ko ta ƴan ƙananan ƙulla tare da taimakon kyamarori ( laparoscopy ). Tiyata yana rage haɗarin illa ko mutuwa da ke tattare da fashewar kari. Magungunan rigakafi na iya yin tasiri daidai gwargwado a wasu lokuta na appendicitis marasa fashe. <ref name=Antibiotics2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Varadhan KK, Neal KR, Lobo DN | title = Safety and efficacy of antibiotics compared with appendicectomy for treatment of uncomplicated acute appendicitis: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials | journal = BMJ | volume = 344 | pages = e2156 | date = April 2012 | pmid = 22491789 | pmc = 3320713 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.e2156 }}</ref> Yana daya daga cikin abubuwan da aka fi sani da mahimmanci na ciwon ciki mai tsanani wanda ke zuwa da sauri . A cikin shekarar 2015 kimanin mutane miliyan 11.6 na appendicitis sun faru wanda ya haifar da mutuwar kusan 50,100. <ref name=GBD2015Pre>{{cite journal | author = GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1545–1602 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733282 | pmc = 5055577 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name=GBD2015De>{{cite journal | author = GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1459–1544 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733281 | pmc = 5388903 | doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A Amurka, appendicitis shine mafi yawan sanadin ciwon ciki kwatsam da ake buƙatar tiyata. <ref name=Graf1996 /> A kowace shekara a Amurka, fiye da mutane 300,000 masu fama da cutar appendicitis ana cire su ta hanyar tiyata. <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mason RJ | title = Surgery for appendicitis: is it necessary? | journal = Surgical Infections | volume = 9 | issue = 4 | pages = 481–8 | date = August 2008 | pmid = 18687030 | doi = 10.1089/sur.2007.079 }}</ref> Reginald Fitz an yaba da kasancewa mutum na farko da ya bayyana yanayin a shekarar 1886. <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Fitz RH |title=Perforating inflammation of the vermiform appendix with special reference to its early diagnosis and treatment |journal=American Journal of the Medical Sciences |issue=92 |pages=321–46 |year=1886}}</ref> [[File:En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Appendicitis.webm|thumbtime=1:10|thumb| Takaitaccen bidiyon jagora ( rubutun )]] {{Stub}} == Manazarta == <references /> [[Category: Kiwon lafiya]] j08dxssvct7ryvwovy1i1d3t7ai487g 873949 873948 2026-07-01T22:25:00Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 873949 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Blausen_0043_Appendix_Child.png |thumb| Blausen 0043 Appendix Child.]] [[File:Stitches_post_appendicitis_surgery.jpg |thumb| Stitches post appendicitis surgery.]] '''Appendicitis''' shine kumburi na appendix . <ref name=Graf1996>{{cite journal | vauthors = Graffeo CS, Counselman FL | title = Appendicitis | journal = Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America | volume = 14 | issue = 4 | pages = 653–71 | date = November 1996 | pmid = 8921763 | doi = 10.1016/s0733-8627(05)70273-x }}</ref> Alamu sun haɗa da [[Ciwon ciki|ciwon ƙananan ciki]] na dama, tashin [[zuciya]], [[amai]], da rage sha'awar ci ko sha. <ref name=Graf1996 /> Duk da haka, kusan kashi 40% na mutane ba su da waɗannan alamun bayyanar. <ref name=Graf1996 /> Matsanancin rikice-rikice na abin da ya rushe sun haɗa da tartsatsi, kumburi mai zafi na rufin ciki na bangon ciki da [[sepsis]]. Appendicitis yana faruwa ne ta hanyar toshe ɓangaren appendix. <ref name=Piep1982>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pieper R, Kager L, Tidefeldt U | title = Obstruction of appendix vermiformis causing acute appendicitis. An experimental study in the rabbit | journal = Acta Chirurgica Scandinavica | volume = 148 | issue = 1 | pages = 63–72 | year = 1982 | pmid = 7136413 }}</ref> Wannan ya fi faruwa saboda “dutse” da aka lakafta da najasa . Ƙunƙashin ƙwayar lymphoid daga kamuwa da ƙwayar cuta, ƙwayoyin cuta, gallstone, ko ciwace-ciwace na iya haifar da toshewar. <ref name=Har2012>{{cite book|editor-last1=Longo|editor-first1=Dan L.|display-editors=etal|title=Harrison's principles of internal medicine.|date=2012|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York|isbn=978-0-07174889-6|pages = Chapter 300|edition=18th|url=http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=331&Sectionid=40727094|access-date=6 November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330064145/http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=331§ionid=40727094|archive-date=30 March 2016}}</ref> Wannan toshewar yana haifar da ƙarin matsi a cikin appendix, raguwar kwararar jini zuwa kyallen da ke cikin appendix, da haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin appendix yana haifar da kumburi. <ref name=Har2012 /> Haɗuwa da kumburi, raguwar kwararar [[jini]] zuwa appendix da ɓacin rai yana haifar da rauni na nama da mutuwar nama. Idan ba a kula da wannan tsari ba, appendix na iya fashewa, yana sakin ƙwayoyin cuta zuwa cikin rami na ciki, yana haifar da ƙarin rikitarwa. <ref name="Schw2010">{{cite book|title=Schwartz's principles of surgery|date=2010|publisher=McGraw-Hill, Medical Pub. Division|location=New York|isbn=978-0-07-1547703|pages = Chapter 30|edition=9th}}</ref> Fahimtar ciwon appendicitis ya dogara ne akan alamomi da alamun mutum. A cikin lamuran da ba a san ganewar asali ba, kulawa ta kusa, hoton likita, da gwaje-gwajen dakin gwaje-gwaje na iya taimakawa sosai. <ref name=Paul2003>{{cite journal | vauthors = Paulson EK, Kalady MF, Pappas TN | title = Clinical practice. Suspected appendicitis | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 348 | issue = 3 | pages = 236–42 | date = January 2003 | pmid = 12529465 | doi = 10.1056/nejmcp013351 | url = http://faculty.vet.upenn.edu/gastro/documents/NEJMappendicitis.pdf | access-date = 2017-11-01 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170922005733/http://faculty.vet.upenn.edu/gastro/documents/NEJMappendicitis.pdf | archive-date = 2017-09-22 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Gwaje-gwajen hoto guda biyu da aka fi amfani da su sune na'urar duban dan tayi da na'urar daukar hoto (CT scan). <ref name=Paul2003 /> An nuna CT scan ya zama daidai fiye da duban dan tayi wajen gano m appendicitis. <ref name=Shogilev2014>{{cite journal | vauthors = Shogilev DJ, Duus N, Odom SR, Shapiro NI | title = Diagnosing appendicitis: evidence-based review of the diagnostic approach in 2014 | journal = The Western Journal of Emergency Medicine | volume = 15 | issue = 7 | pages = 859–71 | date = November 2014 | pmid = 25493136 | pmc = 4251237 | doi = 10.5811/westjem.2014.9.21568 | type = Review }}</ref> Duk da haka, ana iya fi son duban dan tayi a matsayin gwajin hoto na farko a yara da mata masu juna biyu saboda hadarin da ke tattare da bayyanar radiation daga CT scans. <ref name=Paul2003 /> Ingantaccinyar hanyar magance appendicitis shine cirewar appendix ta han tiyata . Ana iya yin wannan ta hanyar buɗaɗɗen ciki a cikin ciki ( laparotomy ) ko ta ƴan ƙananan ƙulla tare da taimakon kyamarori ( laparoscopy ). Tiyata yana rage haɗarin illa ko mutuwa da ke tattare da fashewar kari. Magungunan rigakafi na iya yin tasiri daidai gwargwado a wasu lokuta na appendicitis marasa fashe. <ref name=Antibiotics2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Varadhan KK, Neal KR, Lobo DN | title = Safety and efficacy of antibiotics compared with appendicectomy for treatment of uncomplicated acute appendicitis: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials | journal = BMJ | volume = 344 | pages = e2156 | date = April 2012 | pmid = 22491789 | pmc = 3320713 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.e2156 }}</ref> Yana daya daga cikin abubuwan da aka fi sani da mahimmanci na ciwon ciki mai tsanani wanda ke zuwa da sauri . A cikin shekarar 2015 kimanin mutane miliyan 11.6 na appendicitis sun faru wanda ya haifar da mutuwar kusan 50,100. <ref name=GBD2015Pre>{{cite journal | author = GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1545–1602 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733282 | pmc = 5055577 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name=GBD2015De>{{cite journal | author = GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1459–1544 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733281 | pmc = 5388903 | doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A Amurka, appendicitis shine mafi yawan sanadin ciwon ciki kwatsam da ake buƙatar tiyata. <ref name=Graf1996 /> A kowace shekara a Amurka, fiye da mutane 300,000 masu fama da cutar appendicitis ana cire su ta hanyar tiyata. <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mason RJ | title = Surgery for appendicitis: is it necessary? | journal = Surgical Infections | volume = 9 | issue = 4 | pages = 481–8 | date = August 2008 | pmid = 18687030 | doi = 10.1089/sur.2007.079 }}</ref> Reginald Fitz an yaba da kasancewa mutum na farko da ya bayyana yanayin a shekarar 1886. <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Fitz RH |title=Perforating inflammation of the vermiform appendix with special reference to its early diagnosis and treatment |journal=American Journal of the Medical Sciences |issue=92 |pages=321–46 |year=1886}}</ref> [[File:En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Appendicitis.webm|thumbtime=1:10|thumb| Takaitaccen bidiyon jagora ( rubutun )]] {{Stub}} == Manazarta == <references /> [[Category: Kiwon lafiya]] ne6qqyf7qx3qzsa94t2odih18qixg73 873950 873949 2026-07-01T22:25:35Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 873950 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Blausen_0043_Appendix_Child.png |thumb| Blausen 0043 Appendix Child.]] [[File:Stitches_post_appendicitis_surgery.jpg |thumb| Stitches post appendicitis surgery.]] '''Appendicitis''' shine kumburi na appendix . <ref name=Graf1996>{{cite journal | vauthors = Graffeo CS, Counselman FL | title = Appendicitis | journal = Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America | volume = 14 | issue = 4 | pages = 653–71 | date = November 1996 | pmid = 8921763 | doi = 10.1016/s0733-8627(05)70273-x }}</ref> Alamu sun haɗa da [[Ciwon ciki|ciwon ƙananan ciki]] na dama, tashin [[zuciya]], [[amai]], da rage sha'awar ci ko sha. <ref name=Graf1996 /> Duk da haka, kusan kashi 40% na mutane ba su da waɗannan alamun bayyanar. <ref name=Graf1996 /> Matsanancin rikice-rikice na abin da ya rushe sun haɗa da tartsatsi, kumburi mai zafi na rufin ciki na bangon ciki da [[sepsis]]. Appendicitis yana faruwa ne ta hanyar toshe ɓangaren appendix. <ref name=Piep1982>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pieper R, Kager L, Tidefeldt U | title = Obstruction of appendix vermiformis causing acute appendicitis. An experimental study in the rabbit | journal = Acta Chirurgica Scandinavica | volume = 148 | issue = 1 | pages = 63–72 | year = 1982 | pmid = 7136413 }}</ref> Wannan ya fi faruwa saboda “dutse” da aka lakafta da najasa . Ƙunƙashin ƙwayar lymphoid daga kamuwa da ƙwayar cuta, ƙwayoyin cuta, gallstone, ko ciwace-ciwace na iya haifar da toshewar. <ref name=Har2012>{{cite book|editor-last1=Longo|editor-first1=Dan L.|display-editors=etal|title=Harrison's principles of internal medicine.|date=2012|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York|isbn=978-0-07174889-6|pages = Chapter 300|edition=18th|url=http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=331&Sectionid=40727094|access-date=6 November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330064145/http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=331§ionid=40727094|archive-date=30 March 2016}}</ref> Wannan toshewar yana haifar da ƙarin matsi a cikin appendix, raguwar kwararar jini zuwa kyallen da ke cikin appendix, da haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin appendix yana haifar da kumburi. <ref name=Har2012 /> Haɗuwa da kumburi, raguwar kwararar [[jini]] zuwa appendix da ɓacin rai yana haifar da rauni na nama da mutuwar nama. Idan ba a kula da wannan tsari ba, appendix na iya fashewa, yana sakin ƙwayoyin cuta zuwa cikin rami na ciki, yana haifar da ƙarin rikitarwa. <ref name="Schw2010">{{cite book|title=Schwartz's principles of surgery|date=2010|publisher=McGraw-Hill, Medical Pub. Division|location=New York|isbn=978-0-07-1547703|pages = Chapter 30|edition=9th}}</ref> Fahimtar ciwon appendicitis ya dogara ne akan alamomi da alamun mutum. A cikin lamuran da ba a san ganewar asali ba, kulawa ta kusa, hoton likita, da gwaje-gwajen dakin gwaje-gwaje na iya taimakawa sosai. <ref name=Paul2003>{{cite journal | vauthors = Paulson EK, Kalady MF, Pappas TN | title = Clinical practice. Suspected appendicitis | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 348 | issue = 3 | pages = 236–42 | date = January 2003 | pmid = 12529465 | doi = 10.1056/nejmcp013351 | url = http://faculty.vet.upenn.edu/gastro/documents/NEJMappendicitis.pdf | access-date = 2017-11-01 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170922005733/http://faculty.vet.upenn.edu/gastro/documents/NEJMappendicitis.pdf | archive-date = 2017-09-22 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Gwaje-gwajen hoto guda biyu da aka fi amfani da su sune na'urar duban dan tayi da na'urar daukar hoto (CT scan). <ref name=Paul2003 /> An nuna CT scan ya zama daidai fiye da duban dan tayi wajen gano m appendicitis. <ref name=Shogilev2014>{{cite journal | vauthors = Shogilev DJ, Duus N, Odom SR, Shapiro NI | title = Diagnosing appendicitis: evidence-based review of the diagnostic approach in 2014 | journal = The Western Journal of Emergency Medicine | volume = 15 | issue = 7 | pages = 859–71 | date = November 2014 | pmid = 25493136 | pmc = 4251237 | doi = 10.5811/westjem.2014.9.21568 | type = Review }}</ref> Duk da haka, ana iya fi son duban dan tayi a matsayin gwajin hoto na farko a yara da mata masu juna biyu saboda hadarin da ke tattare da bayyanar radiation daga CT scans. <ref name=Paul2003 /> Ingantaccinyar hanyar magance appendicitis shine cirewar appendix ta hany tiyata . Ana iya yin wannan ta hanyar buɗaɗɗen ciki a cikin ciki ( laparotomy ) ko ta ƴan ƙananan ƙulla tare da taimakon kyamarori ( laparoscopy ). Tiyata yana rage haɗarin illa ko mutuwa da ke tattare da fashewar kari. Magungunan rigakafi na iya yin tasiri daidai gwargwado a wasu lokuta na appendicitis marasa fashe. <ref name=Antibiotics2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Varadhan KK, Neal KR, Lobo DN | title = Safety and efficacy of antibiotics compared with appendicectomy for treatment of uncomplicated acute appendicitis: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials | journal = BMJ | volume = 344 | pages = e2156 | date = April 2012 | pmid = 22491789 | pmc = 3320713 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.e2156 }}</ref> Yana daya daga cikin abubuwan da aka fi sani da mahimmanci na ciwon ciki mai tsanani wanda ke zuwa da sauri . A cikin shekarar 2015 kimanin mutane miliyan 11.6 na appendicitis sun faru wanda ya haifar da mutuwar kusan 50,100. <ref name=GBD2015Pre>{{cite journal | author = GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1545–1602 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733282 | pmc = 5055577 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name=GBD2015De>{{cite journal | author = GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1459–1544 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733281 | pmc = 5388903 | doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A Amurka, appendicitis shine mafi yawan sanadin ciwon ciki kwatsam da ake buƙatar tiyata. <ref name=Graf1996 /> A kowace shekara a Amurka, fiye da mutane 300,000 masu fama da cutar appendicitis ana cire su ta hanyar tiyata. <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mason RJ | title = Surgery for appendicitis: is it necessary? | journal = Surgical Infections | volume = 9 | issue = 4 | pages = 481–8 | date = August 2008 | pmid = 18687030 | doi = 10.1089/sur.2007.079 }}</ref> Reginald Fitz an yaba da kasancewa mutum na farko da ya bayyana yanayin a shekarar 1886. <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Fitz RH |title=Perforating inflammation of the vermiform appendix with special reference to its early diagnosis and treatment |journal=American Journal of the Medical Sciences |issue=92 |pages=321–46 |year=1886}}</ref> [[File:En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Appendicitis.webm|thumbtime=1:10|thumb| Takaitaccen bidiyon jagora ( rubutun )]] {{Stub}} == Manazarta == <references /> [[Category: Kiwon lafiya]] f2ir1j1mrs4zb8i9jb2dingatfaea9z 0 57959 874116 341382 2026-07-02T05:57:55Z Habibah A Jisambo 26434 874116 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Grassroots Democratic Movement''' (GDM) jam'iyyar siyasa ce a Najeriya wadda ta kasance daya daga cikin jam'iyyun siyasa biyar da gwamnatin Janar [[Sani Abacha]] ta amince da su shiga zaben 'yan majalisar jiha da aka gudanar a watan Disambar 1997,da kuma zaben 'yan majalisar dokoki da aka gudanar a watan Afrilun 1998..Sauran jam’iyyun da aka amince sun hada da United Nigeria Congress Party,[[Congress for National Consensus]] (CNC),[[Peoples Democratic Party|Democratic Party of Nigeria]] (DPN) da [[National Centre Party of Nigeria|National Center Party of Nigeria]] (NCPN). Jam'iyyar Grassroots Democratic Movement karkashin jagorancin Alhaji [[Muhammadu Dikko Yusufu]] tana da bangaren hagu. A cikin watan Afrilun 1998,GDM ita ce kawai jam'iyyar da ke tunanin wasu 'yan takarar shugaban kasa a maimakon Sani Abacha. Dokta [[Nigeria Advance Party|Tunji Braithwaite]],lauya wanda aka kira zuwa mashaya a 1961 kuma ya kafa [[Nigeria Advanced Party]] a 1983,ya yi fatan zama dan takarar shugaban kasa na Grassroots Democratic Movement a 1999. A watan Mayun 1998,[[Muhammadu Dikko Yusufu]],tsohon shugaban 'yan sandan Najeriya,ya kai karar jam'iyyar GDM kan zaben Abacha a matsayin dan takararta na shugaban kasa.Ya yi kira ga Abacha da ya yi murabus. A lokacin da Janar [[Abdulsalami Abubakar]] ya gaji Sani Abacha bayan rasuwar marigayin a watan Yunin 1998, ya rusa jam’iyyu biyar kuma ya bayyana cewa za a gudanar da zaben dimokuradiyya a cikin kwata na farko na 1999.Ya ba da shawarar kafa jam'iyyun siyasa kyauta,hukumar shari'a mai zaman kanta,masu sa ido kan zabe na kasa da kasa. ==Manazarta.== {{Reflist}} smqw18h1py3nzlajh8gmb0dhhogsy82 0 58797 873739 493727 2026-07-01T18:22:53Z Nnamadee 31123 873739 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:ET Gondar asv2018-02 img44 Angereb Reservoir.jpg|thumb|Kogin Angereb]] [[Fayil:ET Gondar asv2018-02 img44 Angereb Reservoir.jpg|thumb|kogin angereb]] [[Fayil:ET Gondar asv2018-02 img43 Angereb Reservoir.jpg|thumb|kogin angereb]] '''Angereb''' da aka fi sani da '''''Bahr as-Salam''''' kogin [[Itofiya|Habasha]] ne da gabashin [[Sudan]],kuma daya daga cikin tushen kogin [[Nil|Nilu]]. Ya tashi kusa da Daqwa,arewacin [[Gondar]] a yankin Amhara,yana gudana zuwa yamma don shiga kogin Atbarah .Gundumar Armachiho mai tarihi tana kan wani bangare na tafarkinta.<ref>G.W.B. Huntingford, ''The Historical Geography of Ethiopia'' (London: The British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> Dam na Angereb,wanda aka kaddamar a shekarar 1997,an yi shi ne don rage matsalar samar da ruwan sha na garin na tsawon shekaru 25.<ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=291–305}}</ref> Tafkin Angereb da rijiyoyin burtsatse guda biyu sune manyan hanyoyin samar da ruwa ga garin kuma suna da matsakaicin matsakaicin ƙarfin samarwa na 8,298 m <sup>3</sup> / rana. == Manazarta == tn0r15c2v3vuxgosmoqc1a28cflm9et 0 60934 873887 791808 2026-07-01T21:40:35Z Ummeeterh 31568 873887 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Akpanoluo Ikpong Ikpong Ette''' NNOM, (An haifi shi a 23 ga watan [[Satumba]] a shikara ta 1929-17 [[Satumba]], 2018), Farfesa ne a [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Najeriya]], kuma tsohon sakatare da kuma mataimakin shugaban, [[Makarantar Kimiyya ta Najeriya|Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Najeriya]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://bulletin.ui.edu.ng/sites/default/files/4136%20%20%20%20%20OBITUARY%20%20%20%20Professor%20%20Akpanoluo%20Ikpong%20Ikpong%20Ette.pdf | title=OBITUARY Professor Akpanoluo Ikpong Ikpong Ette, FNIP, FSAN, FAS, NNOM (23 September, 1929 - 17 September, 2018) | work=Bulletin | publisher=University of Ibadan | date=12 November 2018 | accessdate=9 December 2019 | archive-date=24 January 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124223159/https://bulletin.ui.edu.ng/sites/default/files/4136%20%20%20%20%20OBITUARY%20%20%20%20Professor%20%20Akpanoluo%20Ikpong%20Ikpong%20Ette.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 1991, an zabe shi Shugaban Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta [[Najeriya]] don ya gaji Farfesa [[Caleb Olaniyan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nas.org.ng/fellowship/members-of-council/ |title=Members of Council |work=Nigerian Academy of Science |accessdate=7 June 2015 |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707061854/http://www.nas.org.ng/fellowship/members-of-council/ |archivedate=7 July 2015 }}</ref> A 2003, ya sami lambar yabo mafi girma na ilimi a [[Najeriya]], lambar yabo ta National Order of Merit Award.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://business.highbeam.com/3548/article-1G1-94267426/two-academics-bag-2003-merit-award |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710001742/http://business.highbeam.com/3548/article-1G1-94267426/two-academics-bag-2003-merit-award |url-status=dead|archive-date=10 July 2015 |title=Two Academics Bag 2003 Merit Award |work=Business HighBeam |accessdate=9 June 2015}}</ref> == Rayuwa da aiki == An haifi Ette a garin Upenekang, kuma daga 1944 zuwa 1948 ya halarci makarantar horar da Hope Waddell, kafin ya karanci kimiyyar lissafi a Kwalejin Jami'a dake Ibadan a shekarar 1949, inda ya kammala karatunsa na BSc a shekarar 1954. Bayan ya koyar a cibiyar horar da Hope Waddell daga 1954 zuwa 1959, ya kammala karatun sa na PhD a [[Jami'ar Ibadan]] daga 1959 zuwa 1966 yayin da yake karantarwa a wannan jami'a. An nada shi Farfesa a shekarar 1972.<ref name=Obit1 /> Ette ya mutu a shekarar 2018.<ref name=Obit1>{{cite web | url=https://bulletin.ui.edu.ng/sites/default/files/4136%20%20%20%20%20OBITUARY%20%20%20%20Professor%20%20Akpanoluo%20Ikpong%20Ikpong%20Ette.pdf | title=OBITUARY Professor Akpanoluo Ikpong Ikpong Ette, FNIP, FSAN, FAS, NNOM (23 September, 1929 - 17 September, 2018) | work=Bulletin | publisher=University of Ibadan | date=12 November 2018 | accessdate=9 December 2019 | archive-date=24 January 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124223159/https://bulletin.ui.edu.ng/sites/default/files/4136%20%20%20%20%20OBITUARY%20%20%20%20Professor%20%20Akpanoluo%20Ikpong%20Ikpong%20Ette.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mutuwan 2018]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1929]] [[category:Maluman Najeriya]] 103k0z0kbf7wk1y2clhuzqd59tpr7ls 0 62042 874306 870350 2026-07-02T11:28:56Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 An kirkira ta fassara "Plot" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1341443700|Restless City]]" 874306 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Birni mara kwanciyar hankali |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Restless_City.jpg|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption">Hoton talla</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An ba da umarni daga | class="infobox-data" |[[Andrew Dosunmu]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Rubuce-rubuce | class="infobox-data" |Eugene M. Gussenhoven |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An samar da shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Katie MustardMatt ParkerDavid Raymond[[Tony Okungbowa]]<br /><br /><br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Fitowa | class="infobox-data" |Sy AlassaneSky Nicole Grey[[Tony Okungbowa]] Gira<br /><br /><br />[[Danai Gurira|Danai zai so]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Hotuna | class="infobox-data" |[[Bradford Young]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An shirya shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Oriana Soddu |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Kamfanin samarwa<br /></div> | class="infobox-data" |<div style="vertical-align: middle;">Clam Prods</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An rarraba ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |[[ARRAY|AFFRM]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Ranar fitarwa</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> * Janairu 23, 2011 <span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2011-01-23</span>)&nbsp;</span> (Sundance) &nbsp;&nbsp;&#x20; * Afrilu 27, 2012 <span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2012-04-27</span>)&nbsp;</span> (Amurka) &nbsp;&nbsp;&#x20; </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Lokacin gudu</div> | class="infobox-data" |Minti 90 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |Amurka |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Harsuna | class="infobox-data" |Turanci da Faransanci<br /> |} '''''Restless City''''' is a 2011 independent drama film written by Eugene M. Gussenhoven and directed by [[Andrew Dosunmu]]. It stars Sy Alassane, Sky Nicole Grey, [[Tony Okungbowa]], [[Stephen Tyrone Williams]], and Danai Gurira. The film premiered on January 23, 2011, at the 2011 Sundance Film Festival and received a limited release in the United States on April 27, 2012.<ref name="AFFRM">{{Cite web |title=Restless City |url=http://www.affrm.com/restless-city/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120613182948/http://www.affrm.com/restless-city/ |archive-date=June 13, 2012 |access-date=26 April 2023 |website=[[AFFRM]]}}</ref> == Makirci == Djibril, wani matashi dan kasar Senegal, yana kokarin yin rayuwa a kan titunan [[Harlem]] a New York. Wani mawaƙi mai son, yana fatan wata rana ya sami [[Recording contract|yarjejeniyar rikodin]], amma bayan shekaru huɗu a Amurka har yanzu yana rayuwa tare ta hanyar sayar da [[CD|CDs]] a kan titi da kuma yin wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin mai aikawa tare da taimakon moped dinsa. Don tara isasshen kuɗi don yin kundi, Djibril ya yarda ya yi aiki ga Bekay, mai [[Procuring (prostitution)|karuwanci]] da mai ba da rance. Manufar Djilbri ta cika mafarkinsa ta katse lokacin da ya sadu da Trini, karuwa da ke aiki ga Bekay. Djibril ya yi hadari ga komai don ceton Trini daga rayuwarta mara kyau.   == Plot == Manufar Djilbri ta cika burinsa ta katse lokacin da ya haɗu da Trini, wata karuwa da ke aiki a Bekay. fscwoktcdk825m39oceqnuk127znax6 0 62105 873895 676331 2026-07-01T21:48:43Z Ummeeterh 31568 873895 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Stephen Tyrone Williams''' (An haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da biyu 1982) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne ɗan ƙasar [[Amurka]] wanda aka fi sani dalilin fina-finai da ma jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin masu dogon zango kamar ''[[The Knick]]'', ''[[Da Sweet Blood of Jesus]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/13/movies/review-da-sweet-blood-of-jesus-spike-lees-vampire-movie.html|title=Review: 'Da Sweet Blood of Jesus,' Spike Lee's Vampire Movie|date=13 February 2015|work=The New York Times}}</ref> ''[[Elementary (TV series)|Elementary]]'' da ''[[Phil Spector (film)|Phil Spector]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-02-15 |title=Stephen T. Williams - About This Person - Movies & TV - NYTimes.com |url=http://www.nytimes.com/movies/person/1759680/Stephen-T-Williams |access-date=2022-06-18 |website= [[The New York Times]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215060934/http://www.nytimes.com/movies/person/1759680/Stephen-T-Williams |archive-date=15 February 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Williams kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne wanda aka sani da irin wannan wasan kwaikwayo kamar [[Athol Fugard]] 's ''My Children! My Africa!''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/25/theater/reviews/athol-fugards-my-children-my-africa-at-signature-center.html|title=Caught in the Prison That Is Their Country|date=24 May 2012|work=The New York Times}}</ref> da Broadway (farkon fim ɗin sa), ''Lucky Guy''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.broadway.com/buzz/168500/stephen-tyrone-williams-on-making-broadway-magic-with-tom-hanks-and-getting-primal-in-lucky-guy/|title=Stephen Tyrone Williams on Making Broadway Magic with Tom Hanks and Getting 'Primal' in Lucky Guy|work=Broadway.com}}</ref> == Fina-finai== === Fim === {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Shekara !Suna !Matsayi !Bayani |- |2009 |''Crush'' |Cameron | |- |2010 |[[Children of God (film)|''Children of God'']] |Romeo Fernander | |- |2011 |''[[Restless City]]'' |Kareem | |- |2012 |''[[Greetings from Tim Buckley]]'' |Carter | |- |2014 |''[[Da Sweet Blood of Jesus]]'' |Dr. Hess Greene | |} === Telebijin === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Suna !Matsayi !Bayani |- |2012 |[[Unforgettable (American TV series)|''Unforgettable'']] |David Jacobs |Episode: "Blind Alleys" |- |2013 |[[Phil Spector (film)|''Phil Spector'']] |Producer |Television film |- |2013 |''Conversations w/My Ex'' |Josh |2 episodes |- |2013 |[[Person of Interest (TV series)|''Person of Interest'']] |Joseph Kent |Episode: "Razgovor" |- |2013, 2014 |[[Elementary (TV series)|''Elementary'']] |Randy |2 episodes |- |2014 |''[[The Knick]]'' |Dr. Moses Williams |Episode: "Get the Rope" |} ==Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1982]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] aq7sq9gs2xewlw8anatffgessgwjcv9 0 62148 874211 862570 2026-07-02T09:11:41Z Mahuta 11340 An kirkira ta fassara "Personal life" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343156285|Emeka Ani]]" 874211 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Emeka Ani''' listenⓘ ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Najeriya, furodusa, kuma darektan. == Rayuwa ta mutum == A cikin shekarar 2021, ya nemi Kuɗaɗe da tallafi don biyan kuɗin asibiti da ci gaba da kula da lafiya bayan bugun jini.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=3 February 2021 |title=Ailing Nollywood actor, Emeka Ani, seeks help {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/440395-ailing-nollywood-actor-emeka-ani-seeks-help.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110170354/https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/440395-ailing-nollywood-actor-emeka-ani-seeks-help.html |archive-date=10 November 2021 |access-date=10 November 2021 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ya karɓi [[naira]] miliyan shida daga jagoran addini Jeremiah Fufeyin.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=3 February 2021 |title=Ailing Nollywood actor, Emeka Ani, seeks help {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/440395-ailing-nollywood-actor-emeka-ani-seeks-help.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110170354/https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/440395-ailing-nollywood-actor-emeka-ani-seeks-help.html |archive-date=10 November 2021 |access-date=10 November 2021 |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 November 2021 |title=Prophet Jeremiah gifts Nollywood actor, Emeka Ani, others N7 million for health challenge |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/11/prophet-jeremiah-gifts-nollywood-actor-emeka-ani-others-n7-million-for-health-challenge/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717201006/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/11/prophet-jeremiah-gifts-nollywood-actor-emeka-ani-others-n7-million-for-health-challenge/ |archive-date=17 July 2022 |access-date=17 July 2022 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == * Maƙaryaci (1998) a matsayin Malibe * Karishika II (1999) a matsayin jagoran addini * ''[[Issakaba]]'' (2000) * ''[[The Last Burial|Kabari na Ƙarshe]]'' (2000) * Abuja Connection (2003) a matsayin Bitrus * Desperate Billionaire (2005) a matsayin mai ruhaniya * Kissing the Wind (2006) * Nursina ta Amurka (2006) a matsayin Obasanjo * Macijin Yarinya (2006) a matsayin Ogbakaja * ''The Snake Girl II (2006) a matsayin Ogbakaja'' * ''Macijin a Aljanna (2006) '' * ''Macijin a cikin Aljanna II (2006'' * ''Babu Ƙaunar II (2007) a matsayin Mai Girma'' * 666 (Ka kula da Ƙarshen Yana Hannu) 1 & 2 (2007) a matsayin Lucifer * Ikilisiya a kan Wuta 1 & 2 (2008) * ''Okoto Manzo'' (2011) a matsayin Mista Okorie * ''Kuskuren Iyali'' * ''Wani lokaci a watan Yuli'' (2018) a matsayin Lt. Col Odogwu * ''Ogbo Nke Ajuala'' (2020) a matsayin Ajuala == Personal life == A cikin shekarar 2021, ya kuma nemi kuɗaɗe da tallafi don biyan kuɗin asibiti da ci gaba da kula da lafiya bayan bugun jini.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=3 February 2021 |title=Ailing Nollywood actor, Emeka Ani, seeks help {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/440395-ailing-nollywood-actor-emeka-ani-seeks-help.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110170354/https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/440395-ailing-nollywood-actor-emeka-ani-seeks-help.html |archive-date=10 November 2021 |access-date=10 November 2021 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ya karɓi [[naira]] miliyan shida daga shugaban addini Jeremiah Fufeyin . == Personal life == A shekarar 2021, ya nemi kuɗi da tallafi don biyan kuɗin asibiti da kuma ci gaba da kula da lafiya bayan bugun jini.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=3 February 2021 |title=Ailing Nollywood actor, Emeka Ani, seeks help {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/440395-ailing-nollywood-actor-emeka-ani-seeks-help.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110170354/https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/440395-ailing-nollywood-actor-emeka-ani-seeks-help.html |archive-date=10 November 2021 |access-date=10 November 2021 |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb name|2138267}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] nfj9ul3n70mtrzivjojrt8ptug92y01 0 62249 873902 862370 2026-07-01T22:00:00Z Dahiru Saidu 39694 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359529496|Caleb Femi]]" 873902 wikitext text/x-wiki Caleb Femi (an haife shi a shekara ta 1990) marubuci ne na Najeriya-Birtaniya, darektan fina-finai, mai daukar hoto, kuma tsohon laureate na matasa na Landan. Tarin waƙoƙinsa na farko, Poor, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Forward Prize for Poetry . == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Caleb Femi a shekarar 1990 a Kano, Najeriya, <ref>{{Cite web |last=McConnell |first=Justine |date=21 July 2017 |title=Caleb Femi |url=https://writersmakeworlds.com/caleb-femi/ |access-date=16 November 2020 |website=writers make worlds |language=en-GB}}</ref> inda kakarsa ta tashe shi. Lokacin da yake dan shekara bakwai, ya koma ya haɗu da iyayensa a Arewacin Peckham Estate a [[Landan]]. Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya yi karatun Turanci a Sarauniya Maryamu, Jami'ar London.<ref name="NewStatesman" /> == Ayyuka == Daga 2014 zuwa 2016, Femi ta koyar da Turanci a makarantar sakandare a Tottenham . A shekara ta 2015, Femi ta lashe gasar Roundhouse Poetry Slam . A shekara ta 2016, an zaba shi a matsayin matasan farko na [[Landan]]. A ranar 30 ga watan Yulin 2020, ya wallafa tarin waƙoƙinsa na farko, mai taken Poor, wanda ya lashe kyautar Felix Dennis ta Forward Prize don Mafi kyawun tarin farko a watan Oktoba 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Poor by Caleb Femi |url=https://www.poetrybooks.co.uk/products/poor-by-caleb-femi |access-date=16 November 2020 |website=The Poetry Book Society |language=en}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == Femi ya zuwa yanzu ya yi kuma ya fitar da gajeren fina-finai guda biyar, yana aiki a matsayin marubuci / darektan kowannensu: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Caleb Femi |url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm9178255/ |access-date=20 October 2021 |website=IMDb}}</ref> * ''Kuma Sun San Haske'' (2017) * Wishbone (2018) * ''Rayuwar Asirin Gs'' (2019) * Laifin wanda ya tsira (2020) * ''Jirgin sama'' (2023) <ref>{{Cite web |title=UK Films Database: Giraffe |url=https://filmsandfestivals.britishcouncil.org/projects/giraffe |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251112133751/https://filmsandfestivals.britishcouncil.org/projects/giraffe |archive-date=12 November 2025 |access-date=12 November 2025 |website=[[British Council]]}}</ref> == Godiya gaisuwa == An ambaci sunan Femi a cikin mujallar Dazed ta 2021 Dazed100, jerin sunayen tsara mai zuwa da ke tsara al'adun matasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dazed |date=6 April 2017 |title=Vote for Caleb Femi on the #Dazed100 |url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/projects/article/35397/1/caleb-femi-poets-biography-dazed-100-profile |access-date=20 October 2021 |website=Dazed |language=en}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist|30em}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.calebfemi.com/ Shafin yanar gizon hukuma] * [[IMDb]].com/name/nm9178255/" id="mwwg" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Caleb Femi a kan IMDb [[Rukuni:Marubutan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]] f1ss0wgr5lvmb8ljhgqi08w0vsnfcr3 873903 873902 2026-07-01T22:00:58Z Dahiru Saidu 39694 873903 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Caleb Femi (an haife shi a shekara ta 1990) marubuci ne na Najeriya-Birtaniya, darektan fina-finai, mai daukar hoto, kuma tsohon laureate na matasa na Landan. Tarin waƙoƙinsa na farko, Poor, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Forward Prize for Poetry . == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Caleb Femi a shekarar 1990 a Kano, Najeriya, <ref>{{Cite web |last=McConnell |first=Justine |date=21 July 2017 |title=Caleb Femi |url=https://writersmakeworlds.com/caleb-femi/ |access-date=16 November 2020 |website=writers make worlds |language=en-GB}}</ref> inda kakarsa ta tashe shi. Lokacin da yake dan shekara bakwai, ya koma ya haɗu da iyayensa a Arewacin Peckham Estate a [[Landan]]. Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya yi karatun Turanci a Sarauniya Maryamu, Jami'ar London.<ref name="NewStatesman" /> == Ayyuka == Daga 2014 zuwa 2016, Femi ta koyar da Turanci a makarantar sakandare a Tottenham . A shekara ta 2015, Femi ta lashe gasar Roundhouse Poetry Slam . A shekara ta 2016, an zaba shi a matsayin matasan farko na [[Landan]]. A ranar 30 ga watan Yulin 2020, ya wallafa tarin waƙoƙinsa na farko, mai taken Poor, wanda ya lashe kyautar Felix Dennis ta Forward Prize don Mafi kyawun tarin farko a watan Oktoba 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Poor by Caleb Femi |url=https://www.poetrybooks.co.uk/products/poor-by-caleb-femi |access-date=16 November 2020 |website=The Poetry Book Society |language=en}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == Femi ya zuwa yanzu ya yi kuma ya fitar da gajeren fina-finai guda biyar, yana aiki a matsayin marubuci / darektan kowannensu: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Caleb Femi |url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm9178255/ |access-date=20 October 2021 |website=IMDb}}</ref> * ''Kuma Sun San Haske'' (2017) * Wishbone (2018) * ''Rayuwar Asirin Gs'' (2019) * Laifin wanda ya tsira (2020) * ''Jirgin sama'' (2023) <ref>{{Cite web |title=UK Films Database: Giraffe |url=https://filmsandfestivals.britishcouncil.org/projects/giraffe |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251112133751/https://filmsandfestivals.britishcouncil.org/projects/giraffe |archive-date=12 November 2025 |access-date=12 November 2025 |website=[[British Council]]}}</ref> == Godiya gaisuwa == An ambaci sunan Femi a cikin mujallar Dazed ta 2021 Dazed100, jerin sunayen tsara mai zuwa da ke tsara al'adun matasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dazed |date=6 April 2017 |title=Vote for Caleb Femi on the #Dazed100 |url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/projects/article/35397/1/caleb-femi-poets-biography-dazed-100-profile |access-date=20 October 2021 |website=Dazed |language=en}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist|30em}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.calebfemi.com/ Shafin yanar gizon hukuma] * [[IMDb]].com/name/nm9178255/" id="mwwg" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Caleb Femi a kan IMDb [[Rukuni:Marubutan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]] os184gs2t4pyaera7d1p2hfzica3ws6 873904 873903 2026-07-01T22:03:51Z Dahiru Saidu 39694 /* Hotunan fina-finai */ 873904 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Caleb Femi (an haife shi a shekara ta 1990) marubuci ne na Najeriya-Birtaniya, darektan fina-finai, mai daukar hoto, kuma tsohon laureate na matasa na Landan. Tarin waƙoƙinsa na farko, Poor, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Forward Prize for Poetry . == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Caleb Femi a shekarar 1990 a Kano, Najeriya, <ref>{{Cite web |last=McConnell |first=Justine |date=21 July 2017 |title=Caleb Femi |url=https://writersmakeworlds.com/caleb-femi/ |access-date=16 November 2020 |website=writers make worlds |language=en-GB}}</ref> inda kakarsa ta tashe shi. Lokacin da yake dan shekara bakwai, ya koma ya haɗu da iyayensa a Arewacin Peckham Estate a [[Landan]]. Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya yi karatun Turanci a Sarauniya Maryamu, Jami'ar London.<ref name="NewStatesman" /> == Ayyuka == Daga 2014 zuwa 2016, Femi ta koyar da Turanci a makarantar sakandare a Tottenham . A shekara ta 2015, Femi ta lashe gasar Roundhouse Poetry Slam . A shekara ta 2016, an zaba shi a matsayin matasan farko na [[Landan]]. A ranar 30 ga watan Yulin 2020, ya wallafa tarin waƙoƙinsa na farko, mai taken Poor, wanda ya lashe kyautar Felix Dennis ta Forward Prize don Mafi kyawun tarin farko a watan Oktoba 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Poor by Caleb Femi |url=https://www.poetrybooks.co.uk/products/poor-by-caleb-femi |access-date=16 November 2020 |website=The Poetry Book Society |language=en}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == Femi ya zuwa yanzu ya yi kuma ya fitar da gajeren fina-finai guda biyar, yana aiki a matsayin marubuci / darektan kowannensu: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Caleb Femi |url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm9178255/ |access-date=20 October 2021 |website=IMDb}}</ref> * ''And They Knew Light (2017) (2017) * Wishbone (2018) * ''Rayuwar Asirin Gs'' (2019) * Laifin wanda ya tsira (2020) * ''Jirgin sama'' (2023) <ref>{{Cite web |title=UK Films Database: Giraffe |url=https://filmsandfestivals.britishcouncil.org/projects/giraffe |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251112133751/https://filmsandfestivals.britishcouncil.org/projects/giraffe |archive-date=12 November 2025 |access-date=12 November 2025 |website=[[British Council]]}}</ref> == Godiya gaisuwa == An ambaci sunan Femi a cikin mujallar Dazed ta 2021 Dazed100, jerin sunayen tsara mai zuwa da ke tsara al'adun matasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dazed |date=6 April 2017 |title=Vote for Caleb Femi on the #Dazed100 |url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/projects/article/35397/1/caleb-femi-poets-biography-dazed-100-profile |access-date=20 October 2021 |website=Dazed |language=en}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist|30em}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.calebfemi.com/ Shafin yanar gizon hukuma] * [[IMDb]].com/name/nm9178255/" id="mwwg" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Caleb Femi a kan IMDb [[Rukuni:Marubutan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]] 6s7oo2ebs4sfa0svrywl49ln4uquam8 873906 873904 2026-07-01T22:05:14Z Dahiru Saidu 39694 /* Hotunan fina-finai */ 873906 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Caleb Femi (an haife shi a shekara ta 1990) marubuci ne na Najeriya-Birtaniya, darektan fina-finai, mai daukar hoto, kuma tsohon laureate na matasa na Landan. Tarin waƙoƙinsa na farko, Poor, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Forward Prize for Poetry . == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Caleb Femi a shekarar 1990 a Kano, Najeriya, <ref>{{Cite web |last=McConnell |first=Justine |date=21 July 2017 |title=Caleb Femi |url=https://writersmakeworlds.com/caleb-femi/ |access-date=16 November 2020 |website=writers make worlds |language=en-GB}}</ref> inda kakarsa ta tashe shi. Lokacin da yake dan shekara bakwai, ya koma ya haɗu da iyayensa a Arewacin Peckham Estate a [[Landan]]. Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya yi karatun Turanci a Sarauniya Maryamu, Jami'ar London.<ref name="NewStatesman" /> == Ayyuka == Daga 2014 zuwa 2016, Femi ta koyar da Turanci a makarantar sakandare a Tottenham . A shekara ta 2015, Femi ta lashe gasar Roundhouse Poetry Slam . A shekara ta 2016, an zaba shi a matsayin matasan farko na [[Landan]]. A ranar 30 ga watan Yulin 2020, ya wallafa tarin waƙoƙinsa na farko, mai taken Poor, wanda ya lashe kyautar Felix Dennis ta Forward Prize don Mafi kyawun tarin farko a watan Oktoba 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Poor by Caleb Femi |url=https://www.poetrybooks.co.uk/products/poor-by-caleb-femi |access-date=16 November 2020 |website=The Poetry Book Society |language=en}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == Femi ya zuwa yanzu ya yi kuma ya fitar da gajeren fina-finai guda biyar, yana aiki a matsayin marubuci / darektan kowannensu: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Caleb Femi |url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm9178255/ |access-date=20 October 2021 |website=IMDb}}</ref> * ''And They Knew Light (2017) * Wishbone (2018) * ''Rayuwar Asirin Gs'' (2019) * Laifin wanda ya tsira (2020) * ''Jirgin sama'' (2023) <ref>{{Cite web |title=UK Films Database: Giraffe |url=https://filmsandfestivals.britishcouncil.org/projects/giraffe |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251112133751/https://filmsandfestivals.britishcouncil.org/projects/giraffe |archive-date=12 November 2025 |access-date=12 November 2025 |website=[[British Council]]}}</ref> == Godiya gaisuwa == An ambaci sunan Femi a cikin mujallar Dazed ta 2021 Dazed100, jerin sunayen tsara mai zuwa da ke tsara al'adun matasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dazed |date=6 April 2017 |title=Vote for Caleb Femi on the #Dazed100 |url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/projects/article/35397/1/caleb-femi-poets-biography-dazed-100-profile |access-date=20 October 2021 |website=Dazed |language=en}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist|30em}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.calebfemi.com/ Shafin yanar gizon hukuma] * [[IMDb]].com/name/nm9178255/" id="mwwg" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Caleb Femi a kan IMDb [[Rukuni:Marubutan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]] 14tjugsfzzx3rv1errlepa8v99e942y 873907 873906 2026-07-01T22:06:04Z Dahiru Saidu 39694 /* Hotunan fina-finai */ 873907 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Caleb Femi (an haife shi a shekara ta 1990) marubuci ne na Najeriya-Birtaniya, darektan fina-finai, mai daukar hoto, kuma tsohon laureate na matasa na Landan. Tarin waƙoƙinsa na farko, Poor, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Forward Prize for Poetry . == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Caleb Femi a shekarar 1990 a Kano, Najeriya, <ref>{{Cite web |last=McConnell |first=Justine |date=21 July 2017 |title=Caleb Femi |url=https://writersmakeworlds.com/caleb-femi/ |access-date=16 November 2020 |website=writers make worlds |language=en-GB}}</ref> inda kakarsa ta tashe shi. Lokacin da yake dan shekara bakwai, ya koma ya haɗu da iyayensa a Arewacin Peckham Estate a [[Landan]]. Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya yi karatun Turanci a Sarauniya Maryamu, Jami'ar London.<ref name="NewStatesman" /> == Ayyuka == Daga 2014 zuwa 2016, Femi ta koyar da Turanci a makarantar sakandare a Tottenham . A shekara ta 2015, Femi ta lashe gasar Roundhouse Poetry Slam . A shekara ta 2016, an zaba shi a matsayin matasan farko na [[Landan]]. A ranar 30 ga watan Yulin 2020, ya wallafa tarin waƙoƙinsa na farko, mai taken Poor, wanda ya lashe kyautar Felix Dennis ta Forward Prize don Mafi kyawun tarin farko a watan Oktoba 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Poor by Caleb Femi |url=https://www.poetrybooks.co.uk/products/poor-by-caleb-femi |access-date=16 November 2020 |website=The Poetry Book Society |language=en}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == Femi ya zuwa yanzu ya yi kuma ya fitar da gajeren fina-finai guda biyar, yana aiki a matsayin marubuci / darektan kowannensu: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Caleb Femi |url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm9178255/ |access-date=20 October 2021 |website=IMDb}}</ref> * ''And They Knew Light (2017) * Wishbone (2018) *Secret Life of Gs (2019) * ''Rayuwar Asirin Gs'' (2019) * Laifin wanda ya tsira (2020) * ''Jirgin sama'' (2023) <ref>{{Cite web |title=UK Films Database: Giraffe |url=https://filmsandfestivals.britishcouncil.org/projects/giraffe |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251112133751/https://filmsandfestivals.britishcouncil.org/projects/giraffe |archive-date=12 November 2025 |access-date=12 November 2025 |website=[[British Council]]}}</ref> == Godiya gaisuwa == An ambaci sunan Femi a cikin mujallar Dazed ta 2021 Dazed100, jerin sunayen tsara mai zuwa da ke tsara al'adun matasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dazed |date=6 April 2017 |title=Vote for Caleb Femi on the #Dazed100 |url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/projects/article/35397/1/caleb-femi-poets-biography-dazed-100-profile |access-date=20 October 2021 |website=Dazed |language=en}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist|30em}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.calebfemi.com/ Shafin yanar gizon hukuma] * [[IMDb]].com/name/nm9178255/" id="mwwg" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Caleb Femi a kan IMDb [[Rukuni:Marubutan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]] rq16q5vk725tcms8g61k2ucnfkb5zvm 873909 873907 2026-07-01T22:06:50Z Dahiru Saidu 39694 /* Hotunan fina-finai */ 873909 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Caleb Femi (an haife shi a shekara ta 1990) marubuci ne na Najeriya-Birtaniya, darektan fina-finai, mai daukar hoto, kuma tsohon laureate na matasa na Landan. Tarin waƙoƙinsa na farko, Poor, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Forward Prize for Poetry . == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Caleb Femi a shekarar 1990 a Kano, Najeriya, <ref>{{Cite web |last=McConnell |first=Justine |date=21 July 2017 |title=Caleb Femi |url=https://writersmakeworlds.com/caleb-femi/ |access-date=16 November 2020 |website=writers make worlds |language=en-GB}}</ref> inda kakarsa ta tashe shi. Lokacin da yake dan shekara bakwai, ya koma ya haɗu da iyayensa a Arewacin Peckham Estate a [[Landan]]. Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya yi karatun Turanci a Sarauniya Maryamu, Jami'ar London.<ref name="NewStatesman" /> == Ayyuka == Daga 2014 zuwa 2016, Femi ta koyar da Turanci a makarantar sakandare a Tottenham . A shekara ta 2015, Femi ta lashe gasar Roundhouse Poetry Slam . A shekara ta 2016, an zaba shi a matsayin matasan farko na [[Landan]]. A ranar 30 ga watan Yulin 2020, ya wallafa tarin waƙoƙinsa na farko, mai taken Poor, wanda ya lashe kyautar Felix Dennis ta Forward Prize don Mafi kyawun tarin farko a watan Oktoba 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Poor by Caleb Femi |url=https://www.poetrybooks.co.uk/products/poor-by-caleb-femi |access-date=16 November 2020 |website=The Poetry Book Society |language=en}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == Femi ya zuwa yanzu ya yi kuma ya fitar da gajeren fina-finai guda biyar, yana aiki a matsayin marubuci / darektan kowannensu: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Caleb Femi |url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm9178255/ |access-date=20 October 2021 |website=IMDb}}</ref> * ''And They Knew Light (2017) * Wishbone (2018) *Secret Life of Gs (2019) *Survivor's Guilt (2020) * * ''Rayuwar Asirin Gs'' (2019) * Laifin wanda ya tsira (2020) * ''Jirgin sama'' (2023) <ref>{{Cite web |title=UK Films Database: Giraffe |url=https://filmsandfestivals.britishcouncil.org/projects/giraffe |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251112133751/https://filmsandfestivals.britishcouncil.org/projects/giraffe |archive-date=12 November 2025 |access-date=12 November 2025 |website=[[British Council]]}}</ref> == Godiya gaisuwa == An ambaci sunan Femi a cikin mujallar Dazed ta 2021 Dazed100, jerin sunayen tsara mai zuwa da ke tsara al'adun matasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dazed |date=6 April 2017 |title=Vote for Caleb Femi on the #Dazed100 |url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/projects/article/35397/1/caleb-femi-poets-biography-dazed-100-profile |access-date=20 October 2021 |website=Dazed |language=en}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist|30em}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.calebfemi.com/ Shafin yanar gizon hukuma] * [[IMDb]].com/name/nm9178255/" id="mwwg" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Caleb Femi a kan IMDb [[Rukuni:Marubutan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]] 8fudegope2gb07xe45hbeyxbvs6qdl1 873912 873909 2026-07-01T22:07:16Z Dahiru Saidu 39694 /* Hotunan fina-finai */ 873912 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Caleb Femi (an haife shi a shekara ta 1990) marubuci ne na Najeriya-Birtaniya, darektan fina-finai, mai daukar hoto, kuma tsohon laureate na matasa na Landan. Tarin waƙoƙinsa na farko, Poor, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Forward Prize for Poetry . == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Caleb Femi a shekarar 1990 a Kano, Najeriya, <ref>{{Cite web |last=McConnell |first=Justine |date=21 July 2017 |title=Caleb Femi |url=https://writersmakeworlds.com/caleb-femi/ |access-date=16 November 2020 |website=writers make worlds |language=en-GB}}</ref> inda kakarsa ta tashe shi. Lokacin da yake dan shekara bakwai, ya koma ya haɗu da iyayensa a Arewacin Peckham Estate a [[Landan]]. Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya yi karatun Turanci a Sarauniya Maryamu, Jami'ar London.<ref name="NewStatesman" /> == Ayyuka == Daga 2014 zuwa 2016, Femi ta koyar da Turanci a makarantar sakandare a Tottenham . A shekara ta 2015, Femi ta lashe gasar Roundhouse Poetry Slam . A shekara ta 2016, an zaba shi a matsayin matasan farko na [[Landan]]. A ranar 30 ga watan Yulin 2020, ya wallafa tarin waƙoƙinsa na farko, mai taken Poor, wanda ya lashe kyautar Felix Dennis ta Forward Prize don Mafi kyawun tarin farko a watan Oktoba 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Poor by Caleb Femi |url=https://www.poetrybooks.co.uk/products/poor-by-caleb-femi |access-date=16 November 2020 |website=The Poetry Book Society |language=en}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == Femi ya zuwa yanzu ya yi kuma ya fitar da gajeren fina-finai guda biyar, yana aiki a matsayin marubuci / darektan kowannensu: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Caleb Femi |url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm9178255/ |access-date=20 October 2021 |website=IMDb}}</ref> * ''And They Knew Light (2017) * Wishbone (2018) *Secret Life of Gs (2019) *Survivor's Guilt (2020) *Giraffe (2023)[8]'' * ''Rayuwar Asirin Gs'' (2019) * Laifin wanda ya tsira (2020) * ''Jirgin sama'' (2023) <ref>{{Cite web |title=UK Films Database: Giraffe |url=https://filmsandfestivals.britishcouncil.org/projects/giraffe |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251112133751/https://filmsandfestivals.britishcouncil.org/projects/giraffe |archive-date=12 November 2025 |access-date=12 November 2025 |website=[[British Council]]}}</ref> == Godiya gaisuwa == An ambaci sunan Femi a cikin mujallar Dazed ta 2021 Dazed100, jerin sunayen tsara mai zuwa da ke tsara al'adun matasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dazed |date=6 April 2017 |title=Vote for Caleb Femi on the #Dazed100 |url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/projects/article/35397/1/caleb-femi-poets-biography-dazed-100-profile |access-date=20 October 2021 |website=Dazed |language=en}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist|30em}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.calebfemi.com/ Shafin yanar gizon hukuma] * [[IMDb]].com/name/nm9178255/" id="mwwg" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Caleb Femi a kan IMDb [[Rukuni:Marubutan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]] 1kry6aaaa1owjp7wsoqcw47fjh369mo 873915 873912 2026-07-01T22:08:40Z Dahiru Saidu 39694 /* Hotunan fina-finai */ 873915 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Caleb Femi (an haife shi a shekara ta 1990) marubuci ne na Najeriya-Birtaniya, darektan fina-finai, mai daukar hoto, kuma tsohon laureate na matasa na Landan. Tarin waƙoƙinsa na farko, Poor, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Forward Prize for Poetry . == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Caleb Femi a shekarar 1990 a Kano, Najeriya, <ref>{{Cite web |last=McConnell |first=Justine |date=21 July 2017 |title=Caleb Femi |url=https://writersmakeworlds.com/caleb-femi/ |access-date=16 November 2020 |website=writers make worlds |language=en-GB}}</ref> inda kakarsa ta tashe shi. Lokacin da yake dan shekara bakwai, ya koma ya haɗu da iyayensa a Arewacin Peckham Estate a [[Landan]]. Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya yi karatun Turanci a Sarauniya Maryamu, Jami'ar London.<ref name="NewStatesman" /> == Ayyuka == Daga 2014 zuwa 2016, Femi ta koyar da Turanci a makarantar sakandare a Tottenham . A shekara ta 2015, Femi ta lashe gasar Roundhouse Poetry Slam . A shekara ta 2016, an zaba shi a matsayin matasan farko na [[Landan]]. A ranar 30 ga watan Yulin 2020, ya wallafa tarin waƙoƙinsa na farko, mai taken Poor, wanda ya lashe kyautar Felix Dennis ta Forward Prize don Mafi kyawun tarin farko a watan Oktoba 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Poor by Caleb Femi |url=https://www.poetrybooks.co.uk/products/poor-by-caleb-femi |access-date=16 November 2020 |website=The Poetry Book Society |language=en}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == Femi ya zuwa yanzu ya yi kuma ya fitar da gajeren fina-finai guda biyar, yana aiki a matsayin marubuci / darektan kowannensu: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Caleb Femi |url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm9178255/ |access-date=20 October 2021 |website=IMDb}}</ref> * ''And They Knew Light (2017) * Wishbone (2018) *Secret Life of Gs (2019) *Survivor's Guilt (2020) *Giraffe (2023)[8]'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=UK Films Database: Giraffe |url=https://filmsandfestivals.britishcouncil.org/projects/giraffe |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251112133751/https://filmsandfestivals.britishcouncil.org/projects/giraffe |archive-date=12 November 2025 |access-date=12 November 2025 |website=[[British Council]]}}</ref> == Godiya gaisuwa == An ambaci sunan Femi a cikin mujallar Dazed ta 2021 Dazed100, jerin sunayen tsara mai zuwa da ke tsara al'adun matasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dazed |date=6 April 2017 |title=Vote for Caleb Femi on the #Dazed100 |url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/projects/article/35397/1/caleb-femi-poets-biography-dazed-100-profile |access-date=20 October 2021 |website=Dazed |language=en}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist|30em}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.calebfemi.com/ Shafin yanar gizon hukuma] * [[IMDb]].com/name/nm9178255/" id="mwwg" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Caleb Femi a kan IMDb [[Rukuni:Marubutan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]] nqp5shub5pwtplwi3sz5dii0087pamf 0 62259 874193 865258 2026-07-02T08:55:33Z Ummun Sultan 23935 An kirkira ta fassara "Career" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345104812|Olaiya Igwe]]" 874193 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Ebun Oloyede// da aka fi sani da Olaiya Igwe Listenⓘ tsohon ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Nollywood, furodusa da darektan wanda aka sani da samar da Iru Esin, Alase Aye, Ololade Mr Money, da Abela Pupa . [1][2][3][4][5] == Career == Olaiya Igwe ya shafe sama da shekaru arba'in a masana'antar fina-finai, ya fito a cikin fina-fakkaatu sama da ɗari kuma ya samar da fina-fukkuna sama da ashirin.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Online |first=Tribune |date=2021-05-23 |title=Losing N52m movie project to piracy almost gave me heart attack —Olaiya Igwe |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/losing-n52m-movie-project-to-piracy-almost-gave-me-heart-attack-olaiya-igwe/ |access-date=2022-10-19 |language=en-GB |newspaper=[[Nigerian Tribune]]}}</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == Olaiya ɗan asalin [[Jihar Ogun]] ne kuma a cikin 2022, Ya kammala karatu daga [[Jami'ar Crescent]], [[Abeokuta]], Najeriya . == Ayyuka == Olaiya Igwe ya shafe sama da shekaru arba'in a masana'antar fina-finai, ya fito a cikin fina-fakkaatu sama da ɗari kuma ya samar da fina-fukkuna sama da ashirin. == Hotunan fina-finai == * ''Masassaƙin ƙarfe: Alagbede (2024) '' * ''[[Ijakumo]]: An sake haifa Stripper (2022) a matsayin Mutum'' * ''Jagbajantis Reloaded (2022) a matsayin Baba Legacy'' * ''U-Turn (2022) a matsayin Mista Kamoru'' * ''Obankoba (2021) a matsayin Oba Akilekun'' * ''Saheed Esu (2020) a matsayin Baba Anyila'' * ''[[Mokalik]] (2019) a matsayin Daddy Jide'' * ''Diamonds in the Sky (2019) a matsayin Salamander'' * ''Ayitale (2013) a matsayin Oloye Demola'' * ''Jelili (2011) a matsayin Alade'' * ''Iru Esin'' * ''Kosi Tabi Sugbon'' * ''Abela Pupa'' * ''Baale Oko Ilu'' * ''Awon Aladun De (jerin talabijin) '' * ''[[Ile Alayo|Tsibirin Alayo]]'' * ''Ololade Mr Money'' == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] t7jdozarme7fsnm6npf4eyvo2svtr5l 0 62467 873811 494569 2026-07-01T20:52:37Z Habibah A Jisambo 26434 873811 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Gr1 - Effetti sulla salute dei rischi alimentari in 195 paesi, 1990-2017 02.jpg|thumb|zanan tafsiran]] '''Christopher Ebhodaghe Abebe''' (1919 - 22 Maris 2018) [[Order of the Federal Republic|OFR]], KSM, KSS, wanda aka fi sani da "Pa Abebe", babban jami'in kula da albarkatun dan adam ne na Najeriya kuma daga baya manajan darakta na Kamfanin United Africa Company (UAC) a Najeriya. == Rayuwar farko da iyali. == An haifi [[Christopher]] Abebe a shekara ta 1919. <ref name="uni">Unilever Archives & Records Management. (c. 2004) ''United Africa Company: A Brief Guide''. Unilever: Wirral. p. 40.</ref> Babbar 'yarsa, [[Stella Obasanjo]], ita ce matar tsohon shugaban Najeriya, [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] . <ref name="van">[https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/03/buhari-mourns-abebe-ex-md-uac/ Buhari mourns Christopher Abebe, ex-MD of UAC.] ''Vanguard'', 23 March 2018. Retrieved 29 September 2019.</ref> == Sana'a. == Abebe ya ci gaba da aikinsa a United Africa Company, inda ya fara zama ma’aikacin asusu a [[Uromi]] a shekarar 1935. A cikin 1951 ya zama manajan ƙwadago a [[Warri]], ɗan asalin Afirka na farko a cikin UAC da aka nada a wannan matsayi. A shekarar 1958 aka nada shi manaja mai kula da bunkasa ma’aikata da horar da ma’aikatan Afirka na Najeriya kuma a shekara ta gaba ya zama dan asalin Afirka na farko da aka nada a kwamitin gudanarwa na UAC Nigeria. Ya zama mataimakin shugaba a shekarar 1972 da shugaba da manajan darakta a 1975. Ya yi ritaya a shekara ta 1980 kuma an nada shi jami’in [[Order of the Federal Republic|tsarin mulkin Tarayyar]] Najeriya a 1981. <ref name="uni">Unilever Archives & Records Management. (c. 2004) ''United Africa Company: A Brief Guide''. Unilever: Wirral. p. 40.</ref> == Sauran ayyukan. == Ya kasance Pro-Chancellor kuma Shugaban Majalisar Jami'o'in Najeriya uku ( [[Jami'ar Benin|Benin]], [[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka|Nsukka]] da [[Jami'ar Calabar|Calabar]] ). <ref name="van"/> == Mutuwa. == Abebe ya rasu ranar 22 ga Maris, 2018. <ref>[https://news.neca.org.ng/index.php/2018/05/27/press-release-encomiums-as-corporate-nigeria-honours-abebe/ PRESS RELEASE: ENCOMIUMS AS CORPORATE NIGERIA HONOURS ABEBE.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823190650/https://news.neca.org.ng/index.php/2018/05/27/press-release-encomiums-as-corporate-nigeria-honours-abebe/ |date=2021-08-23 }} NECA News Magazine, 27 May 2018. Retrieved 29 September 2019.</ref> == Nassoshi. == [[Category:Mutuwan 2018]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1919]] 77u27gyce5ur9m3j93wzemyalewspud 0 63306 873785 503388 2026-07-01T20:27:40Z Ummeeterh 31568 873785 wikitext text/x-wiki == Rayuwar sa == {{Infobox}} An haifi farfesa Auwalu Uba ne a shekarar 1964 miladiya 18 ga watan [[Fabrairu]], a garin Hardawa wanda yakƙ garamar hukumar Misau na Jihar Bauchi ƙ gasan [[Najeriya]]. Wanda yanzu yana zaune ne ƙ gasar ta [[Najeriya]] a garin na Bauchƙ garamar Hukumar Misau. == Karatun sa == Ya fara karatu a Makarantar Central primary school Hardawa a shekarar 1972 zuwa 1978 sannan ya tafi zuwa Government School Misau daga shekarar 1978 zuwa 1982, Daga nan ne yasamu takardar chanjin makaranta zuwa Government Science Secondary School Azare a shekarar 1982 kuma a nanne ya kammala karatun sakandari a shekarar 1983. Farfesa yayi makarantar Basic Studies (SBS) Ta [[Zariya|Zaria]] daga shekarar 1983 zuwa 1984; Sa'annan yasamu Damar shiga Makarantar ta Ahmadu Bello University [[Zariya|Zaria]], A bangaren kimiyya na Karatun ƙananun Halittu (Microbiology). Kuma ya kammala digirin sane a shekarar 1987.<ref name=":0">="https://arewaaffairs.blogspot.com/2017/12/profile-of-new-vc-of-basug-prof-auwal.html?m=1">https://arewaaffairs.blogspot.com/2017/12/profile-of-new-vc-of-basug-prof-auwal.html?m=1</ref> Yayi Bautan ƙasar sane a General Hospital Katsina, na Garin [[Katsina (jiha)|Kastina]] a Najeriya, yayi Digiri na biyu (Masters) a University na Maiduguri a shekarar 1992, Sannan kuma yayi PHD a Medical Microbiology a shekarar 2004 a Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa. Ya cigaba da ziyartar wadansu manazarta a Jami'ar Wales, Swansea a Engila daga shekarar 2000 zuwa 2001, Ya fara matakinsa na matsayin Graduate Assistants a shekarar 1989 tare da jami'ar Maiduguri, A watan [[Yuli]] na shekarar 1995 ya fara aiki a Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa [[Bauchi (jiha)|Bauchi]] a matsayin Lakchara 2, Ya zama lakchara 1 a shekarar1998 sannan kuma ya zama Associate Farfesa a shekarar 2004 sannan kuma ya zama Farfesa a shekarar 2007. Sanan daga nan ne ya samu damar zama Vice chancellor a Jami'ar Jihar Bauchi mai suna BASUG. Kuma mamba ne a American Society of Microbiology, Applied Microbiology na United Kingdom da kuma Nigerian society of Microbiology. <ref name=":0">="https://arewaaffairs.blogspot.com/2017/12/profile-of-new-vc-of-basug-prof-auwal.html?m=1"</ref> == Aikin sa == Farfesa Ma'aikacin gwamnatine a fannin koyarwa wanda yakai matakin farfesa a bangaren (Microbiology) Kuma ya riƙe mastayi daban daban a gwamnati<ref><nowiki>https://africaprimenews.com/2021/11/prof-auwal-uba-bags-award-for-excellence-as-bauchi-state-univ-emerges-centre-of-excellence/?amp=1</nowiki></ref> == Matakan da ya riƙe A Jami'a == # Mai Kula da Jarabawa (Exams Officer) # Mamba (Departmental post graduate committee) # Mamba (Student welfare Board A.T.B.U) # Mamba (University Senate A.T.B.U) # Mamba (Senate exams misconduct committee A.T.B.U) # Shugaban kula da Dalibai (Dean Student Affairs) # Shugaban Dept (HOD Biological science) # Darecta a (Endowment) A.T.B.U # VICE CHANCELLOR BASUG <references group="https://arewaaffairs.blogspot.com/2017/12/profile-of-new-vc-of-basug-prof-auwal.html?m=1" /> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Biography with signature]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1964]] fyj2byhup16ftnz5obwvqfhmxq04z6s 0 63477 874125 537449 2026-07-02T06:24:45Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 874125 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Charlemae Hill Rollins''' (20 ga Yuni,1897 - Fabrairu 3, 1979)<ref name="PLL">Miller, Marilyn L. Pioneers and Leaders in Library Services to Youth A Biographical Dictionary. Westport, Conn: Libraries Unlimited, 2003. <http://www.netlibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=125651 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051115142241/http://www.netlibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=125651 |date=2005-11-15 }}></ref>mawallafin laburare ne na majagaba,marubuci kuma mai ba da labari a fannin wallafe-wallafen Ba-Amurke. A cikin shekaru talatin da daya a matsayin shugabar laburare na sashen yara a dakin karatu na jama'a na Chicago da kuma bayan ta yi ritaya, ta kafa sauye-sauye a cikin adabin yara. == Rayuwa == An haifi Rollins a cikin Yazoo City, Mississippi, ga Allen G. Hill, manomi, da Birdie Tucker Hill, malami. Iyalinta sun koma Beggs a yankin Oklahoma suna fatan samun ingantacciyar yanayin rayuwa, amma sun gano cewa an cire yaran baƙar fata daga halartar makaranta. Ba tare da damuwa ba,dangin Rollins sun kafa makaranta wanda Rollins ya halarta.<ref name="FITF">Turner, G. T. (1997). Follow in their footsteps. New York: Cobblehill Books.</ref> Bayan kammala karatun firamare,Rollins ta halarci manyan makarantun baƙar fata a St Louis,Missouri, Holly Springs,Mississippi,da Quindoro, Kansas, inda ta kammala a 1916.Bayan ta sami takardar shaidar koyarwa, ta koyar a makarantar da danginta suka kafa kafin su tafi zuwa Jami'ar Howard.Ta dawo bayan shekara guda don auren Joseph Walter Rollins a ranar 8 ga Afrilu,1918. Ma’auratan sun ƙaura zuwa [[Chicago]] a shekara ta 1919, bayan da Yusufu ya dawo daga yaƙin duniya na ɗaya. An haifi ɗansu, Joseph Walter Rollins, Jr., a shekara ta 1920. Rollins ya zama ma'aikacin ɗakin karatu na yara a ɗakin karatu na Jama'a na Chicago a 1927.Da farko,ta yi aiki a ɗakin karatu na Reshen Hardin Square, inda ta zama sananne a matsayin mai ba da labari.<ref name="FITF">Turner, G. T. (1997). Follow in their footsteps. New York: Cobblehill Books.</ref> Ko da yake ba ta sami digiri ba, Rollins ya sami horon ɗakin karatu daga Kwalejin Columbia a lokacin rani na 1932,da kuma shirin karatun digiri na Jami'ar Chicago daga 1934-1936.<ref name="EWBS">Charlemae Hill Rollins [Electronic Version]. Encyclopedia of World Biography Supplement, Vol. 23. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Gale, 2008.</ref>Ba abin mamaki ba ne Rollins ya zaɓi ya mai da hankali a cikin wallafe-wallafen yara,yana kiran koyon karatu tun yana ƙarami "abin da na taɓa yi."<ref name="NBAW">Charlemae Hill Rollins [Electronic. (1992). Version]. Notable Black American Women, 1. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Gale, 2008.</ref>Kakar Rollins, tsohuwar bawa,mutum ne mai mahimmanci a rayuwarta.Ta taimaki Rollins ta haɓaka son karatu ta hanyar ba ta damar shiga ɗakin karatu.<ref name="EWBS" />Wannan sha'awar ta taimaka wa Rollins ya zama ma'aikacin laburare. Bakar fata na Chicago sun karu yayin da karin iyalai suka koma arewa don ingantacciyar ilimi,aiki da yanayin rayuwa.Wariyar launin fata (de jure & de facto) ta yi yawa,wanda ya bambanta da halin kirki ga baƙar fata kafin 1915.<ref name="eight">"Chicago and Its Eight Reasons: Walter White Considers the Causes of the 1919 Chicago Race Riot". ''Crisis''. History Matters (October 1919). Retrieved on 12/6/2008 from http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/4978 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019062056/http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/4978/ |date=2020-10-19 }}</ref>Tun daga nan, tashin hankali ya ci gaba,kuma ya ƙare a cikin abubuwan da suka faru kamar Chicago Race Riot na 1919. A cikin irin wannan yanayi, babu wani ɗakin karatu da aka kafa don al'umma har sai da aka buɗe Laburaren reshe na George Cleveland Hall a shekara ta 1932. Reshe na farko da aka gina a unguwar baƙar fata,ɗakin karatu yana da majiɓinta iri-iri daga ƙungiyoyin kabilanci da na tattalin arziki.<ref name="NBAW">Charlemae Hill Rollins [Electronic. (1992). Version]. Notable Black American Women, 1. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Gale, 2008.</ref>Rollins ta zama shugabar sashen kula da yara,inda ta yi aiki har sai da ta yi ritaya a shekarar 1963. Rollins ya yi aiki tare da darektan ɗakin karatu, Vivian Harsh,don sanya ɗakin karatu maraba ga ma'abota al'adu da yawa,tattalin arziki daban-daban.<ref name="FITF">Turner, G. T. (1997). Follow in their footsteps. New York: Cobblehill Books.</ref>Ƙarƙashin jagorancinsu, ɗakin karatu ya karɓi ƙungiyoyin tattaunawa,Ƙungiyar Tarihin Negro,da baje kolin littattafai.<ref name="NBAW">Charlemae Hill Rollins [Electronic. (1992). Version]. Notable Black American Women, 1. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Gale, 2008.</ref>Baya ga aikinta da yara,Rollins kuma ta kafa asibitin jagoranci karatu ga iyaye.Marubutan baƙar fata sun ziyarci ɗakin karatu ciki har da Richard Wright, Zora Neale Hurston, Margaret Walker, da Langston Hughes, wanda Rollins ya haɓaka abota. Bayan waɗannan gudummawar don aikin karatu, Rollins kuma ya koyar a Kwalejin Morgan a Baltimore,Maryland,da lokacin bazara a Jami'ar Fisk a Nashville,Tennessee.<ref>"Charlemae Hill Rollins." Contemporary Black Biography, Volume 27. Edited by Ashyia Henderson. Gale Group, 2001. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Gale, 2008.</ref>Ta kuma fara koyar da kwas a Adabin Yara a Jami'ar Roosevelt a 1949 kuma ta ci gaba har zuwa 1979. <ref name="CHR">"Charlemae Hill Rollins." Contemporary Authors Online. Detroit: Gale, 2003. Literature Resource Center. Web. 3 Apr. 2010.</ref> Rollins ya mutu a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu,1979, yana da shekaru 81. == Gyaran adabi == Yawancin wallafe-wallafen da yara ƙanana suke da su a farkon rabin karni na ashirin suna cike da zane-zane na baƙar fata, ciki har da yarukan ƙarya,zane-zane,da kalmomi masu banƙyama.Yayin da yawancin dakunan karatu a duk faɗin ƙasar ba su da wata manufa ta wariya,kuma ba su yi gaggawar gayyatar baƙi don amfani da tarin ba.<ref name="RTR">Graham, P. T. (2002). A right to read: segregation and civil rights in Alabama's public libraries, 1900&#x2013;1965. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.</ref> Rollins ya fashe don canza abun ciki a cikin littattafai na yara da matasa da yawa don kwatanta rayuwar baƙar fata daidai.Buga ta na farko a cikin 1941, ''Mu Gina Tare: Jagorar Mai Karatu ga Rayuwar Negro da wallafe-wallafe don Amfani da Makarantar Firamare da Sakandare,''littafi ne na littattafan da suka dace da yaran Amurkawa matasa na Afirka waɗanda suka nemi kawar da ra'ayoyin baƙar fata mara kyau.Ana wakilta tatsuniyoyi, almara,da nau'ikan wasanni tare da hotuna da littattafan almara na yara da matasa.<ref name="WBT">Rollins, C. H., & Baker, A. (1967). We build together; a reader's guide to Negro life and literature for elementary and high school use. (3rd ed.). Champaign, Ill: National Council of Teachers of English.</ref> Rollins ya fi damuwa da samar da kayan da ke siffanta Ba-Amurke a cikin kyakkyawan haske,da kuma kayan da baki.An rubuta ''We Build Together'' don ƙirƙirar alamar "littattafan da yaran Negro za su iya ji dadin ba tare da sanin kansu ba,littattafan da za su iya ganewa da gamsarwa,littattafan da yara farar fata za su iya karantawa kuma su koyi abin da Negro matasa da iyalai suke." <ref name="WBT">Rollins, C. H., & Baker, A. (1967). We build together; a reader's guide to Negro life and literature for elementary and high school use. (3rd ed.). Champaign, Ill: National Council of Teachers of English.</ref> Ta kuma yi imanin cewa ingantaccen wallafe-wallafen baƙar fata na iya taimakawa wajen haɓaka juriya tsakanin jinsi ta hanyar rushe waɗannan ra'ayoyin ra'ayi.''Mun Gina Tare,'' ya tabbatar da darajar Rollins a matsayin fitaccen jagora a cikin adabin yara. Mawallafa sun fara aika mata kwafin littattafai don tantancewa. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[category:Haifaffun 1897]] [[category:Mutuwan 1979]] n00rlbxb98uw1a7eswpdfsc45b2i0oh 0 63903 873966 831553 2026-07-01T22:39:40Z Habibah A Jisambo 26434 873966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[File:Zul_Kifl_Salami_01.jpg|thumb|Zul Kifl Salami]] '''Zul Kifl Salami''' ɗan siyasa ne daga [[Benin|kasar Benin]]. Ya yi minista, a gwamnatin PRPB. Yana da digirin digirgir a fannin tattalin arziki. <ref name="bbc">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/french/specials/1618_benin_elex/page6.shtml BBCAfrique.com | Présidentielle 2006 au Bénin]</ref> An zaɓe shi a matsayin Babban Darakta na Bankin Ci gaban Musulunci a shekara ta 2003 a kan wa'adin shekaru uku, yana da alhakin: [[Aljeriya|Algeria]], Benin, [[Mozambik|Mozambique]], [[Siriya|Syria]], [[State of Palestine|Palestine]] da [[Yemen]]. <ref>[http://web5.bernama.com/events/idb06/index.php?type=4 IDB Conferencehttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zul_Kifl_Salami#cite_ref-2] {{Webarchive}}</ref> <ref>{{In lang|ar}} [http://www.muslimworldleague.org/paper/1775/articles/page14.htm New Page 1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206012034/http://www.muslimworldleague.org/paper/1775/articles/page14.htm |date=2012-02-06 }}</ref> A ranar 4 ga watan Fabrairu, 2005 an naɗa shi Ministan Ƙasa mai kula da Tsare-tsare da Ci gaba a cikin sabuwar majalisar ministocin Mathieu Kérékou. <ref>[http://www.benintourisme.com/fr/interne.php?idrub=2&id=5 Gouvernement:: Site officiel du tourisme au Bénin]</ref> Ya rike muƙamin har zuwa watan Afrilu 2006. <ref>[http://www.mdef.bj/article.php?id_article=108 République du Bénin - Ministère de l'Economie et des FinancesRépublique du Bénin - Ministère de l'Economie et des Finances Archived June 7, 2007, at the Wayback Machine] {{Webarchive}}</ref> Salami ya tsaya a matsayin ɗan takara mai zaman kansa a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekarar 2006. Ya samu kuri'u 8,538 (0.28%). <ref>[http://africanelections.tripod.com/bj.html Elections in Benin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627183714/https://africanelections.tripod.com/bj.html |date=2021-06-27 }}, African Elections Database.</ref> Shi ne shugaban ''Banque Islamique du Bénin''. == Manazarta. == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] tpz0dvu6p44ddfbcgw53cijpdm0vqqz 873971 873966 2026-07-01T22:43:10Z Habibah A Jisambo 26434 873971 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[File:Zul_Kifl_Salami_01.jpg|thumb|Zul Kifl Salami]] '''Zul Kifl Salami''' ɗan siyasa ne daga [[Benin|kasar Benin]]. Ya yi minista, a gwamnatin PRPB. Yana da digirin digirgir a fannin tattalin arziki. <ref name="bbc">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/french/specials/1618_benin_elex/page6.shtml BBCAfrique.com | Présidentielle 2006 au Bénin]</ref> An zaɓe shi a matsayin Babban Darakta na Bankin Ci gaban Musulunci a shekara ta 2003 a kan wa'adin shekaru uku, yana da alhakin: [[Aljeriya|Algeria]], Benin, [[Mozambik|Mozambique]], [[Siriya|Syria]], [[State of Palestine|Palestine]] da [[Yemen]]. <ref>[http://web5.bernama.com/events/idb06/index.php?type=4 IDB Conferencehttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zul_Kifl_Salami#cite_ref-2] {{Webarchive}}</ref> <ref>{{In lang|ar}} [http://www.muslimworldleague.org/paper/1775/articles/page14.htm New Page 1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206012034/http://www.muslimworldleague.org/paper/1775/articles/page14.htm |date=2012-02-06 }}</ref> A ranar 4 ga watan Fabrairu, 2005, an naɗa shi Ministan Ƙasa mai kula da Tsare-tsare da Ci gaba a cikin sabuwar majalisar ministocin Mathieu Kérékou. <ref>[http://www.benintourisme.com/fr/interne.php?idrub=2&id=5 Gouvernement:: Site officiel du tourisme au Bénin]</ref> Ya rike muƙamin har zuwa watan Afrilu 2006. <ref>[http://www.mdef.bj/article.php?id_article=108 République du Bénin - Ministère de l'Economie et des FinancesRépublique du Bénin - Ministère de l'Economie et des Finances Archived June 7, 2007, at the Wayback Machine] {{Webarchive}}</ref> Salami ya tsaya a matsayin ɗan takara mai zaman kansa a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekarar 2006. Ya samu kuri'u 8,538 (0.28%). <ref>[http://africanelections.tripod.com/bj.html Elections in Benin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627183714/https://africanelections.tripod.com/bj.html |date=2021-06-27 }}, African Elections Database.</ref> Shi ne shugaban ''Banque Islamique du Bénin''. == Manazarta. == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] 093e5mybunjno3cjvf5jxdtl55l2lj7 873987 873971 2026-07-01T22:50:43Z Habibah A Jisambo 26434 873987 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[File:Zul_Kifl_Salami_01.jpg|thumb|Zul Kifl Salami]] '''Zul Kifl Salami''' ɗan siyasa ne daga [[Benin|kasar Benin]]. Ya yi minista, a gwamnatin PRPB. Yana da digirin digirgir a fannin tattalin arziki. <ref name="bbc">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/french/specials/1618_benin_elex/page6.shtml BBCAfrique.com | Présidentielle 2006 au Bénin]</ref> An zaɓe shi a matsayin Babban Darakta na Bankin Ci gaban Musulunci a shekara ta 2003, a kan wa'adin shekaru uku, yana da alhakin: [[Aljeriya|Algeria]], Benin, [[Mozambik|Mozambique]], [[Siriya|Syria]], [[State of Palestine|Palestine]] da [[Yemen]]. <ref>[http://web5.bernama.com/events/idb06/index.php?type=4 IDB Conferencehttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zul_Kifl_Salami#cite_ref-2] {{Webarchive}}</ref> <ref>{{In lang|ar}} [http://www.muslimworldleague.org/paper/1775/articles/page14.htm New Page 1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206012034/http://www.muslimworldleague.org/paper/1775/articles/page14.htm |date=2012-02-06 }}</ref> A ranar 4 ga watan Fabrairu, 2005, an naɗa shi Ministan Ƙasa mai kula da Tsare-tsare da Ci gaba a cikin sabuwar majalisar ministocin Mathieu Kérékou. <ref>[http://www.benintourisme.com/fr/interne.php?idrub=2&id=5 Gouvernement:: Site officiel du tourisme au Bénin]</ref> Ya rike muƙamin har zuwa watan Afrilu 2006. <ref>[http://www.mdef.bj/article.php?id_article=108 République du Bénin - Ministère de l'Economie et des FinancesRépublique du Bénin - Ministère de l'Economie et des Finances Archived June 7, 2007, at the Wayback Machine] {{Webarchive}}</ref> Salami ya tsaya a matsayin ɗan takara mai zaman kansa a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekarar 2006. Ya samu kuri'u 8,538 (0.28%). <ref>[http://africanelections.tripod.com/bj.html Elections in Benin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627183714/https://africanelections.tripod.com/bj.html |date=2021-06-27 }}, African Elections Database.</ref> Shi ne shugaban ''Banque Islamique du Bénin''. == Manazarta. == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] 18aeh0zps5qucxihxvtbcxym6gwt5ha 873991 873987 2026-07-01T22:53:51Z Habibah A Jisambo 26434 873991 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[File:Zul_Kifl_Salami_01.jpg|thumb|Zul Kifl Salami]] '''Zul Kifl Salami''' ɗan siyasa ne daga [[Benin|kasar Benin]]. Ya yi minista, a gwamnatin PRPB. Yana da digirin digirgir a fannin tattalin arziki. <ref name="bbc">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/french/specials/1618_benin_elex/page6.shtml BBCAfrique.com | Présidentielle 2006 au Bénin]</ref> An zaɓe shi a matsayin Babban Darakta na Bankin Ci gaban Musulunci a shekara ta 2003, a kan wa'adin shekaru uku, yana da alhakin: [[Aljeriya|Algeria]], Benin, [[Mozambik|Mozambique]], [[Siriya|Syria]], [[State of Palestine|Palestine]] da [[Yemen]]. <ref>[http://web5.bernama.com/events/idb06/index.php?type=4 IDB Conferencehttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zul_Kifl_Salami#cite_ref-2] {{Webarchive}}</ref> <ref>{{In lang|ar}} [http://www.muslimworldleague.org/paper/1775/articles/page14.htm New Page 1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206012034/http://www.muslimworldleague.org/paper/1775/articles/page14.htm |date=2012-02-06 }}</ref> A ranar 4 ga watan Fabrairu, 2005, an naɗa shi Ministan Ƙasa mai kula da Tsare-tsare da Ci gaba a cikin sabuwar majalisar, ministocin Mathieu Kérékou. <ref>[http://www.benintourisme.com/fr/interne.php?idrub=2&id=5 Gouvernement:: Site officiel du tourisme au Bénin]</ref> Ya rike muƙamin har zuwa watan Afrilu 2006. <ref>[http://www.mdef.bj/article.php?id_article=108 République du Bénin - Ministère de l'Economie et des FinancesRépublique du Bénin - Ministère de l'Economie et des Finances Archived June 7, 2007, at the Wayback Machine] {{Webarchive}}</ref> Salami ya tsaya a matsayin ɗan takara mai zaman kansa a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekarar 2006. Ya samu kuri'u 8,538 (0.28%). <ref>[http://africanelections.tripod.com/bj.html Elections in Benin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627183714/https://africanelections.tripod.com/bj.html |date=2021-06-27 }}, African Elections Database.</ref> Shi ne shugaban ''Banque Islamique du Bénin''. == Manazarta. == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] 492yia4qv6lm4z17h8zgu11jiw598vd 0 64743 874068 833159 2026-07-02T05:03:22Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 874068 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Christian Van Lacke.jpg|thumb]] {{Infobox dan kwallon kafa | suna = Castello Lukeba | hoto = Castello Lukeba 2023.jpg | cikakken_suna = Castello Junior Lukeba | ranar_haihuwa = {{Haihuwa da shekaru|2002|12|17}} | wurin_haihuwa = Lyon, Faransa | ƙasa = Faransa | tsawo = 1.84 m | matsayi = Mai tsaron baya | ƙungiyar_yanzu = RB Leipzig | lamba = 23 | matasan_kungiyoyi1 = Olympique Saint-Genis-Laval | matasan_kungiyoyi2 = Lyon | shekaru1 = 2021–2023 | kungiyoyi1 = Lyon | wasanni1 = 58 | ƙwallaye1 = 4 | shekaru2 = 2023– | kungiyoyi2 = RB Leipzig | wasanni2 = 30 | ƙwallaye2 = 1 | shekarun_kasa1 = 2021 | tawagar_kasa1 = Faransa U21 | wasannin_kasa1 = 10 | ƙwallayen_kasa1 = 0 | shekarun_kasa2 = 2023– | tawagar_kasa2 = Faransa | wasannin_kasa2 = 1 | ƙwallayen_kasa2 = 0 }} '''Castello Junior Lukeba''' ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Faransa wanda yake taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya ga ƙungiyar [[RB Leipzig]] ta ƙasar Jamus da kuma tawagar ƙasar Faransa. An haife shi a ranar 17 ga watan Disamba shekara ta 2002 a birnin Lyon na ƙasar Faransa. Ana kallonsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin matasan ‘yan baya masu ƙwarewa a Turai saboda ƙarfinsa wajen tsaron gida, saurin gudu, da iya fara gina hari daga baya.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bundesliga.com/en/bundesliga/player/castello-lukeba|title=Castello Lukeba Profile|publisher=Bundesliga|access-date=9 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Castello Lukeba a Lyon, inda ya taso cikin iyali mai asalin Angola. Tun yana ƙarami ya nuna sha’awar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, lamarin da ya sa ya shiga makarantar horaswa ta Olympique Saint-Genis-Laval kafin daga bisani ya koma makarantar horas da matasa ta ƙungiyar Lyon. A lokacin yana matashi ya yi fice wajen nuna jajircewa da nutsuwa a fili, wanda hakan ya jawo hankalin masu horaswa a ƙungiyar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ol.fr/en/football/roster/players/castello-lukeba|title=Castello Lukeba Biography|publisher=Olympique Lyonnais|access-date=9 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Sana'ar ƙungiya == === Lyon === Lukeba ya fara taka leda a babban ƙungiyar Lyon a shekarar 2021 bayan ya kammala matakan horaswar matasa. Ya buga wasansa na farko a gasar Ligue 1 cikin kakar 2021–22, inda ya nuna bajinta sosai duk da ƙarancin shekarunsa. Kwarewarsa wajen yanke ƙwallaye da kuma iya sarrafa ƙwallo daga baya ya sa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin ‘yan wasan da ake dogaro da su a ƙungiyar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ligue1.com/player?id=castello-lukeba|title=Castello Lukeba Statistics|publisher=Ligue 1|access-date=9 Mayu 2026}}</ref> A cikin ɗan ƙanƙanin lokaci, Lukeba ya zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun matasan masu tsaron baya a gasar Faransa. Ya taimaka wa Lyon wajen samun nasarori da dama ta hanyar dakile hare-haren abokan hamayya. Salon wasansa ya haɗa da ƙarfi, iya karanta wasa, da kuma ƙwarewar bayar da dogayen ƙwallaye daga baya zuwa gaba.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/who-is-castello-lukeba-lyon-defender/blt123456|title=Who is Castello Lukeba?|publisher=Goal.com|access-date=9 Mayu 2026}}</ref> === RB Leipzig === A shekarar 2023, ƙungiyar RB Leipzig ta Jamus ta sayi Lukeba daga Lyon domin ƙarfafa ɓangaren tsaronta. Komawarsa Bundesliga ya ba shi damar taka leda a manyan gasa irin su UEFA Champions League. Ya ci gaba da nuna ƙwarewa a Jamus, inda ya dace da tsarin wasan ƙungiyar saboda saurin motsinsa da kuma iya buga ƙwallo cikin nutsuwa daga baya.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rbleipzig.com/en/first-team/team/castello-lukeba/|title=Castello Lukeba RB Leipzig Profile|publisher=RB Leipzig|access-date=9 Mayu 2026}}</ref> Masana ƙwallon ƙafa da dama sun yaba da yadda Lukeba ya dace da salon Bundesliga duk da ƙuruciyarsa. Ana ganin yana da babban makoma saboda haɗa ƙarfin jiki da basirar fasaha a lokaci guda.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football|title=RB Leipzig sign Castello Lukeba|publisher=BBC Sport|access-date=9 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Sana'ar ƙasa == Castello Lukeba ya wakilci Faransa a matakan ‘yan ƙasa masu shekaru daban-daban, ciki har da tawagar ‘yan ƙasa da shekaru 21. Daga baya ya samu damar shiga babbar tawagar ƙasar Faransa saboda bajintarsa a matakin ƙungiya. Ana kallonsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin matasan ‘yan baya da za su taimaka wa Faransa a nan gaba.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fff.fr/equipe-nationale/joueur/10123-lukeba-castello/fiche.html|title=Castello Lukeba France Profile|publisher=French Football Federation|access-date=9 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Salon wasa == Lukeba yana taka leda ne a matsayin mai tsaron baya na tsakiya. Yana da ƙwarewa wajen katse ƙwallaye, hana ‘yan gaba damar cin ƙwallo, da kuma fara kai hari daga baya. Hakanan yana da saurin gudu wanda ke taimaka masa wajen dawo da ƙwallo idan an kai masa hari cikin sauri. Masana suna kwatanta shi da wasu manyan masu tsaron baya na zamani saboda nutsuwarsa da iya sarrafa yanayin wasa.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scoutingfootball.com/castello-lukeba-analysis|title=Castello Lukeba Tactical Analysis|publisher=Scouting Football|access-date=9 Mayu 2026}}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Nasarori == === RB Leipzig === * DFL Supercup: 2023<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dfl.de/en/|title=DFL Supercup Winners|publisher=DFL|access-date=9 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Manazarta}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.rbleipzig.com/en/first-team/team/castello-lukeba/ Castello Lukeba a shafin RB Leipzig] * [https://www.fff.fr/ Castello Lukeba a shafin Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Faransa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110316050621/http://www.fff.fr/ |date=2011-03-16 }} {{Dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa}} 1c95kxxt7l8agma323h74ji62wirx53 0 65004 873675 508528 2026-07-01T15:31:53Z Naja'atu Bintoo Usman 22641 873675 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Bohumila Bloudilová''' An haife ta a ranar ([[Maris]] 19, 1876 - [[Ogusta|Agusta]] 11, 1946) wata mai daukar hoto ce na Czech kuma kani ga Josef Sudek . <ref> name="thesis">KOVAŘÍKOVÁ, Naďa. Trade photography in Cologne from the beginning to the 1950s, Master's thesis. Opava: Institute of Creative Photography Opava [cit. 13/10/2019]</ref> Mahaifinta Jan ya auri Anna Sudkova a ranar 15 ga [[Fabrairu]], 1873. Daga 1894, ta yi aiki a ɗakin daukar hoto na František Krátký a Cologne, inda ta kuma yi karatu. Tun 1906, tana da shekaru 30, ta gudanar da nata ɗakin studio a Kolín . [[Fayil:Jaromír Funke (SM stf3005).png|thumb]] Gidan studio yana da yanki kusan murabba'i sittin, ɗakin studio na zamani wanda aka tanada don ɗaukar hoto na rana, tare da ban gon gilashi tana fuskan tar arewa. Gidan studio ya daina aiki a ranar 1 ga [[Yuli]], 1932. <ref name="thesis">KOVAŘÍKOVÁ, Naďa. Trade photography in Cologne from the beginning to the 1950s, Master's thesis . Opava: Institute of Creative Photography Opava [cit. 13/10/2019]</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1876]] [[Category:Mutuwan 1946]] pboxodb0mtrt9es0stejcs85plvg00e 0 65277 874271 576072 2026-07-02T10:41:45Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 874271 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Andoni Iraola''' Andoni Iraola Sagarna haifaffen 22 ga Yuni 1982) ƙwararren manajan ƙwallon ƙafa ne kuma tsohon ɗan wasa wanda shine manajan ƙungiyar Premier League ta AFC Bournemouth.<ref name=":0">"Andoni IRAOLA Sagama [sic]". El Mundo (in Spanish). Retrieved 6 February 2020.</ref> An yi amfani da shi da farko azaman mai tsaron baya. Akan aikinsa ya kasance mai gwagwarmaya sosai kuma yana da ƙwarewar wucewa. Ya ciyar da mafi yawan aikinsa na ƙwararru tare da Athletic Bilbao, <ref>Rodrigálvarez, Eduardo (20 February 2011). "Iraola, sin fin" [Iraola, without limits]. El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 31 December 2011.</ref> yana bayyana a cikin gasa na 510 sama da lokutan 12.<ref name=":1">Río, Endika (11 October 2013). "Iraola igualará a Larrazabal en el ranking histórico" [Iraola to equal Larrazabal in historical ranking]. Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). Retrieved 2 June 2015.</ref> Iraola ya fara gudanar da aikin ne a shekarar 2018, inda ya ke jagorantar Rayo Vallecano na tsawon shekaru uku. A cikin 2023, an nada shi a matsayin manajan kulob din Premier League Bournemouth == Sana'ar wasa == '''Kwallo''' '''Athletic Bilbao''' An haifi Iraola a Usurbil, Gipuzkoa.<ref>Herguedas, Miguel Ángel (26 September 2021). "Andoni Iraola: "El fútbol y la sociedad han cambiado, pero no creo que para peor"" [Andoni Iraola: "Football and society have changed, but I don't think it was for the worse"]. El Mundo (in Spanish). Retrieved 20 June 2023.</ref> Ya taka leda a matsayin matashi don Antiguoko, <ref>"Jugadores relevantes" [Relevant players] (in Spanish). Antiguoko KE. Archived from the original on 5 October 2017. Retrieved 16 July 2017.</ref> tare da abokan aiki kamar Mikel Arteta, Xabi Alonso, Mikel Alonso da Aritz Aduriz.<ref>Lowe, Sid (29 September 2023). "Iraola v Arteta: childhood teammates in Basque Dream Team meet again". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 October 2023.</ref> Samfurin tsarin matasa na Athletic Bilbao a Lezama, ya fara wasansa na farko tare da ƙungiyar farko a cikin kakar 2003 – 04, ya zama zaɓi na farko yayin da yake ɗaukar bugun fanareti da bugun fanareti.<ref>"Iraizoz asegura que no hay preocupación por los penaltis fallados" [Iraizoz assures there is nothing to worry about regarding missed penalties]. El Correo (in Spanish). 23 February 2009. Retrieved 20 June 2023.</ref> A ranar 30 ga Agusta 2003, ya fara bayyanarsa na farko a La Liga, wanda ya fara a cikin rashin nasara 1-0 a gida da Barcelona, <ref>"Athletic Bilbao 0–1 Barcelona". ESPN Soccernet. 30 August 2003. Retrieved 5 November 2012.</ref>​​[10] da kwallaye biyar da ya zira a cikin wasanni 30 ya taimaka wa kungiyar ta cancanci shiga gasar cin kofin UEFA.<ref name=":0" /> A cikin lokutansa na 12, Iraola bai taɓa buga ƙasa da wasannin lig na 30 ba, yana zira kwallaye a cikin duka kamfen ɗin gasar sai dai guda ɗaya - kamar tsohon gwarzon kulob Aitor Larrazábal, wanda ya taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya<ref name=":1" /><ref>Moscoso, Álvaro (22 November 2011). "Iraola es el defensa más goleador de toda la Liga" [Iraola is the defender with the most goals in the entire League] (in Spanish). El Desmarque. Retrieved 2 June 2015.</ref> - yayin da kuma yana taimakawa bangaren Basque. gama na biyu a gasar Copa del Rey guda uku da 2011–12 UEFA Europa League. A ranar 28 ga Janairu 2007, ya ci sau biyu a wasan da suka ci 2–0 a waje da maƙwabta Real Sociedad, <ref>"Real Sociedad 0–2 Athletic Bilbao". ESPN Soccernet. 28 January 2007. Archived from the original on 15 July 2012. Retrieved 31 December 2011.</ref> waɗanda a ƙarshe suka sake komawa; ‘Yan wasa sun kauce wa faduwa, inda suke matsayi na 17.<ref>"La peor temporada del Athletic en San Mamés desde 2007" [Athletic's worst season at San Mamés since 2007] (in Spanish). Cadena SER. 5 June 2023. Retrieved 11 August 2024.</ref>. Ya buga wasan karshe na kofinsa na farko a cikin 2009, rashin nasara da ci 4 – 1 ga Barcelona a filin wasa na Mestalla da ke Valencia,<ref> Melero, Delfín (13 May 2009). "El Barça se corona por aplastamiento" [Barça crowned through crushing]. Marca (in Spanish). Retrieved 23 January 2018.</ref> kuma bayan shekaru uku ya taimaka musu wajen kammala gasar cin kofin gida <ref>Lowe, Sid (26 May 2012). "Barcelona end Guardiola era with Copa del Rey win over Athletic Bilbao". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 January 2018.</ref> da kuma gasar cin kofin Turai.<ref>Atkin, John (9 May 2012). "Falcao at double as Atlético march to title". UEFA. Retrieved 23 January 2018.</ref> 2012–13 ita ce shekara ta farko inda Iraola ya kasa samun raga a gasar, amma ya ci gaba da kasancewa zabin farko na kungiyar a matsayinsa kamar yadda ya taka leda a wasanni 35. Burinsa daya tilo na kakar wasa ya zo ne a ranar 24 ga Agusta 2012 a cikin 6-0 na gida na HJK a wasan zagaye na gaba na UEFA Europa League (9-3 akan jimillar).<ref>Bryan, Paul (24 August 2012). "Bielsa delighted as Athletic get back on track". UEFA. Retrieved 3 June 2013.</ref> Iraola ya sabunta kwantiraginsa da kulob din a ranar 4 ga Disamba 2013, inda ya ajiye shi a San Mamés har zuwa 30 ga Yuni 2015.<ref> "Andoni Iraola's renewal". Athletic Bilbao. 4 December 2013. Archived from the original on 7 November 2013. Retrieved 4 December 2013.</ref>. A cikin minti na 24 na wasansa na karshe a gasar Premier da Villarreal a watan Mayun 2015, Aritz Aduriz ya ba shi bugun fanareti amma ya ki, don haka tsohon ya sauya ta a maimakon; 'yan wasan biyu suka hada kai don Iraola ya zura kwallo a budaddiyar wasan bayan mintuna hudu.<ref>Estepa, Javier (23 May 2015). "El Athletic monta la fiesta" [Athletic get the party started]. Marca (in Spanish). Retrieved 2 June 2015.</ref> Ya zama kyaftin din kungiyar a wasansa na karshe, wasan karshe na Copa del Rey na 2015 wanda Barcelona ta sha kashi da ci 3-1. <ref>"Andoni Iraola: Neymar has examples in his own team to learn from". Sport. 31 May 2015. Retrieved 31 May 2015.</ref> '''New York City FC''' A ranar 16 ga Yuni 2015, yana da shekaru 33, Iraola ya koma ƙasar waje a karon farko a cikin aikinsa, inda ya rattaba hannu a kulob din Major League Soccer na New York City FC.<ref>"New York City FC sign Athletic Bilbao veteran Andoni Iraola, Manchester City youth product Angelino". Major League Soccer. 16 June 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2018.</ref> Ya fara buga wasansa na farko da Toronto FC a filin wasa na Yankee ranar 12 ga Yuli, inda ya buga gaba dayan canjaras 4–4.<ref>"New York City FC vs. Toronto FC: Match recap". New York City FC. 12 July 2015. Retrieved 8 August 2015.</ref> Iraola ya sanar da yin ritaya a ranar 17 ga Nuwamba 2016.<ref>"Andoni Iraola retires". New York City FC. 17 November 2016. Retrieved 17 November 2016.</ref> '''Ƙasashen Duniya''' A ranar 20 ga Agusta 2008, sabon kocin Spain Vicente del Bosque ya kira Iraola don wasan sada zumunci da Denmark, tare da abokin wasansa Fernando Amorebieta.<ref>"Amorebieta e Iraola, sorpresas en la lista de Del Bosque" [Amorebieta and Iraola, surprises in Del Bosque's list]. Marca (in Spanish). 14 August 2011. Retrieved 31 May 2015.</ref> Ya shiga filin wasan ne a cikin mintuna 15 na karshe na wasan da suka yi nasara a waje da ci 3-0, inda ya zo a madadin Sergio Ramos.<ref>Rodríguez, Rubén (20 August 2008). "Del Bosque debuta con victoria en Dinamarca" [Del Bosque debuts with victory in Denmark]. El Confidencial (in Spanish). Retrieved 31 May 2015.  </ref> A ranar 29 ga Maris 2011, bayan kusan shekara ɗaya da rabi ba tare da buga wa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar wasa ba, Iraola ya fara ne a ci 3-1 da Lithuania a Kaunas don neman cancantar shiga gasar Euro 2012.<ref>Januška, Vaidotas (29 March 2011). "Mata the catalyst as Spain win in Lithuania". UEFA. Retrieved 27 January 2021.</ref> Ya kamata a yanke wa 'yan wasan karshe, amma raunin da ya ji ya tilasta masa barin dan wasan Atlético Madrid Juanfran.<ref>López, José David (28 May 2012). "Negredo, Jordi Alba y Juanfran, tres caras nuevas para tres necesidades" [Negredo, Jordi Alba and Juanfran, three new faces for three needs] (in Spanish). Goal. Retrieved 5 November 2012.</ref> Iraola ya taka leda a bangaren wakilcin Basque na tsawon shekaru goma, bayan da ya yi muhawara a baya a wasan da suka yi nasara da Uruguay da ci 2–1 a ranar 27 ga Disamba 2003.<ref>"Dos goles de Bolo terminan con la resistencia uruguaya" [Two goals from Bolo finish off the Uruguayan resistance]. Diario AS (in Spanish). 27 December 2003. Retrieved 7 February 2020.</ref><ref>"Euskadi golea a Perú" [Euskadi thrash Peru]. El Mundo (in Spanish). 28 December 2013. Retrieved 7 February 2020.</ref> == Aikin koyarwa == '''AEK Larnaca''' An nada Iraola kocin kungiyar AEK Larnaca na kasar Cyprus a ranar 18 ga watan Yuni 2018, inda ya gaji dan kasarsa Imanol Idiakez.<ref>García, Alberto (18 June 2018). "Iraola y Murillo, presentados por el AEK Larnaca" [Iraola and Murillo, presented by AEK Larnaca]. Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). Retrieved 23 June 2018.</ref> An kore shi a ranar 14 ga Janairu,<ref>Zaballa, Carlos (14 January 2019). "Andoni Iraola, destituido del AEK Larnaca" [Andoni Iraola, sacked by AEK Larnaca]. Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). Retrieved 10 July 2019.</ref> bayan kusan watanni biyu ba tare da ya ci ko da wasa ba.<ref>Manchón, Martín (14 January 2019). "Los números de Iraola como entrenador del AEK Larnaca" [The numbers of Iraola as manager of AEK Larnaca]. Diario AS (in Spanish). Retrieved 10 July 2019.</ref> '''Mirandés''' A kan 10 Yuli 2019, Iraola ya maye gurbin Borja Jiménez da ya tafi a jagororin Mirandés, wanda aka ƙara zuwa Segunda División.<ref>"Andoni Iraola, nuevo entrenador del Club Deportivo Mirandés" [Andoni Iraola, new manager of Club Deportivo Mirandés] (in Spanish). CD Mirandés. 10 July 2019. Retrieved 10 July 2019. </ref> Ya kai kungiyar zuwa wasan kusa da na karshe a gasar cin kofin Spain a karo na biyu a tarihin shekaru 92, musamman kawar da manyan kungiyoyin Celta, Sevilla da Villarreal.<ref>"El Mirandés obra otro milagro histórico y volverá a jugar unas semifinales de Copa del Rey" [Mirandés work another historical miracle and will play semi-finals of the King's Cup again] (in Spanish). Eurosport. 5 February 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2020.</ref> A ranar 21 ga Yuli 2020, ya bar kulob din yayin da kwantiraginsa ya kare.<ref>"COMUNICADO OFICIAL | CLUB DEPORTIVO MIRANDÉS S.A.D." [OFFICIAL ANNOUNCEMENT | CLUB DEPORTIVO MIRANDÉS S.A.D.] (in Spanish). CD Mirandés. 21 July 2020. Retrieved 25 July 2020.</ref> '''Rayo Vallecano''' Iraola ya ci gaba da zama a rukuni na biyu a watan Agusta 2020, inda ya maye gurbin Paco Jémez a Rayo Vallecano.<ref>"Andoni Iraola nuevo entrenador del Rayo Vallecano" [Andoni Iraola new coach of Rayo Vallecano] (in Spanish). Rayo Vallecano. 6 August 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2020.</ref> A ranar 6 ga Yuli, 2021, bayan samun ci gaba a fafatawar, ya tsawaita kwantiraginsa har zuwa 2022.<ref>"Andoni Iraola 2022" (in Spanish). Rayo Vallecano. 6 July 2021. Archived from the original on 14 July 2021. Retrieved 14 July 2021.</ref> A kakar wasa ta gaba, ya sake jagorantar kungiyar zuwa wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin kasar; Wannan shi ne karo na biyu da Rayo ke samun wannan, karo na farko da ya zo shekaru 40 da suka gabata.<ref>"El Rayo de Iraola hace historia en Copa Del Rey al volver 40 años después a semis" [Iraola's Rayo make history in the King's Cup by returning to the semis after 40 years]. Marca (in Spanish). 2 February 2022. Retrieved 2 February 2022.</ref> A cikin Fabrairu 2023, Leeds United ta Premier League ta tuntuɓi Iraola, amma ba a ba shi izinin barin Campo de Fútbol de Vallecas ba.<ref>"Andoni Iraola: Leeds approach for Rayo Vallecano boss blocked, says Guillem Balague". BBC Sport. 9 February 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2023.</ref> Ya tafi ne a karshen yakin neman zabe, bayan da ya ki amincewa da tayin sabuntawa<ref>"Andoni Iraola se va del Rayo Vallecano" [Andoni Iraola leaves Rayo Vallecano] (in Spanish). El Desmarque. 26 May 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2023.</ref>. '''AFC Bournemouth''' A ranar 19 ga Yuni 2023, an nada Iraola kocin AFC Bournemouth kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu.<ref>Martin, Richard (19 June 2023). "Andoni Iraola: Who is Bournemouth's new manager?". BBC Sport. Retrieved 19 June 2023.</ref> Wasansa na farko da ya jagoranci shine 1-1 gida da West Ham United a ranar 12 ga Agusta, inda Dominic Solanke ya zira kwallo a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida.<ref>Olley, Declan (12 August 2023). "Bournemouth 1–1 West Ham: Dominic Solanke rescues point for Cherries after Jarrod Bowen's stunning opener". Sky Sports. Retrieved 10 September 2023. </ref> Ya samu nasararsa ta farko a zagaye na goma, inda ya doke Burnley da ci 2–1 da kwallaye daga Antoine Semenyo da Philip Billing.<ref>Howarth, Matthew (28 October 2023). "AFC Bournemouth 2–1 Burnley". BBC Sport. Retrieved 8 December 2023.</ref> Iraola ya tsawaita kwantiraginsa da kulob din a ranar 13 ga Mayu 2024, har zuwa 2026;<ref>"Andoni Iraola: Bournemouth boss Iraola signs contract extension". BBC Sport. 13 May 2024. Retrieved 17 November 2024.</ref> tawagarsa ta Cherries ta kammala kakar wasa da maki 48 mafi kyawu, a matsayi na 12.<ref>Tanner, Jack (20 May 2024). "Andoni Iraola on AFC Bournemouth missing out on Premier League top 10". Bournemouth Daily Echo. Retrieved 20 May 2024.</ref> A ranar 2 ga Nuwamba, ya lura da nasara da ci 2–1 a kan Manchester City, wanda ya kawo karshen wasanninsu na 32 ba tare da an doke su ba a gasar cikin gida.<ref>Long, Dan (2 November 2024). "Bournemouth 2–1 Man City: Antoine Semenyo, Evanilson strike as Premier League champions shocked on the south coast". Sky Sports. Retrieved 3 November 2024.</ref> == Salon gudanarwa == Iraola ya yarda da tsarin 4–3–3/4–3–2–1 tare da mai da hankali kan saurin dawo da ƙwallon ƙafa. Tare da masu saurin fuka-fuki, ’yan wasan tsakiya marasa gajiyawa da kuma dan wasan tsakiya mai karewa wanda ke son zurfafa zurfafawa yayin da ake gini daga baya lokacin da ‘yan baya suka matsa gaba, babban abin da ya ba da muhimmanci shi ne kamo ‘yan adawa.<ref>Karlsen, Tor-Kristian (3 March 2022). "Barcelona's Xavi among six top young coaches to watch in European football". ESPN. Retrieved 1 April 2024.</ref> == Lambobin Girmamawa == '''Dan wasa''' '''Athletic Bilbao''' * Copa del Rey wanda ya zo na biyu: 2008–09, <ref>Melero, Delfín (13 May 2009). "El Barça se corona por aplastamiento" [Barça crowned through crushing]. Marca (in Spanish). Retrieved 23 January 2018.</ref> 2011–12, <ref>Lowe, Sid (26 May 2012). "Barcelona end Guardiola era with Copa del Rey win over Athletic Bilbao". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 January 2018.</ref> 2014–15<ref>"Andoni Iraola: Neymar has examples in his own team to learn from". ''Sport''. 31 May 2015. Retrieved 31 May 2015.</ref> * Supercopa de España: 2009<ref>"El FC Barcelona golea al Athletic y conquista el título (3–0)" [FC Barcelona thrash Athletic and conquer title (3–0)]. ''Diario de Sevilla'' (in Spanish). 23 August 2009. Retrieved 20 June 2023.</ref> * UEFA Europa League ta biyu: 2011-12<ref>Atkin, John (9 May 2012). "Falcao at double as Atlético march to title". UEFA. Retrieved 23 January 2018.</ref> '''Manager''' '''AEK Larnaca''' * Cypriot Super Cup: 2018<ref>Constantinou, Iacovos (29 September 2018). "Turbulent Apoel take on AEK in Super Cup". Cyprus Mail. Archived from the original on 8 October 2022. Retrieved 31 May 2022.</ref> '''Mutum''' * Manajan Premier League na Watan: Maris 2024<ref>"Iraola wins Barclays Manager of the Month award". Premier League. 12 April 2024. Retrieved 12 April 2024.</ref> {{Stub}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Haifaffun 1982]] [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] ik3o2mi63oox1g5nwummh4l2x7ba9lc 0 66555 873689 742291 2026-07-01T16:11:16Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 873689 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Muhammad Firdaus bin Saiyadi''' (an haife shi a ranar 22 ga Oktoba 1996) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Malaysia wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan ƙwanƙwasawa na kulob din Malaysia Super League Kuala Lumpur City a aro daga Perak . Firdaus ya fara bugawa bayan an kara shi daga kungiyar matasa a shekarar 2016. buga wasanni 10 a Malaysia Super League a lokacin da ya fara bugawa Perak FC.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/sport/football/2019/01/02/firdaus-eager-to-play-for-country-after-serving-out-ban|title=Firdaus eager to play for country after serving out ban|date=2 January 2019|work=The Star}}</ref> A shekara ta 2014, yayin da yake wasa ga ƙungiyar matasa, an tura shi zuwa [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] don horar da Newcastle Jets na kwanaki 9.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://semuanyabola.com/firdaus-saiyadi-dari-penggantungan-dua-tahun-ke-ambang-final-piala-malaysia|title=Firdaus Saiyadi: Dari Penggantungan Dua Tahun Ke Ambang Final Piala Malaysia|date=12 October 2018|publisher=SemuanyaBOLA|access-date=7 January 2024|archive-date=7 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107103924/https://semuanyabola.com/firdaus-saiyadi-dari-penggantungan-dua-tahun-ke-ambang-final-piala-malaysia/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Yawan aiki == === Ƙungiya === {{Updated|match played 12 September 2022}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Kofin [ƙasa-alpha 1]{{Efn|[[Malaysia FA Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" |Kofin League{{Efn|[[Malaysia Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" |Yankin nahiyar ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="8" |Perak |2016 |Kungiyar Super League ta Malaysia |10 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |10 |1 |- |2017 |Kungiyar Super League ta Malaysia |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |- |2018 |Kungiyar Super League ta Malaysia |0 |0 |0 |0 |8 |2 | colspan="2" | - |8 |2 |- |2019 |Kungiyar Super League ta Malaysia |20 |0 |6 |0 |1 |0 |2 |0 |29 |0 |- |2020 |Kungiyar Super League ta Malaysia |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |- |2021 |Kungiyar Super League ta Malaysia |10 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |10 |0 |- |2022 |Gasar Firimiya ta Malaysia |15 |1 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |17 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !55 !2 !8 !0 !9 !2 !2 !0 !74 !4 |- | rowspan="2" |Birnin Kuala Lumpur (rashin kuɗi) |2023 |Kungiyar Super League ta Malaysia |3 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |3 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !3 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !3 !0 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !58 !2 !8 !0 !9 !2 !2 !0 !77 !4 |} {{Notelist}} == Daraja == '''Perak''' * Kofin Malaysia: 2018 * Wanda ya zo na biyu a Super League na Malaysia: 2018 * Wanda ya ci gaba da cin Kofin FA na Malaysia: 2019 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Soccerway|muhammad-firdaus-saiyadi/435576}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1996]] mqb1ckyyqi8y9so2pn7hvli0t0eh16x 0 66649 873900 498210 2026-07-01T21:57:23Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 873900 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif is discussing further extension of Sangla hill interchange with his federal Minister Ch. Berjees Tahir (cropped).jpg|thumb|Saira Afzal Tarar]] '''Saira Afzal Tarar''' ( {{Lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|سائرہ افضل تارڑ}}}}; an haife ta a ranar 7 ga watan Yunin 1966), ƴar siyasan Pakistan ce wadda ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Kula da Ayyukan Kiwon Lafiya na ƙasa, a cikin majalisar Abbasi daga watan Agustan 2017 zuwa watan Mayun 2018. Ta yi aiki a matsayin ƙaramar ministar kula da harkokin kiwon lafiya ta ƙasa daga shekarar 2013 zuwa ta 2017. Shugabar ƙungiyar Musulmi ta Pakistan (Nawaz), ta kasance mamba a Majalisar Dokokin Pakistan daga shekarar 2008 zuwa watan Mayun 2018. == Rayuwar farko == An haife ta a ranar 7 ga watan Yunin 1966 <ref>{{cite news|title=If elections are held on time…|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/404658|access-date=4 December 2017|work=www.thenews.com.pk|language=en}}</ref> a Hafizabad, Punjab, Pakistan .<ref name="pildat1/dob">{{cite web|title=Profile of Saira Afzal Tarar on pildat.org website|url=http://www.pildat.org/mna/rsDetail.asp?detid=102|access-date=21 August 2018|date=23 March 2011|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110323125906/http://www.pildat.org/mna/rsDetail.asp?detid=102|archive-date=23 March 2011}}</ref> == Harkoki da labarai == An zaɓi Tarar a Majalisar Dokokin Pakistan a matsayin ƴar takarar Pakistan Muslim League (N) (PML-N) daga Mazaɓar NA-102 (Hafizabad-I) a babban zaɓen Pakistan na shekarar 2008 .<ref>{{cite news|title=Tarar satisfied with impeachment move|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/129307-tarar-satisfied-with-impeachment-move|access-date=8 March 2017|work=www.thenews.com.pk|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309061754/https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/129307-tarar-satisfied-with-impeachment-move|archive-date=9 March 2017}}</ref> [[Fayil:Estes TBDay2014 (13399512145).jpg|thumb|Saira Afzal Tarar na amsar kyauta]] An sake zaɓen ta a Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa a matsayin 'yar takarar PML-N daga Mazaɓar NA-102 (Hafizabad-I) a babban zaɓen Pakistan na shekarar 2013 .<ref>{{cite news|title=Highest number of women elected on general seats belong to PML-N|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1011759|access-date=8 March 2017|work=DAWN.COM|date=17 May 2013|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309061238/https://www.dawn.com/news/1011759|archive-date=9 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Number of women candidates not rising|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1024710|access-date=8 March 2017|work=DAWN.COM|date=21 April 2013|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306033116/https://www.dawn.com/news/1024710|archive-date=6 March 2017}}</ref> A cikin watan Yunin 2013, an naɗa ta a matsayin ministar lafiya a majalisar ministocin Firayim Minista Nawaz Sharif .<ref>{{cite news|title=Centre of controversy|url=http://herald.dawn.com/news/1152846/centre-of-controversy|access-date=8 March 2017|work=Herald Magazine|date=23 March 2015|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309063815/http://herald.dawn.com/news/1152846/centre-of-controversy|archive-date=9 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nation.com.pk/national/07-Jun-2013/25-member-federal-cabinet-sworn-in | title=Saira Afzal Tarar sworn in as Minister of State|publisher=The Nation (newspaper)| date=7 June 2013 | access-date=21 August 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210145811/http://www.nation.com.pk/national/07-Jun-2013/25-member-federal-cabinet-sworn-in| archive-date=10 February 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=• Cabinet sworn in • Dar gets finance portfolio, Nisar interior: PML-N keeps faith in old guard|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1016754/newspaper/newspaper/column|access-date=8 March 2017|work=DAWN.COM|date=8 June 2013|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309061614/https://www.dawn.com/news/1016754/newspaper/newspaper/column|archive-date=9 March 2017}}</ref><ref name=Dawn1>{{cite news|title=MNA made focal person on polio (Saira Afzal Tarar)|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1059491|access-date=8 March 2017|work=Dawn (newspaper)|date=30 November 2013|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309061611/https://www.dawn.com/news/1059491|archive-date=9 March 2017}}</ref> Ta daina riƙe mukamin minista a watan Yulin 2017 lokacin da aka rusa majalisar ministocin tarayya sakamakon rashin cancantar firaministan ƙasar Nawaz Sharif bayan yanke hukuncin shari'ar Panama Papers .<ref>{{cite news|title=PM Nawaz Sharif steps down; federal cabinet stands dissolved|url=https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/pakistan/pm-nawaz-gives-up-his-post-federal-cabinet-stands-dissolved/|access-date=28 July 2017|work=Daily Pakistan Global|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728114411/https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/pakistan/pm-nawaz-gives-up-his-post-federal-cabinet-stands-dissolved/|archive-date=28 July 2017}}</ref> [[Fayil:During a quiet moment between speakers, Nancy Estes, Acting Mission Director USAID, has a private conversation with Minister of State, National Health Services, Mrs. Saira Afzal Tarar. (13399870924).jpg|thumb|Saira Afzal Tarar a gefe ]] Bayan zaɓen Shahid Khaqan Abbasi a matsayin Firayim Minista na Pakistan a watan Agustan 2017, an shigar da ita cikin majalisar ministocin gwamnatin Abbasi .<ref name="app/4aug2017">{{cite news|title=A 43-member new cabinet sworn in|url=https://www.app.com.pk/a-43-member-new-cabinet-sworn-in/|access-date=4 August 2017|work=Associated Press Of Pakistan|date=4 August 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804174456/https://www.app.com.pk/a-43-member-new-cabinet-sworn-in/|archive-date=4 August 2017}}</ref><ref name=PakistanToday>{{cite news|title=PM Khaqan Abbasi's 43-member cabinet takes oath today|url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2017/08/04/new-federal-cabinet-ministers-take-oath-today/|access-date=21 August 2018|publisher=Pakistan Today (newspaper)|date=4 August 2017}}</ref> An naɗa ta ministar kula da harkokin kiwon lafiya ta tarayya. <ref>{{cite news|last1=Raza|first1=Syed Irfan|title=PM Abbasi's bloated cabinet sworn in|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1349710/pm-abbasis-bloated-cabinet-sworn-in|access-date=5 August 2017|work=DAWN.COM|date=5 August 2017|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805040859/https://www.dawn.com/news/1349710/pm-abbasis-bloated-cabinet-sworn-in|archive-date=5 August 2017}}</ref> Bayan rusa majalisar dokokin ƙasar a kan ƙarewar wa’adinta a ranar 31 ga watan Mayun 2018, Tarar ta daina riƙe mukamin ministan kula da harkokin kiwon lafiya ta tarayya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Notification |url=http://www.cabinet.gov.pk/userfiles1/file/fm-mos-noti-01-06-2018.pdf |publisher=Cabinet division |access-date=1 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180601180526/http://www.cabinet.gov.pk/userfiles1/file/fm-mos-noti-01-06-2018.pdf |archive-date=1 June 2018}}</ref> A cikin watan Maris 2018, ta karɓi Sitara-i-Imtiaz don hidimar jama'a ta Shugaban Pakistan, Mamnoon Hussain .<ref>{{cite news |title=President Mamnoon confers civil awards on Yaum-i-Pakistan |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1397075 |access-date=21 August 2018 |work=DAWN.COM |date=23 March 2018}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Category:Haihuwan 1966]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] rpq8z63rhmfxuye5obxr5duzsh5vku4 0 67790 874086 656119 2026-07-02T05:30:39Z Ummeeterh 31568 874086 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox|2}} '''Makan Konaté''' (An haife shi a ranar 10 ga watan [[Nuwamba]] shekara ta 1991) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Mali wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya. == Ayyukan kulob din == === Persib Bandung === A watan [[Nuwamba]] na shekara ta 2013, ya sanya hannu tare da Persib .<ref>{{cite web|title=Persib Rekrut Djibril Coulibaly & Makan Konate dari Barito Putra|url=http://sidomi.com/236300/persib-rekrut-djibril-coulibaly-makan-konate-dari-barito-putra|accessdate=10 March 2015|language=Indonesian|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402115849/http://sidomi.com/236300/persib-rekrut-djibril-coulibaly-makan-konate-dari-barito-putra/|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=dead|archivedate=2 April 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402115849/http://sidomi.com/236300/persib-rekrut-djibril-coulibaly-makan-konate-dari-barito-putra/}}</ref> A ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2014, Konaté ya fara buga wasan farko ta hanyar farawa a nasarar 1-0 a kan Sriwijaya . Kuma kuma zira kwallaye na farko ga tawagar, ya zira kwallayen a minti na 82 daga hukuncin kisa a Filin wasa na Jalak Harupat, Tare da wannan sakamakon, Persib ya lashe nasarar farko a gasar Super League ta Indonesia ta 2014. [1] ranar 10 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2014, Konaté ya zira kwallaye biyu na farko a kulob din a nasarar 3-1 a kan PS Barito Putera . [1] ranar 10 ga [[Oktoba]] 2014, ya zira kwallaye na farko na Persib a cikin nasarar 3-2 a kan Mitra Kukar . [1] ranar 4 ga Nuwamba 2014, Konaté ya zira kwallaye ga Persib a kan Arema a minti na 112, wasan ya ƙare 3-1 har sai rabi na biyu na karin lokaci ya ƙare, yayin da ya kawo Persib zuwa wasan karshe. kasance daga cikin tawagar da ta lashe gasar Super League ta Indonesia ta 2014, A cikin wannan wasan, Persib ya sami nasarar doke Persipura Jayapura ta hanyar harbi (5-3 [1]).<ref>{{cite web|title=Persib Juara ISL 2014|url=http://bola.kompas.com/read/2014/11/07/21244408/Persib.Juara.ISL.2014|accessdate=9 November 2014|language=Indonesian}}</ref>A ranar 20 ga Nuwamba, 2014, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyu tare da Persib.<ref>{{cite web|title=Persib Kontrak Konate Selama Dua Musim|url=http://www.bola.net/indonesia/persib-kontrak-konate-selama-dua-musim-a68be8.html|accessdate=20 November 2014|archive-date=12 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180512112319/https://www.bola.net/indonesia/persib-kontrak-konate-selama-dua-musim-a68be8.html|url-status=dead|archivedate=12 May 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180512112319/https://www.bola.net/indonesia/persib-kontrak-konate-selama-dua-musim-a68be8.html}}</ref> ==== Lokacin 2015 ==== A ranar 4 ga Afrilu 2015, Konaté ya fara buga wasan farko na sabon kakar league da Semen Padang a filin wasa na Jalak Harupat .<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2015/04/07/indonesia/super-liga/persib-bandung/pelita-jaya/2016889/ |title=PERSIB VS. PERSIPASI BANDUNG RAYA 3 - 0|date=7 April 2015 |website=Soccerway}}</ref>A ranar 7 ga Afrilu 2015, Konaté ya zira kwallaye na farko a gasar a cikin nasara 3-0 a kan Persipasi Bandung Raya . [1] A wannan kakar, Konate kawai ya buga wasanni 2 kuma ya zira kwallaye 1. Wannan shi ne saboda PSSI ta dakatar da wannan kakar a hukumance a ranar 2 ga Mayu 2015 saboda haramtacciyar da Imam Nahrawi, Ministan Matasa da Wasanni, ya yi wa PSSI don gudanar da duk wani gasar kwallon kafa. === T-Team === A watan Janairun 2016, ya shiga kungiyar Malaysia Super League da ke Kuala Terengganu, T-Team . === Sriwijaya FC === watan Disamba na shekara ta 2017, ya koma Indonesia daga Malaysia don shiga kuma ya buga wa kungiyar Sriwijaya ta Indonesia ta Lig 1 bayan T-Team ta sayar da shi. zo Indonesia tare da Rahmad Darmawan wanda aka sani da kocinsa lokacin da ya buga wa kungiyar T-Team ta Malaysia Premier League na tsawon shekaru biyu.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.cnnindonesia.com/olahraga/20171202162843-142-259687/alasan-rd-boyong-konate-ke-sriwijaya-fc|title=Alasan RD Boyong Konate Ke Sriwijaya|accessdate=17 December 2017|website=cnnindonesia.com}}</ref> === Arema === A ranar 15 ga watan Yulin 2018, Konaté ya sanya hannu ga Arema don yin wasa a Lig 1 a kakar 2018. fara buga wasan farko a ranar 21 ga watan Yulin 2018 a wasan da ya yi da Sriwijaya a Filin wasa na Gelora Sriwijaya, Palembang . [1] ranar 27 ga watan Yulin 2018, Konaté ya zira kwallaye na farko ga Arema a cikin asarar 4-3 a kan Mitra Kukar a Filin wasa na Aji Imbut . [1] ranar 11 ga watan Agustan 2018, Konaté ya zira kwallaye biyu na farko a kulob din a wasan 2-2 a kan Borneo Samarinda . [1] ranar 9 ga Disamba 2018, Arema ta yi amfani da zaɓi don tsawaita kwangilar Konaté zuwa Janairu 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://bola.kompas.com/read/2018/12/09/21400038/arema-fc-perpanjang-kontrak-makan-konate-usai-laga-terakhir-liga-1 |title= Arema FC Perpanjang Kontrak Makan Konate Usai Laga Terakhir Liga 1 |date=9 December 2018 |access-date=1 August 2022 |website=kompas.com}}</ref> A ranar 3 ga watan Fabrairun 2019, Konaté ya fara buga wasan farko na 2018-19 Piala Indonesia 2nd Leg da Persita Tangerang . Ya kuma zira kwallaye na farko a minti na 24; ci ya ƙare 3-0 tare da jimlar 7-1. Tare da wannan sakamakon, Arema ya cancanci zagaye na 16 na Piala Indonesia . ranar 13 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2019, Konaté ya zira kwallaye na farko a gasar cin kofin shugaban kasa, burin farko da ya yi da Persita Tangerang a nasarar 6-1 a gasar cin Kofin Shugaban kasa ta Indonesia ta 2019. [1] ranar 29 ga watan Yunin 2019, Konaté ya zira kwallaye na farko na Liga 1 na kakar a Arema a cikin asarar 2-1 a kan Persikabo 1973. ranar 16 ga watan Yulin 2019, ya zira kwallaye a nasarar 4-1 a kan Badak Lampung a Filin wasa na Kanjuruhan, wannan shine hat-trick na farko a cikin aikinsa a matsayin dan wasan kwallon kafa. [1] ranar 15 ga watan Agustan 2019, ya zira kwallaye daya kuma ya taimaka wani yayin da Arema ya ci 4-0 a kan abokin hamayyarsa Persebaya Surabaya a Kanjuruhan . [1] A watan Janairun 2020, Konaté a hukumance bai sabunta kwantiraginsa da Arema ba don kakar 2020, wannan saboda kungiyar ta kasa amincewa da darajar kwangilar da ya nema, don haka ya zaɓi barin. ba da gudummawa tare da kwallaye 16 da 11 a lokacin 2019 Liga 1 tare da Arema .<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.inews.id/sport/soccer/makan-konate-tinggalkan-arema-fc-karena-gagal-capai-kesepakatan |title=Makan Konate Tinggalkan Arema FC karena Gagal Capai Kesepakatan |website=www.inews.id |date=6 January 2020 |access-date=1 August 2022}}</ref> === Persebaya Surabaya === A ranar 16 ga watan Janairun 2020, Konaté ya koma [[Surabaya]] kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekara guda tare da Persebaya Surabaya . Konaté fara bugawa Persebaya wasa na farko a wasan sada zumunci da kungiyar Sabah ta Malaysia Super League a ranar 8 ga Fabrairu 2020. [1] ranar 29 ga watan Fabrairun 2020, Konaté ya fara buga wasan farko a wasan 1-1 a kan zakaran Liga 3 na 2018 Persik Kediri a Filin wasa na Gelora Bung Tomo . [1] watan Disamba na 2020, Konaté ya bar Persebaya a hukumance, ya yarda cewa ba zai iya jira tabbatar da ci gaba da Liga 1 na 2020 ba, an dakatar da gasar a hukumance saboda annobar COVID-19. [1] buga wasanni biyu kawai tare da kulob din a lokacin Liga 1 na 2020, duk da haka, yayin da yake Persebaya, ya sami nasarar cimma nasara a gasar cin Kofin Gwamnan Gabashin Java na 2020, ya yi nasarar kawo Persebaya zuwa zakara kuma ya lashe kyautar mafi kyawun ɗan wasa.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indosport.com/sepakbola/20200221/makan-konate-luapkan-syukur-usai-persebaya-juara-piala-gubernur-jatim |title=Makan Konate Luapkan Rasa Syukur Usai Persebaya Juara Piala Gubernur Jatim |date=21 February 2020 |publisher=www.indosport.com |language=id |access-date=25 January 2024 |archive-date=15 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715040649/https://www.indosport.com/sepakbola/amp/20200221/makan-konate-luapkan-syukur-usai-persebaya-juara-piala-gubernur-jatim |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Terengganu === A ranar 27 ga watan Janairun 2021, Konaté ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekara guda tare da kungiyar Terengganu ta Malaysia Super League a kan canja wurin kyauta, tare da David da Silva . fara buga wasan farko a Terengganu lokacin da yake daga cikin wadanda suka fara wasan Super League na Malaysia na 2021 da UiTM a ranar 6 ga Maris 2021, inda Terengganu ya lashe. ranar 16 ga Afrilu 2021, Konaté ya zira kwallaye na farko a Terengganu a cikin nasara 1-0 a kan Kuala Lumpur City a Filin wasa na Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin .<ref>{{cite web |title=TERENGGANU VS. KUALA LUMPUR CITY 1 - 0|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2021/04/16/malaysia/super-league/terengganu/kuala-lumpur/3462072/|website=Soccerway|date=16 April 2021|access-date=2 August 2022}}</ref> Duk yake yana da kyakkyawan lokaci a shekara ta biyu a kasashen waje tare da bayyanar 20 da burin daya, Konate ya yanke shawarar komawa Indonesia a ƙarshen shekara ta kwangila.<ref>{{cite web |title=Makan Konate Resmi Berpisah dengan Terengganu FC, Persija Tinggal Menunggu Waktu|url=https://depok.pikiran-rakyat.com/olahraga/pr-093276871/makan-konate-resmi-berpisah-dengan-terengganu-fc-persija-tinggal-menunggu-waktu|website=Pikiran Rakyat|date=20 December 2021|access-date=2 August 2022|language=id}}</ref> === Farisa Jakarta === A ranar 29 ga Disamba 2021, Konaté ya koma [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]] kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekara guda tare da Persija Jakarta don Liga 1 na 2021-22. A ranar 11 ga watan Janairun 2022, Konaté ya fara buga wasan farko ta hanyar farawa a cikin asarar 1-2 a kan zakaran ISL na 2013 Persipura Jayapura . Kuma kuma zira kwallaye na farko ga tawagar, ya zira kwallayen a minti na 94 a Filin wasa na Kapten I Wayan Dipta . [1] ranar 14 ga watan Fabrairun 2022, Konaté ya zira kwallaye ga kulob din a wasan 3-3 a kan Persebaya Surabaya . [1] kuma zira kwallaye a kulob din a nasarar 0-4 a kan Persikabo 1973 a ranar 13 ga Maris 2022. A ranar 16 ga Yuni 2022, Konaté ya bar Persija Jakarta a hukumance. Ya yi ban kwana ta hanyar rubuta saƙon motsin rai a asusun [[Instagram]] na kansa, Konaté ya bayyana sau 14 tare da Persija a kakar 2021-2022. Ya tabbatar da kansa dan wasan tsakiya ne wanda har yanzu yana da albarka tare da ƙwarewar zira kwallaye. Konaté ya zira kwallaye bakwai da kuma taimakawa biyu. , ya shiga Persija kawai ya ɗauki rabin kakar. === RANIN Nusantara === Konaté ya sanya hannu ga RANIN Nusantara don yin wasa a Lig 1 a kakar 2022–23-23. fara buga wasan farko a ranar 23 ga watan Yulin 2022 a wasan da ya yi da PSIS Semarang kuma ya zira kwallaye na farko ga tawagar, ya zira kwallan a minti na 85 a Filin wasa na Jatidiri. ranar 10 ga Satumba 2022, ya zira kwallaye na farko na RANS a 1-1 draw a kan Persik Kediri . [1] a watan Disamba ya gan shi ya ci kwallaye biyu a cikin asarar da ya yi da Persis Solo (6-1), kuma ya ci Persita Tangerang (4-1).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://id.soccerway.com/matches/2022/12/06/indonesia/super-liga/persis-solo/cilegon-united/3859329/ |title=Persis Solo 6–1 RANS Nusantara - Soccerway|website=Soccerway|date=6 December 2022|access-date=26 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://id.soccerway.com/matches/2022/12/13/indonesia/super-liga/persita-tangerang/cilegon-united/3859347/ |title=Persita Tangerang 4–1 RANS Nusantara - Soccerway|website=Soccerway|date=13 December 2022|access-date=26 January 2023}}</ref> A ranar 25 ga watan Janairun 2023, ya zira kwallaye a wasan 4-4 a kan Bali United . == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Ya kasance daga cikin Mali U-17 da Mali U-19.<ref>{{cite web|title=Konate Sempat Perkuat Timnas Mali U-17 dan U-19 |url=http://www.persibmania.com/berita-persib/2014-04-07/konate-sempat-perkuat-timnas-mali-u17-dan-u19 |accessdate=9 November 2014 |language=Indonesian |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109200613/http://www.persibmania.com/berita-persib/2014-04-07/konate-sempat-perkuat-timnas-mali-u17-dan-u19 |archivedate=November 9, 2014 }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Konaté [[Musulmi]] ne mai ibada wanda ke kiyaye watan Musulunci na Ramadan, akai-akai yana halartar Masallacin kuma yana yin Sujud bayan ya zira kwallaye.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.inilahkoran.com/read/detail/2094951/konate-masih-kesulitan-pahami-isi-ceramah-salat |title=Konate Masih Kesulitan Pahami Isi Ceramah Salat |date=25 April 2014 |accessdate=7 December 2014 |language=Indonesian |archive-date=17 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417125155/http://www.inilahkoran.com/read/detail/2094951/konate-masih-kesulitan-pahami-isi-ceramah-salat |url-status=dead |archivedate=17 April 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417125155/http://www.inilahkoran.com/read/detail/2094951/konate-masih-kesulitan-pahami-isi-ceramah-salat }}</ref> == Daraja == '''Filin wasa na Mali''' * Rukunin Farko na Mali: 2009–10-10 '''Persib Bandung''' * Indonesia Super League: 2014 * Kofin Shugaban kasa: 2015 '''Sriwijaya''' * [[2018 East Kalimantan Governor Cup|2018]]_East_Kalimantan_Governor_Cup" id="mw6Q" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="2018 East Kalimantan Governor Cup">Kofin Gwamnan Gabashin Kalimantan: 2018 '''Arema''' * Kofin Shugaban kasa: 2019 '''Persebaya Surabaya''' * [[2020 East Java Governor Cup|2020]]_East_Java_Governor_Cup" id="mw9g" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="2020 East Java Governor Cup">Kofin Gwamnan Gabashin Java: 2020 '''Mutumin da ya fi so''' * Gabashin Kalimantan Gwamna Mafi Kyawun Dan wasa: 2018 * Kungiyar Lig 1 ta kakar wasa: 2019 * Gabashin Java Gwamna Mafi Kyawun Dan wasa: 2020 * [https://m.liputan6.com/bola/read/4153155/daftar-penerima-penghargaan-indonesian-soccer-awards-2019 Kyautar Kwallon Kafa ta Indonesia: Mafi Kyawun 11 2019] * [https://m.liputan6.com/bola/read/4153155/daftar-penerima-penghargaan-indonesian-soccer-awards-2019 Kyautar Kwallon Kafa ta Indonesia: Mafi kyawun Dan wasan Tsakiya na 2019] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Soccerway|281143}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1991]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9nxo3dhwpbob6fp45zbnyrnu7xsfwwk 0 68630 874188 872463 2026-07-02T08:53:46Z Mahuta 11340 An kirkira ta fassara "Plot" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345756324|Dwindle (film)]]" 874188 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Dwindle''''' [[Comedy film|fim ne na barkwanci]] [[Ɗan Nijeriya|na Najeriya]] na shekarar 2021 wanda Darlington Abuda ya rubuta kuma [[Kayode Kasum]] da Dare Olaitan suka bada umarni. Mimi Bartels ne suka shirya shi don [[FilmOne Distributions|FilmOne Productions]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tv |first=Bn |date=2021-04-09 |title=Teaser for "Dwindle" starring Funke Akindele-Bello & Bisola Aiyeola Will Leave You Wanting More |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2021/04/teaser-for-dwindle/ |access-date=2021-06-24 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> == Labari == Yana ba da labarin Sogo da Buta, abokai biyu da suka sace mota suka shiga cikin motar haya, da kuma yadda rayuwarsu ta sauya sosai lokacin da suka ci karo da masu kisan gilla waɗanda suka yi garkuwa da gwamnan jihar. * Dwindle fim ne na barkwanci na Najeriya na shekarar 2021 wanda Darlington Abuda ya rubuta kuma Kayode Kasum da Dare Olaitan suka bada umarni. Mimi Bartels ne suka shirya shi don FilmOne Productions . [1] * [[Bisola Aiyeola]] a matsayin Jami'ar Juliet * [[Jide Kene Achufusi|Jidekene Achufusi]] as Chinedu * [[Lateef Adedimeji]] a matsayin Fuku * Harriet Akinola a matsayin Mahaifiyar Todun * Jude Chukwuka a matsayin Uban Todun * Mary Chukwuma a matsayin Mace Mai Tsarki * [[Jibola Dabo]] a matsayin Gwamna Otunta * Martha Ehinome a matsayin Ajoke Kasum * Oli Ekun a matsayin Kimiyyar Sinadarai * Temisan Emmanuel kamar Tobi Williams * Rotimi Fakunle a matsayin Jami'in Tsaro Michael * Ikponmwosa Gold a matsayin Jami'in Abani * [[Efa Iwara]] as Collins * David 'Mr Nollywood' Patrick a matsayin Bodyguard * Maxwell Nwoye a matsayin Bodyguard * Feyifunmi Oginni a matsayin Direban Uber * Feyisayo Ogundipe a matsayin Newscaster * Immaculata Oko as Kayin Damola * Tope Olowoniyan as Todun * Jide 'JBlaze' Oyegbile as Ikenna * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Mai Gidan Oga * [[Broda Shaggi]] as Buta * [[Lateef Adedimeji|Adedimeji Lateef]] as Fuku * [[Timini Egbuson]] as Josiah Otunba * Steve Chuks a matsayin Jide * Demi Banwo a matsayin Ogoro * [[Efa Iwara]] as Collins * [[Uzor Arukwe]] as Male Saint. == Lambobin yabo da nadin mukamai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Kyauta ! Nau'i ! Mai karɓa ! Sakamako ! Bayani |- | rowspan="2" | 2022 | rowspan="2" | [[2022 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyaututtukan Zaɓin Masu Kallon Afirka Magic]] | Mafi Kyawun Jaruma a Barkwanci | Bisola Aiyeola|{{Nom}} | rowspan="2" | |- | Mafi Kyawun Jarumi a Barkwanci | Broda Shaggi|{{Won}} |} ==Manazarta == Plot == Yana ba da labarin Sogo da Buta, abokai biyu da suka sace mota suka shiga cikin motar haya, da kuma yadda rayuwarsu ta sauya sosai lokacin da suka ci karo da masu kisan gilla waɗanda suka yi garkuwa da gwamnan jihar.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-06-03 |title=Check out the new teaser for Kayode Kasum & Dare Olaitan's 'Dwindle!' |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/dwindle-movie-teaser/wryb9yr |access-date=2021-06-24 |language=en |newspaper=[[Pulse Nigeria]]}}</ref> qew5cpryk1e49o83jti87xte69maawl 874201 874188 2026-07-02T09:01:40Z Mahuta 11340 874201 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Dwindle''''' fim ne na barkwanci [[Ɗan Nijeriya|na Najeriya]] na shekarar 2021 wanda Darlington Abuda ya rubuta kuma [[Kayode Kasum]] da Dare Olaitan suka bada umarni. Mimi Bartels ne suka shirya shi don FilmOne Productions. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tv |first=Bn |date=2021-04-09 |title=Teaser for "Dwindle" starring Funke Akindele-Bello & Bisola Aiyeola Will Leave You Wanting More |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2021/04/teaser-for-dwindle/ |access-date=2021-06-24 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> == Labari == Yana ba da labarin Sogo da Buta, abokai biyu da suka sace mota suka shiga cikin motar haya, da kuma yadda rayuwarsu ta sauya sosai lokacin da suka ci karo da masu kisan gilla waɗanda suka yi garkuwa da gwamnan jihar. * Dwindle fim ne na barkwanci na Najeriya na shekarar 2021 wanda Darlington Abuda ya rubuta kuma Kayode Kasum da Dare Olaitan suka bada umarni. Mimi Bartels ne suka shirya shi don FilmOne Productions . [1] * [[Bisola Aiyeola]] a matsayin Jami'ar Juliet * [[Jide Kene Achufusi|Jidekene Achufusi]] as Chinedu * [[Lateef Adedimeji]] a matsayin Fuku * Harriet Akinola a matsayin Mahaifiyar Todun * Jude Chukwuka a matsayin Uban Todun * Mary Chukwuma a matsayin Mace Mai Tsarki * [[Jibola Dabo]] a matsayin Gwamna Otunta * Martha Ehinome a matsayin Ajoke Kasum * Oli Ekun a matsayin Kimiyyar Sinadarai * Temisan Emmanuel kamar Tobi Williams * Rotimi Fakunle a matsayin Jami'in Tsaro Michael * Ikponmwosa Gold a matsayin Jami'in Abani * [[Efa Iwara]] as Collins * David 'Mr Nollywood' Patrick a matsayin Bodyguard * Maxwell Nwoye a matsayin Bodyguard * Feyifunmi Oginni a matsayin Direban Uber * Feyisayo Ogundipe a matsayin Newscaster * Immaculata Oko as Kayin Damola * Tope Olowoniyan as Todun * Jide 'JBlaze' Oyegbile as Ikenna * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Mai Gidan Oga * [[Broda Shaggi]] as Buta * [[Lateef Adedimeji|Adedimeji Lateef]] as Fuku * [[Timini Egbuson]] as Josiah Otunba * Steve Chuks a matsayin Jide * Demi Banwo a matsayin Ogoro * [[Efa Iwara]] as Collins * [[Uzor Arukwe]] as Male Saint. == Lambobin yabo da nadin mukamai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Kyauta ! Nau'i ! Mai karɓa ! Sakamako ! Bayani |- | rowspan="2" | 2022 | rowspan="2" | [[2022 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyaututtukan Zaɓin Masu Kallon Afirka Magic]] | Mafi Kyawun Jaruma a Barkwanci | Bisola Aiyeola|{{Nom}} | rowspan="2" | |- | Mafi Kyawun Jarumi a Barkwanci | Broda Shaggi|{{Won}} |} ==Manazarta == Plot == Yana ba da labarin Sogo da Buta, abokai biyu da suka sace mota suka shiga cikin motar haya, da kuma yadda rayuwarsu ta sauya sosai lokacin da suka ci karo da masu kisan gilla waɗanda suka yi garkuwa da gwamnan jihar.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-06-03 |title=Check out the new teaser for Kayode Kasum & Dare Olaitan's 'Dwindle!' |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/dwindle-movie-teaser/wryb9yr |access-date=2021-06-24 |language=en |newspaper=[[Pulse Nigeria]]}}</ref> dykjtxk7wbvcsdk6muw7kvuxee6ddj0 0 68668 873724 856695 2026-07-01T17:35:59Z Hamza DK 12444 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347752025|Ti Oluwa Ni Ile]]" 873724 wikitext text/x-wiki   Ti Oluwa Ni Ile (Turanci: The Land is the Lord's) fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Nollywood Yoruba wanda Tunde Kelani ya jagoranta.[1] An sake shi a 1993 ta hanyar Mainframe Films da Television Productions, fim din shine fim na farko na Tunde Kelani a matsayin darektan fim.[2] An yi shi a sassa 3 kuma an jera shi a matsayin daya daga cikin fina-finai 10 mafi kyawun Yoruba.[3] == Makirci == Maza biyu masu haɗama sun shiga cikin ayyukan wani shugaban cin hanci da rashawa don sayar da wani yanki na ƙasar kakanninmu don cin hanci. Sabbin masu mallakar ƙasa kamfani ne na man fetur. Magana; bakin alloli duk da haka ya nuna cewa ƙasar ta mallaki ƙasar sabili da haka ba ta dace da tashar man fetur ba. Masu sayar da ƙasa sun mutu ba zato ba tsammani kuma shugaban ya fahimci cewa shi ne na gaba. Ya je wurin annabi don neman taimako. Mai ba da labari ya gaya masa cewa zai tsira idan zai iya hana a binne gawar abokin makirci na biyu. Labarin ya biyo bayan yunkurin da ya yi na hana binnewar. Mai ba da labari ya ba shi damar ta biyu amma ya gudu kuma ya fuskanci jerin abubuwan da suka faru. Daga bisani ya koma gida kuma ya gano cewa an yi zaton ya mutu. Ya yi ƙoƙari ya dawo da matsayinsa na gargajiya amma ruhohin abokan makircinsa sun zo don rayuwarsa. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Kareem Adepoju]] a matsayin Baba Wande * [[Dele Odule]] * Lekan Oladapo * [[Yemi Shodimu]] * Yetunde Ogunsola * [[Oyin Adejobi]] * Gbolagbade Akinpelu * Jide Oyegunle * Akin Sofoluwe == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb title|tt0490011|Ti Oluwa Nile}} {{Tunde Kelani}} n3fr8bhtqe6737kj9j34bllp4nqlw8d 873725 873724 2026-07-01T17:36:42Z Hamza DK 12444 873725 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Ti Oluwa Ni Ile (Turanci: The Land is the Lord's) fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Nollywood Yoruba wanda Tunde Kelani ya jagoranta.[1] An sake shi a 1993 ta hanyar Mainframe Films da Television Productions, fim din shine fim na farko na Tunde Kelani a matsayin darektan fim.[2] An yi shi a sassa 3 kuma an jera shi a matsayin daya daga cikin fina-finai 10 mafi kyawun Yoruba.[3] == Makirci == Maza biyu masu haɗama sun shiga cikin ayyukan wani shugaban cin hanci da rashawa don sayar da wani yanki na ƙasar kakanninmu don cin hanci. Sabbin masu mallakar ƙasa kamfani ne na man fetur. Magana; bakin alloli duk da haka ya nuna cewa ƙasar ta mallaki ƙasar sabili da haka ba ta dace da tashar man fetur ba. Masu sayar da ƙasa sun mutu ba zato ba tsammani kuma shugaban ya fahimci cewa shi ne na gaba. Ya je wurin annabi don neman taimako. Mai ba da labari ya gaya masa cewa zai tsira idan zai iya hana a binne gawar abokin makirci na biyu. Labarin ya biyo bayan yunkurin da ya yi na hana binnewar. Mai ba da labari ya ba shi damar ta biyu amma ya gudu kuma ya fuskanci jerin abubuwan da suka faru. Daga bisani ya koma gida kuma ya gano cewa an yi zaton ya mutu. Ya yi ƙoƙari ya dawo da matsayinsa na gargajiya amma ruhohin abokan makircinsa sun zo don rayuwarsa. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Kareem Adepoju]] a matsayin Baba Wande * [[Dele Odule]] * Lekan Oladapo * [[Yemi Shodimu]] * Yetunde Ogunsola * [[Oyin Adejobi]] * Gbolagbade Akinpelu * Jide Oyegunle * Akin Sofoluwe == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb title|tt0490011|Ti Oluwa Nile}} {{Tunde Kelani}} ren5dhzle4plk2se5iw25x640f1i6jj 0 68678 874071 417344 2026-07-02T05:09:06Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 874071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Catching Feelings (film)''''' shine fim ɗin wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya na Afirka ta Kudu na shekarar 2017 wanda Kagiso Lediga ta rubuta kuma ta shirya. Taurarinsa Lediga, [[Pearl Thusi|Pearl Soi]], Andrew Buckland, Akin Omotoso, Precious Makgaretsa, Kate Liquorish, Tessa Jubber da Loyiso Gola.<ref name="Casting1">{{cite web |url=http://hollywoodsblackrenaissance.com/laff-2017-catching-feelings/ |title=LAFF 2017: 'Catching Feelings' Starring Pearl Thusi Navigates the Journey of Sex, Marriage, & Love |last=Stidhum |first=Tonja |date=19 June 2017 |website=The South African |access-date=7 March 2018 |archive-date=17 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117032825/http://hollywoodsblackrenaissance.com/laff-2017-catching-feelings/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iol.co.za/entertainment/movies-theatre/catchingfeelings-local-film-tackles-trust-race-and-relationships-13589107|title=Catching Feelings : Local film tackles trust, race & relationships |last=Panyane |first=Masego |date=4 March 2018 |website=Independent Online |access-date=7 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Catching Feelings|url=http://www.diprente.co.za/portfolio/catching-feelings/|access-date=2020-08-27|website=Diprente Films|language=en-US|archive-date=6 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200906185853/http://www.diprente.co.za/portfolio/catching-feelings/|url-status=dead}}</ref> An saki fim ɗin a ranar 9 ga watan Maris 2018, a United International Pictures da Ster-Kinekor. Fim ɗin yana samuwa da yawo a duk duniya a ranar 18 ga watan Mayu 2018, a [[Netflix]].<ref name="Release">{{cite web|url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/new-on-netflix-south-africa-june/|title=What's new on Netflix South Africa in June?|last=Andersen|first=Nic|work=The South African|date=6 June 2018|accessdate=7 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://memeburn.com/2018/04/catching-feelings-netflix/|title=Catching Feelings is debuting globally on Netflix in May|last=Walker|first=Ander|work=Memeburn|date=16 April 2018|accessdate=21 February 2019}}</ref> == Makirci == Fim din ya biyo bayan labarin wani matashi ne mai ilimi na gari da kyakkyawar matarsa, yayin da rayuwarsu ta koma tabarbare a lokacin da wani babban [[marubuci]] mai farin jini ya shigo gidansu na [[Johannesburg]] tare da su.<ref name="Release"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://memeburn.com/2018/04/catching-feelings-netflix/|title=Catching Feelings is debuting globally on Netflix in May|last=Walker|first=Ander|work=Memeburn|date=16 April 2018|accessdate=21 February 2019}}</ref> == 'Yan wasa == * Kagiso Lediga a matsayin Max Matsane * [[Pearl Thusi|Pearl Soi]] a matsayin Samkelo<ref name="Casting1" /> * Akin Omotoso a matsayin Joel <ref name="Casting1" /> * Precious Makgaretsa a matsayin Lazola Yoko <ref name="Casting1" /> * Andrew Buckland a matsayin Heiner Miller <ref name="Casting1" /> * Zandile Tisani a matsayin Kabelo * Kate Liquorish a matsayin Tabitha <ref name="Casting1" /> * Tyson Cross a matsayin Miles * Tessa Jubber a matsayin Nicole <ref name="Casting1" /> * Loyiso Gola a matsayin Zweli == Sanarwar/Shiryawa == An yi fim ɗin a [[Cape Town]] da Johannesburg, [[Afirka ta Kudu]], a cikin shekarar 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Q0gjs7F_3M|title=Movie Preview: Catching Feelings with Kagiso Lediga|work=[[YouTube]]|date=2 March 2018|accessdate=7 March 2018}}</ref> An sadaukar da shi ne don tunawa da John Volmink, ɗan fim ɗin Afirka ta Kudu wanda ya mutu a cikin shekarar 2017.<ref>{{cite web|title=SA film-maker killed in accident|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/western-cape/sa-film-maker-killed-in-accident-7968893|last=Leletu|first=Gxuluwe|website=IOL News|date=28 February 2017|access-date=11 June 2018}}</ref> == Sakewa == An fara fim ɗin a bikin Fim na Los Angeles na 2017 a ranar 18 ga watan Yuni 2017. An saki fim ɗin a ranar 9 ga watan Maris 2018 a Afirka ta Kudu.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/catching-feelings-release-date-cast-latest-trailer/ |title=Catching Feelings: South African release date, cast and latest trailer |last=Andersen |first=Nic |date=28 February 2018 |website=The South African |access-date=7 March 2018 |archive-date=8 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308041428/https://www.thesouthafrican.com/catching-feelings-release-date-cast-latest-trailer/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Release1">{{cite web |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.za/2018/03/06/upcoming-south-african-movies-you-dont-want-to-miss_a_23378211/ |title=Upcoming South African Movies You Don't Want To Miss |last=Mambana |first=Duenna |date=6 March 2018 |website=The Huffington Post South Africa |access-date=7 March 2018 |archive-date=6 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306190705/http://www.huffingtonpost.co.za/2018/03/06/upcoming-south-african-movies-you-dont-want-to-miss_a_23378211/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kayafm.co.za/everyone-is-catching-feelings-an-interview-with-kagiso-lediga/|title=Everyone is Catching Feelings — An interview with Kagiso Lediga|last=Cele|first=Nomali|date=9 March 2018 |website=Kaya FM|access-date=10 March 2018}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga watan Mayu 2018, fim ɗin yana samuwa da yawo a duniya akan [[Netflix]]. == liyafa == Fim ɗin ya sami kyakkyawan ra'ayi daga masu suka. A kan shafin yanar gizon tarawa na bita, Tomatoes Rotten, fim ɗin yana riƙe da ƙimar amincewar 100% bisa ga sake dubawa na 7, tare da matsakaicin nauyin 7.25 / 10.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/catching_feelings/|title=Catching Feelings|publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|accessdate=20 October 2018}}</ref> Mawallafin fim Phumlani S. Langa na ''City Press na Afirka ta Kudu'' ya baiwa fim ɗin taurari huɗu cikin biyar, yana mai cewa "Lediga da kuma Soi duk suna ba da ƙwaƙƙwaran wasan kwaikwayo a cikin wannan shiri mai salo da salo. Wannan watakila hoton irin wannan ne na fi so. [Yana] yana ɗan wasa kaɗan. kamar na sirri classic, [Woody Allen's] ''Midnight in Paris'', ba tare da fantasy al'amari. Gaskiya, yana da gida da lekker."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Langa|first=Phumlani S.|title=City Press Review: We caught feelings|url=https://www.news24.com/channel/Movies/News/city-press-review-we-caught-feelings-20180311|access-date=2020-08-15|website=Channel|language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == jojoicqtaj1qff29mc8hg5dkxbb9mcy 0 68690 874148 840310 2026-07-02T08:16:59Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 874148 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Jahannama''''' fim ne wanda akai a shekarar 2019 na wasan kwaikwayo wanda aka yi a Najeriya na shekarar 2019, wanda [[Katung Aduwak]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.dstv.com/News/Interview-Katung-on-himself-Heaven-s-Hell/51564 | title=Interview: Katung on himself & Heaven's Hell | publisher=[[DStv]] | date=9 May 2013 | accessdate=30 December 2014 | author=Udoh, Esther | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://archive.today/20141230224154/http://www.dstv.com/News/Interview-Katung-on-himself-Heaven-s-Hell/51564 | archivedate=30 December 2014 }}</ref> ya shirya kuma ya ba da umarni; taurarin fim ɗin waɗanda sukai gyare-gyare wanda ya haɗa da [[Nse Ikpe-Etim|Nse Ikpe Etim]], Fabian Adeoye Lojede, [[Bimbo Akintola]], [[Chet Anekwe]], [[Damilola Adegbite]], [[OC Ukeje]], Kalu Ikeagwu, Femi Jacobs, [[Bimbo Manuel]] da kuma Gideon Okeke . <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.36ng.com.ng/2013/04/04/unveiling-the-cast-of-heavens-hell/ | title=Unveiling the Cast of Heaven's Hell | publisher=36NG | date=4 April 2013 | accessdate=30 December 2014 | author=Segun, O. | archive-date=2 April 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402084127/http://www.36ng.com.ng/2013/04/04/unveiling-the-cast-of-heavens-hell/ | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.moviemarkers.net/news/details-of-star-studded-heavens-hell-from-katung-aduwak-revealed/ | title=Details Of Star Studded HEAVEN'S HELL From Katung Aduwak Revealed | publisher=Movie Markers | date=16 April 2013 | accessdate=30 December 2014 | author=Cole, Mistah | archive-date=5 November 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105160737/http://www.moviemarkers.net/news/details-of-star-studded-heavens-hell-from-katung-aduwak-revealed/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> BGL Asset Management Ltd da One O takwas Media ne ke ba da kuɗin kuɗi, tare da tallafin samar da wasu abokan tarayya kamar Hashtag Media House da Jami'ar Aberystwyth . <ref name="360nobs">{{cite web | url=http://www.360nobs.com/2013/04/heavens-hell-the-movie-the-cast-my-point-of-view/ | title=Heaven's Hell: The Movie, The Cast & My Point of View | publisher=360nobs.com | date=12 April 2013 | accessdate=30 December 2014 | author=Adegoke, Segun | archive-date=15 December 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215172501/https://www.360nobs.com/2013/04/heavens-hell-the-movie-the-cast-my-point-of-view/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> Fim din, wanda ya samu wani labari na gaskiya, an shirya shi ne a cikin birnin Legas, kuma ya ba da labarin wasu matan gida biyu wadanda dangantakar abokantakarsu ba za ta gushe ba, amma cike da yaudara da cin amana; a cikin duhun da ke shawagi sama da alakar su da ma'aurata. An fara shirin fitar da fim ɗin a ranar ashirin da uku 23 ga Watan Janairu na shekara ta 2015, amma an jinkirta shi saboda tantancewa. A ƙarshe an sake shi a ranar goma 10 ga watan Mayu na shekara ta 2019. == Yin wasan kwaikwayo == * Fabian Adeoye Lojede a matsayin Edward Henshaw * [[Nse Ikpe-Etim|Nse Ikpe Etim]] a matsayin Alice Henshaw * [[Chet Anekwe]] as Jeff Aliu * [[Bimbo Akintola]] as Tsola Aliu * [[Damilola Adegbite]] as Janet Cole * [[OC Ukeje]] as Ahmed * Kalu Ikeagwu as Efosa Elliots * Gideon Okeke as Akanimo * Femi Jacobs a matsayin Mai binciken Popoola * [[Bimbo Manuel]] a matsayin Alkalin Alkalai * Katherine Obiang as Tara * [[Linda Ejiofor]] a matsayin Sakatare * [[Waje|Waje Iruobe]] a matsayin Wakilin Estate == Tsara labari == An sanya alamar ''Jahannama'' a matsayin fim din da ke da nufin taimakawa wajen yaki da cin zarafin mata da yara a cikin gida. Aduwak ya ce: "...kamar yadda ake ganin, har yanzu ana fama da tashin hankalin cikin gida da safar hannu na yara a wannan yanki na duniya. Daga karshe, ina son ''Jahannama'' ta 'yantar da mutane. Ina so ya zaburar da wani ya fita daga mummunan dangantaka [ ..] duk abin da zai iya cim ma don sanya duniya ta zama wuri mai hankali". <ref name="ynaija" /> Ci gaban fim ɗin ya ɗauki shekara guda, bayan haka babban hoton ya fara ne a ranar tara 9 ga ga watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2013 a Jihar Legas tare da manyan jarumai. <ref name="ynaija" /> <ref name="businessday" /> An harbe wasu hotuna biyu a gidan yarin Kirikiri da matsakaitan tsaro a cikin jihar Legas. An kwashe sama da makonni uku ana yin fim a cikin jihar KanoLegas, <ref name="allafrica" /> bayan haka an kai harbin zuwa Wales, inda kuma aka dauki wasu hotuna. An harbe fim ɗin ta amfani da kyamarori na Sony F55, kuma Jeffrey Smith ne ya jagoranci shirya fim ɗin. BGL Asset Management Ltd & One O Eight Media ne suka dauki nauyin aikin, tare da samar da tallafin wasu abokan tarayya kamar Hashtag Media House, da Jami'ar Aberystwyth . <ref name="360nobs" /> === Sauti === Sautin sauti na hukuma daga fim ɗin, mai suna "Yaƙin Duniya na 3", Jesse Jagz da Femi Kuti ne suka yi, kuma an sake shi a ranar 7 ga watan Agusta na shekara ta 2013. == Ci gaba da fitarwa == An gudanar da taron manema labarai na fim din a ranar 8 ga watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2013 a Clear Essence, [[Ikoyi]], Legas, inda aka sanar da cewa za a saki fim din a kashi na uku na shekara ta 2013. Sai dai an dage shi saboda wasu dalilai da ba a san ko su waye ba. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014, FilmOne Distribution a hukumance ya sanar da cewa za a saki fim din a ranar 23 ga Watan Janairu na shekara ta 2015; duk da haka Hukumar Tace Fina-Finai da Bidiyo ta Najeriya ta jinkirta saboda kasancewar wasu "bayyanannu da abubuwan da ke tada hankali". An shawarci ’yan fim da su sake gyara fim din kafin a fito da shi. Rarraba fim din wanda FilmOne ya dauki nauyi a farko, yanzu an karbe shi ta hanyar Genesis Distribution. An fitar da fim din a wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 10 ga watan Mayu na shekara ta 2019. == Manazarta == bithpi676t8v9mv67ru6j63dj4dwn9v 0 68835 873704 817395 2026-07-01T16:32:41Z Yusuf Murja 46196 An kirkira ta fassara "Plot" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359096140|A Naija Christmas]]" 873704 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''A Naija Kirsimeti''''' fim ne na Kirsimeti na Najeriya na 2021 wanda [[Kunle Afolayan]] ya jagoranta kuma [[Abayomi Alvin]], [[Kunle Remi]], [[Efa Iwara]] da Rachel Oniga suka fito. An saki fim din a [[Netflix]] a ranar 16 ga Disamban shekarar 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Netflix 'A Naija Christmas' Review: Vibrant, wholesome family film that shines with love |url=https://meaww.com/netflix-a-naija-christmas-review-vibrant-wholesome-family-film-that-shines-with-love |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216114856/https://meaww.com/netflix-a-naija-christmas-review-vibrant-wholesome-family-film-that-shines-with-love |archive-date=December 16, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2021 |website=Meaww}}</ref> Shi ne fim na Kirsimeti na farko na Najeriya a kan Netflix . == Makirci == A Naija Kirsimeti ya ba da labarin wata tsohuwar uwa wacce ta damu saboda ƴaƴanta maza sun ki yin aure kuma sun ba da jikoki. Ta kalubalanci su ta hanyar miƙa ɗanta na farko ya auri gidan [[Ikoyi]] a matsayin gadonsa. Ajike yana yin rikodi a cikin ɗakin studio lokacin da Ugo ya shiga tare da kwanan wata. Ta ɓoye kuma ta lura yayin da Ugo ke ba da kwanan wata. Wasu mata sun shiga cikin sauri kuma sun haifar da rikici a cikin ɗakin karatu saboda Ugo ya yaudare su. A waje, ya ga cewa motarsa ma ta lalace. Mama ta shirya taro tare da matan da ba su da tabbas, to amma an yi mata ba'a saboda ba ta da kakarta. A halin yanzu, Obi ya ba da shawara ga Vera a cikin girman kai da kuma zane-zane. Vera ta tafi. Mama ta ga raƙuman rai na shawarar Obi, sai ta fadi kuma aka kai ta asibiti. Mama ta tsawata wa 'ya'yanta maza saboda rashin yin aure. Ta sanar da su cewa na farko daga cikinsu da ya yi aure zai gaji gidanta. Tony Torpedo, wani shark mai ba da rance ya ziyarci Ugo don dawo da kudadensa. A kokarin neman abokin tarayya, Ugo ya kai ga tsohuwar harshen wuta ba tare da amfani ba. Obi ya kusanci Vera a wurin aiki. Ta bukaci shi ya faranta mata rai ta hanyar kirkirar babban filin wasa don samun ta. Mama ta dauki 'ya'yanta maza zuwa coci don neman yarinya "mai kyau". Ugo ta sadu da Ajike, mawaƙa kuma ta ba ta zaman studio kyauta. Don samun ƙaunar Ajike, Ugo ya ba da kansa a matsayin mai bugawa na coci. Matan makoma sun shirya bikin Kirsimeti a [[Mushin (Nijeriya)|Mushin]] amma mahaifiyar Agatha ba ta iya halarta saboda an kira ta asibiti. Obi ya gabatar da ra'ayi ga kamfanin kebul a kusa da bikin gala na ghetto wanda suke so. Hakazalika, Vera ta ba da shawarar dare na kwanan wata. Chike da Ajike suna ƙoƙari su bayyana wa mazauna Mushin ra'ayin kogon. Ajike ya yi rikodin demo a cikin ɗakin studio na Ugo kuma ya gayyace shi zuwa wani taron dare. Ugo ya koma gida don ganin cewa an kwashe wasu kayan aikinsa. A halin yanzu, ana ganin Chike a gado tare da ɗaya daga cikin matan Mama na ƙaddara, Sammy. Ya fito da taron dare da aka gayyaci Ugo ya kasance mai tsaro na coci. Ajike ya ta'azantar da Ugo bayan Javelin ya doke shi. Ya tambaye ta a kwanan wata. Vera ta nemi Obi ya aure ta a bikin ofishinsu. Wannan a bayyane ya damu da Kaneng kuma ta yi ƙarya cewa ta dawo tare da saurayinta. Kaneng da Obi sun fita. Ugo da Ajike a ƙarshe sun tafi ainihin kwanan wata. Obi ya gaya wa Vera cewa ba zai iya auren ta ba saboda yana son Kaneng. Ta ba shi bulala mara kyau. Ya zama cewa Tony Torpedo tsohon saurayi ne na Kanengs. Ya ziyarci Obi kuma ya gargadi shi ya bar Kaneng shi kaɗai. Chike ta tafi gidan Sammy kuma ta yi mamakin samun mijinta a can. Ya bar cikin takaici. Ajike ya bugu kuma ya jagoranci zaman ibada a cikin kulob din dare. Ta farka a gidan Ugo. Ugo ya ba da shawarar dangantaka da Ajike kuma ta gaya masa cewa dole ne cocin ya ba da izini ga dangantakarsu. Cocin ya yi masa tambayoyi kuma ya yi gargadi game da kusanci kafin aure. Obi ya gabatar da Kaneng amma Javelin ya sadu da shi kuma ya kai shi Torpedo wanda ya buƙaci a biya shi don lalacewar motsin rai ga sautin adadin da Ugo ya ci. 'Yan uwansa sun ziyarci Ugo waɗanda suka nuna mamakin kayan aikin da ya ɓace. Ugo ta kalubalanci Ajike game da dangantakarta da Tony Torpedo kuma wannan a bayyane ya dame ta. Ta ce ta san Tony tun tana yarinya a Mushin kuma kawai ta je gana da shi don yin roƙo a madadin Ugo. Tony ya dawo da kayan Ugo. Kaneng da Obi sun daidaita. An sake bayyana cewa Obi ya biya Tony. Obi ya dauki Kaneng zuwa bikin Kirsimeti na iyali kuma mahaifiyar ta amince da ita. Ugo ya yi mamakin Ajike a cikin jam'iyyar kuma sun sake haduwa. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Abayomi Alvin]] a matsayin Chike * [[Kunle Remi]] a matsayin Ugo * [[Efa Iwara]] a matsayin Obi * Rachel Oniga a matsayin Madam Agatha / Mama * [[Linda Osifo]] a matsayin Vera * [[Segilola Ogidan]] a matsayin Ajike * [[Lateef Adedimeji]] a matsayin Tony Torpedo * [[Uzoamaka Aniunoh]] a matsayin Cassie * [[Ade Laoye]] a matsayin Kaneng * [[Mercy Johnson|Mercy Johnson Okojie]] a matsayin Mrs. Bliss (Sammy) * [[Carol King]] a matsayin Deaconess Fakorede * Bayode Agbi a matsayin Shugaba na Kamfanin Cable * Onikosi Bukola Abisoye a matsayin uwargidan motsa jiki * Soledayo Adegbite a matsayin Amos * Temitope Olaiwola a matsayin Direban taksi * [[Wasiu Alabi Pasuma|Alabi Pasuma]] a matsayin Mai zane-zane na Musamman * Imoikor Joseph a matsayin Fasto * Joseph Jaiyeoba a matsayin Javelin == Karɓar baƙi == IA cikin bita ga The New York Times, [[Kennedy (commentator)|Lisa Kennedy]] ta rubuta "Tare da mummunar nods da aka yi da kyau ta hanyar 'yan karkatarwa, 'A Naija Christmas' na iya zama kamar nishaɗi duk da cewa wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya na tsakiya-na-hanya. Wannan hanyar ce kawai ta ratsa Legas, Najeriya. " Kunle Afolayan ya sami yabo saboda jagorancinsa."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-17 |title=A Naija Christmas: Why Is It So Special and Hyped Up? |url=https://gizmostory.com/a-naija-christmas-why-is-it-so-special-and-hyped-up/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226200758/https://gizmostory.com/a-naija-christmas-why-is-it-so-special-and-hyped-up/ |archive-date=2021-12-26 |access-date=2021-12-26 |website=Gizmo Story |language=en-US}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin fina-finai na Kirsimeti == Plot == Kirsimeti a Naija ya ba da labarin wata uwa da ta tsufa wadda ta shiga cikin damuwa saboda 'ya'yanta maza sun ƙi yin aure su ba ta jikoki. Mama ta shirya taro da matan da ba su da wani tasiri, amma ana yi mata ba'a saboda ba kaka ba ce. Ta ce ta san Tony tun tana ƙarama a Mushin kuma ta je ta gana da shi ne kawai don ta roƙi Ugo. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * A Naija Christmasa kanNetflix * {{IMDb title|15565704}} s5pkfcqcm8juqk215rwzwfvdr0k18h4 0 68912 874082 720642 2026-07-02T05:24:57Z Ummeeterh 31568 874082 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Bintou''''' (Wanda kuma aka sani da '''''A Close-Up on Bintou''''' ) ɗan gajeren fim ne da akayi shi a shekarar 2001 na ƙasar [[Burkina Faso|Burkinabé]] wanda Fanta Régina Nacro ya ba da umarni. Ya zama wani ɓangare na 2002 ''[[Mama Africa (film)|Collection Mama Africa]]''. == Labarin fim == Bintou, Uwar ’ya’ya uku ce maigidanta Habila, ya yi masa dukan tsiya, saboda ta yi amfani da kuɗin aikin gida wajen biyan ɗiyarta makaranta domin ta samu ilimin da aka hana ta tun kuruciyarta. Ya yi imanin cewa 'ya'yansa ne kawai ya kamata su yi karatu. Tun da mijinta ya ki biyan ɗiyarta ta karatu, Bintou ta kuduri aniyar samun kuɗin da kanta, duk da haka, fasaha ɗaya da take da ita ita ce noman gero. Dole ne ta nemo tukwane, kuma ta sami buhunan gero daga ma'ajiyar, yayin da mijinta ya ci gaba da yi mata zagon kasa.<ref name="FRN" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Mama Africa |publisher=[[British Film Institute|BFI]] |date=2005-07-21 |url=http://secure.bfi.org.uk/about/media/releases/2005/2005-07-21-mama-africa.pdf |format= |access-date=2008-02-09 }}{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == 'Yan wasa == * [[Hyppolite Ouangrawa]] a matsayin Habila, mijin Bintou * [[Alima Salouka]] a matsayin Bintou == Kyautattuka == ''Bintou'' ta lashe lambobin yabo da yawa a cikin shekarun 2001 da 2002 ciki har da a Cannes Film Festival, Amiens International Film Festival, [[Bermuda International Film Festival]], Clermont-Ferrand International Short Film Festival, Marrakech International Film Festival da Ouagadougou Panafrican Film and Television Festival.<ref name="FRN" /><ref>{{cite web | title =Awards for Bintou | publisher =[[Internet Movie Database]] | url =https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0290468/awards | accessdate =2007-12-29 }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:fim]] j2u4gpc5feq135shnftrrxcvlinu7no 0 68930 873645 700359 2026-07-01T13:49:08Z Habibah A Jisambo 26434 /* Takaitaccen bayani */ 873645 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Subira''''' [[Sinima a Kenya|fim]] ne na shekarar 2007 na ƙasar Kenya. == Takaitaccen bayani. == Subira, 'yar shekara 11, yarinya ce mai kunci da ta girma a cikin al'ummar Musulmi mabiya addinin Islam a tsibirin Lamu, [[Kenya]]. Tana mafarkin samun 'yanci kamar ɗan'uwanta, amma [[mahaifiyarta]] tana son ta bi al'ada kuma ta koyi zama mace abin koyi. Subira kuwa, tana da wasu tsare-tsare. Tana so ta yi rayuwa bisa ka'idojinta ba tare da la'akari da duk abinda mutane zasu ce. == Kyauta. == * Kenya IFF 2007 * Amakula IFF 2008 * [[2008 Cannes Film Festival|Cannes 2008]] * [[Zanzibar International Film Festival|Zanzibar IFF]] 2008 * [[Lola Kenya Children's Screen]] 2008 * Amiens IFF 2008 ==Hanyoyin Hadi na waje== * {{IMDb title|1238776}} [[Category: Fina-finai]] j9w7pjgdwu7mseignd5au6c9cqo54fr 0 69407 874212 871850 2026-07-02T09:13:16Z Ummun Sultan 23935 An kirkira ta fassara "Synopsis" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348147495|Charlie Charlie (film)]]" 874212 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Charlie Charlie |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An ba da umarni daga | class="infobox-data" |[[Charles Uwagbai]], Monica Swaida |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An samar da shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Charles Uwagbai |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Ranar fitarwa</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> * 2021 <span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2021</span>)&nbsp;</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |Najeriya |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Harshe | class="infobox-data" |Harshen Ingilishi |} '''''Charlie Charlie''''' fim ne na [[Najeriya]] na 2021 wanda [[Charles Uwagbai]] da Monica Swaida suka shirya, kuma Charles Uwagbai ne ya shirya shi. Yana bincika jigogi na fataucin mutane da kuma halatta kudaden haram. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Muaz |first=Hassan |date=2021-06-14 |title=Omoni Oboli, Alexx Ekubo, Chioma Akpotha tackle human trafficking with Charlie Charlie movie - |url=https://theeagleonline.com.ng/omoni-oboli-alexx-ekubo-chioma-akpotha-tackle-human-trafficking-with-charlie-charlie-movie/ |access-date=2022-07-29 |website=The Eagle Online |language=en-US}}</ref> Fim ɗin ya fito ne daga taurarin [[Omoni Oboli]], Monica Swaida, [[Mary Njoku|Mary Remmy Njoku]], Alexx Ekubo, [[Chioma Chukwuka|Chioma Akpotha]], [[Daidaitaccen Yanayi|Etinosa Idemudia]], da [[Prince David Osei]] . <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":0" /> == Bayani game da shi == Fim din ya kewaye da mutane biyu iri ɗaya; memba na ƙungiyar miyagun ƙwayoyi da kuma mutumin da ba shi da laifi. Mutumin da ba shi laifi ya yi kuskure ga dillalin miyagun ƙ ƙwayoyi kuma an kama shi a cikin ayyukan miyagun ƙwalwa da ke gudanar da Najeriya ta Ghana, [[Moroko|Morocco]] zuwa Turai. Wannan kuskuren ainihi ya sa kungiyar ta rasa kudi wanda ya dawo kan su biyu.<ref name=":2" /> == Masu ba da labari == * [[Femi Adebayo]] * [[Chioma Chukwuka|Chioma Chukwuka Akpotha]] * Sani Danja * Alexx Ekubo * [[Daidaitaccen Yanayi]] * Abimbola Kazeem * Funky Mallam * [[Omoni Oboli]] * [[Prince David Osei|Yarima David Osei]] * Mary Remmy * Monica Swaida * Oluwatoyin Albert Tomama == Fitarwa == An harbe fim din a Legas, Ghana, da Turai. == Synopsis == Fim ɗin ya yi magana ne game da mutane biyu iri ɗaya; wani ɗan ƙungiyar masu safarar miyagun ƙwayoyi da kuma wani mutum mara laifi. == Saki == An nuna fim din a asirce a Cibiyar Fim ta PEFTI a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] kafin a fitar da shi a wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 16 ga [[Yuli]], 2021. == Manazarta == <references /> tc1vbc2nx23merx3gtq15ypugbw8cwx 0 69593 874031 861131 2026-07-01T23:21:59Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 874031 wikitext text/x-wiki   Braids on a Bald Head wani ɗan gajeren fim ne na Najeriya na 2010 wanda [[Ishaya Bako]] ya jagoranta game da al'adun [[Hausawa|Mutanen Hausa]] . Ya lashe kyautar Best Short Film a 8th Africa Movie Academy Awards . <ref>{{Cite web |title=African Cinema: WATCH 'Braids on a Bald Head' by Ishaya Bako (Short Film) |url=http://www.ladybrillemag.com/african-cinema-watch-braids-on-a-bald-head-by-ishaya-bako-short-film/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307170741/http://ladybrillemag.com/african-cinema-watch-braids-on-a-bald-head-by-ishaya-bako-short-film/ |archive-date=7 March 2016 |access-date=4 August 2014 |publisher=ladybrillemag.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=BRAIDS ON A BALD HEAD - AFRICAN MOVIE |url=http://www.fienipa.com/node/4549 |access-date=4 August 2014 |publisher=.fienipa.com |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030804/http://www.fienipa.com/node/4549 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 September 2012 |title=On the To-Watch List: Braids on a Bald Head |url=http://www.patheos.com/blogs/mmw/2012/09/on-the-to-watch-list-braids-on-a-bald-head/ |access-date=4 August 2014 |publisher=patheos.com}}</ref> [[Clarence Peters]] shi ne mai daukar hoto na fim din.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BRAIDS ON A BALD HEAD - AFRICAN MOVIE |url=http://www.fienipa.com/node/4549 |access-date=4 August 2014 |publisher=.fienipa.com |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030804/http://www.fienipa.com/node/4549 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 September 2012 |title=On the To-Watch List: Braids on a Bald Head |url=http://www.patheos.com/blogs/mmw/2012/09/on-the-to-watch-list-braids-on-a-bald-head/ |access-date=4 August 2014 |publisher=patheos.com}}</ref> Yana ba da labarin Hauwa, wacce mace ce mai biyayya gaba ɗaya, wacce ke yin duk abin da mijinta ya gaya mata ta yi ba tare da la'akari da yadda ta dace ba. Mijinta, Musa ya ƙayyade 'yancin jima'i da na kudi. A gefe guda, Samira mace ce mai zaman kanta, wacce kwanan nan ta zauna a cikin gidan Hauwas. Duk da cewa da farko suna da sha'awar ra'ayin cewa mace ta shekarunta ya kamata ta kasance a cikin gidan mijinta, Hauwa da Samira sun fara haɓaka abota, har sai Samira ta bayyana a fili tare da sumba ta baki da baki cewa tana son jima'i da Hauwa. Ko da yake Hauwa ta gane aikin a matsayin abin ƙyama, wannan taron da kuma alakar da ta yi da Samira ya ba ta ƙarfin hali ta tsayayya da mummunar zalunci da ta jimre daga mijinta. == Masu ba da labari == * Mannura Umar a matsayin Hauwa * [[Lucy Ameh]] a matsayin Samira * Johnson Yakubu Sani a matsayin Musa * Tina David a matsayin Mama Nkechi * Jennifer Igbinovia a matsayin Helen * Mopelola Akanbi a matsayin Jumoke == Makirci == An kafa shi a wani kauye mai yawan Musulunci a [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Arewacin Najeriya]], fim din ya fara ne da Hauwa (Mannura Umar) yana yin Salat na yau da kullun. Yayinda take yin ayyukanta a matsayin matar mijinta, maƙwabcinta, Samira (Lucy Ameh), ta fuskanci ita, wacce ta yi tambaya game da sadaukarwarta da gamsuwa a matsayin uwar gida. Bayan ta yi watsi da Samira ta hanyar yaren jikinta, sai ta bar wurin sannan ta yi ƙoƙari ta sanar da mijinta, Musa (Johnson Yakubu) game da gamuwarta da Samira. Amma ya shafa ta, yana cewa koyaushe ba ta damu da kasuwancin ta, kuma bai kamata ta kasance tana hulɗa da mace [Samira], wannan ba a cikin mijinta ko gidan iyayenta ba. Bayan sun isa shagon ta da safe a wannan rana, Hauwa da abokan aikinta sun fara tattaunawa game da abubuwan da suka faru a garin. Hauwa ta fara magana game da Samira, sannan tattaunawar ta ƙare lokacin da daya daga cikin abokanta ya ba da shawarar cewa tana iya zama lesbian, saboda haka ba ta zaune tare da namiji ba. Sa'o'i da suka gabata, sa'an nan Hauwa ta sami kira don yin gyaran gashi a daya daga cikin kwastominta a gida. A kan hanyar fita daga salon, ta sadu da Samira, wacce ke son ta gyara gashin kanta, Hauwa kusan tilas ne amma 'yan uwanta masu salo suna son ta [Samira] ta jira lokacinta kafin a halarta; Hauwa ta zo ta cece ta ta hanyar kare ta, Samira ta ƙi tayin jira kuma ta yanke shawarar yin nata wani lokaci. Dukansu suna kallon juna na ɗan lokaci, sannan Hauwa ya tafi aikin gida. Lokacin da ta isa gida, ta sanar da mijinta cewa ta tara isasshen kuɗi don taimaka musu su biya kuɗin haya. Musa ya karɓi biyan ta ba tare da nuna wani nau'i na godiya a gare ta ba saboda ya fi damuwa game da kekensa mara kyau. Hauwa ta tafi gidan Samira kuma ta nemi ta karin kyandirori, wanda ta ce ba ta da shi, sai ta nemi ta taimaka wajen sassauta gashin kanta, wanda daga baya ta yarda bayan roƙo da yawa. Yayin da ta daidaita gashin kanta, sun fara yin hulɗa da tattaunawa game da rayuwarsu da kuma muhimmancin aure. Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwa ya kai ga wani, sannan Samira ta sumbace Hauwa, wanda ba ya dakatar da shi ko kuma ya mayar da martani ga alamar soyayya. Bayan ta yi ritaya, Hauwa ta bar gidan Samira tana bayyana aikin a matsayin "abin ƙyama", bayan Samira ta gaya mata ta bar mijinta ya zauna tare da ita. Lokacin da ta isa gida, Musa ta fara jayayya da Hauwa, duk da haka, ta yi masa magana a karo na farko, cewa ba ya bi da ita daidai, wannan ya sa Musa ya buge ta sosai. Daga baya a cikin rana, Musa ya fara jin laifi kuma a karo na farko ya nuna wani irin nau'i na nadama game da aikin da ya yi mata. == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin fina-finan Najeriya na 2010|Jerin fina-finai na Najeriya na 2010]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Braids a kan Bald Head a Intanet Movie Database[[IMDb|Bayanan Fim na Intanet]] * Braids a kan Bald Head a [[YouTube]] j5egzgm387doyl4dm78mrtwghcl6g41 0 69747 874301 859301 2026-07-02T11:25:13Z Ummun Sultan 23935 An kirkira ta fassara "Synopsis" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351619504|The Washerman]]" 874301 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''The Washerman'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washerman</ref> fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya na Najeriya na 2018 wanda Etinosa Idemudia ya samar kuma [[Charles Uwagbai]] ya ba da umarni. Tauraruwar [[IK Ogbonna|Ik Ogbonna]], [[Frank Donga]], Mc Abbey, [[Bryan Okwara]], Mofe Duncan, [[Judith Audu]], Sound Sultan, Sexy Steel da Mercy Isoyip. == Bayani game da shi == Labarin ya ta'allaka ne a kan wani vlogger wanda ke neman ƙauna ta gaskiya. Tare da addu'o'insa, ya shawo kan takaici kuma ya sami ƙauna, kodayake ba abin da ake tsammani ba ne.<ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/06/actress-etinosa-idemudia-restores-hope-hopeless-washerman/</ref> == Masu ba da labari == * [[Judith Audu]] a matsayin Juliana * Stephen Damian a matsayin Gambo * Sani Danja a matsayin kansa * [[Frank Donga]] a matsayin Baba Landlord * Etinosa Idemudia a matsayin KC * Mercy Isoyip a matsayin Mimi * Jaywon a matsayin Abbey * [[IK Ogbonna]] a matsayin Boniface * Chris Okagbue a matsayin Duke * [[Bryan Okwara]] a matsayin Ric * [[Genny Uzoma]] a matsayin Akweke == Synopsis == Labarin ya ta'allaka ne akan wani mai yin bidiyo wanda ke neman soyayya ta gaskiya cikin tsananin bukata. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} panh66jjoa6wgzrfkemivjcsw3xmyul 0 70219 874293 865313 2026-07-02T11:17:21Z Ummun Sultan 23935 An kirkira ta fassara "Selected filmography" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354917065|Diminas Dagogo]]" 874293 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Diminas Dagogo''' [[Darakta|Daraktan fim]] ne daga Jihar Rivers, [[Najeriya]] wanda aka fi sani da kayan shafa da aikinsa na musamman a fina-finai na Nollywood . Ya sami gabatarwa biyu na [[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|AMVCA]] don aikinsa a kan ''[[Stigma (fim 2013)|Stigma]]'' (2013), wanda ya fito da [[Hilda Dokubo]]. == Hotunan da aka zaɓa == * ''Bottle Neck'' (1996) * ''Jin kunya'' (1996) * ''Al'ada'' (1997) * Oracle (1998) * ''Tashin Mutuwa (2004) '' * ''Ɗan Mutum (2006) '' * ''[[Stigma (fim 2013)|Stigma]] (2013) '' * ''Asawana (2016) '' * ''Batun Hadari (2019) '' * ''Amina (2021) '' == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin daraktocin fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] == Selected filmography == * ''Wuyar Kwalba (1996)'' * * * * * * * * * 1j2xl7ushyiktbzjjdq69c02xk4whuc 0 70223 873754 816767 2026-07-01T18:49:32Z Mariya Hamza 25296 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352934203|Sola Kosoko]]" 873754 wikitext text/x-wiki   Sola Kosoko, Listenⓘ wanda aka fi sani da Sola Kosoko-Abina (an haife ta a ranar 7 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1980), [1] 'yar fim ce ta Najeriya kuma darektan fim da aka sani da Láròdá òjò . Ita 'yar Jide Kosoko ce . [1][2] Sola kosoko ta fito a fim din Pala Pala wanda ya hada da Yemi Solade da Muyiwa Kosoko . Ta yi jawabi ga matasan Najeriya a lokacin shirin Media Literacy and Capacity Building . [3] == Ilimi == Kosoko tana da digiri na farko a fannin zamantakewa daga [[Jami'ar Olabisi Onabanjo]] . == Ayyuka == Kosoko ta fara aikinta na wasan kwaikwayo a 1999 inda ta fito a fim mai suna ''Ola Abata'' wanda mahaifinta ya samar; [[Jide Kosoko]] . A shekara ta 2001, ta yi fim din ''Omo Olorire'' wanda ya sa ta shahara. Ta yi fim a fina-finai da yawa a Turanci da Yoruba tun lokacin da ta fara yin wasan kwaikwayo. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Sola Kosoko tana ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yan [[Jide Kosoko]] . Ta auri Abiodun Abinna, kuma suna da 'ya'ya mata biyu (Oluwasindara da Oluwasikemi) da ɗa (Oluwasire). == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == * Nomin da mutane suka bayar a cikin birni == Hotunan da aka zaɓa == * ''Ola Abata'' (1999) * ''Oko Irese'' (2000) * ''Omo Olorire'' (2003) a matsayin Enitan * ''Oko Irese'' * ''Omo Bishop'' (2005) * Eje Adegbenro 2 (2006) a matsayin Akowe Adegbenre * ''Onitemi (2007) '' * ''Láròdá òjò'' (2008) a matsayin Inuwa * ''[[Apaadi]] (2009) '' * ''Eti Keta (2011) a matsayin Ifeoma'' * ''Oloruka'' (2017) * ''Oga (2017) a matsayin Abokin Demi'' * ''Fadar sarauta'' (2018) * ''Ainiwa (2021) a matsayin Sindara'' * Shadow Parties (2021) a matsayin Asabi * ''Jemila'' * ''Kwarin Tsakanin'' * ''Roses da ƙaya''<ref name="Encomium Magazine 2015">{{Cite web |date=23 December 2015 |title='I want to exceed my father's success,' says Sola Kosoko |url=https://encomium.ng/i-want-to-exceed-my-fathers-success-says-sola-kosoko/ |access-date=27 July 2022 |website=Encomium Magazine}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] q85wb0jdxilvzn485ov07lij8ppvko5 873755 873754 2026-07-01T18:50:07Z Mariya Hamza 25296 873755 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} Sola Kosoko, Listenⓘ wanda aka fi sani da Sola Kosoko-Abina (an haife ta a ranar 7 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1980), [1] 'yar fim ce ta Najeriya kuma darektan fim da aka sani da Láròdá òjò . Ita 'yar Jide Kosoko ce . [1][2] Sola kosoko ta fito a fim din Pala Pala wanda ya hada da Yemi Solade da Muyiwa Kosoko . Ta yi jawabi ga matasan Najeriya a lokacin shirin Media Literacy and Capacity Building . [3] == Ilimi == Kosoko tana da digiri na farko a fannin zamantakewa daga [[Jami'ar Olabisi Onabanjo]] . == Ayyuka == Kosoko ta fara aikinta na wasan kwaikwayo a 1999 inda ta fito a fim mai suna ''Ola Abata'' wanda mahaifinta ya samar; [[Jide Kosoko]] . A shekara ta 2001, ta yi fim din ''Omo Olorire'' wanda ya sa ta shahara. Ta yi fim a fina-finai da yawa a Turanci da Yoruba tun lokacin da ta fara yin wasan kwaikwayo. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Sola Kosoko tana ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yan [[Jide Kosoko]] . Ta auri Abiodun Abinna, kuma suna da 'ya'ya mata biyu (Oluwasindara da Oluwasikemi) da ɗa (Oluwasire). == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == * Nomin da mutane suka bayar a cikin birni == Hotunan da aka zaɓa == * ''Ola Abata'' (1999) * ''Oko Irese'' (2000) * ''Omo Olorire'' (2003) a matsayin Enitan * ''Oko Irese'' * ''Omo Bishop'' (2005) * Eje Adegbenro 2 (2006) a matsayin Akowe Adegbenre * ''Onitemi (2007) '' * ''Láròdá òjò'' (2008) a matsayin Inuwa * ''[[Apaadi]] (2009) '' * ''Eti Keta (2011) a matsayin Ifeoma'' * ''Oloruka'' (2017) * ''Oga (2017) a matsayin Abokin Demi'' * ''Fadar sarauta'' (2018) * ''Ainiwa (2021) a matsayin Sindara'' * Shadow Parties (2021) a matsayin Asabi * ''Jemila'' * ''Kwarin Tsakanin'' * ''Roses da ƙaya''<ref name="Encomium Magazine 2015">{{Cite web |date=23 December 2015 |title='I want to exceed my father's success,' says Sola Kosoko |url=https://encomium.ng/i-want-to-exceed-my-fathers-success-says-sola-kosoko/ |access-date=27 July 2022 |website=Encomium Magazine}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 8q39kp4uz1b4mpk73pehr355pul1bec 0 70795 873766 720034 2026-07-01T19:56:24Z Habibah A Jisambo 26434 873766 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Zay''' (kuma '''Lak'i''', '''Laqi''') yare ne na. Afroasiatic na reshen Semitic da ake magana a [[Itofiya|Habasha.]] Yana daya daga cikin yarukan Gurage a cikin ƙungiyar Semitic ta Habasha. Harshen Zay yana da kusan masu magana 5,000 da aka sani da Zay, waɗanda ke zaune a Gelila da sauran tsibirai biyar da bakin tekun Zway a kudancin ƙasar. == Halin harshe. == Zay harshe ne da ba a rubuta ba. Yawancin masu magana da harsuna da yawa a cikin wasu harsunan Gurage, a cikin yaren Oromo, da kuma cikin harshen Amharic . <ref>Meyer, R. (2006). "The Zay Language (East-Gurage, Ethiopia)". Mainz University.</ref> Harshen ya mayar da hankali ne a yanki kusa da tafkin Zway; musamman, a Herera, Meki, Ziway, da tsibiran guda biyar: Tsibirin Fundurro (Famat ko Tsibirin Getesemani) tsibiri mafi ƙanƙanta; Tsibirin Tsedecha (Tsibirin Aysut), kusa da babban tsibiri; Tsibirin Debre-Tsion, tsibiri mafi girma; Tsibirin Gelila; da tsibirin Debre Sina. Harshe ne da ke cikin haɗari, tare da masu magana da ke ƙaura zuwa babban yankin suna ɗaukar yaren Oromo, da kuma ƙara yawan amfani da Oromo daga ƙananan tsararraki a tsibirin Zay. Zay yana kama da yaren Siltʼe kashi 70 cikin ɗari, kuma 60% yana da Harari .. == Nahawu. == Kalmar odar Zay ita ce SOV (batun-abu-fi'ili). Siffofin sifa suna gaba da sunayen da suke gyarawa. Mallaka kuma suna gaba da sunaye. <ref>Hayward, Richard J. (1990). "Notes on the Zayse Language". Hayward, Richard J.(ed.). London: School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London.</ref> Zay harshe ne mai fa'ida, tare da alamar abin da ake buƙata akan fi'ili. Zay ya yi tasiri sosai saboda hulɗar da ya yi da harsunan Gurage . Wannan tuntuɓar ta haifar da gagarumin canji na lexical da na nahawu a cikin Zay. <ref>Meyer, R. (2006). "The Zay Language (East-Gurage, Ethiopia)". Mainz University.</ref> == Manazarta. == {{Reflist}} == Kara karantawa == * Demeke, Grima A., & Meyer, Ronny. "Canjin yare da aka haifar a cikin zaɓaɓɓun Harsunan Semitic na Habasha." * Demissie, Ambaw (1990), ''The phonology of Zay: A generative approach'' . Littafin MA. Jami'ar Addis Ababa. * Gardner, Simon. da Siebert, Ralph. (2001), "Rahoton Binciken Zamantakewa na Yankin Harshen Zay", Rahoton Binciken Lantarki na SIL 2002-024:12. * Hetzron, Robert (1972), "Semitic Habasha: karatu a cikin rarrabuwa (Lamba 2)". Jami'ar Manchester Press. * Jordan, Linda; Netzley, Jillian; & Mohammed, Hussein (2011). "Rahoton Binciken Harsunan Jama'a na mutanen Zay a Habasha". Rahoton SIL Electronic Survey 2011-046: 43, 2011-046. * Meyer, Ronny (2005), ''Das Zay: Deskriptive Grammatik einer Ostguragesprache (Äthiosemitisch)'' . Nazarin Nahawu na Harsunan Afirka, vol. 25. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe. . * Meyer, Ronny. (2002), "Canjin Harshe a cikin Jama'ar Harsuna da yawa: Tasirin Oromo akan Lexicon na Zay". Cibiyar Nazarin Harshe, Jami'ar Addis Ababa. * Meyer, Ronny (2002), "'Don zama ko a'a" - Shin akwai copula na yanzu a cikin Zay?" a cikin: Baye Yimam, R. Pankhurst, D. Chapple, Yonas Admasu, A. Pankhurst, Birhanu Teferra (Hg.), Abubuwan da aka gabatar na taron kasa da kasa na 14th na Nazarin Habasha, 6-11 Nuwamba 2000, Addis Ababa. Addis Ababa 2002, 1798-1808 * Shikur, Getu (1999), ''Ilimin Halitta na Zay'' . Littafin MA. Jami'ar Addis Ababa. * Vinson, Michael A. (2012), "Gwargwadon ƙwarewa: nazarin ilimin al'adu na Zay." Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka, Jami'ar Leiden. * Wolf Leslau (1999), ''Takardun Ethiopic na Zway'' . Aethiopische Forschungen, Band 51. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-447-04162-5|3-447-04162-5]] . == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/zwa Bayanin Harsunan da ke cikin haɗari don Zay] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223091812/https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/zwa |date=2024-02-23 }} * [http://globalrecordings.net/en/language/3143 Rikodin sauti na Zay] 229zc70prjatgjdewqk07vj4al2kyq1 873782 873766 2026-07-01T20:24:13Z Habibah A Jisambo 26434 873782 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Zay''' (kuma '''Lak'i''', '''Laqi''') yare ne na. Afroasiatic na reshen Semitic da ake magana a [[Itofiya|Habasha.]] Yana daya daga cikin yarukan Gurage a cikin ƙungiyar Semitic ta Habasha. Harshen Zay yana da kusan masu magana 5,000 da aka sani da Zay, waɗanda ke zaune a Gelila da sauran tsibirai biyar da bakin tekun Zway a kudan cin ƙasar. == Halin harshe. == Zay harshe ne da ba a rubuta ba. Yawancin masu magana da harsuna da yawa a cikin wasu harsunan Gurage, a cikin yaren Oromo, da kuma cikin harshen Amharic . <ref>Meyer, R. (2006). "The Zay Language (East-Gurage, Ethiopia)". Mainz University.</ref> Harshen ya mayar da hankali ne a yanki kusa da tafkin Zway; musamman, a Herera, Meki, Ziway, da tsibiran guda biyar: Tsibirin Fundurro (Famat ko Tsibirin Getesemani) tsibiri mafi ƙanƙanta; Tsibirin Tsedecha (Tsibirin Aysut), kusa da babban tsibiri; Tsibirin Debre-Tsion, tsibiri mafi girma; Tsibirin Gelila; da tsibirin Debre Sina. Harshe ne da ke cikin haɗari, tare da masu magana da ke ƙaura zuwa babban yankin suna ɗaukar yaren Oromo, da kuma ƙara yawan amfani da Oromo daga ƙananan tsararraki a tsibirin Zay. Zay yana kama da yaren Siltʼe kashi 70 cikin ɗari, kuma 60% yana da Harari .. == Nahawu. == Kalmar odar Zay ita ce SOV (batun-abu-fi'ili). Siffofin sifa suna gaba da sunayen da suke gyarawa. Mallaka kuma suna gaba da sunaye. <ref>Hayward, Richard J. (1990). "Notes on the Zayse Language". Hayward, Richard J.(ed.). London: School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London.</ref> Zay harshe ne mai fa'ida, tare da alamar abin da ake buƙata akan fi'ili. Zay ya yi tasiri sosai saboda hulɗar da ya yi da harsunan Gurage . Wannan tuntuɓar ta haifar da gagarumin canji na lexical da na nahawu a cikin Zay. <ref>Meyer, R. (2006). "The Zay Language (East-Gurage, Ethiopia)". Mainz University.</ref> == Manazarta. == {{Reflist}} == Kara karantawa == * Demeke, Grima A., & Meyer, Ronny. "Canjin yare da aka haifar a cikin zaɓaɓɓun Harsunan Semitic na Habasha." * Demissie, Ambaw (1990), ''The phonology of Zay: A generative approach'' . Littafin MA. Jami'ar Addis Ababa. * Gardner, Simon. da Siebert, Ralph. (2001), "Rahoton Binciken Zamantakewa na Yankin Harshen Zay", Rahoton Binciken Lantarki na SIL 2002-024:12. * Hetzron, Robert (1972), "Semitic Habasha: karatu a cikin rarrabuwa (Lamba 2)". Jami'ar Manchester Press. * Jordan, Linda; Netzley, Jillian; & Mohammed, Hussein (2011). "Rahoton Binciken Harsunan Jama'a na mutanen Zay a Habasha". Rahoton SIL Electronic Survey 2011-046: 43, 2011-046. * Meyer, Ronny (2005), ''Das Zay: Deskriptive Grammatik einer Ostguragesprache (Äthiosemitisch)'' . Nazarin Nahawu na Harsunan Afirka, vol. 25. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe. . * Meyer, Ronny. (2002), "Canjin Harshe a cikin Jama'ar Harsuna da yawa: Tasirin Oromo akan Lexicon na Zay". Cibiyar Nazarin Harshe, Jami'ar Addis Ababa. * Meyer, Ronny (2002), "'Don zama ko a'a" - Shin akwai copula na yanzu a cikin Zay?" a cikin: Baye Yimam, R. Pankhurst, D. Chapple, Yonas Admasu, A. Pankhurst, Birhanu Teferra (Hg.), Abubuwan da aka gabatar na taron kasa da kasa na 14th na Nazarin Habasha, 6-11 Nuwamba 2000, Addis Ababa. Addis Ababa 2002, 1798-1808 * Shikur, Getu (1999), ''Ilimin Halitta na Zay'' . Littafin MA. Jami'ar Addis Ababa. * Vinson, Michael A. (2012), "Gwargwadon ƙwarewa: nazarin ilimin al'adu na Zay." Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka, Jami'ar Leiden. * Wolf Leslau (1999), ''Takardun Ethiopic na Zway'' . Aethiopische Forschungen, Band 51. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-447-04162-5|3-447-04162-5]] . == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/zwa Bayanin Harsunan da ke cikin haɗari don Zay] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223091812/https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/zwa |date=2024-02-23 }} * [http://globalrecordings.net/en/language/3143 Rikodin sauti na Zay] 4394ca2argf5pjsv6nk62vngfg4sbhb 0 71324 873680 872513 2026-07-01T15:53:39Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 873680 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Kwamfuta''' ta kasance wata na'ura ce da za a iya tsara ta don aiwatar da jerin ayyukan ƙididdiga ko aiki na hankali (lissafi) ta atomatik. Kwamfutocin lantarki na zamani na dijital na iya yin nau'ikan ayyuka da aka sani da shirye-shirye. Waɗannan shirye-shiryen suna ba kwamfutoci damar yin ayyuka da yawa. Kalmar tsarin kwamfuta na iya nufin wata cikakkiyar kwamfyuta mai suna wanda ya haɗa da hardware, tsarin aiki, software, da kayan aikin da ake buƙata kuma ana amfani da su don cikakken aiki; ko zuwa ga rukunin kwamfutoci waɗanda ke da alaƙa kuma suna aiki tare, kamar cibiyar sadarwar kwamfuta ko cluster na kwamfuta. [[Fayil:Coding Shots Annual Plan high res-5.jpg|thumb]] Yawancin samfuran masana'antu da masu amfani suna amfani da kwamfutoci azaManincetsarin sarrafawa. Ana haɗa na'urori masu sauƙi na musamman na musamman kamar tanda na microwave da na'urori masu nisa, haka kuma na'urorin masana'anta kamar robots masana'antu da ƙirar kwamfuta, da na'urori na gaba ɗaya kamar kwamfutoci na sirri da na'urorin hannu kamar wayoyi. Kwamfutoci suna amfani da Intanet, wanda ke haɗa biliyoyin kwamfutoci da masu amfani da su. An yi nufin amfani da kwanfuttoci na farko don lissafi kawai. Sauƙaƙan kayan aikin hannu kamar abacus sun taimaki mutane wajen yin lissafin tun zamanin da. A farkon juyin juya halin masana'antu, an gina wasu na'urori na injina don sarrafa dogayen ayyuka masu wahala, kamar ja-gorancin ƙirar saƙa. Ingantattun injunan lantarki sun yi ƙididdiga na musamman na analog a farkon ƙarni na 20. An kera na'urorin lissafin lantarki na farko na dijital a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, duka na lantarki da kuma amfani da bawuloli na thermionic. Na farko semiconductor transistor a cikin ƙarshen 1940s sun biyo bayan MOSFET na tushen silicon (MOS transistor) da fasahar haɗaɗɗen guntu na monolithic a ƙarshen 1950s, wanda ke haifar da microprocessor da juyin juya halin microcomputer a cikin 1970s. Gudu, ƙarfi da juzu'i na kwamfutoci suna ƙaruwa sosai tun daga wannan lokacin, tare da ƙididdigar transistor suna ƙaruwa cikin sauri (Dokar Moore ta lura cewa ana ninka sau biyu duk bayan shekaru biyu), wanda ya haifar da juyin juya halin dijital a ƙarshen 20th zuwa farkon ƙarni na 21st. A al'ada, kwamfuta ta zamani ta ƙunshi aƙalla nau'ikan sarrafawa guda ɗaya, yawanci rukunin sarrafawa ta tsakiya (CPU) a cikin nau'in microprocessor, tare da wasu nau'ikan ƙwaƙwalwar kwamfuta, galibi semiconductor memory chips. Rukunin sarrafawa yana aiwatar da ayyuka na lissafi da ma'ana, kuma jerin abubuwa da naúrar sarrafawa na iya canza tsarin aiki don amsa bayanan da aka adana. Na'urori na gefe sun haɗa da na'urorin shigar da bayanai (allon madannai, mice, joystick, da dai sauransu), na'urorin fitarwa (na'urorin saka idanu, firinta, da dai sauransu), da na'urorin shigarwa / fitarwa waɗanda ke yin ayyuka biyu (misali, 2000s-era touchscreen). Na'urori na gefe suna ba da damar dawo da bayanai daga tushen waje kuma suna ba da damar adana sakamakon ayyuka da kuma dawo da su. Samfura: Iyakar TOC == Etymology == [[File:X-4 with Female Computer - GPN-2000-001932.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|A human computer, with microscope and calculator, 1952|alt=A human computer.]] A cewar ƙamus na Ingilishi na Oxford, farkon sanannen amfani da kwamfuta shine a cikin wani littafi na 1613 mai suna Yong Mans Gleanings na marubuci ɗan Ingilishi Richard Brathwait: “Na karanta mafi kyawun kwamfutar Times, kuma mafi kyawun ilimin Arithmetician har abada. sic] ya hura, kuma ya rage kwanakinku kaɗan." Wannan amfani da kalmar yana nufin kwamfutar ɗan adam, mutumin da ya aiwatar da lissafi ko ƙididdiga. Kalmar ta ci gaba da ma'ana guda har zuwa tsakiyar karni na 20. A karshen wannan lokaci ana daukar mata aiki a matsayin kwamfuta saboda ana iya biyansu kasa da takwarorinsu maza. A shekara ta 1943, yawancin kwamfutocin mutane mata ne. The Online Etymology Dictionary ya ba da shaidar farko ta amfani da kwamfuta a cikin 1640s, ma'ana 'wanda ya yi lissafi'; wannan "wakili suna daga lissafin (v.)". The Online Etymology Dictionary ya bayyana cewa amfani da kalmar don nufin Samfura:" 'na'ura mai ƙididdigewa' (na kowane nau'i) ta fito ne daga 1897." The Online Etymology Dictionary yana nuna cewa "amfani na zamani" na kalmar, don nufin 'kwamfutar lantarki na dijital mai shirye-shirye' daga "1945 a ƙarƙashin wannan sunan; [a cikin] theoretical [sense] from 1937, as Turing machine". == Tarihi == === Pre-20th century === [[File:Os d'Ishango IRSNB.JPG|thumb|upright=0.65|The [[Ishango bone]], a [[bone tool]] dating back to [[prehistoric Africa]]]] An yi amfani da na'urori don taimakawa ƙididdiga tsawon dubban shekaru, galibi suna amfani da wasiƙa ɗaya zuwa ɗaya tare da yatsunsu. Na'urar kirga ta farko ta kasance nau'i na tsayin tsayi. Daga baya bayanan rikodi a ko'ina cikin Crescent Mai Haihuwa sun haɗa da kalkuli (bangaren yumbu, mazugi, da sauransu) waɗanda ke wakiltar ƙididdiga na abubuwa, wataƙila dabbobi ko hatsi, an rufe su a cikin kwandon yumbu mara ganuwa. Amfani da sandunan ƙidaya misali ɗaya ne. [[File:Abacus 6.png|thumb|upright=1.15|left|The Chinese [[suanpan]] ({{lang|zh|算盘}}). The number represented on this [[abacus]] is 6,302,715,408.]] An fara amfani da abacus don ayyukan lissafi. An kirkiro abacus na Romawa daga na'urorin da aka yi amfani da su a Babila a farkon 2400 KZ. Tun daga wannan lokacin, an ƙirƙira wasu nau'ikan alluna ko teburi da yawa. A cikin gidan kirga na Turai na tsakiyar zamanai, za a sanya rigar da aka zana a kan teburi, kuma alamomi suna zagayawa bisa wasu ƙa'idodi, a matsayin taimako don ƙididdige adadin kuɗi. [[File:NAMA Machine d'Anticythère 1.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|The [[Antikythera mechanism]], dating back to [[ancient Greece]] circa 150–100 BCE, is an early [[analog computing]] device.]] An yi imanin tsarin Antikythera shine farkon sanannen kwamfyuta analog na inji, a cewar Derek J. de Solla Price. An tsara shi don ƙididdige matsayi na sararin samaniya. An gano shi a cikin 1901 a cikin ɓarkewar Antikythera a tsibirin Antikythera na Girka, tsakanin Kythera da Crete, kuma an yi kwanan watan kusan c. 100 KZ. Na'urori masu kamanceceniya da tsarin Antikythera ba za su sake bayyana ba sai karni na sha huɗu. Yawancin kayan taimako na inji don ƙididdigewa da aunawa an gina su don amfani da sararin samaniya da kewayawa. Planisphere tauraro ne da Abū Rayhān al-Bīrunī ya ƙirƙira a farkon ƙarni na 11. Astrolabe an ƙirƙira shi ne a cikin duniyar Hellenistic a cikin ƙarni na farko ko na biyu KZ kuma galibi ana danganta shi ga Hipparchus. Haɗin planisphere da dioptra, astrolabe ɗin ya kasance daidai kwamfutocin analog wanda ke iya yin aiki da nau'ikan matsaloli daban-daban a cikin sararin samaniya. Abi Bakr na Isfahan, Farisa ne ya ƙirƙira wani tauraro mai haɗa na'urar kalandar inji da kuma ƙafafu na gear a shekara ta 1235. Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī ya ƙirƙira na'urar tauraro na farko mai amfani da lunisolar kalanda, injin sarrafa ilmin da aka kafa da wuri tare da jirgin kasan gear. gira-girgiza, c. 1000 AD. Sashin, kayan aikin lissafin da ake amfani da shi don magance matsaloli daidai gwargwado, trigonometry, ninkawa da rarrabawa, da ayyuka daban-daban, kamar murabba'ai da tushen cube, an haɓaka shi a ƙarshen karni na 16 kuma an sami aikace-aikacen a cikin bindigogi, bincike da kewayawa. Planimeter kayan aikin hannu ne don ƙididdige yankin rufaffiyar siffa ta hanyar bibiyarsa tare da haɗin injina.[[File:Sliderule 2005.png|thumb|upright=1.15|left|A [[slide rule]]]] Wani limamin Ingila William Oughtred ne ya ƙirƙira wannan ƙa'idar ta zamewa a kusa da 1620-1630, jim kaɗan bayan buga manufar logarithm. Kwamfuta ta analog ce ta hannu don yin ninkawa da rarrabawa. Yayin da ci gaban ƙa'idar nunin faifai ya ci gaba, ƙarin ma'auni ya ba da ma'auni, murabba'ai da tushen murabba'i, cubes da tushen cube, da kuma ayyuka masu wuce gona da iri kamar logarithms da fa'idodi, madauwari da trigonometry hyperbolic da sauran ayyuka. Har yanzu ana amfani da ƙa'idodin zamewa tare da ma'auni na musamman don saurin aiwatar da ƙididdigewa na yau da kullun, kamar ka'idar madauwari ta E6B da aka yi amfani da ita don lissafin lokaci da nisa akan jirgin sama mai haske. A cikin 1770s, Pierre Jaquet-Droz, mai agogon Swiss, ya gina wata yar tsana (atomatik) wanda zai iya rubuta rike da alkalami. Ta hanyar canza lamba da tsari na ƙafafunta na ciki haruffa daban-daban, don haka ana iya samar da saƙonni daban-daban. A zahiri, ana iya "shirya shi" da injina don karanta umarnin. Tare da wasu injunan hadaddun inji guda biyu, ɗan tsana yana a Musée d'Art et d'Histoire na Neuchâtel, Switzerland, kuma har yanzu yana aiki. A cikin 1831-1835, masanin lissafi kuma injiniya Giovanni Plana ya ƙera na'ura ta Perpetual Calendar, wanda, ta hanyar tsarin juzu'i da silinda da ƙari, zai iya yin hasashen kalandar har abada a kowace shekara daga 0 CE (wato 1 KZ) zuwa 4000 CE. kiyaye shekarun tsalle-tsalle da tsayin rana daban-daban. Na'urar tsinkayar igiyar ruwa da masanin kimiyya dan Scotland Sir William Thomson ya kirkira a shekarar 1872 yana da matukar amfani wajen kewaya cikin ruwa mara zurfi. Ya yi amfani da tsarin juzu'i da wayoyi don ƙididdige matakan da aka annabta ta atomatik don saita lokaci a wani wuri. Mai nazarin bambance-bambance, kwamfutar analog na inji wanda aka ƙera don warware ma'auni daban-daban ta hanyar haɗawa, yayi amfani da hanyoyin dabaran-da-faifai don aiwatar da haɗin kai. A cikin 1876, Sir William Thomson ya riga ya tattauna yiwuwar gina irin waɗannan na'urorin ƙididdiga, amma ƙarancin ƙarfin fitarwa na masu haɗa ball-da-disk ya ruɗe shi. A cikin na'urar tantancewa daban-daban, fitowar mai haɗawa ɗaya ta motsa shigar da na'ura mai haɗawa ta gaba, ko fitarwar zane. Ƙarfin wutar lantarki shine ci gaba wanda ya ba da damar waɗannan injuna suyi aiki. Tun daga shekarun 1920s, Vannevar Bush da sauransu sun ƙera na'urori masu bambance-bambancen inji. A cikin 1890s, injiniyan Mutanen Espanya Leonardo Torres Quevedo ya fara haɓaka jerin injunan analog na ci gaba waɗanda za su iya magance ainihin tushen tushen polynomials, waɗanda Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Paris ta buga a 1901. === Kwamfuta ta farko === [[File:Charles Babbage by Antoine Claudet c1847-51-crop.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.90|Charles Babbage c. 1850]] {{multiple image|direction=vertical |footer= |align=right |image1 = Difference engine plate 1853.jpg |caption1 = A diagram of a portion of [[Charles Babbage|Babbage's]] [[Difference engine]] |image2 = Differenceengine.jpg|width=165 |caption2 = The Difference Engine Number 2 at the [[Intellectual Ventures]] laboratory in Seattle}} Charles Babbage, injiniyan injiniya na Ingilishi kuma masanin ilimin lissafi, ya samo asali ne na tsarin kwamfuta. An yi la'akari da "mahaifin kwamfuta", ya ƙirƙira kuma ya ƙirƙira na'urar kwamfuta ta farko a farkon karni na 19. Bayan ya yi aiki akan injin ɗinsa na bambance-bambancen ya sanar da ƙirƙirarsa a cikin 1822, a cikin wata takarda ga Royal Astronomical Society, mai take "Note on the application of machinery to the computation of astronomical and mathematical tables", ya kuma ƙera don taimakawa wajen lissafin kewayawa, a cikin 1833 ya gane cewa mafi yawan zane-zane, injin bincike, yana yiwuwa. Za a ba da shigar da shirye-shirye da bayanai zuwa na'ura ta katunan naushi, hanyar da ake amfani da ita a lokacin don jagorantar mashinan inji kamar Jacquard loom. Don fitarwa, injin ɗin zai sami firinta, mai lanƙwasa makirci da ƙararrawa. Na'urar kuma za ta iya buga lambobi a kan katunan don karantawa daga baya. Injin ya haɗa na'ura mai mahimmanci na lissafi, sarrafawa mai gudana a cikin nau'i na reshe na yanayi da madaukai, da kuma haɗaɗɗen ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, yana mai da shi zane na farko don kwamfuta mai mahimmanci wanda za'a iya kwatanta shi a cikin sharuddan zamani a matsayin Turing-complete. Injin ya kasance kusan karni daya kafin lokacinsa. Dole ne a yi dukkan sassan injinsa da hannu - wannan babbar matsala ce ga na'urar da ke da dubban sassa. A ƙarshe, an rushe aikin tare da shawarar da gwamnatin Burtaniya ta yanke na dakatar da bayar da kuɗi. Ana iya danganta gazawar Babbage don kammala injin na’urar tantancewa, musamman ga matsalolin siyasa da na kuɗi da kuma sha’awarsa na haɓaka na’ura mai kwakwalwa da kuma ci gaba da sauri fiye da yadda kowa zai iya bi. Duk da haka, dansa, Henry Babbage, ya kammala sassauƙan juzu'in na'ura mai sarrafa kwamfuta ta injina (niƙa) a cikin 1888. Ya ba da nasarar nuna yadda ake amfani da shi a cikin tebur na kwamfuta a cikin 1906. === Injin lissafin Electromechanical === [[File:Aritmómetro_Electromecánico.jpg|thumb|left|Electro-mechanical calculator (1920) by [[Leonardo Torres Quevedo]].]] A cikin aikinsa na Essays on Automatics da aka buga a 1914, Leonardo Torres Quevedo ya rubuta taƙaitaccen tarihin ƙoƙarin Babbage na gina Injin Difference Engine da Injin Analytical. Ya bayyana Injin Analytical a matsayin misali na tunaninsa game da yuwuwar karfin injin, kuma ya dauki matsalar kera irin wannan injin a matsayin kalubale ga kwarewarsa a matsayinsa na mai kirkirar na’urorin lantarki. Takardar tana ƙunshe da ƙirar na'ura mai iya ƙididdige ƙimar dabara ta atomatik gaba ɗaya <math>a^x(y - z)^2</math> , don jerin jeri na ƙima na masu canjin da ke ciki. Za a sarrafa dukkan injin ɗin ta tsarin karantawa kawai, wanda ya cika tare da tanade-tanade don reshe na sharadi. Ya kuma gabatar da ra'ayin lissafin lissafi. A shekara ta 1920, don bikin cika shekaru 100 da ƙirƙira na'urar lissafi, Torres ya gabatar a birnin Paris na'urar Electromechanical Arithmometer, wanda ya ƙunshi na'ura mai ƙididdigewa da aka haɗa da na'urar bugawa (wataƙila mai nisa), wanda za'a iya buga umarni kuma a buga sakamakon ta atomatik. yana nuna yuwuwar injin nazari na lantarki. === Kwamfutar analog === {{Main|Analog computer}} [[File:099-tpm3-sk.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.9|[[William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin|Sir William Thomson]]'s third tide-predicting machine design, 1879–81]] A farkon rabin ƙarni na 20, yawancin buƙatun ƙididdiga na kimiyya sun sami biyan buƙatun kwamfutocin analog masu haɓaka, waɗanda suka yi amfani da ƙirar injina ko lantarki kai tsaye na matsalar a matsayin tushen ƙidayar. Koyaya, waɗannan ba su kasance masu shirye-shirye ba kuma gabaɗaya ba su da iyawa da daidaiton kwamfutocin dijital na zamani. Kwamfutar analog ta farko ta zamani itace injin tsinkayar igiyar ruwa, wanda Sir William Thomson (daga baya ya zama Lord Kelvin) ya kirkira a shekarar 1872. Mai nazari na banbance-banbance, kwamfutar analog na injina wanda aka tsara don warware ma'auni daban-daban ta hanyar haɗawa ta amfani da injin ƙafa da diski. James Thomson, ɗan'uwan ɗan'uwan sanannen Sir William Thomson ne ya tsara shi a cikin 1876. Fasahar lissafin analog ta injina ta kai matsayinta tare da na'urar nazari daban-daban, wanda H.L. Hazen da Vannevar Bush suka gina a MIT tun daga 1927. Wannan ya ginu akan injinan injinan James Thomson da na'urori masu karfin juyi da H.W. Nieman ya kirkira. An gina dozin daga cikin waɗannan na'urori kafin tsufansu ya fito fili. A cikin shekarun 1950, nasarar kwamfutocin lantarki na dijital ya kawo ƙarshen mafi yawan injunan lissafin analog, amma ana amfani da kwamfutocin analog a cikin shekarun 1950 a wasu ƙa'idodi na musamman kamar ilimi (Dokar zamewa) da jirgin sama (tsarin sarrafawa). === Kwamfutan Zamani === ==== Electromechanical ==== A shekara ta 1938, Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Amurka ta ƙera na'ura mai kwakwalwa ta analog ɗin ƙarami da za ta yi amfani da shi a cikin jirgin ruwa. Wannan shi ne Torpedo Data Computer, wanda yayi amfani da trigonometry don magance matsalar harba torpedo a wani wuri mai motsi. A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu an samar da irin wadannan na'urori a wasu kasashe ma. [[File:Z3 Deutsches Museum.JPG|thumb|left|upright=0.9|Replica of [[Konrad Zuse]]'s [[Z3 (computer)|Z3]], the first fully automatic, digital (electromechanical) computer]] Kwamfutocin dijital na farko sun kasance injin lantarki; na'urorin lantarki sun kori relays na inji don yin lissafin. Waɗannan na'urori suna da ƙarancin saurin aiki kuma a ƙarshe an maye gurbinsu da kwamfutoci masu saurin aiki duka, da farko suna amfani da bututun ruwa. Z2, wanda injiniyan Jamus Konrad Zuse ya ƙirƙira a cikin 1939 a Berlin, yana ɗaya daga cikin misalan farko na na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa na lantarki. [[File:Konrad Zuse (1992).jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.6|[[Konrad Zuse]], inventor of the modern computer<ref name=Bellis>{{cite web |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/konrad-zuse-modern-computer-4078237 |title=Biography of Konrad Zuse, Inventor and Programmer of Early Computers |last=Bellis |first=Mary |date=15 May 2019 |orig-date=First published 2006 at inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa050298.htm |website=thoughtco.com |publisher=Dotdash Meredith |access-date=3 February 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213003237/https://www.thoughtco.com/konrad-zuse-modern-computer-4078237 |archive-date=13 December 2020 |quote=Konrad Zuse earned the semiofficial title of 'inventor of the modern computer'{{who|date=February 2023}}}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.computerhope.com/issues/ch001335.htm|title=Who is the Father of the Computer?|website=ComputerHope}}</ref>]] A cikin 1941, Zuse ya bi na'urarsa ta farko tare da Z3, na'urar lantarki ta farko da ta fara aiki a duniya, kwamfutar dijital mai cikakken atomatik. An gina Z3 tare da relays 2000, yana aiwatar da tsawon kalma 22 bit wanda ke aiki a mitar agogo na kusan 5-10 Hz. An ba da lambar shirin akan fim ɗin da aka buga yayin da za a iya adana bayanai a cikin kalmomi 64 na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ko kuma a kawo su daga madannai. Ya yi kama da na'urori na zamani ta wasu fannoni, suna yin majagaba da yawa ci gaba kamar lambobi masu iyo. Maimakon tsarin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun aiwatarwa (wanda aka yi amfani da shi a ƙirar farko na Charles Babbage), yin amfani da tsarin binary yana nufin cewa injinan Zuse sun fi sauƙi don ginawa kuma suna da aminci, idan aka yi la'akari da fasahar da ake da su a lokacin. Z3 ba ita kanta kwamfuta ce ta duniya ba amma ana iya tsawaita ta zama Turing cikakke. Kwamfuta ta Zuse ta gaba, wato Z4, ta zama kwamfutar kasuwanci ta farko a duniya; bayan jinkiri na farko saboda yakin duniya na biyu, an kammala shi a cikin 1950 kuma an kai shi zuwa ETH Zurich. Kamfanin Zuse na kansa ne ya kera kwamfutar, Zuse KG, wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1941 a matsayin kamfani na farko da ke da manufar bunkasa kwamfutoci a Berlin. ==== Vacuum tubes da na'urorin lantarki na dijital ==== Ba da daɗewa ba abubuwan da'ira na lantarki za su maye gurbin injiniyoyinsu da na lantarki, a daidai lokacin da lissafin dijital ya maye gurbin analog. Injiniya Tommy Flowers, wanda ke aiki a Ofishin Bincike na Post Office a Landan a cikin 1930s, ya fara bincika yiwuwar amfani da kayan lantarki don musayar tarho. Na’urorin gwaji da ya gina a shekarar 1934 ya fara aiki bayan shekaru biyar, inda ya mai da wani bangare na hanyar sadarwa ta wayar tarho zuwa tsarin sarrafa bayanan lantarki, ta hanyar amfani da dubban bututun iska. A Amurka, John Vincent Atanasoff da Clifford E. Berry na Jami'ar Jihar Iowa sun haɓaka kuma sun gwada Kwamfuta ta Atanasoff–Berry (ABC) a cikin 1942, "kwamfutar dijital ta atomatik ta farko". Wannan ƙirar kuma ta kasance ta na'urar lantarki kuma an yi amfani da kusan bututun iska guda 300, tare da kafaffun capacitors a cikin ganga mai jujjuya injina don ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. [[File:Colossus.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|[[Colossus computer|Colossus]], the first [[Electronics|electronic]] [[Digital electronics|digital]] [[Computer programming|programmable]] computing device, was used to break German ciphers during World War II. It is seen here in use at [[Bletchley Park]] in 1943.|alt=Two women are seen by the Colossus computer.]] A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, masu satar lambar Birtaniyya a filin shakatawa na Bletchley sun sami nasarori da dama wajen karya ɓoyayyun hanyoyin sadarwar sojan Jamus. An fara kai wa na'urar boye bayanan sirri ta Jamus Enigma hari tare da taimakon bama-bamai masu amfani da makamashin lantarki da mata ke amfani da su. Don fasa injin Lorenz SZ 40/42 na Jamus, wanda ake amfani da shi don sadarwar Sojoji masu girma, Max Newman da abokan aikinsa sun ba Flowers damar gina Colossus. Ya shafe watanni goma sha ɗaya daga farkon Fabrairu 1943 yana ƙira da gina Colossus na farko. Bayan gwajin aiki a cikin Disamba 1943, an tura Colossus zuwa Bletchley Park, inda aka isar da shi a ranar 18 ga Janairu 1944 kuma ya kai hari kan saƙonsa na farko a ranar 5 ga Fabrairu. Colossus ita ce kwamfuta ta farko da za ta iya yin shirye-shiryen dijital na lantarki a duniya. Ya yi amfani da babban adadin bawuloli (vacuum tubes). Yana da shigar da kaset-tape kuma yana iya daidaita shi don aiwatar da ayyuka iri-iri na boolean akan bayanan sa, amma bai cika Turing ba. An gina Mk II Colossi tara (An canza Mk I zuwa Mk II yana yin inji goma gaba ɗaya). Colossus Mark I ya ƙunshi 1,500 thermionic bawuloli (tubes), amma Mark II tare da 2,400 bawuloli, biyu sau biyar sauri da kuma sauki aiki fiye da Mark I, matuƙar gudun aiwatar da decoding. [[File:Eniac.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|left|[[ENIAC]] was the first electronic, Turing-complete device, and performed ballistics trajectory calculations for the [[United States Army]].]] ENIAC (Electronic Number Integrator and Computer) ita ce kwamfuta ta farko da za a iya tsara tsarin lantarki da aka gina a cikin Amurka. Duk da cewa ENIAC ta yi kama da Colossus, tana da sauri da sauƙi, kuma tana da Turing-complete. Kamar Colossus, "shirin" akan ENIAC an bayyana shi ta jihohin kebul na facinsa da masu sauyawa, kuka mai nisa daga na'urorin lantarki da aka adana a cikin shirin da suka zo daga baya. Da zarar an rubuta shirin, dole ne a sanya shi cikin injina cikin injin tare da sake saita filogi da maɓalli da hannu. Masu shirye-shiryen na ENIAC mata shida ne, wadanda aka fi sani da suna "'yan matan ENIAC". Ya haɗu da babban saurin na'urorin lantarki tare da ikon tsarawa don matsaloli masu rikitarwa da yawa. Yana iya ƙara ko raguwa sau 5000 a cikin daƙiƙa, sau dubu cikin sauri fiye da kowace na'ura. Hakanan yana da nau'ikan nau'ikan don ninka, rarraba, da tushen murabba'i. Ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙƙwarar gudu ta iyakance ga kalmomi 20 (kimanin bytes 80). An gina shi a ƙarƙashin jagorancin John Mauchly da J. Presper Eckert a Jami'ar Pennsylvania, ci gaban ENIAC da ginin ya kasance daga 1943 zuwa cikakken aiki a ƙarshen 1945. Na'urar tana da girma, tana da nauyin 30, ta amfani da 200 kilowatts na wutar lantarki da wutar lantarki. ya ƙunshi fiye da 18,000 vacuum tubes, 1,500 relays, da kuma dubban daruruwan resistors, capacitors, da inductor. === Kwamfutoci na zamani === ==== Manufar kwamfuta ta zamani ==== Alan Turing ne ya gabatar da ƙa'idar kwamfuta ta zamani a cikin takardarsa ta 1936, On Lambobin Ƙirar Ƙira. Turing ya gabatar da wata na'ura mai sauki wacce ya kira "Universal Computing Machine" wanda a yanzu ake kiranta da injin Turing na duniya. Ya tabbatar da cewa irin wannan na’ura tana iya yin lissafin duk wani abu da za a iya lissafta ta hanyar aiwatar da umarni (shirin) da aka adana a kan tef, wanda zai ba da damar na’urar ta kasance da shirye-shirye. Mahimmin ra'ayi na ƙirar Turing shine shirin da aka adana, inda aka adana duk umarnin don ƙididdigewa a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Von Neumann ya yarda cewa babban manufar kwamfuta ta zamani ta kasance saboda wannan takarda. Turing inji har wa yau wani babban abu ne na nazari a ka'idar lissafi. Ban da iyakokin da ƙayyadaddun wuraren ajiyar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar su suka sanya, kwamfutocin zamani an ce Turing-complete ne, wanda ke nufin, suna da ikon aiwatar da algorithm daidai da injin Turing na duniya. ==== Shirye-shiryen da aka adana ==== {{Main|Stored-program computer}} [[File:SSEM Manchester museum close up.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.15|alt=Three tall racks containing electronic circuit boards|A section of the reconstructed [[Manchester Baby]], the first electronic [[stored-program computer]]]] Na'urorin kwamfuta na farko suna da tsayayyen shirye-shirye. Canza aikinsa yana buƙatar sake kunna wayoyi da sake fasalin injin. Tare da shawarar kwamfutar shirin da aka adana wannan ya canza. Kwamfutar shirin da aka adana ta haɗa ta ƙira saitin umarni kuma za ta iya adana saitin umarni (shiri) a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya tsarin umarni (tsarin) wanda ke yin cikakken bayani game da lissafin. Alan Turing ne ya shimfida tushen ka'idar tsarin kwamfuta a cikin takardarsa ta 1936. A cikin 1945, Turing ya shiga dakin gwaje-gwaje na Jiki na ƙasa kuma ya fara aiki don haɓaka na'ura mai kwakwalwa ta dijital da aka adana-shirin. Rahoton na 1945 mai suna "Proposed Electronic Calculator" shine bayanin farko na irin wannan na'urar. John von Neumann a Jami'ar Pennsylvania shi ma ya ba da rahotonsa na Farko na Rahoton kan EDVAC a cikin 1945. The Manchester Baby ita ce kwamfuta ta farko da aka adana-shirye-shirye a duniya. Frederic C. Williams, Tom Kilburn da Geoff Tootill ne suka gina shi a Jami'ar Manchester a Ingila, kuma ya gudanar da shirinsa na farko a ranar 21 ga Yuni 1948. An tsara shi azaman wurin gwaji don bututun Williams, ma'ajiyar dijital ta farko bazuwar-hankali. na'urar. Ko da yake an kwatanta kwamfutar a matsayin "kanana kuma ta dadewa" a shekarar 1998, ita ce na'ura mai aiki ta farko da ta ƙunshi dukkanin abubuwan da ke da mahimmanci ga kwamfutar lantarki ta zamani. Da jaririn ya nuna yiwuwar ƙirarsa, an fara wani aiki a jami'a don haɓaka ta zuwa kwamfuta mai amfani a zahiri, Manchester Mark 1. Mark 1 bi da bi da sauri ya zama samfur na Ferranti Mark 1, kwamfuta na farko da aka samu na gama-gari na kasuwanci a duniya. Ferranti ne ya gina shi, an kai shi Jami’ar Manchester a watan Fabrairun 1951. Akalla na’urori bakwai daga baya an kai su tsakanin 1953 zuwa 1957, daya daga cikinsu zuwa labs Shell a Amsterdam. A cikin Oktoba 1947 darektocin kamfanin sarrafa abinci na Burtaniya J. Lyons & Kamfanin sun yanke shawarar yin rawar gani wajen inganta ci gaban kasuwanci na kwamfutoci. Kwamfuta ta Lyons ta LEO I, wacce aka kera ta a kan Cambridge EDSAC na 1949, ta fara aiki a cikin Afrilu 1951 kuma ta gudanar da aikin kwamfuta na ofis na farko a duniya. Grace Hopper ita ce ta fara haɓaka mai haɗawa don harshen shirye-shirye. ==== Transistors ==== {{Main|Transistor|History of the transistor}} {{See|Transistor computer|MOSFET}} <!-- [[Second generation of computers]] redirects here --> [[File:Transistor-die-KSY34.jpg|thumb|right|[[Bipolar junction transistor]] (BJT)]] Julius Edgar Lilienfeld ne ya gabatar da manufar transistor mai tasirin filin a cikin 1925. John Bardeen da Walter Brattain, yayin da suke aiki a ƙarƙashin William Shockley a Bell Labs, sun gina transistor na farko na aiki, transistor mai lamba, a cikin 1947, wanda ya biyo baya. ta Shockley's bipolar junction transistor a cikin 1948. Daga 1955 zuwa gaba, transistor sun maye gurbin vacuum tubes a cikin ƙirar kwamfuta, wanda ya haifar da "ƙarni na biyu" na kwamfutoci. Idan aka kwatanta da bututun injin, transistor suna da fa'idodi da yawa: sun fi ƙanƙanta, kuma suna buƙatar ƙarancin ƙarfi fiye da bututun injin, don haka ba da ƙarancin zafi. Junction transistor sun fi dogaro da yawa fiye da bututun iska kuma suna da tsayi, mara iyaka, rayuwar sabis. Kwamfutoci masu jujjuyawa zasu iya ƙunsar dubun dubatar da'irorin dabaru na binary a cikin ƙaramin sarari. Koyaya, farkon junction transistor sun kasance ƙananan na'urori masu girman gaske waɗanda ke da wahalar kera akan tsarin samarwa da yawa, waɗanda ke iyakance su ga wasu ƙa'idodi na musamman. A Jami'ar Manchester, wata ƙungiya a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Tom Kilburn ta kera tare da gina na'ura ta amfani da sababbin transistor da aka ƙera maimakon bawuloli. Kwamfutarsu ta farko da aka canza ta kuma ta farko a duniya, ta fara aiki a shekara ta 1953, kuma an kammala sigar ta biyu a can a cikin Afrilu 1955. Duk da haka, na'urar ta yi amfani da bawuloli don samar da agogon agogon 125 kHz kuma a cikin kewayawa don karantawa da karantawa. rubuta akan memorin drum ɗinta na maganadisu, don haka ba ita ce farkon kwamfuta da aka canza ta gaba ɗaya ba. Wannan bambance-bambance yana zuwa Harwell CADET na 1955, wanda sashin lantarki na Cibiyar Binciken Makamashi ta Atomic ta gina a Harwell. [[File:MOSFET Structure.svg|thumb|right|[[MOSFET]] (MOS transistor), showing [[Metal gate|gate]] (G), body (B), source (S) and drain (D) terminals. The gate is separated from the body by an insulating layer (pink).]] Mohamed M. Atalla da Dawon Kahng ne suka kirkiro na'ura mai sarrafa karfe-oxide-silicon filin-tasirin transistor (MOSFET), wanda kuma aka sani da MOS transistor, Mohamed M. Atalla da Dawon Kahng ne suka kirkira a Bell Labs a cikin 1959. Shi ne na farko da ya zama karamin transistor na gaske wanda za a iya rage girmansa da yawa. - ana samarwa don amfani da yawa. Tare da girman girman sa, da ƙarancin wutar lantarki da yawa fiye da transistor junction bipolar, MOSFET ta ba da damar gina manyan da'irori masu yawa. Baya ga sarrafa bayanai, ya kuma ba da damar yin amfani da MOS transistor a aikace a matsayin abubuwan ajiyar ƙwayoyin sel, wanda ke haifar da haɓaka ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa ta MOS, wacce ta maye gurbin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar Magnetic-core a cikin kwamfutoci. MOSFET ta jagoranci juyin juya halin na'ura mai kwakwalwa, kuma ya zama karfi da ke haifar da juyin juya halin kwamfuta. MOSFET ita ce transistor da aka fi amfani da shi a cikin kwamfutoci, kuma shine tushen ginin na'urorin lantarki na dijital. ==== Haɗin kai ==== {{Main|Integrated circuit|Invention of the integrated circuit}} {{See|Planar process|Microprocessor}} [[File:MOS 6502A.jpg|thumb|Integrated circuits are typically packaged in plastic, metal, or ceramic cases to protect the IC from damage and for ease of assembly.]] Babban ci gaba mai girma na gaba a cikin ikon sarrafa kwamfuta ya zo tare da zuwan haɗakarwa (IC). Wani masanin kimiyyar radar ne ya fara tunanin ra'ayin da'irar da'irar da ke aiki ga Royal Radar Establishment of the Ministry of Defence, Geoffrey W.A. Dummer. Dummer ya gabatar da bayanin farko na jama'a na haɗaɗɗiyar da'ira a Taron Taro kan Ci gaba a Ingantattun Kayan Wutar Lantarki a Washington, D.C., a ranar 7 ga Mayu 1952. Jack Kilby ya kirkiro ICs na farko a Texas Instruments da Robert Noyce a Fairchild Semiconductor. Kilby ya rubuta ra'ayoyinsa na farko game da haɗaɗɗun da'ira a cikin Yuli 1958, cikin nasarar nuna aikin haɗin gwiwa na farko a ranar 12 ga Satumba 1958. A cikin aikace-aikacen sa na haƙƙin mallaka na 6 Fabrairu 1959, Kilby ya bayyana sabuwar na'urarsa a matsayin "jiki na kayan semiconductor ... a ciki dukkan abubuwan da ke cikin na’urar lantarki sun hade gaba daya”. Koyaya, ƙirƙirar Kilby ta kasance haɗaɗɗiyar haɗaɗɗiyar da'ira (matasan IC), maimakon guntu mai haɗaɗɗiyar haɗaɗɗiyar hanya (IC). Kilby's IC yana da haɗin waya na waje, wanda ya sa ya zama da wahala a samar da yawa. Noyce kuma ya zo da nasa ra'ayin game da haɗaɗɗen da'ira bayan rabin shekara fiye da Kilby. Ƙirƙirar Noyce ita ce guntu IC na gaskiya ta farko ta monolithic. Chip ɗinsa ya warware matsaloli masu amfani da yawa waɗanda Kilby's bai samu ba. An yi shi a Fairchild Semiconductor, an yi shi da silicon, yayin da guntu Kilby an yi shi da germanium. Noyce's monolithic IC an ƙirƙira shi ne ta hanyar amfani da tsarin tsarin, wanda abokin aikinsa Jean Hoerni ya haɓaka a farkon 1959. Bi da bi, tsarin tsarin ya dogara ne akan aikin Mohamed M. Atalla akan passivation surface na semiconductor ta silicon dioxide a ƙarshen 1950s. ICs monolithic na zamani galibi sune MOS (karfe-oxide–semiconductor) hadedde da'irori, wanda aka gina daga MOSFETs (MOS transistor). MOS IC na farko na gwaji da za a ƙirƙira shine guntu mai transistor 16 da Fred Heiman da Steven Hofstein suka gina a RCA a cikin 1962. Janar Microelectronics daga baya ya gabatar da MOS IC na farko na kasuwanci a 1964, wanda Robert Norman ya haɓaka. Bayan ci gaban gate mai haɗin kai (Silicon-gate) MOS transistor na Robert Kerwin, Donald Klein da John Sarace a Bell Labs a cikin 1967, MOS IC na farko na silicon-gate MOS IC tare da ƙofofin haɗin kai ya haɓaka ta Federico Faggin a Fairchild. Semiconductor a cikin 1968. MOSFET tun daga lokacin ya zama mafi mahimmancin kayan aikin a cikin ICs na zamani. [[File:MOS 6502 die.jpg|thumb|[[Die (integrated circuit)|Die]] photograph of a [[MOS Technology 6502|MOS 6502]], an early 1970s microprocessor integrating 3500 transistors on a single chip]] Ci gaban da'irar haɗin gwiwar MOS ya haifar da ƙirƙirar microprocessor, kuma ya ba da sanarwar fashewa a cikin kasuwanci da amfani da kwamfuta. Duk da yake batun ainihin abin da na'urar ta kasance farkon microprocessor yana da cece-kuce, wani bangare saboda rashin yarjejeniya kan ainihin ma'anar kalmar "microprocessor", babu shakka cewa na'ura mai sarrafa guntu na farko shine Intel 4004, wanda aka tsara kuma ya gane. ta Federico Faggin tare da fasahar sa na silicon-gate MOS IC, tare da Ted Hoff, Masatoshi Shima da Stanley Mazor a Intel. A farkon shekarun 1970, fasahar MOS IC ta ba da damar haɗa transistor fiye da 10,000 akan guntu ɗaya. System on a Chip (SoCs) cikakkun kwamfutoci ne akan microchip (ko guntu) girman tsabar kudi. Wataƙila ko ba su haɗa RAM da ƙwaƙwalwar filashi ba. Idan ba a haɗa shi ba, RAM yawanci ana sanya shi kai tsaye a sama (wanda aka sani da Kunshin akan kunshin) ko ƙasa (a gefen allon kewayawa) SoC, kuma ƙwaƙwalwar filasha yawanci ana sanya shi daidai kusa da SoC, duk ana yin haka zuwa inganta saurin canja wurin bayanai, saboda ba dole sai siginonin su yi tafiya mai nisa ba. Tun daga ENIAC a cikin 1945, kwamfutoci sun ci gaba da yawa, tare da SoCs na zamani (Kamar Snapdragon 865) girman tsabar kudi yayin da kuma sun fi ENIAC ƙarfi sau dubu ɗari, suna haɗa biliyoyin transistor, kuma suna cinye watts kaɗan kawai. na iko. === Kwamfutocin tafi-da-gidanka === Kwamfutocin tafi-da-gidanka na farko sun yi nauyi kuma suna aiki daga wutar lantarki. 50 lb (23 kg) IBM 5100 shine farkon misali. Daga baya na'urorin tafi-da-gidanka kamar Osborne 1 da Compaq Portable sun fi sauƙi amma har yanzu suna buƙatar shigar da su. Kwamfutocin farko, kamar Grid Compass, sun cire wannan buƙatu ta haɗa batura - kuma tare da ci gaba da haɓaka albarkatun lissafi da ci gaba a cikin šaukuwa. rayuwar batir, kwamfutoci masu ɗaukuwa sun girma cikin shahara a cikin 2000s. Irin wannan ci gaban ya baiwa masana'antun damar haɗa albarkatun kwamfuta cikin wayoyin hannu a farkon 2000s. Wadannan wayoyi da Allunan suna aiki akan nau'ikan tsarin aiki da yawa kuma kwanan nan sun zama na'urar sarrafa kwamfuta da ta mamaye kasuwa. Ana yin amfani da waɗannan ta hanyar System on Chip (SoCs), waɗanda cikakkun kwamfutoci ne akan microchip mai girman tsabar kuɗi. == Nau'ukan == {{See also|Classes of computers}} Computers can be classified in a number of different ways, including: === Ta hanyar gine-gine === * [[Analog computer]] * [[Digital computer]] * [[Hybrid computer]] * [[Harvard architecture]] * [[Von Neumann architecture]] * [[Complex instruction set computer]] * [[Reduced instruction set computer]] === Ta girman, tsari-factor da manufa === * [[Supercomputer]] * [[Mainframe computer]] * [[Minicomputer]] (term no longer used),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=Minicomputer&year_start=1800&year_end=2019&corpus=26&smoothing=3&direct_url=t1;,Minicomputer;,c0|title=Google Books Ngram Viewer|website=books.google.com}}</ref> [[Midrange computer]] * Server ** [[Server (computing)|Rackmount server]] ** [[Blade server]] ** [[Computer tower|Tower server]] * Personal computer ** [[Workstation]] ** [[Microcomputer]] (term no longer used)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=Microcomputer&year_start=1800&year_end=2019&corpus=26&smoothing=3&direct_url=t1;,Microcomputer;,c0|title=Google Books Ngram Viewer|website=books.google.com}}</ref> *** [[Home computer]] (term fallen into disuse)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=Home+computer&year_start=1800&year_end=2019&corpus=26&smoothing=3&direct_url=t1;,Home+computer;,c0|title=Google Books Ngram Viewer|website=books.google.com}}</ref> ** [[Desktop computer]] *** [[Computer tower|Tower desktop]] *** Slimline desktop **** [[Multimedia computer]] ([[non-linear editing system]] computers, video editing PCs and the like, this term is no longer used)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=Multimedia+computer&year_start=1800&year_end=2019&corpus=26&smoothing=3&direct_url=t1;,Multimedia+computer;,c0|title=Google Books Ngram Viewer|website=books.google.com}}</ref> **** [[Gaming computer]] *** [[All-in-one PC]] *** [[Nettop]] ([[Small form factor (desktop and motherboard)|Small form factor PC]]s, Mini PCs) *** [[Home theater PC]] *** [[Keyboard computer]] *** [[Portable computer]] *** [[Thin client]] *** [[Internet appliance]] ** [[Laptop]] *** [[Desktop replacement computer]] *** [[Gaming computer#Gaming laptop computers|Gaming laptop]] *** [[Rugged computer|Rugged laptop]] *** [[2-in-1 PC]] *** [[Ultrabook]] *** [[Chromebook]] *** [[Subnotebook]] *** [[Smartbook]] *** [[Netbook]] ** [[Mobile computing|Mobile computers]]: *** [[Tablet computer]] *** [[Smartphone]] *** [[Ultra-mobile PC]] *** [[Pocket PC]] *** [[Palmtop PC]] *** [[Handheld PC]] *** [[Pocket-sized computer]] *** [[Pocket computer]] ** [[Wearable computer]] *** [[Smartwatch]] *** [[Smartglasses]] * [[Single-board computer]] * [[Plug computer]] * [[Stick PC]] * [[Programmable logic controller]] * [[Computer-on-module]] * [[System on module]] * [[System in a package]] * [[System-on-chip]] (Also known as an Application Processor or AP if it lacks circuitry such as radio circuitry) * [[Microcontroller]] == Hardware == {{Main|Computer hardware|Computer hardware#Personal computer{{!}}Personal computer hardware|Central processing unit|Microprocessor}}[[File:Computer Components.webm|thumb|Video demonstrating the standard components of a "slimline" computer]] Kalmar hardware ta ƙunshi duk waɗancan sassa na kwamfuta waɗanda ke zahiri ne na zahiri. Da'irori, kwakwalwan kwamfuta, katunan hoto, katunan sauti, ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya (RAM), motherboard, nuni, kayan wuta, igiyoyi, maɓallan madannai, firintocin da na'urorin shigar da “mice” duk kayan aiki ne. === Tarihin kayan aikin kwamfuta === {{Main|History of computing hardware}} <!-- WARNING: Please be careful about modifying this table, especially if you are not familiar with Wikipedia table syntax. Make judicious use of the "Preview" button! --> {| class="wikitable" |- | rowspan="2" | First generation<br />(mechanical/electromechanical) || Calculators || [[Pascal's calculator]], [[Arithmometer]], [[Difference engine]], [[Leonardo Torres y Quevedo#Analytical machines|Quevedo's analytical machines]] |- | Programmable devices || [[Jacquard loom]], [[Analytical engine]], [[Harvard Mark I|IBM ASCC/Harvard Mark I]], [[Harvard Mark II]], [[IBM SSEC]], [[Z1 (computer)|Z1]], [[Z2 (computer)|Z2]], [[Z3 (computer)|Z3]] |- | rowspan="2" | Second generation<br />(vacuum tubes) || Calculators || [[Atanasoff–Berry Computer]], [[IBM 604]], [[Remington Rand 409|UNIVAC 60]], [[Remington Rand 409|UNIVAC 120]] |- | [[List of vacuum-tube computers|Programmable devices]] || [[Colossus computer|Colossus]], [[ENIAC]], [[Manchester Baby]], [[EDSAC]], [[Manchester Mark 1]], [[Ferranti Pegasus]], [[Ferranti Mercury]], [[CSIRAC]], [[EDVAC]], [[UNIVAC I]], [[IBM 701]], [[IBM 702]], [[IBM 650]], [[Z22 (computer)|Z22]] |- | rowspan="3" | Third generation<br />(discrete [[transistor]]s and SSI, MSI, LSI [[integrated circuit]]s) || [[Mainframe computer|Mainframes]] || [[IBM 7090]], [[IBM 7080]], [[IBM System/360]], [[BUNCH]] |- | [[Minicomputer]] || [[HP 2100|HP 2116A]], [[IBM System/32]], [[IBM System/36]], [[LINC]], [[PDP-8]], [[PDP-11]] |- | [[Desktop Computer]] || [[HP 9100]] |- | rowspan="8" | Fourth generation<br />([[VLSI]] integrated circuits) || Minicomputer || [[VAX]], [[IBM AS/400]] |- | [[4-bit computing|4-bit]] microcomputer || [[Intel 4004]], [[Intel 4040]] |- | [[8-bit computing|8-bit]] microcomputer || [[Intel 8008]], [[Intel 8080]], [[Motorola 6800]], [[Motorola 6809]], [[MOS Technology 6502]], [[Zilog Z80]] |- | [[16-bit computing|16-bit]] [[microcomputer]]|| [[Intel 8088]], [[Zilog Z8000]], [[WDC 65816/65802]] |- | [[32-bit computing|32-bit]] microcomputer || [[Intel 80386]], [[Pentium]], [[Motorola 68000]], [[ARMv7|ARM]] |- | [[64-bit computing|64-bit]] microcomputer{{efn|Most major 64-bit [[instruction set]] architectures are extensions of earlier designs. All of the architectures listed in this table, except for Alpha, existed in 32-bit forms before their 64-bit incarnations were introduced.}}|| [[DEC Alpha|Alpha]], [[MIPS architecture|MIPS]], [[PA-RISC]], [[PowerPC]], [[SPARC]], [[x86-64]], [[ARMv8-A]] |- | [[Embedded system|Embedded computer]] || [[Intel 8048]], [[Intel 8051]] |- | Personal computer || [[Desktop computer]], [[Home computer]], Laptop computer, [[Personal digital assistant]] (PDA), [[Portable computer]], [[tablet computer|Tablet PC]], [[Wearable computer]] |- | rowspan="6" | Theoretical/experimental || [[Quantum computer]] || [[IBM Q System One]] |- | [[Chemical computer]] || |- | [[DNA computing]] || |- | [[Photonic computing|Optical computer]] || |- | [[Spintronics]]-based computer || |- | [[Wetware computer|Wetware/Organic computer]] || |} === Sauran batutuwan hardware === {| class="wikitable" |- | rowspan="3" | [[Peripheral]] device ([[input/output]]) || Input || [[Computer mouse|Mouse]], [[Computer keyboard|keyboard]], [[joystick]], [[image scanner]], [[webcam]], [[graphics tablet]], [[microphone]] |- | Output || [[computer monitor|Monitor]], [[Printer (computing)|printer]], [[Computer speakers|loudspeaker]] |- | Both || [[Floppy disk]] drive, [[hard disk drive]], [[optical disc]] drive, [[teleprinter]] |- | rowspan="2" | [[Bus (computing)|Computer buses]] || Short range || [[RS-232]], [[SCSI]], [[Peripheral Component Interconnect|PCI]], [[USB]] |- | Long range ([[computer network]]ing) || [[Ethernet]], [[Asynchronous Transfer Mode|ATM]], [[Fiber Distributed Data Interface|FDDI]] |} Kwamfuta ta gama-gari tana da manyan abubuwa guda huɗu: sashin ilimin lissafi (ALU), sashin sarrafawa, ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, da na'urorin shigarwa da fitarwa (wanda ake kira I/O tare). Waɗannan sassan suna haɗuwa ta hanyar bas, galibi ana yin su da ƙungiyoyin wayoyi. A cikin kowane ɗayan waɗannan sassa akwai dubunnan zuwa tiriliyan na ƙananan na'urorin lantarki waɗanda za'a iya kashewa ko kunna su ta hanyar wutan lantarki. Kowane da'irar tana wakiltar ɗan ƙaramin bayanai (lambobin binary) ta yadda idan da'irar ke kan ta tana wakiltar "1", kuma lokacin da aka kashe ta tana wakiltar "0" (a cikin ma'anar ma'ana mai kyau). Ana jera da’irorin a cikin ƙofofin dabaru ta yadda ɗaya ko fiye na da’irori za su iya sarrafa yanayin ɗaya ko fiye na sauran. === Na'urorin shigarwa === Lokacin da aka aika bayanan da ba a sarrafa su zuwa kwamfuta tare da taimakon na'urorin shigarwa, ana sarrafa bayanan kuma a aika zuwa na'urorin fitarwa. Na'urorin shigarwa na iya zama da hannu ko kuma na atomatik. Ayyukan sarrafawa galibi CPU ne ke tsara shi. Wasu misalan na'urorin shigarwa sune: * [[Computer keyboard]] * [[Digital camera]] * [[Graphics tablet]] * [[Image scanner]] * [[Joystick]] * [[Microphone]] * [[Computer mouse|Mouse]] * [[Overlay keyboard]] * [[Real-time clock]] * [[Trackball]] * [[Touchscreen]] * [[Light pen]] === Na'urorin fitarwa === Hanyoyin da kwamfuta ke ba da fitarwa an san su da na'urorin fitarwa. Wasu misalan na'urorin fitarwa sune: * [[Computer monitor]] * [[Printer (computing)|Printer]] * [[PC speaker]] * [[Projector]] * [[Sound card]] * [[Video card]] === Naúrar sarrafawa === {{Main|CPU design|Control unit}} [[File:Mips32 addi.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|right|Diagram showing how a particular [[MIPS architecture]] instruction would be decoded by the control system]] Ƙungiyar sarrafawa (wanda aka fi sani da tsarin sarrafawa ko tsakiya) yana sarrafa nau'o'in nau'in kwamfutar; yana karantawa da fassara (decodes) umarnin shirin, yana mai da su zuwa siginar sarrafawa waɗanda ke kunna sauran sassan kwamfutar. Tsarin sarrafawa a cikin manyan kwamfutoci na iya canza tsarin aiwatar da wasu umarni don inganta aiki. Maɓalli mai mahimmanci ga duk CPUs shine counter na shirye-shirye, ƙwayar ƙwaƙwalwa ta musamman (rejista) wanda ke lura da wane wuri a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya umarni na gaba za a karanta daga.{{efn|Instructions often occupy more than one memory address, therefore the program counter usually increases by the number of memory locations required to store one instruction.}} Ayyukan tsarin sarrafawa shine kamar haka-wannan siffa ce mai sauƙi, kuma ana iya yin wasu daga cikin waɗannan matakan a lokaci ɗaya ko a cikin wani tsari dabam dangane da nau'in CPU: # Karanta lambar don umarni na gaba daga tantanin halitta wanda ma'aunin shirin ya nuna. # Yanke lambar lamba don koyarwar zuwa saitin umarni ko sigina na kowane tsarin. # Ƙara ma'aunin shirin don ya nuna wa koyarwa ta gaba. # Karanta duk bayanan da umarnin ke buƙata daga sel a ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya (ko watakila daga na'urar shigarwa). Wurin wannan bayanan da ake buƙata yawanci ana adana shi a cikin lambar koyarwa. # Bayar da mahimman bayanai ga ALU ko rajista. # Idan umarnin yana buƙatar ALU ko kayan aiki na musamman don kammalawa, umurci kayan aikin don yin aikin da ake nema. # Rubuta sakamakon daga ALU baya zuwa wurin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ko zuwa rajista ko watakila na'urar fitarwa. # Komawa zuwa mataki na (1). Tun da counter ɗin shirin shine (a zahiri) kawai wani saitin ƙwayoyin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, ana iya canza shi ta lissafin da aka yi a cikin ALU. Ƙara 100 zuwa ma'aunin shirin zai sa a karanta umarni na gaba daga wurare 100 a ƙasan shirin. Umurnin da ke gyara ma'aunin shirin galibi ana kiran su "tsalle" kuma suna ba da izinin madaukai (umarnin da kwamfutar ke maimaitawa) da sau da yawa aiwatar da umarni na sharadi (duka misalan sarrafa kwarara). Jerin ayyukan da na'ura mai sarrafawa ke bi don aiwatar da umarni a cikin kanta kamar gajeriyar shirye-shiryen kwamfuta ne, kuma hakika, a cikin wasu abubuwan da suka fi rikitarwa na CPU, akwai wata karamar kwamfuta mai suna microsequencer, wacce ke gudanar da tsarin microcode wanda ke haifar da shi. duk wadannan abubuwan da zasu faru. === Ƙungiyar sarrafawa ta tsakiya (CPU) === {{Main|Central processing unit|Microprocessor}} Naúrar sarrafawa, ALU, da masu rijista gabaɗaya an san su da rukunin sarrafawa ta tsakiya (CPU). CPUs na farko sun ƙunshi abubuwa daban-daban. Tun daga 1970s, CPUs yawanci ana gina su akan guntun da'ira na MOS guda ɗaya da ake kira microprocessor. === Unithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) === {{Main|Arithmetic logic unit}} ALU yana da ikon yin ayyuka guda biyu: lissafi da dabaru. Saitin ayyukan lissafin da wani ALU ke goyan bayan yana iya iyakance shi ga ƙari da ragi, ko yana iya haɗawa da ninkawa, rarrabawa, ayyukan trigonometry kamar sine, cosine, da sauransu, da tushen murabba'i. Wasu na iya aiki akan lambobi gaba ɗaya kawai (integers) yayin da wasu ke amfani da ma'aunin iyo don wakiltar lambobi na gaske, kodayake suna da ƙayyadaddun daidaito. Duk da haka, duk kwamfutar da ke iya yin ayyuka mafi sauƙi kawai za a iya tsara su don rushe ayyuka masu rikitarwa zuwa matakai masu sauƙi da za ta iya yi. Don haka, kowace kwamfuta za a iya tsara ta don yin kowane aikin lissafi-ko da yake zai ɗauki ƙarin lokaci don yin hakan idan ALU ɗinta ba ta goyi bayan aikin kai tsaye ba. Hakanan ALU na iya kwatanta lambobi kuma ya dawo da ƙimar gaskiya ta Boolean (gaskiya ko ƙarya) dangane da ko ɗaya daidai yake, mafi girma ko ƙasa da ɗayan ("shine 64 ya fi 65?"). Ayyukan dabaru sun ƙunshi dabaru na Boolean: AND, KO, XOR, da BA. Waɗannan na iya zama da amfani don ƙirƙirar rikitattun maganganun yanayi da sarrafa ma'anar Boolean. Kwamfutocin Superscalar na iya ƙunsar ALUs da yawa, yana basu damar aiwatar da umarni da yawa a lokaci guda. Na'urori masu sarrafa hoto da kwamfutoci masu fasalin SIMD da MIMD galibi suna ɗauke da ALUs waɗanda zasu iya yin lissafi akan vectors da matrices. === Kwakwalwa === {{Main|Computer memory|Computer data storage}} [[File:Magnetic core.jpg|thumb|right|[[Magnetic-core memory]] (using [[magnetic cores]]) was the [[computer memory]] of choice in the 1960s, until it was replaced by [[semiconductor memory]] (using [[MOSFET|MOS]] [[memory cell (computing)|memory cells]]).]] Ana iya kallon memorin kwamfuta azaman jerin sel waɗanda za'a iya sanya lambobi ko karanta su. Kowane tantanin halitta yana da “adireshi” mai lamba kuma yana iya adana lamba ɗaya. Ana iya umurtar kwamfutar da ta "saka lamba 123 a cikin tantanin halitta mai lamba 1357" ko kuma "ƙara lambar da ke cikin cell 1357 zuwa lambar da ke cikin cell 2468 kuma a saka amsar a cikin cell 1595." Bayanan da aka adana a ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya na iya wakiltar kusan komai. Haruffa, lambobi, har ma da umarnin kwamfuta ana iya sanya su cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya tare da sauƙi daidai. Tun da CPU ba ya bambanta tsakanin nau'ikan bayanai daban-daban, alhakin software ne ya ba da mahimmanci ga abin da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ke gani ba komai bane illa jerin lambobi. A kusan dukkan kwamfutoci na zamani, ana saita kowace tantanin ma’adana don adana lambobin binary a rukuni guda takwas (wanda ake kira byte). Kowane byte yana iya wakiltar lambobi daban-daban 256 (28 = 256); ko dai daga 0 zuwa 255 ko -128 zuwa +127. Don adana manyan lambobi, ana iya amfani da bytes da yawa a jere (yawanci, biyu, huɗu ko takwas). Lokacin da ake buƙatar lambobi mara kyau, yawanci ana adana su a cikin bayanin ma'auni guda biyu. Wasu shirye-shirye na yiwuwa, amma yawanci ba a ganin su a wajen aikace-aikace na musamman ko mahallin tarihi. Kwamfuta na iya adana kowane irin bayanai a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya idan ana iya wakilta ta ta lambobi. Kwamfutoci na zamani suna da biliyoyin ko ma tiriliyan na bytes na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. CPU yana ƙunshe da sel na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya na musamman da ake kira rajista waɗanda za a iya karantawa da rubuta su cikin sauri fiye da babban wurin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Akwai yawanci tsakanin rajista guda biyu zuwa ɗari dangane da nau'in CPU. Ana amfani da masu yin rajista don abubuwan da ake buƙata akai-akai don guje wa samun damar shiga babban ma'adana a duk lokacin da ake buƙatar bayanai. Yayin da ake aiki da bayanai akai-akai, rage buƙatar samun damar shiga babban ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya (wanda galibi yana jinkiri idan aka kwatanta da ALU da na'urori masu sarrafawa) yana ƙara saurin kwamfutar. Babban memorin kwamfuta ya zo cikin manyan nau'i biyu: Ƙwaƙwalwar damar shiga bazuwar ko RAM ƙwaƙwalwar karatu-kawai ko ROM Ana iya karantawa da rubuta RAM a duk lokacin da CPU ya umarce shi, amma ROM an riga an loda shi da bayanai da software waɗanda ba su taɓa canzawa ba, don haka CPU kawai ke iya karantawa daga gare ta. Ana amfani da ROM yawanci don adana umarnin farawa na farko na kwamfutar. Gabaɗaya, abubuwan da ke cikin RAM suna gogewa lokacin da aka kashe wutar lantarki, amma ROM yana riƙe da bayanansa har abada. A cikin PC, ROM ɗin yana ɗauke da wani shiri na musamman mai suna BIOS wanda ke tsara loda masarrafar kwamfuta daga rumbun kwamfutarka zuwa RAM a duk lokacin da kwamfutar ta kunna ko sake saitawa. A cikin kwamfutoci, waɗanda galibi ba su da faifai, duk software ɗin da ake buƙata ana iya adana su a cikin ROM. Software da aka adana a cikin ROM galibi ana kiransa firmware, saboda a zahiri yana kama da hardware fiye da software. Ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa ta Flash tana ɓata bambance-bambance tsakanin ROM da RAM, saboda yana riƙe da bayanansa lokacin da aka kashe amma kuma ana iya sake rubutawa. Yawanci yana da hankali fiye da ROM na al'ada da RAM duk da haka, don haka amfani da shi yana iyakance ga aikace-aikace inda babban gudun ba dole ba ne. A cikin mafi nagartattun kwamfutoci za a iya samun ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ɗaya ko fiye da RAM, waɗanda suke a hankali fiye da rajista amma sauri fiye da babban ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Gabaɗaya, kwamfutoci masu irin wannan cache an ƙera su ne don matsar da bayanan da ake buƙata akai-akai cikin ma'ajiyar ta atomatik, sau da yawa ba tare da buƙatar wani sa hannun mai shirye-shirye ba. === Input/fitarwa (I/O) === {{Main|Input/output}} [[File:HDDspin.JPG|thumb|right|[[Hard disk drive]]s are common storage devices used with computers.]] I/O ita ce hanyar da kwamfuta ke musayar bayanai da duniyar waje. Na'urorin da ke ba da shigarwa ko fitarwa zuwa kwamfutar ana kiran su peripherals. A kan kwamfutoci na yau da kullun, abubuwan da ke kewaye sun haɗa da na'urorin shigarwa kamar keyboard da linzamin kwamfuta, da na'urorin fitarwa kamar nuni da firinta. Hard faifai, floppy faifai da faifai na gani suna aiki azaman na'urorin shigarwa da fitarwa. Sadarwar kwamfuta wani nau'i ne na I/O. Na'urorin I/O galibi kwamfutoci ne masu rikitarwa a nasu dama, tare da CPU da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Ƙungiyar sarrafa hoto na iya ƙunsar ƙananan kwamfutoci hamsin ko fiye waɗanda ke yin lissafin da ake bukata don nuna zane-zane na 3D. [Ana bukatan hujja] Kwamfutocin tebur na zamani sun ƙunshi ƙananan kwamfutoci da yawa waɗanda ke taimakawa babban CPU wajen aiwatar da I/O. Nunin fuskar bangon waya na zamani na 2016 ya ƙunshi na'urorin sarrafa kwamfuta. === Multitasking === {{Main|Computer multitasking}} Duk da yake ana iya kallon kwamfuta a matsayin mai gudanar da babban shiri guda ɗaya da aka adana a cikin babban ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyarta, a wasu tsarin ya zama dole a ba da bayyanar da gudanar da shirye-shirye da yawa a lokaci guda. Ana samun hakan ne ta hanyar yin ayyuka da yawa wato samun saurin sauya kwamfuta tsakanin tafiyar da kowane shiri bi da bi. Wata hanyar da ake yin hakan ita ce ta sigina na musamman da ake kira katsewa, wanda zai iya sa kwamfuta lokaci-lokaci ta daina aiwatar da umarni a inda take sai ta yi wani abu a maimakon haka. Ta tuna inda take aiwatarwa kafin katsewa, kwamfutar zata iya komawa wannan aikin daga baya. Idan shirye-shirye da yawa suna gudana "a lokaci guda". sannan janareta na katsewa na iya haifar da katsewa ɗari da yawa a cikin daƙiƙa guda, yana haifar da sauya shirin kowane lokaci. Tunda kwamfutoci na zamani sukan aiwatar da umarni da yawa cikin sauri fiye da tsinkayen ɗan adam, yana iya bayyana cewa yawancin shirye-shirye suna gudana a lokaci guda duk da cewa ɗaya ne kawai ke aiwatarwa a kowane lokaci. Wannan hanya ta multitasking wani lokaci ana kiranta "sharing-lokaci" tunda kowane shiri an ware shi "yanki" na lokaci bi da bi. Kafin zamanin kwamfutoci marasa tsada, babban abin da ake amfani da shi don yin ayyuka da yawa shi ne ba da damar mutane da yawa su raba kwamfuta ɗaya. Ga alama, multitasking zai sa kwamfutar da ke musanya tsakanin shirye-shirye da yawa su yi aiki a hankali, daidai da adadin shirye-shiryen da take gudana, amma yawancin shirye-shiryen suna ɗaukar lokaci mai yawa suna jiran na'urorin shigarwa / fitarwa a hankali don kammala ayyukansu. Idan shirin yana jiran mai amfani ya danna linzamin kwamfuta ko danna maɓalli a kan maballin, to ba zai ɗauki "lokacin yanki" ba har sai taron da ake jira ya faru. Wannan yana ba da lokaci don wasu shirye-shirye don aiwatarwa ta yadda za a iya gudanar da shirye-shirye da yawa a lokaci guda ba tare da asarar saurin da ba za a yarda da shi ba. === Multiprocessing === {{Main|Multiprocessing}} [[File:Cray 2 Arts et Metiers dsc03940.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|[[Cray]] designed many supercomputers that used multiprocessing heavily.]] Wasu kwamfutoci an ƙera su ne don rarraba ayyukansu a kan CPUs da yawa a cikin tsarin sarrafawa da yawa, dabarar da aka taɓa amfani da ita a cikin manyan injina masu ƙarfi kamar supercomputers, manyan kwamfutoci da sabar. Multiprocessor da Multi-core (yawan CPUs akan haɗaɗɗiyar da'irar guda ɗaya) kwamfutocin sirri da na kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka yanzu suna da yawa, kuma ana ƙara amfani da su a cikin ƙananan kasuwanni a sakamakon haka. Supercomputer musamman sau da yawa suna da keɓaɓɓun keɓaɓɓun gine-gine waɗanda suka bambanta sosai da ainihin tsarin gine-ginen da aka adana da kuma kwamfutoci na gaba ɗaya. Sau da yawa suna nuna dubunnan CPUs, keɓantattun hanyoyin haɗin kai mai sauri, da na'urorin kwamfuta na musamman. Irin waɗannan ƙirar suna da amfani don ayyuka na musamman kawai saboda girman tsarin ƙungiyar da ake buƙata don amfani da yawancin albarkatun da ake da su a lokaci ɗaya. Supercomputers yawanci suna ganin amfani a cikin babban siminti, zane-zane, da aikace-aikacen cryptography, da kuma tare da sauran abubuwan da ake kira "ayyukan layi daya". == Software == {{Main|Software}} Software yana nufin sassan kwamfuta waɗanda ba su da sigar kayan aiki, kamar shirye-shirye, bayanai, ka'idoji, da sauransu. an gina tsarin. Software na kwamfuta ya ƙunshi shirye-shiryen kwamfuta, ɗakunan karatu da bayanan da ba za a iya aiwatar da su ba, kamar takaddun kan layi ko kafofin watsa labarai na dijital. Yawancin lokaci ana rarraba shi zuwa software na tsarin da software na aikace-aikace. Kayan aikin kwamfuta da software suna buƙatar juna kuma ba za a iya amfani da su ta zahiri ba. Lokacin da aka adana software a cikin kayan masarufi waɗanda ba za a iya gyara su cikin sauƙi ba, kamar su BIOS ROM a cikin kwamfutar IBM PC mai jituwa, wani lokaci ana kiranta “firmware”. {| class="wikitable" |- | rowspan="7" | [[Operating system]] /System Software || [[Unix]] and [[Berkeley Software Distribution|BSD]] || [[UNIX System V]], [[IBM AIX]], [[HP-UX]], [[Solaris (operating system)|Solaris]] ([[SunOS]]), [[IRIX]], [[List of BSD operating systems]] |- | [[Linux]] || [[List of Linux distributions]], [[Comparison of Linux distributions]] |- | [[Microsoft Windows]] || [[Windows 95]], [[Windows 98]], [[Windows NT]], [[Windows 2000]], [[Windows ME]], [[Windows XP]], [[Windows Vista]], [[Windows 7]], [[Windows 8]], [[Windows 8.1]], [[Windows 10]], [[Windows 11]] |- | [[DOS]] || [[86-DOS]] (QDOS), [[IBM PC DOS]], [[MS-DOS]], [[DR-DOS]], [[FreeDOS]] |- | [[Macintosh operating systems]] || [[Classic Mac OS]], [[macOS]] (previously OS X and Mac OS X) |- | [[Embedded operating system|Embedded]] and [[Real-time operating system|real-time]] || [[List of operating systems#Embedded|List of embedded operating systems]] |- | Experimental || [[Amoeba (operating system)|Amoeba]], [[Oberon (operating system)|Oberon]]–[[A2 (operating system)|AOS, Bluebottle, A2]], [[Plan 9 from Bell Labs]] |- | rowspan="2" | [[Library (computing)|Library]] || [[Multimedia]] || [[DirectX]], [[OpenGL]], [[OpenAL]], [[Vulkan|Vulkan (API)]] |- | Programming library || [[C standard library]], [[Standard Template Library]] |- | rowspan="2" | [[Data (computing)|Data]] || [[Protocol (computing)|Protocol]] || [[Internet protocol suite|TCP/IP]], [[Kermit (protocol)|Kermit]], [[File Transfer Protocol|FTP]], [[Hypertext Transfer Protocol|HTTP]], [[Simple Mail Transfer Protocol|SMTP]] |- | [[File format]] || [[HTML]], [[XML]], [[JPEG]], [[Moving Picture Experts Group|MPEG]], [[Portable Network Graphics|PNG]] |- | rowspan="2" | [[User interface]] || [[Graphical user interface]] ([[WIMP (computing)|WIMP]]) || [[Microsoft Windows]], [[GNOME]], [[KDE]], [[QNX]] Photon, [[Common Desktop Environment|CDE]], [[GEM (desktop environment)|GEM]], [[Aqua (user interface)|Aqua]] |- | [[Text-based (computing)|Text-based user interface]] || [[Command-line interface]], [[Text user interface]] |- | rowspan="9" | [[Application software|Application]] Software || [[Office suite]] || [[Word processing]], [[Desktop publishing]], [[Presentation program]], [[Database management system]], Scheduling & Time management, [[Spreadsheet]], [[Accounting software]] |- | Internet Access || [[Web browser|Browser]], [[Email client]], [[Web server]], [[Mail transfer agent]], [[Instant messaging]] |- | Design and manufacturing || [[Computer-aided design]], [[Computer-aided manufacturing]], Plant management, Robotic manufacturing, Supply chain management |- | [[Computer graphics|Graphics]] || [[Raster graphics editor]], [[Vector graphics editor]], [[3D computer graphics software|3D modeler]], [[Computer animation|Animation editor]], [[3D computer graphics]], [[Video editing]], [[Image processing]] |- | [[Digital audio|Audio]] || [[Digital audio editor]], [[Audio player (software)|Audio playback]], [[Audio mixing|Mixing]], [[Software synthesizer|Audio synthesis]], [[Computer music]] |- | Software engineering || [[Compiler]], [[Assembler (computer programming)|Assembler]], [[Interpreter (computing)|Interpreter]], [[Debugger]], [[Text editor]], [[Integrated development environment]], [[Software performance analysis]], [[Revision control]], [[Software configuration management]] |- | Educational || [[Edutainment]], [[Educational game]], [[Serious game]], [[Flight simulator]] |- | [[Video game|Games]] || [[Strategy game|Strategy]], [[Arcade game|Arcade]], [[Puzzle video game|Puzzle]], [[Simulation video game|Simulation]], [[First-person shooter]], [[Platform game|Platform]], [[Massively multiplayer online game|Massively multiplayer]], [[Interactive fiction]] |- | Misc || [[Artificial intelligence]], [[Antivirus software]], [[Malware scanner]], [[Installation (computer programs)|Installer]]/[[Package management system]]s, [[File manager]] |} === Harsunan Magana === Akwai dubunnan harsunan shirye-shirye daban-daban—wasu an yi su ne don maƙasudi gabaɗaya, wasu kuma suna da amfani don aikace-aikace na musamman kawai. <!-- ATTENTION! AUTHORS: Please do not add every programming language in existence into this table—there are vastly too many of them—and the right place for listing obscure languages is in the 'List of ...' articles referenced below. Please only add very COMMONLY and CURRENTLY used or highly historically relevant languages to the lists below or else things will rapidly spiral out of control. --> {| class="wikitable" |+[[Programming language]]s || Lists of programming languages || [[Timeline of programming languages]], [[List of programming languages by category]], [[Generational list of programming languages]], [[List of programming languages]], [[Non-English-based programming languages]] |- || Commonly used [[assembly language]]s || [[ARM architecture|ARM]], [[MIPS architecture|MIPS]], [[X86 assembly language|x86]] |- || Commonly used [[high-level programming language]]s || [[Ada (programming language)|Ada]], [[BASIC]], [[C (programming language)|C]], [[C++]], [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]], [[COBOL]], [[Fortran]], [[PL/I]], [[REXX]], [[Java (programming language)|Java]], [[Lisp (programming language)|Lisp]], [[Pascal (programming language)|Pascal]], [[Object Pascal]] |- || Commonly used [[scripting language]]s || [[Bourne shell|Bourne script]], [[JavaScript]], [[Python (programming language)|Python]], [[Ruby (programming language)|Ruby]], [[PHP]], [[Perl]] |} === Shirye-shirye === Siffar da ke tattare da kwamfutoci na zamani wanda ke bambanta su da duk sauran injina shine ana iya tsara su. Wato ana iya ba da wasu nau'ikan umarni (program) ga kwamfutar, kuma za ta sarrafa su. Kwamfutoci na zamani bisa tsarin gine-ginen von Neumann galibi suna da lambar inji a cikin nau'in yaren shirye-shirye masu mahimmanci. A zahiri, shirin kwamfuta na iya zama ƴan umarni ko kuma ƙara zuwa miliyoyin umarni, kamar yadda shirye-shiryen masu sarrafa kalmomi da masu binciken gidan yanar gizo suke yi a misali. Kwamfuta ta yau da kullun na iya aiwatar da biliyoyin umarni a sakan daya (gigaflops) kuma da wuya ta yi kuskure cikin shekaru masu yawa na aiki. Manyan shirye-shiryen kwamfuta da suka ƙunshi umarni miliyan da yawa na iya ɗaukar ƙungiyar masu shirye-shirye shekaru da yawa don rubutawa, kuma saboda sarƙaƙƙiyar aikin kusan tabbas suna ɗauke da kurakurai. Tsarin gine-ginen shirin da aka adana {{Main|Computer program|Computer programming}} [[File:SSEM Manchester museum.jpg|thumb|right|Replica of the [[Manchester Baby]], the world's first electronic [[stored-program computer]], at the [[Museum of Science and Industry (Manchester)|Museum of Science and Industry]] in Manchester, England]] Once told to run this program, the computer will perform the repetitive addition task without further human intervention. It will almost never make a mistake anThis section applies to most common [[RAM machine]]–based computers. In most cases, computer instructions are simple: add one number to another, move some data from one location to another, send a message to some external device, etc. These instructions are read from the computer's [[Computer data storage|memory]] and are generally carried out ([[execution (computing)|executed]]) in the order they were given. However, there are usually specialized instructions to tell the computer to jump ahead or backwards to some other place in the program and to carry on executing from there. These are called "jump" instructions (or [[Branch (computer science)|branches]]). Furthermore, jump instructions may be made to happen [[conditional (programming)|conditionally]] so that different sequences of instructions may be used depending on the result of some previous calculation or some external event. Many computers directly support [[subroutine]]s by providing a type of jump that "remembers" the location it jumped from and another instruction to return to the instruction following that jump instruction. Program execution might be likened to reading a book. While a person will normally read each word and line in sequence, they may at times jump back to an earlier place in the text or skip sections that are not of interest. Similarly, a computer may sometimes go back and repeat the instructions in some section of the program over and over again until some internal condition is met. This is called the [[control flow|flow of control]] within the program and it is what allows the computer to perform tasks repeatedly without human intervention. Comparatively, a person using a pocket [[calculator]] can perform a basic arithmetic operation such as adding two numbers with just a few button presses. But to add together all of the numbers from 1 to 1,000 would take thousands of button presses and a lot of time, with a near certainty of making a mistake. On the other hand, a computer may be programmed to do this with just a few simple instructions. The following example is written in the [[MIPS architecture|MIPS assembly language]]: {{Clear}} <syntaxhighlight lang="asm"> begin: addi $8, $0, 0 # initialize sum to 0 addi $9, $0, 1 # set first number to add = 1 loop: slti $10, $9, 1000 # check if the number is less than 1000 beq $10, $0, finish # if odd number is greater than n then exit add $8, $8, $9 # update sum addi $9, $9, 1 # get next number j loop # repeat the summing process finish: add $2, $8, $0 # put sum in output register </syntaxhighlight> d a modern PC can complete the task in a fraction of a second. ==== Machine code ==== In most computers, individual instructions are stored as [[machine code]] with each instruction being given a unique number (its operation code or [[opcode]] for short). The command to add two numbers together would have one opcode; the command to multiply them would have a different opcode, and so on. The simplest computers are able to perform any of a handful of different instructions; the more complex computers have several hundred to choose from, each with a unique numerical code. Since the computer's memory is able to store numbers, it can also store the instruction codes. This leads to the important fact that entire programs (which are just lists of these instructions) can be represented as lists of numbers and can themselves be manipulated inside the computer in the same way as numeric data. The fundamental concept of storing programs in the computer's memory alongside the data they operate on is the crux of the von Neumann, or stored program, architecture.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cragon |first1=Harvey |title=Computer Architecture and Implementation |date=2000 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-65168-4 |page=5 |url={{GBurl|id=_ykfBAWBkxoC}} |access-date=10 June 2022 |archive-date=30 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730093353/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Computer_Architecture_and_Implementation/_ykfBAWBkxoC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Xu |first1=Zhiwei |last2=Zhang |first2=Jialin |title=Computational Thinking: A Perspective on Computer Science |date=2021 |publisher=Springer |location=Singapore |isbn=978-981-16-3848-0 |page=60 |url={{GBurl|id=s2RXEAAAQBAJ}} |access-date=10 June 2022 |quote=It is called the stored program architecture or stored program model, also known as the von Neumann architecture. We will use these terms interchangeably. |archive-date=30 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730093353/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Computational_Thinking_A_Perspective_on/s2RXEAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> In some cases, a computer might store some or all of its program in memory that is kept separate from the data it operates on. This is called the [[Harvard architecture]] after the [[Harvard Mark I]] computer. Modern von Neumann computers display some traits of the Harvard architecture in their designs, such as in [[CPU cache]]s. While it is possible to write computer programs as long lists of numbers ([[machine code|machine language]]) and while this technique was used with many early computers,{{efn|Even some later computers were commonly programmed directly in machine code. Some [[minicomputer]]s like the [[Digital Equipment Corporation|DEC]] [[PDP-8]] could be programmed directly from a panel of switches. However, this method was usually used only as part of the [[booting]] process. Most modern computers boot entirely automatically by reading a boot program from some [[non-volatile memory]].}} it is extremely tedious and potentially error-prone to do so in practice, especially for complicated programs. Instead, each basic instruction can be given a short name that is indicative of its function and easy to remember&nbsp;– a [[mnemonic]] such as ADD, SUB, MULT or JUMP. These mnemonics are collectively known as a computer's [[assembly language]]. Converting programs written in assembly language into something the computer can actually understand (machine language) is usually done by a computer program called an assembler. [[File:FortranCardPROJ039.agr.jpg|thumb|right|A 1970s [[punched card]] containing one line from a [[Fortran]] program. The card reads: "Z(1) = Y + W(1)" and is labeled "PROJ039" for identification purposes.]] ==== Programming language ==== {{Main|Programming language}} Programming languages provide various ways of specifying programs for computers to run. Unlike [[natural language]]s, programming languages are designed to permit no ambiguity and to be concise. They are purely written languages and are often difficult to read aloud. They are generally either translated into [[machine code]] by a [[compiler]] or an [[Assembly language#Assembler|assembler]] before being run, or translated directly at run time by an [[interpreter (computing)|interpreter]]. Sometimes programs are executed by a hybrid method of the two techniques. ===== Low-level languages ===== {{Main|Low-level programming language}} Machine languages and the assembly languages that represent them (collectively termed ''low-level programming languages'') are generally unique to the particular architecture of a computer's central processing unit ([[CPU]]). For instance, an [[ARM architecture]] CPU (such as may be found in a [[smartphone]] or a [[handheld video game|hand-held videogame]]) cannot understand the machine language of an [[x86]] CPU that might be in a [[Personal computer|PC]].{{efn|However, there is sometimes some form of machine language compatibility between different computers. An [[x86-64]] compatible microprocessor like the [[Advanced Micro Devices|AMD]] [[Athlon 64]] is able to run most of the same programs that an [[Intel Core 2]] microprocessor can, as well as programs designed for earlier microprocessors like the Intel [[Pentium]]s and [[Intel 80486]]. This contrasts with very early commercial computers, which were often one-of-a-kind and totally incompatible with other computers.}} Historically a significant number of other cpu architectures were created and saw extensive use, notably including the MOS Technology 6502 and 6510 in addition to the Zilog Z80. ===== High-level languages ===== {{Main|High-level programming language}} Although considerably easier than in machine language, writing long programs in assembly language is often difficult and is also error prone. Therefore, most practical programs are written in more abstract [[high-level programming language]]s that are able to express the needs of the [[programmer]] more conveniently (and thereby help reduce programmer error). High level languages are usually "compiled" into machine language (or sometimes into assembly language and then into machine language) using another computer program called a [[compiler]].{{efn|High level languages are also often [[interpreted language|interpreted]] rather than compiled. Interpreted languages are translated into machine code on the fly, while running, by another program called an [[interpreter (computing)|interpreter]].}} High level languages are less related to the workings of the target computer than assembly language, and more related to the language and structure of the problem(s) to be solved by the final program. It is therefore often possible to use different compilers to translate the same high level language program into the machine language of many different types of computer. This is part of the means by which software like video games may be made available for different computer architectures such as personal computers and various [[video game console]]s. ==== Program design ==== Program design of small programs is relatively simple and involves the analysis of the problem, collection of inputs, using the programming constructs within languages, devising or using established procedures and algorithms, providing data for output devices and solutions to the problem as applicable.<ref name="Leach2016">{{cite book |author=Ronald J. Leach |date=27 January 2016 |title=Introduction to Software Engineering |publisher=CRC Press |page=11 |isbn=978-1-4987-0528-8 |url={{GBurl|id=8W2mCwAAQBAJ}}|access-date=26 November 2022}}</ref> As problems become larger and more complex, features such as subprograms, modules, formal documentation, and new paradigms such as object-oriented programming are encountered.<ref name="Zhu2005">{{cite book |author=Hong Zhu |date=22 March 2005 |title=Software Design Methodology: From Principles to Architectural Styles |publisher=Elsevier |pages=47–72 |isbn=978-0-08-045496-2 |url={{GBurl|id=rqRVbb0SKjEC}}|access-date=26 November 2022}}</ref> Large programs involving thousands of line of code and more require formal software methodologies.<ref name="Leach2016b">{{cite book |author=Ronald J. Leach |date=27 January 2016 |title=Introduction to Software Engineering |publisher=CRC Press |page=56 |isbn=978-1-4987-0528-8 |url={{GBurl|id=8W2mCwAAQBAJ}}|access-date=26 November 2022}}</ref> The task of developing large [[Computer software|software]] systems presents a significant intellectual challenge.<ref name="Knight2012">{{cite book |author=John Knight |date=12 January 2012 |title=Fundamentals of Dependable Computing for Software Engineers |publisher=CRC Press |page=186 |isbn=978-1-4665-1821-6 |url={{GBurl|id=fn06DwAAQBAJ}}|access-date=26 November 2022}}</ref> Producing software with an acceptably high reliability within a predictable schedule and budget has historically been difficult;<ref name="Brooks1975">{{cite book |author1=Frederick P. Brooks (Jr.) |date=1975 |title=The Mythical Man-month: Essays on Software Engineering |publisher=Addison-Wesley Publishing Company | isbn=978-0-201-00650-6 |url={{GBurl|id=gWgPAQAAMAAJ}}|access-date=26 November 2022}}</ref> the academic and professional discipline of software engineering concentrates specifically on this challenge.<ref name="Sommerville2007">{{cite book |author=Ian Sommerville |date=2007 |title=Software Engineering |publisher=Pearson Education |pages=4–17 |isbn=978-0-321-31379-9 |url={{GBurl|id=B7idKfL0H64C}}|access-date=26 November 2022}}</ref> ==== Bugs ==== {{Main|Software bug}} [[File:First Computer Bug, 1947.jpg|thumb|The actual first computer bug, a moth found trapped on a relay of the [[Harvard Mark II]] computer]] Errors in computer programs are called "[[Software bug|bugs]]". They may be benign and not affect the usefulness of the program, or have only subtle effects. However, in some cases they may cause the program or the entire system to "[[Hang (computing)|hang]]", becoming unresponsive to input such as [[Computer mouse|mouse]] clicks or keystrokes, to completely fail, or to [[Crash (computing)|crash]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why do computers crash? |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-do-computers-crash/ |access-date=2022-03-03 |website=Scientific American |language=en |archive-date=1 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501093613/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-do-computers-crash/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Otherwise benign bugs may sometimes be harnessed for malicious intent by an unscrupulous user writing an [[Exploit (computer security)|exploit]], code designed to take advantage of a bug and disrupt a computer's proper execution. Bugs are usually not the fault of the computer. Since computers merely execute the instructions they are given, bugs are nearly always the result of programmer error or an oversight made in the program's design.{{efn|It is not universally true that bugs are solely due to programmer oversight. Computer hardware may fail or may itself have a fundamental problem that produces unexpected results in certain situations. For instance, the [[Pentium FDIV bug]] caused some [[Intel Corporation|Intel]] [[microprocessor]]s in the early 1990s to produce inaccurate results for certain [[floating point]] division operations. This was caused by a flaw in the microprocessor design and resulted in a partial recall of the affected devices.}} Admiral [[Grace Hopper]], an American computer scientist and developer of the first [[compiler]], is credited for having first used the term "bugs" in computing after a dead moth was found shorting a relay in the [[Harvard Mark II]] computer in September 1947.<ref name="taylor84">{{cite magazine |first=Alexander L. III |last=Taylor |url=http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,954266,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070316082637/http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,954266,00.html |archive-date=16 March 2007 |title=The Wizard Inside the Machine |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=16 April 1984 |access-date =17 February 2007}}</ref> == Networking and the Internet == {{Main|Computer network{{!}}Computer networking|Internet}} [[File:Internet map 1024.jpg|thumb|left|Visualization of a portion of the [[Routing|routes]] on the Internet]] Computers have been used to coordinate information between multiple locations since the 1950s. The U.S. military's [[Semi-Automatic Ground Environment|SAGE]] system was the first large-scale example of such a system, which led to a number of special-purpose commercial systems such as [[Sabre (computer system)|Sabre]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Systems, Experts, and Computers |author=Agatha C. Hughes |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-262-08285-3 |page=161 |quote=The experience of SAGE helped make possible the first truly large-scale commercial real-time network: the SABRE computerized airline reservations system}}</ref> In the 1970s, computer engineers at research institutions throughout the United States began to link their computers together using telecommunications technology. The effort was funded by ARPA (now [[DARPA]]), and the [[computer network]] that resulted was called the [[ARPANET]].<ref>{{cite arXiv|title=A Brief History of the Internet|last1=Leiner|first1=Barry M. |last2=Cerf|first2=Vinton G. |last3=Clark|first3=David D. |last4=Kahn|first4=Robert E. |last5=Kleinrock|first5=Leonard |last6=Lynch|first6=Daniel C. |last7=Postel|first7=Jon |last8=Roberts|first8=Larry G. |last9=Wolf|first9=Stephen |year=1999|eprint=cs/9901011}}<!-- Additional cite journal parameters: |bibcode=1999cs........1011L |url=http://www.isoc.org/internet/history/brief.shtml|publisher=[[Internet Society]]|access-date=20 September 2008|url-status=dead --></ref> The technologies that made the Arpanet possible spread and evolved. In time, the network spread beyond academic and military institutions and became known as the Internet. The emergence of networking involved a redefinition of the nature and boundaries of the computer. Computer operating systems and applications were modified to include the ability to define and access the resources of other computers on the network, such as peripheral devices, stored information, and the like, as extensions of the resources of an individual computer. Initially these facilities were available primarily to people working in high-tech environments, but in the 1990s the spread of applications like e-mail and the [[World Wide Web]], combined with the development of cheap, fast networking technologies like [[Ethernet]] and [[Asymmetric digital subscriber line|ADSL]] saw computer networking become almost ubiquitous. In fact, the number of computers that are networked is growing phenomenally. A very large proportion of personal computers regularly connect to the Internet to communicate and receive information. "Wireless" networking, often utilizing mobile phone networks, has meant networking is becoming increasingly ubiquitous even in mobile computing environments. {{Clear}} == Unconventional computers == {{Main|Human computer}} {{See also|Harvard Computers}} A computer does not need to be [[electronics|electronic]], nor even have a [[Central processing unit|processor]], nor [[Random-access memory|RAM]], nor even a [[hard disk]]. While popular usage of the word "computer" is synonymous with a personal electronic computer,{{efn|According to the ''[[Shorter Oxford English Dictionary]]'' (6th ed, 2007), the word ''computer'' dates back to the mid 17th century, when it referred to "A person who makes calculations; specifically a person employed for this in an observatory etc."}} a typical modern definition of a computer is: "''A device that computes'', especially a programmable [usually] electronic machine that performs high-speed mathematical or logical operations or that assembles, stores, correlates, or otherwise processes information."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thefreedictionary.com/computer |title=Definition of computer |publisher=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=29 January 2012 |archive-date=26 December 2009 |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091226162252/http%3A//www.thefreedictionary.com/computer |url-status=live }}</ref> According to this definition, any device that ''processes information'' qualifies as a computer. == Gaba == There is active research to make non-classical computers out of many promising new types of technology, such as [[optical computing|optical computers]], [[DNA computing|DNA computers]], [[wetware computer|neural computers]], and [[quantum computing|quantum computers]]. Most computers are universal, and are able to calculate any [[computable function]], and are limited only by their memory capacity and operating speed. However different designs of computers can give very different performance for particular problems; for example quantum computers can potentially break some modern encryption algorithms (by [[Shor's algorithm|quantum factoring]]) very quickly. === Computer architecture paradigms === There are many types of [[computer architecture]]s: * [[Quantum computer]] vs. [[Chemical computer]] * [[Scalar processor]] vs. [[Vector processor]] * [[Non-Uniform Memory Access]] (NUMA) computers * [[Register machine]] vs. [[Stack machine]] * [[Harvard architecture]] vs. [[von Neumann architecture]] * [[Cellular architecture]] Of all these [[abstract machine]]s, a quantum computer holds the most promise for revolutionizing computing.<ref>{{cite book|last1=II|first1=Joseph D. Dumas|title=Computer Architecture: Fundamentals and Principles of Computer Design|date=2005|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-8493-2749-0|page=340|url={{GBurl|id=ZWaUurOwMPQC|q=quantum%20computers}}|language=en|access-date=9 November 2020}}</ref> [[Logic gate]]s are a common abstraction which can apply to most of the above [[Digital data|digital]] or [[analog signal|analog]] paradigms. The ability to store and execute lists of instructions called [[Computer program|programs]] makes computers extremely versatile, distinguishing them from [[calculator]]s. The [[Church–Turing thesis]] is a mathematical statement of this versatility: any computer with a [[Turing-complete|minimum capability (being Turing-complete)]] is, in principle, capable of performing the same tasks that any other computer can perform. Therefore, any type of computer ([[netbook]], [[supercomputer]], [[cellular automaton]], etc.) is able to perform the same computational tasks, given enough time and storage capacity. === Artificial intelligence === A computer will solve problems in exactly the way it is programmed to, without regard to efficiency, alternative solutions, possible shortcuts, or possible errors in the code. Computer programs that learn and adapt are part of the emerging field of [[artificial intelligence]] and [[machine learning]]. Artificial intelligence based products generally fall into two major categories: [[rule-based system]]s and [[pattern recognition]] systems. Rule-based systems attempt to represent the rules used by human experts and tend to be expensive to develop. Pattern-based systems use data about a problem to generate conclusions. Examples of pattern-based systems include [[Speech recognition|voice recognition]], font recognition, translation and the emerging field of on-line marketing. == Professions and organizations == As the use of computers has spread throughout society, there are an increasing number of careers involving computers. {| class="wikitable" |+[[:Category:Computer occupations|Computer-related professions]] |- | Hardware-related || [[Electrical engineering]], [[Electronic engineering]], [[Computer engineering]], [[Telecommunications engineering]], [[Optical engineering]], [[Nanoengineering]] |- | Software-related || [[Computer science]], [[Computer engineering]], [[Desktop publishing]], [[Human–computer interaction]], Information technology, [[Information systems (discipline)|Information systems]], [[Computational science]], Software engineering, [[Video game industry]], [[Web design]] |} The need for computers to work well together and to be able to exchange information has spawned the need for many standards organizations, clubs and societies of both a formal and informal nature. {| class="wikitable" |+[[:Category:Information technology organizations|Organizations]] | Standards groups || [[American National Standards Institute|ANSI]], [[International Electrotechnical Commission|IEC]], [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers|IEEE]], [[Internet Engineering Task Force|IETF]], [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]], [[World Wide Web Consortium|W3C]] |- | Professional societies || [[Association for Computing Machinery|ACM]], [[Association for Information Systems|AIS]], [[Institution of Engineering and Technology|IET]], [[International Federation for Information Processing|IFIP]], [[British Computer Society|BCS]] |- | [[Free software|Free]]/[[open source software]] groups || [[Free Software Foundation]], [[Mozilla Foundation]], [[Apache Software Foundation]] |} == Duba == {{Div col|colwidth=18em}} * [[Computability theory]] * [[Computer security]] * [[Glossary of computer hardware terms]] * [[History of computer science]] * [[List of computer term etymologies]] * [[List of computer system manufacturers]] * [[List of fictional computers]] * [[List of films about computers]] * [[List of pioneers in computer science]] * [[Pulse computation]] * [[TOP500]] (list of most powerful computers) * [[Unconventional computing]] {{div col end}} == Manazarta == {{notelist}} == References == {{Reflist|30em}} == Mahadan Waje == {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite book|last=Evans|first=Claire L.|title=Broad Band: The Untold Story of the Women Who Made the Internet|publisher=Portfolio/Penguin|year=2018|isbn=978-0-7352-1175-9|location=New York|url={{GBurl|id=C8ouDwAAQBAJ|q=9780735211759|pg=PP1}}|access-date=9 November 2020}} * {{cite journal |last1=Fuegi |first1=J. |last2=Francis |first2=J. |s2cid=40077111 |title=Lovelace & Babbage and the creation of the 1843 'notes' |journal=IEEE Annals of the History of Computing |volume=25 |issue=4 |page=16 |year=2003 |doi=10.1109/MAHC.2003.1253887}} * {{cite book |author=Kempf, Karl |title=Historical Monograph: Electronic Computers Within the Ordnance Corps |publisher=[[Aberdeen Proving Ground]] ([[United States Army]]) |url=http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/U-S-Ord-61.html |year=1961 |access-date=24 October 2006 |archive-date=16 October 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061016040329/http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/U-S-Ord-61.html |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |last=Phillips |first=Tony |publisher=American Mathematical Society |year=2000 |title=The Antikythera Mechanism I |url=http://www.math.sunysb.edu/~tony/whatsnew/column/antikytheraI-0400/kyth1.html |access-date=5 April 2006 |archive-date=27 April 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060427070236/http://www.math.sunysb.edu/~tony/whatsnew/column/antikytheraI-0400/kyth1.html |url-status=live }} * {{cite thesis |author=Shannon, Claude Elwood |title=A symbolic analysis of relay and switching circuits |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology |hdl=1721.1/11173 |year=1940 |type=Thesis }} * {{Cite book |ref=DEC |author=Digital Equipment Corporation |publisher=Digital Equipment Corporation |location=[[Maynard, Massachusetts|Maynard, MA]] |title=PDP-11/40 Processor Handbook |url=https://www.minttwist.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/D-09-30-PDP11-40-Processor-Handbook.pdf |year=1972 |author-link=Digital Equipment Corporation |access-date=27 November 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201030856/https://www.minttwist.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/D-09-30-PDP11-40-Processor-Handbook.pdf |url-status=live }} * {{Cite journal |ref=SWADE |first=Doron D. |last=Swade |title=Redeeming Charles Babbage's Mechanical Computer |journal=Scientific American |date=February 1993 |volume=268 |issue=2 |pages=86–91 |jstor=24941379 |bibcode=1993SciAm.268b..86S |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0293-86 }} * {{cite web |ref={{harvid|TOP500|2006}} |url=http://www.top500.org/lists/2006/11/overtime/Architectures |title=Architectures Share Over Time |access-date=27 November 2006 |last=Meuer |first=Hans |author-link=Hans Meuer |author2=Strohmaier, Erich |author3=Simon, Horst |author4=Dongarra, Jack |author4-link=Jack Dongarra |date=13 November 2006 |publisher=[[TOP500]] |archive-date=20 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070220095222/http://www.top500.org/lists/2006/11/overtime/Architectures }} * {{Cite book|last=Lavington |first=Simon |title=A History of Manchester Computers |year=1998 |edition=2nd |publisher=The British Computer Society |location=Swindon |isbn=978-0-902505-01-8 }} * {{Cite journal|last=Light|first=Jennifer S.|date=1999|title=When Computers Were Women|journal=Technology and Culture|volume=40|issue=3|pages=455–483|doi=10.1353/tech.1999.0128|jstor=25147356|s2cid=108407884}} * {{cite journal |last=Schmandt-Besserat |first=Denise |author-link=Denise Schmandt-Besserat |date=1999 |title=Tokens: The Cognitive Significance |journal=Documenta Praehistorica |volume=XXVI |url=http://www.laits.utexas.edu/ghazal/Chap1/dsb/chapter1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130084757/http://www.laits.utexas.edu/ghazal/Chap1/dsb/chapter1.html |archive-date=30 January 2012 }} * {{Cite journal |last=Schmandt-Besserat |first=Denise |author-link=Denise Schmandt-Besserat |year=1981 |title=Decipherment of the earliest tablets |journal=Science |volume=211 |issue=4479 |pages=283–285 |doi=10.1126/science.211.4479.283 |pmid=17748027 |bibcode=1981Sci...211..283S}} * {{Cite book |last=Stokes |first=Jon |title=Inside the Machine: An Illustrated Introduction to Microprocessors and Computer Architecture |year=2007 |publisher=No Starch Press |location=San Francisco |isbn=978-1-59327-104-6 }} * {{Cite book |ref= ZUSE |last=Zuse |first=Konrad |title=The Computer – My life |year=1993 |publisher=Pringler-Verlag |location=Berlin |isbn=978-0-387-56453-1 }} * {{cite book |ref=FELT |last=Felt |first=Dorr E. |title=Mechanical arithmetic, or The history of the counting machine |publisher=Washington Institute |location=Chicago |year=1916 |url=https://archive.org/details/mechanicalarithm00feltrich }} * {{cite book |ref=IFRAH |last=Ifrah |first=Georges |year=2001 |title=The Universal History of Computing: From the Abacus to the Quantum Computer |location=New York |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-471-39671-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_w3q2 }} * {{cite book |ref=BERK |last=Berkeley |first=Edmund |year=1949 |title=Giant Brains, or Machines That Think |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.285568 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons }} * {{cite journal |ref=AIKEN |last=Cohen |first=Bernard |year=2000 |title=Howard Aiken, Portrait of a computer pioneer |journal=Physics Today |volume=53 |issue=3 |pages=74–75 |publisher=The MIT Press |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|isbn=978-0-262-53179-5 |bibcode=2000PhT....53c..74C |doi=10.1063/1.883007 |doi-access=free}} * {{cite book |ref=LIGO |last=Ligonnière |first=Robert |year=1987 |title=Préhistoire et Histoire des ordinateurs |publisher=Robert Laffont |location=Paris |isbn=978-2-221-05261-7 }} * {{cite book |ref=COUFFIGNAL |last=Couffignal |first=Louis |year=1933 |title=Les machines à calculer; leurs principes, leur évolution |publisher=Gauthier-Villars |location=Paris }} * {{cite book |ref=JACWEB |last=Essinger |first=James |year=2004 |title=Jacquard's Web, How a hand loom led to the birth of the information age |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-280577-5 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/jacquardswebhowh0000essi }} * {{cite book|first=Anthony|last=Hyman|author-link=R. Anthony Hyman|title=[[Charles Babbage: Pioneer of the Computer]]|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|year=1985|isbn=978-0-691-02377-9 }} * {{cite book |first=B. V. |last=Bowden |title=Faster than thought |year=1953 |publisher=Pitman publishing corporation |location=New York, Toronto, London |ref=BOWDEN }} * {{cite book |first=Maboth |last=Moseley |title=Irascible Genius, Charles Babbage, inventor |year=1964 |publisher=Hutchinson |location=London |ref=GENIUS }} * {{cite book|last=Collier|first=Bruce|title=The little engine that could've: The calculating machines of Charles Babbage|year=1970|publisher=Garland Publishing|isbn=978-0-8240-0043-1|url=http://robroy.dyndns.info/collier/index.html|ref=COLLIER|access-date=24 October 2013|archive-date=20 January 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070120190231/http://robroy.dyndns.info/collier/index.html|url-status=live}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.cs.ncl.ac.uk/publications/articles/papers/398.pdf |title=From Analytical Engine to Electronic Digital Computer: The Contributions of Ludgate, Torres, and Bush |last1=Randell |first1=Brian |author-link1=Brian Randell |year=1982 |access-date=29 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055055/http://www.cs.ncl.ac.uk/publications/articles/papers/398.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2013}} * {{cite book |last=Bromley |first=Allan G. |contribution=Difference and Analytical Engines |title=Computing Before Computers |editor-first=William |editor-last=Aspray |publisher=Iowa State University Press |location=Ames |pages=59–98 |url=http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/CBC-Ch-02.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/CBC-Ch-02.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |date=1990 |isbn=978-0-8138-0047-9}} * {{Cite journal|last=Smith|first=Erika E.|date=2013|title=Recognizing a Collective Inheritance through the History of Women in Computing|journal=CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture|volume=15|issue=1|pages=1–9 |doi=10.7771/1481-4374.1972|doi-access=free}} * {{Cite conference |last1=Verma |first1=G. |last2=Mielke |first2=N. |title=Reliability performance of ETOX based flash memories |conference=IEEE International Reliability Physics Symposium |year=1988 }} {{Refend}} == Mahada == * {{commons category-inline|Computers}} * {{sister-inline |project=v |links=[[v:How things work college course/Computer quiz|Wikiversity has a quiz on this article]] |short=yes}} <!--========================{{No more links}}============================ | PLEASE BE CAUTIOUS IN ADDING MORE LINKS TO THIS ARTICLE. Wikipedia | | is not a collection of links nor should it be used for advertising. | | | | Excessive or inappropriate links WILL BE DELETED. | | See [[Wikipedia:External links]] & [[Wikipedia:Spam]] for details. | | | | If there are already plentiful links, please propose additions or | | replacements on this article's discussion page, or submit your link | | to the relevant category at the Open Directory Project (dmoz.org) | | and link back to that category using the {{dmoz}} template. | ======================={{No more links}}=====================--> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}} {{Basic computer components}} {{digital systems}} {{Mainframes}} {{Electronic systems}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Computers| ]] [[Category:Consumer electronics]] [[Category:Articles containing video clips]] [[Category:Articles with example code]] [[Category:Electronics industry]] 3ztq9ynonb4igpwkdvjwntuun4tlzv5 0 71812 874213 870602 2026-07-02T09:14:39Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 An kirkira ta fassara "Early life" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358459540|Michelle Bello]]" 874213 wikitext text/x-wiki ~~databox~~ <templatestyles src="Multiple issues/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {{Reflist|2}}  '''Michelle Bello''' (an haife ta '''Michelle Aisha Bello'''; 30 Satumba 1982) ita ce darektan fina-finai na Burtaniya kuma mai shirya fina-fakkaata. Har ila yau, ita ce Shugaba na kamfanin nishaɗi da wallafe-wallafen Najeriya, Blu Star Entertainment Limited . An haifi Bello a Landan, Ingila. == Rayuwa ta farko == Ƙarami cikin yara biyu, an haifi Bello a watan Satumbar 1982 ga Abdullahi Dominic da Sylviane Bello . Bello dan asalin[[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]] ne, Faransanci, Afirka [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|'Yan Kongo]]. Ta yi shekaru da farko a Legas, Najeriya, tana halartar makarantar jariri da makarantar firamare kuma tana da shekaru takwas, amma ta tafi Ingila inda ta sami takardar shaidar GCSE da A-level. Yayinda take girma a Ingila ce ta gano sha'awarta ga yin fim kuma ba ta sake dubanta ba. == Ayyuka == Bello ta koma Amurka a shekara ta 2001 don nazarin sadarwa (ƙwarewa a cikin Visual Media) a Jami'ar Amurka da ke Washington DC. Yayinda take can, ta yi gajeren fina-finai da yawa kuma a lokacin shirin karatu a kasashen waje a [[Prag|Prague]], [[Kazech|Jamhuriyar Czech]], Bello ta yi gajerun fim dinta na farko na 16mm mai suna Sheltered . Bayan kammala karatunta daga Jami'ar Amurka a shekara ta 2005, ta koma Najeriya don bin burinta na zama mai shirya fim / darektan fim. A shekara ta 2007, Bello ta yi aiki tare da shahararren mai gabatar da talabijin da mai gabatarwa Mo Abudu a matsayin Mataimakin Mai gabatarwa a cikin shirin MNet TV mai suna Moments with Mo. Ba da daɗewa ba, ta samar da bidiyon kiɗa mai suna Greenland ga sanannen mai zane da mai daukar hoto T.Y. Bello . Michelle ta samar kuma ta ba da umarnin fim dinta na farko da ake kira Small Boy <ref>[http://www.supplementmagazine.org/michelle-bellos-small-boy-html Small Boy] {{Dead link|date=April 2020|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> a ƙarshen 2007. Fim din ya zama nasara nan take a Amurka kamar yadda daga cikin fina-finai 400, an zabi shi don kyaututtuka biyu a bikin fina-fukkukan baƙar fata na Amurka a Los Angeles a shekara mai zuwa. Zaben sun kasance lambar yabo ta Heineken Red Star don 'Innovation in Film' da kuma lambar yabo ta Target Filmmaker don 'Mafi kyawun Fim'. A gaban gida, Small Boy ya ci gaba da lashe lambar yabo ta Afirka Movie Academy sau biyu don 'Best Art Direction' da 'Best Young Child Actor' a watan Afrilun 2009. An fara fim din ne a Legas, Najeriya a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2010. tare da taurari na Nollywood da masu aikin masana'antu a cikin halarta. Bayan haka, Bello ya koma Amurka kuma ya sami digiri na biyu a Sadarwa, ƙwarewa a Gudanar da Fim, a Jami'ar Regent a Virginia. Ta yi amfani da damar don bunkasa sana'arta kuma ta yi gajeren fina-finai da yawa. Yayinda yake a Jami'ar Regent, an zaɓi Bello don yin horo tare da sanannen ICM Talent Agency a duniya a bikin fina-finai na Cannes na 2011. Ta kuma halarci bikin fina-finai na Sundance a wannan shekarar a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin aji da jami'ar ta shirya kuma ta sadu da fitattun masu shirya fina-fakkaatu da yawa yayin zamanta. Bayan kammala karatunta a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2011, Bello ta koma gida don shiga masana'antar da ke ci gaba da ake kira [[Nollywood]] . Ilimin ta, haɗe da abubuwan da ta samu a masana'antar a cikin gida da kuma duniya, ya sa Bello ta sami kayan aiki don samarwa da kuma jagorantar fim dinta na biyu Flower Girl, wanda aka saki a watan Fabrairun 2013 zuwa sake dubawa. Fim din ya buga lamba daya a cikin fina-finai a fadin Najeriya kuma daga baya aka sake shi a Ghana kuma yana da irin wannan martani. Bayan watanni da yawa, an fara gabatar da Flower Girl a Amurka a bikin fina-finai na Hollywood Black a Los Angeles a watan Oktoba 2013. A ranar 4 ga Oktoba, ya haye zuwa bude kasuwar Burtaniya a cikin manyan sarkar fina-finai guda uku ciki har da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Odeon, Vue da Cineworld. Michelle ita ce mace ta farko da ta fara gudanar da wasan kwaikwayo na Burtaniya. Flower Girl daga baya ta lashe kyautar 'Fim din Afirka mafi kyau' a Burtaniya a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Black a farkon Nuwamba 2013. Fim din ya sake haye Tekun Atlantika don a nuna shi a bikin fina-finai na Toronto Black Film a watan Fabrairun 2014. Aberdeen, Scotland, ita ce tashar fim din ta gaba kuma an sake ta a cikin fim din a watan Fabrairu. Ya ci gaba da lashe kyautar Screen Nation Film & Television 2014 a Burtaniya don 'Fim din New Nollywood da aka fi so' a wannan watan. Fim din ya kuma sami gabatarwa don 'Best Lighting' a Africa Movie Academy Awards 2013, da kuma 'Best Film' a bikin fina-finai na Afirka na 2013. Michelle was awarded the prestigious and much coveted Trailblazer Award at the recent Africa Magic Viewer’s Choice Awards 2014, which took place in Lagos, Nigeria. The judges who had voted stated that the award was being given to her “for her commitment and demonstrated talent, her versatility and potential for cutting-edge approaches to African cinema”. This award came with a brand new Hyundai sports car. Flower Girl itself was nominated for four AMVCA awards including Best Film and Best Supporting Actor and went on to win Best Writer in a Comedy and Best Supporting Actress Awards. Michelle is currently developing her third feature film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Michelle Bello's Romantic Movie "Flower Girl" starring Damilola Adegbite, Chris Attoh & Eku Edewor to premiere this Valentine's Day! View the Official Trailer & Poster {{!}} BellaNaija |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2013/01/22/michelle-bellos-romantic-movie-flower-girl-starring-damilola-adegbite-chris-attoh-eku-edewor-to-premiere-this-valentines-day-view-the-official-trailer-poster/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Linda Ikeji |date=6 November 2012 |title=Welcome to Linda Ikeji's Blog: Flower Girl: Introducing Nigeria's Newest Romantic Comedy |url=http://lindaikeji.blogspot.com/2012/11/flower-girl-introducing-nigerias-newest.html |access-date=24 September 2013 |publisher=Lindaikeji.blogspot.com}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template " style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (September 2013)">unreliable source?</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Sauran ayyukan === A karkashin laima na Blu Star Entertainment Limited, Bello ya buga The Film Directory, wani littafi da ke lissafa masu shirya fina-finai da kamfanoni da yawa na Najeriya a cikin masana'antar. An ƙaddamar da fitowar farko a watan Satumbar 2007 a bikin fina-finai na Abuja kuma hukumomin gwamnati sun goyi bayan su ciki har da [https://web.archive.org/web/20130928113453/http://www.nfc.gov.ng/ Kamfanin Fim na Najeriya] da Hukumar Kula da Fim da Bidiyo ta Kasa. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Yayinda take yarinya a makaranta a Ingila, ƙwarewar Bello ta motsa jiki ta sa ta shiga cikin ƙwallon ƙafa na makaranta, yin iyo da ƙungiyoyin masu zagaye. Baya ga wannan, ta kuma ba da lokaci ga ɓangaren kiɗa na kanta kuma ta koyi yin wasa da saxophone da piano. Mahaifin Bello dan Najeriya, Air Vice Marshal Abdullahi Bello (rtd.), an haife shi a Jimeta, [[Yola]], [[Adamawa|Jihar Adamawa]], kuma ya tashi ta hanyar matsayi ya zama ƙaramin Shugaban Ma'aikatan Jirgin Sama a Afirka a 1980. Bayan shekaru 25 na aiki mai kyau ya yi ritaya daga [[Sojojin Sama na Najeriya]]. Mahaifiyarta 'yar Amurka / Faransanci, Sylvaline, fitacciyar mai ba da shawara ce ta zane-zane ta Najeriya, tana inganta wasan kwaikwayo da zane-zane a gida da waje a matsayin Shugaban wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta Najeriya da ake kira Masoma Africa Foundation for the Arts . Tun tana ƙarama, mahaifiyar Bello ta fallasa ta ga kiɗa, wasan kwaikwayo da fina-finai waɗanda koyaushe take samun nishaɗi. == Fim din == * Sheltered (2005), Darakta / Mai gabatarwa * Small Boy (2009), Darakta / Mai gabatarwa * Flower Girl (2013), Darakta / Mai gabatarwa * Immoral Dilemma (2016) - Mataimakin Mai gabatarwa == Talabijin == * Lokaci tare da Mo - Season 1 (2007) Mataimakin Mai gabatarwa <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jara: How well do you know Michelle Bello |url=https://dstv-fe-africamagic-prod.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/africamagic/en-ng/news/jara-how-well-do-you-know-michelle-bello |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=Jara: How well do you know Michelle Bello |language=en}}</ref> * Sesame Street Najeriya - Season 1 (2010) Daraktan == Bidiyo na kiɗa == * Greenland (2007) Mai gabatarwa == Early life == An haifi Bello a watan Satumba na shekarar 1982 ga Abdullahi Dominic da Sylviane Bello, wanda shi ne ƙaramin yaro a cikin 'ya'ya biyu. == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == * Wanda ya ci nasara: Mafi kyawun Tsarin - Nollywood Movies Awards 2014 . * Wanda ya ci nasara: Mafi kyawun Sauti - Nollywood Movies Awards 2014 . <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * Wanda ya ci nasara: Mafi kyawun sauti don Efya - Nollywood Movies Awards 2014 . <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * Wanda ya ci nasara: Mafi kyawun Edita - Nollywood Movies Awards 2014 . <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * Wanda ya ci nasara: Fim din Nollywood da aka fi so - Screen Nation Awards 2014 . <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * Wanda ya ci nasara: Kyautar Trailblazer - Kyautar Zaɓin Mai kallo na Afirka na 2014 . <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * Wanda ya ci nasara: Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo - Africa Magic Viewer's Choice Awards 2014 . <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * Wanda ya ci nasara: Mafi kyawun Rubutun (Comedy) - Kyautar Zaɓin Mai kallo na Afirka 2014 . <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * Wanda ya ci nasara: Mafi kyawun Fim na Afirka - Black International Film Festival U.K 2013 . <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * An zabi shi: Fim mafi kyau na 2013 - Kyautar Zaɓin Mai kallo na Afirka na 2014 . <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * An zabi shi: Mafi kyawun Mai ba da tallafi - Kyautar Zaɓin Mai kallo na Afirka na 2014 . <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * An zabi shi: Mata na Afirka da aka fi so na Duniya Emerging Screen Talent - Screen Nation Awards 2014 . <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * An zabi shi: Fim mafi kyau - Bikin Fim na Duniya na Afirka na 2013. <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * An zabi shi: Mafi kyawun Haske - Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ta 2013. <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA) - Kyautar Kyautar Kyautattun Ayyuka ta 2009.<ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA) - Kyautar Kyautar Mafi Kyawun Yaro Actor 2009.<ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * Small Boy: Nomination a bikin fina-finai na Black Film na Amurka a Los Angeles 2008 (Lambar Heineken Red Star don Innovation a Fim) * Small Boy: Nomination a bikin fina-finai na baƙar fata na Amurka a Los Angeles 2008 (Lambar Mai Fim na Target don Mafi Fim mai ban sha'awa) * Flower Girl: Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka (AMAA) 2013 - An zabi shi don Nasarar Haske * Flower Girl: An zaba shi a hukumance don a nuna shi a 2013 Hollywood Black Film Festival a Los Angeles a ranar 3 ga Oktoba 2013 * == Dubi kuma == == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == ==Manazarta== [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] b0rwx0mzb1op6bl2gssvqt9l1yr8kqd 874214 874213 2026-07-02T09:15:22Z Mahuta 11340 874214 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Michelle Bello''' (an haife ta '''Michelle Aisha Bello'''; 30 Satumba 1982) ita ce darektan fina-finai na Burtaniya kuma mai shirya fina-fakkaata. Har ila yau, ita ce Shugaba na kamfanin nishaɗi da wallafe-wallafen Najeriya, Blu Star Entertainment Limited . An haifi Bello a Landan, Ingila. == Rayuwa ta farko == Ƙarami cikin yara biyu, an haifi Bello a watan Satumbar 1982 ga Abdullahi Dominic da Sylviane Bello . Bello dan asalin[[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]] ne, Faransanci, Afirka [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|'Yan Kongo]]. Ta yi shekaru da farko a Legas, Najeriya, tana halartar makarantar jariri da makarantar firamare kuma tana da shekaru takwas, amma ta tafi Ingila inda ta sami takardar shaidar GCSE da A-level. Yayinda take girma a Ingila ce ta gano sha'awarta ga yin fim kuma ba ta sake dubanta ba. == Ayyuka == Bello ta koma Amurka a shekara ta 2001 don nazarin sadarwa (ƙwarewa a cikin Visual Media) a Jami'ar Amurka da ke Washington DC. Yayinda take can, ta yi gajeren fina-finai da yawa kuma a lokacin shirin karatu a kasashen waje a [[Prag|Prague]], [[Kazech|Jamhuriyar Czech]], Bello ta yi gajerun fim dinta na farko na 16mm mai suna Sheltered . Bayan kammala karatunta daga Jami'ar Amurka a shekara ta 2005, ta koma Najeriya don bin burinta na zama mai shirya fim / darektan fim. A shekara ta 2007, Bello ta yi aiki tare da shahararren mai gabatar da talabijin da mai gabatarwa Mo Abudu a matsayin Mataimakin Mai gabatarwa a cikin shirin MNet TV mai suna Moments with Mo. Ba da daɗewa ba, ta samar da bidiyon kiɗa mai suna Greenland ga sanannen mai zane da mai daukar hoto T.Y. Bello . Michelle ta samar kuma ta ba da umarnin fim dinta na farko da ake kira Small Boy <ref>[http://www.supplementmagazine.org/michelle-bellos-small-boy-html Small Boy] {{Dead link|date=April 2020|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> a ƙarshen 2007. Fim din ya zama nasara nan take a Amurka kamar yadda daga cikin fina-finai 400, an zabi shi don kyaututtuka biyu a bikin fina-fukkukan baƙar fata na Amurka a Los Angeles a shekara mai zuwa. Zaben sun kasance lambar yabo ta Heineken Red Star don 'Innovation in Film' da kuma lambar yabo ta Target Filmmaker don 'Mafi kyawun Fim'. A gaban gida, Small Boy ya ci gaba da lashe lambar yabo ta Afirka Movie Academy sau biyu don 'Best Art Direction' da 'Best Young Child Actor' a watan Afrilun 2009. An fara fim din ne a Legas, Najeriya a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2010. tare da taurari na Nollywood da masu aikin masana'antu a cikin halarta. Bayan haka, Bello ya koma Amurka kuma ya sami digiri na biyu a Sadarwa, ƙwarewa a Gudanar da Fim, a Jami'ar Regent a Virginia. Ta yi amfani da damar don bunkasa sana'arta kuma ta yi gajeren fina-finai da yawa. Yayinda yake a Jami'ar Regent, an zaɓi Bello don yin horo tare da sanannen ICM Talent Agency a duniya a bikin fina-finai na Cannes na 2011. Ta kuma halarci bikin fina-finai na Sundance a wannan shekarar a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin aji da jami'ar ta shirya kuma ta sadu da fitattun masu shirya fina-fakkaatu da yawa yayin zamanta. Bayan kammala karatunta a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2011, Bello ta koma gida don shiga masana'antar da ke ci gaba da ake kira [[Nollywood]] . Ilimin ta, haɗe da abubuwan da ta samu a masana'antar a cikin gida da kuma duniya, ya sa Bello ta sami kayan aiki don samarwa da kuma jagorantar fim dinta na biyu Flower Girl, wanda aka saki a watan Fabrairun 2013 zuwa sake dubawa. Fim din ya buga lamba daya a cikin fina-finai a fadin Najeriya kuma daga baya aka sake shi a Ghana kuma yana da irin wannan martani. Bayan watanni da yawa, an fara gabatar da Flower Girl a Amurka a bikin fina-finai na Hollywood Black a Los Angeles a watan Oktoba 2013. A ranar 4 ga Oktoba, ya haye zuwa bude kasuwar Burtaniya a cikin manyan sarkar fina-finai guda uku ciki har da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Odeon, Vue da Cineworld. Michelle ita ce mace ta farko da ta fara gudanar da wasan kwaikwayo na Burtaniya. Flower Girl daga baya ta lashe kyautar 'Fim din Afirka mafi kyau' a Burtaniya a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Black a farkon Nuwamba 2013. Fim din ya sake haye Tekun Atlantika don a nuna shi a bikin fina-finai na Toronto Black Film a watan Fabrairun 2014. Aberdeen, Scotland, ita ce tashar fim din ta gaba kuma an sake ta a cikin fim din a watan Fabrairu. Ya ci gaba da lashe kyautar Screen Nation Film & Television 2014 a Burtaniya don 'Fim din New Nollywood da aka fi so' a wannan watan. Fim din ya kuma sami gabatarwa don 'Best Lighting' a Africa Movie Academy Awards 2013, da kuma 'Best Film' a bikin fina-finai na Afirka na 2013. Michelle was awarded the prestigious and much coveted Trailblazer Award at the recent Africa Magic Viewer’s Choice Awards 2014, which took place in Lagos, Nigeria. The judges who had voted stated that the award was being given to her “for her commitment and demonstrated talent, her versatility and potential for cutting-edge approaches to African cinema”. This award came with a brand new Hyundai sports car. Flower Girl itself was nominated for four AMVCA awards including Best Film and Best Supporting Actor and went on to win Best Writer in a Comedy and Best Supporting Actress Awards. Michelle is currently developing her third feature film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Michelle Bello's Romantic Movie "Flower Girl" starring Damilola Adegbite, Chris Attoh & Eku Edewor to premiere this Valentine's Day! View the Official Trailer & Poster {{!}} BellaNaija |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2013/01/22/michelle-bellos-romantic-movie-flower-girl-starring-damilola-adegbite-chris-attoh-eku-edewor-to-premiere-this-valentines-day-view-the-official-trailer-poster/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Linda Ikeji |date=6 November 2012 |title=Welcome to Linda Ikeji's Blog: Flower Girl: Introducing Nigeria's Newest Romantic Comedy |url=http://lindaikeji.blogspot.com/2012/11/flower-girl-introducing-nigerias-newest.html |access-date=24 September 2013 |publisher=Lindaikeji.blogspot.com}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template " style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (September 2013)">unreliable source?</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Sauran ayyukan === A karkashin laima na Blu Star Entertainment Limited, Bello ya buga The Film Directory, wani littafi da ke lissafa masu shirya fina-finai da kamfanoni da yawa na Najeriya a cikin masana'antar. An ƙaddamar da fitowar farko a watan Satumbar 2007 a bikin fina-finai na Abuja kuma hukumomin gwamnati sun goyi bayan su ciki har da [https://web.archive.org/web/20130928113453/http://www.nfc.gov.ng/ Kamfanin Fim na Najeriya] da Hukumar Kula da Fim da Bidiyo ta Kasa. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Yayinda take yarinya a makaranta a Ingila, ƙwarewar Bello ta motsa jiki ta sa ta shiga cikin ƙwallon ƙafa na makaranta, yin iyo da ƙungiyoyin masu zagaye. Baya ga wannan, ta kuma ba da lokaci ga ɓangaren kiɗa na kanta kuma ta koyi yin wasa da saxophone da piano. Mahaifin Bello dan Najeriya, Air Vice Marshal Abdullahi Bello (rtd.), an haife shi a Jimeta, [[Yola]], [[Adamawa|Jihar Adamawa]], kuma ya tashi ta hanyar matsayi ya zama ƙaramin Shugaban Ma'aikatan Jirgin Sama a Afirka a 1980. Bayan shekaru 25 na aiki mai kyau ya yi ritaya daga [[Sojojin Sama na Najeriya]]. Mahaifiyarta 'yar Amurka / Faransanci, Sylvaline, fitacciyar mai ba da shawara ce ta zane-zane ta Najeriya, tana inganta wasan kwaikwayo da zane-zane a gida da waje a matsayin Shugaban wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta Najeriya da ake kira Masoma Africa Foundation for the Arts . Tun tana ƙarama, mahaifiyar Bello ta fallasa ta ga kiɗa, wasan kwaikwayo da fina-finai waɗanda koyaushe take samun nishaɗi. == Fim din == * Sheltered (2005), Darakta / Mai gabatarwa * Small Boy (2009), Darakta / Mai gabatarwa * Flower Girl (2013), Darakta / Mai gabatarwa * Immoral Dilemma (2016) - Mataimakin Mai gabatarwa == Talabijin == * Lokaci tare da Mo - Season 1 (2007) Mataimakin Mai gabatarwa <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jara: How well do you know Michelle Bello |url=https://dstv-fe-africamagic-prod.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/africamagic/en-ng/news/jara-how-well-do-you-know-michelle-bello |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=Jara: How well do you know Michelle Bello |language=en}}</ref> * Sesame Street Najeriya - Season 1 (2010) Daraktan == Bidiyo na kiɗa == * Greenland (2007) Mai gabatarwa == Early life == An haifi Bello a watan Satumba na shekarar 1982 ga Abdullahi Dominic da Sylviane Bello, wanda shi ne ƙaramin yaro a cikin 'ya'ya biyu. == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == * Wanda ya ci nasara: Mafi kyawun Tsarin - Nollywood Movies Awards 2014 . * Wanda ya ci nasara: Mafi kyawun Sauti - Nollywood Movies Awards 2014 . <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * Wanda ya ci nasara: Mafi kyawun sauti don Efya - Nollywood Movies Awards 2014 . <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * Wanda ya ci nasara: Mafi kyawun Edita - Nollywood Movies Awards 2014 . <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * Wanda ya ci nasara: Fim din Nollywood da aka fi so - Screen Nation Awards 2014 . <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * Wanda ya ci nasara: Kyautar Trailblazer - Kyautar Zaɓin Mai kallo na Afirka na 2014 . <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * Wanda ya ci nasara: Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo - Africa Magic Viewer's Choice Awards 2014 . <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * Wanda ya ci nasara: Mafi kyawun Rubutun (Comedy) - Kyautar Zaɓin Mai kallo na Afirka 2014 . <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * Wanda ya ci nasara: Mafi kyawun Fim na Afirka - Black International Film Festival U.K 2013 . <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * An zabi shi: Fim mafi kyau na 2013 - Kyautar Zaɓin Mai kallo na Afirka na 2014 . <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * An zabi shi: Mafi kyawun Mai ba da tallafi - Kyautar Zaɓin Mai kallo na Afirka na 2014 . <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * An zabi shi: Mata na Afirka da aka fi so na Duniya Emerging Screen Talent - Screen Nation Awards 2014 . <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * An zabi shi: Fim mafi kyau - Bikin Fim na Duniya na Afirka na 2013. <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * An zabi shi: Mafi kyawun Haske - Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ta 2013. <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA) - Kyautar Kyautar Kyautattun Ayyuka ta 2009.<ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA) - Kyautar Kyautar Mafi Kyawun Yaro Actor 2009.<ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * Small Boy: Nomination a bikin fina-finai na Black Film na Amurka a Los Angeles 2008 (Lambar Heineken Red Star don Innovation a Fim) * Small Boy: Nomination a bikin fina-finai na baƙar fata na Amurka a Los Angeles 2008 (Lambar Mai Fim na Target don Mafi Fim mai ban sha'awa) * Flower Girl: Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka (AMAA) 2013 - An zabi shi don Nasarar Haske * Flower Girl: An zaba shi a hukumance don a nuna shi a 2013 Hollywood Black Film Festival a Los Angeles a ranar 3 ga Oktoba 2013 * == Dubi kuma == == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == ==Manazarta== [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fsr14kbxrp14z5lyazk7437ygauaopm 0 71849 873711 864346 2026-07-01T16:47:32Z Yusuf Murja 46196 An kirkira ta fassara "Life and career" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345859225|Eddie Ugbomah]]" 873711 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Eddie Ugbomah <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dailynigerian.com/eddie-ugbomah-holds-birthday-gig-book-launch-dec-19/|title=Eddie Ugbomah holds birthday gig, book launch Dec 19|date=11 December 2016}}</ref>(19 Disamba 1940 - 11 Mayu shekara ta 2019) ya kasance darektan fina-finai da kuma furodusa Na Najeriya. Ya ba da umarni kuma ya samar da fina-finai kamar Rise da Fall of Oyenusi a 1979, The Boy is Good da Apalara, fim game da rayuwar da kisan Alfa Apalara a Oko Awo, Legas. Shirye-shiryen wasu fina-finai sun dogara akan abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwa, The Rise and Fall of Oyenusi ya dogara ne akan aikin sanannen ɗan fashi, Ishola Oyenusi.<ref>Ayakoroma, Foubiri. Trends in Nollywood : A Study of Selected Genres. Cape Town, ZAF: Kraft Books, 2014. P. 116</ref> == Rayuwa da aiki == Ugbomah ɗan asalin ƙauyen Ashaka ne a yankin [[Aboh]] a Gabashin Ndokwa, Karamar Hukumar [[Delta (jiha)|Jihar Delta]] amma ya girma a yankin Obalende da Lafiaji na [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]]. Ya yi karatu a St Matthias, Lafiaji, Legas da makarantar Kwalejin Birni. Ya yi tafiya zuwa [[Landan]] don karatun kwaleji kuma ya halarci kwalejoji daban-daban yana karatun aikin jarida, wasan kwaikwayo, da kuma fim daga baya. Bayan karatunsa, ya yi aiki tare da BBC kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a Dr.No, Guns a Batasi da Sharpeville Massacre. Ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta Afro-Caribbean kuma ya ba da umarnin wasu wasannin ƙungiyar kamar This is Our Chance, wasan da aka shirya a Stoke Newington Theatre Hall. <ref>Coloured group. (1964, Aug 20). The Stage and Television Today (Archive: 1959-1994)</ref> {{Sfn|Ukadike|1989}} koma Najeriya a shekara ta 1975 kuma ya shiga cikin gabatar da kide-kide kafin ya fara Edifosa, kamfanin samar da fim. Fina-finan Ugbomah yawanci suna magance batutuwan zamantakewa da siyasa na zamani. A shekara ta 1979, ya shirya Dr Oyenusi, shirin fim din da aka dauka daga kanun labarai game da wani dan fashi da makami mai suna Ishola Oyenusi wanda ya addabi mutanen Legas a farkon shekarun 1970. {{Sfn|Ukadike|1989}} Fim din ya kuma yi tsokaci kan barazanar fashi da makami a Najeriya. Oyenusi ya fito da Ugbomah a matsayin jagoran jarumi. Fim din Ugbomah na gaba mai ''suna The Mask'', an fito da shi a shekara ta 1979. Fim din ya dogara ne akan [[tarihin Najeriya]] a lokacin [[Ziyarar Benin na 1897|balaguron kasar Benin a shekarar 1897]] da kuma sace kayan tarihi da aka yi a fadar Benin. A cikin Mask, fitaccen jarumi Obi, wanda Ugbomah ya buga ya yi ƙoƙarin satar mashin hauren giwar Benin a asirce ya mayar da shi Najeriya. Wasu masu suka sun kamanta halin Obi da wakilin MI6 [[James Bond]]. {{Sfn|Ukadike|1989}} Aikin Ugbomah ya bunƙasa a farkon shekarun 1980 yana shirya fina-finai irin su Oil Doom, Bolus 80 da The Boy is Good. Yawancin fina-finansa an yi su ne a cikin 16mm ban da The Mask. Daga baya a cikin aikinsa Ugbomah ya juya zuwa [[Zamanin fim na Bidiyo a Najeriya|fina-finan bidiyo]] [[Yarbanci|na Yarbawa]]. A shekarar 1988 aka nada shi shugaban hukumar fina-finan Najeriya Ya rasu a ranar 11 ga Mayu,shekara ta 2019, yana da shekaru 78. <ref>[https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2019/05/11/veteran-filmmaker-eddie-ugbomah-dies-at-78/ Veteran filmmaker, Eddie Ugbomah dies at 78]</ref> == Filmography == * ''Amurka ko mutu'' (1996) * ''Toriade'' (1989) * ''Babban Ƙoƙari'' (1988) * ''Omiran'' (1986) * ''Apalara'' (1986) * ''Esan'' (1985) * ''Mutuwar Shugaban Baƙar fata'' (1984) * ''Sakamako na Cult'' (1984) * ''Yaron yana da kyau'' (1982) * ''Bolus '80'' (1982) * ''Kaddara mai'' (1980) * ''Masks'' (1979) * ''Tashi da faduwar Oyenusi'' (1977) == Life and career == Ya yi karatu a makarantar St Matthias, Lafiaji, Lagos da kuma City College. Ya dawo Najeriya a shekarar 1975 kuma ya shiga harkar tallata kade-kade kafin ya fara Edifosa, wani kamfanin shirya fina-finai. {{Sfn|Ukadike|1989}}. .{{sfn|Ukadike|1989|p=250}} == Life and career == Ya yi karatu a makarantar St Matthias, Lafiaji, Lagos da kuma City College. Ya dawo Najeriya a shekarar 1975 kuma ya shiga harkar tallata kade-kade kafin ya fara Edifosa, wani kamfanin shirya fina-finai . .{{sfn|Ukadike|1989|p=250}} == Manazarta == [[Category:Mutane daga Jihar Delta]] [[Category:Mutuwan 2019]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1940]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dajt4vchw58f0wzv33pg8t30096c8b2 0 71853 873706 870065 2026-07-01T16:37:14Z Mahuta 11340 An kirkira ta fassara "Personal life" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357310978|Temitope Duker]]" 873706 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Temitope Duker''' (an haife ta a ranar 22 ga Yuli 1978) ƙwararriyar mai shirya fina-finai ce [[Ɗan Nijeriya|a Najeriya]] kuma mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen rediyo. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-22 |title=The things you wish you knew about Temitope Duker |url=https://theparadise.ng/the-things-you-wish-you-knew-about-temitope-duker/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018224903/https://theparadise.ng/the-things-you-wish-you-knew-about-temitope-duker/ |archive-date=2022-10-18 |access-date=2022-07-16 |website=The Paradise News |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == An haifi Duker a ranar 22 ga Yuli, 1978, a unguwar Olowogbowo da ke karamar Hukumar [[Tsibirin Lagos|Tsibirin Legas]] ta [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] . An haifi Temitope a cikin iyalan Hon. Ayodele Benjamin, wanda a da ya taɓa zama mukaddashin shugaban tsohuwar [[Tsibirin Lagos|Tsibirin Legas]] kuma Shugaban Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon ƙafa ta Legas, wanda daga baya ya zama memba na kwamitin wasanni na Jihar Legas. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The things you wish you knew about Temitope Duker {{!}} The Paradise News – Breaking News & Top Stories |url=https://theparadise.ng/the-things-you-wish-you-knew-about-temitope-duker/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018224903/https://theparadise.ng/the-things-you-wish-you-knew-about-temitope-duker/ |archive-date=2022-10-18 |access-date=2021-12-26 |website=theparadise.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> Duker yana auren [[Fidelis Duker]], ɗaya daga cikin masu shirya fina-finai na farko na [[Nollywood]] kuma masu shirya bukukuwa; kuma suna da 'ya'ya uku tare. == Sana'a == Temitope Duker ta fara aikinta a masana'antar fina-finan Nollywood a matsayin mai shirya fina-finai a shekarar 1997 bayan ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar furodusa a shirin Nemesis, wani aiki da mijinta Fidelis ya shirya kuma aka fitar a shekarar. Tun daga lokacin ta ci gaba da shiryawa da kuma aiki a matsayin darakta a fina-finai da dama, fim nata na baya-bayan nan shi ne ''Carwash'' (2021), fim wanda ya fito a fina-finan [[Lateef Adedimeji]], [[Dayo Amusa]], [[Eniola Ajao]] da [[Jide Kosoko]] . <ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=The things you wish you knew about Temitope Duker {{!}} The Paradise News – Breaking News & Top Stories |url=https://theparadise.ng/the-things-you-wish-you-knew-about-temitope-duker/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018224903/https://theparadise.ng/the-things-you-wish-you-knew-about-temitope-duker/ |archive-date=2022-10-18 |access-date=2021-12-26 |website=theparadise.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekara ta 2003, Duker ta haɗu da mijinta don kafa Bikin Fina-finai na Ƙasa da Ƙasa na Abuja (AIFF), inda ta yi aiki a matsayin Mai Gudanar da Bikin daga 2003 zuwa 2019, sannan ta yi aiki a matsayin Daraktan Bikin a 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-24 |title=Abuja Film Festival Kicks Off, Announces Award Nominees |url=https://crossriverwatch.com/2019/10/abuja-film-festival-kicks-off-announces-award-nominees/ |access-date=2021-12-26 |website=CrossRiverWatch |language=en-US}}</ref> A halin yanzu, Duker yana kan gaba a cikin kwamitin gudanarwa a matsayin babban darakta na Fad Media Group masu Fad FM 93.1 da Fad360 TV a Calabar da Lagos. Duker kuma yana gabatar da wani shiri na rediyo mai suna ''Serenade With Boss lady'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-17 |title=FAD FM And TV Belongs To The People, Not Politicians, Government – Fidelis Duker, CEO FAD Group |url=https://crossriverwatch.com/2019/08/fad-fm-and-tv-belongs-to-the-people-not-politicians-government-fidelis-duker-ceo-fad-group/ |access-date=2021-12-26 |website=CrossRiverWatch |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1978]] ==Manazarta == Rayuwar mutum == An kuma haifi Temitope a cikin dangin Hon. Ayodele Benjamin, Wanda ya taɓa riƙe mukaddashin shugaban tsohuwar [[Tsibirin Lagos|Tsibirin Legas]] kuma Shugaban ƙungiyar kwallon kafa ta Legas, wanda daga baya ya zama memba na kwamitin Majalisar Wasanni ta Jihar Legas. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The things you wish you knew about Temitope Duker {{!}} The Paradise News – Breaking News & Top Stories |url=https://theparadise.ng/the-things-you-wish-you-knew-about-temitope-duker/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018224903/https://theparadise.ng/the-things-you-wish-you-knew-about-temitope-duker/ |archive-date=2022-10-18 |access-date=2021-12-26 |website=theparadise.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> Duker ta kuma auri [[Fidelis Duker]], ɗaya daga cikin masu shirya fina-finai da masu shirya bikin na [[Nollywood]]; kuma suna da ƴaƴa uku tare. hn64qf4ay6zmdhz113at9vpybqfgzid 873717 873706 2026-07-01T16:58:16Z Hamza DK 12444 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357310978|Temitope Duker]]" 873717 wikitext text/x-wiki Temitope Duker (an haife ta a ranar 22 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1978) 'yar fim ce [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]] kuma mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen rediyo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-22 |title=The things you wish you knew about Temitope Duker |url=https://theparadise.ng/the-things-you-wish-you-knew-about-temitope-duker/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018224903/https://theparadise.ng/the-things-you-wish-you-knew-about-temitope-duker/ |archive-date=2022-10-18 |access-date=2022-07-16 |website=The Paradise News |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == An haifi Duker a ranar 22 ga watan Yulin 1978, a cikin unguwar Olowogbowo na Karamar Hukumar Tsibirin Legas ta Jihar Legas. An haifi Temitope a cikin dangin Hon. Ayodele Benjamin, wani lokaci mukaddashin shugaban tsohuwar Tsibirin Legas kuma Shugaban kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Legas, wanda daga baya ya zama memba na kwamitin Majalisar Wasanni ta Jihar Legas. [1] Duker ta auri [[Fidelis Duker]], daya daga cikin masu shirya fina-finai da masu shirya bikin na [[Nollywood]]; kuma suna da 'ya'ya uku tare. == Ayyuka == Temitope Duker ta fara aikinta a masana'antar Nollywood a matsayin mai shirya fina-finai a shekarar 1997 bayan ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar furodusa a kan Nemesis, aikin da mijinta Fidelis ya samar kuma aka saki a wannan shekarar. Tun daga wannan lokacin ta ci gaba da samarwa da aiki a matsayin darekta ga fina-finai da yawa, tare da sabon fim dinta shine Carwash (2021), fim din da ya fito da [[Lateef Adedimeji]], [[Dayo Amusa]], [[Eniola Ajao]] da [[Jide Kosoko]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The things you wish you knew about Temitope Duker {{!}} The Paradise News – Breaking News & Top Stories |url=https://theparadise.ng/the-things-you-wish-you-knew-about-temitope-duker/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018224903/https://theparadise.ng/the-things-you-wish-you-knew-about-temitope-duker/ |archive-date=2022-10-18 |access-date=2021-12-26 |website=theparadise.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekara ta 2003, Duker ta haɗu da mijinta don kafa bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Abuja (AIFF), tana aiki a matsayin mai kula da bikin daga 2003 zuwa 2019, sannan tana aiki a ranar Darakta a shekarar 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-24 |title=Abuja Film Festival Kicks Off, Announces Award Nominees |url=https://crossriverwatch.com/2019/10/abuja-film-festival-kicks-off-announces-award-nominees/ |access-date=2021-12-26 |website=CrossRiverWatch |language=en-US}}</ref> A halin yanzu, Duker yana zaune a kan kwamitin a matsayin babban darakta na Fad Media Group masu mallakar Fad FM 93.1 da Fad360 TV a Calabar da Legas. Duker kuma yana karbar bakuncin shirin rediyo da ake kira Serenade With Boss lady . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-17 |title=FAD FM And TV Belongs To The People, Not Politicians, Government – Fidelis Duker, CEO FAD Group |url=https://crossriverwatch.com/2019/08/fad-fm-and-tv-belongs-to-the-people-not-politicians-government-fidelis-duker-ceo-fad-group/ |access-date=2021-12-26 |website=CrossRiverWatch |language=en-US}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi !Bayani |- |1997 |''Nemesis'' | rowspan="3" |Mataimakin mai gabatarwa |Duker ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar furodusa tare da furodusa shine mijinta, Fidelis Duker kuma yana nuna Jenkins Ekpo a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. |- |1997 |''Ba nufin Ni ba'' |Fim din ya fito da [[Segun Arinze]] |- |1999 |''Ibinabo'' |Mai gabatarwa / darektan shi ne [[Olumide Bola Akindele]] tare da [[Uche Jombo]] a matsayin babban ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. |- |1998 |''An ƙaddara Ya Mutu'' | rowspan="5" |Mai gabatarwa |Fim din ya fito da [[Keppy Ekpenyong|Keppy Bassey Ekpenyong]] |- |1998 |''Dare na Tsuntsu'' |[[Zack Orji]] da [[Larry Coldsweat]] ne suka fito |- |1998 |''Maƙiya a Cikin'' |[[Charles Okafor]] ne ya fito |- |2001 |''Jesu Mushin'' |tare da [[Stephanie Okereke Linus|Stephanie Okereke]], [[Zack Orji]] da [[Sonny McDons]] |- |2020 |''An karkatar da shi'' |mai suna [[Ngozi Nwosu]], [[Segun Arinze]], [[Kehinde Kujore]], Olatayo Amokade aka [[Ijebu (actor)|Ijebu]], da Shola AkinTunde aka [[Lagata (actor)|Lagata]] |- |2021 |''<nowiki/>'Yan mata a cikin Carwash'' | rowspan="2" |Mai gabatarwa / darektan |tare da [[Lateef Adedimeji]], [[Dayo Amusa]], [[Eniola Ajao]], da [[Jide Kosoko]] |- |2022 |''Ife zuwa Koro'' |tare da [[Lateef Adedimeji]], Mide Martins, Babatunde Aderiloye |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1978]] eeqa1gnuemneohfja8dthk3ispdrct4 873718 873717 2026-07-01T16:59:20Z Hamza DK 12444 873718 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Temitope Duker (an haife ta a ranar 22 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1978) 'yar fim ce [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]] kuma mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen rediyo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-22 |title=The things you wish you knew about Temitope Duker |url=https://theparadise.ng/the-things-you-wish-you-knew-about-temitope-duker/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018224903/https://theparadise.ng/the-things-you-wish-you-knew-about-temitope-duker/ |archive-date=2022-10-18 |access-date=2022-07-16 |website=The Paradise News |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == An haifi Duker a ranar 22 ga watan Yulin 1978, a cikin unguwar Olowogbowo na Karamar Hukumar Tsibirin Legas ta Jihar Legas. An haifi Temitope a cikin dangin Hon. Ayodele Benjamin, wani lokaci mukaddashin shugaban tsohuwar Tsibirin Legas kuma Shugaban kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Legas, wanda daga baya ya zama memba na kwamitin Majalisar Wasanni ta Jihar Legas. [1] Duker ta auri [[Fidelis Duker]], daya daga cikin masu shirya fina-finai da masu shirya bikin na [[Nollywood]]; kuma suna da 'ya'ya uku tare. == Ayyuka == Temitope Duker ta fara aikinta a masana'antar Nollywood a matsayin mai shirya fina-finai a shekarar 1997 bayan ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar furodusa a kan Nemesis, aikin da mijinta Fidelis ya samar kuma aka saki a wannan shekarar. Tun daga wannan lokacin ta ci gaba da samarwa da aiki a matsayin darekta ga fina-finai da yawa, tare da sabon fim dinta shine Carwash (2021), fim din da ya fito da [[Lateef Adedimeji]], [[Dayo Amusa]], [[Eniola Ajao]] da [[Jide Kosoko]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The things you wish you knew about Temitope Duker {{!}} The Paradise News – Breaking News & Top Stories |url=https://theparadise.ng/the-things-you-wish-you-knew-about-temitope-duker/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018224903/https://theparadise.ng/the-things-you-wish-you-knew-about-temitope-duker/ |archive-date=2022-10-18 |access-date=2021-12-26 |website=theparadise.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekara ta 2003, Duker ta haɗu da mijinta don kafa bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Abuja (AIFF), tana aiki a matsayin mai kula da bikin daga 2003 zuwa 2019, sannan tana aiki a ranar Darakta a shekarar 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-24 |title=Abuja Film Festival Kicks Off, Announces Award Nominees |url=https://crossriverwatch.com/2019/10/abuja-film-festival-kicks-off-announces-award-nominees/ |access-date=2021-12-26 |website=CrossRiverWatch |language=en-US}}</ref> A halin yanzu, Duker yana zaune a kan kwamitin a matsayin babban darakta na Fad Media Group masu mallakar Fad FM 93.1 da Fad360 TV a Calabar da Legas. Duker kuma yana karbar bakuncin shirin rediyo da ake kira Serenade With Boss lady . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-17 |title=FAD FM And TV Belongs To The People, Not Politicians, Government – Fidelis Duker, CEO FAD Group |url=https://crossriverwatch.com/2019/08/fad-fm-and-tv-belongs-to-the-people-not-politicians-government-fidelis-duker-ceo-fad-group/ |access-date=2021-12-26 |website=CrossRiverWatch |language=en-US}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi !Bayani |- |1997 |''Nemesis'' | rowspan="3" |Mataimakin mai gabatarwa |Duker ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar furodusa tare da furodusa shine mijinta, Fidelis Duker kuma yana nuna Jenkins Ekpo a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. |- |1997 |''Ba nufin Ni ba'' |Fim din ya fito da [[Segun Arinze]] |- |1999 |''Ibinabo'' |Mai gabatarwa / darektan shi ne [[Olumide Bola Akindele]] tare da [[Uche Jombo]] a matsayin babban ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. |- |1998 |''An ƙaddara Ya Mutu'' | rowspan="5" |Mai gabatarwa |Fim din ya fito da [[Keppy Ekpenyong|Keppy Bassey Ekpenyong]] |- |1998 |''Dare na Tsuntsu'' |[[Zack Orji]] da [[Larry Coldsweat]] ne suka fito |- |1998 |''Maƙiya a Cikin'' |[[Charles Okafor]] ne ya fito |- |2001 |''Jesu Mushin'' |tare da [[Stephanie Okereke Linus|Stephanie Okereke]], [[Zack Orji]] da [[Sonny McDons]] |- |2020 |''An karkatar da shi'' |mai suna [[Ngozi Nwosu]], [[Segun Arinze]], [[Kehinde Kujore]], Olatayo Amokade aka [[Ijebu (actor)|Ijebu]], da Shola AkinTunde aka [[Lagata (actor)|Lagata]] |- |2021 |''<nowiki/>'Yan mata a cikin Carwash'' | rowspan="2" |Mai gabatarwa / darektan |tare da [[Lateef Adedimeji]], [[Dayo Amusa]], [[Eniola Ajao]], da [[Jide Kosoko]] |- |2022 |''Ife zuwa Koro'' |tare da [[Lateef Adedimeji]], Mide Martins, Babatunde Aderiloye |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1978]] m9dedlqp61v2jy1c3xu22njxu1tn5vf 0 71897 874135 834468 2026-07-02T07:14:27Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 874135 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Indo-Aryan language spoken in India}} [[Fayil:Konkani language.svg|thumb]] '''Konkani''' (Devanagari: कोंकणी, Kannada: ಕೊಂಕಣಿ, Malayalam: കൊംകണീ, Perso-Larabci: کونکنی, Romi: Konknni, IAST: Armany: IAST, Template:) yankin Konkan, tare da yammacin gabar tekun kasar Indiya. Yana ɗaya daga cikin shirye-shiryen harsuna 22 da aka ambata a cikin [[Kundin Tsarin Mulki]] na Indiya, kuma harshen hukuma na jihar Goa ta Indiya. Hakanan ana magana a cikin Karnataka, Maharashtra, Kerala, Gujarat da Damaon, Diu & Silvassa. Konkani memba ne na rukunin yaren Kudancin Indo-Aryan. Yana kuma riƙe abubuwa na tsarin Vedic kuma yana nuna kamanceceniya da harsunan Indo-Aryan na Yamma da Gabas. Rubutun Konkani na farko yana da kwanan wata 1187 AD. Akwai yarUkkah Konkani da yawa da ake magana da su tare da bayan yankin Konkan, daga Damaon a arewa zuwa Karwar a kudu; Mafi yawansu ba a iya fahimtar juna da juna kawai saboda rashin tuntuɓar harshe da mu'amala tare da ma'auni da manyan nau'ikan Konkani. Har ila yau, bakin haure suna magana da shi a wajen yankin Konkan; a cikin Nagpore, Surat, Cochin, Mangalore, Ahmedabad, Karachi, New Delhi da sauransu. Yaruka kamar Malvani, Chitpavani, Bombay Gabashin Indiya, Koli da Aagri a Maharashtra na bakin teku; Har ila yau, ana fuskantar barazana ta hanyar karkatar da harshe cikin yawancin harsunan jahohi da yankuna da ba na Konkani ba na Indiya.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/konkanis-to-be-blamed-for-lingos-precarious-state/articleshow/65494285.cms|title='Konkanis to be blamed for lingo's precarious state' - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=22 August 2018 |accessdate=27 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/AJVHke7VvvvVPerV1jv8WO/Konkani-a-language-in-crisis.html|title=Konkani: a language in crisis|first=Vivek|last=Menezes|date=8 September 2017|website=mint|accessdate=27 December 2020}}</ref> ==Rabe-rabe== Konkani na reshen harshen Indo-Aryan ne. Yana daga cikin rukunin Marathi-Konkani na harsunan Indo-Aryan na kudanci. Yana da sassauƙa, kuma ƙasa da nisa daga Sanskrit idan aka kwatanta da sauran harsunan Indo-Aryan na zamani. Masana harsuna sun bayyana Konkani a matsayin hadewar Prakrits iri-iri. Ana iya danganta hakan da haduwar bakin haure da gabar tekun Konkan ta shaida tsawon shekaru.<ref name=paisaci>{{cite book|last=Menezes|first=Armando|title=Essays on Konkani language and literature: Professor Armando Menezes felicitation volume|year=1970|publisher=Konkani Sahitya Prakashan|pages=118 pages (see page:2)}}</ref> == Sunaye da Etymology == Yana yiwuwa kawai tsohon Konkani ya kira Prakrit ta masu magana da shi. Ba a samun ambaton sunan Konkani a cikin adabi kafin karni na 13. Maganar farko ta sunan Konkani tana cikin "Abhanga 263" na karni na 13 na mawaƙin Marathi Hindu, Namadeva (1270-1350). An san Konkani da sunaye iri-iri: Canarim, Concanim, Gomantaki, Bramana, da Goani. Masu iya magana da Marathi da aka koyan suna kiran sa Gomantaki. Konkani an fi kiransa da Língua Canarim ta Fotigal da Língua Brahmana ta masu mishan Katolika. Daga baya Fotigal ya fara kiran Konkani da Língua Concanim. Sunan Canarim ko Língua Canarim, wanda shine yadda ƙarni na 16 Bature Jesuit Thomas Stephens ke nuni da shi a cikin taken sanannen aikinsa Arte da lingoa Canarim ya kasance mai ban sha'awa koyaushe. Zai yiwu kalmar ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Farisa ta bakin teku, kinara; idan haka ne, yana nufin "harshen bakin teku". Matsalar ita ce wannan kalma ta zo tare da Kanarese ko Kannada. Duk marubutan Turai, duk da haka, sun gane nau'ikan harshe guda biyu a cikin Goa: plebeian, wanda ake kira Canarim, da kuma na yau da kullun (wanda masu ilimi ke amfani da shi), wanda ake kira Língua Canarim Brâmana ko kuma kawai Brâmana de Goa. Na biyun shi ne zabin da Turawa suka fi so, da ma na sauran jiga-jigai, don rubuce-rubuce, wa'azi, da manufofin addini..<ref>Mariano Saldanha, "História de Gramática Concani," ''Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies 8 (1935–37)'' 715. See also M. L. SarDessai, ''A History of Konkani Literature: From 1500 to 1992'' (New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi, 2000) 42–43.</ref> Akwai ra’ayoyi mabambanta dangane da asalin kalmar Konkan don haka Konkani: * V. P. Chavan ya bayyana cewa asalin asalin sunan Konkan don haka Konkani ya samo asali ne daga kalmar Kannada konku ma'ana 'ƙasa marar daidaituwa'. Asalin Kannada yana nuna cewa Konkana zai iya haɗawa da yankin Kannada kuma 'ƙasa marar daidaituwa' yana nuna yanayin tuddai na yankin. Konku a Kannada kuma yana nufin abin da ba shi da 'madaidaici' kuma 'karkace'. * Kalmar Konkan ta fito ne daga ƙabilar Kukkana (Kokna), waɗanda su ne ainihin mazauna ƙasar da Konkani ta samo asali. * A cewar wasu nassosin Puranas, Parashurama ya harba kibiyansa a cikin teku kuma ya umarci Bahar Allah ya koma har inda kibiyarsa ta sauka. Sabon yanki da aka kwato ta haka ya zama sananne da Konkan ma'ana yanki ko kusurwar ƙasa, kōṇa (kusurwa) + kaṇa (yanki). An ambaci wannan almara a cikin Sahyadrikhanda na Skanda Purana. ==Tarihi== === Shawarwari substrate tasiri === {{Expert needed|linguistics|section|reason=The Kurukh and Oraon tribes speak Dravidian languages, not Austroasiatic|date=October 2017}} Ƙarshen harshen Konkani ya ta'allaka ne a cikin maganganun ƙabilun Austroasiatic da ake kira Kurukh, Oraon, da Kukni, waɗanda wakilansu na zamani harsuna ne kamar Kurukh da yarukansa da suka haɗa da Kurux, Kunrukh, Kunna, da Malto. A cewar Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Indiya, waɗannan kabilun Australoid suna magana da harsunan Austro-Asiatic ko Munda waɗanda suka taɓa zama Konkan, sun yi hijira zuwa Arewacin Indiya (Chota Nagpur Plateau, Mirzapur) kuma ba a samun su a Konkan kuma. Olivinho Gomes a cikin makalarsa "Littafin Konkani na Tsakiyar Tsakiya" shima ya ambaci sunan Mundari. Goan Indologist Anant Shenvi Dhume ya gano yawancin kalmomin Austro-Asiatic Munda a cikin Konkani, kamar mund, mundkar, dhumak, goem-bab. Wannan substratum ya shahara sosai a Konkani.<ref name=mudns>{{cite book|last=India. Office of the Registrar General|title=Census of India, 1961, Volume 1, Issue 1 Census of India, 1961, India. Office of the Registrar General|year=1961|publisher=Manager of Publications|page=67}}</ref> Tasirin nahawu na harsunan Dravidian akan tsari da tsarin ma'anar harsunan Indo-Aryan yana da wuyar fahimta. Wasu masana ilimin harshe suna bayyana wannan rashin fahimta ta hanyar jayayya cewa Indo-Aryan ta Tsakiya da Sabon Indo-Aryan an gina su akan wani yanki na Dravidian. Wasu misalan kalmomin Konkani na asalin Dravidian sune: naall (kwakwa), mahaukaci (mai wanki), choru (shinkafa da aka dafa) da mulo (radish). Masana harsuna kuma sun ba da shawarar cewa yankin Marathi da Konkani yana da alaƙa da Dravidian Kannada..<ref name=subkan>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of Tamil Literature: Introductory articles|year=1990|publisher=Institute of Asian Studies|pages=See Page 45}}</ref><ref>Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju (2003) ''The Dravidian Languages'' Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. {{ISBN|0-521-77111-0}} at pp.4–6.</ref> === Tarihi da ci gaban farko === Hijira na masu magana da harshen Indo-Aryan sun faru a tsawon tarihin gabar tekun yammacin Indiya. Kusan 2400 BC tashin farko na masu magana da yare na Indo-Aryan na iya faruwa, tare da kalaman na biyu ya bayyana kusan 1000-700 BC. Mutane da yawa sun yi magana da tsoffin harsunan Indo-Aryan, waɗanda ƙila suna da alaƙa da Vedic Sanskrit; wasu har yanzu suna magana da yarukan Dravidian da Desi. Don haka an haifi tsohon Konkani Prakrit a matsayin haɗuwar yarukan Indo-Aryan yayin karɓar kalmomi da yawa daga maganganun Dravidian. Wasu masana harsuna suna ɗaukan Shauraseni shine magabata yayin da wasu ke kiransa Paisaci. Ana iya tabbatar da tasirin Paisachi akan Konkani a cikin binciken Dokta Taraporewala, wanda a cikin littafinsa Elements of Science of Languages (Jami'ar Calcutta) ya tabbatar da cewa Konkani ya nuna abubuwa da yawa na Dardic da ke samuwa a Kashmiri a yau. Don haka, babban nau'in tsohon Konkani yana kiran Paishachi ta wasu masana harshe. Wannan magabata na Konkani (ko Paishachi Apabhramsha) ya adana tsohon nau'i na haɓakar sauti da nahawu, yana nuna nau'ikan nau'ikan kalmomi da ake samu a cikin Sanskrit da adadi mai yawa na nahawu waɗanda ba a samun su a Marathi. (Misalan wannan ana samun su a cikin ayyuka da yawa kamar Dnyaneshwari, da Leela Charitra.) Konkani haka ya ci gaba tare da hadaddun Sanskrit gabaɗaya da tsarin nahawu, wanda a ƙarshe ya zama asusun ƙamus na kansa. An yi imanin tashin na biyu na Indo-Aryans yana tare da Dravidians daga tudun Deccan. Hakanan ana ɗaukar Paishachi a matsayin yaren Aryan da Dravidians ke magana. Konkan Mauryas da Bhojas ne suka yi mulkin Goa da Konkan; a sakamakon haka, ƙaura da yawa sun faru daga arewa, gabas da yammacin Indiya. Baƙi sun yi magana da harsuna daban-daban na yare, wanda ya haifar da cakuda fasalin Gabas da Yammacin Prakrit. Daga baya Magadhi Prakrit ya yi tasiri sosai. Harshen Pali (harshen liturgical na mabiya addinin Buddha) ya kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɓaka nahawu na Konkani Apabhramsha da ƙamus. An raba manyan sabbin sabbin harsuna a Konkani tare da harsunan Indo-Aryan na Gabas kamar Bengali da Oriya, waɗanda suka samo asali daga Magadhi. Maharashtri Prakrit shine kakan Marathi da Konkani, shine harshen hukuma na Daular Satavahana wanda ya mallaki Goa da Konkan a farkon ƙarni na Zamani. Karkashin ikon daular Satavahana, Maharashtri ya zama Prakrit mafi yaduwa a lokacinsa. Da yake karatun tarihin Maharashtri da wuri, masana harsuna da yawa sun kira Konkani "'yar Maharashtri ta fari". Wannan tsohon harshen da ya kasance na zamani da tsohon Marathi an same shi ya bambanta da takwaransa. Tasirin Sauraseni akan Konkani bai yi fice kamar na Maharashtri ba. Kalmomin Konkani kaɗan ne aka samu don bin tsarin Sauraseni. Siffofin Konkani sun fi kama da Pali fiye da madaidaitan siffofin Sauraseni. Babban tasirin Sauraseni akan Konkani shine sautin ao da aka samo a ƙarshen yawancin sunaye a cikin Sauraseni, wanda ya zama o ko u a cikin Konkani. Misalai sun haɗa da: dando, suno, raakhano, dukh, rukhu, manisu (daga Prakrit), dandao, sunnao, rakkhakao, dukkhao, vukkhao, vrukkhao, da manniso. Wani misali zai iya zama sautin ण a farkon kalmomi; Har yanzu ana kiyaye shi cikin kalmomin Konkani da yawa na asalin Shauraseni, kamar णव (9). Archaic Konkani wanda aka haife shi daga Shauraseni yaren Prakrit a farkon matakin juyin halitta (kuma daga baya Maharashtri Prakrit), ana yawan magana har zuwa 875 AD, kuma a lokacinsa na ƙarshe ya haɓaka zuwa Apabhramsha, wanda za'a iya kiransa magabata na tsohon Konkani. Kodayake yawancin rubutun dutse da faranti na jan karfe da aka samu a Goa (da sauran sassan Konkan) daga karni na 2 BC zuwa karni na 10 AD suna cikin Sanskrit mai tasiri na Prakrit (wanda aka rubuta a farkon Brahmi da archaic Dravidian Brahmi), yawancin wurare, tallafi, sharuɗɗan da suka shafi aikin gona, da sunayen wasu mutane suna cikin Konkani. Wannan yana nuna cewa ana magana da Konkani a cikin Goa da Konkan.<ref name=dhume2>{{cite book|last=Sinai Dhume|first=Ananta Ramakrishna|title=The cultural history of Goa from 10000 BC to 1352 AD|year=2009|publisher=Broadway book centre|location=Panaji|isbn=9788190571678|pages=Chapter 6(pages 202–257)}}</ref> Ko da yake yana cikin ƙungiyar Indo-Aryan, Konkani ya rinjayi yaren dangin Dravidian. Wani reshe na Kadambas, wanda ya mulki Goa na dogon lokaci, ya samo asali ne a Karnataka. Ba a taɓa amfani da Konkani don dalilai na hukuma ba. Wani dalilin da Kannada ya rinjayi Konkani shine kusancin ainihin yankuna masu magana da Konkani zuwa Karnataka. Tsofaffin takardun Konkani sun nuna tasirin Kannada akan nahawu da kuma ƙamus. Kamar harsunan kudancin Dravidian, Konkani yana da glides na prothetic y- da w-. Tasirin Kannada ya fi bayyana a Konkani syntax. Alamar tambaya a cikin eh/a'a tambayoyi kuma alamar mara kyau ita ce jumla ta ƙarshe. Share Copula a Konkani yana kama da Kannada sosai. Ba a yawan amfani da kalmomin fi'ili a cikin harsunan Indo-Aryan; duk da haka, Konkani da ake magana a cikin yankunan Dravidian ya aro nau'ikan fi'ili da yawa. Kols, Kharwas, Yadavas, da Lothal ƙaura duk sun zauna a Goa a lokacin kafin tarihi da kuma daga baya. Chavada, ƙabilar mayaka (yanzu ana kiranta Chaddi ko Chaddo), sun yi ƙaura zuwa Goa daga Saurashtra, a cikin ƙarni na 7 da 8 AD, bayan Larabawa sun halaka mulkinsu a shekara ta 740..<ref name="gazat">{{cite book|last=Gune|first=V.T|title=Gazetteer of the union territory of Goa Daman and Diu, part 3, Diu|year=1979|publisher=Gazetteer of the union territory of Goa|page=21}}</ref> Royal matrimonial relationships between the two states, as well as trade relationships, had a major impact on Goan society. Many of these groups spoke different Nagar [[Apabhramsha]] dialects, which could be seen as precursors of modern Gujarati. * Konkani da Gujarati suna da kalmomi da yawa a hade, ba a samu a Marathi ba. * Konkani O (saɓanin Marathi A, wanda asalin Prakrit ne), yayi kama da na Gujarati. * Ƙarshen shari'ar a Konkani, lo, li, da le, da Gujarati no, ni, da ne suna da tushen Prakrit iri ɗaya. * A cikin harsunan biyu alamun yanzu ba su da jinsi, sabanin Marathi.<ref name="guj">{{cite book|last=Saradesāya Publisher|first=Manohararāya|title=A history of Konkani literature: from 1500 to 1992|year=2000|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-7201-664-7|pages=317 pages}}</ref> === Da wuri === Wani rubutu a gindin babban Jain monolith Bahubali (Kalmar gomateshvara a fili ta fito ne daga Konkani Template:IAST wanda ke nufin "kyakkyawa" ko "kyakkyawa" da īśvara "ubangiji".) a Shravanabelagola na 981 CE yana karantawa, a cikin bambancin Nāgarī. : "śrīcāvuṇḍarājē̃ kara viyālē̃, śrīgaṅgārājē̃ sutālē̃ kara viyālē̃" (Chavundaray ya yi, Gangaraya ya gama da kewaye). Harshen wadannan layukan shine Konkani a cewar S.B. Kulkarni (tsohon shugaban Sashen Marathi, Jami'ar Nagpur) da Jose Pereira (tsohon farfesa, Jami'ar Fordham, Amurka). Wani rubutu a cikin Nāgarī, na Shilahara Sarkin Aparaditya II na shekara ta 1187 AD a Parel ya ƙunshi kalmomin Konkani, amma ba a tabbatar da hakan ba. Yawancin rubuce-rubucen dutse da farantin tagulla da aka samu a Goa da Konkan an rubuta su cikin Konkani. Nahawu da tushe na irin waɗannan matani yana cikin Konkani, yayin da ƙananan kalmomi ke cikin Marathi. Faranti na Copper da aka samu a Ponda tun daga farkon karni na 13, kuma daga Quepem a farkon karni na 14, an rubuta su cikin Goykanadi. Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan rubutun dutse ko shilalekh (wanda aka rubuta Nāgarī) yana samuwa a haikalin Nageshi a Goa (wanda ya kasance a shekara ta 1463 AD). Ya ambaci cewa (a lokacin) mai mulkin Goa, Devaraja Gominam, ya ba da kyauta ga haikalin Nagueshi Maharudra lokacin da Nanjanna Gosavi ya kasance shugaban addini ko Pratihasta na jihar. Ya ambaci kalmomi kamar, kullgga, kulaagra, naralel, tambavem, da tilel.<ref>{{cite book|last=Da Cruz|first= Antonio|title=Goa: men and matters |publisher=s.n., 1974|year=1974|page=321}}</ref> [[File:Nagueshi Inscription 1413AD.jpg|thumb|Konkani Inscription with 'Maee Shenvi' of 1413 AD, [[Nagueshi]], Goa.]] Wani yanki na yabon Ubangiji Narayana da aka danganta ga karni na 12 AD in ji: {{blockquote|''"jaṇẽ rasataḷavāntũ matsyarūpē̃ vēda āṇiyēlē̃. manuśivāka vāṇiyēlē̃. to saṁsārasāgara tāraṇu. mōhō to rākho nārāyāṇu".'' (The one who brought the [[Veda]]s up from the ocean in the form of a fish, from the bottoms of the water and offered it to [[Manu (Hinduism)|Manu]], he is the one Saviour of the world, that is Narayana my God.).}} A hymn from the later 16th century goes {{blockquote| ''vaikuṇṭhācē̃ jhāḍa tu gē phaḷa amṛtācē̃, jīvita rākhilē̃ tuvē̃ manasakuḷācē̃.''<ref name=Sardesaya>{{cite book|last=Saradesāya|first=Manohararāya|title=A history of Konkani literature: from 1500 to 1992|year=2000|publisher=Kendra Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-7201-664-7|pages=8–10|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1YILeUD_oZUC&q=aravalem}}</ref>}} Early Konkani was marked by the use of pronouns like ''dzo'', ''jī'', and ''jẽ''. These are replaced in contemporary Konkani by ''koṇa''. The conjunctions ''yedō'' and ''tedō'' ("when" and "then") which were used in early Konkani are no longer in use.<ref name=Maffei>{{cite book|last=Maffei|first=Agnelus F.X.|title=A Konkani grammar|year=2003|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0087-4|page=83|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lZv6UyynBPgC&q=yedo+tedo}}</ref> The use of ''-viyalẽ'' has been replaced by ''-aylẽ''. The pronoun ''moho'', which is similar to the Brajbhasha word ''mōhē'' has been replaced by ''mākā''. ===Medieval=== This era was marked by several invasions of Goa and subsequent exodus of some Konkani families to [[Kanara|Canara]] (today's coastal Karnataka), and Cochin. * Exodus (between 1312–1327) when General [[Malik Kafur]] of the [[Delhi Sultanate|Delhi Sultans]], [[Alauddin Khalji]], and [[Muhammad bin Tughluq|Muhammed bin Tughlaq]] destroyed [[Govapuri|Govepuri]] and the [[Kadambas]] * Exodus subsequent to 1470 when the [[Bahamani]] kingdom captured Goa, and subsequent capture in 1492 by Sultan [[Yusuf Adil Shah]] of [[Bijapur Sultanate|Bijapur]] * Exodus of converted Muslims to Bijapur-held territory due to the [[Portuguese conquest of Goa]] in 1510 * Migration of Hindu converts to [[Canara]] in South India after the [[Christianisation of Goa]], the subsequent [[Goa Inquisition]], and the [[Mahratta Sackings of Goa and Bombay-Bassein|Sackings of Goa and Bombay-Bassein]]. These events caused the Konkani language to develop into multiple dialects with multiple scripts. The exodus to coastal Karnataka and Kerala required Konkani speakers in these regions to learn the local languages. This caused penetration of local words into the dialects of Konkani spoken by these speakers. Examples include ''dār'' (door) giving way to the word ''bāgil''. Also, the phoneme "a" in the Salcette dialect was replaced by the phoneme "o". Other Konkani communities came into being with their own dialects of Konkani. The [[Konkani Muslims|Konkani Muslim]] communities of [[Ratnagiri]] and [[Bhatkal]] came about due to a mixture of intermarriages of Arab seafarers and locals as well as conversions of Hindus to Islam.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kokaniz.com/history.html |title=Konkani History |publisher=Kokaniz.com |accessdate=23 August 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207030416/http://www.kokaniz.com/history.html |archivedate= 7 February 2012 }}</ref> Another migrant community that picked up Konkani are the [[Siddis]], who are descended from [[Bantu peoples]] from South East Africa that were brought to the [[Indian subcontinent]] as slaves.<ref name="Shah">{{cite journal|last=Shah|first=Anish M.|title=Indian Siddis: African Descendants with Indian Admixture|journal=American Journal of Human Genetics|date=15 July 2011|volume=89|issue=1|pages=154–161|doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.05.030|display-authors=etal|pmid=21741027|pmc=3135801}}</ref> ===Contemporary=== Contemporary Konkani is written in Devanagari, Kannada, Malayalam, Persian, and Roman scripts. It is written by speakers in their native dialects. The Goan Antruz dialect in the Devanagari script has been promulgated as Standard Konkani. ==Revival== {{see also|Konkani Language Agitation}} Konkani language was in decline, due to the use of Portuguese as the official and social language among the Christians, the predominance of Marathi over Konkani among Hindus, and the Konkani Christian-Hindu divide. Seeing this, Vaman Raghunath Varde Valaulikar set about on a mission to unite all Konkanis, Hindus as well as Christians, regardless of caste or religion. He saw this movement not just as a nationalistic movement against Portuguese rule, but also against the pre-eminence of Marathi over Konkani. Almost single-handedly he crusaded, writing a number of works in Konkani. He is regarded as the pioneer of modern Konkani literature and affectionately remembered as [[Shenoi Goembab]].<ref name="goanews">{{cite web|url=http://www.goanews.com/shenoi.htm |title=Goa News - |accessdate=29 March 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828083336/http://www.goanews.com/shenoi.htm |archivedate=28 August 2008 }}</ref> His death anniversary, 9 April, is celebrated as World Konkani Day (Vishwa Konkani Dis).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goanews.com/9apr00.htm |title=Goa News - |accessdate=29 March 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517165915/http://www.goanews.com/9apr00.htm |archivedate=17 May 2008 }}</ref> Madhav Manjunath Shanbhag, an advocate by profession from Karwar, who with a few like-minded companions travelled throughout all the Konkani speaking areas, sought to unite the fragmented Konkani community under the banner of "one language, one script, one literature". He succeeded in organising the first [[All India Konkani Parishad]] in Karwar in 1939.<ref>Kelekar 2003:14.</ref> Successive Adhiveshans of All India Konkani Parishad were held at various places in subsequent years. 27 annual Adhiveshans of All India Konkani Parishad have been held so far. Pandu Putti Kolambkar an eminent social worker of Kodibag, Karwar was a close associate of Shri Waman Raghunath Shennoi Varde Valaulikar, strove hard for the upliftment of Konkani in Karwar (North Kanara) and Konkan Patti. ===Post-independence period=== Following India's independence and its subsequent annexation of Goa in 1961, Goa was absorbed into the Indian Union as a Union Territory, directly under central administration. However, with the reorganisation of states along linguistic lines, and growing calls from Maharashtra, as well as Marathis in Goa for the merger of Goa into Maharashtra, an intense debate was started in Goa. The main issues discussed were the status of Konkani as an independent language and Goa's future as a part of Maharashtra or as an independent state. The [[Goa Opinion Poll]], a plebiscite, retained Goa as an independent state in 1967.<ref name="goanews"/> However, English, Hindi, and Marathi continued to be the preferred languages for official communication, while Konkani was sidelined.<ref name="goacom2049">{{cite web|url=https://goanet.goanet.narkive.com/H1jxktcU/goanet-reader-puzzle-wrapped-in-an-enigma-understanding-konkani-in-goa|title=PUZZLE WRAPPED IN AN ENIGMA: UNDERSTANDING KONKANI IN GOA|date=24 July 2011|publisher=|access-date=18 September 2020|archive-date=8 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608120358/https://goanet.goanet.narkive.com/H1jxktcU/goanet-reader-puzzle-wrapped-in-an-enigma-understanding-konkani-in-goa|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Recognition as an independent language=== With the continued insistence of some Marathis that Konkani was a dialect of Marathi and not an independent language, the matter was finally placed before the [[Sahitya Akademi]]. [[Suniti Kumar Chatterji]], the president of the Akademi appointed a committee of linguistic experts to settle the dispute. On 26 February 1975, the committee came to the conclusion that Konkani was indeed an independent and literary language, classified as an Indo-European language, which in its present state was heavily influenced by the Portuguese language. ===Official language status=== All this did not change anything in Goa. Finally, fed up with the delay, Konkani activists launched an agitation in 1986, demanding official status for Konkani. The agitation turned violent in various places, resulting in the death of six agitators from the Catholic community: [[Floriano Vaz]] from Gogol Margao, Aldrin Fernandes, Mathew Faria, C. J. Dias, John Fernandes, and Joaquim Pereira, all from [[Agaçaim]]. Finally, on 4 February 1987, the [[Goa Legislative Assembly]] passed the Official Language Bill, making Konkani the official language of Goa.<ref name="goacom2049"/> Konkani was included in the [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India]] as per the [[Seventy-first Amendment of the Constitution of India|Seventy-First Amendment]] on 20 August 1992, adding it to the list of official languages. ==Geographical distribution== [[File:Konkpic.JPG|thumb|Modern day Goan Konkani in [[Devanagari]]]] The Konkani language originated and is spoken widely in the western coastal region of India known as [[Konkan]]. The native lands historically inhabited by Konkani people include the [[Konkan division]] of [[Maharashtra]], the state of [[Goa]] and the territory of [[Daman District, India|Daman]], the [[Uttara Kannada]], [[Udupi district|Udupi]] & [[Dakshina Kannada]] districts of [[Karnataka]], [[belagavi]], [[Mysore]], and [[Bengaluru]] along with many districts in [[Kerala]] such as [[Kasaragod]], [[Kochi]], [[Alappuzha]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]] and [[Kottayam]]. All of the regions and areas have developed distinct [[dialect]]s, [[pronunciation]] and [[prose]] styles, vocabulary, tone, and sometimes, significant differences in grammar.<ref name="kurzon">{{cite book|last=Kurzon|first=Dennis |title=Where East looks West: Success in English in Goa and on the Konkan Coast |pages=25–30}}</ref> According to the 2001 estimates of the Census Department of India, there were 2,489,016 Konkani speakers in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.htm |title=Abstract of Speakers' strengths of languages and mother tongues&nbsp;– 2001 |publisher=Census of India |accessdate=10 February 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206233628/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.htm |archivedate=6 February 2012 }}</ref> The Census Department of India, 2011 figures put the number of Konkani speakers in India as 2,256,502 making up 0.19% of India's population. Out of these, 788,294 were in [[Karnataka]], 964,305 in [[Goa]],<ref name="languagedata2011">{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf | title = Census of India 2011, LANGUAGE}}</ref> 399,255 in [[Maharashtra]], and 69,449 in [[Kerala]]. It ranks 19th on the List of Scheduled Languages by strength. The number of Konkani speakers in India fell by 9.34% in the decade 2001-2011. It is the only scheduled language apart from Urdu to have a negative growth rate in the decade. A very large number of Konkanis live outside India, either as expatriates ([[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|NRIs]]) with [[work visa]]s or as naturalised citizens and permanent residents of other host countries ([[immigrants]]). Determining their numbers is difficult since Konkani is a [[minority language]] that is very often not recognised by censuses and surveys of various government agencies and NGOs catering to Indians abroad. During the days of [[Portuguese Goa]] and [[British rule]] in [[Pre-Partition India]] many Goans and non-Goan Konkani people went to foreign countries as economic migrants to the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] and [[British Empire]]s, and to the Pakistan of [[Pre-Partition India]]. The migratory trend has continued well into the post-colonial era and a significant number of Konkani people are found in [[Kenya]], [[Uganda]], [[Pakistan]], the [[Persian Gulf countries]], [[Portugal]] and the [[European Union]], and the [[British Isles]] and the rest of the [[Anglosphere]]. Many families still continue to speak different Konkani dialects that their ancestors spoke, which are now highly influenced by the languages of the dominant majority. ==Current status and issues== {{Anachronism|reason=Does Xenoi Goibaab belongs to the current post partition era of India?|date=October 2021}} The Konkani language has been in danger of dying out over the years for many of the following reasons: # The fragmentation of Konkani into various, sometimes mutually unintelligible, dialects. # The Portuguese influence in Goa, especially on Catholics.{{how|date=October 2021}}{{citation needed|date=October 2021}} # The dominance of [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and the large degree of bilingualism of Konkani Hindus in [[Goa state]], the union territory of [[Damaon]] and the [[Konkan division]] of Maharashtra.{{additional citation needed|date=October 2021}} # Progressive inroads made by [[Urdu]] into the [[Konkani Muslim]] community.{{verify source|date=October 2021}} # Mutual animosity among various religious sects and caste groups; including a secondary status of Konkani culture to religion. # The migration of Konkanis to various parts of India and around the world. # The lack of opportunities to study Konkani in schools and colleges. Even until recently there were few Konkani schools in Goa. Populations outside the native Konkani areas have absolutely no access to Konkani language studies, literature and media. # The preference among Konkani parents to speak to their children in ''potaachi bhaas'' (language of the stomach) over ''maai bhaas'' ([[mother tongue]]). They sometimes speak primarily in English to help their children gain a grip on English in schools.<ref name="MadhaviSardesai"/> Efforts have been made to stop this downward trend of usage of Konkani, starting with [[Shenoi Goembab]]'s efforts to revive Konkani. The recognition granted by [[Sahitya Akademi]] to Konkani and the institution of an annual award for Konkani literature has helped to a certain extent. Some organisations, such as the [[Konkan Daiz Yatra]] organised by Konkani Bhasha Mandal, [[World Konkani Centre]] and the newer Vishwa Konkani Parishad have laid great stress on uniting all factions of Konkanis. ===Opposition=== ====Marathi dispute==== {{Main|Konkani language agitation}} José Pereira, in his 1971 work ''Konkani&nbsp;– A Language: A History of the Konkani Marathi Controversy'', pointed to an essay on Indian languages written by John Leyden in 1807, wherein Konkani is called a "dialect of Maharashtra" as an origin of the language controversy.<ref name="MadhaviSardesai"/> Another linguist to whom this theory is attributed is [[George Abraham Grierson|Grierson]]. Grierson's work on the languages of India, ''the Linguistic Survey of India'', was regarded as an important reference by other linguists. In his book, Grierson had distinguished between the Konkani spoken in coastal Maharashtra (then, part of Bombay) and the Konkani spoken in Goa as two different languages. He regarded the Konkani spoken in coastal Maharashtra as a dialect of Marathi and not as a dialect of Goan Konkani itself. In his opinion, Goan Konkani was also considered a dialect of Marathi because the religious literature used by the Hindus in Goa was not in Konkani itself, but in Marathi. S. M. Katre's 1966 work, ''The Formation of Konkani'', which utilised the instruments of modern historical and comparative linguistics across six typical Konkani dialects, showed the formation of Konkani to be distinct from that of Marathi.<ref name="MadhaviSardesai"/><ref name="languageinindia.com"/> [[Shenoi Goembab]], who played a pivotal role in the Konkani revival movement, rallied against the pre-eminence of Marathi over Konkani amongst Hindus and Portuguese amongst Christians. Goa's accession to India in 1961 came at a time when Indian states were being reorganised along linguistic lines. There were demands to merge Goa with Maharashtra. This was because Goa had a sizeable population of Marathi speakers and Konkani was also considered to be a dialect of Marathi by many. Konkani Goans were opposed to the move. The status of Konkani as an independent language or as a dialect of Marathi had a great political bearing on Goa's merger, which was settled by a plebiscite in 1967 (the [[Goa Opinion Poll]]).<ref name="MadhaviSardesai"/> The [[Sahitya Akademi]] (a prominent literary organisation in India) recognised it as an independent language in 1975, and subsequently Konkani (in [[Devanagari]] script) was made the official language of Goa in 1987. ===Karnataka=== {{Main|Canarese Konkani}} MLC [[Ivan D'Souza]] attempted to speak in Konkani at the [[Karnataka]] state's Legislative Council, but was urged not to by the Chairman D H Shankaramurthy as most of the audience did not know Konkani. Even though Mr D'Souza pleaded that Konkani was amongst the 22 official languages recognised by the Indian Constitution, he was not given permission to continue in Konkani.<ref name="D'Souza1">{{cite news|title=Mangaluru : MLC Ivan D'Souza told not to speak in Konkani|url=http://www.mangaloreinformation.com/city/9420-mangaluru--mlc-ivan-dsouza-told-not-to-speak-in-konkani|accessdate=14 January 2015|publisher=Mangalore Information|date=17 December 2014|archive-date=18 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118143417/http://www.mangaloreinformation.com/city/9420-mangaluru--mlc-ivan-dsouza-told-not-to-speak-in-konkani|url-status=dead}}</ref> Even though there are substantial Konkani Catholics in Bengaluru, efforts to celebrate Holy Mass in Konkani have met with opposition by [[Kannada people|Kannada]] "activists". Konkani Holy Masses has been held in the Sabbhavana and Saccidananda chapels of the Carmelite and Capuchin Fathers respectively, in [[Yeswanthpur]] and [[Rajajinagar]], Bangalore. These services are under threat from Kannada groups who do not want [[church service]]s to be held in any language other than [[Kannada language|Kannada]],{{citation needed|date=October 2021}} even though Kannada Catholics constitute only 30% of the Catholic population in the Archdiocese. Konkani activists and associations have been demanding Konkani language mass and services for a long time.<ref name=Mass1>{{cite news|title=Bangalore: Kannada Activists Target Konkani Catholics Again at Sadbhavana|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=157158|accessdate=14 January 2015|publisher=Daijiworld Media Network|date=2 December 2012}}</ref> It is still the official language of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Mangalore|Mangalore Diocese]].<ref name=Saldanha-Shet>{{cite news|last1=Saldanha-Shet|first1=I J|title=An exquisite edifice in Mangalore|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/394300/an-exquisite-edifice-mangalore.html|accessdate=19 January 2015|issue=Bangalore|publisher=Deccan Herald|date=25 March 2014}}</ref> ===Multilingualism=== According to the Census Department of India, Konkani speakers show a very high degree of [[multilingualism]]. In the 1991 census, as compared to the national average of 19.44% for bilingualism and 7.26% for trilingualism, Konkani speakers scored 74.20% and 44.68% respectively. This makes the Konkans the most multilingual community of India. This has been due to the fact that in most areas where Konkans have settled, they seldom form a majority of the population and have to interact with others in the local tongue. Another reason for bilingualism has been the lack of schools teaching Konkani as a primary or secondary language. The bilingualism of Konkanis with Marathi in Daman Goa and Maharashtra has been a source of great discontent because it has led to the belief that Konkani is a dialect of Marathi<ref name="MadhaviSardesai"/><ref name="languageinindia.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.languageinindia.com/may2001/bilingual.html |title=Language in India |publisher=Language in India |date=3 May 2001 |accessdate=23 August 2013}}</ref> and hence has no bearing on the future of Goa. ===Scripts and dialects=== {{main article|Konkani alphabets}} The problems posed by multiple scripts and varying dialects have come as an impediment in the efforts to unite Konkani people. The Goa state's decision to use [[Devanagari]] as the official script and the Antruz dialect has been met with opposition both within Goa and outside it.<ref name="goacom2049"/> Critics contend that the Antruz dialect is unintelligible to most Goans, let alone other Konkani people outside Goa, and that Devanagari is used very little as compared to [[Romi Konkani]] in Goa or Konkani in the [[Kannada]] script.<ref name="goacom2049"/> Prominent among the critics are Konkani Christians in Goa, who were at the forefront of the Konkani agitation in 1986–87 and have for a long time used the Roman script, including producing literature in Roman script. They demanded Roman script be given equal status to Devanagari.<ref>{{cite web|author=PTI |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-02-20/india/27871957_1_konkani-language-roman-script-official-language-status |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021013210/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-02-20/india/27871957_1_konkani-language-roman-script-official-language-status |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 October 2012 |title=Goa group wants Konkani in Roman script |date=20 February 2007 |work=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=23 August 2013}}</ref> In Karnataka, which has the largest number of Konkani speakers after Goa, leading organisations and activists have similarly demanded that Kannada script be made the medium of instruction for Konkani in local schools instead of Devanagari.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/03/14/stories/2006031416160300.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930223640/http://www.hindu.com/2006/03/14/stories/2006031416160300.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=30 September 2007 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Kannada script must be used to teach Konkani | date=14 March 2006}}</ref> The government of Karnataka has given its approval for teaching of Konkani as an optional third language from 6th to 10th standard students either in Kannada or Devanagari scripts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=35720&n_tit=Mangalore:+Konkani+Textbooks+in+Devanagari+Released |title=News headlines |publisher=Daijiworld.com |accessdate=14 July 2012}}</ref> ==Phonology== {{see also|Konkani phonology}} The Konkani language has 16 basic vowels (excluding an equal number of long vowels), 36 consonants, 5 semi-vowels, 3 sibilants, 1 aspirate, and many [[diphthong]]s. Like the other [[Indo-Aryan languages]], it has both long and short vowels and syllables with long vowels may appear to be stressed. Different types of nasal vowels are a special feature of the Konkani language.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bhat|first=V. Nithyanantha|title=The Konkani language: historical and linguistic perspectives |publisher=Sukṛtīndra Oriental Research Institute|pages=43, 44|language=English, Konkani}}</ref> * The [[palatal consonant|palatal]] and [[alveolar consonant|alveolar]] stops are [[affricate]]s. The palatal glides are truly palatal but otherwise the consonants in the palatal column are [[alveopalatal]].<ref name="cardona">{{cite book|last= Cardona|first=George|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages|year= 2007|publisher= Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-77294-5 |page=1088}}</ref> * The [[Voice (phonetics)|voiced/voiceless]] contrasts are found only in the stops and affricates. The fricatives are all voiceless and the [[sonorants]] are all voiced.<ref name=cardona /> * The initial vowel-syllable is shortened after the [[Aspiration (phonetics)|aspirates]] and [[fricative]]s. Many speakers substitute unaspirated consonants for aspirates.<ref name=cardona /> * Aspirates in a non-initial position are rare and only occur in careful speech. [[Palatalization (phonetics)|Palatalisation]]/non-palatisation is found in all [[obstruent]]s, except for palatal and alveolars. Where a palatalised alveolar is expected, a palatal is found instead. In the case of sonorants, only unaspirated consonants show this contrast, and among the glides only labeo-velar glides exhibit this. Vowels show a contrast between oral and nasal ones<ref name=cardona /> ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+ '''Vowels''' ! ! [[Front vowel|Front]] ![[Central vowel|Central]] ![[Back vowel|Back]] |- ![[Close vowel|Close]] | align="center" |{{IPA link|i}} {{IPA link|ĩ}} | || align="center" | {{IPA link|u}} {{IPA link|ũ}} |- ![[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]] | align="center" |{{IPA link|e}} {{IPA link|ẽ}} | {{IPA link|ɵ}} {{IPA link|ɵ̃}}|| align="center" |{{IPA link|o}} {{IPA link|õ}} |- ![[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]] |{{IPA link|ɛ}} {{IPA link|ɛ̃}} |{{IPA link|ʌ}} |{{IPA link|ɔ}} {{IPA link|ɔ̃}} |- ![[Open vowel|Open]] |({{IPA link|æ}}) |{{IPA link|a}} {{IPA link|ã}} | align="center" | |} One of the most distinguishing features of Konkani phonology is the use of {{IPAslink|ɵ}}, the [[close-mid central rounded vowel|close-mid central vowel]], instead of the [[schwa]] found in [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]]. Whereas many Indian languages use only one of the three front vowels, represented by the Devanagari grapheme ए, Konkani uses three: {{IPA|/e/}}, {{IPA|/ɛ/}} and {{IPA|/æ/}}. Nasalizations exist for all vowels except for {{IPA|/ʌ/}}. ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" |&nbsp; ![[Labial consonant|Labial]] ![[Dental consonant|Dental]] ![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] ![[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]] ![[Alveopalatal consonant|(Alveolo-)<br>palatal]] ![[Velar consonant|Velar]] ![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]] |- style="text-align:center" ! rowspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]] !<small>plain</small> |{{IPAlink|m}} |{{IPAlink|n̪|n}} | |{{IPAlink|ɳ}} |{{IPAlink|ɲ}} |{{IPAlink|ŋ}} | |- style="text-align:center" !<small>murmured</small> |{{IPAlink|mʱ}} |{{IPAlink|nʱ}} | |{{IPAlink|ɳʱ}} | | | |- style="text-align:center" ! rowspan="4" |[[Stop consonant|Stop]]/<br>[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]] !<small>voiceless</small> |{{IPAlink|p}} |{{IPAlink|t̪|t}} |{{IPAlink|t͡s}} |{{IPAlink|ʈ}} |{{IPAlink|t͡ɕ}} |{{IPAlink|k}} | |- style="text-align:center" !<small>[[Aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]]</small> |({{IPAlink|pʰ}}) |{{IPAlink|tʰ}} |{{IPAlink|t͡sʰ}} |{{IPAlink|ʈʰ}} |{{IPAlink|t͡ɕʰ}} |{{IPAlink|kʰ}} | |- style="text-align:center" !<small>voiced</small> |{{IPAlink|b}} |{{IPAlink|d̪|d}} |{{IPAlink|d͡z}} |{{IPAlink|ɖ}} |{{IPAlink|d͡ʑ}} |{{IPAlink|ɡ}} | |- style="text-align:center" !<small>murmured</small> |{{IPAlink|bʱ}} |{{IPAlink|dʱ}} |{{IPAlink|d͡zʱ}} |{{IPAlink|ɖʱ}} |{{IPAlink|d͡ʑʱ}} |{{IPAlink|ɡʱ}} | |- style="text-align:center" ! colspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]] |{{IPAlink|f}} |{{IPAlink|s̪|s}} | | |{{IPAlink|ɕ}} | |{{IPAlink|h}} |- style="text-align:center" ! rowspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]] !<small>plain</small> |{{IPAlink|ʋ}} | |{{IPAlink|l}} | |{{IPAlink|j}} | | |- style="text-align:center" !<small>murmured</small> |{{IPAlink|ʋʱ}} | |{{IPAlink|lʱ}} | | | | |- style="text-align:center" ! rowspan="2" |[[Flap consonant|Flap]]/[[Trill consonant|Trill]] !<small>plain</small> | | |{{IPAlink|ɾ}} |{{IPAlink|ɽ}} | | | |- style="text-align:center" !<small>murmured</small> | | |{{IPAlink|ɾʱ}} |{{IPA|[[Retroflex lateral flap|𝼈]]}}<ref>* {{Citation |last=Masica |first=Colin |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |page=97 |year=1991 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J3RSHWePhXwC |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-29944-2 |authorlink=Colin Masica}}.</ref> | | | |} The consonants in Konkani are similar to those in [[Marathi language|Marathi]]. ==Grammar== Konkani grammar is similar to other Indo-Aryan languages. Notably, Konkani grammar is also influenced by Dravidian languages. It cannot be described as a [[stress-timed language]], nor as a [[tonal language]].<ref name="D2_Konkani">{{cite web|url=http://www.sfb632.uni-potsdam.de/conference/posters/D2_Konkani.pdf |title=The question of Konkani? |author=Caroline Menezes |publisher=Project D2, Typology of Information Structure" |accessdate=10 February 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408205720/http://www.sfb632.uni-potsdam.de/conference/posters/D2_Konkani.pdf |archivedate=8 April 2008 }}</ref> * Speech can be classified into any of the following parts:<ref name="jana" /> # ''naam'' ([[noun]]) # ''sarvanaam'' ([[pronoun]]) # ''visheshan'' ([[adjective]]) # ''kriyapad'' ([[verb]]) # ''kriyavisheshana'' ([[adverb]]) # ''ubhayanvayi avyaya'' # ''shabdayogi avyaya'' # ''kevalaprayogi avyaya'' Like most of the Indo-Aryan languages, Konkani is an [[Subject–object–verb|SOV]] language, meaning among other things that not only is the verb found at the end of the clause but also [[modifiers]] and complements tend to precede the head and [[postpositions]] are far more common than [[prepositions]]. In terms of syntax, Konkani is a ''head-last'' language, unlike English, which is an [[Subject–verb–object|SVO]] language.<ref name=kurzden>{{cite book|last=Kurzon|first=Dennis|title=Where East looks West: success in English in Goa and on the Konkan Coast Volume 125 of Multilingual matters|year=2004|publisher=Multilingual Matters|isbn= 9781853596735|page=158}}</ref> * Almost all the verbs, adverbs, adjectives, and the ''avyaya''s are either ''tatsama'' or ''tadbhava''.<ref name="jana" /> ===Verbs=== Verbs are either ''tatsama'' or ''tadbhava'':<ref name="jana" /> {| cellpadding="5px" style="text-align:center; border-collapse:separate; border-spacing:5px; background:white;" |+ '''Verbs and their roots:''' |- style="background:lightgrey;" ! Konkani verbs ! Sanskrit/Prakrit Root !Translation |- style="background:whitesmoke; text-align:center;" ||वाच vaach (tatsama) ||वच् vach ||read |- style="background:whitesmoke; text-align:center;" ||आफय, आपय aaphay, aapay (tatsama) ||आव्हय् aavhay ||call, summon |- style="background:whitesmoke; text-align:center;" ||रांध raandh (tatsama) ||रांध् raandh ||cook |- style="background:whitesmoke; text-align:center;" ||बरय baray (tadbhav) ||वर्णय् varnay ||write |- style="background:whitesmoke; text-align:center;" ||व्हर vhar (tadbhav) ||हर har ||take away |- style="background:whitesmoke; text-align:center;" ||भक bhak (tadbhav) ||भक्ष् bhaksh ||eat |- style="background:whitesmoke; text-align:center;" ||हेड hedd (tadbhav) ||अट् att ||roam |- style="background:whitesmoke; text-align:center;" ||ल्हेव lhev (tadbhav) ||लेह् leh ||lick |- style="background:whitesmoke; text-align:center;" || शीन sheen (tadbhav) ||छिन्न chinna ||cut |- style="background:whitesmoke" | colspan="5" style="text-align:center;"|<small>Source: ''Koṅkaṇî Dhatukosh''</small><ref name="jana" /> |} *Present indefinite of the auxiliary is fused with [[present participle]] of the primary verb, and the auxiliary is partially dropped.<ref name="jana" /> When the southern dialects came in contact with Dravidian languages this difference became more prominent in [[Karnataka Konkani|dialects spoken in Karnataka]] whereas Goan Konkani still retains the original form. For example, "I eat" and "I am eating" sound similar in Goan Konkani, due to loss of auxiliary in colloquial speech. "Hāv khātā" corresponds to "I am eating". On the other hand, in Karnataka Konkani "hāv khātā" corresponds to "I eat", and "hāv khātoāsā" or "hāv khāter āsā" means "I am eating". However the word "jito" (living) is universal, "to jitoāsā" (he is living). * Out of eight [[grammatical cases]], Konkani has totally lost the [[dative case|dative]], the [[locative case|locative]], and the [[ablative case|ablative]].<ref name="jana" /> It has partially lost the [[accusative case|accusative]] and the [[instrumental case]]s too.<ref name="jana" /> So the preserved cases are: the [[nominative case|nominative]], the [[genitive case|genitive]], and the [[vocative case]].<ref name="jana" /> ===Apabhramsha and metathesis=== * Like Marathi and Gujarati, the Konkani language has three genders. During the Middle Ages, most of the Indo-Aryan languages lost their neuter gender, except Maharashtri, in which it is retained much more in Marathi than Konkani.<ref name="jana">{{cite book|last=Janardhan|first=Pandarinath Bhuvanendra |title=A Higher Konkani grammar|publisher=P.B. Janardhan |year=1991|series=Foreign Language Study / Indic Languages Konkani language About|pages=540 pages|language=English, Konkani}}</ref> Gender in Konkani is purely grammatical and unconnected to sex.<ref name="jana" /> [[Metathesis (linguistics)|Metathesis]] is a characteristic of all the middle and modern Indo-Aryan languages including Konkani. Consider the Sanskrit word "स्नुषा" (daughter-in law). Here, the ष is dropped, and स्नु alone is utilised, स्नु-->स/नु and you get the word सुन (metathesis of ''ukar'').<ref name=meta>{{cite book|last=Pandarinath|first=Bhuvanendra Janardhan|title=A Higher Konkani grammar|year=1991|publisher=P.B. Janardhan|pages=540 pages (see pages:377 and 384)}}</ref> * Unlike Sanskrit, ''[[anusvara]]'' has great importance in Konkani. A characteristic of [[Middle Indo-Aryan]] dialects, Konkani still retains the ''anusvara'' on the initial or final syllable.<ref name="jana" /> Similarly ''[[visarga]]'', is totally lost and is assimilated with उ and/or ओ. For example, in Sanskrit दीपः becomes दिवो and दुःख becomes दुख. * Konkani retains the pitch accent, which is a direct derivative of Vedic accent, which probably would account for "nasalism" in Konkani.<ref name="jana" /> The "breathed" accent is retained in most of the ''tatsama''s than the ''tadbhava''s.<ref name="jana" /> [[Declension]] also affects the accent.<ref name="jana" /> * Konkani has lost its passive voice, and now the transitive verbs in their perfects are equivalent to passives. * Konkani has rejected ऋ, ॠ, ऌ, ॡ, ष, and क्ष, which are assimilated with र, ख, ह, श and स.<ref name="jana" /> <!-- WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?--> * Sanskrit compound letters are avoided in Konkani. For example, in Sanskrit द्वे, प्राय, गृहस्थ, उद्योत become बे, पिराय, गिरेस्त, and उज्जो respectively in Konkani.<ref name="jana" /> ==Vocabulary== The vocabulary from Konkani comes from a number of sources. The main source is Prakrits. So Sanskrit as a whole has played a very important part in Konkani vocabulary. Konkani vocabulary is made of {{lang|kok-Latn|tatsama}} (Sanskrit loanwords without change), {{lang|kok-Latn|tadhbhava}} (evolved Sanskrit words), {{lang|kok-Latn|deshya}} (indigenous words) and {{lang|kok-Latn|antardeshya}} (foreign words). Other sources of vocabulary are Arabic, Persian, and Turkish. Finally, Kannada, Marathi, and Portuguese have enriched its lexical content.<ref name=kurzden /> ===Loanwords=== Since Goa was a major trade centre for visiting Arabs and Turks, many Arabic and Persian words infiltrated the Konkani language.<ref name="manohar1">{{cite book|last=Sardessai|first=Manoharray|title=A history of Konkani literature: from 1500 to 1992|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|year=2000|edition=1st|pages=21–30|chapter=The foreign influence|isbn=978-81-7201-664-7}}</ref> A large number of Arabic and Persian words now form an integral part of Konkani vocabulary and are commonly used in day-to-day life; examples are ''karz'' (debt), ''fakt'' (only), ''dusman'' (enemy), and ''barik'' (thin).<ref name="manohar1" /> Single and compound words are found wherein the original meaning has been changed or distorted. Examples include ''mustaiki'' (from Arabic ''mustaid'', meaning "ready"), and ''kapan khairo'' ("eater of one's own shroud", meaning "a miser"). Most of the old Konkani Hindu literature does not show any influence from Portuguese. Even the dialects spoken by the majority of Goan Hindus have a very limited Portuguese influence. On the other hand, dialects spoken by the Catholics from Goa (as well as the Canara to some extent) and their religious literature show a strong Portuguese influence. They contain a number of Portuguese lexical items, but these are almost all religious terms. Even in the context of religious terminology, the missionaries adapted native terms associated with Hindu religious concepts. (For example, ''krupa'' for grace, Y''amakunda'' for hell, V''aikuntha'' for paradise and so on). The syntax used by [[Goan Catholics]] in [[Literature of Goan Catholics|their literature]] shows a prominent Portuguese influence. As a result, many Portuguese loanwords are now commonly found in common Konkani speech.<ref name=porin>{{cite book|author1=[[Anvita Abbi]]|author2=R. S. Gupta|author3=[[Ayesha Kidwai]]|title=Linguistic structure and language dynamics in South Asia: papers from the proceedings of SALA XVIII Roundtable|year=2001|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass, 2001&nbsp;– Language Arts & Disciplines -|isbn= 9788120817654|pages=409 pages(Chapter 4 Portuguese influence on Konkani syntax)}}</ref><ref>[[List of loanwords in Konkani]]</ref> The Portuguese influence is also evident in the [[Marathi–Konkani languages|Marathi–Konkani]] spoken in the former Northern Konkan district, [[Thane]] a variant of Konkani used by [[Bombay East Indians]] Catholic community. ===Sanskritisation=== Konkani is not highly Sanskritised like [[Marathi language|Marathi]], but still retains [[Prakrit]] and [[apabhramsa]] structures, verbal forms, and vocabulary. Though the Goan Hindu dialect is highly Prakritised, numerous Sanskrit [[loanwords]] are found, while the Catholic dialect has historically drawn many terms from Portuguese. The Catholic literary dialect has now adopted Sanskritic vocabulary itself, and the Catholic Church has also adopted a [[Sanskritisation]] policy.<ref name=cardona /> Despite the relative unfamiliarity of the recently introduced Sanskritic vocabulary to the new Catholic generations, there has not been wide resistance to the change.<ref name=cardona /> On the other hand, southern Konkani dialects, having been influenced by [[Kannada]] − one of the languages of Dravidian origin − have undergone re-Sanskritisation over time.<ref name=cardona /> ==Writing systems== [[File:KonkaniNames.PNG|thumb|The name ''Konkani'' in the five scripts it is written in: [[Devanagari]], [[Kannada script|Kannada]], [[Latin script|Latin]], [[Malayalam script|Malayalam]], [[Arabic script|Arabic]].]] {{main|Konkani script}} Konkani has been compelled to become a language using a multiplicity of scripts, and not just one single script used everywhere. This has led to an outward splitting up of the same language, which is spoken and understood by all, despite some inevitable dialectal convergences.<ref name="rais">{{cite book|last=Sardessai|first=Manohar Rai|title=A history of Konkani literature: from 1500 to 1992 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi|year=2000|pages=9–10|chapter=Missionary period}}</ref> ===Past=== {{main|Goykanadi}} The [[Brahmi script]] for Konkani fell into disuse.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bhat|first=V. Nithyanantha |title=The Konkani language: historical and linguistic perspectives|editor=V. Nithyanantha Bhat, Ela Sunītā|publisher=Sukṛtīndra Oriental Research Institute|year= 2004|volume=10|page=52}}</ref> Later, some inscriptions were written in [[Nāgarī script|old Nagari]]. However, owing to the Portuguese conquest in 1510 and the subsequent various restrictions imposed by the Inquisition, some early forms of Devanagari fell out of use in Goa.<ref name=rais /> The Portuguese promulgated a law banning the use of non-Roman scripts for Konkani in Goa.<ref name="rai">{{cite book|last=Sardessai|first=Manohar Rai|title=A history of Konkani literature: from 1500 to 1992|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|year=2000|pages=30–70|chapter=Missionary period}}</ref> Another script, called ''Kandevi'' or ''Goykandi'', was used for Konkani since the times of the [[Kadamba Dynasty|Kadambas]], although it lost its popularity after the 17th century. Kandevi/Goykandi is very different from the [[Halegannada]] script, with strikingly similar features.<ref name="archives">{{cite book|title=Indian archives|publisher=National Archives of India|volume=34|page=1985}}</ref> Unlike Halegannada, Kandevi/Goykandi letters were usually written with a distinctive horizontal bar, like the Nagari scripts. This script may have been evolved out of the [[Kadamba script]], which was extensively used in Goa and Konkan.<ref name="goy">{{cite book|last=Ghantkar|first=Gajanana|title=History of Goa through Gõykanadi script |year=1993|pages=Page x|language=English, Konkani, Marathi, Kannada}}</ref> The earliest known inscription in Devanagari dates to 1187 AD.<ref name=Sardesaya /> The [[Roman script]] has the oldest preserved and protected literary tradition, beginning from the 16th century.<ref>{{cite news |title=Romi Konkani: The story of a Goan script, born out of Portuguese influence, which faces possible decline |url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/romi-konkani-the-story-of-a-goan-script-born-out-of-portuguese-influence-which-faces-possible-decline-6510431.html |access-date=19 September 2023 |work=Firstpost |date=25 April 2019 |language=en}}</ref> ===Present=== Konkani is written in five scripts: [[Devanagari]], [[Latin script|Roman]], [[Kannada script|Kannada]], [[Malayalam script|Malayalam]], and [[Perso-Arabic script|Perso-Arabic]].<ref name="MadhaviSardesai">[http://www.india-seminar.com/2004/543/543%20madhavi%20sardesai.htm Mother Tongue blues]&nbsp;– Madhavi Sardesai</ref> Because Devanagari is the official script used to write Konkani in Goa and Maharashtra, most Konkanis (especially Hindus) in those two states write the language in Devanagari. However, Konkani is widely written in the Roman script (called [[Romi Konkani]]) by many Konkanis, (especially Catholics).<ref name="konk">{{cite book|last=George|first=Cardona|author2=Dhanesh Jain|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages|page=840}}</ref> This is because for many years, all Konkani literature was in the Latin script, and Catholic [[liturgy]] and other religious literature has always been in the Roman script. Most people of Karnataka use the [[Kannada script]]; however, the Saraswats of [[Karnataka]] use the Devanagari script in the [[North Kanara|uttara Kannada]] district. [[Malayalam script]] was used by the Konkani community in Kerala, but there has been a move towards the usage of the Devanagari script in recent years.<ref>{{cite book|last=George|first=Cardona|author2=Dhanesh Jain |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |page=804}}</ref> [[Konkani Muslims]] use Arabic script to write Konkani. There has been to trend towards the usage of the Arabic script among Muslim communities; this coincides with them mixing more Urdu and Arabic words into their Konkani dialects.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}} When the Sahitya Akademi recognised Konkani in 1975 as an independent and literary language, one of the important factors was the literary heritage of Romi Konkani since the year 1556. However, after Konkani in the Devanagari script was made the official language of Goa in 1987, the Sahitya Akademi has supported only writers in the Devanagari script. For a very long time there has been a rising demand for official recognition of Romi Konkani by Catholics in Goa because a sizeable population of the people in Goa use the Roman script. Also a lot of the content on the Internet and the staging of the famed [[Tiatr]] is written in Romi Konkani. In January 2013, the [[Bombay High Court#Goa bench|Goa Bench]] of the Bombay High Court issued a notice to the state government on a [[Public Interest Litigation]] filed by the [[Romi Lipi Action Front]] seeking to amend the Official Language Act to grant official language status to Romi Konkani but has not yet been granted.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/HC-notice-to-govt-on-Romi-script/articleshow/18124209.cms|title=HC notice to govt on Romi script|work=The Times of India|date=22 January 2013 |accessdate=29 March 2015}}</ref> ====Alphabet/''vaṇamāḷha''==== The vowels, consonants, and their arrangement are as follows:<ref>Gomanta Bharati, yatta payali, Published by [[Goa Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education]] ALTO BETIM, page number:11</ref> {|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; height:60px; width:95%" |- | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|अ||{{IAST|a}}<br />{{IPA|/ɐ/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|आ||{{IAST|ā}}<br />{{IPA|/ɑː/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|इ||{{IAST|i}}<br />{{IPA|/i/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ई||{{IAST|ī}}<br />{{IPA|/iː/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|उ||{{IAST|u}}<br />{{IPA|/u/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ऊ||{{IAST|ū}}<br />{{IPA|/uː/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ए||{{IAST|e}}<br />{{IPA|/eː/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ऐ||{{IAST|ai}}<br />{{IPA|/aːi/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ओ||{{IAST|o}}<br />{{IPA|/oː/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|औ||{{IAST|au}}<br />{{IPA|/aːu/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|अं||{{IAST|aṃ}}<br />{{IPA|/ⁿ/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|अः||{{IAST|aḥ}}<br />{{IPA|/h/}} |} {|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; height:400px; width:95%" |- | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|क||{{IAST|ka}}<br />{{IPA|/k/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ख||{{IAST|kha}}<br />{{IPA|/kʰ/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ग||{{IAST|ga}}<br />{{IPA|/ɡ/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|घ||{{IAST|gha}}<br />{{IPA|/ɡʱ/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ङ||{{IAST|ṅa}}<br />{{IPA|/ŋ/}} |- | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|च||{{IAST|ca}}<br />{{IPA|/c, t͡ʃ/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|छ||{{IAST|cha}}<br />{{IPA|/cʰ, t͡ʃʰ/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ज||{{IAST|ja}}<br />{{IPA|/ɟ, d͡ʒ/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|झ||{{IAST|jha}}<br />{{IPA|/ɟʱ, d͡ʒʱ/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ञ||{{IAST|ña}}<br />{{IPA|/ɲ/}} |- | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ट||{{IAST|ṭa}}<br />{{IPA|/ʈ/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ठ||{{IAST|ṭha}}<br />{{IPA|/ʈʰ/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ड||{{IAST|ḍa}}<br />{{IPA|/ɖ/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ढ||{{IAST|ḍha}}<br />{{IPA|/ɖʱ/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ण||{{IAST|ṇa}}<br />{{IPA|/ɳ/}} |- | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|त||{{IAST|ta}}<br />{{IPA|/t̪/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|थ||{{IAST|tha}}<br />{{IPA|/t̪ʰ/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|द||{{IAST|da}}<br />{{IPA|/d̪/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ध||{{IAST|dha}}<br />{{IPA|/d̪ʱ/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|न||{{IAST|na}}<br />{{IPA|/n/}} |- | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|प||{{IAST|pa}}<br />{{IPA|/p/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|फ||{{IAST|pha}}<br />{{IPA|/pʰ/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ब||{{IAST|ba}}<br />{{IPA|/b/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|भ||{{IAST|bha}}<br />{{IPA|/bʱ/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|म||{{IAST|ma}}<br />{{IPA|/m/}} |- | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|य||{{IAST|ya}}<br />{{IPA|/j/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|र||{{IAST|ra}}<br />{{IPA|/r/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ल||{{IAST|la}}<br />{{IPA|/l/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|व||{{IAST|va}}<br />{{IPA|/ʋ/}} |- | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ष||{{IAST|ṣa}}<br />{{IPA|/ʂ/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|श||{{IAST|śa}}<br />{{IPA|/ɕ, ʃ/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|स||{{IAST|sa}}<br />{{IPA|/s/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ह||{{IAST|ha}}<br />{{IPA|/ɦ/}} |- | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ळ||{{IAST|ḷa}}<br />{{IPA|//ɭ//}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|क्ष||{{IAST|kṣa}}<br />{{IPA|/kʃ/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ज्ञ||{{IAST|jña }}<br />{{IPA|/ɟʝɲ/}} |} {{further|Kannada script|Malayalam script}} ==Dialects== {{See also|Karnataka Konkani}} [[File:Konkani languages.png|thumb|Venn diagram of the ISO codes of the Konkani languages]] Konkani, despite having a small population, shows a very high number of [[dialect]]s. The dialect tree structure of Konkani can easily be classified according to the region, religion, caste, and local tongue influence.<ref name="MadhaviSardesai"/> Based on the historical events and cultural ties of the speakers, [[Narayan Govind Kalelkar|N. G. Kalelkar]] has broadly classified the dialects into three main groups:<ref name="MadhaviSardesai"/> * '''Northern Konkani''': Dialects spoken in the Sindhudurga district of Maharashtra with strong cultural ties to [[Marathi language|Marathi]]; i.e. [[Malvani language|Malvani]] * '''Central Konkani''': Dialects in Goa and Northern Karnataka, where Konkani came in close contact with Portuguese language and culture. * '''Southern Konkani''': Dialects spoken in the South Canara region (Mangalore, Udupi) of Karnataka and Kasaragod of Kerala, which came in close contact with [[Tulu language|Tulu]]. Southern Konkani is very similar to Marathi, with few loanwords from Tulu, and slight differences in pronunciation. ===Goan Konkani=== {{Unreferenced section|date=October 2022}} [[File:Entrance to Konkani section of the Golden Heart Emporium, Margao, Goa.jpg|thumb|Entrance to Konkani section of the Golden Heart Emporium, Margao, Goa]] '''Goan Konkani''' refers to all the central dialects of the Konkani [[macrolanguage]] except for those that fall under [[Maharashtrian Konkani]] and [[Canarese Konkani]]. These dialects are collectively assigned the language code {{code|gom}} under the [[ISO 639-3]] classification (since it is sometimes called ''Goan Marathi''). In common usage, Goan Konkani refers collectively only to those dialects of Konkani spoken primarily in the state of [[Goa]], e.g. the Antruz, Bardeskari and Saxtti dialects. But in the broader linguistic context, Goanese Konkani also includes dialects spoken outside the official boundaries of Goa, such as [[Malvani Konkani]], Chitpavani Konkani, Karwari Konkani and Mangalorean Catholic Konkani. ==Organisations== [[File:India Goa TSKK.jpg|thumb|left|The campus of the [[Thomas Stephens Konkkni Kendr|Thomas Stephens Konknni Kendr (TSKK)]], a research institute working on issues related to the Konkani language, located at Alto Porvorim, near [[Panaji]] in Goa]] There are organisations working for Konkani but, primarily, these were restricted to individual communities. The [[All India Konkani Parishad]] founded on 8 July 1939, provided a common ground for Konkani people from all regions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www77.goanobserver.com/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807185618/http://goanobserver.com/statehood-and-konkani.html|url-status=dead|title=Goanobserver.com|archivedate=7 August 2011|website=www77.goanobserver.com}}</ref> A new organisation known as Vishwa Konkani Parishad, which aims to be an all-inclusive and pluralistic umbrella organisation for Konkanis around the world, was founded on 11 September 2005. Mandd Sobhann is the premier organisation that is striving hard to preserve, promote, propagate, and enrich the Konkani language and culture. It all began with the experiment called 'Mandd Sobhann' – a search for a Konkani identity in Konkani music on 30 November 1986 at Mangalore. What began as a performance titled 'Mandd Sobhann', grew into a movement of revival and rejuvenation of Konkani culture; and solidified into an organization called Mandd Sobhann. Today, Mandd Sobhann boasts of all these 3 identities namely - a performance, a movement and an organization.https://www.manddsobhann.org/ The Konkan Daiz Yatra, started in 1939 in [[Mumbai]], is the oldest Konkani organisation. The Konkani Bhasha Mandal was born in Mumbai on 5 April 1942, during the Third Adhiveshan of [[All India Konkani Parishad]]. On 28 December 1984, [[Goa Konkani Akademi]] (GKA) was founded by the government of Goa to promote Konkani language, literature, and culture.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.goakonkaniakademi.org/ |title = Goa Konkani Akademi&nbsp;– promoting the development of Konkani language, literature and culture |accessdate = 16 June 2008 |publisher = Goa Konkani Akademi |archive-date = 5 May 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070505084428/http://www.goakonkaniakademi.org/ |url-status = dead }}</ref> The [[Thomas Stephens Konkkni Kendr|Thomas Stephens Konknni Kendr (TSKK)]] is a popular research institute based in the [[Goa]]n capital [[Panaji]]. It works on issues related to the Konkani language, literature, culture, and education.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.tskk.org/ |title =Thomas Stephens Konknni Kendr |accessdate =16 June 2008}}</ref> The [[Dalgado Konkani Academy]] is a popular Konkani organisation based in Panaji. [[File:World Konkani Centre.jpg|thumb|World Konkani Centre, [[Mangalore]]]] The Konkani Triveni Kala Sangam is one more famed Konkani organisation in [[Mumbai]], which is engaged in the vocation of patronising Konkani language through the theatre movement. The [[government of Karnataka]] established the Karnataka Konkani Sahitya Akademy on 20 April 1994.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.kalaangann.com/konkani.htm |title =Konkani |accessdate =16 June 2008 |publisher=Kalaangann, Mandd Sobhann (The Konkani Heritage Centre) |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080224134442/http://www.kalaangann.com/konkani.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 24 February 2008}}</ref> The Konkani Ekvott is an umbrella organisation of the Konkani bodies in Goa. The [[First World Konkani Convention]] was held in Mangalore in December 1995. The Konkani Language and Cultural Foundation came into being immediately after the World Konkani Convention in 1995.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/09/06/stories/2005090615340300.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061024232023/http://www.hindu.com/2005/09/06/stories/2005090615340300.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=24 October 2006 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Encouragement for Vishwa Konkani Kendra | date=6 September 2005}}</ref> The [[World Konkani Centre]] built on a three-acre plot called Konkani Gaon (Konkani Village) at Shakti Nagar, [[Mangalore]] was inaugurated on 17 January 2009,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=55810 |title=Mangalore Goa CM Dedicates World Konkani Centre to Konkani People |publisher=Daijiworld.com |accessdate=14 July 2012}}</ref> "to serve as a nodal agency for the preservation and overall development of Konkani language, art, and culture involving all the Konkani people the world over." The North American Konkani Association (NAKA) serves to unite Konkanis across the United States and Canada. It serves as a parent organization for smaller Konkani associations in various states. Furthermore, the Konkani Young Adult Group serves as a platform under NAKA to allow young adults across America (18+) of Konkani descent to meet each other and celebrate their heritage. Every 2–4 years, a Konkani Sammelan, where Konkanis from across the continent attend, is held in a different city in the US. A Konkani Youth Convention is held yearly. Past locations have included NYC and Atlanta; the upcoming youth convention is slated to be held in Chicago, IL in June. ==Literature== {{main|Konkani literature}} [[File:Doutrina Christam (book of Stephens, 1622).jpg|thumb|Cover of ''Dovtrina Christam'' by [[Thomas Stephens (missionary)|Fr. Thomas Stephens]], first published work in Konkani, and any Indian language]] During the [[Goa Inquisition]] which commenced in 1560, all books found in the Konkani language were burnt, and it is possible that old Konkani literature was destroyed as a consequence.<ref name="onqui">{{cite book|last= Saradesāya|first=Manohararāya|title=A history of Konkani literature: from 1500 to 1992|year= 2000|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-7201-664-7|page=317}}</ref> The earliest writer in the history of Konkani language known today is [[Krishnadas Shama]] from [[Quelossim]] in Goa. He began writing 25 April 1526, and he authored ''Ramayana'', ''Mahabharata'', and ''Krishnacharitrakatha'' in [[prose]] style. The manuscripts have not been found, although transliterations in Roman script are found in [[Braga]] in Portugal. The script used by him for his work is not known.<ref name="sama">{{cite book|last=Bhembre|first=Uday|title=Konkani bhashetalo paylo sahityakar:Krishnadas Shama|date=September 2009|publisher=Sunaparant Goa|pages=55–57}}</ref> The first known printed book in Konkani was written by an English [[Jesuit]] priest, [[Thomas Stephens (missionary)|Fr. Thomas Stephens]] in 1622, and entitled ''[[Doutrina Christam em Lingoa Bramana Canarim]]'' (Old Portuguese for: ''Christian Doctrine in the Canarese Brahman Language''). The first book exclusively on Konkani grammar, ''[[Arte da Lingoa Canarim]]'', was printed in 1640 by Father Stephens in Portuguese.<ref name="manohar">{{cite book|title=A history of Konkani literature: from 1500 to 1992|author=Saradesāya, Manohararāya|year=2000|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi|pages=1–3|isbn=978-81-7201-664-7}}</ref> ==Media== ===Radio=== [[All India Radio]] started broadcasting Konkani news and other services. Radio Goa Pangim started a Konkani broadcast in 1945. AIR Mumbai and Dharwad later started Konkani broadcasts in the years 1952 and 1965 respectively. Portuguese Radio, Lisbon started services in 1955 for India, East Africa, and Portugal. Similarly [[Trivandrum]], [[Alleppey]], [[Trichur]], and [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] AIR centres started Konkani broadcasts.<ref name="manohar" /> In Manglore and Udupi, many weekly news magazines are published in Konkani. ''Rakno'', ''Daize'', and a few others are very famous among the Christian community. Every Roman Catholic parish will publish three or four magazines in a year. ===Print=== ''Udentichem Sallok'' was the first Konkani periodical published in 1888, from Poona, by [[Eduardo Bruno de Souza]]. It started as a monthly and then as a fortnightly. It closed down in 1894.<ref>{{cite book|title=Behind the News: Voices from Goa's Press|pages=183–185|chapter=Romi Konknni: Hanging on a Cliff by Fr. Peter Raposo}}</ref> ====Dailies==== ''Sanjechem Nokhetr'' was started in 1907 by B. F. Cabral in [[Bombay]], and is the first Concanim newspaper. It contained detailed news of Bombay, as it was published from there. In 1982, "Novem Goem" was a daily edited by Gurunath Kelekar, Dr. F. M. Rebello and Felisio Cardozo. It was started due to people's initiative. In 1989, Fr. [[Freddy J. da Costa]], began a Konkani daily "Goencho Avaz". It became a monthly after one and a half year. Presently there is just a single Konkani daily newspaper, called ''Bhaangar Bhuin''. For a long time, there was another Konkani daily, ''[[Sunaparant]]'', which was published in Panjim. ====Weeklies==== ''O Luzo-Concanim'' was a Concanim (Konkani)- Portuguese bilingual weekly, begun in 1891, by Aleixo Caitano José Francisco. From 1892 to 1897, ''A Luz, O Bombaim Esse, A Lua, "O Intra Jijent'' and ''O Opinião Nacional'' were bilingual Concanim- Portuguese weeklies published. In 1907, ''O Goano'' was putblished from Bombay by Honorato Furtado and Francis Xavier Furtado. It was a trilingual weekly in Portuguese, Konkani and English. The Society of the Missionaries of Saint Francis Xavier, publish the Konkani weekly (satollem) named ''[[Vauraddeancho Ixtt]]''. from Pilar. It was started in 1933 by Fr. [[Arsencio Fernandes]] and Fr. [[Graciano Moraes]]. ====Fortnightly==== There is a fortnightly published newspaper since 2007 called ''Kodial Khaber'', edited by Venkatesh Baliga Mavinakurve and published by Baliga Publications, Mangalore. ====Monthlies==== ''[[Katolik Sovostkai]]'' was started in 1907 by Roldão Noronha. It later became a fortnightly before ceasing publication. ''[[Dor Mhoineachi Rotti]]'' is the oldest running Konkani periodical. It is dedicated to the spreading of the devotion to the [[Sacred Heart of Jesus]], and was initially named Dor Muineachi Rotti Povitra Jesucha Calzachem Devoçãõ Vaddounchi. Note that the til (tilde mark) over ãõ in Devoçãõ is one single til. Fr. [[Vincent Lobo]], from Sangolda in Goa, who was then curator at the St. Patrick's Church in Karachi, began it in 1915, to feed the spiritual thirst and hunger of the large number of Konkani speaking people there, on noticing the absence of Konkani spiritual literature. The name was changed subsequently to "Dor Muiniachi Rotti, Concanim Messenger of the Sacred Heart". On Fr. Vincent Lobo's passing away on 11 November 1922, Fr. [[António Ludovico Pereira]], also from Sangolda, took over the responsibility. Dor Mhoineachi Rotti had an estimated readership of around 12,000 people then. After the passing away of Fr. António Ludovico Pereira on 26 July 1936, Fr. [[Antanasio Moniz]], from [[Verna, Goa|Verna]], took over. On his passing away in 1953, Fr. [[Elias D'Souza]], from [[Bodiem]], [[Tivim]] in [[Goa]] became the fourth editor of Dor Mhoineachi Rotti. After shifting to [[Velha Goa]] in [[Goa]] around 1964, Fr. [[Moreno de Souza]] was editor for around 42 years. Presently the Dor Mhuineachi Rotti is owned by the [[Jesuits]] in Goa, edited by Fr. [[Vasco do Rego]], S. J. and printed and published by Fr. Jose Silveira, S.J. on behalf of the Provincial Superior of the Jesuits in Goa. [[Dor Mhoineachi Rotti]] will complete 100 years on 1 January 2015. ''Gulab'' is a monthly from Goa. It was started by late Fr. Freddy J. da Costa in 1983, and was printed in colour, then uncommon. Konkani periodicals published in Goa include ''[[Vauraddeancho Ixtt]]'' (Roman script, weekly), ''Gulab'' (Roman script, monthly), ''Bimb'' (Devanagari script, monthly), ''Panchkadayi'' (Kannada script, monthly) and ''Poddbimb'' (Roman script, monthly). Konkani periodicals published in Mangalore include "Raknno" (Kannada script, weekly), "DIVO" (Kannada Script, weekly from Mumbai), "Kutmacho Sevak" (Kannada script, monthly), "Dirvem" (Kannada script, monthly),"Amcho Sandesh" (Kannada script, monthly) and "Kajulo" (Kannda script, children's magazine, monthly). Konkani periodical published in Udupi include "Uzwad" (Kannada script, monthly) and Naman Ballok Jezu (Kannada script, monthly). Ekvottavorvim Uzvadd (Devanagari Script, monthly) is published from Belgaum since 1998. Panchkadayi Konkani Monthly magazine from Manipal since 1967. ===Digital and audible=== The first complete literary website in Konkani started in 2001 using Kannada script was www.maaibhaas.com by Naveen Sequeira of Brahmavara. In 2003 www.daaiz.com started by Valley Quadros Ajekar from Kuwait, this literary portal was instrumental in creating a wider range of readers across the globe, apart from various columns, literary contests, through Ashawadi Prakashan, he published several books in Konkani, including the first e-book 'Sagorachea Vattecheo Zori' released by Gerry DMello Bendur in 2005 at Karkala. www.poinnari.com is the first literary webportal in Konkani using three scripts (Kannada, Nagari and Romi), started in 2015, is also conducted the first National level literary contest in dual scripts in Konkani in 2017. 'Sagorachea Vattecheo Zori' is the first e-book in Konkani, a compilation of 100 poems digitally published by www.daaiz.com and digitally published in 2005 by Ashawadi Prakashan in Karkala. 'Kathadaaiz' is the first digital audio book digitally published in 2018 by www.poinnari.com. This audio book is also available in the YouTube channel of Ashawari Prakashan. 'Pattim Gamvak' is the first e-Novel written in Kannada script Konkani in 2002 by Valley Quadros Ajekar from Kuwait, published in www.maaibhaas.com in 2002-3. 'Veez' is the first digital weekly in Konkani, started in 2018 by Dr.Austine D'Souza Prabhu in Chicago, USA. Veez is the only magazine publishing Konkani in 4 scripts; Kannada, Nagari, Romi and Malayalam. ===Television=== {{main|List of Konkani-language television channels}} The [[Doordarshan]] centre in Panjim produces Konkani programs, which are broadcast in the evening. Many local Goan channels also broadcast Konkani television programs. These include: Prudent Media, Goa 365, HCN, RDX Goa, and others. ===Film=== {{main|Konkani cinema}} ===Music=== on 1st feb 2024 song 'Addicted' by EZD and Chrystal Farrell entered [[spotify]] charts [[UAE]] at 3rd position alongside artists like [[Taylor Swift]] and [[The Weeknd]] creating a record of becoming first ever Konkani song to chart.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ndtv.in/bollywood/ezd-chrystal-farrell-song-addicted-left-taylor-swift-behind-made-this-record-5007509|title=इजीडी और क्रिस्टल फॉरेल का गाना 'एडिक्टेड' ने टेलर स्विफ्ट को भी छोड़ा पीछे, बनाया ये रिकॉर्ड!|website=NDTVIndia}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==In popular culture== Many Konkani songs of the Goan fisher-folk appear recurrently in a number of [[Hindi films]]. Many Hindi movies feature characters with a Goan Catholic accent. A famous song from the 1957 movie ''[[Aasha (1957 film)|Aasha]]'', contains the Konkani words "mhaka naka" and became extremely popular. Children were chanting "[[Eeny, meeny, miny, moe]]", which inspired [[C Ramchandra]] and his assistant John Gomes to create the first line of the song, "Eena Meena Deeka, De Dai Damanika". Gomes, who was a [[Goan]], added the words "mhaka naka" (Konkani for "I don't want"). They kept on adding more nonsense rhymes until they ended with "Rum pum po!".<ref name=bolly>{{cite book|last=Joshi|first=Lalit Mohan|title=Bollywood: popular Indian cinema|year=2002|publisher=Dakini Books|pages=351 pages (see page:66)}}</ref><ref name="ashwin_story">{{cite web |url = http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=1035927 |title = The story of 'Eena Meena Deeka' |author = Ashwin Panemangalore |publisher = [[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]] |date = 16 June 2006 |accessdate = 6 July 2007 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070930014618/http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=1035927 |archivedate = 30 September 2007 |df = dmy-all }}</ref> An international ad campaign by [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] for the [[2007 Cricket World Cup]] featured a Konkani song "Rav Patrao Rav" as the background theme. It was based on the tune of an older song "[[Bebdo]]", composed by [[Chris Perry (musician)|Chris Perry]] and sung by [[Lorna Cordeiro]]. The new lyrics were written by Agnello Dias (who worked in the ad agency that made the ad), recomposed by Ram Sampat, and sung by Ella Castellino. A Konkani cultural event, Konkani Nirantari, organised by Mandd Sobhann, was held in [[Mangalore]] on 26 and 27 January 2008, and entered the [[Guinness World Records|Guinness Book of World Records]] for holding a 40-hour-long non-stop musical singing marathon, beating a [[Brazilian people|Brazilian]] musical troupe who had previously held the record of singing non-stop for 36 hours.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=42855&n_tit=Mangalore%3A+Guinness+Adjudicator+Hopeful+of+Certifying+Konkani+Nirantari |title= Mangalore: Guinness Adjudicator Hopeful of Certifying Konkani Nirantari |accessdate=1 February 2008 |publisher= Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore }}</ref> ==See also== {{col div|colwidth=20em}} * [[Canara Konkani]] * [[Konkani in the Roman script]] * [[Konkani Language Agitation]] * [[Konkani people]] * [[Konkani phonology]] * [[Konkani Poets]] * [[Konkani Script]] * [[List of loanwords in Konkani]] * [[Languages of India]] * [[Languages with official status in India]] * [[List of languages by number of native speakers in India]] * [[Maharashtri]] * [[Malvani dialect]] * [[Malvani people]] * [[Marathi–Konkani languages]] * [[Paisaci]] * [[Sahitya Akademi Award to Konkani Writers]] * [[World Konkani Centre]] * [[World Konkani Hall of Fame]] {{colend}} ==Footnotes== {{reflist|group=note|30em}} ==References== {{reflist}} ==Further reading== * {{cite web|date=25 April 2019|first=Karthik|last=Malli|url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/romi-konkani-the-story-of-a-goan-script-born-out-of-portuguese-influence-which-faces-possible-decline-6510431.html|title=Romi Konkani: The story of a Goan script, born out of Portuguese influence, which faces possible decline.|work=Firstpost}} ==External links== {{Commons category|Konkani}} {{interWiki|code=gom}} {{Wiktionary|Konkani}} {{Wikivoyage|Konkani phrasebook|Konkani|a phrasebook}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170916054056/http://v-ixtt.com/ Vauraddeancho Ixtt], Konkani language site * [http://www.konkaninews.com Konkani News]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Konkani language site * [http://www.kittall.com/kitall/index.php Kital] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141115202356/http://www.kittall.com/kitall/index.php |date=15 November 2014 }}, Konkani language site * [http://konkani.chilume.com/ Chilume.com], Konkani Literature * [http://www.nizgoenkar.org/ Niz Goenkar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802235326/http://www.nizgoenkar.org/ |date=2 August 2020 }}, Konkani-English bilingual site * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090208104244/http://goa-world.com/GOA/konkani/ Learn Goan Konkani online] * [http://www.konkaninews.bangalorelivenews.com/ Read Konkani News online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623021734/http://www.konkaninews.bangalorelivenews.com/ |date=23 June 2017 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140328022341/http://www.ourkarnataka.com/learn_konkani/learn_konkani_main.htm Learn Mangalorean GSB Konkani online] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060618141228/http://www.mangalorean.com/konkani/archive.php?ltype=Lesson Learn Mangalorean Catholic Konkani online] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080828171254/http://www.goakonkaniakademi.org/konkaniweb/language-literature.htm An excellent article on Konkani history and literature by Goa Konkani Academi] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110502055206/http://manglorean.net/konkani/ Online Manglorean Konkani Dictionary Project] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070112230100/http://www.savemylanguage.org/ Online Konkani (GSB) dictionary] * [http://www.vishwakonkani.org/ World Konkani Centre, Mangalore] * [http://www.konkanverter.com Konkanverter-Konkani script conversion utility] {{Konkani language topics}} {{Languages of India}} {{Indo-Aryan languages}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Konkani Language}} [[Category:Languages officially written in Indic scripts]] [[Category:Languages attested from the 12th century]] [[Category:Konkani]] [[Category:Southern Indo-Aryan languages]] [[Category:Indo-Aryan languages]] [[Category:Official languages of India]] [[Category:Subject–object–verb languages]] [[Category:Konkani languages|Konkani languages]] [[Category:Languages written in Devanagari]] [[Category:Sahitya Akademi recognised languages]] f3thxzfimoq3kc6z3ty7r4shtjh738i 0 72153 873707 872416 2026-07-01T16:39:54Z Ummun Sultan 23935 An kirkira ta fassara "Career" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360020249|IK Ogbonna]]" 873707 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}   '''Ikechukwu Mitchel Ogbonna''' (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1984), wanda aka fi sani da '''IK Ogbonna''', ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na fina-finai da talabijin [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]], samfurin, darektan, kuma ɗan wasan talabijin. Shi Darakta ne, Model da kuma Mutumin talabijin.<ref name="eduprofile">{{Cite web |last=<!--staff writer--> |date=2022-10-17 |title=Education Profile of IK Ogbonna |url=https://presspay.ng/news/education-profile-of-ik-ogbonna/ |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=PressPayNg Blog |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya kasance a cikin fim din Playing Safe tare da Tonto Dikeh da [[Ini Edo]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--staff writer--> |date=11 May 2013 |title=Playing Safe 'Review' |url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2013/05/playing-safe.html |website=Nollywood REinvented}}</ref> == Ilimi == Ik ya sami karatun firamare da sakandare a Jihar Legas, inda ya sami Takardar shaidarsa ta farko da Takardar shaidar Makarantar Afirka ta Yamma bi da bi.<ref name="eduprofile">{{Cite web |last=<!--staff writer--> |date=2022-10-17 |title=Education Profile of IK Ogbonna |url=https://presspay.ng/news/education-profile-of-ik-ogbonna/ |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=PressPayNg Blog |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://presspay.ng/news/education-profile-of-ik-ogbonna/ "Education Profile of IK Ogbonna"]. ''PressPayNg Blog''. 17 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Ya kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko a fannin zamantakewa daga Jami'ar Jos a Jihar Plateau . <ref name="eduprofile" /> Mai wasan kwaikwayo ya sami digiri na Doctorate na Arts a cikin Jagora da Ci gaba daga Institut Supérieur De Management et de Technologie (ISMT). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-12 |title=Institut Supérieur De Management et de Technologie (ISMT) - Le Grand Frère |url=https://legrandfrere.bf/etablissement/institut-superieur-de-management-et-detechnologie-ismt/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211093623/https://legrandfrere.bf/etablissement/institut-superieur-de-management-et-detechnologie-ismt/ |archive-date=11 December 2024 |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=legrandfrere.bf/ |language=fr-FR}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Ogbonna ya shiga cikin sauraron shirin talabijin na Amstel Malta Box Office a shekara ta 2005 kuma an zaba shi. Ya kasance abin koyi na dogon lokaci. Yayinda yake makarantar sakandare ya lashe lambar yabo ta Milo don Fine Arts <ref name="eduprofile">{{Cite web |last=<!--staff writer--> |date=2022-10-17 |title=Education Profile of IK Ogbonna |url=https://presspay.ng/news/education-profile-of-ik-ogbonna/ |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=PressPayNg Blog |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://presspay.ng/news/education-profile-of-ik-ogbonna/ "Education Profile of IK Ogbonna"]. ''PressPayNg Blog''. 17 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Farkonsa a masana'antar fina-finai ya fara ne a shekarar 2013 lokacin da ya fito a Love Lorn . <ref name="eduprofile">{{Cite web |last=<!--staff writer--> |date=2022-10-17 |title=Education Profile of IK Ogbonna |url=https://presspay.ng/news/education-profile-of-ik-ogbonna/ |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=PressPayNg Blog |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://presspay.ng/news/education-profile-of-ik-ogbonna/ "Education Profile of IK Ogbonna"]. ''PressPayNg Blog''. 17 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> A halin yanzu Alkalin ne a ''De9jaspirit Talent Hunt'' show . <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--staff writer--> |date=2023-07-06 |title=Season 3 De9jaspirit Talent Hunt 2023 returns with 4 Judges, Host of incredible prizes |url=https://nigerianpilot.news/2023/07/06/season-3-de9jaspirit-talent-hunt-2023-returns-with-4-judges-host-of-incredible-prizes/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802140905/https://nigerianpilot.news/2023/07/06/season-3-de9jaspirit-talent-hunt-2023-returns-with-4-judges-host-of-incredible-prizes/ |archive-date=2023-08-02 |access-date=2023-08-02 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Ogbonna ya gaya wa The Vanguard a cikin 2023 cewa dangantakarsa ta fara ne da abota saboda bai san yadda za a nemi mace ba. Ya taɓa auren Sonia Morales kuma suna da ɗa, Ace Ogbonna. Bugu da ƙari, yana da 'yar mai suna Makayla daga dangantakar da ta gabata.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Black |first=Henry |date=2018-12-30 |title=The Revelation: IK Ogbonna First Child Surface and Trouble Begins Again! |url=https://www.nigeriafilms.com/the-revelation-ik-ogbonna-first-child-surface-and-trouble-begins-again/ |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=Nigeriafilms |language=en-US}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == * Ajiye Rai (2007) a matsayin Dauda * Abin sha'awa (2012) * ''Lovelorn'' (2012) * Abin sha'awa (2012) * ''Yin wasa lafiya'' (2013) a matsayin Laporsche * ''An sace Gobe'' (2013) * ''A cikin Takalmanta'' (2013) a matsayin Ben * The Wrong Selfie (2014) a matsayin Alex * Hustlers (2014) a matsayin Cliff * Golden Diggin (2014) a matsayin Ik * ''Lines da ba su da tabbas'' (2014) * ''Otal din Honeymoon'' (2014) * ''Abokina Mai arziki'' (2014) * ''Ikogosi'' (2015) a matsayin George * Open Marriage (2015) a matsayin Kelvin * ''Black Bird'' (2015) a matsayin Chuks * A Week to My Wedding (2016) a matsayin Pedro * ''Ghana Dole ne ta tafi'' (2016) * Ɗauki Mutum (2017) a matsayin Benjamin * Fitar da Ƙauna (2017) Gilbert * Kayan aiki da yawa (2017) a matsayin Enyinna * Disguise (2018) a matsayin Belinda/Lambo * The Washerman (2018) a matsayin Boniface * ''SHOWBIZ'' (2019) * The Confessor (2019) a matsayin Rev. Frank * Unroyal (2020) a matsayin Yarima Leonard * Ayyuka masu laushi (2020) a matsayin Dr. J. * ''Hanyar Komawa Gida'' (2021) a matsayin George * ''[[Kirsimeti a Miami]]'' (2021) a matsayin Nite Club PR * Ni Nazzy ne (2022) * ''Kuskuren'' (2022) a matsayin Jasper * The Switch (2023) a matsayin Pablo * Loving Belinda (2023) a matsayin Chucks * ''Babban Ranar Teni'' (2023) a matsayin Benjamin * Ta Dukkanin (2024) a matsayin Nonso * ''Yadda nake son a ƙaunace ni'' (2024) a matsayin Olisa * Dukkanin da ke Haskakawa (2024) a matsayin Chuks * ''[[Move like a Boss|Ka yi tafiya kamar shugaba]]'' (2024) == Career == A lokacin da yake makarantar sakandare ya lashe kyautar Milo Awards for Fine Arts <ref name="eduprofile">{{Cite web |author=<!--staff writer--> |date=2022-10-17 |title=Education Profile of IK Ogbonna |url=https://presspay.ng/news/education-profile-of-ik-ogbonna/ |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=PressPayNg Blog |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Sakamakon !Ref |- |2015 |[[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Mai wasan kwaikwayo mai ban sha'awa a Abuja|{{Nom}} | |- |2017 |[[2017 Best of Nollywood Awards|Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] |Mafi Kyawun Mai Taimako - Turanci|{{Nom}} | |- |2018 |[[Kyautar fim ta Mutanen birni|Kyautar Fim ta Jama'a]] |Mafi kyawun Actor na Shekara|{{Nom}} |<ref name="vanguard" /> |- | rowspan="2" | | rowspan="2" |[[Best of Nollywood Awards|Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] |Mafi kyawun Actor a cikin rawar jagora - Turanci|{{Nom}} | rowspan="2" | |- |Mafi Kyawun Kiss a cikin Fim|{{Won}} |} == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin Jaruman Finafinan Najeriya|Jerin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya]] * [[Jerin daraktocin fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] cfzyip4b8yg20zhmgfjkq7gwhzy7lll 0 72258 873637 506056 2026-07-01T13:33:26Z Habibah A Jisambo 26434 873637 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Bernhard Dilling, Freundinnen.jpg|thumb|yaren dilling]] [[Fayil:Bernhard Dilling, Der Kardinal.jpg|thumb|Yaren diling]] Dilling (kuma Delen, ''Warki''; mai suna: Warki) yare ne na Hill Nubian da ake magana a [[arewa]] maso yammacin [[Harsunan Hill Nubian|Dutsen Nubian]] a kudancin [[Sudan]] . Kimanin mutane 12,000 ne ke magana da shi a garin Dilling da tsaunuka da ke kewaye da shi, gami da Kudur. Ethnologue ya ba da rahoton cewa Dilling [[Harshen da ke mutuwa|Yana mutuwa]], tare da tsofaffi kawai suna magana da yaren kuma ba sa amfani da shi tare da yaransu. Duk masu magana suna amfani da [[Larabci na Sudan]]. Dilling suna kiran kansu ''Warki'', yayin da masu magana da Dilling na Kudur ke kiran kansu ''Kwashe'' . Wani kabilanci da ke magana da Dilling shine mutanen Debri, [[kabilanci]] na dubban mutane daga [[Kudancin Kurdufan]] a [[Sudan]] == Harsuna == Dilling yana da yare ɗaya - Debri, wanda ake magana a kan dutsen [[Gebel Debri]], kudu da Ghulfan . {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2024}} == Fasahar sauti == Dilling yana da sautuna 9 a,e,ẹ,i,ọ,ǒ,u da kuma sautuna 21 kamar haka (Gebel Delen 1920:3): [cikakken ambaton da ake buƙata]  {| class="wikitable" |+ ! !Abubuwan fashewa murya mara murya !Rashin jituwa murya mara murya !Rashin ruwa !Nasals |- |Hanci |t d | (s) |r r |n |- |Gburin da aka samu |k g |h | |ṅ |- |Gutturopalatales | | | |ñ |- |Fuskar baki |t d |š da | |Jima'i |- |Labarai |p |ƒ w | |m |} == Sunaye == A cikin Dilling babu bambancin jinsi na jinsi a cikin nau'ikan kalmomi, sunaye da kalmomin dangi, don bayyana jinsi a cikin mutum mutum mutum yana ƙara magana don bayyana kamar misali korti (mutum) ko ̆li (mata). Wadannan an kara su ba tare da haɗin kai ba. Tare da dabbobi sunan ya rarraba jinsi da jinsuna, 'shé' "mace saniya" da 'tere' "bull". (Gebel Delen 1920:40-41) [cikakken ambaton da ake buƙata]  Dilling ba shi da takamaiman labarai kuma ba takamaiman labaran ba amma yana amfani da sunayen mutum na 3 sg / pl kuma an sanya shi a gaban sunan 'shé id" "mutumin (wanda aka ambata) " (Gebel Delen 1920:42).   [cikakken ambaton da ake buƙata] Ban da sunaye ne kuma Idan sunan yana da halayyar daga baya ana sanya shi a gaba, tsakanin sunan da halayya ko kuma an ninka shi (Gebel Delen 1920:42). [cikakken ambaton da ake buƙata]  == Wakilan sunaye == Wakilan mutum sune: e->I a->Kai te/te->Ya/ta/shi/shi I->Muna u->Kai ti->Suna Sau da yawa mutum kawai yana sanya wakilin mutum na farko a gaban aikatau kuma ya bar shi lokacin da yake magana game da mutum na 3 sg / pl ko kuma idan suna so su yi amfani da shi azaman suna lokacin da suke so su jaddada wannan ɓangaren, za su sanya shi a gaban aikatawa. (Gebel Delen 1920:96) [cikakken ambaton da ake buƙata]  == Lambobin == An rubuta lambobi 1-29 a cikin Dilling farawa daga lambobi 30 ko dai suna tara lambobi ko kuma an ɗauke su daga Larabci musamman farawa daga 100 (Gebel Delen 1920:90-92). 1 bēn ko ben 2 Oren 3 tọcuṅ (töduṅ) 4 Tunani 26 tar (be) kwártu kǒ == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pvchn67qvrhqh3kxjlvoatccvz39bc3 0 72954 874043 495480 2026-07-01T23:41:17Z Habibah A Jisambo 26434 874043 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Hakim Belabbes - IFFR 2017 (1).jpg|thumb|Hoton hakim]] '''Hakim Belabbes''' (Arabic) (an haife shi a shekara ta 1961) ɗan fim ne kuma dan ƙasar Maroko . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hakim Belabbes : "Je suis passionné par la dignité, le courage et le combat de ceux qu’on ne voit pas" |url=https://telquel.ma/2022/07/22/hakim-belabbes-je-suis-passionne-par-la-dignite-le-courage-et-le-combat-de-ceux-quon-ne-voit-pas_1777085?fbrefresh=4 |access-date=2022-07-24 |website=Telquel.ma |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cinéma: Hakim Belabbes dévoile ses " Murs effondrés " |url=https://aujourdhui.ma/videos/cinema-hakim-belabbes-devoile-ses-murs-effondres |access-date=2022-07-27 |website=Aujourd'hui le Maroc |language=fr-FR}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko. == An haife shi a garin Bouja'd . Mahaifinsa mallaki gidan wasan kwaikwayo na fim kawai a cikin birni.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Film of the week: Hakim Belabbes – Arab Media Lab // المختبر العربي لفنون الميديا |url=http://www.arabmedialab.org/film-of-the-week-hakim-belabbes/ |access-date=2022-07-24 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya yi karatun adabin [[Amurka]] da kuma yankin Afirka a Jami'ar Muhammad V da ke Rabat, inda ya sami digiri na farko a shekarar 1983.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Film of the week: Hakim Belabbes – Arab Media Lab // المختبر العربي لفنون الميديا |url=http://www.arabmedialab.org/film-of-the-week-hakim-belabbes/ |access-date=2022-07-24 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai. == * Ganuwar da ta rushe ({{Lang|ary|لو كان يطيحوا الحيوط}}), shekarar 2022 * Ruwan Ruwa mai zaki (عرق الشتا), shekarar 2017 * Nauyin Inuwa ({{Lang|ar|ثقل الظل}} الظل) (Documentary),shekarar 2015 * Bayyana Ƙauna: Ƙoƙarin da ya Rashin Rashin Rannawa, 2012 * Mafarki na Boiling Dreams,shekarar 2011 * Ashlaa ({{Lang|ar|أشلاء}}) (Documentary), shekarar 2009 * Wadannan Hannun (هذه الأيادي) (Documentary), shekarar shekarar 2008 * Me ya sa O'Sea (علاش البحر), shekarar 2006 * Khahit errouh (خيط الروح), 2003 * Ka gaya wa Ruwa (Kadancin takardun shaida), 2002 * Shaida (Short), shekarar shekarar 2001 * R'maa (Kadancin takardun shaida), 2001 * Mala'iku Uku, Babu Fuka-fuki (Kadan), 2001 * Whispers (Kadancin takardun shaida), 1999 * Makiyayi da Rifle, 1998 * Har yanzu a shirye (Short), 1997 * Boujad: A Nest in the Heat (Documentary), 1992 == Manazarta . == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1961]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] akgpfx4bzy261v76pbyz3tepew5camb 0 73329 873818 389582 2026-07-01T20:58:50Z Ummeeterh 31568 873818 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;" |<div class="fn" style="display:inline-block">Moncef Lazaâr</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |An haife shi | class="infobox-data" |<div class="nickname" style="display:inline">Zaben Zafin</div> <span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1942-05-24</span>)</span> 24 ga Mayu 1942<br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ya mutu | class="infobox-data" |25 Nuwamba 2018 <span style="display:none">(2018-11-25)</span> (shekaru 76) &nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ƙasar | class="infobox-data category" |[[Tunisian people|Tunisian]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ayyuka | class="infobox-data role" |Mawallafin fim<br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="white-space:nowrap;">Ayyuka masu ban sha'awa</span> | class="infobox-data" |''Ghada'' |} '''Moncef Lazaâr''' (24 ga [[Mayu]] 1942 - 25 ga [[Nuwamba]] 2018) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma marubucin allo na ƙasar Tunisia. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mosaiquefm.net/fr/actualite-social-tunisie/450241/deces-de-l-acteur-tunisien-moncef-lazaar|title=Décès de l'acteur Tunisien Moncef Lazaar|date=25 November 2018|work=mosaiquefm|language=French}}</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == Moncef Lazaâr ya kasance fitaccen ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin wasan kwaikwayo, amma an fi saninsa da fina-finai na talabijin, wanda ya fi shahara shi ne lokacin da ya buga Mohamed Hadj Slimane a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na ''Ghada'' a 1994. kuma nuna Abdelkader Jerbi a cikin jerin 1995 ''El Hassad'' tare da 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Dalila Meftahi . <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/entry/deces-de-lacteur-tunisien-moncef-lazaar-la-scene-artistique-en-deuil_mg_5bfad769e4b0771fb6b9e1f6|title=Décès de l'acteur tunisien Moncef Lazaar: La scène artistique en deuil|date=25 November 2018|work=Huffington Post|language=French}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.realites.com.tn/2018/11/lacteur-moncef-lazaar-nest-plus/|title=L’acteur Moncef Lazâar n’est plus|date=25 November 2018|work=Realites Online|language=French}}</ref> shekara ta 2005, ya rubuta rubutun fim din Chara Al Hobb, wanda Hamadi Arafa ya jagoranta. == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi !Bayani |- |1993 |''Ommi Traki'' | | |- |1994 |''Ghada'' |Isma'il |Karamin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin |- |1995 |''El Hassad'' | |Shirye-shiryen talabijin |- |2005 |''Chara Al Honb'' | |Shirye-shiryen talabijin |} == Gidan wasan kwaikwayo == * ''Alma Angel'' * ''Allayl Ah Ya Layl'' * ''Baba We Ando Bouh'' == Manazarta == [[Category:Haifaffun 1942]] [[Category:Mutuwan 2018]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fai9plq0yg5o25ue5oonueeka18gi83 0 73547 873878 721896 2026-07-01T21:31:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 873878 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Entrée centre culturel blaise Senghor.jpg|thumb|hoton blaise Senghor]] [[Fayil:Sesel map of socialist states.PNG|thumb|Taswirar wuraren ]] '''Blaise Adolphe Antoine Marie Senghor'''<ref name="Décès">{{Cite web |language=French |title=Procès verbal d'ouverture Décès État civil |url=https://archives.paris.fr/arkotheque/visionneuse/visionneuse.php?arko=YTo2OntzOjQ6ImRhdGUiO3M6MTA6IjIwMjItMTAtMTciO3M6MTA6InR5cGVfZm9uZHMiO3M6MTE6ImFya29fc2VyaWVsIjtzOjQ6InJlZjEiO2k6NDtzOjQ6InJlZjIiO2k6Mjc0MTg0O3M6MTY6InZpc2lvbm5ldXNlX2h0bWwiO2I6MTtzOjIxOiJ2aXNpb25uZXVzZV9odG1sX21vZGUiO3M6NDoicHJvZCI7fQ==#uielem_move=-1155%2C-709&uielem_islocked=1&uielem_zoom=184&uielem_brightness=0&uielem_contrast=0&uielem_isinverted=0&uielem_rotate=F |format= |date=1976 |website=archives.paris.fr |isbn= |page= |access-date=30 August 2023 |archive-date=24 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224121742/https://archives.paris.fr/arkotheque/visionneuse/visionneuse.php?arko=YTo2OntzOjQ6ImRhdGUiO3M6MTA6IjIwMjItMTAtMTciO3M6MTA6InR5cGVfZm9uZHMiO3M6MTE6ImFya29fc2VyaWVsIjtzOjQ6InJlZjEiO2k6NDtzOjQ6InJlZjIiO2k6Mjc0MTg0O3M6MTY6InZpc2lvbm5ldXNlX2h0bWwiO2I6MTtzOjIxOiJ2aXNpb25uZXVzZV9odG1sX21vZGUiO3M6NDoicHJvZCI7fQ==#uielem_move=-1155%2C-709&uielem_islocked=1&uielem_zoom=184&uielem_brightness=0&uielem_contrast=0&uielem_isinverted=0&uielem_rotate=F |url-status=dead }} Paris 15th arrondissement death certificate, n° 2444, page 7 of 31.</ref> (kuma '''Blaise Wali Antoine Marie Senghor''', Joal, yanzu Joal-Fadiouth, [[Senegal]], 30 May 1932 - [[Faris|Paris]], Faransa, 6 Oktoba 1976) [[Darakta|darektan fina-finan]] [[Senegal]] ne, marubucin allo kuma Wakilin dindindin [[UNESCO]] kuma mataimakin shugaban ƙasar Senegal.<ref name="Africine">{{Cite web |url=http://www.africine.org/personne/blaise-senghor/3863 |title=Blaise Senghor Réalisateur/trice Documentariste |language=French |publisher=Fédération africaine de la critique cinématographique (FACC) |website=africine.org |access-date=30 August 2023 |date=2020 |archive-date=16 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250416235113/https://www.africine.org/personne/blaise-senghor/3863 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Africultures">{{Cite web |url=https://africultures.com/personnes/?no=3863 |title=Blaise Senghor Réalisateur/trice, Documentariste |access-date=30 August 2023 |language=French |website=africultures.com |publisher=Africultures. Les mondes en relation}}</ref><ref name="IMDb">{{IMDb name |id=0784270 |name=Blaise Senghor}}. Director Writer Second Unit Director or Assistant Director.</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haife shi a cikin shekarar 1932 a Joal, Senegal, ɗa ne ga René Senghor da Hélène Conté, Blaise Senghor ɗan wa ne ga shugaban farko na Senegal Léopold Sédar Senghor (1906 - 2001).<ref name="Décès" /><ref>Thassinda Uba Thassinda, ''Amadou Mahtar M'Bow : un Sahélien à l'Unesco'', Présence africaine, Paris, Dakar, 1989, p. 232 {{ISBN|2-7087-0536-9}}</ref><ref name="ast">{{Cite journal |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/mag/640316/societe/dix-choses-a-savoir-sur-doudou-diene-preside-la-commission-denquete-de-lonu-sur-le-burundi/ |title=Dix choses à savoir sur Doudou Diène, président de la Commission d’enquête de l’ONU sur le Burundi |periodical=Jeune Afrique |date=10 October 2018 |first=Anna |last=Sylvestre-Treiner |access-date=30 August 2023 |language=French}}</ref> Bayan halartar Lycée Van Vollenhoven (daga baya aka sake masa suna Lycée Lamine Guèye) a Dakar, ya yi karatu a Institut des haute études cinématographiques (IDHEC) a Paris a lokacin 1958- 1960. Ya kuma sami Diplôme d'études supérieures ( [[:fr:Diplôme d'études supérieures en France|fr]] ) na malami a cikin [[Harshe (yare)|Harsuna]] da wallafe-wallafen gargajiya, da Bachelor of Arts (Licence de lettres) kuma.<ref name="Soleil">{{Cite web |language=French |first=Oumar |last=Diouf |title=Blaise Senghor |url=http://www.senegalaisement.com/senegal/blaise_senghor.html |date= |website=planete-senegal.com |isbn= |page= |publisher=[[Le Soleil (Senegal)]] |quote=Blaise Senghor (un article d'Oumar DIOUF pour le Soleil). Tout le monde, ou presque, connaît le Centre Culturel Blaise Senghor. Mais peu de gens peuvent dire exactement qui est le parrain de cette structure située sur le boulevard Dial Diop, juste en face du lycée Blaise Diagne. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414030303/http://www.senegalaisement.com/senegal/blaise_senghor.html |archive-date=14 April 2010 |access-date=30 August 2023}}. With a portrait photograph.</ref> A matsayin mai shirya fina-finai Blaise Senghor ya zama sananne ga ''Qui trop embrasse'' (1962, Series 1 episode 18 of ''Les cinq dernières minutes'') <ref name="5 minutes">{{IMDb title|title=Qui trop embrasse}}. Director was Claude Loursais (1919 – 1988, [[:fr:Claude Loursais|fr]])</ref> da ''Le grand Magal de Touba'' (1962), yana ba da tarihin bikin Sufi na Musulunci. Ya yi aiki a Senegal a matsayin babban mai shirya fim ɗin Yves Ciampi ''[[Liberté I|Liberté I.]]'' Bayan [[bugun jini]] ya sa ya kasa ci gaba da yin fim, Senghor ya fara aiki a ofishin jakadancin Senegal da ke birnin Paris. Ya yi wa Senegal hidima a matsayin Wakilin dindindin [[UNESCO|na UNESCO]] (jakada) a birnin Paris kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin mataimakan shugabannin hukumar gudanarwa (1972-1974) karkashin Darakta-Janar na Senegal Amadou-Mahtar M'Bow. Ya mutu a ranar 6 ga watan Oktoba 1976 a Paris, Faransa. Cibiyar Culturel de Dakar Blaise Senghor ( [[:fr:Centre culturel Blaise Senghor|fr]] ) an sanya masa suna a farkon ta a shekara ta 1976. == Filmography == Fina-finan Senghor sun haɗa da: {| class="wikitable" border="1" !Shekara ! Fim ! Salon ! Matsayi ! Tsawon lokaci |- | 1960 | ''Qui trop embrasse''<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> (Series 1 episode 18 of ''Les cinq dernières minutes'' ) <ref name="5 minutes">{{IMDb title|title=Qui trop embrasse}}. Director was Claude Loursais (1919 – 1988, [[:fr:Claude Loursais|fr]])</ref> | Wasan kwaikwayo/Laifi, shirin TV | Mataimakin darakta | Minti 90 (m) |- | 1962 | ''Le Grand Magal a Touba''<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> ( ''Le Grand Magal de Touba'' ) | Gajeren labari | Darakta, marubucin allo tare da Thomas Diop | 25 m |- | 1962 | ''[[Liberté I]]'' ta Yves Ciamp | Wasan kwaikwayo | Furodusa | 89m ku |- | 1974 | ''Joal'' | Gajere | Darakta | |} == Kyautattuka == * Azurfa Bear don Mafi kyawun Gajeren Fim na ''Le Grand Magal de Touba'' a Bikin Fim na Duniya na Berlin 1962.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.berlinale.de/en/archive/awards-juries/awards.html/o=desc/p=33/rp=40 |title=Awards. International Documentary and Short Film Jury 1962 |last= |first= |date= |website=berlinale.de |publisher=Berlin International Film Festival |access-date=30 August 2023 |quote=}}</ref> == Littattafai == * {{cite journal |last= |first= |author-link= |journal=La Vie Africaine |title=Le cinéma et l'Afrique: [[Jean Rouch]], [[Georges Sadoul]], Blaise Senghor, [[Paulin Vieyra]] avec les élèves africains de l'[[Institut des hautes études cinématographiques|I.D.H.E.C.]] |url= |location=Paris |publisher= |page= |date=1961 |issue=15 |isbn= |oclc=26849020}}. Numéro spécial. == Manazarta == [[Category:Haifaffun 1932]] lzlz223ofyhdroq0m8armlhkl0o8ku5 0 73549 874143 856930 2026-07-02T08:05:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 874143 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Chijindu Kelechi Eke'''// i shi ne darektan fina-finai na Najeriya na Amurka, injiniyan software, kuma mai ba da agaji. Shi ne wanda ya kafa bikin fina-finai na [[Afirka]] (TAFF), wanda ya kafa Village Arts & Film Festival (VILLAFFEST), kuma mai kirkirar sabis na fina-fakka na Afirka Rootflix.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2016-07-07 |title=African Film Festival in Texas Bridges Cultures |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/african-film-festival-texas-bridges-cultures/3408425.html |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Voice of America |language=en}}</ref> Shi ne kuma wanda ya kafa bikin African Women Arts & Film Festival (AWAFFEST), wanda ke murna da aikin mata na Afirka a fim.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=African Women Arts & Film Festival (AWAFFEST) |url=https://filmfreeway.com/awaffest |website=Filmfreeway}}</ref> Ana amfani da fina-finai da ya fitar a jami'o'in da aka sani a duniya kamar [[Jami'ar Harvard|Harvard]], Yale, [[Jami'ar Stanford|Stanford]], a matsayin kayan bincike don Nazarin Afirka da Shige da Fice.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Catalog - chijindu kelechi eke - Search Results |url=https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=chijindu+kelechi+eke&offset=1 |website=search.worldcat.org}}</ref><ref name=":17">{{Cite journal |last=Eke |first=Chijindu |date=2012 |title=Lost in Abroad: Have we forgotten our Roots? |url=https://id.lib.harvard.edu/alma/990133641810203941/catalog |journal=Harvard University Library |via=Bigobi Productions}}</ref><ref name=":18">{{Cite journal |last=Eke |first=Chijindu Kelechi |date=2012 |title=Lost in Abroad: Have We Forgotten Our Roots? |url=https://search.library.yale.edu/catalog/11072297 |journal=[[Yale University]] |via=[Dallas, Texas]: Bigobi Productions}}</ref><ref name=":19">{{Cite journal |last=Eke |first=Chijindu Kelechi |date=2012 |title=Lost in abroad: have we forgotten our roots? |url=https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/9723004 |format=Video Recording |journal=[[Stanford University]] |via=[Dallas, Tex.?], Bigobi Productions.}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Satumba, 2022, Kelechi Eke ya fara wani aikin da ya kira Operation Light up Amafor don shigar da fitilun hasken rana a cikin al'ummarsa.<ref name=":10" /> A lokacin da aka naɗa shi a ranar 26 ga Disamba, 2023, an naɗa shi sarauta a matsayin "Ichie Ihemba" na farko na Imerienwe a [[Imo|Jihar Imo]] ta Najeriya.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=fatshimetrie |date=2023-12-16 |title=Kelechi Eke, founder of the TAFF festival, inducted leader of his community for his exceptional contribution to cultural development |url=https://eng.fatshimetrie.org/2023/12/16/kelechi-eke-founder-of-the-taff-festival-inducted-leader-of-his-community-for-his-exceptional-contribution-to-cultural-development/ |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Fatshimetrie |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218010211/https://eng.fatshimetrie.org/2023/12/16/kelechi-eke-founder-of-the-taff-festival-inducted-leader-of-his-community-for-his-exceptional-contribution-to-cultural-development/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Duk da cewa yana zaune ne a Amurka, an nada Ichie Kelechi Eke a matsayin shugaban kwamitin kungiyar Para-Soccer Association of Imo State a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2024 saboda sha'awar da yake da ita ga ci gaban wasanni da kulawa da nakasassu. A ranar 2 ga Satumba, 2024, Ichie Kelechi Eke ya yi kira ga hadin kai a cikin al'ummarsa kuma ya ba da damar farfado da bikin ranar Amafor da aka watsar, wanda yawanci ana gudanar da shi a kowace ranar 27 ga Disamba don kiyaye al'adun al'adu. Ya canza shi zuwa carnival, wanda ke nuna alamun tufafin gargajiya, wasan kwaikwayo na rawa, da kuma hada sabbin abubuwa kamar gasar wasanni da wasan kwaikwayo mai kyau, wanda ya ba da dama ga mata matasa, gami da tallafin karatu.&nbsp; A ranar 5 ga Oktoba, 2024, Ichie Kelechi Eke ya jagoranci kaddamar da [[Odenigbo Cultural Club|Kungiyar Al'adu ta Odenigbo]], kungiyar da ya kafa a [[Dallas]] don yin bikin [[Al'adun Igbo]] da kuma adana [[Harshen Ibo|Harshen Igbo]] a cikin kasashen waje. Shi da membobin kungiyar suna amfani da wannan dandamali don koyar da yarensu ga 'ya'yansu da aka haifa a kasashen waje da kuma ɗalibai da ke son koyon harshen Igbo. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ns27o0dg2bz72yeuz583664mc2mrzy4 0 73969 874004 392460 2026-07-01T22:58:20Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 874004 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bouchra Hraich''' (wanda aka fi sani darubuta "Ahrich"; an haife shi 27 Yuli 1972 a [[Salé]] ) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce kuma ɗan wasan barkwanci ta Morocco. <ref>{{Cite web|last=BOUITHY|first=PROPOS RECUEILLIS PAR ALAIN|title=Entretien avec l'actrice Bouchra Ahrich : "Il n'est pas évident de présenter la vraie image de la femme marocaine au quotidien"|url=https://www.libe.ma/Entretien-avec-l-actrice-Bouchra-Ahrich-Il-n-est-pas-evident-de-presenter-la-vraie-image-de-la-femme-marocaine-au_a13647.html|access-date=2021-11-29|website=Libération|language=fr|archive-date=2021-11-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129153830/https://www.libe.ma/Entretien-avec-l-actrice-Bouchra-Ahrich-Il-n-est-pas-evident-de-presenter-la-vraie-image-de-la-femme-marocaine-au_a13647.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bouchra Ahrich, une actrice aux multiples facettes|url=http://2m.ma/fr/programme/20161004-bouchra-ahrich-une-actrice-aux-multiples-facettes/|access-date=2021-11-29|website=2M|language=fr}}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Hraich a Salé. Bayan ta kammala sakandare, ta shiga Institut supérieur d'art dramatique et d'animation culturelle (ISADAC) da ke Rabat, inda ta yi shekaru hudu tana karantar wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>{{Cite web|last=OUASSAT|first=Propos recueillis par MEHDI|title=Bouchra Ahrich : "Je prends très au sérieux le rôle de femme modeste"|url=https://www.libe.ma/Bouchra-Ahrich-Je-prends-tres-au-serieux-le-role-de-femme-modeste_a29876.html|access-date=2021-11-29|website=Libération|language=fr|archive-date=2024-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612002448/https://www.libe.ma/Bouchra-Ahrich-Je-prends-tres-au-serieux-le-role-de-femme-modeste_a29876.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Bangaren Filmography == === Fina-finan fasali === * 2004: ''Tarfaya'' <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2RDaobIdKoIC&dq=Bouchra+Hraich&pg=PA42|title=Catalogo Infinity Festival 2005|date=2005|publisher=Effata Editrice IT|isbn=978-88-7402-297-7|language=it}}</ref> * 2008: ''Ex-Chemkar'' * 2011: ''[[Larbi|Larbi ou le destin d'un babban dan wasan kwallon kafa]]'' * 2015: ''La Isla de Perejil'' * 2018: ''Corsa'' === Gajerun fina-finai === * 2003: ''Balcon Atlantico'' == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm6173445/?ref_=m_nmfm_nm Bouchra Ahrich - IMDb] == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1972]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dmqd5vq4ydl8ktqy4oewica86skgtwx 0 74502 874041 472333 2026-07-01T23:38:53Z Habibah A Jisambo 26434 874041 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Tunisian Actors.JPG|thumb|Anissa Daoud]] '''Anissa Daoud''' ( {{Lang-ar|أنيسة داود}} ) ƴar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta ƙasar Franco-Tunisiya, marubuciya kuma furodusa. Ta zaune tsakanin [[Faris|Paris]] da [[Tunis]], ta kasance wani ɓangare na haɗin gwiwar Artists Producers, Associates (APA). == Sana'a. == == Fina-finai. == === Cinema === ==== Features ==== * 2004 : ''Elle et lui'' d'Elyès Baccar * 2004 : ''Noce d'été'' de Mokhtar Ladjimi * 2006 : ''Tendresse du loup'' de Jilani Saadi * 2007 : ''Thalathoun'' de Fadhel Jaziri * 2009 : ''Al-Layl al-Taweel'' (The long night) de [[Hatem Ali]] * 2014 : ''Printemps tunisien'' de [[Raja Amari]] * 2015 : ''Les Frontières du ciel'' de Fares Naanaa <ref>{{cite web |url=https://dubaifilmfest.com/en/films/41666/borders_of_heaven.html |title=Dubai International Film Festival - Films 2015 - CHBABEK EL JENNA (BORDERS OF HEAVEN ) |website=dubaifilmfest.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151209171630/http://dubaifilmfest.com/en/films/41666/borders_of_heaven.html |archive-date=2015-12-09}}</ref> * 2016 : ''Demain dès l'aube'' de [[Lotfi Achour]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sanadfilmfund.com/en/projects/2015/post-production-narrative/burning-hope|title=Burning Hope|access-date=2024-03-08|archive-date=2022-05-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524085825/http://www.sanadfilmfund.com/en/projects/2015/post-production-narrative/burning-hope|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==== Gajerun fina-finai==== * 1999 : ''Tunis... fille du siècle'' de Taïeb Jellouli<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/talk/movies/taiebjallouli.htm |title=Film Special With Taieb Jallouli |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=May 16, 1999 |access-date=2022-07-02}}</ref> * 2010 : ''L’Album'' by Shiraz Fradi * 2010 : ''Tiraillement'' by Najwa Slama Limam * 2014 : ''Laisse-moi finir'' by [[Doria Achour]] * 2014 : ''Père'' by [[Lotfi Achour]] * 2016 : ''Le Reste est l'œuvre de l'homme'' by Doria Achour === Talabijin === * 2008 : ''Toi-même tu sais'' by John Gabriel Biggs * 2008 : ''[[Villa Jasmin]]'' by [[Férid Boughedir|Ferid Boughedir]] === Fim game da abinda ya faru a zahiri === * 2008 : ''Hé ! N'oublie pas le cumin'' de Hala Abdalla Yacoub * 2013 : ''Artistes en Tunisie'' de [[Serge Moati]] * 2014 : ''7 vies'' de Lilia Blaise et Amine Boufaied == Theatre == [[File:Tunisian Actors.JPG|thumb|De droite à gauche : Anissa Daoud, Jawhar Basti et une représentante de la [[Royal Shakespeare Company]]]] * 2001''Pied de guerre'' : by Mohamed Guellati * 2001''Petite fleur'' : by Mohamed Guellati * 2003''Rahmen'' : by [[Elyès Baccar]] , choréography of [[Karry Kamal Karry]] * 2006''Y'en a plus bon !'' : by Mohamed Guellati * 2006 ''Vous avez de si jolis moutons, pourquoi vous ne parlez pas des moutons ?'' : by Mohamed Guellati * 2007 ''Nakba, en marchant j'ai vu'' : by Mohamed Guellati and [[Juliano Mer-Khamis]] * 2009''Hobb Story - Sex in the (Arab) city'' : by Lotfi Achour (acting and co-writing) * 2010''[[Roméo et Juliette]]'' of [[William Shakespeare]] : by d'Alexander Zeldin * 2012''Leila and Ben - A Bloody History'' : by Lotfi Achour (acting and co-writing with Lotfi Achour and Jaouhar Basti) * 2014 ''Je suis encore en vie'' : by Jacques Allaire ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin Hadi na waje== *{{Commons-inline}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Daoud, Anissa}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] 92746hbmffrpi3g8z3a2ir4dg5phnsd 0 75179 873643 603125 2026-07-01T13:44:15Z Ummeeterh 31568 873643 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Bim Adewunmi''' marubuci ne kuma ɗan jarida ɗan ƙasar Burtaniya. Ita ce mai gabatarwa don ''Wannan Rayuwa ta Amurka'' kuma a baya ta yi aiki a matsayin marubucin al'adu a [[BuzzFeed]] da ''[[The Guardian]]'' . Ta haɗu da ''Kit ɗin Taimakon Kishirwa'' tare da marubuci Nichole Perkins (2017-2020). Wasanta na farko, ''Hoard'', wanda aka fara a Arcola Theatre a watan Mayu shekarar Alif dubu biyu da sha tara2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.niemanlab.org/2019/04/what-does-luminarys-very-bad-week-tell-us-about-podcasters-collective-power/|title=What does Luminary's very bad week tell us about podcasters' collective power?|website=Nieman Lab|access-date=2019-05-27}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/esmagazine/bim-adewunmi-east-london-dalston-a4143076.html|title=Bim Adewunmi recalls the east London that shaped her|date=2019-05-15|website=Evening Standard|language=en|access-date=2019-07-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kang|first=Inkoo|date=|title=Lusting Out Loud|url=https://slate.com/culture/2018/06/thirst-aid-kit-examines-celebrity-lust.html&usg=AOvVaw0-HCi4DpU-GG5o1BN5le1-|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-07-15|website=Slate}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Sana'a == A cikin 2014, Adewunmi ya fara rubuta shafi na ra'ayi da al'adu a cikin Sashen Rayuwa na ''[[The Guardian]]''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Adewunmi|first=Bim|date=2018-10-20|title=Thank you and goodbye, readers: you helped make my dream come true {{!}} Bim Adewunmi|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2018/oct/20/thank-you-and-goodbye-readers-you-helped-make-my-dream-come-true|access-date=2019-05-27|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Ta zama editan al'ada don BuzzFeed a cikin 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|last=McAleavy|first=Emma L.|date=2018-08-23|title=What's on TV Thursday: 'Follow This' on Netflix and the Season Finale of 'American Woman'|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/23/arts/television/whats-on-tv-thursday-follow-this-on-netflix-and-the-season-finale-of-american-woman.html|access-date=2019-07-15|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Ta bar ''The Guardian'' a watan Oktoba 2018 <ref name=":0" /> kuma ta shiga shirin rediyon jama'a na Amurka ''Wannan Rayuwar [[Amurkawa]]'' a matsayin mai gabatarwa a cikin Afrilu 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Adewunmi|first=Bim|date=2019-04-29|title=~some personal news~ today is my first day as a producer with This American Life. So, uh, feel free to hit me up with stories etc. pic.twitter.com/032muBCZS2|url=https://twitter.com/bimadew/status/1122905057215832066?lang=en|access-date=2020-02-15|website=@bimadew|language=en}}</ref> === ''Kit ɗin Taimakon Kishirwa'' === A cikin [[Nuwamba]] 2017, Adewunmi ya haɓaka kuma ya fara haɗin gwiwa tare da Ƙwararrun Aid Kit, wani faifan bidiyo game da sha'awar shahara, tare da marubuci Nichole Perkins. BuzzFeed ya ƙare dangantakarsa da podcast a cikin Janairu shekarar Alif dubu biyu da sha tara 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Want to Try Bim Adewunmi and Nichole Perkins's Thirst Aid Kit? Start Here |author=Becca James|url=https://www.vulture.com/2019/01/best-episode-thirst-aid-kit-chris-evans.html|website=Vulture |date=30 January 2019 |access-date=2019-05-27}}</ref> Slate ne ya dauko faifan podcast a watan Agusta 2019, kuma ya dawo a ranar 26 ga Satumba, 2019, har sai da runduna ta yanke shawarar kawo karshen kwasfan din a ranar 17 ga Satumba, 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.essence.com/entertainment/nichole-perkins-bim-adewunmi-thirst-aid-kit-joining-slate/|title=Exclusive: Nichole Perkins And Bim Adewunmi's 'Thirst Aid Kit' Is Joining Slate|website=Essence|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-28}}</ref> === ''Hoard'' === Wasan farko na Adewunmi, ''[[Hoard]]'', an fara shi a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Arcola a watan Mayu shekarar Alif dubu biyu da sha tara 2019. Wasan ya ta'allaka ne kan dangin ɗan Najeriya-British, Bakares, waɗanda ke zaune a Gabashin London. Wasan barkwanci game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin uwa mai ɗaci, wacce ta kasance mai ɗaukar hoto, da 'ya'yanta mata, ta sami bita mai mahimmanci gauraye. Peter Mason, wanda ya ba da wasan kwaikwayo tauraro hudu cikin biyar a jaridar ''Morning Star'', ya bayyana shi a matsayin "fito mai kyau sosai", kuma ya rubuta: "Ainihin, Hoard ya bincika ko uwa za ta iya rayuwa ta kanta fiye da kewayen 'ya'yanta. Kuma akasin haka. Ƙarshensa yana da ban mamaki mai ban sha'awa kuma yana ba da haske mai ban sha'awa game da yadda ya kamata mu duka mu bar ikon sarrafa ilhami don yarda da falsafar rayuwa kuma mu bar rayuwa." <ref name="Peter">Peter Mason. [https://morningstaronline.co.uk/article/c/hoard-arcola-theatre-london Review of ''Hoard'']. ''[[Morning Star (British newspaper)|Morning Star]]'', 2019. [[World Wide Web|Web]]. Retrieved on 27 May 2019.</ref> Duk da haka, Arifa Akbar, a cikin uku-star review ga ''The Guardian'', ya bayyana cewa "... the hoarding theme ƙare har ji confected da kuma kawai ba ban mamaki isa ya ba da garantin wani tunanin ruptures da ya haifar". Writing for ''Time Out [[London]]'', Rosemary Waugh ta kuma tantance wasan uku cikin taurari biyar, kuma ta ce: "Adewunmi ya bayyana wasan nata a matsayin 'wasikar soyayya zuwa gabashin London', kuma ya nuna. Har ila yau wasiƙar soyayya ce ga jaruman da suke da su. duk mai dumi da ƙauna da aka zayyana zai yi wuya a yi kuskure da gaske don ba da lokaci a cikin kamfaninsu." == Rayuwa ta sirri == Adewunmi an haife shi kuma ya girma a Stratford, Gabashin London ga iyayen baƙi 'yan [[Najeriya]] waɗanda 'yan asalin [[Yarbawa]] ne. Tana zaune a Brooklyn, New York. Ita ce uwa ga yaron da aka haifa a 2023. == Nassoshi == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] pf23uiputif6d63ilfd54oz88cpel6z 0 75624 874115 402285 2026-07-02T05:57:18Z Ummeeterh 31568 874115 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Fatou K. Sene''' (An haife ta a ranar 18 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta 1989) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Senegal wacce ke taka leda a matsayin 'dan wasan tsakiya ga AS Dakar Sacré Cœur da ƙungiyar mata ta [[Senegal]] . == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Sene ta buga wa [[Senegal]] wasa a babban matakin a lokacin gasar zakarun mata ta [[Afirka]] ta 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |title=8th African Women Championship - Match No 2 |url=http://www.cafonline.com/userfiles/file/Comp/AWC2013/comq2.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921082859/http://www.cafonline.com/userfiles/file/Comp/AWC2013/comq2.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2013 |access-date=8 August 2020 |website=CAF}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1989]] rtftj2t7sii7pyhd1uejtirzknbd1lr 0 75637 873823 509584 2026-07-01T21:03:54Z Ummeeterh 31568 873823 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Wikinotícias África do Sul 2010 - logo.svg|thumb|Tambarin kasar]] '''Emile Raymond Baron''' (An haife shi a ranar 17 ga watan [[Yuni]] shekara ta 1979) [[Mai tsaran raga|golan]] [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na [[Afirka]] ta Kudu mai ritaya wanda ya taka leda a [[Tawagar Kwallon kafar Afirka ta Kudu|Afirka ta Kudu]] . == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Baron ya fara buga Wasansa na farko a duniya a wasan sada zumunci da Saudi Arabia a ranar 20 ga watan [[Maris]] na shekara ta 2002 kuma ya zuwa yanzu sau 4 ya buga wasa. Ya kuma kasance dan takara a gasar cin kofin kasashen [[Afirka]] na 2004 . A cikin [[Afrilu]] 2010, ya sami rauni a kafada wanda ya sa shi rasa gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA na 2010 . <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 April 2010 |title=World Cup 2010: Emile Baron Injury Blow For South Africa |url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/140/world-cup-2010/2010/04/07/1867986/world-cup-2010-emile-baron-injury-blow-for-south-africa |access-date=2010-04-07 |publisher=Goal.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1979]] 9svbewto8v8icgef1jd8v35kzzf5829 0 75788 874172 493657 2026-07-02T08:32:58Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 874172 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Ms Chinyere Almona.jpg|thumb|chinyere]] [[Fayil:Ms Chinyere Almona 2.jpg|thumb|chinyere]]  {{Infobox person|name=Chinyere Nwabueze|image=|alt=|caption=|birth_name=Chinyere Nwabueze|birth_date=|birth_place=[[Ohafia]], [[Abia State]], Nigeria|spouse=|children=|parents=|nationality=Nigerian|net worth=|website=|alma_mater=University Of Port Harcourt|occupation=Actress}}'''Chinyere Nwabueze''' yar wasan [[Nollywood]] ce kuma mai shirya fina-finai daga Ohafia a jihar Abia, Najeriya. Wasu daga cikin fina-finan nata sun hada da "karya igiya", "A cikin takalminta", "class of 21", "Spider", "Lokacin da sarki ya yanke shawara", da "Ezeabata mai garkuwa da mutane".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chinyere Nwabueze |url=https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/chinyere-nwabueze/3030856056/ |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=TVGuide.com |language=en}}</ref> Ta lashe lambar yabo ta TERRACOTTA "mafi kyawun goyon bayan yar wasan kwaikwayo" saboda rawar da ta taka a "gizo-gizo" kuma an zabe ta a matsayin mafi kyawun 'yar wasan Afirka a kyautar ZAFFA na 2010 a London. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://irokotv.com/actors/1025/chinyere-nwabueze |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=irokotv.com |title=Kwafin ajiya |archive-date=2023-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730190526/https://irokotv.com/actors/1025/chinyere-nwabueze |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Filmography zaba == * "breaking cord" * "In her shoes" * "class of 21" * "Spider" * "When the king decide" * "Ezeabata the kidnapper" * "Brother's love" * "Adaogwa in love" * "Comfort my love" * "Mission to love" * "Ogwuma" * "Olisaemeka" * "Aghugho Anyaukwu" == Nassoshi == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{IMDb name|2407822}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] es9avklqslda7p9fkywcjdgepa4u390 0 75806 874272 829938 2026-07-02T10:43:52Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 874272 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Infobox person|name=Sinach|image=Sinach.jpg|image_size=|landscape=<!-- yes, if wide image, otherwise leave blank -->|alt=Sinach in Johannesburg, 2016|caption=Sinach performing at Mosaiek Theatre in Johannesburg 2016|native_name=|native_name_lang=Igbo|alias=|birth_name=Osinachi Kalu|birth_date={{Birth date and age|df=yes|1972|03|30}}|birth_place=|origin=[[Afikpo South]], [[Ebonyi State]], [[Nigeria]]|death_date=<!-- {{death date and age|df=yes|1972|03|30|2022|04|09}} (death date 1st) -->|death_place=|genre={{hlist|[[Gospel music|Gospel]]|[[Contemporary worship music|worship]]}}|occupation={{hlist|Singer|songwriter|worship leader}}|instrument=Vocals|years_active=1994–present|label={{hlist|Loveworld|SLIC}}|associated_acts=|website={{plainlist| * * {{URL|sinachmusic.com}} }}}}'''Osinachi Kalu Okoro Egbu''', <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dove Awards name for King & Country top artist |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/wireStory/dove-awards-king-country-top-artist-73936832 |website=[[ABC News]]}}</ref> da aka sani da sana'a da '''Sinach''', (an haife ta 30 Maris 1972) mawakiya ne na Najeriya, marubuciya kuma babban jagoran ibada, tana aiki a wannan matsayi sama da shekaru 30. <ref name="DailyMedia">{{Cite web |date=26 May 2016 |title=Who is Sinach |url=http://dailymedia.com.ng/biographyprofilehistory-singer-osinachi-kalu-popularly-sinach/ |access-date=26 September 2017 |website=Daily Media |publisher=DailyMedia Nigeria |archive-date=26 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226192611/http://dailymedia.com.ng/biographyprofilehistory-singer-osinachi-kalu-popularly-sinach/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="9999carolsingers bio">{{Cite web |title=Sinach |url=http://9999carolsingers.com/index.php/sinach |access-date=3 June 2014 |publisher=9999CarolSingers |archive-date=6 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606215628/http://9999carolsingers.com/index.php/sinach |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ita ce mawaƙaya ta farko da ta hau kan ginshiƙin Mawaƙin Kirista na Billboard na tsawon makonni 12 a jere. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Clarks |first=Jessie |date=5 June 2020 |title=Sinach Named Top Christian Songwriter For Twelve Weeks In A Row |url=https://www.thechristianbeat.org/index.php/news/7783-sinach-named-top-christian-songwriter-for-twelve-weeks-in-a-row |access-date=16 December 2020 |website=TheChristianBeat.org |language=en-gb}}</ref> Wakarta mai suna " Way Maker " ta samu nadin nadi uku kuma ta lashe kyautar wakar ta shekara a GMA Dove Awards karo na 51, wanda hakan ya sa ta zama [[Ɗan Nijeriya|'yar Najeriya]] ta farko da ta lashe kyautar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2020 |title=2020 Dove Awards: Sinach's Way Maker emerges song of the Year |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/11/2020-dove-awards-sinachs-way-maker-emerges-song-of-the-year/ |access-date=27 March 2021 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta kuma lashe wakar BMI na bana, kuma a shekarar 2021 majalisar dokokin Amurka ta amince da ita yayin da ta ke rangadi a kasar Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-04 |title=Sinach gets US Congress recognition |url=https://businessday.ng/news/article/sinach-gets-us-congress-recognition/ |access-date=2021-10-04 |website=Businessday NG |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-04 |title=Sinach teams up with friends for annual concert |url=https://punchng.com/sinach-teams-up-with-friends-for-annual-concert/ |access-date=2021-10-04 |language=en-US |via=((The_Punch ))}}</ref> Ta fitar da kundi na studio guda 9 tare da wasu fitattun wakokin, wadanda suka hada da "I Know Who I Am", "Great Are You Lord", "Rejoice", "He Did It Again", "Precious Jesus", "The Name of Jesus", "This Is My Season", "Awesome God", "For This", "I Stand Amazed", "Simply Devoted" and "Jesus is Alive".<ref name="infogospelsinger">{{Cite web |title=Biography of Top Nigerian Gospel Singers |url=http://infogospelsinger.blogspot.com/ |access-date=3 June 2014}}</ref> <ref name="bio">{{Cite web |last=Sinach |title=Biography |url=http://www.sinach.org/profile |access-date=26 September 2017 |publisher=sinach.org |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011110800/http://www.sinach.org/profile/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Fayil:Blessing Uchy.jpg|thumb|Sinach]] "Way Maker" ya kuma tara karramawa da kyaututtuka da yawa tun lokacin da aka sake shi a cikin 2015. Abubuwan gani na Way Maker a halin yanzu shine bidiyo na kiɗan Najeriya na biyu da aka fi kallo akan YouTube. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Uzonna Anele |date=28 October 2020 |title=Top 10 Most Viewed Nigerian Music Videos on Youtube (Updated: 2020) |url=https://listwand.com/top-10-most-viewed-nigerian-music-videos-on-youtube |access-date=1 November 2020 |website=Listwand}}</ref> A cikin Maris 2019, ya zama bidiyo na uku [[Ɗan Nijeriya|na Najeriya]] da ya sami ra'ayi miliyan 100 a YouTube a bayan [[Davido]] 's " Fall " da [[Yemi Alade]] 's Johnny " <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adewojumi Aderemi |date=July 3, 2019 |title=Sinach's 'Way Maker' Has Now Reached over 100 Million Views On YouTube |url=https://www.konbini.com/ng/music/sinach-reaches-100-million-views-youtube |access-date=5 April 2020 |website=Konbini Channels |archive-date=7 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407203914/https://www.konbini.com/ng/music/sinach-reaches-100-million-views-youtube |url-status=dead }}</ref> "Way Maker" ya kasance sama da 60 mawaƙa Kirista kamar su Michael W. Smith, Darlene Zschech, Leeland, Bethel Music, da Mandisa da kuma cikin harsuna <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sinach Set To Host 1st Edition Of Annual Mega Concert |url=https://www.modernghana.com/nollywood/35690/sinach-set-to-host-1st-edition-of-annual-mega-conc.html |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Whitmore |first=Laura B. |date=31 January 2019 |title=Exclusive Premiere: Michael W. Smith Shares 'Waymaker' and Announces New Album, Awaken: The Surrounded Experience |url=https://parade.com/738213/laurawhitmore/exclusive-premiere-michael-w-smith-shares-waymaker-and-announces-new-album-awaken-the-surrounded-experience/ |website=Parade}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Leeland Announces Release of 'Better Word,' A New Live Album Out September 13 |url=https://www.newreleasetoday.com/news_detail.php?newsid=4135 |website=www.newreleasetoday.com}}</ref> A cikin 'yan makonnin farko na cutar ta Coronavirus da kuma kullewa a cikin 2020, Way Maker ita ce tafi zuwa waƙa, kamar yadda bidiyoyin bidiyo da yawa a asibitoci, an yi wuraren shakatawa tare da mutane da yawa suna rera waƙar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Windsor |first=Pam |title=Michael W. Smith's Cover Of 'Waymaker' Becomes The Go-To Comfort Song In A Global Pandemic |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/pamwindsor/2020/05/22/michael-w-smiths-waymaker-becomes-the-go-to-comfort-song-during-the-global-pandemic/ |access-date=16 December 2020 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> Bayan kasancewa a kan babban ginshiƙi na 100 na Kirista na Haƙƙin Haƙƙin mallaka na Duniya na tsawon watanni da yawa a cikin 2020, ta yi iƙirarin matsayi na 1 a watan Yuni kuma ya kasance har zuwa Disamba 2020, wanda ya mai da ita mafi yawan waƙoƙi a cikin majami'u a duk faɗin Amurka don 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |title=SongSelect by CCLI |url=http://songselect.ccli.com/ |access-date=16 December 2020 |website=songselect.ccli.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 July 2020 |title='Way Maker' reaches top spot in 'Christian Copyright Licensing International' |url=https://www.ugchristiannews.com/way-maker-reaches-top-spot-in-christian-copyright-licensing-international/ |access-date=16 December 2020 |website=UG Christian News |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Sinach ta sami takardar shaidar tunawa da Majami'ar Bangaskiya ta Baitalami yayin ziyararta zuwa Isra'ila a watan Disamba 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2017 |title=Sinach honoured with "Bethelehem Hall Of Faith" Certificate of Commemoration |url=http://www.sinachmusic.com/news/sinach-honoured-bethelehem-hall-faith-certificate-commemoration/ |access-date=24 October 2019 |website=Sinach |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A watan Satumba na 2019, Sinach ya zama ɗan wasa na farko na bishara daga Afirka don ya zagaya Indiya, yana ba da jigogin kide-kide tare da dubban mutane da suka halarta. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2019 |title=Sinach takes India |url=https://punchng.com/sinach-takes-india/ |access-date=8 October 2019 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Mayun 2020, ta zama 'yar Afirka ta farko da ta zama mai zane-zane da ta hau kan jadawalin ''Billboard'' Christian Songwriters. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nebianet Usaini |date=6 May 2020 |title=Sinach Becomes First African To Top Billboard 'Christian Songwriters' Chart |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2020/05/06/sinach-becomes-first-african-to-top-billboard-christian-songwriters-chart/ |access-date=7 May 2020 |website=Channels TV}}</ref> A cikin Yuli 2022, ta shiga Kwalejin Rikodin Grammy a matsayin memba mai jefa kuri'a. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Okogba |first=Emmanuel |date=2022-07-04 |title=Sinach joins Grammy Recording Academy as voting member |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/07/sinach-joins-grammy-recording-academy-as-voting-member/ |access-date=2022-10-09 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rapheal |date=2022-07-08 |title=Excitement as Sinach becomes Grammy voting member |url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/excitement-as-sinach-becomes-grammy-voting-member/ |access-date=2022-10-09 |website=The Sun Nigeria |language=en-us}}</ref> [[Fayil:Talking Heads Remain In Light (1980 Sire publicity photo).jpg|thumb|Sinach a cikin mutane ]] A cikin Fabrairu 2023, gwamnatin Commonwealth ta Dominica ta ba Sinach a matsayin jakadan duniya, ta wata wasika da Firayim Minista, Roosevelt Skerrit ya sanyawa hannu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Eleanya |first=Frank |date=2023-02-09 |title=Sinach appointed as Global Ambassador of Commonwealth of Dominica |url=https://businessday.ng/life-arts/article/sinach-appointed-as-global-ambassador-of-commonwealth-of-dominica/ |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=Businessday NG |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == === Labarin farko === Sinach ya fito ne daga [[Ebonyi|jihar Ebonyi]], [[Yankin Gabashin Najeriya|a gabashin Najeriya]], kuma ita ce 'ya ta biyu da 'ya'ya bakwai. <ref>Claudia E. Dianou, [https://archives.beninwebtv.com/2019/03/voici-tout-ce-quil-faut-connaitre-de-la-figure-de-proue-du-gospel-africain-sinach/ Voici tout ce qu'il faut connaitre de la figure de proue du Gospel africain Sinach] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215000310/https://archives.beninwebtv.com/2019/03/voici-tout-ce-quil-faut-connaitre-de-la-figure-de-proue-du-gospel-africain-sinach/ |date=2019-12-15 }}, beninwebtv.com, Benin, 16 March 2019</ref> Sinach ya fara waƙa ga dangi da abokai a cikin 1989 a matsayin abin sha'awa, yayin da yake aiki a matsayin ma'aikaci kuma memba na mawaƙa a Christ Embassy, Cocin Fasto Chris Oyakhilome. <ref>Bonface Nyaga, [https://nairobinews.nation.co.ke/chillax/i-know-who-i-am-sinach 'I know who I am' – Sinach]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, nairobinews.nation.co.ke, Kenya, 4 December 2016</ref> Ta yi karatun Physics kuma ta kammala a Jami'ar Fatakwal, Jihar Ribas, Najeriya. <ref>Naledi Sande, [https://www.herald.co.zw/nigerian-singer-sinach-to-perform-in-harare/ Nigerian singer Sinach to perform in Harare], herald.co.zw, Zimbabwe, 7 September 2016</ref> <ref name="Punch Newspapers">{{Cite web |last=Olusola Ricketts |date=12 August 2018 |title=I don't mind my gospel music being played in nightclubs – Sinach |url=https://punchng.com/i-dont-mind-my-gospel-music-being-played-in-nightclubs-sinach/ |access-date=22 September 2018 |publisher=Punch Newspapers}}</ref> === Rayuwa ta sirri === A cikin 2014, Sinach ta auri Joseph Egbu a gidanta na Cocin Christ Embassy. A ranar 17 ga Nuwamba, 2019, a wurin bikin bayar da lambar yabo ta LIMA Fasto Chris Oyakhilome, ya sanar da zuwan ɗan fari na Sinach Rhoda. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-27 |title=Sinach Daughter - name, age, photos - Insidegistblog |url=https://insidegistblog.com/sinach-daughter-name-age-photos/ |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=insidegistblog.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Aikin kiɗa == Tun tana yarinya, Sinach ta bayyana cewa ta yi mafarki, inda ta ga kanta tana rera waka ga dimbin jama'a, amma ba ta himmatu wajen bin wani abu na kida ba a matsayin sana'a ban da shiga kungiyar mawaka, kuma tana aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar gudanarwa a Cocin. Sinach ta rubuta wakoki da yawa kafin ta fitar da kundi na farko, ''Babi na daya'' a 2008. <ref>Isaac, [https://www.pulse.ng/gist/good-news-gospel-singer-sinach-set-for-the-altar/wwrttdv Gospel Singer Sinach Set For The Altar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215000303/https://www.pulse.ng/gist/good-news-gospel-singer-sinach-set-for-the-altar/wwrttdv |date=2019-12-15 }}, pulse.ng, Nigeria, 13 June 2014</ref> Wakar ta mai suna <nowiki>''This Is Your Season''</nowiki> ta lashe kyautar wakar da ta fi kowacce shekara a shekara ta 2008. Da take magana game da yadda ta zo da sunanta mai suna ''Sinach'', ta ce: "Na zabi hakan ne daga sunana Osinachi saboda yana da sauƙin furtawa da kuma jan hankali". <ref name="african voice">{{Cite web |date=5 January 2018 |title=Sinach set to rock London |url=https://africanvoiceonline.co.uk/sinach-set-rock-london/ |access-date=23 November 2020 |website=African Voice}}</ref> A cikin 2016, Sinach ita ce mace ta farko da ta karɓi lambar yabo ta LIMA Songwriter na Kyautar Decade, tare da sanin gudunmawarta ga kiɗan bishara a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata. Ana rera waƙoƙinta a ƙasashe da yawa, <ref name="KonnectAfrica">{{Cite web |last=daman Joshua Olayinka Bunmi |date=11 July 2014 |title=Osinachi Kalu "Sinach", An Extraordinary Nigerian Star. |url=http://www.konnectafrica.net/osinachi-kalu-sinach/ |access-date=26 September 2017 |publisher=konnectafrica.net |archive-date=1 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001051420/https://konnectafrica.net/osinachi-kalu-sinach/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> an fassara su zuwa harsuna da yawa, a duniya. <ref name="LoveworldMusicTV">{{Cite web |last=Loveworld News |date=22 November 2016 |title=Gospel Artiste Sinach honored with Song Writer of the Decade |url=http://www.loveworldmusictv.com/gospel-artiste-sinach-honored-lima-awards-2016-songwriter-decade/ |access-date=26 September 2017 |publisher=Loveworld Music TV |archive-date=24 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324110929/http://www.loveworldmusictv.com/gospel-artiste-sinach-honored-lima-awards-2016-songwriter-decade/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A wannan shekarar, ta sami lambar yabo ta African Achievers' Award for Global Excellence. <ref name="BuzzNigeria">{{Cite web |last=Iheoma Hendy |year=2016 |title=Winners 2016 African Achievers Awards |url=https://buzznigeria.com/winners-2016-african-achievers-awards/ |access-date=26 September 2017 |publisher=Buzz Nigeria}}</ref> Har ila yau a wannan shekarar, a karo na biyu a jere, <ref name="GrooveAwards">{{Cite web |last=Groove Awards |date=12 December 2015 |title=Groove 2015 Winners |url=http://www.grooveawards.co.ke/groove-2015-winners/ |access-date=26 September 2017 |publisher=Groove Awards |archive-date=11 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411203523/http://www.grooveawards.co.ke/groove-2015-winners/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ta lashe kyautar Groove Awards a Afirka ta Yamma, kuma YNaija ta jera shi tare da Chris Oyakhilome, [[Enoch Adeboye]] a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan Kiristoci 100 masu tasiri. a Najeriya. <ref name="Ynaija">{{Cite web |last=Tolu |date=1 May 2017 |title=Yemi Osinbajo, Poju Oyemade, Chioma Jesus and more – See list of 100 Most Influential People in Christian Ministry in Nigeria |url=https://ynaija.com/yynaija-com-church-culture-present-100-influential-people-christian-ministry-nigeria/ |access-date=20 July 2017 |publisher=Ynaija}}</ref> A matsayinsa na marubucin waƙa, Sinach ya rubuta waƙoƙi sama da 200 kuma ya sami lambobin yabo da yawa. Wakar ta mai suna <nowiki>''This Is Your Season'' ta lashe kyautar wakar da ta fi kowacce shekara a shekara ta 2008. Daya daga cikin fitattun wakokinta shine 'Nasan Wanene'</nowiki>. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Biography Of Gospel Award Winning Songwriter, Vocalist & Singer Sinach – Daily Mail Nigeria |url=http://dailymedia.com.ng/biography-of-gospel-award-winning-songwriter-vocalist-singer-sinach/ |access-date=12 August 2017 |website=dailymedia.com.ng |archive-date=27 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227215620/http://dailymedia.com.ng/biography-of-gospel-award-winning-songwriter-vocalist-singer-sinach/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Ayyukan aiki === Sinach ya yi kuma ya jagoranci kide-kide a cikin kasashe sama da 50 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sinach |url=https://open.spotify.com/artist/6hKHFC67DZJNw9tg1l0lIe |access-date=23 November 2019 |website=Spotify |language=en}}</ref> ciki har da Kenya, [[Dominika|Dominica]], Afirka ta Kudu, Amurka, Kanada, [[Antigua da Barbuda|Antigua & Barbuda]], [[Trinidad da Tobago]], [[Jamaika|Jamaica]], [[Grenada]], Uganda, [[Barbados]], Tsibirin Biritaniya, Zambia, Saint Maarten, Birtaniya da Indiya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sinach hold live concert in Uganda – Wazobians |url=http://wazobians.com/sinach-hold-live-concert-uganda/ |access-date=12 August 2017 |website=wazobians.com |archive-date=24 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924173532/https://wazobians.com/sinach-hold-live-concert-uganda/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ita ma Sinach ta yi wasa a kasarta a cikin kwarewa wanda Babban Fasto na Majami’ar Metropolitan House on the Rock, Fasto Paul Adefarasin ya jagoranta, ta kuma yi rawar gani a taron mata na shekara-shekara wanda Funke Felix-Adejumo ta shirya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-08 |title=Winning Edge 2022: Funke Felix-Adejumo hosts Nathaniel Bassey, Ebenezer, Sinach, others |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/01/winning-edge-2022-funke-felix-adejumo-hosts-nathaniel-bassey-ebenezer-sinach-others/ |access-date=2022-02-06 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-24 |title=Moen, Sinach, others for The Experience |url=https://punchng.com/moen-sinach-others-for-the-experience/ |access-date=2022-02-06 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> [[File:Pastor_Robert_and_Jessica_Kayanja_welcome_Sinach_in_Uganda_for_the_easter_music_performance_at_Rubaga_Miracle_Center_Cathedral_In_Uganda.jpg|thumb| Ana maraba da Sinach a Uganda don yin wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 15 ga Afrilu, 2014]] A daya daga cikin tattaunawar kwanan nan da dan jaridan waka Motolani Alake na Pulse Nigeria, Sinach ya bayyana yadda Allah ya kama ta cikin hidimar bishara ta hanyar shafan Fasto Chris Oyakhilome . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gist |first=Yinka |title=How God Arrested Me Through Pastor Chris Oyakhilome |url=https://gyonlineng.com/how-god-arrested-me-through-pastor-chris-sinach/ |access-date=18 February 2021 |website=GYOnlineNG.COM |archive-date=21 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210221012650/https://gyonlineng.com/how-god-arrested-me-through-pastor-chris-sinach/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 22 ga Disamba, 2020, a buki na uku na Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Afirka ta Amurka, ta lashe kyautar Mafi kyawun Mawaƙin Linjila. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ilado |first=Lucy |date=22 December 2020 |title=Africa Entertainment Awards USA 2020: All the winners |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/africa-entertainment-awards-usa-2020-all-winners= |website=Music In Africa}}</ref> == Tallafawa == Sinach da mijinta sun kaddamar da gidauniyar Joseph and Sinach Foundation wadda ta fara aikin jinya a jihar Abia dake Najeriya tare da hadin gwiwar kamfanin hada magunguna na Emzor da gwamnatin jihar. Shirin ya samar da kiwon lafiya kyauta ga mutane 700. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ikokwu |first=Ogbonnaya |date=2023-08-22 |title=Otti hails free medical outreach in Abia, commends foundation |url=https://punchng.com/otti-hails-free-medical-outreach-in-abia-commends-foundation/ |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> == Albums == A cikin Fabrairu 2021, Sinach ta sanar da sakin kundi na 12th Studio, mai suna, GREATEST UBANGIJI wanda ke da manyan mawakan Linjila da yawa kamar su Maranda Curtis, Darlene Zschech, Nathaniel Bassey, Panam Percy Paul, Micah Stamley, Leeland da Jekalyn Carr . <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2021 |title=Sinach reveals all-star lineup for new album |url=https://www.ugchristiannews.com/sinach-reveals-all-star-lineup-for-new-album/ |access-date=23 February 2021 |website=Breaking news on Christianity in Uganda and World |language=en-US |archive-date=21 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210221230020/https://www.ugchristiannews.com/sinach-reveals-all-star-lineup-for-new-album/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;font-size: 9pt" |+ !YEAR OF RELEASE !ALBUM<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sinach on Apple Music |url=https://music.apple.com/us/artist/sinach/519026522 |access-date=2021-06-09 |website=Apple Music |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Download Latest Sinach Songs 2020 / 2021 » Gospel Songs MP3 |url=https://amenradio.net/artiste/sinach-songs/ |access-date=2021-06-09 |website=Gospel Songs MP3 |language=en-US}}</ref> !TYPE OF RECORDING |- |2007 |Chapter One |Studio Album |- |2010 |I'm Blessed |Studio Album |- |2011 |From Glory to Glory |Live |- |2012 |Shout it Loud |Live |- |2013 |Sinach at Christmas |Studio Album |- |2014 |The Name of Jesus |Live |- |2016 |Way Maker |Single |- |2018 |There's an Overflow |Live |- |2019 |Great God – Live in London |Live |- |2020 |Acoustics – Volume 1 |Acoustics |- |2020 |Acoustics – Volume 2 |Acoustics |- |2021 |Greatest Lord<ref>{{Cite web |title=Acclaimed writer Sinach releases new album 'Greatest Lord' |url=https://www.wnypapers.com/news/article/current/2021/04/01/146085/acclaimed-writer-sinach-releases-new-album-greatest-lord |access-date=2021-04-15 |website=Niagara Frontier Publications}}</ref> |Studio |- |2021 |Live At Easter |Live |} == Kyaututtuka da zaɓe == * 2016 LIMA Songwriter of the Decade Award<ref name="KonnectAfrica"/> * 2016 Groove Awards Western Africa Artist of the Year<ref name="Ynaija"/> * 2016 African Achievers' Award for Global Excellence<ref name="BuzzNigeria"/> * Top 100 Influential Christians in Nigeria.<ref name="Ynaija" /> * 2019 LIMA Song of the Year<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 November 2019 |title=Gospel singer, Sinach welcomes 1st child at 46 |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/celebrities/gospel-singer-sinach-welcomes-1st-child-at-46/3hcggy3 |access-date=23 November 2019 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 November 2019 |title=Loveworld Music Awards (LIMA 2019) Beats All Expectations |url=https://onlinenigeria.com/stories/61619-loveworld-music-awards-lima-2019-beats-all-expectations.html |access-date=23 November 2019 |website=OnlineNigeria.com |language=en-US |archive-date=24 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324110927/https://onlinenigeria.com/stories/61619-loveworld-music-awards-lima-2019-beats-all-expectations.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> * 2020 Dove Awards Song of the year<ref name="DoveAwards">{{Cite web |last=Dove Awards |date=30 October 2020 |title=The 51st Annual GMA Dove Awards |url=https://doveawards.com/awards/2020-winners |access-date=1 November 2020 |website=Dove Awards |archive-date=30 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130071558/https://doveawards.com/awards/2020-winners/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Duba kuma == * List of Igbo people * List of Nigerian gospel musicians * [[Jerin mawakan Najeriya|List of Nigerian musicians]] * List of people from Ebonyi State == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Official website|http://sinach.org}} * Sinach's channel on YouTube * [https://amenradio.net/artiste/sinach-songs/ Sinach Full Songs & Album] == Nassoshi == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1972]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] f5w38zeizv7nqdcufkxw9n9nk4q3psn 0 76440 874065 775787 2026-07-02T03:30:45Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 874065 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Cara Black|image=Black WM14 (9) (14620629496) (cropped).jpg|caption=Black at the [[2014 Wimbledon Championships]]|fullname=|itf_name=|country_represented={{flag|Zimbabwe}}|residence=London, England|birth_date={{birth date and age|df=yes|1979|02|17}}|birth_place=Salisbury, Rhodesia <br /><small>(now [[Harare]], Zimbabwe)</small>|turnedpro=1998|retired=2015|plays=Right-handed (two-handed backhand)|careerprizemoney=US$7,687,467|singlesrecord=312–241|singlestitles=1 [[WTA Tour|WTA]], 6 [[ITF Women's Circuit|ITF]]|highestsinglesranking=No. 31 (15 March 1999)|AustralianOpenresult=2R ([[2000 Australian Open – Women's singles|2000]], [[2001 Australian Open – Women's singles|2001]], [[2002 Australian Open – Women's singles|2002]], [[2004 Australian Open – Women's singles|2004]])|FrenchOpenresult=4R ([[2001 French Open – Women's singles|2001]])|Wimbledonresult=3R ([[1998 Wimbledon Championships – Women's singles|1998]], [[2003 Wimbledon Championships – Women's singles|2003]], [[2005 Wimbledon Championships – Women's singles|2005]])|USOpenresult=2R ([[1998 US Open – Women's singles|1998]], [[2002 US Open – Women's singles|2002]], [[2004 US Open – Women's singles|2004]])|Othertournaments=yes|Olympicsresult=2R ([[Tennis at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Women's singles|2004]])|doublesrecord={{tennis record|won=750|lost=305}}|doublestitles=60 WTA, 11 ITF|highestdoublesranking=[[List of WTA number 1 ranked doubles tennis players|No. '''1''']] (17 October 2005)|AustralianOpenDoublesresult='''W''' ([[2007 Australian Open – Women's doubles|2007]])|FrenchOpenDoublesresult=F ([[2005 French Open – Women's doubles|2005]])|WimbledonDoublesresult='''W''' ([[2004 Wimbledon Championships – Women's doubles|2004]], [[2005 Wimbledon Championships – Women's doubles|2005]], [[2007 Wimbledon Championships – Women's doubles|2007]])|USOpenDoublesresult='''W''' ([[2008 US Open – Women's doubles|2008]])|OthertournamentsDoubles=yes|WTAChampionshipsDoublesresult='''W''' ([[2007 WTA Tour Championships – Doubles|2007]], [[2008 WTA Tour Championships – Doubles|2008]], [[2014 WTA Finals – Doubles|2014]])|Mixed=yes|mixedrecord=88–48|mixedtitles=5|AustralianOpenMixedresult='''W''' ([[2010 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|2010]])|FrenchOpenMixedresult='''W''' ([[2002 French Open – Mixed doubles|2002]])|WimbledonMixedresult='''W''' ([[2004 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|2004]], [[2010 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|2010]])|USOpenMixedresult='''W''' ([[2008 US Open – Mixed doubles|2008]])|citizenship=Zimbabwean|occupation=Tennis player}}'''Cara Cavell Black''' (an haife ta a ranar 17 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1979) tsohuwar 'yar wasan [[Tennis]] ce ta Zimbabwe. Black ya kasance ƙwararren ƙwararren mai sau biyu, ya lashe 60 WTA Tour da 11 ITF sau biyu. Tsohuwar duniya ta biyu No. 1, ta lashe manyan lakabi goma. Ta hanyar lashe gasar Australian Open ta shekarar 2010, Black ta zama mace ta uku a cikin Open Era don kammala aikin Grand Slam a cikin nau'i biyu (bayan Martina Navratilova da Daniela Hantuchová). Bayan kuma ya lashe lambar yabo guda daya a kan WTA Tour, Black ya kai matsayi na 31 a duniya a cikin matsayi na mutane a watan Maris na shekara ta 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cara Black Tennis Player Profile {{!}} ITF |url=https://www.itftennis.com/en/players/cara-black/800184015/zim/wt/S/overview/ |access-date=2023-10-19 |website=www.itftennis.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == An haifi Black a Salisbury, Rhodesia (yanzu Harare, Zimbabwe) ga Donald da Velia Black . Mahaifinta da 'yan uwanta, Wayne da Byron Black, duk sun kasance' yan wasan tennis masu sana'a. Dukkanin 'yan uwan sun yi gasa mafi yawa a cikin sau biyu - Wayne ya kasance zakaran US Open na shekarar 2001 da Australian Open na 2005 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Wayne Black Tennis Player Profile {{!}} ITF |url=https://www.itftennis.com/en/players/wayne-black/800181065/zim/mt/d/activity/ |access-date=2023-10-19 |website=www.itftennis.com}}</ref> kuma Byron ya lashe gasar French Open ta 1994. <ref>{{Cite web |title=French Open |url=https://www.itftennis.com/en/tournament/french-open/fra/1994/m-sl-fra-01a-1994/draws-and-results/ |access-date=2023-10-19 |website=www.itftennis.com}}</ref> Black ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da ɗan'uwanta Wayne don lashe gasar cin kofin Faransa ta 2002 da Wimbledon ta shekarar 2004. Black ya kuma shiga cikin haɗin gwiwa na dogon lokaci tare da Irina Selyutina, Elena Likhovtseva, Rennae Stubbs, [[Liezel Huber]], kuma kwanan nan [[Sania Mirza]]. [[Fayil:Cara Black (15348040062).jpg|thumb|Cara Black]] A watan Agustan shekara ta 2005, Black ta ba da sanarwar cewa za ta auri saurayinta na dogon lokaci, mai horar da hankali da motsa jiki na Australiya Brett Stephens . An haifi dan ma'auratan a shekarar 2012 bayan ta yi hutu daga wasan tennis bayan Wimbledon 2011. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Herald {{!}} Zimbabwe's largest daily newspaper |url=http://www.herald.co.zw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=40070:tennis-ace-cara-gives-birth&catid=50:sport&Itemid=142}}</ref> == Sana'a == === 1996–2010 === Cara ta lashe lambobin yabo na mata biyu na Grand Slam guda biyar a cikin aikinta: Wimbledon 2004, 2005, da shekarar 2007; Australian Open 2007; da US Open 2008. Ta kai wasan karshe na US Open na 2000 tare da Elena Likhovtseva . Ta kuma lashe lambobin Grand Slam guda biyar, biyu daga cikinsu suna haɗin gwiwa tare da ɗan'uwanta Wayne: 2002 French Open da 2004 Wimbledon Championships (sun kai wasan karshe na 2004 French Open da kuma wasan kusa da na karshe na 2003 French Open da 2003 US Open). Ta lashe wasu lakabi uku tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da Leander Paes: 2008 US Open, 2010 Australian Open da 2010 Wimbledon Championships . Daga 1996 zuwa 2000, shekarun farko na Black, ta lashe lambar yabo ta ITF guda 8, lambar yabo ta WTA guda 1 a [[Auckland]], da kuma lambar yabo ta mutum 4 ta ITF. Gasar WTA guda daya da ta samu ta zo ne a Waikoloa a shekara ta 2002. Ta kuma lashe babban gasar ITF a Santa Clara a shekarar 1999.A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2005, Black ta kasance ta biyu a gasar zakarun WTA. Australiya Samantha Stosur da Amurka Lisa Raymond sun ci Australian Rennae Stubbs da Black 6-7 (5-7), 7-5, 6-4 . A shekara ta 2007, Black ya koma abokin tarayya [[Liezel Huber]] . Sun lashe gasar Australian Open da Wimbledon ta 2007. Kungiyar ta ƙare shekara a matsayin tawagar farko, ta lashe gasar zakarun karshen shekara a kan Katarina Srebotnik da Ai Sugiyama 5-7, 6-3, [10-8]. Black ya wakilci Zimbabwe a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2008 a Beijing . <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180130013627/http://english.cri.cn/2886/2008/04/30/1722@352270.htm "Zimbabwean Tennis Star Ready for Her Third Olympic Appearance"], Xinhua, 30 April 2008</ref> Ta sha kashi a hannun Jelena Janković na biyu daga Serbia a zagaye na farko a ranar 11 ga watan Agusta 2008. Ta haɗu da Leander Paes daga Indiya don haɗuwa da sau biyu a US Open, ta yi nasara a kan [[Liezel Huber]] da Jamie Murray a wasan karshe. A shekara ta 2009, ta lashe lambobin yabo guda biyar da suka kai ga gasar zakarun karshen shekara a Doha, Qatar . Black ya fara 2010 da karfi ta hanyar lashe wasanni biyu da suka kai ga Australian Open, ya zo slam tare da rikodin da ba a ci nasara ba. Black ya kai ga karshe a duka mata biyu da kuma gauraye biyu. Ita da Huber sun rasa wasan karshe na mata biyu ga Venus da Serena Williams a madaidaiciya, 4-6, 3-6. Koyaya, ita da Leander Paes sun lashe sau biyu a madaidaiciya. Nasarar ta nuna nasarar Black ta farko a Australian Open . Nasarar ta kuma kammala 'Career Grand Slam' a cikin nau'i biyu. Black da Huber sun rabu a matsayin abokan hulɗa na musamman a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2010. Tun daga wannan lokacin, Black ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Shahar Pe'er, Elena Vesnina, Yan Zi, Lisa Raymond, Daniela Hantuchová, Marina Erakovic, da Anastasia Rodionova. Ko da yake ta yi wasan karshe na Warsaw kuma ta lashe karamin gasa a Birmingham, galibi ta sami sakamako mai sauƙi bayan rabuwar. Tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da Vesnina da Hantuchová bi da bi, ta rasa a zagaye na uku na French Open da Wimbledon . Tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da Rodionova, ta rasa a wasan kusa da na karshe na US Open ga 'yan wasan karshe Vania King da Yaroslava Shvedova . Black ya rasa dukkan gasa bayan US Open kuma bai cancanci gasar zakarun WTA a karo na farko ba tun 1999. Black ta ƙare 2010 a matsayi na 13 a cikin ninki biyu, karo na farko da ta gama shekara guda a waje da saman 10 tun daga 2000. [[Fayil:CARA BLACK (3245463008).jpg|thumb|Cara Black]] Koyaya, Black ta ci gaba da haɗin gwiwar da ta samu tare da Paes a cikin 2010 yayin da ma'aurata suka lashe lambar yabo ta biyu a Wimbledon kuma suka kai kashi huɗu na karshe a US Open. === 2011 === Da ta shiga kakar 2011, Black ta ci gaba da haɗin gwiwa tare da Australiya Anastasia Rodionova inda suka kai wasan kusa da na karshe na Brisbane International kuma suka rasa a zagaye na farko na Sydney International. A lokacin Australian Open, Black da Rodionova sun kasance na biyar kuma sun kai wasan kusa da na karshe inda suka rasa Huber da Nadia Petrova. A cikin nau'i biyu, Black ya haɗu da Leander Paes kuma an shuka su na huɗu. Chan Yung-jan da Paul Hanley ne suka kawar da su a zagaye na biyu a cikin asarar da aka yi a kai tsaye, 6-7, 6-7. Duk da cewa an kawar da Black daga duka biyu da kuma gauraye biyu, Black ya kasance mai sharhi na gefe don Bakwai, gami da babban karshe na mata biyu, kuma ya kasance ga tsohon abokin tarayya na biyu Rennae Stubbs. Sa'an nan, Black ba ta yi wasa ba har sai Yuni, inda ta dawo a ITF Nottingham. Ta haɗu da Arina Rodionova ta Rasha. An kawar da ita a zagaye na farko. Gasar ta gaba ita ce Nottingham Challenge inda ta kai ga kwata-kwata tare da Sarah Borwell ta Burtaniya . Sa'an nan, a Eastbourne International, an kawar da ita da Isra'ila Shahar Pe'er a wasan kusa da na karshe. Ta shiga gasar zakarun Wimbledon, ta rasa a zagaye na uku ga masu lashe gasar Květa Peschke da Katarina Srebotnik . A cikin nau'i biyu, ta rasa a wasan kusa da na karshe tare da Indian Leander Paes a kan Daniel Nestor da Yung-Jan Chan . === 2012 === Black bai yi gasa a kan WTA Tour a lokacin 2012, kuma ya sake fara wasa a watan Oktoba a abubuwan da suka faru na $ 25k a Ostiraliya tare da Arina Rodionova . Ma'aurata sun lashe taken a Traralgon, inda suka doke Ashleigh Barty da Sally Peers a wasan karshe. Koyaya, Black da Rodionova sun rasa wannan ƙungiyar a wasan karshe na Bendigo a mako mai zuwa. Ta gama shekarar da aka sanya a waje da manyan 600 na duniya. === 2013: Koma zuwa saman 20 === A lokacin kakar 2013, Black ta sami gagarumin dawowa, yayin da ta koma WTA Tour a Auckland Open, tare da Anastasia Rodionova a sau biyu. Ma'aurata sun sami nasarar kayar da manyan tsaba uku don lashe lambar yabo ta biyu, lambar yabo ta farko ta WTA tare da Rodionova, da kuma lambar yabo ta sau biyu ta farko tun 2010. Black da Rodionova sun rasa a zagaye na 3 na Australian Open, kuma sun lashe wasa daya kawai tsakanin Indian Wells da Miami, bayan haka biyun sun rabu. A lokacin kotun yumbu, Black ya fara wasa tare da Marina Erakovic, kuma sun yi tasiri nan take, sun kai wasan karshe na gasar Firimiya a Madrid, da kuma Strasbourg. A Faransanci Open, biyun sun kai kashi huɗu na karshe kafin su rasa Andrea Hlaváčková da Lucie Hradecká na biyu. Duk da isa wasan karshe na Birmingham Classic, Black da Erakovic sun fita a zagaye na biyu na Wimbledon. Bayan sun rasa wasan farko a Cincinnati, biyun sun kai zagaye na uku na US Open, sun rasa Ekaterina Makarova da Elena Vesnina na Rasha. [[Fayil:Cara Black and Sania Mirza (14481173743).jpg|thumb|Cara Black]] Black ta fara aiki tare da [[Sania Mirza]] a watan Satumba, tare da ita ta ƙare ta lashe gasar Premier-5 a gabashin gabas. A Tokyo, Black da Mirza sun kayar da babbar ƙungiyar Hsieh Su-wei da Peng Shuai a wasan kusa da na karshe kafin su fitar da Chan Hao-ching da [[Liezel Huber]]. Wannan shi ne karo na farko na Black na Firayim Minista 5 tun 2009, kuma ta biyu a kakar. Wannan nan da nan ya biyo bayan nasara a China Open, inda a kan hanyar zuwa karshe, sun sake fitar da manyan tsaba na kungiyar Sara Errani da Roberta Vinci a wasan kusa da na karshe, kafin su doke Vera Dushevina da Arantxa Parra Santonja a wasan karshe. Wannan shi ne karo na farko tun daga shekara ta 2010 da Black ta lashe lambar yabo ta biyu, kuma ya dawo da ita cikin manyan 20 na duniya, ya kammala shekarar da ta kasance lamba 13 a duniya. == Gasar karshe ta Grand Slam == === Sau biyu: 9 (5 lakabi, 4 masu cin gaba) === {| class="sortable wikitable" | width="70" |'''Outcome''' | width="50" |'''Year''' | width="140" |'''Championship''' | width="60" |'''Surface''' | width="180" |'''Partner''' | width="180" |'''Opponents''' | width="120" |'''Score''' |- bgcolor="#CCCCFF" | bgcolor="FFA07A" |Runner-up |2000 |US Open |Hard |{{Flagicon|RUS}} [[Elena Likhovtseva]] |{{Flagicon|FRA}} [[Julie Halard-Decugis]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|JPN}} [[Ai Sugiyama]] |0–6, 6–1, 1–6 |- bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | bgcolor="98FB98" |Winner |2004 |Wimbledon |Grass |{{Flagicon|AUS}}&nbsp;[[Rennae Stubbs]] |{{Flagicon|RSA}} [[Liezel Huber]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|JPN}}&nbsp;[[Ai Sugiyama]] |6–3, 7–6<sup>(7–5)</sup> |- bgcolor="EBC2AF" | bgcolor="FFA07A" |Runner-up |2005 |French Open |Clay |{{Flagicon|ZAF}} Liezel Huber |{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Virginia Ruano Pascual]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|ARG}} [[Paola Suárez]] |6–4, 3–6, 3–6 |- bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | bgcolor="98FB98" |Winner |2005 |Wimbledon |Grass |{{Flagicon|ZAF}} Liezel Huber |{{Flagicon|RUS}} [[Svetlana Kuznetsova]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|FRA}} [[Amélie Mauresmo]] |6–2, 6–1 |- bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | bgcolor="98FB98" |Winner |2007 |Australian Open |Hard |{{Flagicon|ZAF}} Liezel Huber |{{Flagicon|TPE}} [[Chan Yung-jan]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|TPE}} [[Chuang Chia-jung]] |6–4, 6–7<sup>(4–7)</sup>, 6–1 |- bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | bgcolor="98FB98" |Winner |2007 |Wimbledon |Grass |{{Flagicon|ZAF}} Liezel Huber |{{Flagicon|SLO}} [[Katarina Srebotnik]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|JPN}} Ai Sugiyama |3–6, 6–3, 6–2 |- bgcolor="#CCCCFF" | bgcolor="98FB98" |Winner |2008 |US Open |Hard |{{Flagicon|USA}} Liezel Huber |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Lisa Raymond]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Samantha Stosur]] |6–3, 7–6<sup>(10–8)</sup> |- bgcolor="#CCCCFF" | bgcolor="FFA07A" |Runner-up |2009 |US Open |Hard |{{Flagicon|USA}} Liezel Huber |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Serena Williams]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Venus Williams]] |2–6, 2–6 |- bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | bgcolor="FFA07A" |Runner-up |2010 |Australian Open |Hard |{{Flagicon|USA}} Liezel Huber |{{Flagicon|USA}} Serena Williams <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} Venus Williams |4–6, 3–6 |} === Gauraye biyu: 8 (lakabi 5, masu tsere 3) === Ta hanyar lashe gasar Australian Open ta 2010, Black ya kammala wasan kwaikwayo na Career Grand Slam. Ta zama 'yar wasa ta shida a tarihi don cimma wannan. {| class="sortable wikitable" | width="70" |'''Sakamakon''' | width="50" |'''Shekara''' | width="140" |'''Gasar cin kofin''' | width="60" |'''Yankin da ke sama''' | width="180" |'''Abokin hulɗa''' | width="180" |'''Masu adawa''' | width="120" |'''Sakamakon''' |- bgcolor="EBC2AF" | bgcolor="98FB98" |Wanda ya ci nasara |2002 |Faransanci Open |Yumbu |[[Wayne Black]]{{Flagicon|ZIM}} |[[Elena Bovina]] [[Mark Knowles]]{{Flagicon|RUS}}<br />{{Flagicon|BAH}} |6–3, 6–3 |- bgcolor="EBC2AF" | bgcolor="FFA07A" |Wanda ya zo na biyu |2004 |Faransanci Open |Yumbu |Wayne Black{{Flagicon|ZIM}} |[[Tatiana Golovin]] [[Richard Gasquet]]{{Flagicon|FRA}}<br />{{Flagicon|FRA}} |3–6, 4–6 |- bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | bgcolor="98FB98" |Wanda ya ci nasara |2004 |Wimbledon |Ciyawa |Wayne Black{{Flagicon|ZIM}} |[[Alicia Molik]] [[Todd Woodbridge]]{{Flagicon|AUS}}<br />{{Flagicon|AUS}} |3–6, 7–6<sup>(10–8)</sup>, 6–4 |- bgcolor="#CCCCFF" | bgcolor="98FB98" |Wanda ya ci nasara |2008 |US Open |Da wuya |[[Leander Biyu]]{{Flagicon|IND}} |[[Liezel Huber]] [[Jamie Murray]]{{Flagicon|USA}}<br />{{Flagicon|GBR}} |7–6<sup>(8–6)</sup>, 6–4 |- bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | bgcolor="FFA07A" |Wanda ya zo na biyu |2009 |Wimbledon |Ciyawa |Leander Biyu{{Flagicon|IND}} |[[Anna-Lena Grönefeld]] Mark Knowles{{Flagicon|GER}}<br />{{Flagicon|BAH}} |5–7, 3–6 |- bgcolor="#CCCCFF" | bgcolor="FFA07A" |Wanda ya zo na biyu |2009 |US Open |Da wuya |Leander Biyu{{Flagicon|IND}} |[[Carly Gullickson]] [[Travis Parrot]]{{Flagicon|USA}}<br />{{Flagicon|USA}} |2–6, 4–6 |- bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | bgcolor="98FB98" |Wanda ya ci nasara |2010 |Australian Open |Da wuya |Leander Biyu{{Flagicon|IND}} |[[Ekaterina Makarova]] [[Jaroslav Levinský]]{{Flagicon|RUS}}<br />{{Flagicon|CZE}} |7–5, 6–3 |- bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | bgcolor="98FB98" |Wanda ya ci nasara |2010 |Wimbledon |Ciyawa |Leander Biyu{{Flagicon|IND}} |[[Lisa Raymond]] [[Wesley Moodie]]{{Flagicon|USA}}<br />{{Flagicon|RSA}} |6–4, 7–6<sup>(7–5)</sup> |} == Kididdigar sana'a == === Lokaci na wasan kwaikwayo na Grand Slam === {{Performance key|active=no}} ==== Sau biyu ==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%" ! width="140" |Gasar ! width="35" |1993 ! width="35" |1994 ! width="35" |1995 ! width="35" |1996 ! width="35" |1997 ! width="35" |1998 ! width="35" |1999 ! width="35" |2000 ! width="35" |2001 ! width="35" |2002 ! width="35" |2003 ! width="35" |2004 ! width="35" |2005 ! width="35" |2006 ! width="35" |2007 ! width="35" |2008 ! width="35" |2009 ! width="35" |2010 ! width="35" |2011 ! width="35" |2012 ! width="35" |2013 ! width="35" |2014 ! width="50" |SR ! width="50" |W-L |- | colspan="23" style="text-align:left;" |'''Wasanni na Grand Slam''' |- | align="left" |Australian Open | colspan="6" |Ba ya nan | bgcolor="afeeee" |1R | bgcolor="afeeee" |1R | bgcolor="afeeee" |2R | bgcolor="afeeee" |1R | bgcolor="afeeee" |3R | bgcolor="afeeee" |1R | bgcolor="afeeee" |2R | bgcolor="ffebcd" |QF | bgcolor="lime" |'''W''' | bgcolor="ffebcd" |QF | bgcolor="ffebcd" |QF | bgcolor="thistle" |F | bgcolor="ffebcd" |QF |<small>A</small> | bgcolor="afeeee" |3R | bgcolor="ffebcd" |QF |1 / 15 |31–14 |- | align="left" |Faransanci Open | colspan="6" |Ba ya nan | bgcolor="afeeee" |1R | bgcolor="afeeee" |2R | bgcolor="afeeee" |3R | bgcolor="afeeee" |3R | bgcolor="yellow" |SF | bgcolor="afeeee" |3R | bgcolor="thistle" |F | bgcolor="ffebcd" |QF | bgcolor="yellow" |SF | bgcolor="yellow" |SF | bgcolor="yellow" |SF | bgcolor="afeeee" |3R |<small>A</small> |<small>A</small> | bgcolor="ffebcd" |QF | bgcolor="ffebcd" |QF |0 / 14 |38–14 |- | align="left" |Wimbledon | colspan="5" |Ba ya nan | bgcolor="afeeee" |1R | bgcolor="afeeee" |2R | bgcolor="afeeee" |1R | bgcolor="afeeee" |2R | bgcolor="yellow" |SF | bgcolor="afeeee" |3R | bgcolor="lime" |'''W''' | bgcolor="lime" |'''W''' | bgcolor="yellow" |SF | bgcolor="lime" |'''W''' | bgcolor="yellow" |SF | bgcolor="yellow" |SF | bgcolor="afeeee" |3R | bgcolor="afeeee" |3R |<small>A</small> | bgcolor="afeeee" |2R | bgcolor="afeeee" |2R |3 / 16 |43–13 |- | align="left" |US Open | colspan="5" |Ba ya nan | bgcolor="afeeee" |1R | bgcolor="afeeee" |1R | bgcolor="thistle" |F | bgcolor="yellow" |SF | bgcolor="yellow" |SF | bgcolor="yellow" |SF | bgcolor="afeeee" |3R | bgcolor="ffebcd" |QF | bgcolor="ffebcd" |QF | bgcolor="afeeee" |2R | bgcolor="lime" |'''W''' | bgcolor="thistle" |F | bgcolor="yellow" |SF |<small>A</small> |<small>A</small> | bgcolor="afeeee" |3R | bgcolor="yellow" |SF |1 / 15 |46–14 |- ! style="text-align:left;" |Rashin cin nasara !0–0 !0–0 !0–0 !0–0 !0–0 !0–2 !1–4 !5–4 !8–4 !10–4 !12–4 !10–3 !15–3 !12–4 !17–2 !17–3 !14–4 !13–4 !5–2 !0–0 !8–4 !11–4 !5 / 60 !158–55 |- | colspan="22" align="left" |'''Gasar cin kofin shekara''' |- | align="left" |Gasar Zakarun Turai | colspan="7" |Ba ya nan | bgcolor="ffebcd" |QF | bgcolor="thistle" |F | bgcolor="thistle" |F | bgcolor="yellow" |SF | bgcolor="thistle" |F | bgcolor="thistle" |F | bgcolor="thistle" |F | bgcolor="lime" |'''W''' | bgcolor="lime" |'''W''' | bgcolor="thistle" |F |<small>A</small> |<small>A</small> |<small>A</small> |<small>A</small> | bgcolor="lime" |'''W''' | align="center" |3 / 11 | align="center" |15–8 |- !Kididdigar aiki ! width="35" |1993 ! width="35" |1994 ! width="35" |1995 ! width="35" |1996 ! width="35" |1997 ! width="35" |1998 ! width="35" |1999 ! width="35" |2000 ! width="35" |2001 ! width="35" |2002 ! width="35" |2003 ! width="35" |2004 ! width="35" |2005 ! width="35" |2006 ! width="35" |2007 ! width="35" |2008 ! width="35" |2009 ! width="35" |2010 ! width="35" |2011 ! width="35" |2012 ! width="35" |2013 ! width="35" |2014 ! colspan="2" |A'a. |- | style="text-align:left" |'''Takardun sarauta''' |0 |1 |1 |3 |4 |1 |0 |1 |7 |2 |2 |7 |6 |2 |9 |10 |5 |3 |0 |1 |3 |3 | colspan="2" |71 |- | style="text-align:left" |An kai wasan karshe |0 |1 |3 |3 |4 |1 |2 |5 |10 |5 |6 |9 |12 |8 |12 |14 |7 |6 |0 |2 |6 |8 | colspan="2" |124 |- | style="text-align:left" |'''Gabaɗaya W-L''' !1–1 !6–1 !9–2 !16–7 !19–7 !18–19 !28–26 !32–21 !52–18 !46–19 !48–24 !45–15 !59–18 !43–19 !69–14 !66–14 !49–16 !41–16 !9–7 !7–1 !38–17 !49–21 ! colspan="2" |750–303 |- | align="left" |Matsayi na ƙarshen shekara | - | - |479 |306 |159 |78 |30 |14 | bgcolor="99ccff" |'''3''' | bgcolor="eee8aa" |'''9''' | bgcolor="eee8aa" |'''9''' | bgcolor="99ccff" |'''3''' | bgcolor="00ff00" |'''1''' | bgcolor="eee8aa" |'''5''' | bgcolor="00ff00" |'''1''' | bgcolor="00ff00" |'''1''' | bgcolor="00ff00" |'''1''' |13 |77 |497 |13 |4 | colspan="2" bgcolor="00ff00" |'''Na 1''' |- |} ==== Gauraye ninki biyu ==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%" !Gasar !1998 !1999 !2000 !2001 !2002 !2003 !2004 !2005 !2006 !2007 !2008 !2009 !2010 !2011 !2013 !2014 !2015 !Ayyukan SR !Rashin nasara da asarar aiki |- | style="background:#EFEFEF;" |Australian Open | align="center" |A | align="center" |A | align="center" style="background:#afeeee;" |2R | align="center" style="background:#afeeee;" |1R | align="center" style="background:#afeeee;" |1R | align="center" style="background:#afeeee;" |2R | align="center" style="background:#afeeee;" |2R | align="center" style="background:#ffebcd;" |QF | align="center" style="background:#afeeee;" |1R | align="center" style="background:#afeeee;" |1R | align="center" style="background:#ffebcd;" |QF | align="center" style="background:#afeeee;" |2R | align="center" style="background:#00ff00;" |<nowiki><b id="mwA8w">W</b></nowiki> | align="center" style="background:#afeeee;" |2R | align="center" style="background:#afeeee;" |1R | align="center" style="background:#afeeee;" |1R | align="center" style="background:#ffebcd;" |QF | align="center" |'''1 / 15''' | align="center" |'''16–14''' |- | style="background:#EFEFEF;" |Faransanci Open | align="center" |A | align="center" style="background:#afeeee;" |3R | align="center" style="background:#afeeee;" |3R | align="center" style="background:#afeeee;" |1R | align="center" style="background:#afeeee;" |1R | align="center" style="background:#00ff00;" |<nowiki><b id="mwA-c">W</b></nowiki> | align="center" style="background:yellow;" |SF | align="center" style="background:#D8BFD8;" |<nowiki><b id="mwA-w">F</b></nowiki> | align="center" style="background:#afeeee;" |2R | align="center" style="background:#afeeee;" |1R | align="center" style="background:#afeeee;" |2R | align="center" style="background:#afeeee;" |2R | align="center" style="background:#ffebcd;" |QF | align="center" |A | align="center" style="background:yellow;" |SF | align="center" style="background:#afeeee;" |2R | align="center" |A | align="center" |'''1 / 14''' | align="center" |'''23–13''' |- | style="background:#EFEFEF;" |Wimbledon | align="center" style="background:#afeeee;" |3R | align="center" style="background:#afeeee;" |3R | align="center" style="background:#afeeee;" |2R | align="center" style="background:#afeeee;" |3R | align="center" style="background:#afeeee;" |2R | align="center" style="background:#afeeee;" |3R | align="center" style="background:#00ff00;" |<nowiki><b id="mwBBI">W</b></nowiki> | align="center" style="background:#afeeee;" |2R | align="center" style="background:yellow;" |SF | align="center" style="background:#ffebcd;" |QF | align="center" style="background:#afeeee;" |3R | align="center" style="background:#D8BFD8;" |<nowiki><b id="mwBB0">F</b></nowiki> | align="center" style="background:#00ff00;" |<nowiki><b id="mwBCA">W</b></nowiki> | align="center" style="background:#ffebcd;" |QF | align="center" style="background:#afeeee;" |3R | align="center" style="background:#afeeee;" |2R | align="center" style="background:#afeeee;" |3R | align="center" |'''2 / 16''' | align="center" |'''38–14''' |- | style="background:#EFEFEF;" |US Open | align="center" |A | align="center" style="background:#afeeee;" |2R | align="center" style="background:#afeeee;" |2R | align="center" style="background:#ffebcd;" |QF | align="center" style="background:#ffebcd;" |QF | align="center" style="background:yellow;" |SF | align="center" style="background:#afeeee;" |2R | align="center" style="background:#afeeee;" |2R | align="center" style="background:#afeeee;" |1R | align="center" style="background:#afeeee;" |1R | align="center" style="background:#00ff00;" |<nowiki><b id="mwBEU">W</b></nowiki> | align="center" style="background:#D8BFD8;" |<nowiki><b id="mwBEg">F</b></nowiki> | align="center" style="background:#ffebcd;" |QF | align="center" |A | align="center" style="background:#afeeee;" |1R | align="center" style="background:#ffebcd;" |QF |A | align="center" |'''1 / 14''' | align="center" |'''24–13''' |- | style="background:#EFEFEF;" |Grand Slam MDR | align="center" |0 / 1 | align="center" |0 / 3 | align="center" |0 / 4 | align="center" |0 / 4 | align="center" |0 / 4 | align="center" |1 / 4 | align="center" |1 / 4 | align="center" |0 / 4 | align="center" |0 / 4 | align="center" |0 / 4 | align="center" |1 / 4 | align="center" |0 / 4 | align="center" |2 / 4 | align="center" |0 / 2 | align="center" |0 / 4 | align="center" |0 / 4 | align="center" |0 / 2 | align="center" |'''5 / 60''' | align="center" |'''N / A''' |- | style="background:#EFEFEF;" |Grand Slam W-L | align="center" |2–1 | align="center" |5–3 | align="center" |5–4 | align="center" |4–4 | align="center" |3–4 | align="center" |11–3 | align="center" |12–3 | align="center" |8–4 | align="center" |6–4 | align="center" |3–4 | align="center" |11–3 | align="center" |10–4 | align="center" |14–2 | align="center" |2–2 | align="center" |3–3 | align="center" |3–4 | align="center" |4–2 | align="center" |'''N / A''' | align="center" |'''101–54''' |} [[File:Toray_PPO_2009_Cara_Black.jpg|right|thumb|Cara Black a Tokyo 2009]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == {{Commonscat|Cara Black}} * Black Facea cikinKungiyar Tennis ta Mata * Black Facea cikinƘungiyar Tennis ta Duniya * Black Facea cikinKofin Billie Jean King * Black FaceaESPN.com * Black FaceaOlympedia * Black FaceaOlympics.com [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1979]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] atd1kh9q0lyoh3wf4cuv91gh3xwkzp4 0 76552 873794 463012 2026-07-01T20:35:49Z Habibah A Jisambo 26434 873794 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Haneen Sami Bashir Ibrahim''' (Arabic; (An haife shi a ranar 29 ga watan Yunin shekara ta, 2000) ɗan wasan ruwa ne na Sudan. Ta yi gasa a tseren mita 50 na [[mata]] a gasar Olympics ta 2016, inda ta kasance ta 84 tare da lokacin 36.25 seconds.<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web |title=Haneen Ibrahim |url=https://www.rio2016.com/en/athlete/haneen-ibrahim |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824234339/https://www.rio2016.com/en/athlete/haneen-ibrahim |archive-date=24 August 2016 |access-date=16 August 2016 |website=Rio 2016}}</ref> Bata ci gaba zuwa wasan kusa da na karshe ba. Ibrahim tana riƙe da rikodin ƙasa a tseren mita 50 na mata. A shekarar 2019, ta wakilci [[Sudan]] a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2019 da aka gudanar a Gwangju, [[Koriya]] ta Kudu.<ref name="heats_women_50_freestyle_world_squatics_championships_2019">{{Cite web|title=Women's 50 metre freestyle – Heats – 2019 World Aquatics Championships|url=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011301070201EB01FFFFFFFFFFFF01.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726212706/https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011301070201EB01FFFFFFFFFFFF01.pdf|archive-date=26 July 2020|access-date=26 July 2020|website=2019 World Aquatics Championships}}</ref><ref name="heats_women_100_freestyle_world_squatics_championships_2019">{{Cite web|title=Women's 100 metre freestyle – Heats – 2019 World Aquatics Championships|url=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011301070201EC01FFFFFFFFFFFF01.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726213050/https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011301070201EC01FFFFFFFFFFFF01.pdf|archive-date=26 July 2020|access-date=26 July 2020|website=2019 World Aquatics Championships}}</ref> <ref name="heats_women_50_freestyle_world_squatics_championships_2019"/><ref name="heats_women_100_freestyle_world_squatics_championships_2019"/> Ta yi gasa a tseren mita 50 na mata da kuma tseren mita 100 na mata. A cikin abubuwan da suka faru ba ta ci gaba da yin gasa a wasan kusa da na karshe ba.[1][2] A cikin 2021, ta shiga gasar tseren mita 50 na mata a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2020 da aka gudanar a Tokyo, Japan.<ref name="women_50_metre_freestyle_heats_summer_olympics_2020">{{Cite web|title=Women's 50 metre freestyle – Heats|url=https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/resOG2020-/pdf/OG2020-/SWM/OG2020-_SWM_C74A_SWMW50MFR-------------HEAT--------.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730133005/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/resOG2020-/pdf/OG2020-/SWM/OG2020-_SWM_C74A_SWMW50MFR-------------HEAT--------.pdf|archive-date=30 July 2021|access-date=2 August 2021|website=2020 Summer Olympics}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata. == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 2000]] 2h0stxuhw9pljnsaoajyknz3rdlr5dr 0 76647 873795 528628 2026-07-01T20:37:04Z Ummeeterh 31568 873795 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Josephine Ngmin Kyuire 'yar Ghana ce mai daukar hoto, mai zane-zane, da kuma mai fafutuka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-16 |title=Meet Josephine Kuuire the Ghanaian creative behind the beautiful murals celebrating historic women in Accra |url=https://braperucci.africa/meet-josephine-kuuire-the-ghanaian-creative-behind-the-beautiful-murals-celebrating-historic-women-in-accra/ |access-date=2023-01-30 |website=Bra Perucci Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Asalinta daga [[Ghana]], Josephine Ngmin Kyuire tana da digiri na farko a cikin aikin zamantakewa da kiɗa daga Jami'ar [[Ghana]]. Ta fara bincika daukar hoto a matsayin mai zane a makarantar sakandare ta Leonia a [[New Jersey]], inda ta dauki darasi na asali da ci gaba a daukar hoto.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Shalewa |date=16 October 2020 |title=Meet Josephine Kuuire the Ghanaian creative behind the beautiful murals celebrating historic women in Accra |url=https://braperucci.africa/meet-josephine-kuuire-the-ghanaian-creative-behind-the-beautiful-murals-celebrating-historic-women-in-accra/ |access-date=19 August 2021 |website=Bra Perucci Africa}}</ref> Bayan ta dawo Ghana a shekara ta 2009, ta yanke shawarar ci gaba da aikinta na daukar hoto, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mai daukar hoto mai zaman kanta a lokacin karatunta na jami'a.<ref name=":0" /> == Ayyukan fasaha == Kuuire shine manajan darektan Mumble Photography.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=LARNYOH |first=MAGDALENE TEIKO |date=18 October 2020 |title=This Ghanaian artist, Josephine Kuuire together with other female artists are redecorating the streets of Accra |url=https://africa.businessinsider.com/local/lifestyle/this-ghanaian-artist-josephine-kuuire-together-with-other-female-artists-are/9b871p6 |access-date=19 August 2021 |website=Business Insider Africa}}</ref> A cikin 2016, mai daukar hoto ya gabatar da nune-nunen ta na farko, mai taken Second Chance, a Accra.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=ADA |date=1 March 2016 |title=Josephine Kuuire Exhibits "Second Chance" |url=http://accradotaltradio.com/2016/03/josephine-kuuire-exhibits-second-chance/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819125022/http://accradotaltradio.com/2016/03/josephine-kuuire-exhibits-second-chance/ |archive-date=19 August 2021 |access-date=19 August 2021 |website=ACCRA [dot] ALT Radio}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 March 2016 |title=Second Chance: Time Out says 'second chance' photo exhibition by Josephine Kuuire (a celebration of my struggles) |url=https://www.timeout.com/accra/art/second-chance |access-date=19 August 2021 |website=Time Out Accra}}</ref> Ya dogara da sarrafa dijital da hoto don samar da madadin wakilci na kai.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Adam |first=Hakeem |date=7 January 2017 |title=These 6 Ghanaian Artists Are Continuing to Push the Boundaries of Photography |url=https://www.okayafrica.com/6-ghanaian-artists-pushing-boundaries-photography/ |journal=OkayAfrica |access-date=19 August 2021}}</ref> Mai zane-zane na dijital yana amfani da kusanci a matsayin kayan aiki na juriya da kuma tsarin warkarwa wanda ke daidaita matsin zamantakewa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Samson |first=Lindsay |date=10 January 2017 |title=The haunting self-portraits of Josephine Kuuire |url=https://www.designindaba.com/articles/creative-work/haunting-self-portraits-josephine-kuuire |access-date=19 August 2021 |website=Design Indaba}}</ref> Mai zane ya samo asali ne daga kwarewarta ta yau da kullun da ƙalubalen da ke akwai a matsayin mace ta musamman. Tana amfani da daukar hoto don neman 'yanci, tana fatan yin wa wasu wahayi don neman nasu, amma kuma don yin tambaya game da tsarin zamantakewa da aka kafa a cikin al'ummar Ghana.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=28 October 2020 |title=#LLABlog – Josephine Kuuire, the co-creator and digital designer of the walls in the streets of Ghana – Leading Ladies Africa |url=https://leadingladiesafrica.org/llablog-josephine-kuuire-the-co-creator-and-digital-designer-of-the-walls-in-the-streets-of-ghana/ |access-date=19 August 2021 |website=leadingladiesafrica.org}}</ref> Wasu daga cikin jigogi na aikinta sun haɗa da gine-gine, yanayin da aka gina, tsari, da rawar da mata ke takawa a cikin tsarin siyasa na tarihi da na zamani.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=28 October 2020 |title=#LLABlog – Josephine Kuuire, the co-creator and digital designer of the walls in the streets of Ghana – Leading Ladies Africa |url=https://leadingladiesafrica.org/llablog-josephine-kuuire-the-co-creator-and-digital-designer-of-the-walls-in-the-streets-of-ghana/ |access-date=19 August 2021 |website=leadingladiesafrica.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://leadingladiesafrica.org/llablog-josephine-kuuire-the-co-creator-and-digital-designer-of-the-walls-in-the-streets-of-ghana/ "#LLABlog – Josephine Kuuire, the co-creator and digital designer of the walls in the streets of Ghana – Leading Ladies Africa"]. ''leadingladiesafrica.org''. 28 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> A cikin 2016, Kuuire ta fara baje kolin kanta, Second Chance, a Accra[dot]Alt, a Accre, [[Ghana]], baje kolin hotunan kai.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=ADA |date=1 March 2016 |title=Josephine Kuuire Exhibits "Second Chance" |url=http://accradotaltradio.com/2016/03/josephine-kuuire-exhibits-second-chance/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819125022/http://accradotaltradio.com/2016/03/josephine-kuuire-exhibits-second-chance/ |archive-date=19 August 2021 |access-date=19 August 2021 |website=ACCRA [dot] ALT Radio}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFADA2016">ADA (1 March 2016). [https://web.archive.org/web/20210819125022/http://accradotaltradio.com/2016/03/josephine-kuuire-exhibits-second-chance/ "Josephine Kuuire Exhibits "Second Chance""]. ''ACCRA [dot] ALT Radio''. Archived from the original on 19 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="true"><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:Cite web|cite web]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL ([[:Category:CS1 maint: unfitting URL|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL]]</ref> Shekaru hudu bayan haka, ta shiga tare da wasu mata masu zane-zane a cikin shirin Arts for All: ''Mataki na II'', wanda Majalisar Ayyuka ta Ghana ta fara. Wannan shirin yana da niyyar sake yin ado da ganuwar kankare na titunan [[Accra]] tare da manyan murals. Co-haliccin aikin, ta kuma shiga cikin ƙirar dijital na zanen a bangon da ke kewaye da musayar Tetteh Qurashie.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=LARNYOH |first=MAGDALENE TEIKO |date=18 October 2020 |title=This Ghanaian artist, Josephine Kuuire together with other female artists are redecorating the streets of Accra |url=https://africa.businessinsider.com/local/lifestyle/this-ghanaian-artist-josephine-kuuire-together-with-other-female-artists-are/9b871p6 |access-date=19 August 2021 |website=Business Insider Africa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFLARNYOH2020">LARNYOH, MAGDALENE TEIKO (18 October 2020). [https://africa.businessinsider.com/local/lifestyle/this-ghanaian-artist-josephine-kuuire-together-with-other-female-artists-are/9b871p6 "This Ghanaian artist, Josephine Kuuire together with other female artists are redecorating the streets of Accra"]. ''Business Insider Africa''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Ga mai zane, wannan mural na musamman yana ba da kyauta ga wasu matan da suka ba da gudummawa ga tarihin Ghana, kamar Susan Ofori-Atta, likita na farko na ƙasar, Esther Afua Ocloo, [[Mabel Dove Danquah]], [[Theodosia Okoh]], lauya ta farko [[Annie Jiagge]], Laura Adorkor Coffie, [[Efua Theodora Suntherland|Efua Sutherland]], Asantewaa, Melody Millicent Danquah da [[Rebecca Naa Dedei Aryeetey]]. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=28 October 2020 |title=#LLABlog – Josephine Kuuire, the co-creator and digital designer of the walls in the streets of Ghana – Leading Ladies Africa |url=https://leadingladiesafrica.org/llablog-josephine-kuuire-the-co-creator-and-digital-designer-of-the-walls-in-the-streets-of-ghana/ |access-date=19 August 2021 |website=leadingladiesafrica.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://leadingladiesafrica.org/llablog-josephine-kuuire-the-co-creator-and-digital-designer-of-the-walls-in-the-streets-of-ghana/ "#LLABlog – Josephine Kuuire, the co-creator and digital designer of the walls in the streets of Ghana – Leading Ladies Africa"]. ''leadingladiesafrica.org''. 28 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> == Kyaututtuka == A cikin 2017, Kuuire ta lashe kyautar Portraits Ghana Photography, wanda Ofishin Jakadancin Holland a [[Ghana]] da Nuku Studio suka shirya. A cikin 2018, an sanya aikinta cikin manyan 'yan wasan karshe goma a [[Ghana]] don Kyautar Kuenyehia Art for Contemporary Ghanaian Arts . == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] <references /> r2nc7w7mbg4s3d8jcwgcylc36ife1xf 0 77336 874078 412609 2026-07-02T05:20:18Z Ummeeterh 31568 874078 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Hassan Saada''' (An haife shi a ranar biyu 2 ga watan [[Janairu]] shekara ta alif ɗari tara da casa'in da huɗu 1994) ɗan dambe ne na [[Moroko|Morocco]] . Sadda ya samu lambar tagulla a gasar cin kofin [[Afirka|Afrika]] ta 2015. An shirya ya fafata a gasar tseren nauyi mai nauyi ta maza a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2016, amma an kama Saada kwana guda gabanin bikin bude gasar bisa zargin yin lalata da su . <ref name="Bio">{{Cite web |title=Hassan Saada |url=https://www.rio2016.com/en/athlete/hassan-saada |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826112906/https://www.rio2016.com/en/athlete/hassan-saada |archive-date=26 August 2016 |access-date=27 September 2016 |website=Rio2016.com |publisher=[[Organizing Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games Rio 2016]]}}</ref> <ref>[http://www.news.com.au/sport/olympics/moroccan-boxer-hassan-saada-arrested-on-suspicion-of-sexual-assault-in-olympic-village/news-story/57d83a3ec9f42b6f279e35065f2f7d6a "Moroccan boxer Hassan Saada arrested on suspicion of sexual assault in Olympic village"], news.com.au</ref> Wasu mata biyu 'yan kasar Brazil da suka yi aiki a kauyen Olympics a Barra da Tijuca a matsayin masu jiran gado sun yi masa zarge-zargen cin zarafi da yunkurin fyade . <ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/general/boxing/rio-2016-boxer-rape-arrested-hassan-saada-olympics-moroccan-latest-a7174191.html "Rio 2016: Moroccan boxer Hassan Saada arrested over rape claim one day before Olympic fight"], The Independent</ref> Sadda ya kasance a tsare a Brazil tsawon watanni 10 har sai da kotun kolin Brazil ta ba da izinin habeas corpus. <ref>[http://larrybrownsports.com/olympics/five-biggest-controversies-summer-games-rio/318178 Five biggest controversies from the 2016 Summer Olympics], Larry Brown Sports</ref> <ref>[http://www.jota.info/justica/ministro-stj-manda-soltar-boxeador-marroquino-investigado-por-estupro-10082016], jota info</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1994]] [[Category:Webarchive template wayback links]] apb54s7yan9tsucwcirzhr9sg2cree0 0 77458 874040 417340 2026-07-01T23:37:45Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 874040 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Brenda Claudina Susan Edwards''' ( ''née'' '''Artman''' ; an haife shi 2 Maris 1969) mawaƙin Ingilishi ne, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo, halayen talabijin kuma mai gabatarwa. A shekarar 2005, ta gama a matsayi na huɗu a kan na biyu jerin ''The X Factor'' . Tun daga shekarar 2019, ta kasance mai ba da shawara na mako-mako a kan shirin ITV ''na'' hira na rana. A cikin Janairun shekarar 2021, ta zama mai gabatarwa a shirin ''Waƙoƙin Yabo'' na BBC One . == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Brenda Claudina Susan Artman a ranar 2 ga Maris ɗin shekarar 1969 a Luton, Bedfordshire, ga dangin Afro-Caribbean . <ref name="lutontoday" /> <ref>{{Cite tweet|title=Happy Birthday to me!!!|user=brendaedwards|date=2 March 2013}}</ref> Edwards da dan uwanta Rodney sun taso daga dangi bayan mutuwar iyayensu a wani hatsarin mota a ranar 22 ga Disamba 1974. Kakarta, wacce ta kasance memba na cocin Pentikostal na gida, ta karfafa jikanta ta halarci lokacin tana shekara takwas, kuma nan da nan Edwards ya gano son kade-kade da rera waka, wanda ya kai ga shiga ƙaramar ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta makarantar Lahadi, kuma nan da nan ta zama uwargidan mawaka. haka kuma memba na Pentecostal Collective Church of God in Christ (COGIC) mawaka na jama'a. <ref name="lutontoday">{{Cite web |date=26 October 2005 |title=PEOPLE: Bubbly Brenda is X-Factor favourite |url=https://www.lutontoday.co.uk/news/people-bubbly-brenda-is-x-factor-favourite-1-1018173 |website=Luton Today }}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A ƙarshe Edwards ya yi ƙaura daga bishara zuwa kiɗan duniya, kuma tana da shekaru 18 ta rera waƙa a kulake na dare, bukukuwan aure, jana'izar da mashaya mitzvahs . Kafin samun nasarar aikin nishaɗi, Edwards ya yi aiki cikakken lokaci a cikin asusun ajiya . <ref name="lutontoday"/> == Sana'a == === 1990s: Farkon Sana'a === Bayan da ya ba da muryoyi don adadin rikodin rikodin da ba a sanya hannu ba da kuma ƙarami, Edwards ya sami ɗan nasara akan waƙar shekarar 1996 "Wiggly World Part Two" ta Junior Jack (kamar yadda Mista Jack). <ref name="lutontoday"/> === 2005: ''Factor X'' === Edwards ya fito a cikin jerin na biyu na ''The X Factor'' a cikin shekarar 2005. Ta kasance cikin rukunin Sama da 25s tare da Andy Abraham, Chico Slimani da Maria Lawson, kuma Sharon Osbourne ne ya jagorance ta. Nunin raye-raye na farko ya ga Edwards yana waƙa " Ɗan Mutum Mai Wa'azi ". Wannan ya biyo bayan wasan kwaikwayo na " Ceto Ni " da " Tsarin dare zuwa Jojiya ". Wasan kwaikwayo na " Ni Outta Love " da " Bazan Taba Kaunar Wannan Hanya ba " ta lashe matsayi a wasan kusa da na ƙarshe, inda aka zabe ta bayan fassarar " Girmamawa " da " Ba tare da ku ba ", tare da kawai 23 kuri'u ya raba ta da kuma yi a matsayi na uku. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2019 |title=X Factor star felt 'depressed' after Simon Cowell mocked her appearance |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/reality-tv/a29068246/loose-women-x-factor-brenda-edwards-simon-cowell-fat-shaming/ |website=Digital Spy}}</ref> === 2007-2009: Kiɗa === Bayan ''The X Factor'', an zaɓi Edwards don taka rawar Mama Morton a cikin bugun kiɗa na West End ''Chicago'', kuma ta ci gaba a cikin wasan kwaikwayon har zuwa Maris 2007. <ref name="xfactor">{{Cite web |date=20 February 2008 |title=Brenda Edwards on the X Factor (Series 2) |url=http://www.xfactorwatch.co.uk/ArtCategory00094.aspx |website=Xfactorwatch.co.uk |access-date=23 April 2024 |archive-date=4 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704131949/http://www.xfactorwatch.co.uk/ArtCategory00094.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> An gayyace ta zuwa wasa Mama Morton a lokacin Kirsimeti, tsakanin 10 Disamba 2007 da 26 Janairu 2008. Ta sake komawa yin wasa da Mama Morton a cikin Nuwamba 2008, ta ci gaba a cikin rawar zuwa farkon 2009. <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2016 |title=Chicago cast Changes from 10 Dec 2007 |url=https://www.londontheatre.co.uk/theatre-news/news/chicago-cast-changes-from-10-dec-2007 |website=London Theatre}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2007, an jefa Edwards azaman Lu'u-lu'u - rawar da aka ƙirƙira musamman don ta - a cikin samar da ''Carmen Jones'' a West End a Hall Festival na Royal, daga 25 Yuli har zuwa 2 Satumba 2007. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120403023725/http://www.whatsonstage.com/interviews/theatre/london/E8821187003386/20+Questions+With+%85+Brenda+Edwards.html "20 Questions With ... Brenda Edwards"], ''WhatsOnStage'', 13 August 2007.</ref> A wannan shekarar, ta ci lambar yabo ta Favorite Reality Star a lambar yabo ta 2007 Screen Nation . A cikin 2009, Edwards ya zagaya Burtaniya a cikin waƙar Sarauniya ''Za Mu Girgiza ka'' azaman Sarauniya Killer. === 2010-yanzu: Matsayin mataki da ''Mata mara kyau'' === A kan 21 Yunin shekarar 2010, ta fara aikinta a matsayin Killer Queen a cikin West End samar da ''Mu Will Rock You'', maye gurbin Mazz Murray, wanda ke kan izinin haihuwa. Edwards ya ɗauki hutun makonni biyu don fitowa a cikin wani kiɗan West End, sannan ya dawo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Brenda Edwards &#124; We Will Rock You |url=https://londoncoliseum.org/artists/brenda-edwards/ |access-date=25 February 2024}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2010, Edwards ta ba da sanarwar cewa za ta saki kundi na farko a 2011. An yi wa waƙar ta farko daga cikin kundi mai taken "Ka San Yadda Ake So Ni", wanda aka ɗauko daga mawaƙin ''lokacin da tsakar dare'' na Charles Miller da Kevin Hammonds. Ya sami farkonsa na rediyo a gidan rediyon BBC 2 kuma an sake shi a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Brenda Edwards to Join London Company of We Will Rock You &#124; Playbill |url=https://playbill.com/article/brenda-edwards-to-join-london-company-of-we-will-rock-you-com-169307 |access-date=25 February 2024}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2012, Edwards ta fito a matsayin mawaƙin blues [[Bessie Smith]] a cikin wani taron bita na kiɗa game da rayuwarta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Contributor |first=Guest |date=29 October 2016 |title=X Factor finalist and Brenda Edwards Stars in West End Production of, Moby Dick &#124; The British Blacklist |url=https://thebritishblacklist.co.uk/x-factor-finalist-and-brenda-edwards-stars-in-west-end-production-of-moby-dick/}}</ref> A shekara mai zuwa, Edwards ya buga Mrs Johnson a ''The Wright Way'', sitcom akan BBC One . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Guide |first=British Comedy |title=The Wright Way - BBC1 Sitcom |url=https://www.comedy.co.uk/tv/the_wright_way/ |website=British Comedy Guide}}</ref> A cikin 2014, ta buga wani mai sharhi kawai wanda aka gani a matsayin babban lebe a cikin Alan Carr m gamehow ''The Singer Takes It All'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2014 |title='The Singer Takes It All' (Channel 4) Review |url=http://uktvreviewer.wordpress.com/2014/08/02/the-singer-takes-it-all-channel-4-review/ |website=UKTVReviewer}}</ref> Tsakanin 2015 da 2016, Edwards ya zagaya Burtaniya da Ireland a cikin kiɗan ''Hairspray'', yana wasa Motormouth Maybelle. A cikin 2017, ta sake komawa zuwa yawon shakatawa na Burtaniya da Ireland tare da ''Hairspray'', tana mai da matsayinta na Motormouth Maybelle. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Brenda Edwards |url=https://www.hairsprayuktour.com/cast/brenda-edwards/ |website=Hairspray the Musical UK tour |access-date=2024-04-23 |archive-date=2023-08-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803025027/https://www.hairsprayuktour.com/cast/brenda-edwards/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''Tsakanin Fabrairu da Maris 2019, Edwards ya kasance bako mai gabatar da kara akan Matan Sako na ITV. Daga nan aka kawo ta a matsayin mai gabatar da kara na yau da kullun don cike makil Linda Robson . Robson ya dawo a farkon 2020; duk da haka, Edwards ya ci gaba da kasancewa a kan kwamitin tun daga lokacin, yana yin bayyanuwa na mako-mako akan wasan kwaikwayon''. A cikin Yulin shekarar 2019, an sanar da cewa Edwards zai taka rawar gani na Delores Van Cartier a cikin yawon shakatawa na Burtaniya mai zuwa da Farfaɗowar Ƙarshen Yamma na ''Dokar Sister: The Musical'', tare da Whoopi Goldberg yana tabbatar da cewa an sake fasalin sashin musamman don ba da damar Edwards. taka rawar bayan an ƙi ta daga ainihin simintin gyare-gyaren Burtaniya saboda "tsofaffi da yawa". (Sifofin asali suna da Delores a matsayin ɗan shekara 23, sabanin tsohuwar halayen da aka nuna a cikin fim ɗin wanda aka samo asali na kiɗan.) <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 July 2019 |title=New version of Sister Act to star Brenda Edwards as reworked Deloris in London |url=https://www.londontheatre.co.uk/theatre-news/news/new-version-of-sister-act-to-star-brenda-edwards-as-reworked-deloris-in-london |website=London Theatre}}</ref> A cikin Janairun shekarar 2021, Edwards ya shiga ''Waƙoƙin Yabo'' na BBC . <ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC One - Songs of Praise - Brenda Edwards |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/profiles/4zXDnQFGHPV651TybktYYvs/brenda-edwards |website=BBC}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Brenda Edwards joins BBC One's Songs of Praise |url=https://www.bbc.com/mediacentre/2020/bbc.com/mediacentre/2020/brenda-edwards-songs-of-praise/ |website=www.bbc.com }}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A cikin Yuni 2022, Edwards ya nuna Matron "Mama" Morton a cikin yawon shakatawa na Birtaniya na ''Chicago'', a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Gemma Collins, wanda aka tilasta masa janyewa daga aikin saboda raunin gwiwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Connor |first=Rachael |date=27 May 2022 |title=Brenda Edwards to star in Chicago as Gemma Collins forced to drop out |url=https://metro.co.uk/2022/05/27/brenda-edwards-to-star-in-chicago-as-gemma-collins-forced-to-drop-out-16723064/}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Edwards yana da 'ya'ya biyu, Jamal (1990-2022) da Tanisha, daga dangantakar da ta gabata. Jamal shine mahaliccin SB. TV kuma mallakar Just Jam, alamar rikodin Sony na reshe, har mutuwarsa a 2022. Ta gaya wa Coleen Nolan cewa ya mutu yana rike da hannunta. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-25 |title=Brenda Edwards says she was holding son Jamal's hand when he died |url=https://www.itv.com/news/2022-04-25/brenda-edwards-says-she-was-holding-son-jamals-hand-when-he-died |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=ITV News |language=en}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2011, Edwards da Jamal sun fito a cikin wani talla don Google Chrome . Edwards yana da [[Sankaran Nono|ciwon nono]] [[Tsarin Ciwon daji|mataki na III]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-26 |title=Brenda Edwards: "I'm cancer free!" |url=https://www.itv.com/loosewomen/articles/brenda-edwards-positivity-helped-me |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=ITV News |language=en}}</ref> kuma ya tsira daga tashin hankalin gida a hannun tsohon abokin tarayya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Yeates |first=Cydney |date=25 January 2021 |title=Police are called as Loose Women's Brenda Edwards shares domestic abuse ordeal |url=https://metro.co.uk/2021/01/25/loose-women-police-contact-brenda-edwards-after-domestic-abuse-story-13963439/ |access-date=26 April 2022 |website=[[Metro (British newspaper)|Metro]]}}</ref> == Magana == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{IMDb name|2050007}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1969]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rd0y1s90ppaeao990ojzl9z0jjfd9rz 0 77611 874129 415839 2026-07-02T07:03:39Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 874129 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Charlize van Zyl''' (an Haife ta 19 ga watan Satumbar shekarar 1999) <ref>{{Cite web |title=The chess games of Charlize van Zyl |url=https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessplayer?pid=130472 |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=www.chessgames.com}}</ref> 'yar wasan [[Dara (Chess)|dara ce]] ta kasar Afirka ta Kudu wacce ke rike da taken Babbar Jagorar Mata ta Duniya, wacce ta samu a 2013 tana da shekaru 13, ta zama 'yar Afirka ta Kudu mafi karancin shekaru da ta yi hakan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=chessblog.com - Alexandra Kosteniuk's Chess Blog |url=http://www.chessblog.com/2013/05/new-chess-record-13-year-old-charlize.html |access-date=2023-07-26 |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyukan Chess == Van Zyl ta lashe gasar zakarun yankin Afirka tana da shekaru 13, inda ta sami lambar yabo ta WIM.<ref name="gsport">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Kimara |date=2020-10-05 |title=gsport4girls - SA Chess Champ Eyes 2021 World Olympiad in Russia |url=https://gsport.co.za/sa-chess-champ-eyes-2021-world-olympiad-in-russia/ |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=gsport4girls |language=en-ZA |archive-date=2023-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726140421/https://gsport.co.za/sa-chess-champ-eyes-2021-world-olympiad-in-russia/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>Ta wakilci kasar Afirka ta Kudu a gasar Chess Olympiad a shekarar 2018 (ta kammala a 3.5/8 a kan jirgi 5) da 2022 (4/9 a kan jirage 2). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chess-Results Server Chess-results.com - 43rd Chess Olympiad 2018 Women |url=https://chess-results.com/tnr368909.aspx?lan=1&art=20&fed=RSA&flag=30 |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=chess-results.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chess-Results Server Chess-results.com - 44th Chess Olympiad 2022 Women |url=https://chess-results.com/tnr653632.aspx?lan=1&art=20&fed=RSA&turdet=YES&flag=30 |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=chess-results.com}}</ref> Ta zo ta biyu a sashin mata na gasar zakarun yankin Afirka ta shekarar 2022, ta kammala rabin maki a bayan Shahenda Wafa, kuma ta cancanci Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Mata ta shekarar 2023, inda Nurgyul Salimova ta ci ta a zagaye na farko. == Ilimi == Van Zyl ta halarci makarantar sakandare ta mata, <ref>https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/eastern-cape/sa-girl-chess-master-at-13-1514661</ref> kuma ta yi karatun BA a cikin kafofin watsa labarai, sadarwa da al'adu a Jami'ar Nelson Mandela. <ref name="gsport"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Communications |first=Full Stop |date=2020-09-10 |title=Madibaz chess star plots upward curve in rankings |url=https://www.goodthingsguy.com/sport/chess-tournament-nmu/ |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=Good Things Guy |language=en-ZA}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Haihuwan 1999]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] ho0l313oaqob2pp578sk95m5ayb1vrf 0 78039 874163 419577 2026-07-02T08:25:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 874163 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Chinemelu D. Elonu Jr.''' (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 1987) ƙwararren ɗan wasan [[Kwallon kwando|ƙwallon kwando]] ne Ba'amurke ɗan ƙasar Al Qadsia na ƙungiyar Kuwaiti Division I. Ya buga wasan kwando na kwaleji don Texas A&amp;amp;M . == Aikin makarantar sakandare == Elonu ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Alief Elsik inda ya sami maki 15.0 a kowane wasa a matsayinsa na babba, yana taimaka wa ƙungiyar zuwa rikodin 33 – 5 yayin da yake aika manyan ayyuka na maki 21 da sake dawowa 20. An sanya shi a matsayin mai lamba 48 mai ci gaba a cikin kasar ta Scout.com . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chinemelu Elonu-Scout.com |url=http://www.scout.com/player/61017-chinemelu-elonu |access-date=January 2, 2017 |website=Maxpreps.com |archive-date=January 3, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103094611/http://www.scout.com/player/61017-chinemelu-elonu |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Aikin koleji == Elonu ya yi wasa a Jami'ar Texas A&amp;amp;M, inda ya yi wasa tare da Aggies, daga 2006 zuwa 2009. A kakar wasansa na ƙarami da na ƙarshe, ya sami matsakaicin maki 10 da sake dawowa 7 kowane wasa. Ya kammala karatunsa a makarantar a watan Mayun 2009 tare da digiri na farko na Kimiyya a Jagorancin Aikin Noma da Ci Gaba. == Sana'ar sana'a == Los Angeles Lakers ne suka tsara Elonu tare da zaɓi na 59 a cikin daftarin NBA na 2009 . <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 15, 2009 |title=Meet Chinemelu Elonu |url=http://www.nba.com/lakers/news/090715meetchinemeluelonu.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100901181947/http://www.nba.com/lakers/news/090715meetchinemeluelonu.html |archive-date=September 1, 2010 |access-date=November 9, 2015 |website=NBA.com}}</ref> Daga baya ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu tare da kungiyar CAI Zaragoza ta Spain inda ya sami maki 6.3 da sake dawowa 5.8 a kowane wasa. Yana da batun ficewa wanda zai ba shi damar shiga tare da Lakers bayan kakar 2009–10. Bayan shekara daya, ya bar Zaragoza. A watan Agusta 2010, Elonu ya sanya hannu kan kwangila tare da Panionios a Girka. Ya bar Panionios kafin karshen kakar wasa bayan da Ryvon Covile ya maye gurbinsa. A ranar 25 ga Janairu, 2011, Elonu ya sanya hannu kan kwangila tare da Pau-Orthez a Faransa don maye gurbin Travon Bryant da ya ji rauni. Ya samu maki 10.0 da sake dawowa 8.3 a kowane wasa. A cikin Yuli 2012, Elonu ya shiga Los Angeles Lakers don 2012 NBA Summer League . A ranar 16 ga Agusta, 2012, Elonu ya sanya hannu kan kwangila tare da Tofaş na Super League Basketball na Turkiyya . A watan Yuni 2013, Elonu ya rattaba hannu da Jiangsu Dragons daga China. Don lokacin 2013-14, Elonu ya sake sanya hannu tare da Tofaş. A lokacin zamansa na biyu tare da kulob din Turkiyya, Elonu ya samu maki 12.1, 8.5 rebounds da 1.1 blocks a gasar Turkiyya da maki 16.2, 9.7 rebounds da 1.8 blocks a EuroChallenge . A watan Mayu 2014, Elonu ya dawo CAI Zaragoza bayan shekaru hudu, kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwangila har zuwa karshen kakar 2013-14 ACB . A ranar 17 ga Yuli, 2014, ya koma Tofaş. A lokacin kakar wasa, ya halarci gasar Slam Dunk ta Turkiyya, tare da Kenny Gabriel, Jan Vesely, Furkan Korkmaz, JaJuan Johnson, Patric Young, Sinan Güler da Sean Williams . A ranar 9 ga Yuni, 2015, Elonu ya sanya hannu tare da Capitanes de Arecibo na Puerto Rico. A ranar 9 ga Nuwamba, 2015, Elonu ya sanya hannu tare da kulob din Beşiktaş na Turkiyya don kakar 2015-16. Tare da su ya sami matsakaicin maki 8.0, 6.1 rebounds da 1.1 blocks a cikin gasar Turkiyya da maki 9.4, 6.0 rebounds, 1.6 sata da 1.6 blocks a EuroCup . A ranar 2 ga Janairu, 2017, Elonu ya rattaba hannu tare da AEK Athens a Girka na sauran kakar 2016-17, inda ya maye gurbin Randal Falker a cikin tawagar 'yan wasan. A ranar 5 ga Yuni, 2017, ya sake shiga Capitanes de Arecibo don sauran lokacin 2017 BSN . A ranar 18 ga Agusta, 2017, Elonu ya sake shiga AEK Athens don kakar 2017–18. Inda suka lashe gasar zakarun kwallon kwando (BCL). A kan Satumba 28, 2018, Elonu ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya tare da kulob din Italiya Pallacanestro Reggiana . A ranar 18 ga Afrilu, 2021, Elonu ya rattaba hannu tare da kungiyar Zamalek ta Masar don taka leda a kakar BAL ta 2021 . Ya lashe gasar BAL na farko tare da kungiyar. A cikin Yuli 2021, ya dawo Capitanes de Arecibo. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Vega |first=Giovanny |date=7 July 2021 |title=Capitanes abrirán su temporada con nuevas energías y el núcleo completo |url=https://www.elvocero.com/deportes/capitanes-abrir-n-su-temporada-con-nuevas-energ-as-y-el-n-cleo-completo/article_c618cf88-df6f-11eb-b30b-4bfa61118d09.html |access-date=11 September 2021 |website=ElVocero.com |language=Spanish}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Dan Dozie da Amaka Elonu, ya kware a fannin aikin gona. Hakanan yana da 'yar'uwa ɗaya, [[Adaora Elonu]] a halin yanzu yana taka leda a Uni Girona CB . Elonu ya zauna a [[Puerto Rico]] tun 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 9, 2021 |title=Chinemelu Elonu habla sobre su relación con Puerto Rico: "Estoy aquí porque me enamoré de la gente" |url=https://www.elnuevodia.com/deportes/baloncesto/notas/chinemelu-elonu-habla-sobre-su-relacion-con-puerto-rico-estoy-aqui-porque-me-enamore-de-la-gente/}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1987]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kpcnb1p6y3rkomtwc61nk3tskajozp8 0 78206 873830 658697 2026-07-01T21:09:41Z Ummeeterh 31568 873830 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Josephine Oluseyi Williams''' (An haife ta a ranar 3 ga watan Afrilun Shekara ta 1956) ƙwararriyar harkokin kuɗi ce ta [[Najeriya]], shugabar gwamnati kuma tsohuwar shugabar ma'aikata ta jihar Legas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://encomium.ng/tag/mrs-josephine-oluseyi-williams/|title=Mrs. Josephine Oluseyi Williams|work=Encomium Magazine}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thegazellenews.com/2015/02/12/fashola-extols-positive-attitudinal-change-by-state-civil-servants-as-17th-hos-retires/|title=Fashola Extols Positive Attitudinal Change By State Civil Servants As 17th HoS Retires|work=The Gazelle News|access-date=2024-05-14|archive-date=2020-07-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710101059/http://www.thegazellenews.com/2015/02/12/fashola-extols-positive-attitudinal-change-by-state-civil-servants-as-17th-hos-retires/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Josephine a [[Lagos (jiha)|jihar Legas]], kudu maso yammacin [[Najeriya]] .<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dailyindependentnig.com/2013/12/rid-civil-service-ghost-workers-lagos-hos/josephine-oluseyi-williams/|title=Josephine Oluseyi Williams|work=Daily Independent, Nigerian Newspaper|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416185216/http://dailyindependentnig.com/2013/12/rid-civil-service-ghost-workers-lagos-hos/josephine-oluseyi-williams/|archivedate=2015-04-16}}</ref> Ta halarci [[Jami'ar Lagos|Jami'ar Legas]] inda ta sami digiri na farko a fannin lissafi da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin ilimin na'ura mai kwakwalwa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://starconnectmedia.com/tag/mrs-josephine-oluseyi-williams/|title=Mrs. Josephine Oluseyi Williams - Starconnect Media|work=Starconnect Media}}</ref> == Aikin gwamnati == Ta shiga [[Nigerian Civil Service|aikin farar hula ta Najeriya]] a ranar 15 ga watan Fabrairu, 1980, a matsayin akawu bayan ta kammala [[Hukumar Yiwa Kasa Hidima (NYSC)|hidimar matasa]] na tilas na shekara daya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businesstodayng.com/tag/oluseyi-williams/|title=Oluseyi Williams|work=businesstodayng.com|access-date=2024-05-14|archive-date=2016-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305020926/http://www.businesstodayng.com/tag/oluseyi-williams/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bayan ta yi shekaru biyar a Hukumar Kula da Gidaje ta Tarayya, ta shiga [[Hukumar Ma'aikata na Jihar Legas|Ma’aikatan Jihar Legas]] a matsayin Babban Akanta kafin ta samu canjin wurin aiki zuwa Ma’aikatar Tsare-tsare da Tsare-tsare da Birane ta Jihar [[Lagos|Legas]] a matsayin Daraktar Asusun. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/01/fashola-appoints-7-new-perm-secs-tutors-general/|title=Fashola appoints 7 new Perm Secs, Tutors General|work=Vanguard News}}</ref> A cikin watan Yunin 1994 aka naɗa ta Auditor-Janar sannan a shekarar 1995 ta zama Akanta-Janar na Jiha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2013/10/12/williams-succeeds-ogunlewe-as-lagos-head-of-service/|title=Williams succeeds Ogunlewe as Lagos Head of service - P.M. NEWS Nigeria|work=pmnewsnigeria.com}}</ref> A watan [[Fabrairu|Fabrairun]] 2006, an nada ta a matsayin Babban Sakatare, [[Ma'aikatar Kudi ta Jihar Legas|Ma’aikatar Kudi ta Jihar Legas]], mukamin da ta rike har zuwa lokacin da aka nada ta a matsayin shugabar ma’aikata a watan Oktoban 2013 ta gaji Adesegun Olusola Ogunlewe .<ref>{{cite web|url=http://encomium.ng/the-world-of-mrs-oluseyi-williams-the-new-lagos-head-of-service/|title=As ENCOMIUM Weekly predicted in its Tuesday, September 24, 2013, edition, Mrs. Josephine Oluseyi Williams, the erstwhile Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of Finance, has been appointed as the new Head of Service (HOS) in Lagos state. - Encomium Magazine|work=Encomium Magazine|access-date=May 14, 2024|archive-date=September 19, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919222307/http://encomium.ng/the-world-of-mrs-oluseyi-williams-the-new-lagos-head-of-service/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ta yi ritaya a watan Fabrairun 2015 tana da shekaru 60 bayan ta yi shekara 34 tana hidima<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.channelstv.com/2015/02/13/fashola-credits-improved-state-public-service-to-change-of-attitude/|title=Fashola Credits Improved State Public Service To Change Of Attitude - Channels Television|work=Channels Television}}</ref> kuma [[Folashade Sherifat Jaji]] ta gaje ta, wanda Gwamnan Jihar, [[Babatunde Fashola]] ya tabbatar da naɗin ta a ranar 17 ga watan Fabrairu, 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thegazellenews.com/2015/02/17/lagos-unveils-new-head-of-service-sherifat-folashade-jaji/|title=Lagos Unveils New Head Of Service, Sherifat Folashade Jaji|work=The Gazelle News|accessdate=16 April 2015|archive-date=21 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721055152/http://www.thegazellenews.com/2015/02/17/lagos-unveils-new-head-of-service-sherifat-folashade-jaji/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Template:Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Legas]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1957]] skyz0pyx5h97b4bdb2fetvq3zt1xuqp 0 79056 874060 854115 2026-07-02T02:14:55Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 874060 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''KAMFEDI,''' (wanda aka fi sani da Kamfen don Ilimi na Mata) kungiya ce ta kasa da kasa, mai zaman kanta, wacce aka kafa a 1993 wacce manufarta ita ce kawar da talauci a Afirka ta hanyar, ilimin 'yan mata da kuma karfafawa mata matasa. Shirye-shiryen CAMFED suna aiki a [[Zimbabwe]], [[Zambiya|Zambia]], [[Ghana]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] da [[Malawi]]. == Tarihi == Ann Cotton ce ta kafa '''KAMFEDI''' a 1993 don tallafawa 'yan mata su je makaranta wadanda in ba haka ba za a hana su ilimi saboda talauci. Tunanin CAMFED ya fito ne daga bayan tafiyar '''KAMFEDI''' zuwa Zimbabwe inda ta yi imani cewa karancin mata a makaranta saboda talauci ne wanda bai ba su damar rufe kuɗin makaranta ba.<ref name="cotton">{{Cite web |title=Our team – CAMFED - Campaign for Female Education |url=https://camfed.org/about/team/#ann-cotton |access-date=2019-04-09 |website=camfed.org}}</ref> Ya fara ne tare da goyon baya ga 'yan mata 32 don halartar makarantar sakandare a gundumomi biyu na karkara na Zimbabwe. Ya zuwa 2017, Camfed ya tallafa wa yara sama da miliyan 1.5 ta hanyar ilimi a cikin cibiyar sadarwa ta makarantu 5,500 a Ghana, Malawi, Tanzania, Zambia da Zimbabwe.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Annual report 2016 |url=https://camfedorg2015.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/files/Camfed_Annual_Report_and_Financial_Statements_2016.pdf |access-date=13 September 2023 |website=Camfed }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ya zuwa 2023, Camfed ya ba da rahoton taimakawa yara miliyan 6.4 gabaɗaya, gami da 'yan mata miliyan 1.8 a makarantar sakandare. Da yake tsammanin buƙatar damar tattalin arziki na bayan makaranta ga matasa a cikin al'ummomin karkara, an kafa kungiyar '''KAMFEDI''' Alumnae <ref>{{Cite web |title=CAMA: Young women leading change – CAMFED - Campaign for Female Education |url=https://camfed.org/why-girls-education/leaders-of-change/ |access-date=2019-04-09 |website=camfed.org}}</ref> (CAMA) a cikin 1998 don haɗa matasan mata masu barin makaranta da kuma ba da hanyoyi don damar makarantar sakandare. CAMA tana ba da tsari wanda membobinta za su iya bunkasa gwagwarmayarsu da jagoranci. A shekara ta 2017, CAMA tana da mambobi 84,675 matasan mata, daga cikinsu yanzu malamai, shugabannin kasuwanci, jami'an gwamnati, masu sana'a da 'yan kasuwa.<ref name="auto"/> Alamar Camfed ita ce gwagwarmaya da taimakon jama'a na cibiyar sadarwar tsofaffi, waɗanda ke aiki sosai wajen tarawa da gudanar da kudade don tallafawa ƙarni na gaba na yara a makaranta. == Ayyuka == '''KAMFEDI''' tana mai da hankali kan yankunan karkara na [[Afirka]] inda talauci ya yadu, kuma 'yan mata da matasa mata suna fuskantar warewa daga ilimi da kuma damar da ilimi ke ba da ita. CAMFED tana aiki don gi'''KAMFEDI''' da 'yan mata wani yanayi na tallafi wanda za su iya halarta, kuma su yi nasara, a makarantar firamare da sakandare, da ci gaba zuwa matashi tare da damar da ta haɗa da horar da sana'a, ilimi mafi girma da samar da aiki. '''KAMFEDI''' tana ba da taimako ta hanyar biyan kuɗin makaranta, samar da kayan makaranta, littattafai, da kariya ta tsabta. Suna kuma aiki tare da makarantar ta hanyar horar da malamai don zama masu ba da shawara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How we operate - our unique model - CAMFED |url=https://camfed.org/our-impact/camfed-model/}}</ref> === CAMA === CAMA, kungiyar '''KAMFEDIKAMFEDI''', ita ce ƙungiyar tsofaffi don masu karatun CAMFED. <ref>[https://camfed.org/why-girls-education/leaders-of-change/ "CAMA alumnae: Young women leading change"], Camfed.</ref> CAMA tana ba da tsari wanda membobinta za su iya bunkasa gwagwarmayarsu da jagoranci. Ana kiran wannan a matsayin 'CAMA Multiplier Effect', inda waɗannan matasan mata masu digiri yanzu suna jagorantar motsi don ilimin 'yan mata a cikin al'ummominsu. Ikon mambobin CAMA don jagorantar da aiwatar da irin wannan canji na dindindin ya fito ne daga kwarewar rayuwarsu. === Shirin Jagoran Mai Koyi === Shirin Learner Guide an fara shi kuma mata ne ke gudanar da shi a cikin ƙungiyar tsofaffin ɗalibai ta '''KAMFEDI''' CAMA waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa a makarantun gida don isar da tsarin karatun da aka tsara wanda ya haɗa da jagoranci, kiwon lafiya, ilmantarwa da ƙwarewar rayuwa ga ƙwaroransu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Learner Guide Program – CAMFED - Campaign for Female Education |url=https://camfed.org/our-impact/learner-guide-program/ |access-date=2019-04-09 |website=camfed.org}}</ref> Wannan aikin bangare biyu ne wanda a lokaci guda ke magance daidaitattun damar samun ilimi ga yara da kuma lokacin sauya makarantar sakandare ga mata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Can We "Leapfrog" Educational Outcomes? (SSIR) |url=https://ssir.org/articles/entry/how_can_we_leapfrog_educational_outcomes |access-date=2019-04-09 |website=ssir.org |language=en-us}}</ref> Da farko, Shirin Jagora na Malami yana ba da shirin horo ga matasan mata don zama Masu Jagora, buɗe damar bayan sakandare, samar da horo na ƙwarewa, da ƙwarewar aiki. Abu na biyu, masu jagorantar masu ba da gudummawa suna ba da shirin da aka tsara wanda ke tallafawa yara da aka ware ta hanyar iliminsu, tare da tsarin karatun makaranta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shapiro |first=Jordan |title=How Some Of The Poorest Girls In The World Get Exactly The Education They Need |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jordanshapiro/2016/05/21/how-some-of-the-poorest-girls-in-the-world-get-exactly-the-education-they-need/ |access-date=2019-04-09 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> == '''KAMFEDI''' da Manufofin Ci Gaban Ci gaba == Manufofin Ci Gaban Ci Gaban, jerin manufofi na duniya da nufin magance [[talauci]], rashin daidaito, [[Wariya|nuna bambanci]] da [[Canjin yanayi]] a duk faɗin duniya, sun fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Janairun 2016. A matsayin wani ɓangare na 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, an tsara waɗannan manufofi don tattara ƙoƙarin duniya don canza duniya cikin shekaru goma sha biyar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Martin |title=The Sustainable Development Agenda |url=https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/development-agenda/ |access-date=2019-04-09 |website=United Nations Sustainable Development |language=en-US}}</ref> '''KAMFEDI''' tana ba da gudummawa kai tsaye ga ci gaba tare da SDG4: Ilimi mai inganci. Bugu da ƙari, ta hanyar'''KAMFEDI'''-shiryen ci gaba masu ɗorewa da haɓaka <ref>{{Cite web |last=Varma |first=Priyanka |date=2016-11-22 |title=Ensuring millions of children have the opportunity to learn |url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/education-plus-development/2016/11/22/ensuring-millions-of-children-have-the-opportunity-to-learn/ |access-date=2019-04-09 |website=Brookings |language=en-US}}</ref> wanda CAMFED ta gabatar wajen ilimantar da 'yan mata, da kuma tallafawa mata matasa ta hanyar sauyawa zuwa hanyoyin rayuwa masu aminci, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Thorpe |first=Devin |title=How Many Girls Can One Woman Teach? You'd Be Surprised |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/devinthorpe/2014/09/16/how-many-girls-can-one-woman-teach-youd-be-surprised/ |access-date=2019-04-09 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> aikin CAMFED yana ba da gudummawa ga cimma yawancin Manufofin Ci gaba mai ɗorewa ciki har da Manufar 1: Talauci, Manufar 3: Lafiya mai kyau, Manufar 5: Daidaitaccen jinsi, Manufar 13: Ayyukan Yanayi, da sauransu. == Takaddun shaida == A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2014, Kungiyar hadin gwiwar tattalin arziki da ci gaba (OECD) ta amince da '''KAMFEDI''' don mafi kyawun aiki wajen daukar sabbin abubuwan ci gaba.<ref name="oecd">{{Cite web |last=OECD |title=OECD DAC Prize |url=http://www.oecd.org/dac/dacprize.htm |access-date=2015-01-22 |website=}}</ref> A cikin 2017, an ba da kyautar WISE Award na Shirin Jagora na Malami.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2017 WISE Awards |url=http://www.wise-qatar.org/wise-awards-2017 |access-date=2019-04-09 |website=www.wise-qatar.org |language=en}}</ref> Ya zuwa 1 ga Oktoba 2019, '''KAMFEDI''' USA an kiyasta ta Charity Navigator a 96.30 daga cikin 100 gabaɗaya, tare da ƙimar 96.64 daga cikin 100 don kuɗin sa da kuma 96.00 daga cikin 100 saboda gaskiya da lissafi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Charity Navigator - Rating for Camfed USA Foundation |url=https://www.charitynavigator.org/index.cfm?bay=search.summary&orgid=11479 |access-date=2019-11-28 |website=Charity Navigator}}</ref> == Shahararrun magoya baya == '''KAMFEDI''' ta sami amincewar ɗan wasan kwaikwayo [[Morgan Freeman]], tsohon Shugaban Amurka [[Bill Clinton]], marubuciya [[Doris Lessing]], tsohon Firayim Minista na Ostiraliya da Shugaban Kwamitin GPE Julia Gillard, mawaƙa / marubuciya Joan Armatrading, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo, mawaƙa - marubuciya, kuma mai ba da agaji [[Rihanna]], 'yar kasuwa da mai ba da taimako Martha Lane Fox da kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayon, samfurin da mai fafutuka [[Emma Watson]]. Kasuwancin zamantakewa '''KAMFEDI'''="cx-link" data-linkid="138" href="./Ayisha_Fuseini" id="mwfg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Ayisha Fuseini">Ayisha Fuseini ya zama mai ba da gudummawa ga shirin CAMFED lokacin da ta gabatar da ita ga kasuwancin [[Man kaɗe|man shanu]]. == Ƙarin karantawa == * '''[https://camfedorg2015.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/files/Camfed_Annual_Report_and_Financial_Statements_2016.pdf KAMFEDI]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}'''[https://camfedorg2015.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/files/Camfed_Annual_Report_and_Financial_Statements_2016.pdf Rahoton Shekara-shekara na 2016]{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}<ref name="auto"/> * Tsarin dabarun '''KAMFEDI''' 2015-19 <ref>[https://camfedorg2015.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/files/Strategic_Plan_2015-2019.pdf Camfed Strategic Plan 2015-19] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701082145/https://camfedorg2015.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/files/Strategic_Plan_2015-2019.pdf |date=2023-07-01 }} Camfed</ref> * Hukumar Ilimi ta 2016, ''The Learning Generation: Zuba jari a ilimi don duniya mai canzawa'' <ref>[http://report.educationcommission.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Learning_Generation_Full_Report.pdf Learning generation] educationcommission.org</ref> * Winthrop, R., Nuwamba 2016, Stanford Social Innovation Review: Ta yaya Za Mu iya "Leapfrog" Sakamakon Ilimi? <ref>{{Cite web |title=How Can We "Leapfrog" Educational Outcomes? (SSIR) |url=https://ssir.org/articles/entry/how_can_we_leapfrog_educational_outcomes |access-date=2019-05-29 |website=ssir.org |language=en-us}}</ref> * Winthrop, R., Perlman Robinson, J., Cibiyar Ilimi ta Duniya a Brookings: Miliyoyin Ilimi: Ƙara Ilimi mai inganci a Kasashe masu tasowa <ref>[https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/FINAL-Millions-Learning-Report-1.pdf Millions Learning: Scaling up Quality Education in Developing Countries] brookings.edu</ref> * Shapiro, J., Mayu 2016, Forbes: Ta yaya Wasu daga cikin 'yan mata mafi talauci a duniya suka sami daidai ilimin da suke bukata.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shapiro |first=Jordan |title=How Some Of The Poorest Girls In The World Get Exactly The Education They Need |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jordanshapiro/2016/05/21/how-some-of-the-poorest-girls-in-the-world-get-exactly-the-education-they-need/ |access-date=2019-05-29 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> * Shapiro, J., Oktoba 2015, Forbes: [https://www.forbes.com/sites/jordanshapiro/2015/10/03/education-is-the-key-to-all-global-development-goals-qa-with-julia-gillard/#3fab14e223fd ''Ilimi shine mabuɗin Dukkanin Manufofin Ci Gaban Duniya (Q&A Tare da Julia Gillard) ''] <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shapiro |first=Jordan |title=Education Is The Key To All Global Development Goals (Q&A With Julia Gillard) |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jordanshapiro/2015/10/03/education-is-the-key-to-all-global-development-goals-qa-with-julia-gillard/ |access-date=2019-05-29 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> * Shapiro, J., Fabrairu 2015, Forbes: Don Gyara Makarantu na Amurka, Ka yi la'akari da Ayyukan Camfed a Afirka ta Kudu <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shapiro |first=Jordan |title=To Fix U.S. Schools, Consider Camfed's Work In Sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jordanshapiro/2015/02/27/to-fix-u-s-schools-consider-camfeds-work-in-sub-saharan-africa/ |access-date=2019-05-29 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> * Bincike Horizons, Jami'ar Cambridge, Fitowa 32 Fabrairu 2017 "Ilimi shine Duk abin da"[https://www.cam.ac.uk/system/files/issue_32_research_horizons.pdf "Ilimi shine Dukkanin"] * [Hotuna a shafi na 9] CAMFED ''Gudanarwa, Lissafi ga Yarinya. '' ''Yin aiki zuwa ga daidaitattun Gudanarwa a Sashin Ci Gaban Duniya''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Camfed Governance Accounting to the Girl |url=https://camfedorg2015.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/files/Camfed_Linklaters_Accounting_to_the_Girl.pdf |access-date=13 September 2023 |website=Camfed |archive-date=26 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626093151/https://camfedorg2015.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/files/Camfed_Linklaters_Accounting_to_the_Girl.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> * An yi amfani da shi a shekara ta 2010. "A Power-Sharing Model for Systemic Change". Rahoton Tasirin Camfed na 2010. * Kristof, N., da S. WuDunn, 2010. ''Rabin Sama: Juya zalunci zuwa Dama ga Mata a Duniya''. Rubuce-rubuce. * Gidan zura kwarin nan, 2012. [http://www.ungei.org/files/What_Works_in_Girls_Education_in_Ghana.pdf "Abin da ke aiki a cikin Ilimi na 'yan mata a Ghana".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816023502/http://www.ungei.org/files/What_Works_in_Girls_Education_in_Ghana.pdf |date=2020-08-16 }} * CAMFED International, 2004. ''Ina da Labari da zan fada: Bikin Shekaru Goma na CAMFED International'',   * Joann Weiner, "Wata mace mai ƙarfi ta Afirka tana rayuwa daidai da kiran Michelle Obama don ba 'yan mata damar zuwa makaranta", The Washington Post, 12 Disamba 2014. * "Mutumin da ya kammala karatu don zama mai ba da shawara kan manufofin ilimi na duniya", Zambia: Newsline, United Nations Girls' Education Initiative. == Manazarta == {{reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://camfed.org/ Shafin yanar gizon hukuma] * Yara marasa makaranta: Sabon Bayyanawa na Bayyana ƙalubalen da ke ci gaba, Cibiyar Nazarin Ƙididdiga ta UNESCO. [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qnbaznn7o7bjwu6gon5dynmtn23jnj6 0 79470 873604 728072 2026-07-01T12:51:30Z Bikhrah 15061 873604 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Tugboat Boss discharging ballast water before departure.jpg|thumb|Muganar wasu wurare]] fitarwa da ruwa ya haɗa da fitar da Ruwa mai laushi, daga ƙasa ɗaya zuwa wata. Babban karuwa a cikin yawan mutane da ci gaban tattalin arziki a duk faɗin duniya a cikin karni na ashirin ya sanya babban damuwa a kan albarkatun ruwa mai laushi na duniya. Haɗe da Canjin yanayi, ana sa ran za su sanya buƙata mafi girma akan albarkatun ruwa a wannan ƙarni. Rashin ruwa ya zama damuwa ta duniya, kuma an bayyana ruwa mai laushi a matsayin "zaki mai laushi" da "mai na karni na 21. " == Fitar da ruwa daga Kanada zuwa Amurka == [[Fayil:North_America_satellite_orthographic.jpg|right|thumb|269x269px|Hoton tauraron dan adam na Arewacin Amurka. Babban Tafkin yana gabas, yayin da kudu maso yamma a bayyane yake ba shi da ruwa.]] Kanada tana da kashi 7% na wadatar ruwa mai sabuntawa a duniya.<ref name="Environment Canada">{{Cite web |date=9 January 2007 |title=Water Quantity |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/water-overview/quantity/overview.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807155919/http://www.ec.gc.ca/eau-water/default.asp?lang=En&n=2DE7B40F-1 |archive-date=2011-08-07 |website=Environment Canada}}</ref> Fitar da ruwan sha tsakanin Kanada da Amurka a halin yanzu yana faruwa a karamin sikelin, galibi a matsayin fitar da ruwa mai kwalliya. Masana'antar ruwa mai kwalliya tana fitar da ruwa a cikin kwantena yawanci ba su da girma fiye da lita ashirin.<ref name="Heinmiller">{{Cite journal |last=Heinmiller |first=B. Timothy |date=2003 |title=Harmonization Through Emulation: Canadian Federalism and Water Export Policy |url=http://www.cnfs-rcef.net/education/workshop_pdfs/heinmiller_water.pdf |journal=Canadian Public Administration |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=495–513 |doi=10.1111/j.1754-7121.2003.tb01589.x |access-date=2024-06-12 |archive-date=2014-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314235607/http://www.cnfs-rcef.net/education/workshop_pdfs/heinmiller_water.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Amma har ma wannan na iya zama mai kawo rigima an zargi babban kamfanin abinci na kasa da kasa Nestle da yunkurin "ƙuntata" garin Hillsburgh, Ontario, da ruwansa a cikin 2012 da 2013, a lokacin fari.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tencer |first=Daniel |date=June 4, 2013 |title=Nestle Canada Water Dispute: Company Denies It Wants To Take Water During Times Of Drought |url=https://www.huffpost.com/archive/ca/entry/nestle-canada-water-dispute-company-denies-it-wants-to-take-wat_n_3385472 |access-date=March 23, 2015 |website=Huffington Post Canada}}</ref>{{Spaced en dash}} Tun daga shekara ta 1850, Amurkawa suna karkatar da yawancin ruwan Kogin Chicago, wanda zai gudana cikin Tafkin [[Michigan]], cikin kwandon [[Mississippi (kogi)|Mississippi]] a kan Chicago Sanitary da Ship Canal. A wannan yanayin, duk da haka, burin ba ya mallaki ruwan da zai ƙare a cikin Great Lakes, amma ya jagoranci ruwan Chicago daga Tafkin Michigan, tushen ruwa na Chicago. === Bukatarsu === Jihohi da yawa a Amurka sun fuskanci karancin ruwa a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, suna samar da kasuwa don ruwa mai laushi wanda zai iya zama mai fa'ida ga Kanada. A kudu maso yammacin Amurka, yawan jama'a da salon rayuwa da ke cinye ruwa mai yawa sun sa yawancin ruwa da koguna a yankin su yi amfani da su sosai. Ruwa a cikin Oglala Aquifer, wanda ke aiki da yawa a yammacin tsakiyar Amurka, an yi amfani da shi sau takwas da sauri a cikin 2001 fiye da yawan sakewa. Ana sa ran buƙatun wannan ruwa mai laushi zai ƙaru yayin da yanayin ya yi zafi. Yayin da yawan mutane da masana'antu ke girma kuma canjin yanayi yana faruwa, za a sanya matsin lamba a kan ƙasashe masu wadata da ruwa kamar Kanada don fitar da ruwan su zuwa ƙasashen da ke da karancin ruwa. A farkon shekara ta 2014, Gary Doer, jakadan Kanada a Amurka, ya ce a shekarar 2020 matsin lamba kan ingancin ruwa da yawa zai zama babba. Ya yi hasashen cewa muhawara da jayayya tsakanin kasashen biyu za su sa rikici a kan bututun Keystone XL "yi kama da wauta" ta hanyar kwatanta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mason |first=Gary |date=February 28, 2014 |title=In a water war, Canada could get hosed |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-debate/in-a-water-war-canada-could-get-hosed/article17139638/ |access-date=March 23, 2015 |website= |publisher=The Globe and Mail}}</ref> === Shawarwari === An gabatar da shawarwari da yawa game da canja wurin ruwa mai yawa daga Great Lakes Basin zuwa Amurka. Wannan zai haɗa da jigilar ruwa [[Ruwan ruwa|tsakanin kwari]] a fadin iyakar kasa da kasa tsakanin Kanada da Amurka ta amfani da tafkin wucin gadi. Babu wani daga cikin wadannan shawarwari da aka aiwatar da su, galibi saboda matsalolin muhalli da na kudi.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2007}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2007)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> An gabatar da tsare-tsaren fitar da ruwa daga Kanada zuwa Amurka a babban sikelin a baya. Wadannan tsare-tsaren sun hada da: * Babban Recycling da Northern Development (GRAND) Canal shirin don madatsar ruwan James Bay, a kudancin Hudson Bay, don ƙirƙirar tafkin ruwa mai laushi da kuma karkatar da ruwa daga koguna 20 da ke gudana cikinta zuwa Georgian Bay. Za a kwashe ruwa ta cikin Great Lakes zuwa bututun mai zuwa kudu maso yammacin Amurka. * Aikin North American Water and Power Alliance (NAWAPA) ya ba da shawarar karkatar da kogin Yukon, Liard, da Peace zuwa cikin Rocky Mountain Trench don ƙirƙirar tafkin mai tsawon kilomita 800 wanda zai canja wurin ruwa zuwa Amurka.&nbsp; * A cikin shekarun 1990s, an ba da shawarar fitar da ruwa ta hanyar tanki zuwa larduna uku na Kanada.<ref name="Heinmiller"/> A cikin 1991, Sun Belt Water Inc. na Santa Barbara, California, tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da Snowcap Waters Ltd., na Fanny Bay, British Columbia, Gundumar Goleta Water, ta California, ta zaba shi don shiga kwangila don samar da ruwa mai yawa ta tankar ruwa amma gwamnatin British Columbia ta sauya manufofin fitar da ruwa kuma ta gabatar da haramtacciyar bayar da lasisin fitar da ruwa wanda ya haifar da'awar sasantawa akan Kanada a ƙarƙashin Babi na 11 na Yarjejeniyar Ciniki ta Arewacin Amurka da Sun Belt Water Inc. Har ila yau, ba a warware sulhu ba. * A cikin 1999 Nova Group Ltd. ta sami izini daga gwamnatin Ontario don fitar da lita miliyan 600 na ruwa a kowace shekara daga Lake Superior zuwa Asiya. Rikici na siyasa a Kanada da Amurka ya sa gwamnati ta soke izinin.<ref name="Lawrence">{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Terry L. |last2=Landry |first2=Clay J. |year=1996 |title=Exporting Water To The World |url=http://www.ucowr.siu.edu/updates/pdf/V118_A8.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041228102006/http://www.ucowr.siu.edu/updates/pdf/V118_A8.pdf |archive-date=2004-12-28}}</ref> === Damuwa === A [[Kanada]] an sami damuwa game da fitar da ruwa zuwa Amurka tun daga shekarun 1960, lokacin da jihohin da ke kudu maso yammacin Amurka suka fuskanci karancin ruwa na farko kuma suka fara neman hanyoyin ruwa don kara yawan kayan da suke da shi.<ref name="Heinmiller"/> Cire ruwa mai yawa daga tabkuna zai shafi tsarin halittu mara kyau, yana kara yawan gurɓataccen yanayi da kuma cutar da shuke-shuke da al'ummomi dabbobi. === Batutuwan Shari'a === An sanya ruwa a matsayin kaya a karkashin Yarjejeniyar Ciniki ta Arewacin Amurka (NAFTA) tun daga shekarun 1980. Wannan ya kara tashin hankali a cikin muhawara game da fitar da ruwa. Kodayake babu wani daga cikin dokokin NAFTA da ke tilasta wa Kanada fara fitar da ruwan ta da yawa, idan Kanada ta yanke shawarar fara fitarwa zai zama da wahala daga baya a dakatar da su.<ref name="Heinmiller"/> In 2002 the Federal government of Canada passed the [[International Boundary Waters Treaty Act]]. This banned the removal of more than {{Convert|50|e6m3|e9USgal}} of water from a water basin in the Great Lakes in one day. The Boundary Waters Treaty is limited to waters on the Canadian-US border and does not apply to freshwater in other parts of Canada. This means the about 85 percent of Canada’s water is susceptible to export.<ref name="Fischhendler">{{Cite web |last=Fischhendler |first=Itay |year=2003 |title=Can Basin Management Be Successfully Ignored: The Case Of The US-Canada Transboundary Water |url=https://www.soas.ac.uk/waterissues/occasionalpapers/OCC52.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930155152/https://www.soas.ac.uk/waterissues/occasionalpapers/OCC52.pdf |archive-date=2007-09-30 |website=SOAS Water Issues Study Group |publisher=[[SOAS University of London]]}}</ref> === Alaska === Tun lokacin da Kanada ta dauki matsayi mai karfi game da fitar da ruwa, wasu kamfanoni sun mayar da hankali ga [[Alaska]].<ref name="Lawrence"/> Alaska ita ce hukuma ta farko a duniya da ta ba da izinin fitar da ruwa mai yawa, kuma tana da babban damar fitar da ruwa. Ɗaya daga cikin makircin yana ba da shawarar jigilar ruwa daga Alaska zuwa [[Sin|China]] ta hanyar tanki. Za a yi amfani da wannan ruwa don tara wafers na kwamfuta ta hanyar ma'aikata masu arha na kasar Sin. Kwamfuta na kwamfuta suna buƙatar ruwa mai tsabta sosai. Wannan ya sa farashin cire ruwan gishiri ya zama tsada sosai, yana yin makircin kamar wannan, wanda ba zai zama mai fa'ida ba don dalilai na cikin gida, mai fa'idar dalilai na masana'antu. == Fitar da ruwa a cikin Jihohi a Amurka == A ranar 13 ga Yuni, 2013, [[Babban kotun Koli na Amurka|Kotun Koli ta Amurka]] ta amince da hukunce-hukuncen ƙananan kotuna a cikin Gundumar Ruwa ta Yankin Tarrant v. Herrmann, tana riƙe da cewa dokokin ruwa na jihar [[Oklahoma]] sun hana hukumomin jihar sayar da ruwa don amfani da waje, ta hanyar Yarjejeniyar Red River tsakanin Oklahoma, [[Texas]], [[Arkansas (jiha)|Arkansas]] da Louisiana. == Fitar da ruwa a Jamus == Duk da yake an gina Canal na Rhine-Main-Danube da farko a matsayin hanyar jigilar kayayyaki a fadin Babban Ruwa na Turai (wanda ke haɗa Tekun Arewa da Tekun Baƙi ta hanyar hanyoyin ruwa na ciki), ana kuma amfani da shi don jigilar ruwa daga Danube zuwa koguna masu karancin ruwa na Franconia da yankunan da ke kusa. Don wannan dalili an halicci tabkuna da yawa na wucin gadi kamar Großer Brombachsee. == Fitar da ruwa daga Rasha zuwa Kazakhstan da Uzbekistan == Kashi mai bushe amma mai yawan jama'a a kudancin [[Kazakistan|Kazakhstan]] da jihohin [[Tsakiyar Asiya|Asiya ta Tsakiya]] da ke kusa da su suna da irin wannan matsayi dangane da Siberia ta [[Rasha]] kamar yadda kudu maso yammacin Amurka ke yi game da Kanada. Kogin Siberiya, da koguna na arewacin Turai Rasha suna gudana "marasa amfani" cikin tekun Tekun Arctic, yayin da wannan ruwa za a iya amfani da shi sosai don aikin gona da maƙwabtan kudancin Rasha ke ban ruwa. Ba abin mamaki ba ne, shawarwari don canja wurin ruwa mai yawa daga Kogin Ob a Siberia zuwa tafkin Aral Sea a Kazakhstan da [[Uzbekistan]] an yi la'akari da su sosai ta gwamnatin tarayya ta [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Soviet]] tun a cikin shekarun 1960-80, lokacin da duk jamhuriyoyin da ke da hannu sun kasance mambobi ne na USSR. Duk da yake mutane da yawa a cikin jamhuriyoyin Asiya ta Tsakiya sun maraba da shi, aikin ya sami zargi mai tsanani daga masana kimiyya da yawa da kuma fitattun marubuta da 'yan jarida a Rasha, kamar Valentin Rasputin da Sergey Zalygin, wani lokacin ana kiransu gaba ɗaya da "Siberian environmental lobby" Afghanistan kuma an haɗa shi da kashi 9.36% na kuɗin da ke biyan kuɗin fitar da ruwa. An kare shi a cikin 1986, saboda dalilai na tattalin arziki da muhalli, an sake tayar da ra'ayin canja wurin ruwa na kasa da kasa a cikin karni na 21 a cikin masu mulki na jihohin da ke da 'yanci yanzu.Dukansu shugaban Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev da shugaban Uzbek Islam Karimov sun nuna sha'awar irin wannan tsarin canja wurin ruwa. Duk da yake gwamnatin tarayya ta Rasha har zuwa yanzu ba ta da alhakin kan batun, shirin ya sami amsa mai ban sha'awa daga magajin garin Moscow da mai fatan shugabancin Rasha, Yuri Luzhkov.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Bess A. |date=2002-09-30 |title=Uzbekistan Resurrects River-Diversion Scheme: Desperation or Inspiration? |url=http://www.hri.org/news/balkans/rferl/2002/02-09-30.rferl.html#78 |agency=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Temirov |first=Rustam |date=19 February 2003 |title=Lobbying Grows in Moscow for Siberia-Uzbekistan Water Scheme |url=https://eurasianet.org/lobbying-grows-in-moscow-for-siberia-uzbekistan-water-scheme |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030317182513/http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/environment/articles/eav021903.shtml |archive-date=17 March 2003 |website=eurasianet.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2006 |title=Siberian River Project Revived |url=https://iwpr.net/global-voices/siberian-river-project-revived |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410045001/https://iwpr.net/global-voices/siberian-river-project-revived |archive-date=2024-04-10 |website=[[Institute for War and Peace Reporting]]}}</ref> == Sauran hanyoyin fitar da ruwa mai yawa == A cikin gajeren lokaci, ingantaccen rabon albarkatu da ingantaccen fasahar kiyaye ruwa na iya ci gaba da buƙatar ruwa a wasu ƙasashe a ƙarƙashin iko. Koyaya, rikicin ruwa na iya faruwa a nan gaba wanda zai sa fitar da ruwa mai yawa ya zama mafi kyawun tsari.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2007}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2007)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Hanyoyin da za a gina don canja wurin ruwa suna buƙatar babban saka hannun jari da farashin aiki. Wannan zai sa farashin ga masu amfani da ruwa ya yi tsada. Sabanin haka, fasahar da ake buƙata don cire ruwan teku ta inganta sosai kuma tana da farashi mai karɓa ga kasuwannin birane. Ko matsin lamba don fitar da ruwa mai yawa yana ci gaba da ƙaruwa ya dogara da ci gaba na gaba a cikin fasahar cire ruwa. Idan farashin cire gishiri ya ragu sosai, zai zama mai rahusa don samar da ruwa mai laushi daga ruwan gishiri fiye da shigo da ruwa mai kyau daga wata ƙasa. Kudin cire gishiri a halin yanzu kasa da $ 1 a kowace cubic mita ($ 0.028 / cu . [[World Water Commission|Hukumar Ruwa ta Duniya]] ta ba da shawarar cewa cire ruwan gishiri zai zama hanyar da aka fi so don samun ruwan sha da amfani da masana'antu. Koyaya, buƙatar ruwa mai tsabta sosai don wasu amfani da masana'antu har yanzu yana buƙatar shigo da ruwa mai laushi. == Dubi kuma == * Sporhase v. Nebraska ex rel. Douglas * Rashin ruwa na bakin teku * Ma'adanai na ruwa * Cinikin ruwa * Jirgin ruwa == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 36ksggf89dhts14qg9xamp679hqb7vj 0 79490 874278 497045 2026-07-02T10:53:57Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 874278 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Wiki Loves Africa 2024 Ho 04.jpg|thumb|taron ilimi na wiki]] Jami'ar Pretoria Faculty of Education, [[Afirka ta Kudu]], ta dauki matakin a shekarar 2013 don kafa dandamali ga shugabannin ilimi na Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Study Programmes - University of Pretoria |url=http://www.up.ac.za/en/programmes/StudyLevel/13/Faculty/F6/mod/postgrad/year/2017 |publisher= |access-date=2024-06-12 |archive-date=2017-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708212025/http://www.up.ac.za/en/programmes/StudyLevel/13/Faculty/F6/mod/postgrad/year/2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An kafa wani tsari na al'ada a karkashin jagorancin Farfesa Irma Eloff ([[Jami'ar Pretoria|Jami'ar PretoriaJami'ar Pretoria]]), tare da Jami'ar Pretòria da ke karbar bakuncin Sakatariyar Forum.<ref>{{Cite web |title=African Deans of Education Forum Facilitator CV's |url=http://www.deta.up.ac.za/adef_facilitator_cvs.htm |publisher= |access-date=2024-06-12 |archive-date=2016-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105172734/http://www.deta.up.ac.za/adef_facilitator_cvs.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> An ƙaddamar da ADEF a watan Yulin 2013 a taron DETA 2013 a [[Nairobi]], [[Kenya]]. Farfesa Irma Eloff ya sauka a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa na ADEF a ranar 31 ga Disamba 2018. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar kuma jagorar mai ba da gudummawa daga 2013 - 2018. Farfesa Antonio Cipriano Goncalves, Dean na Ilimi a Jami'ar Eduardo Mondlane a Mozambique ya ɗauki kujerar kuma ya jagoranci matsayin mai ba da gudummawa na ADEF daga 1 ga Janairun 2019 har zuwa ƙarshen 2023. Ya fadada ADEF a cikin Afirka mai magana da harshen Portuguese kuma ya wakilci ADEF a kan dandalin KAIROS <ref>{{Cite web |title=PT – Kairós – KAIRÓS-EDUCACIÓN: EQUIPO PARA LA TRANSFROMACIÓN EDUCATIVA Y SOSTENIBLE |url=https://kairos-educacion.com/pt/ |access-date=2024-02-08 |language=es}}</ref> na duniya don tattaunawa, bincike, karatu da shawarwari game da makomar ilimi. Farfesa Gbolagade Adekanmbi daga Jami'ar Botswana Open ya fara aiki a matsayin Shugaban da kuma jagorar mai ba da gudummawa na ADEF a farkon 2024. == Manufa == Manufar taron ita ce ta sauƙaƙa tattaunawa kan batutuwa masu mahimmanci a cikin ilimin malamai tsakanin jagorancin bangarorin ilimi na Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=African Deans of Education Forum |url=http://www.deta.up.ac.za/adef.htm |access-date=2021-06-04 |website=www.deta.up.ac.za |archive-date=2021-06-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210601132755/http://www.deta.up.ac.za/adef.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Lokacin da aka yi == An gudanar da taron farko a lokacin kaddamar da taron a lokacin taron DETA 2013, wanda [[Jami'ar Pretoria]], [[Afirka ta Kudu]], da [[Jami'ar Nairobi]], [[Kenya]] suka shirya. Dean na Faculty of Education na wadannan cibiyoyin biyu, Farfesa Irma Eloff (Jami'ar Pretoria) da Farfesa Henry Mutoro (Jami-Ranar Nairobi) sun hada kai da taron. Deans daga Anglophone, Francophone, Lusophone da Larabci Afirka sun halarci taron kafa. Farfesa Bob Moon, farfesa na Ilimi a Jami'ar Open (United Kingdom) kuma wanda ya kafa darektan Ilimi na Malamai a Afirka ta Kudu (TESSA), ya yi aiki a matsayin baƙo mai daraja a taron kafawa. Masu sa hannu 26 sun kasance tare da taron kafawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://archivedpublicwebsite.up.ac.za/pdfs/14055_Africa%20Deans%20of%20Education%20Forum%20established%20in%20Nairobi%252C%20Kenya.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160928010754/http://archivedpublicwebsite.up.ac.za/pdfs/14055_Africa%20Deans%20of%20Education%20Forum%20established%20in%20Nairobi%2C%20Kenya.pdf |archive-date=2016-09-28 |access-date=2016-04-13}}</ref> Taron ADEF na biyu ya shirya ne daga Faculty of Education, [[Jami'ar Pretoria]], [[Afirka ta Kudu]] a watan Yulin 2014. Farfesa Irma Eloff ta dauki bakuncin kuma ta sauƙaƙe taron. Farfesa Themba Mosia ya gabatar da jawabi game da muhimmiyar rawar da Dean ke takawa a jami'o'in Afirka. [[Fayil:AEF_June_2915.jpg|thumb|400x400px|Wakilan a taron ADEF na uku a Mauritius]] An gudanar da taron na uku a lokacin taron DETA 2015, Yuli 2015, wanda Cibiyar Ilimi ta Mauritius ta shirya. Dokta Oomandra Varma, Darakta na Cibiyar Ilimi ta Mauritius, da Farfesa Irma Eloff, Dean na Faculty of Education, [[Jami'ar Pretoria]] ne suka shirya taron.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Africa Prepares to Implement the Teacher Target |url=http://www.teachersforefa.unesco.org/v2/index.php/en/newss/item/486-the-6th-deta-conference |publisher=}}</ref> A taron, mahalarta sun tsara batutuwan da suka shafi ilimin malamai da ci gaba a [[Afirka]], sun raba abubuwan da suka faru kuma sun ba da shawarar ajanda don sadarwa da tattaunawa a nan gaba tsakanin shugabannin Ilimi a [[Afirka]]. [[Fayil:ADEF_at_the_African_Union_Addis.jpg|left|thumb|Taron ADEF a Tarayyar Afirka a Addis Ababa, Habasha.]] A watan Yunin 2016 ADEF ta hadu a Tarayyar Afirka a Addis Ababa, Habasha. Deans daban-daban sun gabatar da sababbin hanyoyin da aka magance ilimin malami a cikin mahallin su. Matsayin da fasaha ke takawa a cikin ilimin malamai ya bayyana a lokacin gabatarwa. An kafa Kwamitin Gudanarwa na wucin gadi, wanda ke wakiltar shugabannin yankin Afirka. [[Fayil:ADEF_2017_Group_Photo_Kigali.jpg|left|thumb|Mambobin ADEF a taron Kigali a Rwanda, 22 ga watan Agusta 2017.]] A watan Agustan 2017 ADEF ta hadu a Jami'ar Rwanda da ke Kigali . An tattauna rawar da ADEF ke takawa a matsayin ma'aikatar malamai ta UNESCO <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-07 |title=Home |url=https://teachertaskforce.org/home |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=Teacher Task Force |language=en}}</ref> . An tattauna ra'ayoyi don aikin hadin kai wanda zai yi amfani da ƙwarewa da iyawar ADEF don tallafawa Ci gaban Ci gaba mai ɗorewa 4.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Goal 4 {{!}} Department of Economic and Social Affairs |url=https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal4 |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=sdgs.un.org}}</ref> Tunanin ƙirƙirar cibiyar sadarwa ta digiri tare da mai da hankali kan ilimin malamai a Afirka ya sami cikakken goyon baya daga taron. An ba da umarnin Kwamitin Gudanarwa don bincika da haɓaka ra'ayin cibiyar sadarwa ta digiri a cikin ilimin malamai. [[Fayil:ADEF_in_South_Africa.jpg|thumb|Membobin Kwamitin Gudanar da ADEF a Afirka ta Kudu, Fabrairu / Maris 2018: Farfesa Therese Tchombe (Kamaru), Farfesa Alois S. Chiromo (Zimbabwe), da Farfesa Amani Ibrahim Abdel Gafar (Sudan).]] A watan Fabrairun 2018 wakilan yanki daga ADEF sun hadu a Cradle of Humankind a Afirka ta Kudu don tattauna yiwuwar cibiyar sadarwa ta digiri a ilimin malamai. An tsara Cibiyar Dokta a Ilimin Malamai a Afirka (DNTEA) kuma an tsara tsarin farko na DNTEA. Wadanda suka kafa DNTEA sune Irma Eloff (Afirka ta Kudu), Antonio Cipriano Goncalves (Mozambique), Amani Ibrahim Abed Elgafar (Sudan), Therese Tchombe (Cameroon), Alois Chiromo (Zimbabwe) da Hyleen Mariaye (Mauritius). An gayyaci mambobin da suka kafa DNTEA don gabatar da wani taro a WERA World Congress World Education Research Association]) a garin Cape a watan Agusta 2018. Daga baya, an kuma gayyaci kungiyar don gabatar da ci gaban DNTEA a taron tattaunawa na manufofi na 11 na Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya kan Malamai don Ilimi 2030 a Jamaica, Nuwamba 2018. A karkashin jagorancin farfesa Antonio Cipriano Goncalves, ADEF ta kuma ba da gudummawa ga tattaunawa game da ilimi mai inganci a dandamali daban-daban na duniya. A KAIROS, <ref>{{Cite web |title=EN – Kairós – KAIRÓS-EDUCACIÓN: EQUIPO PARA LA TRANSFROMACIÓN EDUCATIVA Y SOSTENIBLE |url=https://kairos-educacion.com/en/ |access-date=2024-02-01 |language=es}}</ref> ƙungiyar aiki ta duniya don Canjin Ilimi da Ci gaba da Jama'a, ADEF ta ba da gudummawa ga taron kan layi da takardun manufofin aiki. KAIROS "ya himmatu ga tallafawa da ƙarfafa canje-canjen da ake buƙata cikin gaggawa a ilimi, wanda muke aiki tare da hukumomi, ƙungiyoyin gudanarwa, masu bincike, malamai, ɗalibai, al'ummomi da mutane na duniya don mayar da martani ga sabbin ƙalubalen da ilimi ke fuskanta don zama ainihin mahimmin ci gaba mai ɗorewa", kuma galibi yana aiki a Kudancin Duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PT – Kairós – KAIRÓS-EDUCACIÓN: EQUIPO PARA LA TRANSFROMACIÓN EDUCATIVA Y SOSTENIBLE |url=https://kairos-educacion.com/pt/ |access-date=2024-02-01 |language=es}}</ref> ADEF kuma an gabatar da ita a Tarayyar Afirka ta Hukumomin Kula da Koyarwa (AFTRA ) Taron da aka yi a Maseru, 13-18 Mayu 2019, tana magana da Ministocin Ilimi na Afirka game da Manufofin Ci Gaban Ci gaba<ref>{{Cite web |last=Solutions |first=Zedulus |title=History {{!}} Africa Federation of Teaching Regulatory Authorities |url=https://www.africateaching-authorities.org/ |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=www.africateaching-authorities.org |language=en}}</ref> == Sanarwar UNESCO == A taron ADEF na uku, mahalarta sun yanke shawarar cewa ADEF tana buƙatar kafa tsarin da ya fi dacewa don wakiltar dukkan yankuna na Afirka. Bayan taron, Dokta Edem Adubra (Shugaban Sakatariyar, Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya kan Malamai don [[UNESCO|Ilimi ga Duka]] (EFA, [[UNESCO]]) ta sanar da Irma Eloff cewa an karɓi ADEF a matsayin sanannen memba na Ƙungiyar Malamai ta Duniya ta UNESCO (Ilimi ga Dunan), <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-07 |title=Home |url=https://teachertaskforce.org/home |access-date=2021-06-04 |website=Teacher Task Force |language=en}}</ref> kuma ta zama muryar Dean na Afirka a dandalin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-07 |title=Members |url=https://teachertaskforce.org/who-we-are/members |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=Teacher Task Force |language=en}}</ref> An fara kwamitin gudanarwa na wucin gadi tare da wakilai daga dukkan yankuna na Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Teachers Task Force for EFA |url=http://www.teachersforefa.unesco.org/v2/index.php/en/ |publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> A 8th Policy Dialogue Forum na Malamai Task Force for Education ADEF ta gabatar da ra'ayoyi game da ilimin malamai daga Afirka. Manufar wannan Tattaunawar Manufofin, wanda ya faru a Birnin Mexico a watan Maris na shekara ta 2016, shine raba manufofi da ayyuka a cikin ilimin malamai daga ko'ina cikin duniya. ADEF ta samu wakilci a 9th Policy Dialogue Forum a Cambodia ta hanyar farfesa Deena Boraie daga Masar da farfesa Antonio Cipriano Goncalves daga Mozambique. A taron tattaunawa na manufofi na 10 a Lome, Togo, Irma Eloff ce ta wakilci ADEF kuma an raba ra'ayin farko na cibiyar sadarwa ta digiri don ilimin malamai a Afirka a lokacin damar sadarwar al'ada. An gabatar da gabatarwa a kan DNTEA (Doctoral Network for Teacher Education in Africa) a taron tattaunawa na manufofi na 11 a Montego Bay, Jamaica a watan Nuwamba 2018. == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160928011118/http://www.deta.up.ac.za/adef.htm Ilimi na nesa da Ilimi na Malami] * [http://www.teachersforefa.unesco.org/ Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya kan Malamai Don Ilimi] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] re5ma8ouodx0z4r6cylwu4ueol6n2qf 0 81074 874127 812635 2026-07-02T07:00:01Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 874127 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Button_dripper.JPG|thumb|261x261px|Netafim na Isra'ila, ban ruwa]] '<nowiki/>'''''Ruwa''' mai ban ruwa''' ko ruwa mai ban ruwa wani nau'i ne na tsarin micro-ar ruwa wanda keda damar adana ruwa da abubuwan gina jiki ta hanyar bada damar ruwa ya drip sannu a hankali zuwa tushen [[shuke-shuke]], ko dai daga sama da ƙasa ko binne a ƙasa. Manufar itace sanya ruwa kai tsaye a cikin Yankin tushe kuma rage evaporation. Tsarin ban ruwa yana rarraba ruwa ta hanyar [[sadarwa]] ta bawul, bututu, da masu fitarwa. Dangane da yadda aka tsara, shigar, kiyayewa, da kuma sarrafa shi, tsarin ban ruwa na drip na iya zama mafi inganci fiye da sauran nau'ikan tsarin ban ruwa, kamar ban ruwa na ƙasa ko ban ruwa. Masana [kimiya] na Isra'ila ne suka kirkiro ban ruwa na zamani a cikin shekarun 1960. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2023, kashi 85% na ban ruwa a duniya duk da haka har yanzu ana yinsa ne ta hanyar hanyoyin gargajiya.<ref name=":1" /> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:China old map.jpg|thumb]] === Tsohon kasar Sin === Anyi amfani da ban ruwa na farko tun zamanin d ̄ a. ''Fan Shengzhi shu'', wanda aka rubuta a ƙasar Sin a cikin ƙarni na farko KZ, ya bayyana amfani da tukwane na yumbu da aka binne, wanda ba a rufe shi da ruwa ba, wani lokacin ana kiransa Ollas, a matsayin hanyar ban ruwa.<ref>[[wikisource:zh:氾勝之書|s:zh:氾勝之書]] 以三斗瓦甕埋著科中央，令甕口上與地平。盛水甕中，令滿。</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bainbridge |first=David A |date=June 2001 |title=Buried clay pot irrigation: a little known but very efficient traditional method of irrigation |journal=Agricultural Water Management |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=79–88 |doi=10.1016/S0378-3774(00)00119-0}}</ref> === Cigaban zamani === ==== Jamus: bututun karkashin kasa ==== Ruwa na [[Zamanin Zamani|zamani]] yafara cigaba a Jamus a shekarar 1860 lokacin da masu bincike suka fara gwaji tare da ban ruwa ta ƙasa ta amfani da bututun yumɓu don ƙirƙirar haɗin ban ruwa da tsarin magudanar ruwa. ==== Jirgin da akayi wa bututu ==== Daga baya aka fadada binciken a cikin shekarun 1920 don haɗawa da aikace-aikacen tsarin bututu.<ref name="irrigation.learnabout.info">{{Cite web |title=The History of the Drip Irrigation System and What is Available Now |url=http://www.irrigation.learnabout.info/articles/138-drip-irrigation-system.htm |website=www.irrigation.learnabout.info}}</ref> ==== Ostiraliya: amfani da filastik ==== Amfani da filastik don riƙewa da rarraba ruwa a cikin ban ruwa daga baya Hannis Thill ya haɓaka a Ostiraliya.<ref name="irrigation.learnabout.info"/> ==== Isra'ila: mai fitar da filastik, ban ruwa ==== Amfani da mai fitar da filastik a cikin ban ruwa ya samo asali ne a Isra'ila ta hanyar Simcha Blass da dansa Yeshayahu . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The History of Drip Irrigation |url=http://www.gardenguides.com/79735-history-drip-irrigation.html}}</ref> Maimakon saki ruwa ta hanyar ƙananan ramuka da ƙananan ƙwayoyin suka toshe, an saki ruwa ta hanyoyi masu girma da tsawo ta hanyar amfani da friction don jinkirta ruwa a cikin mai fitar da filastik. Blass ne ya kafa tsarin gwaji na farko na wannan nau'in a shekarar 1959, wanda ya yi haɗin gwiwa daga baya (1964) tare da Kibbutz Hatzerim don ƙirƙirar kamfanin ban ruwa mai suna Netafim . Tare sun haɓaka kuma sun ba da izini na farko mai amfani da ruwa mai ban ruwa.<ref name="irrigation.learnabout.info"/> An kirkiro ban ruwa na zamani a Isra'ila a cikin shekarun 1960, irin wannan ban ruwa ya inganta tasirin amfani da taki da ruwa.Gabatar da wannan fasahar ta kasance juyin juya hali a cewar Times of Israel kuma tana iya adana kashi 70% na amfani da ruwa a cikin ci gaban shinkafa. Goldberg da Shmueli (1970) <ref>Goldberg D, Shmueli, M (1970) "Drip Irrigation—A Method Used Under Arid and Desert Conditions of High Water and Soil Salinity" ''Transactions of the ASAE'' '''13''' (1): 0038-0041</ref> sun haɓaka gagarumin ci gaba: "a cikin hamadar Arava a kudancin Isra'ila [Shmueli] sun nuna cewa tsarin ban ruwa da aka girka a saman ƙasa ya yi aiki sosai wajen samar da amfanin gona, har ma da ruwan gishiri (Elfving, 1989). <ref>Janick J, Goldman IL, (2003) "Horticulture, Horticultural Science, and 100 Years of ASHS" ''HortScience'' https://journals.ashs.org/downloadpdf/journals/hortsci/38/5/article-p883.pdf</ref> Tsarin ... yana da alhakin shuke-shuke da yanayin da bashi da amfani a baya. Canja wurin tsarin ƙasa tare da tsarin ƙasa ya warware matsalar toshe tsarin ƙasa. Ingantawarsu ta kasance: "Ragewa a halin yanzu itace hanya mafi inganci don amfani da ruwa ga amfanin gona (Pathak et al. 2009; Goyal 2012)... Akwai bambance-bambance guda biyu na fasaha: farfajiyar da ƙasa. Mafi yawanci shine ban ruwa, wanda aka fara haɓaka a Isra'ila (Goldberg da Shmueli 1970)... Saboda buƙatar inganta ingancin ban ruwa, a matsayin ma'auni don amfani da yawa na albarkatun ruwa, akwai sha'awa don yin ban ruwa (Scanlon et al. 2012; Sty) <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Oker |first=Tobias E. |last2=Kisekka |first2=Isaya |last3=Sheshukov |first3=Aleksey Y. |last4=Aguilar |first4=Jonathan |last5=Rogers |first5=Danny |date=2020-01-01 |title=Evaluation of dynamic uniformity and application efficiency of mobile drip irrigation |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-019-00648-0 |journal=Irrigation Science |language=en |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=17–35 |doi=10.1007/s00271-019-00648-0 |issn=1432-1319 |s2cid=253819897}}</ref> Netafim ta haɓaka fasaha don musamman shinkafa ta ruwa. Shinkafa da ke samar da kashi 10% na hayakin methan na duniya, dai-dai da motoci miliyan 400. Anfara gabatar da wannan fasahar a Italiya, Turkiyya da Indiya. Kamfanin Agritech N-Drip ya haɓaka ban ruwa mai kyau don shinkafa. A cikin labarin TOI an ruwaito cewa tsarin N-Drip ya haifar da karuwar amfanin gona har zuwa 33%, raguwar taki na 50%, raguwar iskar gas kamar carbon da methane daga 50% zuwa 85% da kuma tanadin ruwa na 50%. ==== US: drip tape ==== A Amurka, Richard Chapin na Chapin Watermatics ne ya kirkiro tef na farko, wanda ake kira Dew Hose, a farkon shekarun 1960. Juyin halitta na drip tape wanda yasa drip tape karɓa kuma ya yi amfani dashi a babban sikelin shine gabatarwar T-Tape a cikin 1987 ta Plastro Irrigation, wanda keda hanyar farko da aka fara fitowa da kuma hanyar laminar wanda daga baya ya samo asali a cikin hanyar turbulent dake daidaita hanyar gudana. Chapin Watermatics ta samo asali ne daga Jain Irrigation a cikin 2006 kuma an ajiye ta a ƙarƙashin reshen Amurka Jain Irrigations Inc, Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jain Irrigation |url=https://www.jainsusa.com/ |access-date=19 December 2017 |website=www.JainsUSA.com |archive-date=16 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116222334/https://www.jainsusa.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=New AG International – Jain Irrigation Announces Acquisition of Chapin Watermatics Inc. |url=https://www.newaginternational.com/index.php/en/news/news-from-the-market/91-jain-irrigation-announces-acquisition-of-chapin-watermatics-inc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930222406/https://www.newaginternational.com/index.php/en/news/news-from-the-market/91-jain-irrigation-announces-acquisition-of-chapin-watermatics-inc |archive-date=30 September 2017 |access-date=30 September 2017 |website=www.newaginternational.com |language=en-gb}}</ref> An gabatar dashi da farko a California a ƙarshen shekarun 1960, kashi 5% ne kawai na ƙasar da ake ban ruwa suka yi amfani da wannan tsarin a shekarar 1988. A shekara ta 2010, kashi 40% na ƙasar da ake ban ruwa a California sun yi amfani da wannan tsarin.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Zilberman |first=Taylor |last2=David |first2=Rebecca |date=26 July 2015 |title=The Diffusion of Process Innovation: The Case of Drip Irrigation in California |url=https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/205320/files/Diffusion_of_Process_Innovation_AAEA2015.pdf}}</ref> ==== Zagaye na yaudara ==== Zobba mai juyawa na'ura ce ta zagaye wacce ke rarraba ruwa daidai a kusa da tushe na itace ko shrub. An haɗa shi da samar da ruwa ta hanyar bututun lambu ko daidaitawar bututu, ana iya haɗa zoben ruwa a cikin hanyar [[Ruwa|ban ruwa]] wanda ke ba da ruwa ga shuke-shuke da yawa a lokaci guda. Ta hanyar daidaita kwararar ruwa ta hanyar zobe, ana iya cika ƙasa a cikin abin dake kiyaye ruwa ta hanyar rage raguwar ruwa da asarar ƙasa saboda evaporation.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2021}}<sup>&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:An bukaci ambaton|citation needed]]''&#x5D;</sup> == <sup>&#x5D;rabe rabe</sup> == Ruwa na zamani ya zama mafi kyawun kirkire-kirkire a cikin aikin gona tun lokacin da aka kirkiro a cikin shekarun 1930 na tasirin tasirin tasirin, wanda ya bada zaɓi na farko mai amfani ga ban ruwa. == Cigaban da ake samu a yanzu == Ana buƙatar nazarin hankali game da duk abubuwan da suka dace kamar yanayin ƙasa, ƙasa, ruwa, amfanin gona da yanayin yanayin yanayi don ƙayyade tsarin ban ruwa mafi dacewa da abubuwan da za a yi amfani da su a cikin takamaiman shigarwa. === Kanni na micro-spray === Ruwa mai ban ruwa na iya amfani da na'urorin da ake kira micro-spray heads, wanda ke yayyafa ruwa a cikin karamin yanki, maimakon dripping emitters. Ana amfani da waɗannan a kan itatuwa da amfanin inabi tare da yankunan tushen da suka fi girma. === Ruwa dake ƙasa === Ruwa mai narkewa (SDI) yana amfani da dindindin ko na ɗan lokaci da aka binne dripperline ko drip tape dake ko a ƙasa da tushen shuka. Yana zama sananne don ban ruwa na amfanin gona, musamman a yankunan da ruwa ke da iyaka, ko kuma ana amfani da ruwa mai sake amfani da shi don ban ruwa. == Zuwa ga duniya da shugabannin kasuwa == Ya zuwa shekara ta 2012, kasar Sin da Indiya sun kasance kasashe masu saurin fadadawa a fagen drip- ko wasu micro-irrigation, yayin da a duk duniya sama da hekta miliyan goma suka yi amfani da waɗannan fasahohin.<ref name="NatGeo2012" /> Duk da haka, wannan yakai kasa da kashi 4 cikin 100 na ƙasar da ake ban ruwa a duniya.<ref name="NatGeo2012" /> A wannan shekarar, Netafim na Isra'ila shine jagoran kasuwar duniya (matsayin daya kiyaye a cikin 2018 <ref name="NatGeo2012">[https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2012/06/25/drip-irrigation-expanding-worldwide/ Drip Irrigation Expanding Worldwide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525135215/https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2012/06/25/drip-irrigation-expanding-worldwide/ |date=2021-05-25 }}, National Geographic, 25 June 2012, accessed 1 August 2019</ref>), tare da Jain Irrigation na Indiya shine kamfanin na biyu mafi girma.<ref name="Reuters2018">Tova Cohen, [https://www.reuters.com/article/mexichem-netafim/israeli-irrigation-firm-netafim-sees-50-pct-earnings-rise-by-2020-idUSL8N1R32V3 Israeli irrigation firm Netafim sees 50 pct earnings rise by 2020], Reuters.com, 21 March 2018, accessed 1 August 2019</ref> A cikin 2017 Rivulis ya sayi Eurodrip kuma ya zama na biyu mafi girma a duniya a tsarin ban Ruwa.<ref>[https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-rivulis-irrigation-buys-greek-co-eurodrip-1001171459 Rivulis Irrigation buys Greek co Eurodrip], Globes, 11 January 2017</ref> == Abubuwan dake ciki da aiki == [[Fayil:Dripirrigation.gif|thumb|Tsarin tsarin ban ruwa da sassanta]] [[Fayil:Subsurface_drip_emission_on_loamy_soil.ogv|thumb|Rarraba ruwa a cikin ban ruwa mai laushi]] [[Fayil:Dianthus_caryophyllus_Colori_Joy_(p)_2005-12-04.JPG|thumb|Fure-fure da aka shayar dasu da ban ruwa a Isra'ila]] [[Fayil:Drip_emitter.jpg|thumb|Mai fitar da drip na horticulture a cikin tukunya]] Abubuwan da akayi amfani dasu a cikin ban ruwa (wanda aka jera don daga tushen ruwa) sun haɗa da: * Pump ko tushen ruwa mai matsin lamba * Filter (s) na ruwa ko tsarin tacewa: mai raba yashi, tsarin Fertigation (Venturi injector) da kayan aikin chemigation (zaɓi) * Mai kula da wanka (na'urar rigakafin baya) * Valve mai kula da matsin lamba (mai sarrafa matsin lamba) * Lines na rarraba (babban bututu mai diamita, watakila ƙarami na biyu, kayan bututu) * Ana sarrafawa da hannu, lantarki, ko bawul ɗin sarrafa ruwa da bawul ɗin tsaro * Ƙananan bututun polyethylene na diamita (wanda ake kira "na gefe") * Kayan aiki da kayan haɗi (don yin haɗin kai) * Na'urorin fitarwa a tsire-tsire (mai fitarwa ko dripper, micro spray head, inline dripper ko inline drip tube) A cikin tsarin ban ruwa, famfo da bawul na iya aiki da hannu ko ta atomatik ta hanyar mai sarrafawa. Most large drip irrigation systems employ some type of filter to prevent clogging of the small emitter flow path by small waterborne particles. New technologies are now{{When}} being offered that minimize clogging. Some residential systems are installed without additional filters since potable water is already filtered at the water treatment plant. Virtually all drip irrigation equipment manufacturers recommend that filters be employed and generally will not honor warranties unless this is done. Last line filters just before the final delivery pipe are strongly recommended in addition to any other filtration system due to fine particle settlement and accidental insertion of particles in the intermediate lines. Ana amfani da ban ruwa mai narkewa da ruwa mai narkarwa kusan kawai lokacin da ake amfani da ruwan sharar gida. Dokokin yawanci basa bada izinin yayyafa ruwa ta iska wanda ba a kula da shi sosai ga ka'idodin ruwan sha. Saboda yadda ake amfani da ruwa a cikin tsarin drip, aikace-aikacen gargajiya na kayan lambu na lokaci-lokaci basu da tasiri, don haka tsarin drip sau da yawa suna haɗuwa da kayan lambu tare da ruwan ban ruwa. Wannan ana kiransa fertigation; fertigation da chemigation (aikace-aikacen magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta da sauran sunadarai don tsaftace tsarin lokaci-lokaci, kamar chlorine ko sulfuric acid) suna amfani da injectors na sinadarai kamar famfo na diaphragm, famfo na piston, ko aspirators. Ana iya ƙara sunadarai koyaushe a duk lokacin da tsarin ke ban ruwa ko a lokaci-lokaci. Ana bayar da rahoton ajiyar man fetur har zuwa 95% daga gwaje-gwajen filin jami'a na baya-bayan nan ta amfani da drip fertigation da jinkirin isar da ruwa idan aka kwatanta da lokacin saki da ban ruwa ta micro spray heads. An tsara shi dakyau, an shigar da shi, kuma an sarrafa shi, ban ruwa mai ɗorewa na iya taimakawa wajen cimma kiyaye ruwa ta hanyar rage evaporation da zurfin ruwa idan aka kwatanta da wasu nau'ikan ban ruwa kamar ambaliyar ruwa ko masu yayyafa sama tunda ana iya amfani da ruwa daidai ga tushen shuka. Bugu da kari, drip na iya kawar da cututtuka da yawa waɗanda ke yaduwa ta hanyar hulɗa da ruwa tare da ganye. A ƙarshe, a yankunan da ke da iyaka sosai, wataƙila babu ainihin tanadin ruwa, amma kawai karuwa a cikin samarwa yayin amfani da adadin ruwa kamar yadda ya gabata. A yankuna masu bushewa sosai ko a kan yashi, hanyar da akafi so ita ce amfani da ruwan ban ruwa a hankali kamar yadda zai yiwu. Ana amfani da ban ruwa a wasu lokuta don rage yawan ruwan da aka kawo zuwa shuka a kowane lokaci, don haka rage runoff ko zurfin percolation. Tsarin bugun yana da tsada kuma yana buƙatar kulawa mai yawa. Sabili da haka, sabbin kokarin da masana'antun masu fitarwa sukayi suna mai da hankali kan bunkasa sabbin fasahohin da ke isar da ruwan ban ruwa a ƙananan ƙimar, watau ƙasa da {{Convert|1.0|L|USpt imppt}} L (2.1 US pints; 1.8 imperial pints) a kowace awa. A hankali-da-har ma isar da shi ya kara inganta ingancin amfani da ruwa batare da ya haifar da tsada da rikitarwa na kayan aikin isar da aka buga ba. Wani bututun fitarwa wani nau'in bututun ban ruwa ne tare da masu fitarwa da aka riga aka shigar a masana'antar tare da takamaiman nesa da gudana a kowace awa kamar yadda aka saba da nisan amfanin gona. Mai fitarwa yana ƙuntata hanyar ruwa ta hanyarsa, don haka haifar da asarar kai da ake buƙata (har zuwa matsin yanayi) don fitar da ruwa a cikin nau'in ɗigon ruwa. Wannan asarar kai ana samun ta ta hanyar friction / turbulence a cikin mai fitarwa. == Fa'idodi da rashin fa'idodi ==   [[Fayil:Banana_Drip_Irrigation_At_Chinawal.jpg|right|thumb|Rashin ban ruwa da kuma bututun ban ruwa a gonar ayaba a Chinawal, Indiya]] [[Fayil:Button_dripper.JPG|thumb|Ruwa ta hanyar drippers na kan layi]] [[Fayil:UNIRAM_PLANTA.jpg|thumb|Matsi ya biya mai narkewa a kan matsakaici mara ƙasa ba tare da tashoshin girma ba]] Fa'idodin ban ruwa masu ban ruwa sune: * An rage kayan kwalliya da asarar abinci mai gina jiki saboda aikace-aikacen da aka yi da kuma rage leaching. * Ingancin aikace-aikacen ruwa yana da girma idan aka sarrafa shi daidai. * Ba lallai ba ne a daidaita filin. * Filin dake da siffofi marasa daidaituwa suna da sauƙin shiga. * Ana iya amfani da ruwan da ba a sha ba tare da aminci ba. * Za'a iya kiyaye danshi a cikin yankin tushen a filin. * Nau'in ƙasa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin yawan ban ruwa. * Rugujewar ƙasa ta ragu. * Cigaban ciyawa ya ragu. * Rarraba ruwa daidai ne, ana sarrafa shi ta hanyar fitar da kowane bututun ruwa. * Kudin aiki yafi na sauran hanyoyin ban ruwa. * Bambancin wadata za a iya tsara shi ta hanyar daidaita bawul da drippers. * Za'a iya haɗa fashewa cikin sauƙi tare da ƙananan sharar taki. * Foliage ya kasance bushe, yana rage haɗarin cututtuka. * Yawancin lokaci ana aiki a matsin lamba fiye da wasu nau'ikan ban ruwa, rage farashin makamashi. Rashin fa'idodi na ban ruwa shine: * Rana na iya shafar bututun da aka yi amfani da su don ban ruwa, ta rage tsawon rayuwarsu. (Dubi lalacewar Polymer); * Hadarin lalacewar filastik da ke shafar abun da ke cikin ƙasa da amfanin gona. Tare da nau'ikan filastik da yawa, lokacin da rana ta lalata filastik, wanda yasa ya zama mai laushi, sunadarai na estrogenic (watau, sunadarin dake kwaikwayon hormones na mata) wanda zai sa filastik ya riƙe sassauci an sake shi cikin mahalli.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yang |first=Chun Z. |last2=Yaniger |first2=Stuart I. |last3=Jordan |first3=V. Craig |last4=Klein |first4=Daniel J. |last5=Bittner |first5=George D. |date=1 July 2011 |title=Most Plastic Products Release Estrogenic Chemicals: A Potential Health Problem That Can Be Solved |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |volume=119 |issue=7 |pages=989–996 |doi=10.1289/ehp.1003220 |pmc=3222987 |pmid=21367689}}</ref> * Idan ba a tace ruwa yadda ya kamata ba kuma ba a kula da kayan aikin yadda ya kamata, zai iya haifar da toshewa ko toshewa. * Don drip na ƙasa mai ban ruwa ba zai iya ganin ruwan da aka yi amfani da shi ba. Wannan na iya haifar da manomi ko dai yin amfani da ruwa mai yawa (ƙananan inganci) ko kuma rashin isasshen ruwa, wannan ya zama ruwan dare ga waɗanda ba su da ƙwarewa sosai tare da ban ruwa. * Rashin ban ruwa na iya zama mara gamsarwa idan magungunan herbicides ko taki na sama suna buƙatar ban ruwa mai ban ruwa don kunnawa. * Rubutun cirewa yana haifar da ƙarin farashi na tsaftacewa bayan girbi. Masu amfani suna buƙatar tsarawa don jujjuyawar tef, zubar, sake amfani ko sake amfani. * Rashin ruwa, lokaci da girbi, idan ba a shigar da su yadda ya kamata ba. Wadannan tsarin suna buƙatar nazarin da kyau game da duk abubuwan da suka dace kamar yanayin ƙasa, ƙasa, ruwa, amfanin gona da yanayin yanayin yanayi, da kuma dacewa da tsarin ban ruwa da abubuwan dake ciki. * A cikin ƙasa mai sauƙi, drip na ƙasa na iya ba zai iya yayyafa ƙasa don tsiro ba. Yana buƙatar la'akari da zurfin shigarwa. * Yawancin tsarin drip an tsara su ne don inganci mai girma, ma'ana kadan ko babu raguwa. Ba tare da isasshen leaching ba, gishiri da aka yi amfani dashi tare da ruwan ban ruwa na iya ginawa a cikin tushen yankin, yawanci a gefen tsarin wanka. A gefe guda, ban ruwa mai drip yana guje wa babban yiwuwar capillary na ban ruwa na gargajiya, wanda zai iya jawo gishiri daga ajiyar dake ƙasa. * Pipes na PVC sau da yawa suna fama da lalacewar dabbobi, suna buƙatar maye gurbin dukkan bututun da kuma kara kudade. * Ba za a iya amfani da tsarin ban ruwa don kula da lalacewa ta hanyar sanyi na dare ba (kamar tsarin ban ruwa mai fesawa) == Rubutun Drip == [[Fayil:Drip_Irrigation_T-tape.jpg|thumb|Ruwa Ruwa T-tape]] Drip tape wani nau'i ne na dripperline mai laushi wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin ban ruwa. An san tef na farko da ake kira "Dew Hose".<ref>{{Cite web |title=DEW-HOSE Trademark – Registration Number 0847046 – Serial Number 72249303 :: Justia Trademarks |url=https://trademarks.justia.com/722/49/dew-hose-72249303.html |access-date=12 June 2016 |website=trademarks.justia.com}}</ref> Anyi tef ɗin bututun bututun da polyethylene kuma ana sayar dashi akan reels. Kaurin bango yawanci yana daga {{Convert|4|to|25|mil|mm|1}} . Ana amfani da kaset masu kauri don ban ruwa na dindindin da kuma kaset masu kaura don tsarin jefawa na wucin gadi a cikin amfanin gona mai daraja. Ruwa yana fitowa daga tef ta hanyar masu fitarwa ko drippers. Yankin mai fitarwa na yau da kullun ya kasance daga {{Convert|6|to|24|in|mm}} . A wasu samfuran, ana ƙera masu fitarwa a lokaci guda tare da tef ɗin kuma an kafa su a matsayin wani ɓangare na samfurin kanta. A wasu, ana ƙera masu fitarwa daban kuma an shigar dasu a lokacin samarwa. Wasu samfurori ba tef bane, amma mai laushi mai laushi, amma a cikin sanannen magana, ana kiran nau'ikan samfuran biyu kaset. Yawan diamita na tef shine in), in, da + 3⁄8 in).{{Cvt|5/8|in|mm}}{{Cvt|7/8|in|mm}}{{Cvt|1+3/8|in|mm}} Drip tape kayan aiki ne mai sake amfani dashi kuma ana iya sake amfani dasu a cikin resins na filastik don sake amfani da masana'antar masana'antar filastik. == Amfani dashi == [[Fayil:Irrigation_dripper.jpg|thumb|Ruwa mai ban ruwa]] Ana amfani da ban ruwa a cikin gonaki, gidajen kasuwanci, da lambuna masu zama. Ana amfani da ban ruwa sosai a yankunan dake da karancin ruwa kuma musamman ga amfanin gona da bishiyoyi kamar [[Attagara|kwakwa]], itatuwan shimfidar wuri, inabi, ayaba, Ber, eggplant, citrus, strawberries, sukari, auduga, masara, da tumatir. Kayan ban ruwa na Drip don lambunan gida suna ƙara shahara ga masu gida kuma sun ƙunshi mai sa'a, bututu, da mai fitarwa. Ana amfani da bututun dake da {{Convert|4|mm}} in) a diamita don ban ruwa ga tukwane na furanni. == Dubi kuma == * Ƙasa mai laushi * Cation-canjin damar * Tasirin muhalli na ban ruwa * Lissafin labaran da suka shafi ƙasa * Phosphogypsum * Ragowar sodium carbonate index * [[pH na ƙasa]] * Kula da gishiri na ƙasa == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Ƙarin karantawa == * ''Ruwa'', 5th Edition, Muhammad Irfan Khan Yousafzai, Claude H. Pair, edita, wanda kungiyar Ruwa ta buga, 1983 * Trickle Irrigation for Crop Production, F. S. Nakayama da D. A. Bucks, editoci, wanda Elsevier ya buga, 1986,   * S. Blass, Water in Strife and Action (Ibraniyawa), wanda Massada Limited ya buga, Isra'ila, 1973 * Manufar Kulawa, wanda Jain Irrigation Systems ya buga, 1989 * Drip da Micro Irrigation Design da Management for Trees, Vines, and Field Crops, 5th Edition, by Charles M. Burt and Stuart W. Styles, buga da Cibiyar Horar da Ruwa da Bincike (ITRC), Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407-0721. www.itrc.org., 2016 {{Hydroculture}}{{Agricultural water management}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Muhalli]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] neckzzq7vb4cfg31lq6mlc38dfj7ibx 0 81531 873699 667557 2026-07-01T16:28:36Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 873699 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Wheat_selection_k10183-1.jpg|right|thumb|252x252px|alkama na Yecoro (dama) yana da hankali ga salinity, tsire-tsire da shuka samo asali daga giciye mai haɗari tare da cultivar W4910 (hagu) suna nuna ƙarin haƙuri ga babban salinity]] [[Fayil:Gidan Kiwon Kifi.jpg|thumb|kiwo Abone Mai kyau]] Kiwon tsUntsaye shine kimiyyar canza halayen tsirrai don samar da halayen da ake so. An yi amfani da shi don inganta ingancin abinci mai gina jiki a cikin samfurori ga mutane da dabbobi. Makasudin kiwo na shuka shine samar da nau'ikan amfanin gona waɗanda ke alfahari da halaye na musamman kuma na musamman don aikace-aikace iri-iri. Abubuwan da aka fi magance su akai-akai akan halayen noma sune waɗanda ke da alaƙa da juriya da juriya na biotic da abiotic, ƙwayar hatsi ko haɓakar halittu, halaye masu inganci na ƙarshen amfani kamar ɗanɗano ko adadin takamaiman ƙwayoyin halitta (proteins, sugars, lipids, bitamin, fibers) da sauƙi na sarrafa (girbi, niƙa, yin burodi, malting, haɗawa, da sauransu).<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_breeding</ref><ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2866137/</ref> Ana iya aiwatar da kiwo shuka ta hanyoyi daban-daban tun daga zaɓin tsire-tsire masu kyawawan halaye don yaduwa, zuwa hanyoyin da ke amfani da ilimin kwayoyin halitta da chromosomes, zuwa mafi hadaddun dabarun ƙwayoyin cuta. Kwayoyin halitta a cikin shuka su ne ke tantance irin nau'in halaye masu inganci ko ƙididdiga da za su kasance. Masu shayarwa suna ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar takamaiman sakamako na tsire-tsire da yuwuwar sabbin nau'ikan tsire-tsire, kuma a cikin yin hakan, rage bambancin jinsin wannan nau'in zuwa takamaiman nau'ikan halittu.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11478383/</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_pyramiding</ref> Ana yin ta a duk duniya ta daidaikun mutane kamar masu lambu da manoma, da ƙwararrun masu kiwon shuka waɗanda ƙungiyoyi kamar cibiyoyin gwamnati, jami'o'i, ƙungiyoyin masana'antu na musamman ko cibiyoyin bincike ke aiwatar da shi. Hukumomin ci gaban kasa da kasa sun yi imanin cewa kiwon sabbin amfanin gona na da muhimmanci wajen tabbatar da wadatar abinci ta hanyar samar da sabbin nau'o'in da suke da yawan amfanin gona, masu jure wa cututtuka, masu jure fari ko kuma sun dace da yankuna daban-daban da yanayin girma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Doriane {{!}} Blog — Climate-Smart Plant Breeding Objectives |url=https://www.doriane.com/blog/climate-smart-plant-breeding-objectives |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=www.doriane.com}}</ref><ref>https://www.cgiar.org/excellence-breeding-platform/crops-to-end-hunger/</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Maize_and_Wheat_Improvement_Center</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ilci.cornell.edu/2022/08/25/improving-public-sector-plant-breeding-for-the-future-of-food-security/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-06-27 |archive-date=2024-11-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241109071048/https://ilci.cornell.edu/2022/08/25/improving-public-sector-plant-breeding-for-the-future-of-food-security/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wani bincike na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa ba tare da kiwo ba, da Turai za ta samar da karancin amfanin gona na noma kashi 20 cikin 100 a cikin shekaru 20 da suka wuce, tare da cin karin hekta miliyan 21.6 (kadada miliyan 53) na fili tare da fitar da tan biliyan 4 (3.9×109 dogayen ton; 4.4) × 109 gajeriyar ton) na carbon. A halin yanzu ana ratsa nau'in alkama da aka kirkira don Maroko da tsire-tsire don ƙirƙirar sabbin iri ga arewacin Faransa. Waken waken soya, wanda a baya ake noma shi a kudancin Faransa, yanzu ana noman shi a kudancin Jamus.<ref name="HHFA">{{Cite web |title=Study published: The socio-economic and environmental values of plant breeding in the EU – hffa research |url=https://hffa-research.com/news/study-published-the-socio-economic-and-environmental-values-of-plant-breeding-in-the-eu/ |access-date=2023-01-25 |language=de-DE}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ceccarelli |first=S. |last2=Grando |first2=S. |last3=Maatougui |first3=M. |last4=Michael |first4=M. |last5=Slash |first5=M. |last6=Haghparast |first6=R. |last7=Rahmanian |first7=M. |last8=Taheri |first8=A. |last9=Al-Yassin |first9=A. |last10=Benbelkacem |first10=A. |last11=Labdi |first11=M. |last12=Mimoun |first12=H. |last13=Nachit |first13=M. |date=December 2010 |title=Plant breeding and climate changes |journal=The Journal of Agricultural Science |language=en |volume=148 |issue=6 |pages=627–637 |doi=10.1017/S0021859610000651 |issn=1469-5146 |s2cid=86237270 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Tarihi == An fara kiwo da tsire-tsire ne da aikin noma na zaman lafiya, musamman ma yadda ake shuka tsire-tsire na farko na noma, al'adar da aka ƙiyasta tun shekaru 9,000 zuwa 11,000. Da farko manoman farko kawai sun zaɓi tsire-tsire na abinci tare da kyawawan halaye, kuma sun yi amfani da waɗannan a matsayin magabata ga tsararraki masu zuwa, wanda ya haifar da tarin halaye masu mahimmanci a kan lokaci. Ya kasan ce an yi amfani da fasahar shuka a kasar Sin kafin 2000 KZ. A shekara ta 500 KZ an kafa shuka sosai kuma ana yin sa. Gregor Mendel (1822-84) ana daukarsa a matsayin "uban kwayoyin halitta". Gwaje-gwajen da ya yi game da haɓakar tsire-tsire ya kai ga kafa dokokin gado. Ƙwayoyin halitta sun ƙarfafa bincike don inganta samar da amfanin gona ta hanyar kiwo. Ana amfani da kiwo na tsire-tsire na zamani akan kwayoyin halitta, amma tushen kimiyya ya fi girma, yana rufe ilmin kwayoyin halitta, cytology, systematics, physiology, pathology, entomology, chemistry, and statistics (biometrics). Har ila yau, ta haɓaka fasahar ta.<ref>https://cucurbitbreeding.wordpress.ncsu.edu/courses-training-opportunities-and-admissions/plant-breeding-overview-hs-521/history-of-plant-breeding/</ref><ref>https://www.seedworld.com/europe/2023/01/19/how-gregor-mendels-discoveries-paved-the-way-for-modern-plant-breeding/</ref> == Kiwon shuke-shuke na gargajiya == [[Fayil:Wild_Mustard_Plant_Selective_Breeding.svg|thumb|Zaɓin kiwo ya faɗaɗa halaye da ake so na shuka na kabewa na daji (''Brassica oleracea'') sama da daruruwan shekaru, wanda ya haifar da yawancin amfanin gona na yau. Cabbage, kale, broccoli, da cauliflower duk nau'ikan wannan shuka ne.]] Wata babbar dabarar kiwo shuka ita ce zaɓi, tsarin zaɓin yaɗa tsire-tsire tare da kyawawan halaye da kuma kawar da ko "kulla" waɗanda ba su da kyawawan halaye. Wata dabara kuma ita ce haɗe-haɗe da gangan na mutane na kusa ko na nesa don samar da sabbin nau'ikan amfanin gona ko layi tare da kyawawan kaddarorin. Tsire-tsire suna haɗe-haɗe don gabatar da halaye / kwayoyin halitta daga nau'in iri ɗaya ko layi zuwa sabon asalin halitta. Misali, ana iya haye fis ɗin da ke da juriya tare da fis mai girma amma mai sauƙi, makasudin gicciye shine gabatar da juriyar mildew ba tare da rasa halayen amfanin ƙasa ba. Za a ketare zuri'a daga gicciye tare da iyaye masu girma don tabbatar da cewa zuriyar sun kasance kamar iyaye masu girma, (na baya). Daga nan za a gwada zuriyar daga wannan giciye don samun amfanin gona (zaɓi, kamar yadda aka kwatanta a sama) kuma za a ƙara haɓaka juriya na mildew da tsire-tsire masu juriya. Hakanan ana iya ketare tsire-tsire da kansu don samar da nau'ikan iri don kiwo. Ana iya cire masu yin pollin ta hanyar amfani da jakunkunan pollination.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9840859/</ref><ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221451412200030X</ref><ref>https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11032-021-01259-8</ref> Kiwo na gargajiya ya dogara da yawa akan sake haɗe-haɗe tsakanin chromosomes don samar da bambancin kwayoyin halitta. Mai kiwon tsire-tsire na gargajiya na iya yin amfani da wasu fasahohin in vitro kamar su fusion na protoplast, ceton amfrayo ko mutagenesis (duba ƙasa) don samar da bambance-bambance da samar da tsire-tsire waɗanda ba za su wanzu a cikin yanayi ba. Halayen da masu kiwo suka yi ƙoƙarin haɗawa a cikin tsire-tsire sun haɗa da: # Ingantacciyar inganci, kamar haɓakar abinci mai gina jiki, ingantaccen ɗanɗano, ko kyakkyawa mafi girma # Ƙara yawan amfanin gona # Ƙarfafa jurewar matsalolin muhalli (salinity, matsanancin zafin jiki, fari) # Juriya ga ƙwayoyin cuta, fungi da ƙwayoyin cuta # Ƙarfafa juriya ga kwari Haƙuri na herbicides # Tsawon lokacin ajiya don amfanin gona da aka girbe # Inganta inganci, kamar kara abinci mai gina jiki, ingantaccen dandano, ko mafi kyawun kyau === Kafin Yaƙin Duniya na II === [[Fayil:Gartons-1902-Catalogue.jpg|right|thumb|Littafin Garton daga 1902]] Abubuwan da suka shafi kiwon shukar kasuwanci na nasara an kafa su ne daga ƙarshen karni na 19. [bayani da ake bukata] Gartons Agricultural Plant Breeders a Ingila an kafa shi a cikin 1890s ta John Garton, wanda shine farkon wanda ya fara sayar da sabbin nau'ikan amfanin gona na noma da aka kirkira ta hanyar giciye-pollination. Gabatarwar kamfanin na farko shine  Abundance Oat, nau'in hatsi. Yana daya daga cikin nau'in hatsin noma na farko da aka haifa daga giciye mai sarrafawa, wanda aka gabatar da shi zuwa kasuwanci a cikin 1892.<ref name="Gartons">Spring Seed Catalogue 1899, Gartons Limited</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gartons_Limited</ref><ref>https://handwiki.org/wiki/Biology:Gartons_Agricultural_Plant_Breeders</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_breeding</ref><ref>https://www.scribd.com/document/722389932/the-book-of-the-farm-5th-edition-vol-2-1908</ref><ref>https://botanyincontext.com/plant-trivia-timeline-1850-1899/</ref> A farkon karni na 20, masu shayarwa sun fahimci cewa binciken Gregor Mendel game da yanayin gadon da ba na bazuwar ba za a iya amfani da shi ga yawan shukar da aka samar ta hanyar pollination da gangan don yin hasashen mitar nau'ikan iri daban-daban. An haifi nau'in alkama don ƙara yawan amfanin gona na Italiya a lokacin abin da ake kira "Battle for Grain" (1925-1940). George Harrison Shull ya yi bayanin Heterosis. Yana bayyana halin zuriyar ƙayyadaddun gicciye don fifita iyaye biyu. Gano fa'idar heterosis don kiwo shuka ya haifar da haɓakar layukan da aka ƙirƙira waɗanda ke nuna fa'idar yawan amfanin ƙasa lokacin da aka ketare su. Masara ita ce nau'in farko inda aka yi amfani da heterosis sosai don samar da nau'ikan nau'ikan iri.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_plant_breeding</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Harrison_Shull</ref><ref>https://www.dnaftb.org/12/bio-2.html</ref><ref>https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/14/1/87</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_for_Grain</ref> Hakanan an ƙirƙiri hanyoyin ƙididdiga don nazarin aikin kwayoyin halitta da bambance bambance-bambancen gado daga bambance-bambancen da yanayi ya haifar. A shekara ta 1933 wata muhimmiyar dabarar kiwo mai suna cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS), wadda aka yi a cikin masara, Marcus Morton Rhoades ya bayyana. CMS dabi'a ce da aka gada ta uwa wacce ke sa shuka ta samar da pollen maras kyau. Wannan yana ba da damar samar da hybrids ba tare da buƙatar cire kayan aiki ba.<ref>https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.73.1891.340</ref><ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26468449_Genetic_and_molecular_basis_of_cytoplasmic_male_sterility_in_maize</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoplasmic_male_sterility</ref><ref>https://bmcbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12915-024-01859-4</ref><ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326774916_EFFECTS_OF_CYTOPLASMIC_MALE_STERILITY_ON_MAIZE_HYBRIDS_YIELD</ref> Wadannan dabarun kiwo na farko sun haifar da karuwar yawan amfanin gona a Amurka a farkon karni na 20. Ba a samar da irin wannan yawan amfanin gona a wani wuri ba sai bayan yakin duniya na biyu, juyin juya hali na Green ya kara yawan amfanin gona a kasashe masu tasowa a cikin shekarun 1960.<ref>https://bio.libretexts.org/.../1.06%3A_Genetic_Improvement_in_Cereal_Crops_and_the_Green_Revolution{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Green_Revolution</ref><ref>https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3411969/</ref><ref>https://www.britannica.com/event/green-revolution</ref> === Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II === [[Fayil:FA_Geisenheim22.jpg|thumb|Al'adun Vitis (ya'yan inabi), Cibiyar Kiwon Ruwan Ruwan Ru'ya'ya itace ta Geisenheim]] Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu an ƙirƙiro dabaru da dama waɗanda ke ba masu shayarwa damar haɗa nau'ikan nau'ikan da ke da alaƙa da juna, da haifar da bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar wucin gadi.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_breeding</ref><ref>https://www.alice.cnptia.embrapa.br/alice/bitstream/doc/465795/1/c8128f4257f6792d.pdf</ref><ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4071525/</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation_breeding</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_seed</ref> Lokacin da aka ketare nau'ikan da ke da nisa, masu shayarwa suna amfani da dabaru na al'adun nama na shuka don samar da zuriya daga ma'aurata marasa 'ya'ya. An samar da kayan ciki da masu rikitarwa daga giciye na jinsin mutane masu dangantaka ko Genera waɗanda ba su saba da juna da juna ba. Ana kiran waɗannan giciye da Faɗin giciye. Misali, triticale hatsi shine alkama da hatsin rai matasan. Kwayoyin da ke cikin tsire-tsire waɗanda aka samo daga ƙarni na farko da aka halicce su daga gicciye sun ƙunshi adadin chromosomes marasa daidaituwa kuma sakamakon haka ya kasance bakararre. An yi amfani da colchicine mai hana rarraba tantanin halitta don ninka adadin chromosomes a cikin tantanin halitta kuma don haka ba da damar samar da layi mai laushi.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triticale</ref><ref>https://triticale.org/triticale-history/</ref><ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336312409_Triticale_X_Triticosecale_Wittmack_Breeding</ref><ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11094192/</ref> Rashin samar da matasan na iya kasancewa saboda rashin dacewa kafin ko bayan hadi. Idan hadi zai yiwu tsakanin nau'in nau'i biyu ko nau'in jinsin halitta, mahaifar mahaifa na iya zubar da ciki kafin girma. Idan wannan ya faru, amfrayon da ke fitowa daga gicciye na musamman ko wani lokaci ana iya ceto shi kuma a yi al'adarsa don samar da tsire-tsire. Ana kiran irin wannan hanyar da ceton amfrayo. An yi amfani da wannan dabarar don samar da sabuwar shinkafa ga Afirka, giciye na musamman na shinkafa Oryza sativa na Asiya da shinkafar Afirka O. glaberrima.<ref>https://www.dnaftb.org/12/bio-2.html</ref><ref>https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/14/1/87</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_for_Grain</ref> Hakanan ana iya samar da matasan ta hanyar dabarar da ake kira protoplast fusion. A wannan yanayin ana haɗa protoplasts, yawanci a cikin filin lantarki. Za a iya sake haifar da sake haɗawa masu dacewa a cikin al'ada.<ref>https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.73.1891.340</ref><ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26468449_Genetic_and_molecular_basis_of_cytoplasmic_male_sterility_in_maize</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoplasmic_male_sterility</ref><ref>https://bmcbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12915-024-01859-4</ref> Ana amfani da mutagens na sinadarai kamar ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) da dimethyl sulfate (DMS), radiation, da transposons don mutagenesis. Mutagenesis shine tsarar mutants. Mai kiwon yana fatan kyawawan halaye da za a haifa tare da sauran cultivars - wani tsari da aka sani da maye gurbi. Masu kiwon tsire-tsire na gargajiya suma suna haifar da bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta a cikin wani nau'in ta hanyar yin amfani da tsarin da ake kira somaclonal variation, wanda ke faruwa a cikin tsire-tsire da aka samar daga al'adun nama, musamman tsire-tsire waɗanda aka samo daga callus. Polyploidy da aka jawo, da ƙari ko cire chromosomes ta amfani da wata dabara da ake kira injiniyan chromosome kuma ana iya amfani da su.<ref>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2011/314829</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaclonal_variation</ref><ref>https://plantmethods.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-4811-10-5</ref><ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8585642/</ref><ref>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cppb.20040</ref> [[Fayil:Отбор_образцов_мини-растений_картофеля.jpg|left|thumb|Binciken noma kan tsirrai na dankali]] Lokacin da aka haifar da kyawawan dabi'u a cikin nau'in nau'in, ana yin ƙetare da dama ga iyayen da aka fi so don yin sabon shuka kamar yadda iyaye suke so kamar yadda zai yiwu. Komawa ga misalan misalan ƙwanƙarar ƙwanƙwasa da ake hayewa tare da fis ɗin mai girma amma mai sauƙi, don sanya zuriyar giciye ta zama mai juriya kamar iyaye masu girma, za a ƙetare zuriyar zuwa ga wannan iyayen har tsararraki da yawa ( Duba baya). Wannan tsari yana kawar da yawancin gudunmawar kwayoyin halitta na iyaye masu jurewar mildew. Don haka kiwo na gargajiya tsari ne mai zagaye. [ana bukatar bayani] Tare da dabarun kiwo na gargajiya, mai kiwon bai san ainihin abin da aka gabatar da kwayoyin halitta ga sabbin cultivars ba. Wasu masana kimiyya saboda haka suna jayayya cewa tsire-tsire da aka samar ta hanyoyin kiwo na gargajiya yakamata su yi tsarin gwajin aminci iri ɗaya kamar tsire-tsire da aka gyara. Akwai lokuta inda tsire-tsire da ake kiwo ta hanyar amfani da dabarun gargajiya ba su dace da amfani da ɗan adam ba, misali gubar solanine da aka ƙara ba da gangan ba zuwa matakan da ba za a yarda da su ba a wasu nau'ikan dankalin turawa ta hanyar kiwo. Sabbin nau'ikan dankalin turawa galibi ana yin gwajin matakan solanine kafin isa kasuwa. [abubuwan da ake bukata]<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backcrossing</ref><ref>https://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/gmo/legislation/ban-genetically-modified_en</ref><ref>https://www.fao.org/3/y3878e/y3878e05.htm{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889157516301986</ref><ref>https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/food-genetically-modified</ref> Ko da tare da na baya-bayan nan a cikin kiwo na zamani wanda ke taimaka wa fasahar kere-kere, haɗa dabi'u yana ɗaukar matsakaicin tsararraki bakwai don amfanin gona da ake yaɗawa, tara don yin takin kai, da sha bakwai don yin pollination.<ref name="Norero-2018">{{Cite web |last=Norero |first=Daniel |date=2018-06-20 |title=Unfairly demonized GMO crops can help fight malnutrition |url=http://allianceforscience.cornell.edu/blog/2018/06/unfairly-demonized-gmo-crops-can-help-fight-malnutrition/ |access-date=2021-09-12 |website=[[Alliance for Science]] |archive-date=2022-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209094407/https://allianceforscience.cornell.edu/blog/2018/06/unfairly-demonized-gmo-crops-can-help-fight-malnutrition/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Shimelis-Laing-2012">{{Cite journal |last=Shimelis |first=Hussein |last2=Laing |first2=Mark |title=Timelines in conventional crop improvement: pre-breeding and breeding procedures |journal=[[Australian Journal of Crop Science]] |publisher=[[Southern Cross Publishing]] |pages=1542–9 |issn=1835-2693 |eissn=1835-2707 |s2cid=55486617}}</ref> == Kiwon shuke-shuke na zamani == Kiwon tsire-tsire na zamani na iya amfani da dabarun ilimin halitta don zaɓar, ko kuma a cikin yanayin gyare-gyaren kwayoyin halitta, don saka, halaye masu kyau a cikin tsirrai. Aiwatar da fasahar kere-kere ko ilmin halitta kuma ana kiranta da kiwo.<ref>https://bio.libretexts.org/…/Selective_Breeding_and_Genetic_Engineering{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>https://royalsociety.org/.../gm-plants/how-does-gm-differ-from-conventional-plant-breeding/</ref><ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK215771/</ref><ref>https://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/pocketk/17/default.asp</ref> [[Fayil:Adelport_270.jpg|thumb|350x350px|Ana amfani da kayan aiki na zamani a cikin ilmin halitta na kwayoyin halitta a yanzu a cikin kiwon shuke-shuke.]] === Zaɓin da aka taimaka wa mai alama === Wasu lokuta nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta daban-daban na iya yin tasiri ga kyawawan halaye a cikin kiwo. Amfani da kayan aiki irin su alamomin kwayoyin halitta ko zanen yatsan DNA na iya taswirar dubban kwayoyin halitta. Wannan yana ba masu kiwon shuka damar tantance ɗimbin tsire-tsire ga waɗanda suka mallaki yanayin sha'awa. Binciken ya dogara ne akan kasancewar ko rashin wani takamaiman kwayar halitta kamar yadda hanyoyin dakin gwaje-gwaje suka ƙayyade, maimakon a gano ainihin yanayin da aka bayyana a cikin shuka. Manufar zaɓin taimakon alamar, ko nazarin kwayoyin halittar shuka, shine gano wuri da aiki (phenotype) na ƙwayoyin halitta daban-daban a cikin kwayoyin halitta. Idan an gano dukkan kwayoyin halitta yana kaiwa ga jerin kwayoyin halitta. [abubuwan da ake bukata] [bayani da ake buƙata] Duk tsire-tsire suna da girma dabam dabam da tsayin genomes tare da kwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke ƙididdige sunadaran sunadaran, amma da yawa kuma iri ɗaya ne. Idan an gano wurin da kwayoyin halitta suke da kuma aikinsu a cikin nau'in tsiro guda daya, ana iya samun irin wannan kwayar halitta mai kama da ita a wani wuri makamancin haka a cikin wani nau'in kwayar halitta mai alaka.<ref name="Biotech and food supply">{{Cite journal |last=Kasha |first=Ken |year=1999 |title=Biotechnology and world food supply |journal=[[Genome (journal)|Genome]] |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=642–645 |doi=10.1139/g99-043 |pmid=10464788}}</ref> === Gyara sakewa da sau biyu haploids (DH) === Ana iya samar da tsire-tsire masu homozygous tare da kyawawan halaye daga tsire-tsire masu farawa na heterozygous, idan ana iya samar da kwayar haploid tare da allele na waɗannan halayen, sannan a yi amfani da su don yin haploid mai ninki biyu. Haploid mai ninki biyu zai zama homozygous don halayen da ake so. Bugu da ƙari kuma, ana iya amfani da tsire-tsire iri biyu na homozygous daban-daban waɗanda aka kirkira ta wannan hanyar don samar da ƙarni na shuke-shuken matasan F1 waɗanda ke da fa'idodin heterozygosity da mafi girman kewayon halayen halayen. Don haka, tsire-tsire na heterozygous ɗaya wanda aka zaɓa don kyawawan halayensa za'a iya canza shi zuwa nau'in heterozygous (F1 hybrid) ba tare da larura na haifuwa na ciyayi ba amma sakamakon giciye na layin homozygous biyu/biyu na haploid da aka samu daga asalin shukar da aka zaɓa. Al'adun nama na shuka na iya haifar da haploid ko layukan shuka na haploid biyu da tsararraki. Wannan yana yanke bambance-bambancen jinsin da aka ɗauka daga nau'in shuka don zaɓar kyawawan halaye waɗanda zasu ƙara dacewa da daidaikun mutane. Yin amfani da wannan hanya yana rage buƙatar kiwo da yawa na tsire-tsire don samun tsararrun da suka yi kama da halayen da ake so, ta yadda za a adana lokaci mai yawa akan nau'in halitta iri ɗaya. Akwai dabaru da yawa na shuka nama waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don cimma tsire-tsire na haploid, amma al'adun microspore a halin yanzu shine mafi alƙawarin samar da mafi yawan lambobi daga cikinsu.<ref name="Biotech and food supply"/> === Canjin kwayar halitta === Ana samun gyare-gyaren kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar ƙara takamaiman kwayar halitta ko kwayoyin halitta zuwa shuka, ko kuma ta hanyar kayar da kwayar halitta tare da RNAi, don samar da nau'in halitta mai kyawawa. Tsire-tsire da ke haifar da ƙara kwayar halitta ana kiran su da tsire-tsire masu canzawa. Idan don gyare-gyaren kwayoyin halitta na nau'in ko na tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire ana amfani da su a ƙarƙashin ikon masu tallata su na asali, to ana kiran su tsire-tsire cisgenic. Wani lokaci gyare-gyaren kwayoyin halitta na iya samar da shuka mai dabi'a ko halayen da ake so da sauri fiye da kiwo na gargajiya saboda yawancin kwayoyin halittar shuka ba su canza ba.<ref>https://www.fao.org/3/i7200e/i7200e.pdf</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisgenesis_and_transgenesis</ref><ref>https://www.nature.com/articles/nrg2767</ref> Don gyara halittar shuka, dole ne a ƙera tsarin halittar ta yadda shukar za ta bayyana ko za a cire. Don yin wannan, mai talla don fitar da rubutun da jerin ƙarewa don dakatar da rubuta sabon kwayar halitta, kuma dole ne a gabatar da kwayoyin halitta ko kwayoyin halitta na sha'awa ga shuka. Hakanan an haɗa alamar zaɓin tsire-tsire masu canzawa. A cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, juriya na ƙwayoyin cuta alama ce da aka saba amfani da ita: Tsire-tsire waɗanda aka samu nasarar sākewa za su girma akan kafofin watsa labarai masu ɗauke da maganin rigakafi; shuke-shuken da ba a canza ba za su mutu. A wasu lokuta ana cire alamomi don zaɓi ta hanyar tsallakewa tare da shukar iyaye kafin sakin kasuwanci.<ref>https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23617583/</ref><ref>https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12042860/</ref><ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3689633/</ref><ref>https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11248-005-0884-9</ref><ref>https://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/pocketk/36/default.asp</ref> Ana iya shigar da ginin a cikin kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar sake hadewar kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar amfani da kwayoyin Agrobacterium tumefaciens ko A. rhizogenes, ko ta hanyar kai tsaye kamar bindigar kwayar halitta ko microinjection. Yin amfani da ƙwayoyin cuta na shuka don shigar da abubuwan gina jiki a cikin tsire-tsire ma abu ne mai yuwuwa, amma dabarar ta iyakance ta hanyar kewayon ƙwayoyin cuta. Misali, kwayar cutar mosaic na Farin kabeji (CaMV) kawai tana cutar da farin kabeji da nau'ikan da ke da alaƙa. Wani ƙayyadaddun ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙwayoyin cuta shi ne cewa ba a saba ba da kwayar cutar zuwa ga zuriya ba, don haka kowace shuka dole ne a yi ta allurar.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC150518/</ref><ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/agrobacterium-tumefaciens</ref><ref>https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25996107/</ref> Yawancin shuke-shuke transgenic da aka saki a halin yanzu suna iyakance ga tsire-tsire waɗanda suka gabatar da juriya ga kwari da ciyawa. Ana samun juriyar kwari ta hanyar shigar da kwayar halitta daga Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) wanda ke ɓoye sunadaran da ke da guba ga wasu kwari. Misali, auduga bollworm, kwaro na auduga na kowa, yana ciyar da auduga Bt zai sha guba kuma ya mutu. Herbicides yawanci suna aiki ta hanyar ɗaure wasu enzymes na shuka da hana ayyukansu. Enzymes da herbicide ke hana su ana kiran su da "wurin manufa" na herbicide. Ana iya ƙirƙira juriyar ciyawa zuwa amfanin gona ta hanyar bayyana sigar furotin da aka yi niyya wanda ba a hana ciyawa ba. Wannan ita ce hanyar da ake amfani da ita don samar da tsire-tsire masu jurewa glyphosate ("Roundup Ready"). gyare-gyaren kwayoyin halitta na iya ƙara ƙara yawan amfanin ƙasa ta hanyar ƙara jurewar damuwa zuwa yanayin da aka ba. Matsaloli kamar bambancin zafin jiki, ana yin siginar shukar ta hanyar ɗumbin ƙwayoyin sigina waɗanda za su kunna ma'aunin rubutu don daidaita maganganun kwayoyin halitta. An nuna wuce gona da iri na takamaiman kwayoyin halittar da ke cikin haɓakawar sanyi don samar da ƙarin juriya ga daskarewa, wanda shine sanadin gama gari na asarar amfanin gona. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wang, Wangxia |last2=Vinocur, Basia |last3=Altmann, Arie |year=2003 |title=Plant responses to drought, salinity and extreme temperatures: towards genetic engineering for stress tolerance |journal=Planta |volume=218 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |bibcode=2003Plant.218....1W |doi=10.1007/s00425-003-1105-5 |pmid=14513379 |s2cid=24400025}}</ref> Canjin kwayoyin halitta na tsire-tsire waɗanda zasu iya samar da magunguna (da kuma sinadarai na masana'antu), wani lokaci ana kiranta pharmating, wani sabon yanki ne mai tsattsauran ra'ayi na kiwo..<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Suzie Key |last2=Julian K-C Ma |last3=Pascal MW Drake |name-list-style=amp |date=1 June 2008 |title=Genetically modified plants and human health |journal=[[Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine]] |volume=101 |issue=6 |pages=290–298 |doi=10.1258/jrsm.2008.070372 |pmc=2408621 |pmid=18515776}}</ref> Muhawarar da ta shafi abinci da aka gyara a cikin shekarun 1990 ta kai kololuwa a cikin 1999 dangane da yadda kafafen yada labarai da kuma hasashe na hadari, kuma ta ci gaba a yau – alal misali, “Jamus ta jefa nauyinta a baya ga ci gaban Turai na ci gaba da bunkasar amfanin gona da aka gyara ta hanyar hana dasa shuki da yawa. iri-iri na masara mai jure kwari." Muhawarar ta ƙunshi tasirin muhalli na tsire-tsire da aka gyaggyarawa, amincin abincin da aka gyara da kuma ra'ayoyin da aka yi amfani da su don kimanta aminci kamar daidaitattun daidaito. Irin wannan damuwa ba sabon abu bane ga shuka kiwo. Yawancin ƙasashe suna da tsarin tsari don taimakawa don tabbatar da cewa sabbin nau'ikan amfanin gona da ke shiga kasuwa suna da aminci kuma suna biyan bukatun manoma. Misalai sun haɗa da rajista iri-iri, tsarin iri, izini na tsari don tsire-tsire na GM, da sauransu. === Kiwo da microbiome === Muhawarar da ta shafi abinci da aka gyara a cikin 1990 ta kai kololuwa a cikin 1999 fim da yadda labaran yada labarai da kuma hasashe na hadari, kuma ta ci gaba a yau – alal misali, “Jamus ta jefa nauyin a baya ga ci gaban Turai na ci gaba da bunkasa amfani gona da aka gyara ta hanyar hana dasa shuki da yawa. iri-iri na masara mai jure kwari." Muhawarar ta kunna bayan na Tsi-tsire da aka gyaggyarawa, abinci da aka gyara da kuma ra'ayoyin da aka yi amfani da su don masanan kamar daidaitattun masana. Irin wannan damuwa ba sabon abu bane ga shuka kiwo.aye yawan suna da tsarin don tabbatar da cewa sabbin nau'ikan amfanin gona da ke shiga kasuwa suna da samfuran kuma suna biyan manoma. Misalai sun haɗa da rajista iri-iri, tsarin iri, izini na tsari don Tsi-tsire na GM, da sauransu..<ref name="Abdelfattah-2021">{{Cite journal |last=Abdelfattah |first=Ahmed |last2=Tack |first2=Ayco J. M. |last3=Wasserman |first3=Birgit |last4=Liu |first4=Jia |last5=Berg |first5=Gabriele |last6=Norelli |first6=John |last7=Droby |first7=Samir |last8=Wisniewski |first8=Michael |year=2021 |title=Evidence for host–microbiome co-evolution in apple |journal=[[New Phytologist]] |language=en |volume=234 |issue=6 |pages=2088–2100 |doi=10.1111/nph.17820 |issn=1469-8137 |pmc=9299473 |pmid=34823272 |s2cid=244661193}}</ref> === Phenotyping da fasaha ta wucin gadi === Tun daga shekarar 2020 koyan inji - kuma musamman koyan injuna mai zurfi - kwanan nan ya zama mafi yawan amfani da su a cikin phenotyping. Kwamfuta hangen nesa ta amfani da ML ya sami babban ci gaba kuma yanzu ana amfani da shi ga ganyen phenotyping da sauran ayyukan phenotyping da idanun ɗan adam ke yi. Pound et al. 2017 da Singh et al. 2016 sune misalai na musamman na aikace-aikacen da aka yi nasara da wuri da kuma nuna yadda ake amfani da tsarin gabaɗaya a cikin nau'ikan tsire-tsire masu yawa. Waɗannan hanyoyin za su yi aiki mafi kyau tare da manyan, fa'idodin buɗaɗɗen bayanan jama'a.<ref name="Watt-et-al-2020">{{Cite journal |last=Watt |first=Michelle |last2=Fiorani |first2=Fabio |last3=Usadel |first3=Björn |last4=Rascher |first4=Uwe |last5=Muller |first5=Onno |last6=Schurr |first6=Ulrich |date=2020-04-29 |title=Phenotyping: New Windows into the Plant for Breeders |journal=[[Annual Review of Plant Biology]] |publisher=[[Annual Reviews (publisher)|Annual Reviews]] |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=689–712 |doi=10.1146/annurev-arplant-042916-041124 |issn=1543-5008 |pmid=32097567 |s2cid=211523980}}</ref> === Gudanar da sauri === Watson et al ya gabatar da kiwo cikin sauri. 2018. Classical (an yi ɗan adam) phenotyping a lokacin saurin kiwo kuma yana yiwuwa, ta amfani da hanyar da Richard et al. 2015. Kamar yadda na 2020 ana tsammanin cewa SB da phenotyping mai sarrafa kansa, hade, za su samar da ingantattun sakamako - duba § Phenotyping da hankali na wucin gadi a sama..<ref name="Watt-et-al-2020"/> === Zaɓin ƙwayoyin halitta (GS) === Dandalin NGS ya ƙi ƙwaƙƙwaran lokaci da farashin da ake buƙata don jeri tare da sauƙaƙe gano SNP a cikin ƙirar ƙira da shuke-shuken da ba samfuri ba. Wannan kuma ya haifar da yin amfani da manyan alamomin SNP a cikin hanyoyin zaɓe na genomic waɗanda ke nufin tsinkayar ƙimar kiwo na genomic / GEBVs na genotypes a cikin yawan jama'a. Wannan hanya na iya ƙara daidaitattun zaɓi kuma rage lokacin kowane sake zagayowar kiwo. An yi amfani da ita a cikin amfanin gona daban-daban kamar masara, alkama, da sauransu. == Kasuwancin shuke-shuke == Haɓaka tsire-tsire (PPB) shine lokacin da manoma suka shiga cikin shirin inganta amfanin gona tare da damar da za su yanke shawara da ba da gudummawa ga tsarin bincike a matakai daban-daban. Hakanan ana iya amfani da hanyoyin haɗin kai don inganta amfanin gona lokacin da ake amfani da fasahar halittun shuka don inganta amfanin gona. Tsarin aikin gona na gida da bambancin kwayoyin halitta suna ƙarfafa ta shirye-shiryen haɗin gwiwa, kuma sakamakon yana haɓaka ta hanyar ilimin manoma game da ingancin da ake buƙata da kuma kimanta yanayin da aka yi niyya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elings |first=A. |last2=Almekinders |first2=C. J. M. |last3=Stam |first3=P. |date=December 2001 |title=Introduction: Why focus thinking on participatory plant breeding |journal=Euphytica |volume=122 |issue=3 |pages=423–424 |doi=10.1023/A:1017923423714 |s2cid=25146186}}</ref> Wani nazari da aka yi a shekarar 2019 kan kiwo na tsiro ya nuna cewa bai samu karbuwa sosai ba duk da nasarar da aka samu na samar da nau’in iri da ingantattun nau’o’in iri da ingantattun nau’o’in abinci mai gina jiki, da kuma yuwuwar irin wadannan ingantattun iri da manoma za su karbe. Wannan bita ya kuma gano kiwo shuka don samun ingantacciyar farashi/ riba fiye da hanyoyin da ba sa hannu ba, kuma ya ba da shawarar haɗa shukar shuka tare da kiwo na shukar juyin halitta.<ref name="participatory-evolutionary">{{Cite journal |last=Ceccarelli |first=Salvatore |last2=Grando |first2=Stefania |date=2019-10-02 |title=From participatory to evolutionary plant breeding |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429507335-15/participatory-evolutionary-plant-breeding-salvatore-ceccarelli-stefania-grando |journal=Farmers and Plant Breeding |language=en |pages=231–244 |doi=10.4324/9780429507335-15 |isbn=9780429507335 |s2cid=210580815}}</ref> == Yaduwar shuke-shuke na juyin halitta == Kiwon tsire-tsire na juyin halitta yana bayyana ayyuka waɗanda ke amfani da yawan jama'a tare da nau'ikan genotypes waɗanda aka girma ƙarƙashin gasa na zaɓin yanayi. Rayuwa a cikin yanayin noman amfanin gona gama gari shine hanyar da ta fi dacewa ta zaɓi, maimakon zaɓi kai tsaye ta masu noma da masu kiwo. Tsirrai guda ɗaya waɗanda aka fi so a ƙarƙashin yanayin girma, kamar muhalli da kayan aiki, suna ba da gudummawar iri ga tsara na gaba fiye da waɗanda ba su dace ba. Bankin Gene na Nepal ya sami nasarar amfani da kiwo na tsiron da aka yi amfani da shi don adana bambance-bambancen nau'in shuka a cikin shinkafa Jumli Marshi tare da rage kamuwa da cutar fashewa. Hakanan an yi amfani da waɗannan ayyukan a cikin Nepal tare da ƙauyen wake.<ref name="nepal-evolutionary">{{Cite journal |last=Joshi |first=B. K. |last2=Ayer |first2=D. K. |last3=Gauchan |first3=D. |last4=Jarvis |first4=D. |date=2020-10-13 |title=Concept and rationale of evolutionary plant breeding and its status in Nepal |url=https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/jafu/article/view/47023 |journal=Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University |language=en |pages=1–11 |doi=10.3126/jafu.v4i1.47023 |issn=2594-3146 |s2cid=231832089 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin 1929, Harlan da Martini sun ba da shawarar hanyar shuka shuka tare da yawan jama'a daban-daban ta hanyar haɗa adadin iri iri na F2 da aka samu daga giciye 378 tsakanin nau'ikan sha'ir 28 daban-daban. A cikin 1938, Harlan da Martini sun nuna juyin halitta ta zaɓin yanayi a cikin jama'a masu ƙarfi kamar yadda wasu 'yan nau'ikan da suka mamaye wasu wurare sun kusan bace a wasu; ire-iren da ba su da kyau sun bace ko'ina.<ref name="evolutionary-response">{{Cite journal |last=Ceccarelli |first=Salvatore |last2=Grando |first2=Stefania |date=2020-12-18 |title=Evolutionary Plant Breeding as a Response to the Complexity of Climate Change |journal=iScience |language=en |volume=23 |issue=12 |pages=101815 |bibcode=2020iSci...23j1815C |doi=10.1016/j.isci.2020.101815 |issn=2589-0042 |pmc=7708809 |pmid=33305179}}</ref> An yi amfani da yawan kiwo na juyin halitta don kafa tsarin sarrafa tsire-tsire-tsari. Misalai sun haɗa da sha'ir, inda masu shayarwa suka sami damar haɓaka juriya ga Rynchosporium secalis scald sama da ƙarni 45. Wani aikin kiwo na juyin halitta ya haɓaka yawan adadin waken soya na F5 akan ƙasa wanda ƙwayar waken waken nematode ya mamaye kuma ya sami damar haɓaka adadin tsire-tsire masu juriya daga kashi 5% zuwa 40%. Cibiyar Nazarin Noma ta Duniya a Busassun wurare (ICARDA) an haɗe shukar shukar juyin halitta tare da kiwo shuka don baiwa manoma damar zaɓar irin nau'ikan da suka dace da bukatunsu a cikin muhallin su.<ref name="breeding-climate">{{Cite journal |last=Ceccarelli |first=S. |last2=Grando |first2=S. |last3=Maatougui |first3=M. |last4=Michael |first4=M. |last5=Slash |first5=M. |last6=Haghparast |first6=R. |last7=Rahmanian |first7=M. |last8=Taheri |first8=A. |last9=Al-Yassin |first9=A. |last10=Benbelkacem |first10=A. |last11=Labdi |first11=M. |last12=Mimoun |first12=H. |last13=Nachit |first13=M. |date=December 2010 |title=Plant breeding and climate changes |journal=The Journal of Agricultural Science |language=en |volume=148 |issue=6 |pages=627–637 |doi=10.1017/S0021859610000651 |issn=1469-5146 |s2cid=86237270 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ƙoƙari mai tasiri na 1956 da Coit A. Suneson ya yi don daidaita wannan tsarin ya ƙirƙira kalmar kiwo na tsire-tsire kuma ya kammala cewa tsararrun 15 na zaɓin yanayi suna da sha'awar samar da sakamakon da ke da gasa tare da kiwo na al'ada. Kiwo na juyin halitta yana ba da damar aiki tare da girman yawan shuka fiye da kiwo na al'ada. Hakanan an yi amfani da shi tare da ayyuka na al'ada don haɓaka layukan amfanin gona iri-iri da iri ɗaya don ƙarancin tsarin aikin noma waɗanda ke da yanayin damuwa mara tabbas.<ref name="evolutionary-low-input">{{Cite journal |last=Phillips |first=S. L. |last2=Wolfe |first2=M. S. |date=August 2005 |title=Evolutionary plant breeding for low input systems |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-agricultural-science/article/abs/evolutionary-plant-breeding-for-low-input-systems/34E6B1F07EF0BB4A6D0C1415425E16BB |journal=The Journal of Agricultural Science |language=en |volume=143 |issue=4 |pages=245–254 |doi=10.1017/S0021859605005009 |issn=1469-5146 |s2cid=56219112}}</ref> An tsara shuke-shuke na juyin halitta zuwa matakai huɗu: <ref name="evolutionary-cereals">{{Cite journal |last=Döring |first=Thomas F. |last2=Knapp |first2=Samuel |last3=Kovacs |first3=Geza |last4=Murphy |first4=Kevin |last5=Wolfe |first5=Martin S. |date=October 2011 |title=Evolutionary Plant Breeding in Cereals—Into a New Era |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=3 |issue=10 |pages=1944–1971 |doi=10.3390/su3101944 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Mataki na 1: An ƙirƙiri bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta, misali ta hanyar giciye na hannu na nau'ikan da ake shukawa ko gaurayawan ciyayi a cikin ƙetare nau'ikan. * Mataki na 2: Yawan iri * Mataki na 3: Daga nan sai a gauraya iri na kowane giciye don samar da ƙarni na farko na yawan Jama'ar Giciye (CCP). Dukan zuriya ana shuka su don girma da kafa iri. Yayin da adadin tsire-tsire a cikin yawan jama'a ke ƙaruwa, ana ajiye wani kaso na iri da aka girbe don shuka. * Mataki na 4: Za a iya amfani da iri don ci gaba da haifuwar tsire-tsire ko azaman mafari don ƙoƙarin kiwo na al'ada. == Tambayoyi da damuwa == === Kiwo da tsaro na abinci === Batutuwan da ke fuskantar kiwo a nan gaba sun hada da rashin filin noma, yanayin noman da ke kara tsananta da kuma bukatar tabbatar da isasshen abinci, wanda ya hada da samar da isasshen abinci ga al’ummar duniya. Shuka amfanin gona na buƙatar samun damar girma a wurare da yawa don ba da damar shiga duniya, wanda ya haɗa da magance matsalolin ciki har da jurewar fari. An ba da shawarar cewa ana iya samun mafita a duniya ta hanyar tsarin kiwo, tare da ikon zabar takamaiman kwayoyin halittar da ke ba da damar amfanin gona a matakin da ake so. Wani batu da ke fuskantar noma shi ne hasarar kabilanci da sauran nau'in gida da ke da bambancin da ka iya samun kwayoyin halitta masu amfani don daidaita yanayin yanayi a nan gaba.<ref name="breeding-climate"/> Kiwo na al'ada da gangan yana iyakance phenotype filastik tsakanin genotypes kuma yana iyakance bambance-bambance tsakanin genotypes. Haɗin kai baya ƙyale amfanin gona ya dace da canjin yanayi da sauran matsalolin ƙwayoyin cuta da matsalolin ƙwayoyin cuta.<ref name="breeding-climate"/> === Hakkin masu shuka shuke-shuke === Hakkokin masu shuka shuki lamari ne mai mahimmanci da jayayya. Samar da sabbin nau'o'in) wanda ke neman kare aikin su da kuma tattara kudaden sarauta ta hanyar yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa da kasa da aka kafa bisa haƙƙin mallaka na fasaha. Abubuwan da ke da alaƙa suna da sarƙaƙƙiya. A cikin mafi sauƙi, masu sukar ƙa'idodin ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodi suna jayayya cewa, ta hanyar haɗuwa da matsalolin fasaha da tattalin arziki, masu shayarwa na kasuwanci suna rage nau'o'in halittu kuma suna hana mutane (kamar manoma) daga haɓakawa da cinikin iri a matakin yanki. Ƙoƙarin ƙarfafa haƙƙin masu kiwo, alal misali, ta hanyar tsawaita lokacin kariya iri-iri. Dokokin mallakar ilimi don tsire-tsire galibi suna amfani da ma'anoni waɗanda galibi sun haɗa da daidaitattun kwayoyin halitta da bayyanar da ba ta canzawa a cikin tsararraki. Wadannan ma'anar doka na kwanciyar hankali sun bambanta da amfani da ilimin noma na gargajiya, wanda ke la'akari da kwanciyar hankali dangane da yadda amfanin gona ko ingancin amfanin gona ya kasance a duk wurare da kuma tsawon lokaci.<ref name="evolutionary-cereals"/> Tun daga 2020, ƙa'idodi a Nepal kawai suna ba da izinin yin rajista ko saki nau'ikan iri. Yawan tsire-tsire na juyin halitta da yawancin jinsin ƙasa polymorphic ne kuma basu cika waɗannan ka'idoji ba.<ref name="nepal-evolutionary"/> === Matsalar muhalli === Uniform da kwanciyar hankali cultivars na iya zama rashin isassun ma'amala da sauyin yanayi da abubuwan damuwa. Masu kiwon shuka sun mayar da hankali wajen gano amfanin gona da zai tabbatar da amfanin gona a karkashin wadannan yanayi; hanyar cimma wannan ita ce gano nau'ikan amfanin gona da ke jure yanayin fari tare da ƙarancin nitrogen. A bayyane yake cewa kiwo na shuka yana da mahimmanci don noma na gaba ya ci gaba da rayuwa yayin da yake baiwa manoma damar samar da amfanin gona mai jure damuwa don haka inganta wadatar abinci. A cikin ƙasashen da ke fama da matsanancin sanyi irin su Iceland, Jamus da gabas a Turai, masu shayarwa suna da hannu wajen kiwo don jure sanyi, ci gaba da dusar ƙanƙara, sanyi-fari (bushewa daga iska da hasken rana a ƙarƙashin sanyi) da matakan danshi mai yawa. a cikin ƙasa a cikin hunturu.<ref>Link, W.; Balko, C.; Stoddard, F.; Winter hardiness in faba bean: Physiology and breeding. Field Crops Research (5 February 2010). '''115''' (3): 287-296, page. 289|https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2008.08.004</ref> === Tsarin dogon lokaci === Kiwo ba tsari ne mai sauri ba, wanda ke da mahimmanci musamman lokacin kiwo don inganta cuta. Matsakaicin lokaci daga fahimtar ɗan adam na sabon cutar cututtukan fungal zuwa sakin amfanin gona mai juriya ga wannan ƙwayar cuta shine aƙalla shekaru goma sha biyu..<ref name="Shimelis-Laing-2012"/><ref name="Mahlein-et-al-2018">{{Cite journal |last=Mahlein |first=A.-K. |last2=Kuska |first2=M.T. |last3=Behmann |first3=J. |last4=Polder |first4=G. |last5=Walter |first5=A. |date=2018-08-25 |title=Hyperspectral Sensors and Imaging Technologies in Phytopathology: State of the Art |journal=[[Annual Review of Phytopathology]] |publisher=[[Annual Reviews (publisher)|Annual Reviews]] |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=535–558 |doi=10.1146/annurev-phyto-080417-050100 |issn=0066-4286 |pmid=30149790 |s2cid=52096158}}</ref> Lokacin da aka haifar da sababbin nau'o'in tsire-tsire ko cultivars, dole ne a kiyaye su kuma a yada su. Wasu tsire-tsire ana yada su ta hanyar jima'i yayin da wasu kuma ana yada su ta hanyar iri. Abubuwan da ake yada iri suna buƙatar takamaiman kulawa akan tushen iri da hanyoyin samarwa don kiyaye amincin shukar sakamakon. Warewa yana da mahimmanci don hana kamuwa da giciye tare da tsire-tsire masu alaƙa ko haɗuwa da iri bayan girbi. Keɓewa yawanci ana samun ta ta hanyar shuka nisa amma a cikin wasu amfanin gona, ana rufe tsire-tsire a cikin greenhouses ko keji (mafi yawan amfani da su yayin samar da matasan F1). === Amfanin abinci mai gina jiki === Kiwon tsire-tsire na zamani, ko na gargajiya ko ta hanyar injiniyanci, yana zuwa tare da al'amurran da suka shafi damuwa, musamman game da amfanin gona. Tambayar ko kiwo na iya yin mummunan tasiri akan darajar abinci mai gina jiki shine tsakiya a wannan batun. Ko da yake an ɗan yi bincike kai tsaye a wannan fanni, akwai alamun kimiyya cewa, ta hanyar fifita wasu al'amura na ci gaban shuka, wasu al'amura na iya ja baya. Wani binciken da aka buga a cikin Journal of the American College of Nutrition in 2004, mai suna Canje-canje a cikin Bayanan Abincin Abinci na USDA don amfanin gona na 43, 1950 zuwa 1999, idan aka kwatanta da nazarin abinci mai gina jiki na kayan lambu da aka yi a 1950 da 1999, kuma ya sami raguwa mai yawa a cikin shida na 13 na gina jiki da aka auna, ciki har da 6% na furotin da 38% na riboflavin. An kuma sami raguwar alli, phosphorus, iron da ascorbic acid. Binciken, wanda aka gudanar a Cibiyar Biochemical, Jami'ar Texas a Austin, ya ƙare a taƙaice: "Muna ba da shawarar cewa duk wani raguwa na gaske ana iya bayyana shi cikin sauƙi ta hanyar canje-canjen da aka noma tsakanin 1950 zuwa 1999, wanda za'a iya samun ciniki tsakanin 1950 zuwa 1999. kayan amfanin gona da abubuwan gina jiki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Davis |first=D.R. |last2=Epp |first2=M.D. |last3=Riordan |first3=H.D. |year=2004 |title=Changes in USDA Food Composition Data for 43 Garden Crops, 1950 to 1999 |journal=Journal of the American College of Nutrition |volume=23 |issue=6 |pages=669–682 |doi=10.1080/07315724.2004.10719409 |pmid=15637215 |s2cid=13595345}}</ref> Kiwo shuka na iya ba da gudummawa ga samar da abinci a duniya saboda kayan aiki ne mai tsada don haɓaka ƙimar abinci mai gina jiki da amfanin gona. Haɓaka darajar abinci mai gina jiki don amfanin gonakin kiwo daga amfani da kimiyar nazari da fasahar fermentation an rubuta tun 1960; wannan kimiyya da fasaha sun ba masu kiwon kiwo damar tantance dubban samfurori a cikin ɗan ƙaramin lokaci, ma'ana masu kiwo za su iya gano babban aiki da sauri. Ci gaban kwayoyin halitta ya kasance mafi yawa a cikin vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) wanda ya haifar da 0.7-2.5% karuwa, a kawai 1% karuwa a IVDMD Bos Taurus guda ɗaya wanda kuma aka sani da shanu na shanu ya ruwaito 3.2% karuwa a kullum. Wannan haɓakawa yana nuna kiwo tsire-tsire shine kayan aiki mai mahimmanci don tsara aikin noma na gaba don aiwatarwa a matakin ci gaba. === Bayani === Tare da karuwar yawan jama'a, samar da abinci yana buƙatar karuwa da shi. An kiyasta cewa ana bukatar karuwar kashi 70 cikin 100 na samar da abinci nan da shekarar 2050 domin cimma sanarwar taron koli na duniya kan samar da abinci. Amma tare da gurɓacewar ƙasar noma, dasa yawan amfanin gona kawai ba wani zaɓi bane. Ana iya haɓaka sabbin nau'ikan tsire-tsire a wasu lokuta ta hanyar kiwo da ke haifar da haɓakar amfanin gona ba tare da dogaro da haɓakar ƙasa ba. Ana iya ganin misalin hakan a Asiya, inda samar da abinci ga kowane mutum ya karu sau biyu. An cimma hakan ne ta hanyar amfani da takin zamani kawai, amma ta hanyar amfani da ingantattun amfanin gona da aka kera musamman domin yankin.<ref name="Tester, Langridge">{{Cite journal |last=Tester |first=Mark |last2=Langridge |first2=Peter |date=February 2010 |title=Breeding technologies to increase crop production in a changing world |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=327 |issue=5967 |pages=818–822 |bibcode=2010Sci...327..818T |doi=10.1126/science.1183700 |pmid=20150489 |s2cid=9468220}}</ref><ref name="Godfray, Crute, Haddad, Lawrence, Muir, Pretty, Robinson. Thomas, Toulmin">{{Cite journal |last=Haddad |first=Lawrence |author-link=Lawrence Haddad |last2=Godfray, H. Charles J. |last3=Beddington, John R. |last4=Crute, Ian R. |last5=Lawrence, David |last6=Muir, James F. |last7=Pretty, Jules |last8=Robinson, Sherman |last9=Thomas, Sandy M. |last10=Toulmin, Camilla |date=12 February 2010 |title=Food security: the challenge of feeding 9 billion people |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=327 |issue=5967 |pages=812–818 |bibcode=2010Sci...327..812G |doi=10.1126/science.1185383 |pmid=20110467 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Matsayin kiwon shuke-shuke a cikin aikin gona na kwayoyin === Wasu masu sukar aikin noma sun yi iƙirarin cewa ba shi da ɗanɗano sosai don zama madaidaicin madadin noma na al'ada a cikin yanayi lokacin da rashin aikin yi na iya zama sakamakon wani ɓangare na haɓaka nau'ikan da ba su dace ba. An kiyasta cewa sama da kashi 95% na aikin noma ya dogara ne akan nau'ikan da aka saba da su na al'ada, duk da cewa yanayin samarwa da ake samu a cikin tsarin noma na al'ada ya sha bamban sosai saboda tsarin gudanarwa na musamman. Musamman ma, manoman kwayoyin halitta suna da ƙarancin abubuwan da ake samu fiye da masu noma na yau da kullun don sarrafa yanayin samar da su. Nau'in kiwo musamman dacewa da yanayi na musamman na aikin noma yana da mahimmanci ga wannan fannin don gane cikakken ƙarfinsa. Wannan yana buƙatar zaɓi don halaye kamar: <ref name="Lammerts 1">{{Cite journal |last=Lammerts van Bueren |first=E.T. |last2=S.S. Jones |last3=L. Tamm |last4=K.M. Murphy |last5=J.R. Myers |last6=C. Leifert |last7=M.M. Messmer |year=2010 |title=The need to breed crop varieties suitable for organic farming, using wheat, tomato and broccoli as examples: A review |journal=NJAS - Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences |volume=58 |issue=3–4 |pages=193–205 |doi=10.1016/j.njas.2010.04.001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Amfani da ruwa * Amfani da abinci mai gina jiki (musamman nitrogen da phosphorus) * Gasar ciyawa * Tolerance na sarrafa ciyawa na inji * Tsayayya da annoba / cututtukan cututtuka * Matsala da wuri (a matsayin hanyar guje wa wasu damuwa) * Rashin haƙuri na damuwa (watau fari, gishiri, da dai sauransu...) A halin yanzu, ƴan shirye-shiryen kiwo ne ake jagorantar aikin noma kuma har zuwa kwanan nan waɗanda suka magance wannan fannin gabaɗaya sun dogara ga zaɓin kai tsaye (watau zaɓi a cikin yanayin al'ada don halayen da ake ganin suna da mahimmanci ga aikin noma). Duk da haka, saboda bambanci tsakanin yanayin halitta da na al'ada yana da girma, nau'in genotype da aka bayar zai iya yin aiki daban-daban a kowane yanayi saboda hulɗar tsakanin kwayoyin halitta da muhalli (duba hulɗar kwayoyin halitta-muhalli). Idan wannan hulɗar ta yi tsanani sosai, ba za a iya bayyana wani muhimmin hali da ake buƙata don yanayin halitta ba a cikin yanayi na al'ada, wanda zai iya haifar da zaɓi na daidaitattun mutane. Don tabbatar da an gano nau'ikan da suka fi dacewa da su, masu ba da shawara na kiwo a yanzu suna inganta amfani da zaɓin kai tsaye (watau zaɓi a cikin yanayin da ake nufi) don yawancin halayen noma. Akwai fasahohin kiwo na gargajiya da na zamani da yawa waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don haɓaka amfanin gona a aikin noma duk da haramcin da aka ƙera ta kwayoyin halitta. Misali, gicciye masu sarrafawa tsakanin mutane suna ba da damar sake haɗa nau'ikan nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta masu kyawu da kuma canja su zuwa zuriyar iri ta hanyoyin halitta. Hakanan za'a iya amfani da zaɓin taimakon mai alamar azaman kayan aikin bincike don sauƙaƙe zaɓin zuriyar da suka mallaki halayen da ake so, suna hanzarta aiwatar da kiwo. Wannan dabarar ta tabbatar da amfani musamman don shigar da kwayoyin halittar juriya zuwa sabbin wurare, da kuma ingantaccen zaɓi na yawancin ƙwayoyin juriya da aka yi da dala cikin mutum ɗaya. Alamar kwayoyin halitta ba a samuwa a halin yanzu don yawancin halaye masu mahimmanci, musamman ma masu rikitarwa waɗanda yawancin kwayoyin halitta ke sarrafawa. == Jerin sanannun masu shuka shuke-shuke == * Thomas Andrew Knight * Keith Downey * Luther Burbank * Nazareno Strampelli * Niels Ebbesen Hansen * Norman Borlaug * Yvonne Aitken * Ed Currie == Dubi kuma ==   ==Manazarta== [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] glkvmztkg3gzlgw4xi6tickmmeycgms 0 81598 874157 723885 2026-07-02T08:22:34Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 874157 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Honey_bucket.jpg|thumb|Kwandon filastik da aka haɗa da [[Kujerar bayan gida|wurin zama na bayan gida]] don ta'aziyya da murfin da jaka na filastik don hana sharar gida]] Bayan gida na [[Bokiti|bukiti]] wani nau'i ne na busasshen bayan gida wanda ake amfani da bukiti (pail) don tattara ƙura. Yawancin lokaci, ana tattara najasa da fitsari tare a cikin guga ɗaya, yana haifar da matsalolin wari. Guga na iya zama a cikin gida, ko a cikin ƙaramin tsari kusa (wani waje). Inda mutane ba su da damar samun ingantacciyar tsafta - musamman a yankunan birane masu tasowa na kasashe masu tasowa - bandakin guga da ba a inganta ba zai fi kyau fiye da bayan gida. Za su iya taka rawa na wucin gadi a cikin tsaftar gaggawa, misali. bayan girgizar kasa. Koyaya, bandakin guga wanda bai inganta ba yana iya ɗaukar manyan haɗarin lafiya idan aka kwatanta da ingantaccen tsarin tsafta. Tsarin bayan gida na guga, tare da tarin tarin da gundumomi suka shirya, ya kasance a cikin ƙasashe masu arziki; a Ostiraliya ya ci gaba har zuwa rabin na biyu na karni na 20. Da zarar babban ɗakin bayan gida na guga ya “gyara”, yana haɓaka zuwa tsari daban-daban, waɗanda aka fi magana da su daidai da tsarin tsaftar kwantena, takin bayan gida, ko busassun bandaki masu karkatar da fitsari. == Aikace-aikacen == === Gidan wanka da ba a inganta ba === [[Fayil:Bucket_latrine_access_chambers_(6394968051).jpg|thumb|Wurin samun dama don tattara guga a Kenya]] <ref name="wbank2014">{{Cite web |date=23 September 2014 |title=Sanitation: Facts, Figures, Resources |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/sanitation/brief/sanitation-facts-figures-resources |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029092146/http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/sanitation/brief/sanitation-facts-figures-resources |archive-date=29 October 2015 |access-date=13 October 2015 |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> Ana amfani da bayan gida na guga a cikin gidaje har ma a wuraren kiwon lafiya a wasu ƙasashe masu ƙanƙanta da matsakaita inda mutane ba sa samun ingantaccen tsafta. A cikin waɗannan saitunan, ana iya amfani da bandakunan guga ba tare da layi ba, ko kuma ba a cire layin a duk lokacin da guga ya kwashe. Wannan saboda masu amfani ba za su iya ba da damar yin watsi da ingantattun layukan da suka dace, masu ƙarfi a kai a kai. Madadin haka, masu amfani za su iya sanya wasu busassun busassun busassun busassun busassun busassun busassun busassun (jaridu, sawdust, [[ganye]], bambaro, ko makamancin haka) don sauƙaƙe zubewa. === Yanayin sanyi === [[Fayil:Humanure_dry_toilet_inside_view,_Mongolian_family_house,_Ulaan_Baatar_2010,_by_Wolfgang_Berger_(6211327744).jpg|thumb|Ra'ayi na ciki na bayan gida a Ulaan Baatar, Mongolia. Kwandon yana da yadudduka na sawdust a kasa.]] [[Fayil:Compost_bins_green.jpg|thumb|Gidan wanka na guga tare da guga da aka adana a kowane gefe.]] Bankunan guga sun kasance ruwan dare a tarihi a cikin yanayin sanyi inda shigar da ruwan famfo zai iya zama mai wahala da tsada kuma ana iya fasa bututun daskarewa, misali a [[Alaska]] da yankunan karkara na Kanada da Rasha. === Matsalar Gaggawa === A cikin bala'o'i da sauran abubuwan gaggawa, daɗaɗɗen ɗakunan wanka na guga na iya sa su zama wani ɓangare mai amfani na gaggawar gaggawa, musamman ma wuraren da ba za a iya ware su daga ruwan ambaliya ko na ƙasa ba (wanda ke iya haifar da gurɓataccen ruwa) da kuma inda za a iya zubar da abin da ke ciki cikin aminci. cikin tsarin tsafta, ɗaukar matakan gujewa hulɗa da abubuwan da ke ciki. Kungiyoyi daban-daban suna ba da shawara kan yadda za a gina bandaki guga idan akwai gaggawa. Tsarin Gidan Wuta na Gaggawa na Twin Bucket (tsarin guga guda biyu), alal misali, an ƙirƙira shi a cikin Christchurch, New Zealand biyo bayan abubuwan more rayuwa da suka lalata girgizar ƙasa a 2011. Ofishin Ofishin Ba da Agajin Gaggawa na Portland ya amince da tsarin. Ƙungiya mai ba da shawara ta sa kai PHLUSH (Tsaftar Jama'a Yana Ba Mu Zama Mutum) ke haɓaka shi saboda dalilai na aminci, araha, da daidaitattun ƙa'idodin tsabtace muhalli.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 October 2011 |title=Why disaster sanitation? |url=http://www.phlush.org/emergency-toilets/intro-to-emergency-toilets/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926095151/http://www.phlush.org/emergency-toilets/intro-to-emergency-toilets/ |archive-date=26 September 2015 |access-date=18 October 2015 |publisher=PHLUSH (Public Hygiene Lets Us Stay Human)}}</ref> == Amfani da kiyayewa == Ana zubar da guga idan ya cika ko ya fitar da wari mai yawa; yawanci sau ɗaya a rana don manyan iyalai, kuma kusan sau ɗaya a mako don ƙananan iyalai[ana buƙatu]. Wasu majiyoyi sun ce ana samun matsakaicin sau ɗaya a mako ga kowane mutum a cikin guga na galan biyar. Yawan excreta ya bambanta sosai dangane da adadin fiber a cikin abincin gida. Idan guga yana da lilin, to, zubar da ciki ya fi tsafta a wuraren da ke da rashin isasshen ruwa don tsaftace ɗakin taro (guga) fiye da ba tare da lilin ba, saboda ana iya rufe jakar da kulli kuma guga zai kasance da tsabta sosai. Don rage ƙamshi masu banƙyama da hana yaduwar cuta, kayan da ke cikin guga za a iya rufe su da wasu kayan rufewa bayan kowane amfani, kamar lemun tsami mai sauri, ash na itace, da murƙushe gawayi mai kyau ko sawdust mai kyau (daidai da aikin fitsari- karkatar da bushewar bayan gida === Kashewa ko magani da sake amfani da datti da aka tattara === Lokacin da guga ya cika, ana iya rufe shi da murfi kuma a ajiye shi har sai sharar da aka tattara za a iya zubar da ita (misali, ta hanyar binnewa) ko kuma a kula da ita don amintaccen sake amfani, misali, ta hanyar takin kayan. Wasu gundumomi, suna karɓar sharar jakunkuna biyu/biyu a cikin kwandon shara, kamar zubar da shara. [abubuwan da ake bukata] == Abubuwan kiwon lafiya == Ba a inganta ba, buɗaɗɗen buɗaɗɗen da abubuwan da ba a rufe su da ƙwayar carbon ba ya ba da kariya sosai ga mai amfani daga ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin najasa, wanda zai iya haifar da haɗari ga lafiya. Kudaje na iya shiga abubuwan da ke ciki sai dai idan an kiyaye shi amintacce (misali, ta murfin bayan gida da/ko isassun al'amarin carbon). Akwai kuma hadarin da guga zai iya toshewa ya zubar da abinda ke cikinsa; ingantaccen tsarin yana rufe guga a cikin wani abu wanda aka kulle shi a cikin bene. Ayyukan zubar da rashin tsafta da zubar da ciki suna ƙara ƙarin damar don yada ƙwayoyin cuta, misali, idan ba a tsaftace guga ba bayan kowane amfani ko kuma idan ba a yi amfani da layin layi ba. Saboda wadannan dalilai, ba a dauki wuraren da ba a inganta su ba a matsayin ingantattun tsarin tsaftar muhalli a cewar WHO da UNICEF don sa ido kan yadda ake samun tsaftar muhalli a matsayin wani bangare na Buri na bakwai na muradun karni. A lokacin waɗannan manufofin, IAPMO ba ta buga sabbin ƙa'idodi don ingantaccen tsarin bayan gida na guga ba. == Yanayi masu inganci == === Tsarin guga guda biyu === [[Fayil:Bucket_toilet_with_two_buckets.jpg|thumb|Tsarin karkatar da fitsari guda biyu: daya guga shine don fitsari, ɗayan kuma don datti.]] Don aikace-aikace a cikin gaggawa (misali bayan girgizar ƙasa), yana yiwuwa a yi amfani da guga biyu (wanda kuma aka sani da "gidan guga tagwaye"): ɗaya don fitsari, ɗayan don najasa da takarda bayan gida maras kyau. Ofishin Ba da Agajin Gaggawa na Yankin Wellington yana ba da shawarar lita 15-20 mai ƙarfi (3.3-4.4 imp gal; 4.0–5.3 US gal) buckets ko pails da amfani da busassun busassun busassun busassun busassun busassun busassun ganye waɗanda zasu iya haɗa da sawdust, busassun ganye, ƙasa, ko jajjagaggen jarida. Kasan "guga na fitsari" ya kamata a rufe shi da ruwa kuma a kwashe kowace rana. Daga nan sai a zuba abun cikin koren wuri mara amfani bayan an shafe fitsari da ruwa. Kasan "guga na najasa" ya kamata a rufe shi da busassun ciyawa. Bayan kowane amfani, ya kamata a yi amfani da busassun ciyawa don rufe najasa don kiyaye shi kamar yadda ya kamata. Bayan guga ya cika, sai a zubar da shi a cikin rami a cikin ƙasa ko kuma a cikin wani babban kwandon ajiya daban. Tun da najasa ya ƙunshi ƙwayoyin cuta, ya kamata a kula da su da hankali.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 October 2011 |title=Make a twin bucket toilet |url=http://www.phlush.org/emergency-toilets/diy-christchurch-twin/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926100151/http://www.phlush.org/emergency-toilets/diy-christchurch-twin/ |archive-date=26 September 2015 |access-date=18 October 2015 |website=PHLUSH (Public Hygiene Lets Us Stay Human)}}</ref> === Gidan wanka na kwantar da hankali === Za a iya inganta bandakunan bokitin da ba a inganta su ba don zama ingantattun bandakunan guga, inda wasu takin ke farawa a cikin guga da kanta amma galibi ana yin su a cikin takin waje. Tsarin haɓakawa na iya haɗawa da guga ƙarƙashin firam ɗin katako mai goyan bayan wurin bayan gida da murfi, mai yuwuwa an yi layi da jakar da za ta iya lalata, amma da yawa kawai babban guga ne ba tare da jaka ba. Jaridu, kwali, bambaro, ciyayi, ko wasu kayan da ake sha suna sau da yawa ana jera su cikin bayan gida. Ingantattun ɗakunan banɗaki na guga suma suna da ɗaki mai alaƙa da takin zamani, tare da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun yadda ake sarrafa taki yayin da yake takin. === Gidan wanka na kwantena === Tsabtace tsaftar kwantena suna da kamanceceniya na zahiri da bandakunan guga amma suna amfani da tsayayyen tsari game da amincin mai amfani da na ma'aikatan da ke sarrafa abubuwan da aka tattara.[12] == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Gelsenkirchen_-_Zeche_Consolidation_-_Schacht_9_-_Maschinenhaus_süd_11_ies.jpg|thumb|Gidan wanka da aka yi amfani da shi a tarihi a wani ma'adinai kusa da [[Gelsenkirchen]], Jamus]] [[Fayil:3427786058_8aea7c76d6_oLatrine.jpg|thumb|Baruk sallah mai ɗaukar hoto, Sojojin Amurka, Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya]] Kodayake tsarin bayan gida na guga yana da wuya a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa, musamman inda magudanan ruwa ya zama ruwan dare, ana amfani da tsarin tsafta sosai har zuwa tsakiyar karni na 20. Kabad ɗin pail shine kalmar a Victorian Ingila don guga (pail) a cikin wani waje. Gundumar ta ɗauki ma'aikata, waɗanda aka fi sani da "masu dare" (daga ƙasa na dare, ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙazanta), don yin komai tare da maye gurbin guga. Wannan tsarin yana da alaƙa musamman da garin Rochdale na Ingilishi, har aka kwatanta shi da "Tsarin Rochdale" na tsafta. Ya ci gaba a Ingila a wasu makarantun karkara har zuwa 1960s. Littattafai na ƙarni na 20 sun ba da rahoton cewa ana gudanar da irin wannan tsarin a sassan Faransa da sauran wurare a nahiyar Turai. A Jamus, ma'aikata suna amfani da bandakunan guga a wasu ma'adanai har zuwa ƙarni na 20. Tsarin tarin gundumomi ya yadu a Ostiraliya; "Gwangwani Dunny" ya ci gaba sosai a cikin rabin na biyu na karni na ashirin. Saboda yawan jama'a ya watse, yana da wuya a shigar da magudanar ruwa. Tar, crosote, da maganin kashe kwayoyin cuta sun sa warin ya ragu. Masanin ilimin kimiyya George Seddon ya yi iƙirarin cewa "gidan baya na Ostiraliya na yau da kullum a cikin birane da garuruwan ƙasa" yana da, a cikin rabin farko na karni na ashirin, "wani abu mai ban sha'awa game da shinge na baya, ta yadda za a iya tattara kwanon rufi daga layin dunny ta hanyar kofar tarko" Sojoji da aka yi amfani da su don amfani da "kwalin tsawa" ko bayan gida. == Misalan == === Ghana === An yi amfani da dakunan wanka da yawa a cikin birnin [[Kumasi]] na Ghana tun lokacin mulkin mallaka. Har yanzu ana amfani da su a wasu gidaje a cikin birni. Tun daga tsakiyar 1980s, Majalisar Babban Birnin Kumasi ta dakatar da ayyukan share fage da taron ya bayar. === Kenya === A yankin Wajeer, mazauna yankin kadan ne ke samun ingantacciyar tsafta. Saboda babban tebur na ruwa, ɗakunan ramuka ba su yiwuwa a yi amfani da su, kuma maimakon bandakunan guga sun zama ruwan dare. A lokacin da masu sharar suka zo, bandakunan guga sun riga sun cika. Wadannan yanayi na rashin tsafta na iya haifar da barkewar gudawa akai-akai. === Namibia === Saboda matsanancin talauci, wasu mazauna har yanzu suna amfani da bayan gida. === Amurka === Wuraren banɗaki na guga sun zama ruwan dare a ƙauyuka da yawa a cikin jihar Alaska, kamar waɗanda ke yankin Bethel na Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, kuma ana samun su a cikin yankunan karkarar jihar.<ref name="AyunerakAlstrom2014">{{Cite journal |last=Ayunerak |first=Paula |last2=Alstrom |first2=Deborah |last3=Moses |first3=Charles |last4=Charlie |first4=James |last5=Rasmus |first5=Stacy M. |year=2014 |title=Yup'ik Culture and Context in Southwest Alaska: Community Member Perspectives of Tradition, Social Change, and Prevention |journal=American Journal of Community Psychology |volume=54 |issue=1–2 |pages=91–99 |doi=10.1007/s10464-014-9652-4 |issn=0091-0562 |pmc=4119478 |pmid=24771075}}</ref> Ana amfani da bayan gida na guga musamman inda permafrost ya sa shigar da tsarin septic ko waje bai dace ba. Ana ciyar da bayan gida na guga don lokuta na gaggawa, musamman a yankunan da ke da hadarin girgizar kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Emergency Sanitation |url=http://www.portlandoregon.gov/pbem/56765 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022213604/https://www.portlandoregon.gov/pbem/56765 |archive-date=22 October 2015 |access-date=18 October 2015 |publisher=PBEM (Portland Bureau of Emergency Management)}}</ref> === Kanada === Haka kuma sun kasance ruwan dare a Yukon, Arewa maso Yamma, da Nunavut na Kanada, amma a yanzu an maye gurbinsu da tankunan famfo na cikin gida da najasa. Har yanzu ana samun su a gidajen rani inda amfani da tankin najasa ba shi da amfani. === Afirka ta Kudu === A [[Afirka ta Kudu]], bandakunan guga - wanda aka fi sani da "tsarin guga" - har yanzu ana amfani da su a cikin 2016 a wasu al'ummomin masu karamin karfi a matsayin tarihin zamanin wariyar launin fata. A wannan lokacin, talakawa, galibinsu baƙar fata ba su sami tsaftar muhalli ba. Kalmar "gidan guga" ko "tsarin guga" a zamanin yau ana kyamace ta sosai a Afirka ta Kudu kuma ana zarginta da siyasa. Ana ci gaba da zanga-zangar adawa da bandakunan bokiti. Ya zuwa 2012, kashi 5.3 na gidaje a Afirka ta Kudu ko dai ba su da bandakuna, ko kuma sun yi amfani da bandakunan guga. Gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta kafa wani shiri na kawar da guga domin kawar da duk wani bututun tsaftar muhalli kafin shekarar 1994 daga garuruwa na yau da kullun tare da maye gurbinsu da magudanar ruwa da sauran tsarin tsaftar muhalli. A cewar Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Dazuzzuka, a cikin 2005 an kiyasta koma bayan tsaftar guga a cikin garuruwan da aka yi amfani da su a gidajen wankan guga 252,254. A shekara ta 2009, an kawar da yawancin bututun kafin 1994. Sai dai ba a kammala wannan sauyi a duk fadin kasar ba. A cikin 2013 har yanzu amfani da tsarin guga ya zama ruwan dare a cikin Lardunan Free State, Eastern Cape, Western Cape, da Arewacin Cape. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekara ta 2012 ya kimanta shirin kawar da guga na Afirka ta Kudu tare da bayyana irin raunin da ya biyo baya: “An gina bandakunan da ba su dace da kowa ba” wadanda ba su dace da bukatun tsaftar muhalli na musamman na kungiyoyi masu rauni ba; Ilimin kiwon lafiya da tsafta da ilimin masu amfani ba a haɗa su ba; da kyar aka samu halartar al'umma; kuma an yi watsi da aiki da kula da ayyukan kula da ruwa, kamar yadda aka yi watsi da aikin kiyaye ruwa da kula da bukatar ruwa === Indiya === Ba a san adadin wuraren banɗakin guga da ake amfani da su a Indiya ba amma alkalumman da aka yi a kan “scavenging da hannu” na iya ba da wasu alamu na aikin: Manual scavenging kalma ce da ake amfani da ita a cikin Turancin Indiya don cire fitar da ɗan adam da ba a kula da shi ba daga bandakunan guga ko kuma ɗakunan ramuka. Ma'aikatan, da ake kira scavengers, da wuya su sami kowane kayan kariya na sirri. Dangane da ƙidayar jama'a ta zamantakewar al'umma ta 2011, magidanta 180,657 suna aiki da hannu don abin dogaro da kai. Ƙididdiga ta 2011 na Indiya ta sami shari'o'in 794,000 na satar hannu a duk Indiya.<ref name="Umesh IsalkarUmesh Isalkar 2013">{{Cite web |last=Umesh IsalkarUmesh Isalkar |first=TNN |date=30 April 2013 |title=Census raises stink over manual scavenging |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Census-raises-stink-over-manual-scavenging/articleshow/19794299.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820114358/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Census-raises-stink-over-manual-scavenging/articleshow/19794299.cms |archive-date=20 August 2016 |access-date=6 September 2015 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> === Burtaniya === Kafin shigar da magudanar ruwa, galibin gidaje suna da kabad ɗin Pail wanda bandaki guga ne a cikin wani gini na musamman. A cikin manyan garuruwa da birane ana gudanar da sabis na tattara guga, yayin da a yankunan karkara ana yawan samun 'rami' ko binnewa. An dakatar da ayyukan tattara guga na ƙananan hukumomi a cikin shekarun bayan yaƙi yayin da aka faɗaɗa magudanar ruwa zuwa kusan duk wuraren da aka gina, kuma yawancin yankunan karkara an shigar da ko dai tankunan ruwa ko magudanar ruwa. == Al'umma da al'adu == === Sauran sunaye === A wasu yankuna, ana amfani da kalmar "guga zuma" (misali a Alaska), duba kuma honeywagon (abin hawa da ke tattara ɓangarorin ɗan adam don zubar a wani wuri). Hakanan ana amfani da kalmar "latrine guga". A cikin UK Pail kabad shi ma bayanin kowa ne. == Dubi kuma == * Kayan wanka mai bushewa, gidan wanka wanda ba shi da hatimi na ruwa (ba kamar gidan wanka mai laushi ba), misali, gidan wanki mai laushi, gidan wanke mai laushi mai laushi da fitsari, gidan wanku mai daskarewa * Wutar kwana mai tashi, ma'anar jakar filastik da ake amfani da ita don tattara datti na mutum sannan a watsar da shi cikin muhalli * [[Bayan gida na Zamani|Gidan wanka mai ɗaukar kaya]] * Fitar da shi, aikin fitar da sharar mutum lokacin da aka buɗe ɗakunan kurkuku da safe (wanda ke da alaƙa da tsoffin kurkuku na Burtaniya) == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pn8x6l5vd36wj08drykuqhj6lta0k3u 0 82106 874263 822586 2026-07-02T10:33:03Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 874263 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Julie Laraine Cliff AO''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1944) likita ce kuma masaniyar cututtukan dabbobi ta ƙasar [[Ostiraliya (nahiya)|Ostiraliya]] wadda aka sani da aikinta na rigakafi da kuma shawo kan cututtuka masu yaɗuwa ta hanyar binciken cututtuka da manufofin lafiya, musamman a Mozambique, inda aikinta ya ɗauki kimanin shekaru 40. A can, bincikenta ya nuna cewa sake bullowar cutar konzo mai gurguwar jini a cikin al'ummomin karkara marasa galihu ya faru ne sakamakon yawan cyanide a cikin rogo da ba a sarrafa shi yadda ya kamata ba, sakamakon canje-canje a ayyukan shirya abinci saboda tasirin tattalin arziki na yaƙi da fari. A shekara ta 1996, an naɗa Cliff a matsayin Jami'in Order of Australia, kuma an ba shi digirin girmamawa na Doctor of Laws daga Jami'ar Monash. A shekara ta 2013, ta gabatar da Lakca ta Pumpandle ta John Snow Society, mai taken "Daga London zuwa Mozambique, daga kwalara zuwa konzo".<ref>Harford, Tim (2020). "32. Cassava processing". The Next Fifty Things that Made the Modern Economy. London: Little, Brown Book Group. pp. 112–114. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4087-1264-1</nowiki>.</ref> == Rayuwa da ilimi na farko == An haifi Julie Cliff a shekara ta 1944 a Essendon, Victoria. A matsayinta na ɗalibar likitanci, ta yi karatun zaɓe a New Guinea, kuma a shekarar 1967 ta kammala karatun MBBS daga Jami'ar Melbourne. Daga baya ta kammala karatun difloma a fannin likitancin wurare masu zafi a Makarantar Tsabtace Muhalli da Magungunan Wurare Masu Yawa ta London (LSHTM) da kuma karatun digiri na biyu a fannin likitanci a London. == Lokacin datafara aikinta == A shekarar 1974 an naɗa Cliff ƙwararren likita mai daraja a Asibitin Muhimbili kuma malami a fannin likitanci a Jami'ar Dar es Salaam da ke Tanzania; ta shafe shekaru biyu a wannan ƙasar. Daga 1976 zuwa 1979 ta kasance ƙwararriyar likita kuma darakta a Sashen Cututtuka Masu Yawa a Asibitin Maputo da ke Mozambique, inda ta shiga can jim kaɗan bayan ƙasar ta sami 'yancin kai. Ta kasance cikin ƙungiyar ƙwararru da aka ɗauka don sake gina wani sabis na kiwon lafiya a Mozambique, cikakken bayani game da shi an bayar a cikin babinta mai suna "Cutar marayu a Mozambique" a cikin littafin Julie Pearlman mai suna The Practice of International Health (2009). A shekarar 1976 an kuma naɗa ta farfesa mai taimakawa a Faculdade de Medicina a Jami'ar Eduardo Mondlane ta Maputo kuma ta ci gaba da haka har zuwa 1998. Aikinta a can ya haɓaka haɗin gwiwa da Jami'ar Melbourne.<ref>Cliff, Julie (2009). "4. An orphan disease in Mozambique". In Pearlman, Daniel; Roy, Ananya (eds.). The Practice of International Health. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 70–87. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-19-531027-6</nowiki>.</ref> Daga 1980 zuwa 1984 Cliff ta kasance ƙwararren masanin cututtuka a Hukumar Kula da Magungunan Rigakafi ta Mozambique. Ta koma LSHTM don kammala digiri na biyu a fannin lafiyar al'umma sannan ta koma Mozambique.[3] Daga baya, ta yi shekaru huɗu a matsayin shugabar Sashen Cututtuka na Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Ƙasa ta Maputo, da kuma shekaru biyu a matsayin shugabar riƙo ta Sashen Lafiyar Al'umma a Faculdade de Medicina Universidade Eduardo Mondlane. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} l63yh12i1wo3erfm0pxvbt56n9bwxuv 0 86655 873893 548523 2026-07-01T21:47:34Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 873893 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Baybars Daga Wikipedia, encyclopedia na kyauta BaybarsSultan Misr wa al-Sham Al-Malik al-Zahir Rukn al-Din Mai yiwuwa hoton Sultan Baybars na kusa-kusa:[1] mai mulki da masu hidima a Baptistère de Saint Louis (1320-1340).[1] Sarkin Masarautar Masar 24 ga watan Oktoba, shekara ta 1260 zuwa 1 ga watan yuli shekara ta 1277 Coronation 1260 at Salihiyah Predecessor Saif ad-Din Qutuz Magaji Al-Said Barakah An haife shi 19 ga watan Yuli shekarata 1223 ko shekarar 1228 Dasht-i Kipchak[2] [3] Ya mutu 1 ga watan Yuli, shekara ta 1277 (shekaru 50/55) Damascus, Mamluk SultanateSpouseIltutmish KhatunIssue Al-Said Barakah Solamish Khizir Tidhkarbay Khatun Namesal-Malik al-Zahir Rukn al-Din Baybars al-Bunduqdari Abu al-FutuhHouseZahiriDynastyBahriReligionIslam Al-Malik al-Zahir Rukn al-Din Baybars al-Bunduqdari (Larabci: الملك الذهر ركن الدين بيبرس البندقداري; [a] 1223/1228 - 1 ga watan Yuli, shekara ta 1277), wanda aka fi sani da Baibars ko Baybars da أبوtumed الفتوح, lit. 'Baban Nasara'), shi ne sarkin Mamluk na hudu na Masar da Siriya, na asalin Turkic Kipchak, a cikin daular Bahri, ya gaji Qutuz. Yana daya daga cikin kwamandojin sojojin Masar da suka yi galaba a yakin Salibiyya na Bakwai na Sarki Louis na 9 na Faransa. Har ila yau, ya jagoranci dakarun da ke gadin sojojin Masar a yakin Ain Jalut a shekara ta 1260, [4] wanda ya nuna gagarumin shan kashi na farko na sojojin Mongol kuma ana daukarsa a matsayin wani sauyi a tarihi.[5] Masarr Baybars ita ce farkon zamanin mamayar Mamluk a Gabashin Mediterrenean kuma ya tabbatar da dorewar tsarin sojan su. Ya yi nasarar share fagen kawo karshen kasancewar ‘yan Salibiyya a yankin Levant tare da karfafa hadin kan kasashen Masar da Syria a matsayin kasar musulmin yankin da ke da karfin tunkarar barazanar ‘yan Salibiyya da na Mongols, har ma ya yi nasarar fatattakar ‘yan tawayen. Masarautar Makuria, wacce ta shahara da rashin nasara a yunkurin mamaye daular musulmi a baya. A matsayinsa na sarki, Baybars suma sun tsunduma cikin harkokin diflomasiyya da aikin soja, wanda hakan ya baiwa Mamluk na Masar damar fadada daularsu sosai. ==Sunaye da bayyanarsa== A cikin harshen Turkawa na asali, sunan Baybars yana nufin "babban panther"[6] ko "ubangiji panther"[7] (duba kuma Wiktionary: bay "mai arziki, mai daraja" + pars "damisa, panther"). Gadar da Baybars ta gina kusa da Lod na zamani, tare da rubutu daga shekarar 1273 yana ɗaukaka sultan tare da nuna alamarsa, zaki/panther[8] Mai yiyuwa ne bisa ma’anar sunansa na Turkawa, Baybars ya yi amfani da panther a matsayin mai ba da labari, kuma ya sanya shi a kan tsabar kuɗi da gine-gine.[6] Zakin da ake amfani da shi a kan gadar da Baybars ta gina kusa da al-Ludd (Lod na yau) yana wasa da bera, wanda za a iya fassara shi da wakiltar abokan gaba na 'yan Salibiyya na Baybars[9]. An bayyana Baybars a matsayin dogon mutum mai fatar zaitun da idanu shudi. Yana da faffadan kafadu, siririyar kafafuwa, da murya mai karfi.[10][11] An ga cewa yana da ido a ido daya[12]. ==Labarin Rayuwa== Baybars wani Kipchak ne da ake tunanin an haife shi a yankin steppe a arewacin Bahar Maliya, ko Dasht-i Kipchak a lokacin.[13] [14] [15] [16] Akwai sabani a cikin tarihin haihuwar Ibn Taghrībirdī, tunda ya ce ya faru ne a shekara ta 625 bayan hijira (12 ga watan Disamba, shekara ta 1227 zuwa 29 ga watan Nuwamban shekarar 1228) da kuma cewa Baybars yana da kimanin shekara 24 a shekara ta 1247, wanda hakan zai sa haihuwarsa ta kusa 1223. Shi dan kabilar Barli ne. A cewar wani dan uwansa Cuman kuma wanda ya ganewa idonsa, Badr al-Din Baysari, Barli ya tsere daga sojojin Mongols, da nufin za su zauna a ciki.Daular Bulgaria ta biyu (mai suna a cikin kafofin Wallachia). Sun ketare Tekun Bahar Rum daga ko dai Crimea ko Alania, inda suka isa Bulgaria a cikin shekara ta 1242. A halin da ake ciki, Mongols sun mamaye Bulgaria, ciki har da yankunan da 'yan gudun hijirar Cuman suka zauna a kwanan nan.[18] Dukan Baybars, waɗanda suka shaida ana kashe iyayensa, [18] da Baysari suna cikin waɗanda aka kama a lokacin mamayewa kuma an sayar da su zuwa bauta a cikin Sarkin Musulmi Rum a kasuwar bayi a Sivas. Bayan haka, an sayar da shi a Hama ga 'Alā' al-Dīn Īdikin al-Bunduqāri [de], wani Basarake mai daraja, wanda ya kai shi Alkahira. A shekara ta 1247, an kama al-Bunduqārī, sannan Sarkin Masar, As-Salih Ayyub, ya kwace bayinsa, ciki har da Baybars[19]. Al-Sha’rani (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 973/1565) ya lissafta shi a cikin daliban Ibn Arabi[20]. ==Tashi zuwa mulki== Mamluks karkashin Baybars (rawaya) sun yi yaƙi da Franks da Mongols a lokacin Crusade na tara. A shekara ta 1250, ya goyi bayan shan kashin da aka yi a yakin Crusade na bakwai na Louis IX na Faransa a manyan yaƙe-yaƙe guda biyu. Na farko shi ne yakin Al Mansurah, inda ya yi amfani da dabarar dabara wajen ba da umarnin bude wata kofa don bari mayakan 'yan Salibiyya su shiga cikin garin; ‘Yan Salibiyya sun garzaya cikin garin da suke zaton ba kowa ne suka tsinci kansu a ciki. Sojojin Masar da jama'ar garin sun yi musu kawanya daga ko'ina, kuma sun sha asara mai yawa. Robert na Artois, wanda ya nemi mafaka a cikin wani gida, [21] [22] da William Longespée ƙaramin duka an kashe su, tare da yawancin Knights Templar. Mayakan Templar biyar ne kawai suka tsere da rai.[23] Na biyu shi ne yakin Fariskur wanda da gaske ya kawo karshen yakin Crusade na bakwai kuma ya kai ga kama Louis IX. Sojojin Masar a wannan yakin sun kasance karkashin jagorancin Sultan Turanshah, karamin dan marigayi As-Salih Ayyub. Jim kadan bayan nasarar da ‘yan Salibiyya suka samu, sai Baybars da gungun sojojin Mamluk suka kashe Turanshah, lamarin da ya kai ga matar as-Salih Ayyub Shajar al-Durr ta nada suna sultana[24]. A cikin shekarar 1254, an sami canjin iko a Masar, yayin da Aybak ya kashe Faris ad-Din Aktai, shugaban Bahri Mamluks. Wasu daga cikin Mamlukinsa, daga cikinsu akwai Baybars da Qalawun al-Alfi, sun gudu zuwa wurin an-Nasir Yusuf a Sham, [25] suna lallashe shi ya karya yarjejeniya [bayani da ake bukata] ya mamaye Masar. Aybak ya rubuta wa an-Nassir Yusuf yana gargadinsa kan hadarin wadannan Mamluk din da suka fake a kasar Sham, kuma ya amince da ba shi yankunansu a gabar teku, amma an-Nasir Yusuf ya ki korarsu, maimakon haka ya mayar musu da yankunan da suka fake. Aybak ya amsa. A shekara ta 1255, an-Nasir Yusuf ya aika da sabbin runduna zuwa kan iyakar Masar, a wannan karon tare da Mamluk na Aktai da yawa, daga cikinsu akwai Baybars, da Qalawun al-Alfi, amma an sake cin nasara a kansa. A shekara ta 1257, Baybars da sauran Bahri Mamluks sun bar Damascus zuwa Kudus, inda suka kori gwamnanta Kütük suka washe kasuwanninta, sannan suka yi haka a Gaza. Daga baya kuma sai suka yi fada da sojojin an-Nasir Yusuf a Nablus, sannan suka gudu suka shiga cikin dakarun al-Mughith Umar [de] a Kerak[26]. Sojojin hadaka sun yi kokarin mamaye kasar Masar a lokacin mulkin Aybak[27]. Daga nan sai Baybars ya aika da Ala al-Din Taybars al-Waziri don ya tattauna da Qutuz game da komawar sa Masar, wanda kuma aka yarda da shi sosai[28]. Har yanzu ya kasance kwamanda a karkashin sultan Qutuz a yakin Ain Jalut a shekara ta 1260, lokacin da ya yi galaba a kan Mongols. Bayan yakin, an kashe Sultan Qutuz (wanda aka fi sani da Kutuez) a lokacin da yake wani balaguron farauta. An ce Baybars na da hannu a kisan saboda yana tsammanin za a ba shi lada da gwamnan Aleppo saboda nasarar da ya samu a soja, amma Qutuz saboda tsoron burinsa ya ki ba shi mukamin.[29] Baybars ya gaji Qutuz a matsayin Sarkin Masar.[30] ==Zama Sultan== Ba da dadewa ba da Baybars ya hau Sarautar Sarkin Musulmi, aka tabbatar da ikonsa ba tare da wata turjiya ba, sai daga Alam.al-Din Sinjar al-Halabi, wani amir Mamluk wanda ya shahara kuma yana da karfin da'awar Damascus. Har ila yau, barazanar da Mongols ta kasance mai tsanani har yanzu da za a yi la'akari da shi a matsayin barazana ga hukumomin Baybars. Koyaya, Baybars da farko sun zaɓi yin hulɗa da Sinjar, [31] [32] [33] kuma suka yi tafiya a kan Damascus. A lokaci guda sarakunan Hama da Homs sun tabbatar da samun nasarar fatattakar Mongol a yakin farko na Homs, wanda ya kawar da barazanar Mongol na dan wani lokaci. A ranar 17 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1261, sojojin Baybars sun sami nasarar fatattakar sojojin Sinjar a wajen Damascus, kuma suka ci gaba da kai harin zuwa birnin, inda 'yan kasar suka kasance masu biyayya ga Sinjar tare da yin tir da Baybars, duk da cewa ba da jimawa ba aka murkushe tsayin dakansu. Haka kuma an yi wata ‘yar gajeruwar tawaye a birnin Alkahira karkashin jagorancin wani jigo na ‘yan Shi’ar mai suna al-Kurani. An ce Al-Kurani ya samo asali ne daga Nishapur[31]. An bayyana cewa Al-Kurani da mabiyansa sun kai farmaki kan shagunan sayar da makamai da wuraren ajiyar makamai na birnin Alkahira a wani samame da suka kai cikin dare. Sai dai Baybars ya yi nasarar murkushe tawayen da sauri yayin da ya kewaye su kuma ya kama su duka. An kashe Al-Kurani da wasu jagororin 'yan tawaye (an gicciye) a Bab Zuweila[31]. Bayan murkushe tawaye na Sinjar, Baybars ya yi nasarar magance Ayyubids, yayin da ya kawar da yariman Kerak a hankali. Ayyubids irin su Al-Ashraf Musa Sarkin Homs da kuma daular Ayyubid Sarkin Hama Al-Mansur Muhammad II, wadanda tun da farko suka kawar da barazanar Mongol, an ba su izinin ci gaba da mulkinsu don musanya musu amincewar Baybars a matsayin Sultan. [34] Bayan da Mongoliyawa suka hambarar da mulkin halifancin Abbasiyawa a Iraki a shekara ta 1258 lokacin da suka ci birnin Bagadaza suka kori Bagadaza, duniyar musulmi ta rasa wani halifa, shugaban koli na akida wanda wani lokaci ya kan yi amfani da ofishinsa wajen bai wa shugabannin musulmi na nesa halacci ta hanyar aika musu da rubutattun bincike. . Don haka, a lokacin da dan gudun hijiran Abbasiyawa Abu al-Qasim Ahmad, kawun khalifan Abbasiyawa na karshe, al-Musta'sim, ya isa birnin Alkahira a shekara ta 1261, Baybars suka sa shi ya ayyana shi halifa a matsayin al-Mustansir na biyu kuma ya sami bincike a matsayin sarki daga gare shi. Sai dai abin takaicin shi ne, Mongoliya sun kashe al-Mustansir na biyu a lokacin wani balaguron da bai dace ba don kwato Bagadaza daga hannun Mongols daga baya a cikin wannan shekarar. A shekara ta 1262, wani Abbasid, wanda ake zargin babban jikan halifa al-Mustarshid, Abu al-Abbas Ahmad, wanda ya tsira daga yakin da aka sha, aka nada shi halifa a matsayin al-Hakim I, inda ya kaddamar da jerin sunayen sarakunan gargajiya. Khalifofin Abbasiyawa na Alkahira wadanda suka ci gaba har zuwa lokacin daular Mamluk, har zuwa 1517. Kamar wanda ya gabace shi, al-Hakim na I shi ma ya karbi mubaya'ar Baybars kuma ya ba shi halacci. Yayin da mafi yawan al’ummar musulmi ba su dauki wadannan halifofin da muhimmanci ba, kasancewar su kayan aikin sarakuna ne kawai, amma duk da haka suna ba da wani hakki da wani abu na ado ga mulkinsu[34]. ==Yakin Yakin Da 'Yan Salibiyya== Ƙarin bayani: Siege na Antakiya (A shekarar 1268)  Tsabar zinari da ake hakowa a qarqashin Baybars, mai rubutun Larabci da hoton fulawa ko zaki a kasansa. A matsayinsa na sarki, Baybars sun shiga gwagwarmayar rayuwa ta rayuwa da masarautun Salibiyya a Siriya, a wani bangare saboda Kiristoci sun taimaka wa Mongols. Ya fara da Masarautar Antakiya, wadda ta zama wata kasa ta Mongols, kuma ta shiga hare-haren da ake kai wa musulmin Damascus da Siriya. A cikin shekara ta 1263, Baybars ya kewaye Acre, babban birnin ragowar Masarautar Urushalima, ko da yake an yi watsi da kewayen lokacin da ya kori Nazarat a maimakon [35]. Ya yi amfani da injunan kewaye don fatattakar 'Yan Salibiyya a yaƙe-yaƙe irin su Faɗuwar Arsuf daga 21 ga watan Maris, zuwa 30 ga watan Afrilu. Bayan ya shiga cikin garin sai ya ba da kyauta ga Ma'aikatan Asibitin Knights da ke karewa idan sun mika wuyar katangarsu. Knights sun yarda da tayin Baybars amma sun kasance bayi.[36]. Baybars sun rusa katangar kasa.[37] YiDaga baya ya kai hari ga Atlit da Haifa, inda ya kame garuruwan biyu bayan ya rusa tsayin daka na ‘yan Salibiyya, ya kuma rusa katanga.[38] A cikin wannan shekarar, Baybars sun kewaye katangar Safed, wanda mayakan Templar suka rike, wanda Saladin ya ci nasara a shekarar 1188 amma ya koma Masarautar Urushalima a shekara ta 1240. Baybars ya yi alkawarin wucewa zuwa garin Kirista na Acre. idan sun sallama kagara. Da yawa sun fi yawa, jaruman sun yarda. Bayan mika wuya, Baybars ya karya alkawarinsa kuma ya kashe dukan sansanin Templar. Lokacin da aka kama Safed, Baybars ba su rusa kagaran ƙasa ba amma sun ƙarfafa shi tare da gyara shi a maimakon haka, saboda yana da dabarun da aka gina shi. Ya nada sabon gwamna a Safed, mai mukamin Wali.[39] Daga baya, a cikin shekara ta 1266, Baybars sun mamaye ƙasar Kilisiya ta Armeniya ta Kirista wadda a ƙarƙashin sarki Hethum I, ta mika wuya ga daular Mongol. Bayan fatattakar sojojin Hethum na daya a yakin Mari, Baybars sun yi nasarar lalata manyan garuruwa uku na Mamistra, Adana da Tarsus, ta yadda lokacin da Hetoum ya isa tare da sojojin Mongol, kasar ta riga ta lalace. Dole ne Hetoum ya yi shawarwari kan dawo da dansa Leo ta hanyar ba da iko da kagaran iyakar Armeniya ga Mamluk. A shekara ta 1269, Hetoum ya yi murabus a matsayin ɗansa kuma ya zama zuhudu, amma ya mutu bayan shekara guda[40]. An bar Leo a cikin yanayi mara kyau na kiyaye Cilicia a matsayin batun daular Mongol, a lokaci guda yana ba da girmamawa ga Mamluks.[41] Wannan keɓewar Antakiya da Tripoli, ƙarƙashin jagorancin surukin Hethum, Prince Bohemond VI. Bayan nasarar cin nasara a Cilicila, Baybars a cikin 1267 ya zaunar da kasuwancinsa da ba a gama ba tare da Acre, kuma ya ci gaba da kawar da sauran rundunonin 'yan Salibiyya a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. A cikin shekarar 1268, ya ci Antakiya, ya kama birnin a ranar 18 ga watan Mayu. Baybars ya yi alkawarin ceto rayukan mazaunan, amma ya karya alkawarinsa kuma ya sa aka ruguza birnin, ya kashe ko kuma bautar da yawancin jama'a bayan mika wuya[42]. ya haifar da faduwar Masarautar Antakiya. Kisan kiyashin da aka yi wa maza da mata da yara a Antakiya “shi ne kisa mafi girma a dukan zamanin gicciye.”[43] Firistoci sun tsaga makogwaronsu a cikin majami’unsu, aka sayar da mata zuwa bauta.[44] Sa'an nan ya ci gaba zuwa Jaffa, wanda yake na Guy, ɗan Yahaya na Ibelin. Jaffa ya fadi a Baybars a ranar 7 ga Maris bayan yakin sa'o'i goma sha biyu; An kashe akasarin mutanen Jaffa, amma Baybars sun kyale sansanin ya tafi babu abin da ya same shi.[45] Bayan haka ya ci Ashkelon da Kaisariya. ==Haɗin kai tare da Golden Horde== Baybars sun himmatu wajen neman kusanci da Berke, Khan na Golden Horde.[46] Musamman an rubuta shi don karbar sojoji ɗari biyu na farko daga Golden Horde don ziyarce su da kyau, inda Baybars ke lallashe su zuwa musulunta yayin da kuma ya lura da ƙiyayya tsakanin Golden Horde Khan da Hulagu.[46] Baybars, wanda a lokacin ya ci Hulagu, nan da nan ya aika da manzo zuwa Berke don ya sanar da na ƙarshe game da wannan. Daga nan kuma da Berke ya musulunta, sai ya aika da wakilinsa zuwa Masar don ya ba da labari game da wannan al’amari, daga baya kuma Baybars ya kawo wasu jama’a daga Golden Horde da za a tura su Masar, inda su ma suka musulunta[46]. A wani lokaci a wajen Oktoba zuwa Nuwamban shekarar 1267, ko kuma kimanin shekara ta 666 Safar na Hijira, Baybars ta rubuta ta'aziyya da taya murna ga sabon Khan na Golden Horde, Mengu-Timur, don bukace shi da yakar Abaqa. Baybars sun ci gaba da gudanar da wasiku mai dadi tare da Golden Horde, musamman tare da Janar Noqai na Mengu Timur, wanda ba kamar Mengu Timur yana ba da hadin kai da Baybars ba. An yi la'akari da cewa wannan kusantar ba wai saboda alaƙar addini kaɗai ba (kamar yadda Noqai musulmi ne, sabanin Khansa), amma kuma domin Noqai ba ya son Mengu-Timur da gaske. Duk da haka, Baybars ya kasance mai aiki da hankali a tsarinsa kumaba ya so ya shiga cikin ruɗani mai rikitarwa a cikin Golden Horde, don haka sai ya kasance kusa da Mengu Timur da Noqai.[47] ==Ci gaba da yakin da 'yan Salibiyya== Ƙarin bayani: Fall of Krak des Chevaliers A ranar 30 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 1271, bayan da Baybars suka kama ƙananan ƙauyuka a yankin, ciki har da Chastel Blanc, ya kewaye Krak des Chevaliers, wanda Asibitoci ke riƙe. Makiyaya da ke zaune a yankin sun gudu zuwa gidan kaso don tsira kuma an ajiye su a cikin unguwar waje. Da Baybars ya isa, sai ya fara kafa mangonels, manyan makamai na kawanya wanda zai kunna katangar. Kamar yadda Ibn Shaddad ya ce, bayan kwana biyu mahara suka kama hanyar kariya ta farko; mai yiwuwa yana nufin wata unguwa mai katanga a wajen kofar gidan.[48] Bayan an shafe kwanaki goma, masu kawayen sun isar da wasiƙa zuwa ga sansanin, wanda ake zaton daga Babban Jagoran Asibitin Knights a Tripoli, Hugues de Revel, wanda ya ba su izinin mika wuya. Sojojin sun mamaye kuma Sarkin Musulmi ya tsira da rayukansu.[48] Sabbin masu gidan sun gudanar da gyare-gyare, sun fi mayar da hankali kan sashin waje.[49] An mayar da dakin ibada na Asibiti zuwa masallaci sannan aka sanya mihrabobi biyu a ciki.[50] Sai Baybars ya mai da hankalinsa ga Tripoli, amma ya katse kewayensa a wurin don yin sulhu a watan Mayu, shekara ta 1271. Faɗuwar Antakiya ya kai ga taƙaitaccen yakin Crusade na tara, wanda Yarima Edward na Ingila ya jagoranta, wanda ya isa Acre a watan Mayu, shekara ta 1271 kuma ya yi ƙoƙari. don hada kansa da Mongols a kan Baybars. Don haka Baybars suka shelanta sulhu da Tripoli, da kuma Edward, wanda bai taba iya kwace wani yanki daga Baybars ba. A cewar wasu rahotanni, Baybars sun yi ƙoƙari su kashe Edward da guba, amma Edward ya tsira daga yunkurin kuma ya koma gida a shekara ta 1272. ==Gangamin yaki da Makuria== Ƙarin bayani: Makuria § Rage (ƙarni na 12 a shekara ta 1365) Mai yiwuwa hoton sarki Dauda na Makuria akan zanen bango daga Old Dongola A shekara ta 1265 an yi zargin cewa sojojin Mamluk sun kai hari a Makuria har zuwa kudu har zuwa Dongola[51] yayin da kuma suka fadada zuwa kudu tare da gabar tekun Bahar Maliya ta Afirka, wanda hakan ya yi barazana ga Nubians[52]. A shekara ta 1272 Sarki Dauda ya yi tattaki zuwa gabas ya kai hari kan tashar tashar jiragen ruwa ta garin Aidhab, [53] wanda ke kan wata muhimmiyar hanyar aikin hajji zuwa Makka. Sojojin Nubian sun ruguza garin, wanda hakan ya haifar da "kauna ga zuciyar Musulunci"[54]. Wannan ya fara tsoma baki a cikin shekaru da dama daga Mamluk a cikin al'amuran Nubian.[55] An aika da balaguron hukunta Mamluk don amsawa, amma bai wuce cataract na biyu ba.[56] Bayan shekaru uku Makuriyawa sun kai hari tare da halaka Aswan, [53] amma a wannan karon, Baybars ya mayar da martani da ingantacciyar runduna ta tashi daga birnin Alkahira a farkon shekara ta 1276, [54] tare da rakiyar wani dan uwan ​​sarki Dauda mai suna Mashkouda[57] ko Shekanda. [58] Mamluk sun ci Nubians a yaƙe uku a Gebel Adda, Meinarti, daga ƙarshe kuma a Yaƙin Dongola. Dauda ya gudu daga kogin Nilu, daga karshe ya shiga al-Abwab a kudu, [59] wanda a da shi ne lardin Alodia na arewa maso gabas, ya zama masarauta ta kansa.[60] Shi kuwa sarkin al-Abwab ya mika Dauda ga Baybars, wanda ya sa aka kashe shi[61]. Daga nan sai Baybars ya kammala mamaye Nubia, ciki har da Nubia na tsakiya na Medieval wanda Banu Kanz ya mulki. A karkashin sharuɗɗan matsugunin, a yanzu an yi wa Nubians ɗin harajin jizya, kuma aka ba su izinin kiyaye addininsu, ana ba su kariya a ƙarƙashin shari'ar Musulunci a matsayin 'Mutanen Littafi'; Haka kuma an bar su a ci gaba da gudanar da mulkin wani sarki daga gidan sarautar, ko da yake wannan sarki Baybars ne ya zaɓe shi da kansa, wato wani mai martaba Makuriyya mai suna Shakanda[62]. A aikace wannan yana rage Makuria zuwa masarautar vassal, [63] yadda ya kamata ya kawo karshen matsayin Makuria a matsayin masarauta mai cin gashin kanta. ==Ci gaba da yaƙin neman zaɓe a kan Ilkhanate== A shekara ta 1277.Baybars sun mamaye Seljuq Sultanate na Rûm, sannan Mongols Ilkhanate ke iko da su. Ya ci sojojin Ilkhanate a yakin Elbistan[64] ya kuma kwace birnin Kayseri. Baybars da kansa ya tafi tare da wasu dakaru don tunkarar bangaren dama na Mongol da ke buga reshen hagu.[65] Baybars ya umurci wata runduna daga Hama don ƙarfafa hagunsa. Manya-manyan lambobi na Mamluk sun yi nasarar mamaye sojojin Mongol, wadanda maimakon ja da baya suka sauka daga kan dawakansu. Wasu Mongols sun sami damar tserewa kuma suka hau kan tuddai. Da aka kewaye su sai suka sake sauka, suka yi yaƙi har suka mutu[65][66]. A yayin bikin nasara, Baybars ya ce: "Yaya zan yi farin ciki? Kafin in yi tunanin cewa ni da bayina za mu ci nasara da Mongols, amma suka buge fifuna na hagu, Allah ne kawai ya taimake mu"[67]. Yiwuwar sabon sojojin Mongol ya shawo kan Baybars ya koma Siriya, tunda ya yi nisa da sansanonin sa da layin samar da kayayyaki. Yayin da sojojin Mamluk suka koma Sham, kwamandan rundunar masu gadin Mamluk, Izz al-Din Aybeg al-Shaykhi, ya gudu zuwa Mongols. Pervâne ya aika da wasika zuwa ga Baybars yana neman ya jinkirta tafiyarsa. Baybars sun azabtar da shi saboda rashin taimaka masa a lokacin yakin Elbistan. Baybars ya gaya masa cewa zai tafi Sivas don yaudarar Pervâne da Mongols game da ainihin inda yake. Har ila yau, Baybars ya aika da Taybars al-Waziri tare da runduna don kai farmaki a garin al-Rummana na Armeniya, wanda mazaunansa suka boye Mongols tun da farko.[68] ==Mutuwa== Mausoleum chamber of sultan Baybars (A shekara ta 1260 zuwa shekarar 1277) a cikin Al-Zahiriyah Library a Damascus Baybars ya mutu a Damascus a ranar 1 ga watan Yulin shekarar 1277, yana da shekaru 53. Rasuwar tasa ta kasance batun wasu hasashe na ilimi. Majiya da dama sun yarda cewa ya mutu ne sakamakon shan kumi mai guba da aka yi wa wani. Wasu bayanai sun nuna cewa mai yiwuwa ya mutu ne daga rauni a lokacin yakin neman zabe, ko kuma rashin lafiya[69]. An binne shi a dakin karatu na Az-Zahiriyah da ke Damascus.[70] ==Iyali== Sultan Baybars ya auri wata mace mai daraja daga Tripoli (Labanon ta yau) mai suna Aisha al Bushnatiya, wani fitaccen dangin Larabawa. A’isha jaruma ce wacce ta yaki ‘Yan Salibiyya tare da yayanta Laftanar Hassan. Ta sadu da Sultan Baybars bayan ya yada zango a Tripoli a lokacin da aka kewaye shi. Akwai labarai masu karo da juna na ko Aisha ta dawo tare da Baybars zuwa Masar ko kuma ta yi shahada a Tripoli. Daya daga cikin matan Baibar diyar Amir Sayf ad-Din Nogay at-Tatari.[71] Wata matar kuma ita ce ‘yar Amir Sayf ad-Din Giray at-Tatari.[71] Wata matar kuma ita ce ‘yar Amir Sayf ad-Din Tammaji.[71] Wata matar kuma ita ce Iltutmish Khatun.[72] Ita ce 'yar Barka Khan tsohon amir Khwarazmian. Ita ce mahaifiyar dansa Al-Said Barakah.[73] Ta rasu a shekara ta 1284-85.[72] Wata matar kuma ita ce ‘yar Karmun Agha, Amir Mongol.[74] Yana da ‘ya’ya uku al-Said Barakah, Solamish da Khizir.[71] Yana da ‘ya’ya mata bakwai [71] ]aya daga cikinsu ana ce masa Tidhkarbay Khatun[75]. ==Gado== Karin bayani: Yakin Ain Jalut Na Bakwai, Yakin Na Tara, Da Yakin Ain Jalut Tsohon tagulla na Sultan Baibars a Alkahira, a gidan tarihin soja na Masar A matsayinsa na Sarkin Musulmi na farko na daular Bahri Mamluk, Baybars ya yi rawar gani a cikin al'ummar Mamluk, inda ya jagoranci dakarun Mamluk a yakin Ain Jalut mai tsanani a shekara ta 1260, inda ya fatattaki sojojin Mongol daga Siriya.[76] Duk da cewa a duniyar musulmi an dauke shi a matsayin gwarzon kasa tsawon shekaru aru-aru, kuma a yankin Gabas ta Kusa da Kazakhstan har yanzu ana daukarsa a matsayin haka, an rika zagin Baybars a duniyar kiristoci a lokacin saboda yakin da ya yi na yaki da ‘yan Salibiyya. Wani jarumin Templar wanda ya yi yaƙi a Crusade na bakwai ya yi kuka: Haushi da bak'in ciki sun zauna a cikin zuciyata...da k'arfi har na k'arasazauna da rai. Da alama Allah ya taimaki Turkawa da rashin mu...ah, ya Ubangiji...kash, daular gabas ta yi asara ta yadda ba za ta sake tashi ba. Za su yi wani masallaci na sufayen Maryamu, kuma tun da sata ta faranta wa danta rai, wanda ya kamata ku yi kuka a kan haka, mu ma dole ne mu bi...Duk mai son yakar Turkawa ya haukace, domin Yesu Kiristi baya fada. su kuma. Sun ci nasara, za su ci nasara. Domin a kowace rana suna kore mu, suna sane da cewa Allah da yake a farke, yana barci yanzu, kuma Muhammadu yana da ƙarfi[77]. Baybars kuma sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kawo Mongoliya zuwa Musulunci[46]. Ya haɓaka dangantaka mai ƙarfi tare da Mongols na Golden Horde kuma ya ɗauki matakai don Mongols na Golden Horde don tafiya zuwa Masar. Zuwan Mongol's Golden Horde zuwa Masar ya haifar da adadi mai yawa na Mongols karbar Musulunci.[78] ==Gadon soja== Baybars ya kasance mashahurin mai mulki a duniyar musulmi wanda ya yi galaba a kan ‘yan Salibiyya a yakin neman zabe guda uku, da kuma Mongols a yakin Ain Jalut wanda malamai da dama ke ganin yana da matukar muhimmanci a tarihi. Domin ya tallafa wa yaƙin neman zaɓe na soja, Baybars ya ba da izini ga arsenal, jiragen ruwa na yaƙi da jiragen ruwa. Har ila yau, za a iya cewa shi ne farkon wanda ya yi amfani da bindigogi masu fashewa a cikin yaki, a yakin Ain Jalut.[79][80Kamfen din sojan nasa ya kuma fadada zuwa Libya da Nubia. ==Al'adu da kimiyya== Ƙarin bayani: Islama da cats Ya kuma kasance ƙwararren mai gudanarwa wanda ya ɗauki sha'awar gina ayyukan more rayuwa daban-daban, kamar tsarin isar da saƙon da ke da ikon isar da shi daga Alkahira zuwa Damascus cikin kwanaki huɗu. Ya gina gadoji, ban ruwa da magudanan ruwa, ya inganta tashar jiragen ruwa, ya gina masallatai. Ya kasance majibincin ilimin addinin musulunci, kamar taimakon da yake bayarwa ga binciken likitancin likitansa Balarabe, Ibn al-Nafis.[81] A matsayin shaida na dangantaka ta musamman tsakanin Musulunci da kuliyoyi, Baybars sun bar wani lambun kawaye a birnin Alkahira a matsayin wakafi, suna ba wa kyanwar Alkahira abinci da matsuguni.[82] An rubuta abubuwan tarihinsa a cikin Sirat al-Zahir Baibars ("Life of al-Zahir Baibars"), sanannen soyayyar Larabci da ke rikodin yaƙe-yaƙe da nasarorin da ya samu. Yana da matsayi na jarumtaka a Kazakhstan, da kuma Masar, Falasdinu, Labanon da Siriya. Makarantar Al-Madrassa al-Zahiriyya ita ce makarantar da aka gina dab da Mausoleum dinsa da ke birnin Damascus. tgvsxqonkmhsb43avjv3ekm8wutpb1z 0 87852 873760 559684 2026-07-01T19:07:54Z Merjoor 14653 873760 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Devontay Lamar''' (4 ga Oktoba (1989 ko 1990) - Satumba 5, 2024), Wanda aka fi sani da suna Rich Homie Quan, ɗan wasan rap ne a kasar Amurka. Ya fara aikinsa a 2010, Lamar ya fara ganin babban nasara tare da 2013 guda ɗaya "Nau'in Hanya", wanda ya kai lamba 50 akan Billboard Hot 100. Guda na 2015, "Flex (Ooh, Ooh, Ooh)" ya sami ƙarin nasara a lamba 26 akan ginshiƙi. Tare da ɗan'uwan ɗan'uwan Atlanta ɗan wasan rapper Young Thug, Lamar ya kasance memba na Cash Money Records' aikin jujjuya aikin Rich Gang, wanda ya sami nasara tare da 2014 guda ɗaya "Lifestyle". Kundin studio na farko na Lamar, Rich as in Spirit (2018), ya shiga Billboard 200 a lamba 33. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mutuwan 2024]] bg3pmcn6j7372va8c8in9nqvy7yvts3 0 87866 874098 586879 2026-07-02T05:44:41Z Ummeeterh 31568 874098 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Pravin Jamnadas Gordhan''' (12 [[Afrilu]] 1949 - 13 [[Satumba]] 2024) ɗan siyasan [[Afirka]] ta Kudu ne kuma mai fafutukar yaƙi da wariyar launin fata wanda ya rike mukaman ministoci daban-daban a majalisar ministocin ta Kudu. Ya rike mukamin ministan kudi daga shekarar 2009 zuwa 2014, sannan daga 2015 zuwa 2017, a matsayin ministan harkokin hadin gwiwa da al'amuran gargajiya daga 2014 zuwa 2015, da ministan kasuwancin gwamnati daga Fabrairu 2018 har zuwa Yuni 2024, lokacin da ma'aikatar jama'a baki daya. An soke kamfanoni da ma'aikatar sa biyo bayan babban zaben shekarar 2024. Shekarun farko da ilimi An haifi Pravin Gordhan a ranar 12 ga [[Afrilu]] 1949 ga dangin Indiyawa ta Afirka ta Kudu, a Durban, kuma ya yi karatun digiri daga Kwalejin Sastri a 1967. A cikin 1973 ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Durban-Westville tare da Bachelor of Pharmacy.[9] Ya kammala karatunsa na kantin magani a Asibitin King Edward VIII a 1974 kuma ya yi aiki a can har zuwa 1981. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1949]] [[Category:Mutuwan 2024]] ddntq237vr6u4calfwfwxjjnr5wu4h8 0 89071 873838 608882 2026-07-01T21:17:54Z Habibah A Jisambo 26434 873838 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Imamu Amiri Mayfield''' (an haife shi a ranar 19 ga Afrilu, 1972) ƙwararren ɗan damben Amurka ne wanda ya fafata daga 1994 zuwa 2008, da 2016 zuwa 2017. == Sana'a. == Mayfield ya juya pro a cikin 1994 kuma ya kasance sanannen mayaki na gida wanda aka sani da kasan cewa akan katunan dambe a wurare daban-daban na New Jersey. Ya lashe taken IBF Cruiserweight Title tare da nasara akan Uriah Grant a 1997. A cikin kariyar takensa na farko Mayfield ya yi tattaki zuwa Hull, [[Ingila]] kuma ya yi nasara a kan Terry Dunstan wanda a baya ba a doke shi ba ta KO. A shekara ta gaba, da ake ciyar da m Don "kawai a [[Amurka]]" King, rasa wani jakar kudi tayi ga M da M talla. Mayfield ya kamata ya yi yaƙi da Saul Montana bayan ya fito daga kare martabar Dunstan amma a maimakon haka an tilasta masa yin yaƙin kariya ta tilas a kan Arthur Williams. Ya rasa bel ga Arthur Williams ta hanyar zagaye na 9 TKO. A cikin 2000, ya sami harbi a WBC Cruiserweight Title mariƙin Juan Carlos Gomez, amma rasa ta KO a cikin 3rd zagaye. Mayfield ya nemi a sake shi daga ganin DKP abubuwan da ba za su iya daidaitawa ba. Mayfield sannan ya sanya hannu tare da M da M da aka ambata kuma ya ci taken USBA a Atlantic City, New Jersey tare da KO sama da mai zuwa Gary Wilcox. A shekara ta gaba ya yi rashin nasara a gasar IBF Cruiserweight Title Eliminator fafatawa da Jorge Fernando Castro.. A cikin 2002, daga nan ya koma zuwa nauyi mai nauyi, inda a farkon yakinsa na nauyi ya ragu sosai. Ya ci gaba da bayyana a fili kuma ya cutar da Peter Ohkello. Ohkello ya ci gaba da yin gwagwarmaya don taken WBC mai nauyi a 2006 a Rasha. Ko da yake ya zana tare da Taurus Sykes a 2003, ya kasance TKO'd a 2004 da mai tafiya Lawrence Clay Bey . Bayan rashin nasara ga Clay Bey, ya koma ƙasa zuwa Cruiserweight. Mayfield ya sake komawa zuwa nauyi mai nauyi kuma ya dauki Alexander Povetkin a shekara ta 2006, kuma ya rasa ta hanyar zagaye na uku TKO. Wannan kuma ya biyo bayan wani hasarar dakatarwa ga masu tasowa Johnathon Banks . <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2008 |title=Johnathon Banks Wins, Quillin Stops Brown |url=https://www.boxingscene.com/johnathon-banks-wins-quillin-stops-brown--12776 |access-date=2022-05-14 |publisher=Boxingscene}}</ref> Ya kuma yi gasa a fafatawar da aka yi da juna, da dan kokawa na Japan Kazuyuki Fujita a ''Inoki Bom-Ba-Ye 2003'' a ranar 31 ga Disamba ( Jarumar Sabuwar Shekara ), 2003. Dokokin yakin sun nuna cewa mayakan za su tashi bayan dakika 20 a kasa, lamarin da ya sa fadan ya fi dacewa da Mayfield ganin yadda yake da kwarewa . Fujita ya iya shake Mayfield a sume yayin da yake tsaye a zagaye na biyu. == Ƙwararrun rikodin dambe. == {{BoxingRecordSummary|draws=3|nc=|ko-wins=19|ko-losses=7|dec-wins=7|dec-losses=3|dq-wins=|dq-losses=}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%" !{{Abbr|No.|Number}} !Result !Record !Opponent !Type !Round, time !Date !Location !Notes |- |39 |{{draw}}Draw |26–10–3 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|USA}} Lamont Capers |SD |8 |19/08/2017 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[The Claridge Hotel (Atlantic City)|Claridge Hotel & Casino]], Atlantic City, U.S. | align="left" | |- |38 |{{yes2}}Win |26–10–2 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|USA}} Anthony Caputo Smith |KO |6 |12/11/2016 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[The Claridge Hotel (Atlantic City)|Claridge Hotel & Casino]], Atlantic City, U.S. | align="left" | |- |37 |{{no2}}Loss |25–10–2 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|USA}} Daniel Pasciolla |UD |6 |19/03/2016 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[The Claridge Hotel (Atlantic City)|Claridge Hotel & Casino]], Atlantic City, U.S. | align="left" |{{Small|For vacant New Jersey State Heavyweight title}} |- |36 |{{no2}}Loss |25–9–2 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Johnathon Banks]] |TKO |1 |23/02/2008 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Madison Square Garden]], [[New York (birni)|New York City]], U.S. | align="left" |{{Small|Referee stopped the bout at 1:49 of the first round.}} |- |35 |{{no2}}Loss |25–8–2 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|RUS}} [[Alexander Povetkin]] |KO |3 |10/12/2006 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|RUS}} [[Olympic Stadium (Moscow)|Olimpiisky]], [[Moscow]], Russia | align="left" | |- |34 |{{no2}}Loss |25–7–2 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|POL}} [[Krzysztof Włodarczyk]] |UD |12 |25/03/2006 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|POL}} [[Siedlce]], Poland | align="left" |{{Small|'''IBC/[[World Boxing Council|WBC]] FECARBOX Cruiserweight Titles'''.}} |- |33 |{{yes2}}Win |25–6–2 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|USA}} Rayco Saunders |UD |8 |02/12/2005 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|USA}} The Blue Horizon, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. | align="left" | |- |32 |{{no2}}Loss |24–6–2 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|NGR}} [[Emmanuel Nwodo]] |TKO |1 |03/12/2004 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|USA}} The Blue Horizon, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. | align="left" |{{Small|Referee stopped the bout at 1:24 of the first round.}} |- |31 |{{no2}}Loss |24–5–2 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Lawrence Clay-Bey]] |TKO |5 |02/07/2004 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Pala Casino Resort and Spa]], [[Pala, California]], U.S. | align="left" |{{Small|'''IBA Continental Heavyweight Title'''.}} |- |30 |{{yes2}}Win |24–4–2 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|USA}} Rayco Saunders |UD |6 |23/04/2004 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[The Blue Horizon]], [[Philadelphia|Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]], U.S. | align="left" | |- |29 |{{draw}}Draw |23–4–2 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Taurus Sykes]] |PTS |10 |07/06/2003 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Aquarius Casino Resort|Flamingo Hotel and Casino, Laughlin]], [[Laughlin, Nevada]], U.S. | align="left" | |- |28 |{{yes2}}Win |23–4–1 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|USA}} Franklin Edmondson |TKO |6 |03/04/2003 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Asbury Park Convention Hall]], [[Asbury Park, New Jersey]], U.S. | align="left" |{{Small|Referee stopped the bout at 2:05 of the sixth round.}} |- |27 |{{yes2}}Win |22–4–1 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|UGA}} [[Okello Peter]] |UD |6 |20/09/2002 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Jersey City Armory]], [[Jersey City, New Jersey]], U.S. | align="left" | |- |26 |{{no2}}Loss |21–4–1 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|ARG}} [[Jorge Castro (boxer)|Jorge Castro]] |RTD |9 |20/10/2001 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|ARG}} [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina | align="left" |{{Small|Mayfield retired at 0:01 of the ninth round.}} |- |25 |{{yes2}}Win |21–3–1 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|USA}} Gary Wilcox |TKO |10 |30/06/2001 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Hard Rock Live (Atlantic City)|Trump Taj Mahal]], [[Atlantic City, New Jersey]], U.S. | align="left" |{{Small|'''[[IBF]] USBA Cruiserweight Title'''.}} |- |24 |{{yes2}}Win |20–3–1 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|ARG}} Oscar Angel Gomez |RTD |6 |17/02/2001 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|ARG}} [[Nueve de Julio, Buenos Aires|Nueve de Julio]], Argentina | align="left" | |- |23 |{{no2}}Loss |19–3–1 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|CUB}} [[Juan Carlos Gómez]] |KO |3 |06/05/2000 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|GER}} [[Swissotel]], [[Neuss]], Germany | align="left" |{{Small|'''[[World Boxing Council|WBC]] Cruiserweight Title'''.}} |- |22 |{{draw}}Draw |19–2–1 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|DMA}} Louis Azille |PTS |12 |18/12/1999 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Harrah's Casino Tunica|Grand Casino]], [[Tunica, Mississippi]], U.S. | align="left" |{{Small|'''NABA Cruiserweight Title'''.}} |- |21 |{{yes2}}Win |19–2 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|USA}} Franklin Edmondson |KO |4 |27/03/1999 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Casino Miami|Jai Alai Fronton]], Miami, Florida, U.S. | align="left" | |- |20 |{{no2}}Loss |18–2 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Arthur Williams (boxer)|Arthur Williams]] |TKO |9 |30/10/1998 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Harrah's Gulf Coast|Grand Casino Biloxi]], [[Biloxi, Mississippi]], U.S. | align="left" |{{Small|Lost IBF cruiserweight title}} |- |19 |{{yes2}}Win |18–1 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Terry Dunstan]] |KO |11 |28/03/1998 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Hull Arena|Ice Arena]], Hull, England | align="left" |{{Small|Retained IBF cruiserweight title}} |- |18 |{{yes2}}Win |17–1 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|JAM}} [[Uriah Grant]] |UD |12 |08/11/1997 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Thomas & Mack Center]], [[Las Vegas, Nevada]], U.S. | align="left" |{{Small|Won [[IBF]] cruiserweight title}} |- |17 |{{yes2}}Win |16–1 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|USA}} Cliff Nellon |TKO |7 |11/04/1997 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|USA}} Ukrainian Cultural Center, Somerset, New Jersey, U.S. | align="left" | |- |16 |{{yes2}}Win |15–1 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|USA}} Elton Singleton |KO |8 |07/02/1997 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|USA}} Ukrainian Cultural Center, Somerset, New Jersey, U.S. | align="left" | |- |15 |{{yes2}}Win |14–1 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|USA}} Bill Medei |TKO |2 |15/11/1996 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|USA}} Ukrainian Cultural Center, Somerset, New Jersey, U.S. | align="left" | |- |14 |{{yes2}}Win |13–1 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|USA}} Ron Preston |KO |4 |20/09/1996 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|USA}} Ukrainian Cultural Center, Somerset, New Jersey, U.S. | align="left" | |- |13 |{{yes2}}Win |12–1 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|USA}} Bernard McLean |KO |1 |28/06/1996 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|USA}} Ukrainian Cultural Center, Somerset, New Jersey, U.S. | align="left" | |- |12 |{{yes2}}Win |11–1 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Ernest Mateen]] |TKO |4 |03/05/1996 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|USA}} Ukrainian Cultural Center, Somerset, New Jersey, U.S. | align="left" |{{Small|Referee stopped the bout at 0:48 of the fourth round.}} |- |11 |{{yes2}}Win |10–1 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|USA}} Charles Price |KO |4 |01/03/1996 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|USA}} Ukrainian Cultural Center, Somerset, New Jersey, U.S. | align="left" | |- |10 |{{yes2}}Win |9–1 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|USA}} Exum Speight |PTS |8 |01/12/1995 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|USA}} Ukrainian Cultural Center, Somerset, New Jersey, U.S. | align="left" | |- |9 |{{yes2}}Win |8–1 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|USA}} Ron Preston |PTS |4 |20/10/1995 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|USA}} Ukrainian Cultural Center, Somerset, New Jersey, U.S. | align="left" | |- |8 |{{yes2}}Win |7–1 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|USA}} Lamont Doyle |TKO |2 |29/06/1995 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|USA}} Ukrainian Cultural Center, Somerset, New Jersey, U.S. | align="left" | |- |7 |{{yes2}}Win |6–1 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|USA}} Ismael Gneco |UD |6 |04/05/1995 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|USA}} Ukrainian Cultural Center, Somerset, New Jersey, U.S. | align="left" | |- |6 |{{yes2}}Win |5–1 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|USA}} Arnold Fountain |TKO |1 |19/01/1995 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|USA}} Ukrainian Cultural Center, Somerset, New Jersey, U.S. | align="left" | |- |5 |{{yes2}}Win |4–1 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|USA}} Lew Chester |KO |1 |17/11/1994 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|USA}} Ukrainian Cultural Center, Somerset, New Jersey, U.S. | align="left" | |- |4 |{{no2}}Loss |3–1 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|BAR}} Richie Brown |PTS |4 |13/05/1994 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Hotel Pennsylvania]], [[New York (birni)|New York City]], U.S. | align="left" | |- |3 |{{yes2}}Win |3–0 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|USA}} Randall Richardson |KO |3 |23/04/1994 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|USA}} Fernwood Resort, [[Bushkill, Pennsylvania]], U.S. | align="left" | |- |2 |{{yes2}}Win |2–0 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|USA}} Alonzo Knowles |KO |2 |04/03/1994 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Hotel Pennsylvania]], [[New York (birni)|New York City]], U.S. | align="left" | |- |1 |{{yes2}}Win |1–0 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|USA}} Matt Davis |KO |1 |05/02/1994 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|USA}} Ocean Place Hilton, [[Long Branch, New Jersey]], U.S. | align="left" | |} == Mixed Martial Art Records == {{MMArecordbox|ko-wins=0|ko-losses=0|sub-wins=0|sub-losses=1|dec-wins=0|dec-losses=0}}{{MMA record start}} |- |{{no2}}Loss |align=center|0-1 |{{Flagicon|JPN}} [[Kazuyuki Fujita]] |Submission (arm-triangle choke) |Inoki Bom-Ba-Ye 2003 |{{dts|2003|December|31}} |align=center|2 |align=center|2:15 |[[Kobe]], Japan | {{End}} == Duba kuma. == * Jerin sunayen zakaran damben duniya na cruiserweight == Manazartam == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Boxing record for Imamu Mayfield from BoxRec (registration required) * Professional MMA record for Imamu Mayfield from Sherdog {{S-start}} {{s-sports}} {{s-text|style=background:#C1D8FF; font-weight: bold;|text=World boxing titles}} {{S-bef}} {{S-ttl|title=[[List of IBF world champions#Cruiserweight|IBF cruiserweight champion]]}} {{S-aft}} {{S-end}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Mayfield, Imamu}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1972]] eui27jpyt1z23et4cocc64w5qchcum7 0 89196 873924 558385 2026-07-01T22:14:09Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 873924 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bolaji Odofin''' marubucin wasan kwaikwayo ne [[Najeriya|na Najeriya]] wanda ya lashe kyauta. Baya ga hakan shi [[ɗan jarida]] ne, kuma tsohon mawallafin mujalla, Odofin a halin yanzu yana aiki a wani sashin Sa-kai (ba don samun Riba ba). == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} *[http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2007/10_october/30/playwriting.shtml BBC announces winners of International Radio Playwriting Competition] *[http://bbc.ask-adders.com/series/BBC+World+Drama/ BBC World Drama]{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *[https://archive.today/20080110164252/http://www.africaonline.co.nz/more.php?id=194 Auckland Writer Makuwe shines] *[http://www.guardiannewsngr.com/TopicSearchResult?Title=nigerian&query_start=81 Nigerian lady wins BBC playwriting prize]{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *[http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/programmes/performance.shtml African Perspective on BBC World Service] {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 6ak8lomc4oqcu01tgqqbz4yk4czpaiz 0 89550 874141 854375 2026-07-02T07:47:49Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 874141 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{databox}} '''Chibli Mallat''' (an haife shi a watan Mayu 10, shekara ta 1960) lauya ne na ƙasar Lebanon, masanin shari'a, kuma tsohon ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa a [[Lebanon]] . == Sana'a == === Lauya kuma farfesan shari'a === A cikin aikinsa na shari'a, an fi saninsa da gabatar da shari'ar waɗanda aka azabtar da Sabra da Shatila v. Ariel Sharon et al., ƙarƙashin dokar ikon duniya a [[Beljik|Belgium]], inda abokan cinikinsa suka sami nasara a kan 12 Fabrairu 2003 a kan wanda ake tuhuma a gabanin. wani sauyi a dokar Belgium ya kawar da ikon kotun. Sauran shari’o’in da ya biyo baya sun hada da wanda ya shafi Saddam Hussein, wanda shi ne abin yakin duniya da Mallat ya kaddamar a shekarar 1995 tare da jami’ai a Kuwait, London da Washington wanda ya zama INDICT, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da ya taimaka aka samu a Biritaniya a 1996. A shekara ta 1998, INDICT ta sami goyon baya a fili a cikin Majalisar Dokokin Amurka da a Majalisar Biritaniya, kuma Shugaban Amurka Bill Clinton na lokacin da Firayim Ministan Burtaniya [[Tony Blair]] suka karbe shi. Yaƙin neman zaɓe ya kafa tushen shari'ar Saddam Hussein a Belgium a shekara ta 2002, da kuma shari'ar da aka yi masa a Iraki a shekara ta 2005. An ci gaba da shari'a ta uku kan [[Muammar Gaddafi]] a kotunan birnin Beirut kan iyalan shugaban kungiyar Shi'a mai dimbin tarihi Musa al-Sadr da sahabbansa guda biyu, dan jarida Abbas Badreddin da kuma malamin addini Muhammad Ya'qub, wadanda suka bace a kasar Libya kan jami'ansu. Gayyatar Gaddafi a watan Agusta 1978. Mallat ya kuma taimaka wajen kafa ofishin yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya na [[Amnesty International]] a [[Beirut]] a cikin 1999 wanda kamfanin lauyoyinsa ke aiki tun a matsayin lauya. Da farko dai karkashin jagorancin daraktoci Kamel Labidi da Ahmad Karaoud, wadanda dukkansu tsoffin fursunonin ra'ayi ne a Tunisiya, ofishin yankin ya kafa wani misali mai ban sha'awa ga ɗimbin ƙungiyoyin jama'a a Gabas ta Tsakiya da ke mai da hankali kan haɓaka haƙƙin ɗan adam, tantancewa, da kuma kawar da ayyukan ta'addanci. hukuncin kisa. Mahaifinsa Wajdi Mallat ne ya kafa shi a Beirut a cikin 1949, Mallat Law Offices na ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin kamfanonin lauyoyi a Gabas ta Tsakiya, waɗanda aka amince da su don samun nasarori masu mahimmanci a cikin ƙarar cikin gida, gami da gado da kadarori, gudanarwa, da dokar kasuwanci. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=http://www.mallat.com/ |website=mallat.com}}</ref> An ci gaba da wannan al'ada kuma an haɓaka ta a duniya bayan dawowar Mallat Beirut daga London a 1995. Baya ga wadanda aka yi wa manyan laifuka, abokan huldar kamfanin sun hada da gwamnatoci, ofisoshin jakadanci, kamfanoni na kasa da kasa da shugabannin kasuwanci da na siyasa. === Aikin ilimi === Mallat wanda ya yi karatu a kasar Lebanon da Amurka da Turai, ya sami digirin digirgir ne a bangaren shari'a na Makarantar Koyon Gabas da Afirka (SOAS) na Jami'ar London a shekarar 1990. Ya rike mukamin bincike da koyarwa a Jami'ar California Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall) a shekarar 1984-85 da kuma Makarantar Nazarin Gabas da Afirka, inda a matsayinsa na malami a fannin Shari'ar Musulunci ya samu mukaminsa na farko a shekarar 1992. Ya koyar a Jami'ar Musulunci da ke Lebanon a 1995-96, kuma sau biyu yana ziyartar Farfesa a Jami'ar Lyon da Jami'ar Virginia School of Law . Ya kuma kasance Babban Jami'in Schell a Cibiyar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Duniya ta Makarantar Yale Law kuma masanin Kluge a Laburare na Majalisa . A cikin 2000, ya sami digiri na farfesa a Jami'ar Saint Joseph (USJ) a Lebanon kuma an nada shi shekara guda zuwa ga [http://www.cjm.usj.edu.lb Shugaban EU Jean Monnet na farko a Dokar Turai] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170115104554/http://www.cjm.usj.edu.lb/ |date=2017-01-15 }} a Gabas ta Tsakiya. A cikin 2004, Hukumar EU ta ba da lakabin [http://bookshop.europa.eu/en/jean-monnet-success-stories-pbNC7707169/downloads/NC-77-07-169-EN-C/NC7707169ENC_002.pdf;pgid=Iq1Ekni0.1lSR0OOK4MycO9B0000OvY1H6yT;sid=O2dO8GXXApBOzjF3ZsLQVwfydgRQgscURzc=?FileName=NC7707169ENC_002.pdf&SKU=NC7707169ENC_PDF&CatalogueNumber=NC-77-07-169-EN-C 'Cibiyar Kyau'] ga Shugaban kuma Babban Darakta na Ilimi da Al'adu a Hukumar EU ta girmama shi a matsayin 'Labarin Nasara' a 2007. A cikin 2006-2007, ya yi shekara guda a Jami'ar Princeton inda ya kasance [http://lapa.princeton.edu/peopledetail.php?ID=410 Farfesa mai ziyara] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070904045936/http://lapa.princeton.edu/peopledetail.php?ID=410 |date=2007-09-04 }} Archived </link> a Makarantar Woodrow Wilson, Fellow in the Program in Law and Public Affairs, Fellow in the University Center for Human Values, Fellow in the Program in International and Regional Studies and a Distinguitted Visitor in the Bobst Center for Peace and Justice. Farfesan Siyasa da Shari'a na Gabas ta Tsakiya tun daga 2007 kuma [https://web.archive.org/web/20120112153432/http://www.law.utah.edu/faculty/faculty-profile/?id=chibli-mallat Farfesan Shugaban kasa] tun 2009, an nada Mallat a cikin 2011 Mallakin Masallatan Harami guda biyu da ke ziyartar Farfesa na Nazarin Shari'ar Musulunci a Makarantar Shari'a ta Harvard . Ya koyar a Fall 2012 a Yale Law School a matsayin [https://www.law.yale.edu/yls-today/news/constitution-making-arab-spring-have-islamists-stolen-revolution Visiting Professor of Law da Oscar M. Ruebhausen Babban Fellow.] A cikin bazara 2015, ya kasance malami mai ziyara a [http://iismm.ehess.fr/docannexe/file/1548/mallat.pdf Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107223215/http://iismm.ehess.fr/docannexe/file/1548/mallat.pdf |date=2022-01-07 }} (EHESS) a Paris. A cikin 2017, ya yi murabus a matsayinsa na cikakken lokaci a Jami'ar Saint Joseph da kuma Jami'ar Utah, amma ya ci gaba da zama a Jami'ar Utah ta tsangayar shari'a a matsayin Emeritus Shugaban Farfesa na Law. A cikin 2023, an gayyace shi azaman babban ɗan'uwa mai ziyara a makarantar shari'a ta Kimiyya-Po [https://www.sciencespo.fr/ecole-de-droit/fr/content/chercheurs-invites.html] a Paris don haɓaka aikinsa akan dokar tsarin mulki kwatankwacin. === Hakkokin dan Adam da siyasa === Mallat ya kasance mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam da bayar da shawarwarin dimokuradiyya tun lokacin karatunsa na sakandare. Babban abin da ya fi mayar da hankali a kai tun 1982 shi ne Iraki a matsayin mabuɗin samun sauyi a Gabas ta Tsakiya, kuma ya kafa kwamitin kasa da kasa don 'yantar da Iraki (ICFI) a 1991 tare da Edward Mortimer da Ahmad Chalabi don neman kawo karshen mulkin kama-karya a Bagadaza. ICFI ta tattaro kimanin mutane dari na Iraqi da na kasa da kasa, ciki har da manyan Sanatocin Amurka kamar Claiborne Pell, a lokacin shugaban kwamitin kula da harkokin waje na majalisar dattijai, da [[John McCain]], da kuma dan majalisar Birtaniya David Howell, a lokacin shugaban kwamitin zaɓe kan harkokin waje., da kuma manyan larabawa masu daraja irin su Saad Eddin Ibrahim da Adonis, duba Adunis . Yawancin mambobin kwamitin na Iraki sun zama shugabannin Iraki bayan kawo karshen mulkin kama-karya na Baath a shekara ta 2003, ciki har da Mohammed Bahr al-Uloum a matsayin shugaban majalisar mulkin Iraki na farko, Jalal Talibani a matsayin shugaban kasa da Hoshyar Zebari a matsayin ministan harkokin waje. Mallat ya yi adawa da mamayewar da Amurka ke jagoranta, <ref>{{Cite web |title=CNN.com |url=http://edition.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0301/17/i_qaa.01.html |access-date=2016-03-20 |website=edition.cnn.com |archive-date=2016-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331124428/http://edition.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0301/17/i_qaa.01.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> kuma ya nemi goyon bayan Mataimakin Sakataren Tsaron Amurka na lokacin Paul Wolfowitz da wani kuduri na kwamitin sulhu wanda zai ayyana shugabancin Saddam Hussein a matsayin halas kuma ya ba da shawarar tura jami'an sa ido na kare hakkin bil'adama a Iraki. a lokacin mika mulki ga dimokradiyya. <ref>See statement of Wolfowitz in 'Senior Defense Officials Interview with Chris Core, WMAL Radio', 4 March 2003 {{Cite web |title=Defense.gov News Transcript: Senior Defense Officials Interview with Chris Core, WMAL Radio |url=http://www.defense.gov/transcripts/transcript.aspx?transcriptid=1999 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026045421/http://www.defense.gov/transcripts/transcript.aspx?transcriptid=1999 |archive-date=2012-10-26 |access-date=2012-03-06}}; Text of UNSCR draft and generally on 'the Democratic Iraq Initiative' in Mallat, ''Iraq: Guide to Law and Policy'', Kluwer, Boston 2009, 'The March to War', 209-31; on human rights monitors deployment, Id. at 150.</ref> Ya ziyarci Iraki a karshen shekara ta 2003 da kuma a farkon 2004 don hanzarta amincewa da majalisar gudanarwar Iraki a matsayin gwamnatin Iraki, matakin da Paul Bremer da [[Kofi Annan]] suka yi na adawa da shi. A shekara ta 2005, ya ki amsa gayyatar da gwamnatin Iraqi ta yi masa na shugabancin kotun da a karshe ta gurfanar da Saddam Hussein. A cikin 2008-10, Mallat ya kasance babban mashawarcin shari'a ga [http://www.gjpi.org Ayyukan Adalci na Duniya: Iraki] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090522110647/http://www.gjpi.org/ |date=2009-05-22 }}, wanda ya fara tare da Hiram Chodosh, shugaban makarantar shari'a a Jami'ar Utah. Tawagar manyan malaman da ke aiki a matsayin mai binciken shari'a a Bagadaza, sun shawarci gwamnatin Iraki kan dokoki, nazarin tsarin mulki, da yarjejeniyoyin. An gayyaci Mallat ya zauna a kwamitin duba kundin tsarin mulkin da Humam Hamoudi ya jagoranta, kuma ya kammala wa kwamitin gyaran kundin tsarin mulkin a watan Oktoban 2009. A lokacin rani na 2014, ya taimaki shugaban Iraqi Fouad Masum da shugaban majalisar dokoki Salim al-Jabouri gina hujjar kundin tsarin mulki wanda ya kawo karshen mukamin Firayim Minista na Nouri al-Maliki . A cikin 2016, ya taimaka wajen samun 'yan Adam na Labanon, yana shirya zanga-zangar yau da kullun a tsakiyar Beirut don kawo ƙarshen rashin shugabanci da sunan Kundin Tsarin Mulki. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 August 2016 |title=L'appel de Chibli Mallat aux Libanais à se réapproprier leur Constitution |url=https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1003917/lappel-de-chibli-mallat-aux-libanais-a-se-reapproprier-leur-constitution.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829032008/http://www.lorientlejour.com:80/article/1003917/lappel-de-chibli-mallat-aux-libanais-a-se-reapproprier-leur-constitution.html |archive-date=2016-08-29}}</ref> === yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa === A kasarsa ta Lebanon, Mallat ya tsaya takarar shugaban kasa a shekara ta 2005-2006 a wani kalubale da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba ga mai ci Emile Lahoud, wanda ya dogara ga gwamnatin [[Damascus]] na [[Bashar al-Assad|Bashar al-Asad]] don tilasta wa'adinsa ba bisa ka'ida ba. A lokacin juyin juya halin Cedar wanda ya haifar da kisan babban abokin adawar shugaban kasa, Rafiq al-Hariri, Mallat ya kasance mai fafutuka a cikin zanga-zangar tituna da kuma jagoranci, inda shawararsa ta tsakiya ita ce kafa wata kotun kasa da kasa, mai hade da juna don kamawa. da kuma gwada wadanda suka kashe Hariri da kuma wasu da dama da aka kashe - a karshe aka fi sani da kotun musamman ta Lebanon, da kuma cire 'shugaban da aka tilastawa' daga iko. An kaddamar da yakin neman a watan Nuwamba 2005 don tura juyin juya halin da ba shi da alkibla zuwa ga aikin sa na zahiri a cikin shugabancin 'wanda yayi kama da mutanen da suka yi shi.' <ref>See for instance, speech at Restaurant Al Dente, 3 February 2006, ''Bayrut fi khabar al-mustaqbal'' (Beirut in a future mode), reproduced in ''Presidential Talk'', Beirut, Dar al-Jadid, 2007, also available at {{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.mallat.com/archives/books/PresTalk4.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814094127/http://www.mallat.com/archives/books/PresTalk4.pdf |archive-date=2014-08-14 |access-date=2012-10-04}}.</ref> Wasu suna musunta a matsayin 'quixotic', an karɓi yaƙin neman zaɓe a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na gida, yanki da na duniya a matsayin ci gaba ga dimokuradiyyar Larabawa a kai tsaye, ƙalubalen da ba na tashin hankali na tushen mutane ga masu mulkin kama karya na rayuwa. A cikin tsawon watanni bakwai, tawagar Mallat ta kai sakonta zuwa garuruwa da kauyuka da dama na Lebanon, kuma sun sami goyan bayan taron da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba na al'ummar Lebanon, musamman a Amurka. Bangaren kasa da kasa, yakin neman zaben ya kare ne a cikin sanarwar shugaban kwamitin sulhu wanda ya yi watsi da halaccin Emile Lahoud, kuma aka fassara shi a wani babban taron jama'a a ranar 14 ga Maris 2006 tare da taken guda daya: 'Lahoud dole ya tafi'. A matsayinsa na 'mafi tsaran gine-gine' na mutuwar Lahoud, Mallat ya shiga tare da jagorancin haɗin gwiwar 14 ga Maris don haɓaka tsarin tsarin mulki, shirinsa na rashin tashin hankali don maye gurbin Lahoud ta hanyar zababben shugaban ƙasa. Da rikicin siyasa da ya biyo baya, Mallat ya yi hasashen wani sabon tashin hankalin da zai barke a kasar. Lokacin da Hizbullah ta haifar da yaƙi da Isra'ila a ranar 12 ga Yuli 2006, Mallat ya tilasta wa ya katse yakin da yake yi a ƙasa. Ya yi tir da harin na Hizbullah, ya kuma yi muhawara da wakilinta na harkokin wajen ta talabijin a tsakiyar tashin bama-bamai. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan tsagaita wutar, wanda ya taimaka wa injiniya ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tare da mukaddashin ministan harkokin waje [https://www.al-akhbar.com/Politics/358972/%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B7-%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%B6-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%AD%D8%A7-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B6%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%B9# na gwamnatin] Lebanon, ya karɓi tayin da jami'ar Princeton ta yi masa ya tafi Amurka tare da danginsa. A Princeton, ya kammala littattafai shida, ciki har da biyu akan yakin. A cikin 2023, shugaban na Lebanon Walid Jumblat ya gabatar da sunansa akai-akai don neman shugabancin Lebanon, [https://www.elnashra.com/news/show/1614152/%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B7-%D8%A5%D8%B0%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7-%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%AE%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%82%D9%87-%D9%86%D8%AD%D8%B5%D9%84-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A1-%D8%A5%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%82] yana ba da hujjarsa ga matasa, kwarewarsa a fannin doka da tattalin arziki, da nasarorin da ya samu a shari'a. [https://www.alqabas.com/article/5908398-%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B7-%D9%84%D9%80-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AA-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%86-%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7-%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%B2%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A5%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B7] === Juyin Juyin Juya Halin Gabas Ta Tsakiya === Mallat ya kasance mai himma ga dimokuradiyyar Gabas ta Tsakiya a matsayin malami kuma mai fafutuka. Don neman canji mai tsattsauran ra'ayi, ya kafa a cikin 2009 [http://www.RighttoNonviolence.org Right to Nonviolence] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214093933/http://www.righttononviolence.org/ |date=2012-02-14 }} Archived </link> , wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta kasa da kasa da ke ba da shawarwari da goyon bayan rashin tashin hankali, sake fasalin tsarin mulki da lissafin shari'a. Haƙƙin hana tashin hankali ya kasance yana aiki a cikin rikicin Larabawa, wanda Mallat ya fi so ya kira 'Juyin Juyin Juyin Halittar Gabas ta Tsakiya' don mamaye Isra'ila da [[Iran]]. A matsayinsa na masani kan tsarin mulki, ya taimaka da gyare-gyaren kundin tsarin mulki na farko a Masar bayan hambarar da [[Hosni Mubarak|Husni Mubarak]] . A cikin Fabrairun 2011, shugabanni da 'yan adawa na Bahrain, da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka, sun nemi ya taimaka a yunƙurin fara aiwatar da harkokin siyasa ta hanyar samar da takardar 'Zaɓuɓɓukan Tsarin Mulki'. A cikin karuwar tashin hankali a kan titi, masu tsattsauran ra'ayi a cikin gwamnati sun yanke shawarar yin duk wani danniya na juyin juya halin lu'u-lu'u . Tafiya zuwa Manama don sake fara tattaunawa ya katse a ranar 13 ga Maris 2011 yayin da yake shiga jirgin. Ya ziyarci Libya da Yemen a lokacin rani na 2013 kuma ya taimaka wa jakadun Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na musamman, Tarek Mitri da Jamal Benomar, kan batutuwan da suka shafi kundin tsarin mulki da kuma tabbatar da gaskiya. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, Mallat ya haɓaka ka'idar rashin tashin hankali haɗe da aikinsa na lauya mai neman adalci kan manyan laifuffukan siyasa waɗanda aka sani da laifuffukan cin zarafin ɗan adam . Baya ga shari'ar da aka yi wa Sharon, wanda ya nuna a karon farko ga Larabawa da masu sauraro na duniya cewa rashin tashin hankali na iya zama kayan aiki mafi tasiri fiye da yaki, ya taimaka wajen fadada fannin shari'a a matsayin wata hanya mai mahimmanci ga wadanda abin ya shafa su tsaya tsayin daka. masu mulkin kama karya kuma a kawo musu hisabi. Tare da matakin kasa da kasa kan [[Saddam Hussein]], [[Muammar Gaddafi]], [[Omar al-Bashir|Omar Bashir]] ya haifar da tabbataccen sakamako duk da cewa bai yi daidai ba, an kafa wurin shari'ar shugaban Tunisiya [[Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali|Zine El Abidine Ben Ali]], shugaban Masar Husni Mubarak, da masu mulkin kama-karya na Gabas ta Tsakiya. Juyin Juya Hali. Ya yi tir da kisan gillar da aka yi wa Gaddafi ba tare da shari'a ba, da kuma ta'addancin juyin juya halin Libiya. Tare da koma bayan juyin juya hali a fadin yankin, Mallat yayi jayayya da ci gaba da ba da shawarar rashin tashin hankali a matsayin falsafar canjin tarihi ta hanyar "cire harshen wuta". Ya ɓullo da ƙarin tsarin ka'idar rashin tashin hankali a matsayin anima na canjin tarihi a cikin ''Falsafa na Rashin Tashin hankali'', littafin da aka buga a cikin 2015. Ya kasance mai fafutuka a cikin juyin juya halin Lebanon wanda ya fara a watan Nuwamba 2019, musamman ta hanyar Rally for the juyin juya halin, wanda aka fi sani da gajarta ta Larabci da [https://www.tmtlebanon.com/ TMT.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527150938/https://www.tmtlebanon.com/ |date=2021-05-27 }} Archived </link> == Rubuce-rubuce == Mallat marubuci ne ko editan wasu littattafai arba'in, kuma ya buga kasidu da surori na ilimi da dama. Ya kasance mai yawan ba da gudummawa ga jaridun Larabci, Faransanci da Ingilishi kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara da editan shari'a na ''The Daily Star'' (Beirut) a cikin 1996-1998 da kuma a cikin 2009-2010. Ya kasance marubuci na yau da kullun a cikin ''al-Nahar'' (Beirut), ''al-Hayat'' (London), ''The Daily Star'' (Beirut), ''Al-Ahram'' (Alkahira), ''L'Orient-Le Jour'' (Beirut), kuma marubucin baƙo a cikin ''littafin'' . [http://lineoffire.blogs.nytimes.com/category/chibli-mallat/ Layin Wuta] na ''New York Times'' a lokacin yakin Hizbullah da Isra'ila a watan Yuli-Agusta 2006. Yana kallon kansa a matsayin almajirin ƙwazo na ɗimbin 'masu tunani' na ƙarni na ashirin. Ra'ayin duniya na Mallat ya zana kan encyclopaedic, fahintar fahimtar al'umma daga ma'aikacin banki na Faransa da masanin zamantakewa Robert Fossaert; da ra'ayi game da rawar da kotuna ke takawa a cikin al'umma a cikin ayyukan John Hart Ely da al'adun tsarin mulkin Amurka, ci gaban ɗan adam na shugaban Lebanon Kamal Jumblat ; ''aggiornamento'' na al'adar shari'ar Musulunci ta Iraqi Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr ; da Gilles Deleuze 's m, falsafar mai launi iri-iri. === Aikin haɗin gwiwa === Aikin haɗin gwiwa na ilimi ya gan shi yana aiki a matsayin wanda ya kafa haɗin gwiwa kuma babban editan ''littafin Yearbook of Islamic and Middle Eastern Law'', yanzu a Brill, jerin 'Horizons Européens' na Cibiyar d'Etudes de l'Union Européenne a Jami'ar Saint Joseph, <ref>{{Cite web |title=&#91;USJ&#93; - Centre d'études sur l'Union européenne - Chaire Jean Monnet |url=http://www.ceue.usj.edu.lb/files/publications.htm |access-date=2024-12-24 |archive-date=2019-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421171730/https://ceue.usj.edu.lb/files/publications.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> da jerin shari'ar Musulunci da Gabas ta Tsakiya a Kluwer Law International a matsayin darektan [http://www.soas.ac.uk/cimel/ Cibiyar Shari'ar Musulunci da Gabas ta Tsakiya] a Makarantar Gabas ta Tsakiya. da Nazarin Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=CIMEL Publications &#124; SOAS University of London |url=http://www.soas.ac.uk/cimel/books/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421171743/https://www.soas.ac.uk/cimel/books/ |archive-date=2019-04-21 |access-date=2012-02-17}}</ref> Ya kuma ba da gudummawar shigarwa da surori da yawa ga ƙwararrun ilmin kimiya na ilimin Islama da na Gabas ta Tsakiya, da na shari'a. A cikin 2014, ya taimaka ya samo kuma ya zama editan Bada'e', <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bada2e3 |url=http://www.bada2e3.com}}</ref> babban gidan buga littattafai a cikin Larabci, Faransanci da Ingilishi a Gabas ta Tsakiya. === Dokar Musulunci da Gabas ta Tsakiya === A cikin aikinsa na shari'ar Musulunci da Gabas ta Tsakiya, ya ba da tallafin karatu daga kasashen Yamma da Gabas ta Tsakiya a cikin neman harshen gama gari na 'yancin ɗan adam da tsarin shari'a don isar da shi daga cikin al'adar shari'a ta musamman ta Tsakiyar Tsakiya. Gabas daga [[Hammurabi]] zuwa yanzu. Littafinsa na farko, [https://www.amazon.com/Renewal-Islamic-Law-International-Cambridge/dp/0521531225/ref=ntt_at_ep_dpt_3 ''Sabunta Shari'ar Musulunci''], wanda ya mayar da hankali kan ayyukan shari'a na babban malamin addinin Islama na karni na 20, ɗan Iraki Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr, ya sami lambar yabo ta shekara-shekara ta Ƙungiyar Nazarin Gabas ta Tsakiya ta Arewacin Amirka, Littafin Albert Hourani. Kyauta . Harshen Larabci, wanda aka buga a shekarar 1998, yana yawo a karkashin kasa a Iraki har zuwa rasuwar Saddam Hussein a shekara ta 2003, kuma an sake buga shi sau da yawa tun daga lokacin. An yi bitar littafin a cikin sama da ɗari na masana da jaridu, kuma an bayyana wa ƙasashen yamma tallafin ɗan adam a matakin ilimi mafi girma a [[Najaf]] . A cikin 2009, ya buga [https://www.amazon.com/Iraq-Guide-Law-Policy-Elective/dp/0735584842 ''Iraq-Jagora zuwa Doka da Siyasa''] a Aspen/Kluwer Law International. [https://www.amazon.com/Introduction-Middle-Eastern-Chibli-Mallat/dp/019956387X ''Gabatarwarsa ga dokar Gabas ta Tsakiya''], sakamakon shekaru ashirin na bincike, ya bayyana a shekara ta 2007, kuma ya fadada fannin shari'ar Musulunci ya hada da al'adar shari'a ta Gabas ta Tsakiya kafin zuwan Musulunci a matsayin wani muhimmin bangare na bincike na shari'a, da kuma bayyana shari'ar shari'a. a matsayin labari kuma mai mahimmancin mayar da hankali don fahimtar dokar da aka yi amfani da ita a rayuwar yau da kullum. Don zamanin Musulunci na gargajiya, ya haɗa da aikin adana kayan tarihi a kan rajistar kotunan da aka yi nazari bisa tsari na farko ta fuskar shari'a. A cikin zamani na zamani, ''Gabatarwa'' ta ƙunshi manyan fannonin doka a cikin ayyukan kotunan Gabas ta Tsakiya daga Pakistan zuwa Maroko. A cikin 2023, ya buga wani babban littafi game da Dokar Saudi Arabiya a Jami'ar Oxford Press.[https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-normalization-of-saudi-law-9780190092757?cc=ro&lang=en& ''Daidaita dokar Saudiyya''] ta dogara ne akan bincike na shekaru goma a cikin shari'ar Saudiyya da kuma kwarewarsa a shari'o'in Saudiyya da aka yi a tsibirin Cayman, Ingila da Amurka. === Dokokin Turai da na duniya === A cikin dokokin Turai da na kasa da kasa, rubuce-rubucensa sun fi mayar da hankali ne kan kafuwar Tarayyar Turai tare da mai da hankali kan gazawar tsarin hukumomin EU a cikin gibin dimokiradiyyar EU, da matsuguni na hanyoyin ficewar kasashen da ba su dace ba, ciki har da kudin Euro, da kuma yadda ake tafiyar da harkokin kasa da kasa. tashin 'kasashen Euro-Mediterranean'. A cikin dokokin kasa da kasa, yana amfani da yankin gabas ta tsakiya a matsayin kasa mai alfarma don fahimtar mu'amala tsakanin dokokin laifuka na kasa da kasa, diflomasiyya da siyasa, musamman ta hanyar wakilcin wadanda ake zargi da cin zarafin bil'adama a Iraki, Lebanon, Isra'ila-Palestine da Libya. === Falsafar Rashin Tashin hankali === A cikin ƙarin aikin sa na ka'ida akan doka da rashin tashin hankali, Mallat yana neman bayyana dangantakar da ke tsakanin tashe-tashen hankula na mulkin demokraɗiyya da neman zaman lafiya na Kantian. An sanar da wannan binciken ta hanyar rashin tashin hankali a cikin juyin juya halin Cedar na Lebanon na 2005 da kuma a cikin tashin hankali na gabas ta tsakiya: daga juyin juya halin koren a Iran a 2009 zuwa juyin juya halin da aka fara a Tunisiya a cikin Janairu 2011. Ya ci gaba da neman nasara a cikin rashin tashin hankali a kan mulkin kama-karya ta hanyar ayyana hannu tare da jagorancin 'yan adawa, abokan aikin haƙƙin ɗan adam, da masu yanke shawara a duk faɗin duniya, wasu sun shirya ta hanyar Haƙƙin Haƙƙin Tashin hankali An kaddamar da ''Falsafarsa na Rashin Tashin hankali'' a Venice a wani taron karawa juna sani na makarantar shari'a ta Yale a watan Janairun 2015, kuma tun daga lokacin ya shiga muhawarar masu sauraro daban-daban a cikin muhawara kan rashin tashin hankali a laccoci na musamman da kuma karawa juna sani a fadin duniya, yana mai da hankali kan kafofin watsa labaru na Larabawa don yada shawarwarin. Wannan ya haɗa da takaddun yau da kullun, <ref>{{Cite web |title=شبلي ملاّط: فلسفة اللاعنف في الإسلام(1) :: رأي {{!}} جريدة السفير |url=http://assafir.com/Article/217/385599/AuthorArticle |access-date=2016-04-09 |website=جريدة السفير |archive-date=2016-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513234934/http://assafir.com/Article/217/385599/AuthorArticle |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=شبلي ملاّط: الفلاسفة والشعراء :: رأي {{!}} جريدة السفير |url=http://assafir.com/Article/217/385877/AuthorArticle |access-date=2016-04-09 |website=جريدة السفير |archive-date=2016-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513175757/http://assafir.com/Article/217/385877/AuthorArticle |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=شبلي ملاّط |url=http://www.annahar.com/author/776-%25D8%25B4%25D8%25A8%25D9%2584%25D9%258A-%25D9%2585%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%2591%25D8%25B7 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415230357/http://www.annahar.com/author/776-%25D8%25B4%25D8%25A8%25D9%2584%25D9%258A-%25D9%2585%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%2591%25D8%25B7 |archive-date=2016-04-15 |access-date=2016-04-09 |website=An-Nahar}}</ref> babban gidan talabijin na 'yan adawar Siriya da labarai na SkyArabia a Abu Dhabi. An ba da laccoci na sadaukarwa a Lebanon, Switzerland, Amurka, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Book Talk: "The Philosophy of Nonviolence, Revolution, Constitutionalism and Justice Beyond the Middle East" with Chibli Mallat {{!}} Tufts Fletcher School |url=http://fletcher.tufts.edu/Calendar/2015/04/13/Book-Talk-The-Philosophy-of-Nonviolence-Revolution-Constitutionalism-and-Justice-Beyond-the-Middle-East-with-Chibli-Mallat.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124141826/http://fletcher.tufts.edu/Calendar/2015/04/13/Book-Talk-The-Philosophy-of-Nonviolence-Revolution-Constitutionalism-and-Justice-Beyond-the-Middle-East-with-Chibli-Mallat.aspx |archive-date=2016-01-24 |access-date=2016-03-05 |website=fletcher.tufts.edu}}</ref> Jamus, da Malaysia. A cikin Oktoba 2017, ya yi aiki tare da Adam Roberts da cibiyoyin bincike da yawa a Beirut da Tripoli don shiga cikin jama'a tare da rashin tashin hankali da juriya na farar hula a cikin Larabawa. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J21A2ADVbUA] Ya goyi bayan tashe-tashen hankula na Lebanon wanda ya fara a watan Nuwamba 2019 a matsayin wani lokaci na juyin juya halin rashin zaman lafiya a Gabas ta Tsakiya, tare da halayen jagoranci na mata da kuma himma don kar a jawo su cikin zubar da jini. [https://thearabweekly.com/end-lebanons-thawra-or-just-beginning] === Adabi da wakoki === Mallat ya taso ne a cikin dangin da ke cike da al'adar adabi da shari'a. An san kakansa mai suna 'Mawaƙin Cedar' a duk faɗin ƙasashen Larabawa. Kakansa Tamer Mallat alkali ne kuma mawaki, wanda ya sake gano hukunce-hukuncensa da wakokinsa kuma ya buga; ya kuma gyara wasu zab'u na rubuce-rubucen mahaifinsa a cikin littafin Faransanci da Larabci na harsuna biyu. Tare da ɗansa Tamer, ya buga wani littafi mai kwatanta don yara a cikin 1997, ''[http://content.lib.utah.edu/cdm/ref/collection/utlawrev/id/587 Aventures a Beyrouth.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324124230/http://content.lib.utah.edu/cdm/ref/collection/utlawrev/id/587 |date=2016-03-24 }}'' == Rayuwa ta sirri == Shi da ne ga Nouhad Diab da Wajdi Mallat, shugaban farko na Majalisar Tsarin Mulki ta Labanon (Larabci المجلس الدستوري) na Lebanon, daga 1994 zuwa 1997, kuma yana da 'yan'uwa mata uku, Manal, Raya da Janane. Yana auren Nayla Chalhoub, kuma suna da ’ya’ya maza biyu manya, Tamer da Wajdi. == Labarai == '''''Littattafai''''' ''Daidaita Dokar Saudiyya,'' New York, Jami'ar Oxford Press, 2022 ''Boussole et autres aikin jarida'', Dar al-Bada'e', Beirut, 2019. ''`An Kamal Junblat wa min-wahyih (On Kamal Joumblat)'', Dar al-Bada'e', Beirut, 2018. ''Falsafar rashin tashin hankali: juyin juya hali, tsarin mulki, da adalci fiye da Gabas ta Tsakiya,'' Jami'ar Oxford Press, New York 2015. ''Dimokuradiyya a fin-de-siècle America'', Dar al-Bada'e', Beirut, 2016. ''Al-Dimuqratiyya fi amirka'' da aka fassara kuma aka sake gyarawa, gabatarwar Ghassan Tueni, Dar al-Nahar, Beirut, 2001. ''Gabatarwa ga dokar Gabas ta Tsakiya'', Oxford University Press, Oxford 2007, bugu na takarda tare da sabon gabatarwa, Oxford 2009. ''Iraki: Jagora ga doka da manufofi'', Aspen/Kluwer Law International, Austin, 2009. ''[http://content.lib.utah.edu/cdm/ref/collection/utlawrev/id/7137 Maris 2221.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324150411/http://content.lib.utah.edu/cdm/ref/collection/utlawrev/id/7137 |date=2016-03-24 }}'' ''[http://content.lib.utah.edu/cdm/ref/collection/utlawrev/id/7137 Juyin Juya Halin Cedar na Lebanon- Maƙala ce kan adalci da rashin tashin hankali] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324150411/http://content.lib.utah.edu/cdm/ref/collection/utlawrev/id/7137 |date=2016-03-24 }}'' , [Lir], Beirut, 2007. ''Zabin shugaban kasa'', Beirut 1998, wanda aka buga da Larabci a Dar al-Nahar ( ''Al-ri'asa al-lubnaniyya bayn al-ams wal-ghad'' ), Faransanci ( ''Défis présidentiels'' ), da Ingilishi. ''Gabas ta Tsakiya zuwa Karni na 21'', Garnet, Karatu 1996. (takardar da aka buga a 1997; bugu na Amurka a 1998; serialized a wani bangare cikin jaridun Larabci). ''Sabunta Shari'ar Musulunci: Muhammad Baqer as-Sadr, Najaf, da Shi'i International'', Cambridge University Press (Laburaren Gabas ta Tsakiya), 1993, takarda 2004. Hakanan ana buga shi cikin Larabci, Bahasa Indonesian da Turkanci. '''Littattafai daga yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa''' ''[http://mallat.com/sites/default/files/PresTalk1Chap.pdf Jawabin Shugaban kasa]'', Dar al-Jadid, Beirut, 2008. Manyan jawabai, hirarraki da laccoci akan hanyar yaƙin neman zaɓe (Nuwamba 2005-Yuni 2006). ''Takardun shugaban kasa'', 2nd ed. Beirut Janairu 2006. (masu, manufofi, nasarori) ''Al-barnamaj al-ri'asi'' (shirin shugaban kasa), a cikin Larabci, Faransanci da Ingilishi. ''Zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na gaskiya da adalci'', an buga lissafin akan layi. ''Kotun kasa da kasa don kowa'', littafin da aka buga akan layi. ''[http://mallat.com/sites/default/files/compellingpres.pdf Shugabanci mai tursasawa, yaƙin neman zaɓe na Mallat a cikin labaran duniya]'', Beirut, Afrilu 2006. (tarin bayanan martaba a cikin jaridun Larabawa da na duniya). '''Zaɓin littattafan da aka gyara''' ''Aux antipodes de l'Union Européenne: l'Islande et le Liban'' (tare da David Thor Bjorgvinsson), Beirut da Brussels, Bruylant, 2008. ''Daga Baghdad zuwa Beirut: Festschrift don girmama John Donohue'' (tare da Leslie Tramontini), Cibiyar Gabas ta Jamus, Beirut 2007, 502pp. ''L'Union Européenne et le Moyen-Orient: Etat des Lieux'', Beirut, Presses de l'Jami'ar Saint Joseph, 2004. ''Dossier sur l'Abolition de la peine de mort'', Beirut, Jami'ar Saint-Joseph, 2003. ''Littafin Shekara na Dokar Musulunci da Gabas ta Tsakiya,'' Vols. 1-5: 1994-98 (tare da E. Cotran), Kluwer Law International ''Ruwa a Gabas ta Tsakiya: Abubuwan Shari'a, Siyasa da Kasuwanci'' (tare da JA Allan), IB Tauris, Yuli 1995. (Fassarar Larabci, Damascus 1998) ''Dokar Iyali ta Musulunci'' (tare da Jane Connors ), Graham da Trotman, London, 1990. ''Dokar Musulunci da Kudi'', Cibiyar Nazarin Kusa da Gabas ta Tsakiya, SOAS, Afrilu 1988; sabon babban bugu, Graham da Trotman, London, Satumba 1988. == manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.mallat.com/ Shafin Farko na Mallat Law Offices] * [https://www.tmtlebanon.com/ TMT ( ''tajammu` muwakabat al-thawra'', تجمّع مواكبة الثورة).] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527150938/https://www.tmtlebanon.com/ |date=2021-05-27 }} Archived </link> * [http://www.gjpi.org/ Aikin Adalci na Duniya: Iraki] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090522110647/http://www.gjpi.org/ |date=2009-05-22 }} * [http://www.righttononviolence.org/ Haƙƙin Rashin Tashin hankali الحقّ باللاعنف An] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214093933/http://www.righttononviolence.org/ |date=2012-02-14 }} Archived </link> * [http://www.fljs.org/content/middle-east-revolution-take-2-constitutionalism Juyin Tsarin Tsarin Mulki & Podcast na Larabawa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128123322/https://www.fljs.org/content/middle-east-revolution-take-2-constitutionalism |date=2021-01-28 }} na Chibli Mallat yana magana a wani taro ta Gidauniyar Doka, Adalci da Al'umma, Oxford [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2cnf2k2fxexpqpyasbjlz5deqfylmqj 0 91062 874266 601915 2026-07-02T10:36:13Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 874266 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ungulu da yar yarinya'''<ref>"The 1994 Pulitzer Prize Winner in Feature Photography"</ref> The Vulture and the Little Girl, wanda kuma aka fi sani da The Struggling Girl, hoto ne na Kevin Carter wanda ya fara fitowa a cikin New York Times a ranar 26 ga Maris 1993. Hoton wani yaro ne mai fama da yunwa, da farko an yi imani da cewa shi dan jariri ne. Yarinyar wacce ta fado a gaba da wata rufaffiyar ungulu tana kallonsa daga nan kusa. An ba da rahoton cewa yaron yana ƙoƙarin isa cibiyar ciyar da abinci ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya mai nisan mil mil a garin Ayod, Sudan (yanzu Sudan ta Kudu), a cikin Maris ɗin 1993, kuma ya tsira daga lamarin. Hoton ya lashe kyautar Pulitzer Prize for Feature Photography award a 1994. Carter ya dauki ransa watanni hudu bayan ya lashe kyautar.<ref>http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2011/02/18/comunicacion/1298054483.html</ref><ref>Marinovich & Silva 2000</ref> == Labari da tarihi == The Hunger Triangle, sunan kungiyoyin agaji da aka yi amfani da su a cikin 1990s don yankin da al'ummomin kudancin Sudan na Kongor, Ayod, da Waat suka ayyana, ya dogara ga UNESCO da sauran kungiyoyin agaji don yaki da yunwa. Kashi 40 cikin 100 na yaran yankin ‘yan kasa da shekaru biyar suna fama da rashin abinci mai gina jiki tun daga watan Janairun 1993, kuma kimanin manya 10 zuwa 13 ne ke mutuwa a kullum saboda yunwa a Ayod kadai. Domin wayar da kan jama'a game da halin da ake ciki, Operation Lifeline Sudan ta gayyaci 'yan jarida masu daukar hoto da sauran wadanda a baya ba a shigar da su cikin kasar ba, don bayar da rahoto kan sharudda. A cikin Maris 1993, gwamnati ta fara ba da biza ga 'yan jarida na tsawon sa'o'i 24 tare da tsauraran matakan hana zirga-zirgar su a cikin ƙasar, gami da kulawar gwamnati a kowane lokaci.<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/1993/03/26/world/sudan-is-described-as-trying-to-placate-the-west.html?pagewanted=all</ref> == Silva da Carter a kasar Sudan == === Gayyata daga Operation Lifeline Sudan === A watan Maris na 1993, Robert Hadley, tsohon mai daukar hoto kuma a wannan lokaci jami'in yada labarai na Operation Lifeline Sudan na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ya gayyaci João Silva da Kevin Carter su zo Sudan su ba da rahoto game da yunwa a kudancin kasar, suna tafiya zuwa kudancin Sudan. tare da 'yan tawaye. Silva ya ga wannan a matsayin damar yin aiki da yawa a matsayin mai daukar hoto na yaki a nan gaba. Ya fara shirye-shirye kuma ya ba da kayan aiki don kashe kuɗin tafiya. Silva ya gaya wa Carter game da tayin kuma Carter kuma yana sha'awar zuwa. A cewar abokin daukar hoto Greg Marinovich, Carter ya ga tafiyar a matsayin wata dama ce ta gyara wasu matsalolin "ya ji an kama shi". Ɗaukar hotuna a Sudan wata dama ce ta samun ingantacciyar sana'a a matsayin mai zaman kansa, kuma Carter a fili ya kasance "a kan babban matsayi, mai ƙwazo da sha'awar tafiya". Don biyan kuɗin tafiya, Carter ya sami wasu kuɗi daga kundin yada labarai na Press da sauransu.<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/1994/07/29/world/kevin-carter-a-pulitzer-winner-for-sudan-photo-is-dead-at-33.html</ref> === Jira a Nairobi === Silva da Carter sun tsaya a Nairobi a kan hanyarsu ta zuwa Sudan. Sabon fada a Sudan ya tilasta musu dakata a can na wani lokaci da ba a tantance ba. lamarin kuma ya sake canzawa. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta samu izini daga kungiyar 'yan tawaye ta kai kayan agajin abinci zuwa Ayod. Rob Hadley yana tafiya ne a cikin jirgin sama mara nauyi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kuma ya gayyaci Silva da Carter su tashi tare da shi zuwa Ayod.<ref>"The 1994 Pulitzer Prize Winner in Feature Photography"</ref> === Jira a Ayod === Washegari, jirgi mai haske ya sauka a cikin ƙaramin ƙauyen Ayod tare da jirgin saman kaya ya sauka jim kaɗan bayan haka. An kula da mazauna ƙauyen na ɗan lokaci. [[Greg Marinovich]] da João Silva sun bayyana hakan a cikin littafin ''[[The Bang-Bang Club (littafi)| The Bang-Bang Club]]'', Babi na 10 "Kwari da Mutanen Yunwa". {{sfn| Marinovich| Silva|2000|pp=110–121}} Marinovich ya rubuta cewa mazauna kauyen sun riga sun jira kusa da titin jirgin sama don samun abinci da sauri: "Iyaye mata da suka shiga taron suna jiran abinci sun bar 'ya'yansu a kan ƙasa mai yashi a kusa." {{sfn|Marinovich |Silva|2000|p=115}} Silva da Carter sun rabu don daukar hotunan yara da manya, masu rai da matattu, duk wadanda ke fama da mummunar yunwa da ta taso a lokacin yakin. Carter ya tafi Silva sau da yawa don gaya masa game da mummunan halin da ya dauka. Ganin yunwa ya shafe shi sosai. Silva yana neman sojojin 'yan tawaye da za su iya kai shi ga wani mai iko kuma lokacin da ya sami wasu sojoji Carter ya shiga tare da shi. Sojojin ba su magana da Turanci ba, amma daya yana da sha'awar agogon Carter. Carter ya ba shi agogon hannu mai arha a matsayin kyauta.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://vimeo.com/201137365|title=Carter and Soldiers|website=www.vimeo.com}}</ref> == Bugawa da karbuwar a wurin jama'a == A watan Maris na 1993, '' The New York Times]] '' yana neman hoto don kwatanta wani labari na Donatella Lorch game da yunwa a Sudan. [[Nancy Buirski]], editan hoto na jaridar a kan teburin kasashen waje, ya kira Marinovich, wanda ya gaya mata game da "hoton tsuntsaye da ke bin yaron da ke fama da yunwa wanda ya fadi a cikin yashi." An buga hoton Carter a cikin 26 ga Maris, 1993. {{sfn|Marinovich |Silva|2000|pp=118–119}} Hoton ya karanta: "Wata yarinya, mai rauni daga yunwa, ta fadi kwanan nan a kan hanyar zuwa cibiyar ciyarwa a Ayod. Kusa da shi, wani tsuntsaye yana jira."<ref name=NYTimesLoch /> A wallafawa ta farko ''The New York Times'' "ya haifar da juyayi", Marinovich ya rubuta, yana cewa, "Ana amfani da shi a kan tallace-tallace don tara kuɗi ga ƙungiyoyin taimako. Jaridu da mujallu a duniya sun wallafa shi, kuma martanin gaggawa na jama'a shine aika kuɗi ga kowace ƙungiya mai tallafi da ke da aiki a Sudan."{{sfn|Marinovich|Silva|2000|p=151}} == Manazarta == {{reflist}} b27v684beedsc6gvjn4h6tsr788osk4 0 91211 873898 584385 2026-07-01T21:53:19Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 873898 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{Gyara mukala}} Ƙungiyoyin kabilu masu alaƙa Sauran kungiyoyin Malagasy; Mutanen Bantu, mutanen Australiya Tanala ƙabilar Malagasy ce da ke zaune a cikin dazuzzukan yankin kudu maso gabashin Madagascar kusa da Manakara. Sunan su yana nufin "mutanen daji." Mutanen Tanala suna da ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyi biyu: ƙungiyar Ikongo ta kudu, waɗanda suka sami damar ci gaba da cin gashin kansu ta fuskar faɗaɗa daular Imerina a ƙarni na 19, ko kuma ƙungiyar Menabe ta arewa, waɗanda suka mika wuya ga mulkin Merina. Dukan kungiyoyin biyu sun samo asali ne tun daga wani kaka mai daraja mai suna Ralambo, wanda ake kyautata zaton dan kabilar Larabawa ne. An san su a tarihi a matsayin manyan mayaka, bayan da suka jagoranci nasarar mamaye maƙwabtan Antemoro a ƙarni na 18. Ana kuma jin cewa suna da ƙwarewa ta musamman wajen duba ta hanyar karanta iri ko ta hanyar ilimin taurari, wanda aka kawo Madagascar tare da Larabawa. Tsarin zamantakewa na Tanala yana da alaƙa mai jituwa tsakanin manyan mutanen Tanala waɗanda suka yi ƙaura zuwa cikin dajin da suka zauna, da manyan sarakunan jama'a waɗanda tuni suka zauna a can. A al'adance ana ƙarfafa wannan dangantaka ta hanyar auratayya tsakanin ƙungiyoyi da kuma wani matsayi na musamman da ake ba kowannensu a cikin jagorancin al'umma. Tanala suna magana da yare na yaren Malagasy kuma suna bin fady da yawa kamar haramcin ziyartar babban mutum lokacin da ba shi da lafiya, ko kuma rufe ƙofar gida lokacin cin abinci don hana wasu kallon cin abinci. Babban abin da suke rayuwa shine noman kofi da shinkafa. {{databox}} ==Asalin kabilanci== Rarraba kabilun Malagasy Tanala ƙabila ce ta Malagasy waɗanda ke zaune a cikin daji mai dazuzzuka a kudu maso gabashin Madagascar kusa da Manakara<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanala#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradtAustin200728-1</ref>mai iyaka da kogin Faraony zuwa arewa da kogin Matitanana a kudu. A gabas an katse shi da nisan kilomita 40 daga bakin tekun da wasu makada na kauyukan Antemoro. Tsayin da yake a yankin Tanala ya bambanta tsakanin mita 250-600 a tsayi, sai dai a kan Dutsen Ikongo (mita 1,200) a tsakiyar yankin.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanala#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaujard198319-2</ref>Suna zaune a kudancin wani yanki mai girma wanda ke gangarowa da sauri tare da wani babban dutse zuwa gabas zuwa cikin dazuzzuka na bakin teku.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanala#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinton193318-3</ref> A shekara ta 2013, Tanala sun kai kusan mutane 400,000.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanala#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiagram_Group2013-4</ref>Sunansu yana nufin "mutanen daji."<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanala#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradtAustin200728-1</ref>Da yawa daga cikin sarakunan Tanala sun gano zuriyarsu tun daga Antaimoro ombiasy (masu hikima) wadanda suka yi hijira zuwa yankin bayan 1550.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanala#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradtAustin200729-5</ref>. Mutanen Tanala suna da ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyi biyu: ƙungiyar Ikongo ta kudu, waɗanda suka sami damar ci gaba da cin gashin kansu ta fuskar faɗaɗa daular Imerina a ƙarni na 19, ko kuma ƙungiyar Menabe ta arewa, waɗanda suka mika wuya ga mulkin Merina. Kungiyar Ikongo tana zaune ne a yankin kudu maso kudancin kasar a kan kasa mai albarka da ke samun sauki ga kabilun makwabta, don haka a tarihi ya kasance mahallin al'adu. Kungiyar Menabe da ke arewacin Ikongo na zaune ne a yankin da ke da duwatsu da duwatsu kuma an kebe su. Yawancin mutanen da ke zaune a wannan yanki sun fito ne daga ’yan wasu kungiyoyin da aka yi galaba a kansu a rikice-rikicen cikin gida kuma aka tura su daga mafi kyawu a cikin wannan yanki da ba za a iya isa ba, inda za su iya fakewa.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanala#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinton193318%E2%80%9319-6</ref> Kwanan nan, masu bincike sun nuna cewa Tanala ba ƙabila ce ta daban ba. Ba a taba hada su a matsayin kasa daya kabila ba. ==Labarin da tarihi== Iyalan Tanala Mazaunan farko na ƙasar Tanala su ne Vazimba, mazaunan farko na tsibirin. A karni na 17, kabilar Zafirambo sun yi hijira zuwa yankin daga gabar tekun kudu maso gabas. Wadannan sababbin sun samo asali ne daga wani shugaba da ake kira Rambo, wanda ake jayayya game da jinsi a tarihin baka. Iyayen Rambo dukansu sun kasance daga dangi masu daraja da asalin Larabawa - Anteony a bangaren uba da Zafiraminia a bangaren uwa. Zafirambo ya ba da labarin cewa Rambo ya bar Mananjary a ƙarshen 16 ko farkon ƙarni na 17 don ya zauna kusa da Ambositra. Zuriyar Rambo ta koma kudu a hankali sannan suka haye ginshiƙin gabas don zama kusa da Manambondro. A karni na 18 kungiyoyin Betsileo sun koma cikin wannan yanki, ciki har da gungun maƙera (Antamby) waɗanda Zafirambo suka kulla kawance da su. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category: Kungiyoyi]] cviwhwyj8egl07psn34xew0k9g4b4f4 0 91383 873715 577219 2026-07-01T16:55:55Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 873715 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tak'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teak</ref> Teak (Tectona grandis) wani nau'in bishiyar itace ne na yankin ''tropics'' a daga dangin Lamiaceae. [[Bishiya]] ce babba mai ganye wacce ke samuwa a dazuzzuka dake da manyan itace. Icen ''Tectona grandis'' yana da ƙananan fararen furanni masu ƙamshi da ke shirye cunkude da yawa (panicles) a ƙarshen rassan. Waɗannan furanni suna da daukkannin gabobin haihuwa guda biyu (cikakkun furanni). Manya-manyan ganyen bishiyar teak suna yawan yin gashi daga ƙarƙashin su. Itacen Teak yana da kamshi irin na fata idan aka yi niƙa shi kuma ana daraja shi musamman don juriyar sa kuma ruwa ba ya lalata shi. Ana amfani da itacen don ƙera jirgin ruwa, ginin wajen gida, kayan kwalliya, kayan daki, sassaƙa, da ƙananan ayyuka daban-daban.<ref>"Is all well in the teak forests of South Sudan? – By Aly Verjee"</ref> Icen ''Tectona grandis'' ya fito ne a kudancin Asiya da kuma kudu maso gabashin Asiya, musamman [[Bangladesh]], Indiya, Indonesia, Malaysia, [[Myanmar]], Thailand, da Sri Lanka, amma ana noma shi a ƙasashen Afirka da Caribbean da dama. Dazukan teak na Myanmar ta kwashe kusan rabin kaso na itace teak na ainihi da ke duniya.<ref>https://www.ipni.org/n/864923-1</ref> == Bayani\Siffa == [[Fayil:Tectona grandis L.f.jpg|thumb|Bishiyar tak]] Tak babban bishiya ce mai tsayi har zuwa mita 40 (131 ft) tsayi tare da launin toka zuwa rassan launin toka-launin ruwan kasa, wanda aka sani da itace mai inganci. Ganyensa suna da kaifi-elliptic zuwa kwai, 15-45 cm (5.9-17.7 in) tsayi da 8-23 cm (3.1-9.1 in) faɗi, kuma ana riƙe su akan ƙananan petioles waɗanda ke da 2-4 cm (0.8-1.6 a ciki) ) dogo. Gefen ganye gabaɗaya ne furen furanni masu ƙamshi ana ɗaukar su akan 25-40 cm (10-16 in) tsayi da 30 cm (inci 12) faffadan faffadan daga Yuni zuwa Agusta.<ref>http://hal.cirad.fr/cirad-00846130/file/TGG6_5_.pdf</ref> Bututun corolla yana da tsayin 2.5-3 mm tare da faɗuwar lobes na obtuse 2 mm. Tectona grandis yana kafa 'ya'yan itace daga Satumba zuwa Disamba; 'Ya'yan itãcen marmari suna globose kuma 1.2-1.8 cm a diamita. Furen suna da rauni sosai saboda anthers suna gaba da rashin kunya a lokacin balaga kuma ana zubar da pollen a cikin 'yan sa'o'i kaɗan na buɗe furen. Furen suna da yawa da yawa (wanda aka lalatar da kwari), amma lokaci-lokaci yana iya zama anemophilous (iska-pollinated). Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 1996. ya gano cewa a yankinsa na kasar Thailand, manyan masu kada kuri'a sune nau'in kudan zuma na Ceratina.<ref>https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/62019830/62019832</ref> === Itace === Rubutun itace yana da wuya kuma zobba suna da yawa. Yawan yawa ya bambanta bisa ga abun ciki na danshi: a 15% danshi abun ciki shine 660 kg / m3. Itacen zuciya yana rawaya zuwa launin ruwan zinari. Sapwood fari ne zuwa koɗaɗɗen launin ruwan rawaya. Yana iya sauƙi rabuwa da itacen zuciya. Teak yana yin duhu yayin da ya tsufa. Ana iya samun babban bambanci, dangane da wane yanki ne teak ya fito. Tsohuwar girma tana da zobba masu matsewa fiye da sabon girma. Akwai kamshi mai kama da fata a cikin sabon itacen da aka yanka.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20111001154516/http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/79/3/227.full.pdf+html</ref> == Tarihin Botanical == Tectona grandis ne Carl Linnaeus ƙaramin ƙarami ya fara bayyana shi a ƙa'ida a cikin aikinsa na 1782 Supplementum Plantarum. A cikin 1975, Harold Norman Moldenke ya buga sabon kwatanci na nau'i hudu na wannan nau'in a cikin mujallar Phytologia. Moldeke ya bayyana kowane nau'i a matsayin ɗan bambanta kaɗan daga nau'in samfurin: T. grandis f. an bambanta canescens daga nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in ta zama mai tsayi mai yawa ko kuma an rufe shi da gashi, a ƙarƙashin ganyen, T. grandis f. PIPs ya bambanta da nau'in ƙwayar cuta a cikin bambancin ilimin halittar jiki na jijiyoyin ganye, T. Grandis f. punctata mai gashi ne kawai akan manyan jijiyoyi a ƙarƙashin ganyen, kuma T. grandis f. Ana lura da tomentella saboda yawan gashin tomentose mai launin rawaya a saman ƙasan ganye.<ref>https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:864923-1</ref> == Tarihin suna == Kalmar Turanci ta zo ta hanyar teca na Portuguese daga Malayalam tekka (haɗe tare da Tamil tekku, Telugu teku, da Kannada tegu) ta hanyar Sanskrit "shaka" da "saka". Teak na Lardin Tsakiya da Nagpur teak ana kiran su ga waɗancan yankuna na Indiya. == Rarraba da wurin zama == Tecona Geris na daya daga cikin nau'ikan uku a cikin halittar Tecona. Sauran nau'ikan nau'ikan guda biyu, T. hamiltoniana da T. philippinensis, suna da ƙanƙanta da ƙananan rarraba a cikin Myanmar da Philippines, bi da bi. Tectona grandis ya fito ne daga Indiya, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Myanmar, arewacin Thailand, da arewa maso yammacin Laos. Ana samun Tectona grandis a cikin wurare daban-daban da yanayi na yanayi daga wurare masu busassun damina mai tsawon milimita 500 na ruwan sama a kowace shekara zuwa dazuzzukan dazuzzukan da ke da ruwan sama har zuwa mm 5,000 a kowace shekara. Yawanci, ko da yake, ruwan sama na shekara-shekara a wuraren da teak ke girma ya kai 1,250-1,650 mm tare da lokacin rani na wata 3-5. == Noma == == Manazarta == 0ruhx3dhdc4xb23k49jtqasfdy6i2or 0 92418 873802 586910 2026-07-01T20:44:07Z Ummeeterh 31568 873802 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Sandra Day O'Connor.jpg|thumb|Sandra Day O'Connor]] '''Sandra Day O'Connor''' ([[Maris]] 26, 1930 - [[Disamba]] 1, 2023) lauyan [[Amurka]] ce, yar siyasa, kuma masaniyar shari'a wadda ta yi aiki a matsayin abokiyar shari'a ta Kotun Koli ta [[Amurka]] daga 1981 zuwa 2006. Shugaba Ronald Reagan ne ya zaɓa. O'Connor ita ce mace ta farko da ta yi aiki a matsayin alkalin kotun kolin [[Amurka]].<ref>Weisman, Steven R. (July 7, 1981). "Reagan Nominating Woman, an Arizona Appeals Judge, to Serve on Supreme Court". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 11, 2000. Retrieved September 10, 2009.</ref><ref>"Sandra Day O'Connor | Biography, Accomplishments, & Facts | Britannica". Encyclopædia Britannica. May 11, 2023. Archived from the original on June 29, 2023. Retrieved May 22, 2023.</ref> 'Yar mazan jiya mai matsakaicin ra'ayi, an dauke ta a matsayin kuri'a mai lankwasa. Kafin lokacin O'Connor a Kotun, ta kasance alkali ta jihar Arizona kuma a baya zaɓaɓɓen 'yar majalisa a Arizona, tana aiki a matsayin mace ta farko shugabar masu rinjaye na majalisar dattijai a matsayin shugabar Republican a majalisar dattijan Arizona.<ref>"O'Connor, Sandra Day". Federal Judicial Center. Archived from the original on March 6, 2004. Retrieved March 21, 2006</ref> Bayan nadin ta ga Kotun, Majalisar Dattijan Amurka ta tabbatar da O'Connor baki daya. == Rayuwar baya da karatu == An haifi Sandra Day a ranar 26 ga Maris, 1930, a El Paso, Texas, 'yar Harry Alfred Day, mai kiwon dabbobi, da Ada Mae (Wilkey).<ref>Murray, Ashley (December 2023). "Sandra Day O'Connor, who made history as the first woman on the Supreme Court, dies at 93". Oregon Capital Chronicle. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved December 2, 2023.</ref><ref>"Sandra Day O'Connor Fast Facts". CNN. December 1, 2023. Archived from the original on May 19, 2023. Retrieved December 1, 2023</ref><ref>See "Sandra Day O'Connor". Oyez. Archived from the original on March 17, 2007. Retrieved June 27, 2017.</ref> Ta girma a kan wani wurin kiwon dabbobi mai girman eka 198,000 kusa da Duncan, Arizona da kuma a El Paso, inda ta halarci makaranta.<ref>"Book Discussion on Sisters in Law" Presenter: Linda Hirshman, author. Politics and Prose Bookstore. BookTV, Washington. September 3, 2015. 13 minutes in. Retrieved September 12, 2015 C-Span website Archived March 5, 2016, at the Wayback Machine</ref> Gidanta yana da nisan mil tara daga titin titin mafi kusa, kuma ba shi da ruwan fanfo ko wutar lantarki sai Sandra ta cika shekara bakwai.<ref>Kamen, Al; Williams, Marjorie (June 11, 1989). "How Sandra Day O'Connor became the most powerful woman in 1980s America". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on March 30, 2016. Retrieved October 29, 2017.</ref> Tun tana kuruciya ta mallaki bindiga mai caliber .22, kuma tana harba kwarya da jackrabbits. Ta fara tuƙi da zarar ta hango a kan dashboard, kuma dole ne ta koyi canza tayoyin da kanta.<ref>Heilpern, John (April 2013). "Sandra Day O'Connor on Growing Up with Guns and Her Views on Assault Weapons". The Hive. Archived from the original on September 23, 2016. Retrieved August 24, 2017</ref> Sandra tana da kanne biyu, kanwa da kanne, bi da bi takwas da shekara goma karamarta. 'Yar'uwarta Ann Day ta kasance memba a majalisar dokokin Arizona daga 1990 zuwa 2000.[18] Ɗan'uwanta shi ne H. Alan Day, ma'aikacin kiwo na rayuwa, wanda tare da shi ta rubuta Lazy B: Girma a kan Rawar Shanu a Amurka ta Kudu maso Yamma (2002), game da abubuwan da suka samu na ƙuruciyarsu a gonar. Ga mafi yawan karatunta na farko, Day ta zauna a El Paso tare da kakarta ta uwa, kuma ta halarci makaranta a Makarantar Radford don 'yan mata, makaranta mai zaman kanta,<ref>Former Pima County Supervisor Ann Day dies at the age of 77". Archived from the original on May 9, 2016. Retrieved May 8, 2016.</ref> kamar yadda rukunin dangi ya yi nisa da kowace makaranta, kodayake Rana. ya iya komawa gidan kiwo don hutu da bazara Day ta yi shekara ta takwas tana zaune a gidan kiwo kuma ta hau bas mai nisan mil 32 zuwa makaranta. Ta sauke karatu na shida a ajin ta a Austin High School a El Paso a 1946.<ref>Former Pima County Supervisor Ann Day dies at the age of 77". Archived from the original on May 9, 2016. Retrieved May 8, 2016.</ref> == Aikin farko da aure == Yayin da take shekararta ta ƙarshe a Makarantar Shari'a ta Stanford, Ranar ta fara soyayya da John Jay O'Connor III, wanda yake aji ɗaya a bayanta.<ref>Heilpern, John (April 2013). "Sandra Day O'Connor on Growing Up with Guns and Her Views on Assault Weapons". The Hive. Archived from the original on September 23, 2016. Retrieved August 24, 2017.</ref><ref>Thomas, Evan (2019). First: Sandra Day O'Connor. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0399589287</ref>  A ranar 20 ga Disamba, 1952, wata shida bayan kammala karatunta O'Connor da Day sun yi aure a gidan kiwon danginta.<ref>Thomas, Evan (2019). First: Sandra Day O'Connor. New York: Random House. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0399589287</nowiki>.</ref> Bayan kammala karatun lauya a shekarar 1952, O'Connor ta sami matsala wajen samun aikin biyan kuɗi a matsayin lauya a kamfanin lauyoyi saboda jinsinta. O'Connor ta sami aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar lauya a San Mateo, California, bayan da ta yi tayin yin aiki ba tare da albashi ba kuma ba tare da ofishi ba, ta raba sarari tare da sakatare.<ref>Baughman, J. (Ed.). (2001). O'Connor, Sandra Day 1930–. American Decades, 9. September 21, 2016</ref> Bayan 'yan watanni, ta fara zana ƙaramin albashi yayin da take yin bincike na shari'a kuma ta rubuta memos.  Ta yi aiki tare da Lauyan gundumar San Mateo Louis Dematteis da mataimakin lauya Keith Sorensen.<ref>LAPR – State Library of Arizona". apps.azlibrary.gov. Archived from the original on May 10, 2017. Retrieved March 31, 2017</ref> == Manazarta == 4srnmpkex12bspm2rxmxvdcaf6lqetk 0 92864 873877 788772 2026-07-01T21:31:17Z Ummeeterh 31568 873877 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Anna Wilhelmina Hierta-Retzius, née Hierta (24 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1841 - 21 ga watan [[Disamba]] shekara ta 1924), 'yar gwagwarmayar kare hakkin mata ce kuma mai ba da agaji. Ita ce co-kafa kuma sakatariyar kungiyar kare hakkin mallaka ta mata (1873), wanda ya kafa kuma ya zama shugaban makarantar maraice ta Torsdagsskolan a 1864-1874, memba na kwamitin a cikin kungiyar Bikupan a 1870-1887, Mataimakin Shugaban kungiyar kare hakkin dukiya ta mata a 1886-1893, memba na kwaminisan Stiftelsen Lars Hiertas Minne (The Memorial Foundation of Lars Hiertertert) a cikin 18789-1911 da Mataimakin Ma'aikatar Sweden (Mutumn World School School) a Stockholm) == Rayuwa ta farko == Anna Hierta-Retzius 'yar Lars Johan Hierta ce, wanda ya kafa ''[[Aftonbladet]]'', da Wilhelmina Fröding (1805-1878). A ranar 28 ga Nuwamba 1876, ta auri masanin kimiyya kuma farfesa Gustaf Retzius, tare da shi ta kasance mai aiki a cikin ayyukan zamantakewa da kimiyya. Ba ta da yara. An haife ta ne a cikin wani yanayi na ilimi, mahaifinta shine manajan jarida mai ci gaba, kuma masu zane-zane, marubuta da 'yan siyasa sun kasance baki na yau da kullun a gidanta. An ruwaito cewa, ta sami rinjaye daga abubuwan da mahaifiyarta ke so da kuma ra'ayoyin da suka shafi daidaiton jinsi na mahaifinta, kuma ta ci gaba da sha'awar sake fasalin zamantakewa da aiki don cimma wannan burin, kuma tana so ta cika burin mahaifinta na ɗa. Ta yi karatu a ''Lärokursen för fruntimmer'' (Kwarewar Koyarwa ga Mata) a cikin 1859-1861, wanda aka gudanar a Stockholm a matsayin martani ga muhawara ta ilimi ga mata wanda ''Hertha (littafi) '' ta Fredrika Bremer ta haifar kuma shine prequel na Högre emetarinneseminariet. Saboda haka, ta kasance daga cikin mata na farko a Sweden da aka ba su ilimi mai zurfi a kimiyyar yanayi. Ba da dadewa ba bayan wannan, ta shiga aikin sake fasalin zamantakewa, wanda ra'ayinta game da 'yancin zamantakewar Kirista ya rinjayi. == Mai gyara ilimi == Bayan ta gama karatunta, ta kasance mai aiki a matsayin malama a Makarantar [[Lahadi]] da Sophie Adlersparre ta buɗe daga 1862. A shekara ta 1864, ta bude makarantarta ta maraice ga daliban mata daga ma'aikata, ''Torsdagsskolan'', inda ta ba da koyarwa a karatu, rubutu, kimiyyar yanayi, tarihi, yanayin kasa da aikin allura. Ta kuma shirya dakin karatu da banki ga mata. Tare da Sophie Adlersparre da Fredrika Limnell, ta kasance co-kafa Stockholms läsesalong (Stockholm Reading Parlor) ga mata, wanda aka kafa bayan misalin Burtaniya. A shekara ta 1869, ta ziyarci [[Faris|Paris]] don nazarin kwalejin mata na Jules Simon, kuma a shekara ta 1870, ta kafa ''Bikupan'', don ba da wurin da mata za su iya sayar da sana'o'insu: Bikupan ta shiga cikin Weltausstellung 1873 Wien . Ta shiga cikin batun ilimin mata. A cikin shekarun 1860, ta shirya tarurruka da yawa na jama'a don muhawara game da sake fasalin ilimin mata, kuma a farkon shekarun 1870, ta shirya gasa biyu wanda ya jawo hankalin muhawara da kulawa game da batutuwa: abubuwan da ke haifar da rashin lafiyar mata gaba daya, da kuma girma da ilimi na mata. Ba ta son makarantun 'yan mata kuma ta kasance mai goyon bayan hadin kai, kuma ta goyi bayan [[Karl Edvard Palmgren]] da hadin kai na Praktiska全skolan (Makarantar Ayyuka), inda ta gabatar da batun wasan motsa jiki da dafa abinci a kokarin inganta lafiyar dalibai. Anna Hierta-Retzius ta shiga cikin sake fasalin kiwon lafiya, tana so ta gabatar da wasan motsa jiki ga tsarin ilimi ga 'yan mata. Ta ba da shawarar wannan ga Högre emetarinneseminariet a cikin shekarun 1860, kuma a cikin 1880, ta kafa Gidan Tarihi na Gymnastics na Stockholm, wanda ta ba da gudummawa ga birnin a cikin 1892. == Mai gyara hakkin mata == A shekara ta 1873, an ba mata damar yin karatu a jami'a, kuma Anna Hierta-Retzius da 'yar'uwarta Hedvig sun kafa asusun tallafin karatu ga daliban mata. A wannan shekarar, ita da Ellen Anckarsvärd sun dauki matakin kafa kungiyar kare hakkin mata masu aure, wacce ita ce kungiyar kare hakkin mace ta farko a Sweden. Ta fara shi ne ta hanyar wahayi daga mahaifinta, wanda ya nemi majalisa sau da yawa game da batun haƙƙin mallaka da matsayin doka na mata masu aure, kuma bayan mutuwarsa a 1872, ta so ta ci gaba da aikinsa. Haɗin ya yi nasara: kodayake ba a soke kula da matar da ta yi aure ba, an ba ta damar sarrafa kudin shiga a shekara mai zuwa. A shekara ta 1884, an gabatar da motsi na farko game da zaben mata a majalisa, amma an zabe shi. Ta hanyar dokar 1862, mata masu biyan haraji na mafi rinjaye na shari'a sun riga sun sami damar yin zabe a cikin zaben birni, kuma a cikin 1887, Hierta-Retzius da kungiyar Kare Hakkin Mace da Married Woman sun ba da kamfen din da aka yi wa mata masu jefa kuri'a don su san hakkinsu da amfani da shi. Batun da ta biyo baya da ta sadaukar da kungiyar, ita ce ta yi kamfen don 'yancin mata da za a zabe su a cikin kwamitocin makaranta da kwamitocin zamantakewa. A cikin FBF, an haɗa ƙungiyar tare da ''Fredrika Bremer-förbundet'' . Hierta-Retzius ta yi adawa da haɗuwa, amma da zarar an yi shi, ta goyi bayan FBF. Ta kuma kasance mai aiki a cikin Swedish Dress Reform Society . A matsayinta na babban mai hannun jari a ''[[Aftonbladet]]'', an yaba mata da daukar Maria Cederschiöld, muhimmiyar majagaba ga 'yan jarida mata. A lokacin da take shugaban majalisar mata ta Sweden (SKNF) a 1899-1911, ta ziyarci majalisa ta kasa da kasa a London 1899, Berlin 1904 da Geneva 1908. A wannan matsayi, ta fara muhawara wanda ya haifar da sake fasalin rundunar 'yan sanda ta Sweden, lokacin da aka dauki jami'an' yan sanda mata na farko a cikin 1908. == Ayyukan jin kai == A mutuwar mahaifiyarta a shekara ta 1878, ta zama mai kula da dukiyar mahaifinta da mahaifiyarta, wanda aka ba da gudummawa don amfani da shi don dalilai na agaji. Ta kafa asusun sadaka na ''Stiftelsen Lars Hiertas Minne'', wanda ta yi amfani da shi don tallafawa batutuwan jin kai da yawa, binciken kimiyya, al'adu da sake fasalin zamantakewa. Ta hanyar wannan, ta kafa gidan aiki na farko a 1887: wannan aiki ne wanda [[Denmark]] ta yi wahayi zuwa gare shi yara matalauta ne da aka yi amfani da su don musayar abinci. Wannan aikin ya karu zuwa kusan 90 a cikin dukan ƙasar, da kuma Rasha da [[Poland]]. Manufar ita ce ta ba da yara ga iyaye masu aiki masu amfani da lokacin da ya gabata maimakon a bar su kadai a rana yayin da iyayensu ke aiki. Dangane da su, malamin [[Sofi Nilsson]] ya kafa tare da ita ilimin Iyalin da kimiyyar mabukaci ga 'yan mata ta hanyar barin su su dafa abinci don gidaje (1889). A shekara ta 1889, ta gabatar da tsarin Octavia Hill don wuraren zama masu lafiya ga masu aiki. == Rayuwa ta baya == [[Fayil:Anna_Hierta-Retzius,_grundare_av_Stockholms_arbetsstugor._Arbetsstugan_bildades_i_januari_1887_-_Nordiska_Museet_-_NMA.0055552.jpg|thumb|Hoton Anna Hierta-Retzius daga baya (an ɗauke shi bayan 1887) ]] Ayyukan Anna Hierta-Retzius sun shiga sabon mataki a cikin shekarun 1880. A lokacin muhawara ta jima'i ta shekarun 1880, yayin da sababbin ra'ayoyin soyayya ta kyauta suka zama sananne, Anna Hierta-Retzius ta sanya kanta a gefen masu ra'ayin mazan jiya. A cikin wannan, ta kasance abokin adawar Ellen Key. A wannan lokacin ta zama mai ra'ayin mazan jiya a cikin batutuwan jima'i: ta matsa lamba don tantance jima'i a cikin wallafe-wallafen da sinima da kuma haramtacciyar hana haihuwa da karatun jima'i, kuma tana buƙatar suna na kasancewa mai ɗabi'a da kuma mai kare ra'ayoyin masu ra'ayin rikon kwarya, wanda a hanyoyi da yawa canji ne game da tsattsauran ra'ayi na baya. Dalilin wannan halin an ba da shawarar cewa ya samo asali ne daga gano rayuwar mahaifinta ta biyu: gaskiyar cewa mahaifinta yana da dangantaka ta dindindin tare da masoyinsa, Vendela Hebbe, kuma ta haka ne ya ci amanar mahaifiyarta, an ɓoye ta daga gare ta yayin rayuwar iyayenta, kuma gano zina na mahaifinta bayan mutuwar mahaifiyarta a 1878 ya haifar da rikici wanda a ƙarshe ya haifar da ra'ayoyi masu tsauri a cikin shekaru. A cikin shekarun 1900, ta zama sananniya a matsayin mai sukar sabon wallafe-wallafen zamani. A shekara ta 1912, ta kara adawa da [[Zaɓen Mata|'Yancin mata]]. An ba Hierta-Retzius Illis Quorum a cikin 1907. == Manazarta == === Bayani === {{Reflist}} === Bayanan littattafai === * Österberg, Carin et al., Svenska kvinnor: föregångare, nyskapare (Mata na Sweden: Masu gaba, majagaba) Lund: Signum 1990. ( )   * [http://sok.riksarkivet.se/sbl/Presentation.aspx?id=6600 Anna W Retzius (Hierta-)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306080656/https://sok.riksarkivet.se/sbl/Presentation.aspx?id=6600 |date=2021-03-06 }} , urn:sbl:6600, Svenskt biografiskt lexikon (art av Hjördis Levin), kwata 2015-06-18. == Ƙarin karantawa == * Norl, Kerstin Anna Wilhelmina Hierta-Retzius a Svenskt প্ৰতিistoci [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1924]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1841]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] sjd3tvspjreok5z5gg0f4a1shvgro97 0 92867 874248 854511 2026-07-02T09:35:56Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 874248 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Christina Hammer''' (an Haife ta a ranar 16 ga watan Agusta na shekara ta 1990) yar damben Jamus ce. A matsayinta na ƙwararriyar, ta gudanar da gasar zakarun duniya da yawa a cikin nau'ikan nauyi biyu, gami da taken WBO na matsakaicin nauyi na mata daga shekara 2010 zuwa 2019, <ref name="Verona">{{Cite web |last=Songalia |first=Ryan |date=14 December 2018 |title=Christina Hammer Wants Claressa Shiels Fight: 'She's Not a ROle Model For the Sport Like I Am' |url=https://www.ringtv.com/524895-christina-hammer-wants-claressa-shields-fight-shes-not-a-role-model-for-the-sport-like-i-am/ |access-date=24 February 2019 |website=[[The Ring (magazine)|The Ring]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 February 2019 |title=Christina Hammer Vs. Claressa Shields April 13 On Showtime |url=http://www.wboboxing.com/news/boxing-news/claressa-shields-vs-christina-hammer-april-13-on-showtime/ |access-date=24 February 2019 |website=[[World Boxing Organisation]]}}</ref> ta zama ƙaramin ɗan dambe don lashe taken duniya na WBO; <ref>{{Cite web |last=Liggero |first=Becky |date=3 April 2018 |title=Christina Hammer goes 'all the way up' with Lady Hammer Casino |url=https://calvinayre.com/2018/04/03/business/christina-hammer-goes-way-lady-hammer-casino-video/ |access-date=24 February 2019 |website=CalvinAyre.com}}</ref> taken mata na matsakaicin nauyi na WBC tsakanin 2016 da 2018; <ref>{{Cite web |last=Campbell |first=Brian |date=12 February 2019 |title=Claressa Shields vs. Christina Hammer middleweight unification fight set for April on Showtime |url=https://www.cbssports.com/boxing/news/claressa-shields-vs-christina-hammer-middleweight-unification-fight-set-for-april-on-showtime/ |access-date=24 February 2019 |website=[[CBS Sports]]}}</ref> da taken mata na babban matsakaicin nauyi na WBO a cikin 2013. <ref name="Undisputed">{{Cite web |last=Rafael |first=Dan |date=26 September 2018 |title=Claressa Shields, Christina Hammer set to square off Nov. 17 in Atlantic City |url=http://www.espn.co.uk/boxing/story/_/id/24797064/claressa-shields-christina-hammer-set-square-nov-17-atlantic-city |access-date=24 February 2019 |website=[[ESPN]]}}</ref> Ta kuma ƙalubalanci sau ɗaya don taken WBO mata mai matsakaicin nauyi a cikin 2014 <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2014 |title=WBF Executive Committee Declares Mathis vs. Hammer No Contest |url=https://www.womenboxing.com/NEWS2014/news072814wbf-press-release.htm#.XHJYquj7SUk |access-date=24 February 2019 |website=Women Boxing}}</ref> da sau ɗaya don gasar zakarun matsakaicin nauyi na mata da [[Claressa Shields]] a 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |title=BoxRec: Bout |url=https://boxrec.com/en/event/782880/2323790 |access-date=2019-12-09 |website=boxrec.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pugmire |first=Lance |date=12 April 2019 |title=Claressa Shields focused on winning and dominating versus Christina Hammer |url=https://www.latimes.com/sports/boxing/la-sp-claressa-shields-christina-hammer-fight-20190412-story.html |access-date=24 April 2021 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> <ref name="espn">{{Cite web |last=Rafael |first=Dan |date=13 February 2019 |title=Claressa Shields-Christina Hammer back on, to fight April 13 in Atlantic City |url=https://www.espn.com/boxing/story/_/id/25982545/claressa-shields-christina-hammer-fight-back-held-april-13-atlantic-city |access-date=24 April 2021 |website=[[ESPN]] |quote="Hammer (24-0, 11 KOs), 28, a Kazakhstan native fighting out of Germany"}}</ref> Tun nasarar da Hammer ta samu a kan Zita Zatyko, ta samu nasarar lashe Gwarzon Shekara ta WBF da WBO; <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2017 |title=Female world champion Christina Hammer signs contract with Dmitriy Salita |url=https://www.worldboxingnews.com/female-world-champion-christina-hammer-signs-contract-with-dmitriy-salita/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043700/https://www.worldboxingnews.net/2017/12/18/female-world-champion-christina-hammer-signs-contract-with-dmitriy-salita/ |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=24 February 2019 |website=World Boxing News}}</ref> An ba ta lambar yabo ta BDB's BDB's Female Boxer of Year; <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2018 |title=Christina Hammer vs. Claressa Shields |url=http://www.womenboxing.com/NEWS2018/news121218claressa-shields-vs-christina-hammer.htm |access-date=24 February 2019 |website=Women Boxing}}</ref> kuma WBO ta ba ta lambar lu'u-lu'u ta WBO don kyakkyawan aiki. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2014 |title=Christina Hammer and SoftSwiss launch an online casino in partnership with WBC |url=https://www.softswiss.com/company-news/christina-hammer-softswiss-launch-online-casino-partnership-wbc/ |access-date=24 February 2019 |website=SoftSwiss}}</ref> Tun daga watan Fabrairun 2019, Hammer yana cikin matsayi na biyu mafi kyawun matsakaicin nauyi na mata ta ''The Ring'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fischer |first=Doug |date=22 February 2019 |title=Ratings Update: Inaugural Ring Women's Title on the Line in Shields-Hammer Showdown |url=https://www.ringtv.com/554883-ratings-update-inaugural-ring-womens-title-on-the-line-in-shields-hammer-showdown/ |access-date=24 February 2019 |website=[[The Ring (magazine)|The Ring]]}}</ref> da BoxRec, <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2019 |title=Female Middleweight Rankings - BoxRec |url=http://boxrec.com/en/ratings?abc%5Bcountry%5D=&abc%5Bdivision%5D=Middleweight&abc%5Bsex%5D=F&abc%5Bstance%5D=&abc%5Bstatus%5D=a&r_go= |access-date=24 February 2019 |website=[[BoxRec]]}}</ref> da kuma mace ta bakwai mafi kyawun aiki, fam-for-pound, ta ESPN . <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=26 August 2020 |title=Women's boxing pound-for-pound rankings: Did Katie Taylor do enough to take over the No. 1 spot? |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/boxing/story/_/id/29738630/women-boxing-pound-pound-rankings-did-katie-taylor-do-enough-take-no-1-spot |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200902004027/https://www.espn.co.uk/boxing/story/_/id/29738630/women-boxing-pound-pound-rankings-did-katie-taylor-do-enough-take-no-1-spot |archive-date=2 September 2020 |access-date=24 September 2020 |website=ESPN.com |language=en}}</ref> An san Hammer don salon wasan dambe na haƙuri da dabara, sawa abokan hamayyarta ƙasa da jabs da ƙarin haƙƙoƙin bin diddigi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 March 2017 |title=8 Badass Female Boxers You Need To Know |url=https://www.gq.com.au/fitness/sport/8-badass-female-boxers-you-need-to-know/image-gallery/ba717cff32055a45846abaa2bd51ea96 |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=[[GQ]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rafael |first=Dan |date=23 June 2018 |title=Claressa Shields recovers to beat Hanna Gabriels, confronts Christina Hammer |url=http://www.espn.co.uk/boxing/story/_/id/23880118/claressa-shields-recovers-first-round-knockdown-defeats-hanna-gabriels |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=[[ESPN]]}}</ref> Tun Nuwamba 2021 Wasserman Boxing ne ya sanya hannu kuma Daniel Todorovic na O1NE Sport GmbH ne ke sarrafa ta. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Christina Hammer 16 Agusta 1990 a Nowodolinka, Kazakh SSR, kafin yin hijira tare da iyayenta zuwa Sontra, Jamus, a 1991. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Graham |first=Bryan Armen |date=27 February 2019 |title=Fiery Claressa Shields prods cool Christina Hammer before blockbuster |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2019/feb/27/shields-hammer-undisputed-womens-boxing-unification-fight |access-date=24 April 2021 |website=[[The Guardian]] |quote="Hammer, the German émigrée from Kazakhstan"}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kim |first=Steve |date=5 April 2019 |title=For Christina Hammer, fighting in ballyhooed bout was her destiny |url=https://www.espn.com/boxing/story/_/id/26448244/for-christina-hammer-fighting-ballyhooed-bout-was-destiny |access-date=24 April 2021 |website=[[ESPN]] |quote="migrated from Kazakhstan"}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Burnett |first=Gabrielle |date=22 February 2019 |title=Shields vs Hammer: All Eyes On Womens Boxing |url=https://www.myartmyrules.com/viewsfromringside/2018/1/28/its-our-time-to-shine |access-date=24 February 2019 |website=My Art My Rules}}</ref> Iyayenta sun bar Kazakhstan yayin da suke ganin kyakkyawar makoma ga dukan iyali a Jamus, tare da ingancin ilimi da ingancin rayuwa, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Woods |first=Michael |date=22 December 2017 |title=Please Allow Her To Introduce Herself: MEET CHRISTINA HAMMER |url=http://nyfights.com/fight-news-nyf/please-allow-introduce-meet-christina-hammer/ |access-date=24 February 2019 |website=NYFights}}</ref> yayin da Hammer yayi magana game da girma don kada ya daina. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Scott |first=Craig |date=10 August 2017 |title=Exclusive interview: Christina Hammer – 'Claressa Shields didn't impress me!' |url=http://fighttalk.net/index.php/2017/08/10/exclusive-interview-christina-hammer-claressa-shields-didnt-impress-me/ |access-date=24 February 2019 |website=Fight Talk |archive-date=26 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626053513/http://fighttalk.net/index.php/2017/08/10/exclusive-interview-christina-hammer-claressa-shields-didnt-impress-me |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Scott |first=Craig |date=10 August 2017 |title=Exclusive interview: Christina Hammer |url=https://www.christinahammer.de/news/166-exclusive-interview-christina-hammer-claressa-shields-didnt-impress-me.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043741/https://www.christinahammer.de/news/166-exclusive-interview-christina-hammer-claressa-shields-didnt-impress-me.html |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=24 February 2019 |website=FightTalk.net}}</ref> Ta ci gaba da sha'awar wasanni ta hanyar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]], guje-guje, iyo, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Struby |first=Tim |date=7 August 2017 |title=Meet Christina Hammer, The World Champion Boxer Who's Also a Lingerie Model |url=https://www.maxim.com/sports/christina-hammer-2017-8 |access-date=24 February 2019 |website=[[Maxim (magazine)|Maxim]]}}</ref> kuma tana da shekaru 13, an gabatar da ita a wasan dambe bayan kawunta sun ba ta izinin raka su zuwa wuraren wasan dambe. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Woods |first=Michael |date=14 May 2018 |title=A Deeper Look Into Christina Hammer |url=https://www.ringtv.com/535828-deeper-look-christina-hammer/ |access-date=24 February 2019 |website=[[The Ring (magazine)|The Ring]]}}</ref> Ta yi horo a Eschwege a karkashin Robert Staar, yayin da ta ci gaba da zama zakara na ƙarami bayan shekaru uku. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 May 2018 |title=For Christina Hammer now the adventure USA begins |url=https://www.werra-rundschau.de/sport/lokalsport/boxerin-christina-hammer-aus-sontra-boxt-in-usa-9895217.html |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=Werra-Rundschau}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2018 |title=Christina Hammer |url=http://www.thebestofintima.com/en/magazine_detail/christina_hammer-3794.html |access-date=24 February 2019 |website=The Best of Intima}}</ref> Lokacin da yake da shekaru 18, kocinta da mai horar da su, Dimitri Kirnos ya gano Hammer, inda ta ce: "Ko da yake na girma a cikin karamin gari, ina da shekaru 18 na yanke shawarar zama ƙwararren ɗan dambe kuma na ƙaura daga gida [...] Tabbas, ba shi da sauƙi a farko, amma na san zan iya yin hakan idan na cire shi." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fuchs |first=Klara |date=4 February 2017 |title=Boxing Champion Christina Hammer Interviewed |url=https://www.klarafuchs.com/2017/02/07/boxweltmeisterin-christina-hammer-interview/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043933/https://www.klarafuchs.com/2017/02/07/boxweltmeisterin-christina-hammer-interview/ |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=Klara Fuchs}}</ref> Lokacin da Hammer ke girma, ta sha'awar Gennady Golovkin da Wladimir Klitschko a matsayin 'yan wasa, yayin da ta bayyana cewa ita ma tana sha'awar "mata masu karfi kamar [[Jennifer Lopez]] wadanda suka gina daular kansu". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Diamond |first=Jill |date=6 April 2018 |title=Outside the Ring: Christina Hammer |url=http://www.boxing.com/outside_the_ring_christina_hammer.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306042725/http://www.boxing.com/outside_the_ring_christina_hammer.html |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=24 February 2019 |website=Boxing.com}}</ref> == Amateur aiki == Hammer ta fafata a gasar dambe ta Eschwege a gasar Jamus da dama, inda ta doke zakaran kananan yara na Jamus a 2007, inda ta samu nasara baki daya kan tsohon zakaran Jamus Manon Rohrbach da shekaru 63.&nbsp;kg, <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2007 |title=Action Day "Movement against Violent Violence in Motion" |url=http://www.freestyle-marburg.de/page:article:show:0000168483 |access-date=24 February 2019 |website=FreeStyle |archive-date=6 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043806/http://www.freestyle-marburg.de/page:article:show:0000168483 |url-status=dead }}</ref> da kuma lashe Gasar Gasar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Jamus ta Ƙasashen Duniya a Berlin ta hanyar kayar da Madelyn Cibis (BC Oberhavel) RSC-1 a 75&nbsp;kg. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2007 |title=Women's boxing DM for the 100th Neukölln club anniversary |url=http://www.boxen-hamburg.de/dmfrauen07.htm |access-date=24 February 2019 |website=Boxing Hamburg}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2007 |title=The finals |url=http://boxclub-oberhavel.de/durchgeboxt-bis-ins-finale/ |access-date=24 February 2019 |website=Märker}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2008, ta je Eichstätt inda ta fafata a Gasar Cin Kofin Mata na Jamus, inda ta ci azurfa bayan ta doke Silke Huenecke 28–7 da Janine Hoffmann 19–12, duk da haka, da zarar ta je wasan karshe ta yi rashin nasara da maki daya a kan Nikolina Orlovic da ci 13–14. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2008 |title=German Womens Championships - Eichstaett |url=http://amateur-boxing.strefa.pl/Nationalchamps/Germany2008w.html |access-date=24 February 2019 |website=Amateur Boxing}}</ref> Hammer da farko ta gama aikinta na mai son tare da yin nasara 22 da rashin nasara 1. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 December 2015 |title=Christina Hammer - the youngest German boxing champion |url=https://rusdeutsch.eu/Nachrichten/3136 |access-date=24 February 2019 |website=Landsmannschaft of the Russian Germans}}</ref> A cikin Fabrairu 2021, ta koma matsayin mai son da niyyar yin takara a gasar Olympics ta Tokyo . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lubrich |first=Jörg |date=14 February 2021 |title=Amateur-Comeback von Christina Hammer - Dortmunderin steuert Olympia in Tokio an |url=https://www.bild.de/sport/mehr-sport/boxen/amateur-comeback-von-christina-hammer-dortmunderin-steuert-olympia-in-tokio-an-75357748.bild.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214100306/https://www.bild.de/sport/mehr-sport/boxen/amateur-comeback-von-christina-hammer-dortmunderin-steuert-olympia-in-tokio-an-75357748.bild.html |archive-date=14 February 2021 |access-date=15 February 2021 |website=bild.de |language=de}}</ref> Ta kasa tsallakewa zuwa gasar Olympics ta Tokyo. === Gasar Junior ta Ƙasashen Duniya === Hammer ta fafata a gasar dambe ta Eschwege a gasar wasannin Jamus da dama, inda ta doke zakaran kananan yara na Jamus na 2007, inda ta samu nasara baki daya kan tsohon zakaran Jamus Manon Rohrbach a kilogiram 63, kuma ta lashe Gasar Kananan Yara na Jamusawa a Berlin ta hanyar doke Madelyn Cibis (BC Oberhavel) RSC 3k4 a 7. A watan Agustan 2008, ta je Eichstätt inda ta fafata a Gasar Mata ta Jamus, inda ta ci azurfa bayan ta doke Silke Huenecke 28–7 da Janine Hoffmann 19–12, duk da haka, da zarar ta wuce zuwa wasan karshe ta yi rashin nasara da maki daya a kan Nikolina Orlovic da ci 13–14. Hammer da farko ta gama aikinta na mai son tare da samun nasara 22 da rashin nasara 1. A cikin Fabrairu 2021, ta koma matsayin mai son da niyyar yin takara a gasar Olympics ta Tokyo. Ta kasa tsallakewa zuwa gasar Olympics ta Tokyo.2007 * An ci Madelyn Cibis (Jamus) RSC–1 === Gasar cin kofin Jamus === '''2008''' * An ci Silke Huenecke (Jamus) (27–2) * An ci Janine Hoffmann (Jamus) (19–12) * Nikolina Orlovic ( [[Kroatiya|Craatia]] ) ya yi rashin nasara (13-14) == Sana'ar sana'a == === Farkon aiki === Bayan da ta lashe lambar azurfa a gasar zakarun kasar Jamus, Hammer ta dan yi la'akari da fafatawa a gasar Olympics ta London 2012, amma burinta na zama zakara ya fi girma. <ref name="Olympics">{{Cite web |last=Karl |first=Fabian |date=18 February 2011 |title="MOST OF THE TIME I KNOCKED OUT" |url=http://www.pflichtlektuere.com/18/02/2011/die-meisten-hab-ich-halt-ausgeknockt/ |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=Pflichtlektüre}}</ref> Hammer ta fara wasanta na farko a fagen ƙwararru tana da shekaru 19 a ranar 12 ga Satumbar 2009 a Gewerbehof Schlutius a [[Magdeburg]] da mayaƙin Jamus Melisa Koktar, wadda Hammer ta doke ta ta hanyar buga fasaha (TKO) a zagaye na biyu. <ref name="Record"/> A kan 24 Oktoba 2009 a Anhalt Arena a Dessau, Hammer ya lashe hudu zagaye baki daya yanke shawara a kan Czech jirgin saman soja Sarka Stoklaskova, wanda ya fadi zuwa 2-8 (1 KO) tare da asarar. <ref name="Record" /> Har zuwa 23 ga Oktoba 2010, ta ci gaba da samun karin fadace-fadace guda biyar a cikin watanni goma sha daya, inda ta doke Marija Pejakovic, Daniela Bickei, Patricia Braesick, Marie Riederer, da Mihaela Dragan duk ta hanyar knockout a cikin zagaye biyar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mahly |first=Martin |date=28 September 2010 |title=With hammer to the world championship |url=https://www.wr.de/sport/lokalsport/dortmund/mit-hammer-zur-weltmeisterschaft-id3769668.html |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=Westfälische Rundschau}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Schröder |first=Rene |date=19 October 2010 |title="The big step forward" |url=https://www.derwesten.de/sport/lokalsport/dortmund/der-grosse-schritt-nach-vorn-id3848977.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101022003127/http://www.derwesten.de/sport/lokalsport/dortmund/Der-grosse-Schritt-nach-vorn-id3848977.html |archive-date=22 October 2010 |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=Derwesten.de}}</ref> ==== Hammer vs. Perozzi ==== A ranar 23 Oktoba 2010, Hammer ta haɓaka matakin gasarta kuma ta fuskanci Teresa Perozzi don matsayi na WBO na matsakaici a Erdgas Arena a Riesa, Jamus, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dechabert |first=Derek |date=18 January 2012 |title=Perozzi ready to defend title on home shores |url=http://www.royalgazette.com/article/20120118/SPORT/701189962&template=mobileart |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=[[The Royal Gazette (Bermuda)|The Royal Gazette]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 October 2010 |title=Teresa Perozzi Loses In Germany |url=http://bernews.com/2010/10/teresa-perozzi-loses-in-germany/ |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=Bernews}}</ref> tare da yakin da aka nuna akan Sport1 . <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 October 2010 |title=Christina Strikes Hard |url=https://www.riesa.de/deu/_presse/presse_meldung.php?id=601 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044514/https://www.riesa.de/deu/_presse/presse_meldung.php?id=601 |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=Willkommen in der Sportstadt Riesa}}</ref> Southpaw Perozzi ya fara yakin ne ta hanyar amfani da matsa lamba mai yawa da kuma saita sauri wanda ya tilasta Hammer ya yi tunani game da tsaro fiye da yakin da ta yi a baya. <ref name="Record"/> Ayyukan ya kasance har ma da farko, duk da haka, Hammer ya fara zira kwallaye akai-akai ga shugaban Perozzi a cikin zagaye na gaba. <ref name="Record" /> Perozzi ta ci gaba da kokarin danna laifinta amma hakkin Hammer ya ba da mafi kyawun harbe-harbe a cikin fada wanda sau da yawa ya fi kusanci fiye da katin da aka nuna. <ref name="Record" /> Hammer ya yi nasara a yanke shawara guda goma zagaye na 98–92, 97–93, da 97–93 don zama zakaran damben duniya mafi karancin shekaru na Jamus, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Burgess |first=Dan |date=4 January 2012 |title=A look back at Perozzi's climb to the top |url=http://bermudasun.bm/Content/SPORTS/Boxing/Article/A-look-back-at-Perozzi-s-climb-to-the-top/8/117/56053 |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=[[The Royal Gazette (Bermuda)|The Royal Gazette]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Woodyard |first=Eric |date=3 August 2017 |title=See how Claressa Shields compares to all-time greats of women's boxing |url=https://www.mlive.com/sports/flint/index.ssf/2017/08/see_how_claressa_shields_compa.html |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=MLive.com}}</ref> kuma dan dambe mafi karancin shekaru a tarihi don lashe taken WBO. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2015 |title=Professional boxer Christina Hammer wants to contest show fights in the USA |url=http://www.lvz.de/Region/Doebeln/Profi-Boxerin-Christina-Hammer-will-Show-Kaempfe-in-den-USA-bestreiten |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306134458/http://www.lvz.de/Region/Doebeln/Profi-Boxerin-Christina-Hammer-will-Show-Kaempfe-in-den-USA-bestreiten |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=[[Leipziger Volkszeitung]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2010 |title=Draw for the "German Oak" |url=https://www.gnp1.de/allgemein/ergebnisse/news/unentschieden-fuer-die-deutsche-eiche/ |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=GNP1}}</ref> <ref name="Record" /> ==== Hammer vs. Kiss ==== A ranar 18 ga Fabrairu 2011, Hammer ta kara da matsayin WBF matsakaiciyar nauyi a cikin tarin bel ɗinta, <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2011 |title=Photos/Weights: Jan Zaveck 146, Paul Delgado 145 |url=https://www.boxingscene.com/photos-weights-jan-zaveck-146-paul-delgado-145--36065 |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=BoxingScene}}</ref> a kan kati na Jan Zaveck tana kare kambunsa na IBF welterweight da Paul Delgado a filin wasanni na Stožice a [[Ljubljana|Ljubljana, Slovenia]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2010 |title=Christina Hammer will defend her belt in Ljubljana |url=http://www.ruslife.eu/Sport/Boks/Kristina-Hammer-Christina-Hammer-Boj-v-Ljubljane.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120202901/http://www.ruslife.eu/Sport/Boks/Kristina-Hammer-Christina-Hammer-Boj-v-Ljubljane.html |archive-date=20 January 2013 |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=RusLife}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2010 |title=Will Christina Hammer become a two-time champion? |url=http://www.ruslife.eu/Sport/Boks/Kristina-Hammer-Ljubljana-Christina-Hammer-vs-Diana-Kiss.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306045144/http://www.ruslife.eu/Sport/Boks/Kristina-Hammer-Ljubljana-Christina-Hammer-vs-Diana-Kiss.html |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=RusLife}}</ref> lokacin da Kiss ya yi ritaya a zagaye na takwas na kusurwoyi bakwai. <ref name="Record">{{Cite web |date=14 October 2010 |title=Christina Hammer |url=https://www.womenboxing.com/biog/chammer.htm |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=Women Boxing}}</ref> Hammer ta fara da mugun nufi kuma yayi amfani da hannunta don sarrafa aikin. <ref name="Record" /> A kashi na biyu na fada Hammer ya kara matsi sannan Kiss ya fara zubar da jini daga hancinta. <ref name="Record" /> A lokacin hutun zagaye, Kiss ta nuna wa mai horar da ita cewa ba ta da niyyar ci gaba, <ref name="Record" /> don haka Hammer ya ci nasara ta TKO. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2012 |title=Maria Lindberg Meets Hungarian Diana Kiss in Hamburg on February 11 Over Six Rounds |url=https://www.mmanytt.se/nyheter/maria-lindberg-moter-ungerskan-diana-kiss-i-hamburg-11e-februari-over-sex-ronder/ |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=MMAnytt}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2012 |title=2011 World Boxing Federation Awards |url=http://www.worldboxingfederation.net/wbfawards2011.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121060253/http://www.worldboxingfederation.net/wbfawards2011.htm |archive-date=21 November 2018 |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=World Boxing Federation}}</ref> ==== Hammer vs. Lindberg, Rayuwa ==== A ranar 27 ga Mayu 2011, a Zlatopramen Arena a [[Kazech|Jamhuriyar Czech]], Hammer ta kare kambunta na WBO da WBF na matsakaicin nauyi a gasar zagaye na goma da WIBA da WIBF mai rike da kambun nauyi mai matsakaicin nauyi Maria Lindberg, <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 May 2011 |title=Christy Martin's back and a highly anticipated women's bout tonight! |url=https://girlboxing.org/2011/05/27/christy-martins-back-a-highly-anticipated-womens-bout-2night/ |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=GirlBoxing}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hansson |first=Kent |date=30 December 2013 |title=Maria Lindberg leaves Malmö after hard 2013 |url=https://www.expressen.se/kvallsposten/sport/maria-lindberg-lamnar-malmo-efter-svart-2013/ |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=[[Expressen]]}}</ref> wanda Hammer ya yi nasara ta hanyar yanke shawara baki daya, <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2011 |title=Konecny domine Bayram |url=http://www.ffboxe.com/news-13449-boxe-professionnelle-konecny-domine-bayram.html |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=[[French Boxing Federation]] }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2011 |title=Christina Hammer defeats Maria Lindberg |url=http://womensboxingnow.blogspot.com/2011/05/christina-hammer-defeats-maria-lindberg.html |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=Womens Boxing Now}}</ref> da haka WBF ya yi magana game da ''WBF.'' Jami'in maki 97-93, 97-93, da 98-92. <ref name="Record"/> A ranar 21 ga Oktoba, 2011, a Brandenburg Hall a [[Frankfurt]], Jamus, Hammer ya yi nasara a yanke shawara guda goma game da Vashon Living na Amurka, yana kare mata lakabin WBO da WBF. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2011 |title=Christina Hammer vs. Vashon Living - WBO female middleweight title |url=http://www.wbo-europe.com/video/christina-hammer-vs-vashon-living---wbo-female-middleweight-title-video/ |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=[[World Boxing Organisation]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2011 |title=Press Conference in Germany: Kentikian and Hammer on card |url=https://www.womenboxing.com/NEWS2011/news101711kentikianhammer.htm |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=Women Boxing}}</ref> Rayuwa, wacce ke cikin babban rashi, ta kasance mai wayar hannu kuma tana da kuzari yayin da take ƙoƙarin kusantar ɓata da aiki a ciki, amma Hammer har yanzu tana iya amfani da damar da ta samu don sarrafa tafiyar. <ref name="Record" /> Hammer ya sauka daidai manyan manyan hanyoyi guda biyu a cikin na bakwai kuma Living ya bayyana ya gaji saboda bugun Hammer mai tsayi a zagayen rufewa. <ref name="Record" /> ==== Hammer vs. Tshabalala, Hernandez ==== A ranar 5 ga Afrilu, 2012, a Sportovní hala Vodova a Brno, Jamhuriyar Czech, Hammer ta kare kambunta na uku na WBF da WBO na matsakaicin nauyi, inda ta mamaye shari'ar don ci gaba da rike kambunta tare da yanke shawara baki daya kan Julie Tshabalala ta Afirka ta Kudu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2012 |title=Konecny-Larbi; Hammer-Tshabalala Officials |url=http://www.wboboxing.com/news/boxing-news/konecny-larbi-hammer-tshabalala-officials/ |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=[[World Boxing Organisation]]}}</ref> <ref name="WBO">{{Cite web |date=9 April 2012 |title=Hammer Defeats Tshabalala |url=http://www.wboboxing.com/news/wbo-women/hammer-defeats-tshabalala/ |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=[[World Boxing Organisation]]}}</ref> Hammer ya yi hasashen samun nasara a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida, tare da Tshabalala ya yi fafatawa a ciki don gujewa dogon zango da harbin kai tsaye daga Hammer, wanda ya daidaita da kyau kuma ya yi karo da ƙugiya da sama. <ref name="WBO" /> <ref name="Record"/> Tshabalala ta sami mafi kyawun lokacinta a zagaye shida da bakwai, kuma da alama tana kama iska ta biyu, amma Hammer ta dawo kan gaba a zagaye uku na ƙarshe, wanda ya sa Tshabalala ta rasa kuma ta biya kuɗin kurakuranta. <ref name="WBO" /> <ref name="Record" /> Alkalan Zoltan Enyedi, Manuel Oliver Palomo, da Andre Van Grootenbruel ne suka yi nasara a fafatawar 99–91, 100–90, da 100–90 duk sun goyi bayan mai kare WBF da zakaran matsakaicin nauyi na WBO. <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2012 |title=(4/5/2012)Christina Hammer Vs. Queen Tshabalala |url=http://www.wboboxing.com/official-results/452012christina-hammer-vs-queen-tshabalala/ |access-date=26 February 2019 |website=[[World Boxing Organisation]]}}</ref> Bayan Hammer ta doke Tshabalala, an sanar da cewa Hammer za ta kare sunanta a RWE Rhein-Ruhr Sporthalle a Muelheim, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Jamus a kan Yahaira Hernandez a ranar 7 ga Satumba 2012 . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Baum |first=Clive |date=30 August 2012 |title=Hammer Out To Show She Is # 1 |url=http://www.worldboxingfederation.net/articles/article0234.htm |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=[[World Boxing Federation]] }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2012 |title=Weltmeisterin Hammer will Titel verteidigen |url=https://www.fr.de/sport/sport-mix/weltmeisterin-hammer-will-titel-verteidigen-11356412.html |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=Frankfurter Rundschau}}</ref> Hammer ya zo a 70.3 kilograms, yayin da Hernandez ya auna 'yan gram da yawa a cikin kayan farko, wanda manajanta, Daniel Born, ya yi aiki da ƙarfi kuma ya yanke ƙuƙwalwar ƙwallon ƙafa, wanda ya haifar da gyaran nauyin zuwa batu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Böttner |first=Gerd |date=6 September 2012 |title=Small weight problems |url=https://www.waz.de/sport/lokalsport/muelheim/kleine-gewichtsprobleme-id7067958.html |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=[[Westdeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung]]}}</ref> Hammer ya lashe nasara a zagaye goma a kan Yahaira Hernandez . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Schumann |first=Dieter |date=11 September 2012 |title=Double world champion Christina Hammer still victorious |url=https://www.lokalkompass.de/muelheim/c-sport/doppelweltmeisterin-christina-hammer-weiterhin-siegreich_a208740 |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=WVW/ORA Anzeigenblätter |archive-date=6 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043845/https://www.lokalkompass.de/muelheim/c-sport/doppelweltmeisterin-christina-hammer-weiterhin-siegreich_a208740 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Fifikon fasaha na Hammer ya bayyana duk da kokarin wasan da Hernandez ya yi, wanda aka buga a zagaye na huɗu, na tara, da na goma.<ref name="Record"/> Hernandez, wanda aka cire maki biyu don riƙewa da kuma 10-8 rasa zagaye saboda sau uku. <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2012 |title=World Champion Hammer defends titles confidently |url=https://www.wolfsburger-nachrichten.de/sport/mehr-sport/article150751633/Weltmeisterin-Hammer-verteidigt-Titel-souveraen.html |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=[[Braunschweiger Zeitung]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2012 |title=Christina Hammer Vs. Yahaira Hernandez |url=http://www.wboboxing.com/official-results/christina-hammer-vs-yahaira-hernandez/ |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=[[World Boxing Organisation]]}}</ref> Bayan haka, Hammer ta yi magana game da niyyarta ta kori Hernandez, amma ba za ta iya yin hakan ba, kodayake ta bayyana cewa tana farin ciki da aikinta.<ref name="Hernandez">{{Cite web |date=8 September 2012 |title=Christina Hammer Outclasses Yahaira Hernandez in Muelheim |url=http://www.doghouseboxing.com/Boxing_News/DHBpr0908cc12.htm |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=Doghouse Boxing |archive-date=6 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043841/http://www.doghouseboxing.com/Boxing_News/DHBpr0908cc12.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hernandez ta yaba wa Hammer, inda ta bayyana cewa "Na yi mamakin tsananin Hammer, kuma ta buga da gaske.<ref name="Hernandez" /> === Super matsakaicin nauyi === ==== Hammer vs. Zatyko ==== A cikin Afrilu 2013, Hammer ta sanar da cewa za ta yi yaƙi da Zita Zatyko mai shekaru 32 da ba a ci nasara ba, wadda aka ɗauke ta a matsayin mafi kyawun ƴan damben mata a duniya, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 2013 |title=Women's World Cup at next Klitschko fight |url=http://www.general-anzeiger-bonn.de/sport/mehr-sport/Frauen-WM-bei-n%C3%A4chstem-Klitschko-Kampf-article1018184.html |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=[[General-Anzeiger]]}}</ref> akan 4 May 2013 don WBF da sarari WBO mata babban matsayi na matsakaicin nauyi . <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2013 |title=MESSAGE / 1066: Christina Hammer wants to become world champion of all classes (SB) |url=http://www.schattenblick.de/infopool/sport/boxen/sbxm1066.html |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=Elektronische Zeitung Schattenblick |archive-date=10 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510100534/http://schattenblick.de/infopool/sport/boxen/sbxm1066.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2013 |title=Christina Hammer wants to conquer the next weight category |url=https://box-sport.de/news/christina-hammer-will-naechste-gewichtsklasse-erobern |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306111400/https://box-sport.de/news/christina-hammer-will-naechste-gewichtsklasse-erobern |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=Boxsport}}</ref> Daga cikin shirye-shiryen haduwar, Hammer ya bayyana cewa "Burina shi ne in zama zakara mafi kyau a damben boksin, fam-for-pound, da lashe gasar duniya ta biyu a azuzuwan nauyi biyu ta hanyar doke Zatyko zai zama wani mataki na cimma wannan burin." <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 May 2013 |title=WBF Title Bout: Zita Zatyko vs. Christina Hammer |url=http://www.womenboxing.com/NEWS2013/news05032013-wbf-title-bout.htm |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=Women Boxing}}</ref> Kwanan da aka saita don dawowa yana nufin Hammer zai yi yaƙi a kan katin Wladimir Klitschko yana kare WBA (Super), IBF, WBO, IBO, ''Ring'', da lakabi masu nauyi na layi akan Francesco Pianeta a SAP Arena a Mannheim . <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 March 2013 |title=Klitschko vs. Pianeta official: On 4 May in Mannheim |url=https://www.boxen.de/news/klitschko-vs-pianeta-offiziell-am-4-mai-in-mannheim-25077 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044641/https://www.boxen.de/news/klitschko-vs-pianeta-offiziell-am-4-mai-in-mannheim-25077 |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=Boxen.de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 2013 |title=Christina Hammer: "I want to become world champion of all classes!" |url=https://www.boxen.de/news/christina-hammer-ich-will-weltmeisterin-aller-klassen-werden-25674 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044734/https://www.boxen.de/news/christina-hammer-ich-will-weltmeisterin-aller-klassen-werden-25674 |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=Boxen.de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 2017 |title=Women's World Cup at next Klitschko fight |url=https://www.nwzonline.de/boxen/frauen-wm-bei-naechstem-klitschko-kampf_a_3,0,3913411490.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043422/https://www.nwzonline.de/boxen/frauen-wm-bei-naechstem-klitschko-kampf_a_3,0,3913411490.html |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=Nordwest-Zeitung}}</ref> Hammer ta taka rawar gani kuma ta yi amfani da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun dambenta don fitar da Zatyko mai nauyi. <ref name="Zatyko">{{Cite web |date=4 May 2013 |title=Hammer defeats Zatyko |url=https://www.boxingnews24.com/2013/05/hammer-defeats-zatyko/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044038/https://www.boxingnews24.com/2013/05/hammer-defeats-zatyko/ |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=Boxing News 24}}</ref> A zagaye na hudu, Hammer ya zura kwallo a raga, kararrawa ce kawai ta ceci wadanda suka ji rauni, amma jarumi, Zatyko. <ref name="Zatyko" /> A zagaye na gaba Hammer ya ci gaba da kai harin, amma Zatyko ya shawo kan guguwar kuma bayan zagaye goma na manyan damben boksin, alkalan Patricia Morse Jarman, Zoltan Enyedi, da Oliver Brien sun zira kwallaye 100–89, 99–90, da 99–90 duk sun goyi bayan sabon zakaran matsakaicin nauyi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bivins |first=Ryan |date=20 May 2013 |title=Boxing results and recaps, Apr. 28 - May 4: Lucas Browne, Srisaket Sor Rungvisai, Antonio Orozco, and Ramon de la Cruz Sena pull off career best wins |url=https://www.badlefthook.com/2013/5/10/4320382/boxing-results-apr-28-may-4-browne-srisaket-orozco |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=Bad Left Hook}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Woolever |first=Phil |date=30 November 2017 |title=European Report: Christina Hammer and other notes |url=http://forum.ib.tv/forum/forum/boxing/4750-european-report-christina-hammer-and-other-notes |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044516/http://forum.ib.tv/forum/forum/boxing/4750-european-report-christina-hammer-and-other-notes |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=European Report}}</ref> <ref name="Zatyko" /> === Komawa zuwa matsakaicin nauyi === ==== Hammer vs Lauren ==== An sanar da shi a kan 14 Yuni 2013, Hammer shine ya sauke karin fam biyar da rabi zuwa 157 kuma ya kalubalanci Mikaela Laurén daga Sweden a kan 13 Yuli 2013, <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 June 2013 |title=Mikaela Laurén Meets Christina Hammer in Germany July 13th About the WBO Title |url=https://www.mmanytt.se/nyheter/mikaela-lauren-moter-christina-hammer-i-tyskland-13e-juli-om-wbo-titeln/ |access-date=26 February 2019 |website=MMAnytt}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 July 2013 |title=Stieglitz-Kiyota TODAY In Dresden, Germany |url=http://www.wboboxing.com/news/boxing-news/stieglitz-kiyota-hoy-en-dresden-alemania/ |access-date=26 February 2019 |website=[[World Boxing Organisation]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Alfelt |first=Stefan |date=13 June 2013 |title=Stared each other out - then the kiss came |url=https://www.aftonbladet.se/sportbladet/a/e1OWJM/stirrade-ut-varandra--sedan-kom-kyssen |access-date=26 February 2019 |website=[[Aftonbladet]]}}</ref> a kan kariyar Robert Stieglitz na kare martabar WBO super-middleweight title da Yuzo Kiyotaes a Edennerbun [[Dresden|Dr.]] <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mitchell |first=Jan |date=13 July 2013 |title=Female boxer surprised opponent |url=https://www.bt.dk/boksning/se-billedet-kvindelig-bokser-overraskede-modstander |access-date=26 February 2019 |website=[[BT (tabloid)|BT]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2013 |title="Return of the Champions": Hammer meets Lauren |url=https://www.boxen.de/news/rueckkehr-der-champions-hammer-trifft-auf-lauren-27287 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043451/https://www.boxen.de/news/rueckkehr-der-champions-hammer-trifft-auf-lauren-27287 |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=26 February 2019 |website=Boxen.de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 July 2013 |title=Press conference in Dresden: Kiyota announces Ko against Stieglitz |url=https://www.boxen.de/news/pressekonferenz-in-dresden-kiyota-kuendigt-k-o-gegen-stieglitz-an-27568 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044218/https://www.boxen.de/news/pressekonferenz-in-dresden-kiyota-kuendigt-k-o-gegen-stieglitz-an-27568 |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=26 February 2019 |website=Boxen.de}}</ref> An yi yaƙin ne da wani ɓacin rai da abokin hamayyar Lauren ke sumbantar Hammer a nauyi, <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 July 2013 |title=Two female boxers go from intense stare down to kissing |url=https://www.joe.ie/sport/picture-two-female-boxers-go-from-intense-stare-down-to-kissing-353942 |access-date=26 February 2019 |website=[[Joe.ie]]}}</ref> ko da yake Hammer ya yi dariya daga halin da ake ciki yana mai cewa "Ban taɓa ganin irin wannan abu ba. Ina fatan zan iya azabtar da ita kaɗan saboda sumba." Lauren ta ɗauki salo na musamman mai ban tsoro kuma ba ta taɓa ɓoye kanta ba, wanda musayar tashin hankali ta tashi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2013 |title=Hammer stays cool in the fight |url=https://www.werra-rundschau.de/sport/lokalsport/hammer-bleibt-kampf-cool-3007006.html |access-date=26 February 2019 |website=Werra-Rundschau}}</ref> Yayin da ake gwabza kazamin fada tsakanin 'yan damben boksin na duniya guda biyu, a bayyane yake cewa Hammer ya kasance mafi kyawun mayaki a kusan kowane zagaye. <ref name="Lauren">{{Cite web |date=14 July 2013 |title=Hammer Retains WBF Crown, Thomas and Browning Draws |url=http://www.womenboxing.com/NEWS2013/news071413fight-report-wbf-christina-hammer.htm |access-date=26 February 2019 |website=Women Boxing}}</ref> Lauren ta yi ƙoƙarin yin duk abin da za ta iya don samun nasara, amma Hammer ya yi tasiri tare da haɗin kai mai wuyar gaske kuma da wuya ya bar abokin hamayyarta ya sami mafi kyawun musayar. <ref name="Lauren" /> Bayan zagaye goma masu nishadantarwa na dambe, alkalan Frank Michael Maass, Terry O'Connor, da Alejandro Lopez sun zira kwallaye 100–90, 99–91, da 98–92 duk sun goyi bayan zakara mai karewa, wanda ya inganta tarihinta mara tabo zuwa 15–0. <ref name="Lauren" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2013 |title=Love and blows: Knutsch attack in front of the ring |url=https://www.abendzeitung-muenchen.de/inhalt.christina-hammer-gegen-mikaela-lauren-liebe-und-hiebe-knutsch-attacke-vor-dem-ring.373be67d-d352-4eb4-870c-25344d657213.html |access-date=26 February 2019 |website=[[Abendzeitung]]}}</ref> Yayin da Hammer ta yi nasarar kare kambun WBO ta biyar ta hanyar doke Lauren, Shugaban WBO Francisco Varcarcel ya ba ta lambar yabo ta WBO Diamond Ring saboda rawar da ta taka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 July 2013 |title=Boxer Hammer defends world title against Swede Lauren |url=https://www.berliner-kurier.de/sport/nach-kuss-attacke-boxerin-hammer-verteidigt-wm-titel-gegen-schwedin-lauren-6429368 |access-date=26 February 2019 |website=[[Berliner Kurier]] }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==== Hammer vs Toscano ==== Bayan dawowar matsakaicin nauyi na Hammer da Mikaela Laurén a watan Yuni 2013, Hammer yayi magana game da sha'awarta na yakar Nikki Adler na gaba a 168 fam, albeit uzuri a bangaren Adler, kazalika da yiwuwar fuskantar Cecilia Brækhus a wani nauyi . Hammer ya bayyana cewa duka mayakan biyu suna cikin ganinta yayin da yake furtawa "Ina so in zama mafi kyawun mata masu gwagwarmaya a kusa! Ina da mataki na zuwa super-middleweight kuma na nuna cewa zan iya yin nasara a fiye da ɗaya rabo amma yanzu na dawo a matsakaicin nauyi, kusa da nauyin nauyin Anne Sophie. Muna kama da girman girman kuma wannan yakin za a iya sanya shi Matsayin mata na matsakaicin nauyi tare da bugun farko a kan Carmen Garcia Toscano a Brandenburg Halle a Frankfurt. Dukansu Hammer da Garcia sun yi awo a daidai 72.5 kg. Toscano ta sami matsala wajen tunkarar Hammer saboda girman rashin girmanta kuma ta riga ta sami nasara mai tsanani a farkon matakin nan da nan. A tsakiyar zagayen, Toscano ya daina gujewa bugun Hammer kuma ya kasa kare kansa a kan igiyoyin, dalilin da ya sa alkalin wasa Ingo Barrabas ya shiga tsakani. Bayan fafatawar, Hammer ya bayyana cewa ƙwanƙwasa ita ce mafi kyawun zaɓi a koyaushe, yayin da ya ce "Na yi nadama ga masu sauraro cewa abubuwa sun tafi da sauri. Har yanzu ina da burin da yawa kuma ina so in ga wasu abokan adawar masu matsakaicin nauyi tsaye a gabana. Gaba a bude take." ==== Hammer vs. Balogun ==== An sanar a ranar 27 ga Janairu, 2014, cewa Hammer ta shirya yin kambun kambunta na bakwai a karawarta Jessica Balogun a ranar 1 ga Maris 2014, a GETEC Arena a Magdeburg. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2014 |title=Jessica Balogun boxing against world champion Hammer |url=https://www.aachener-zeitung.de/sport/jessica-balogun-boxt-gegen-weltmeisterin-hammer_aid-25800295 |access-date=26 February 2019 |website=[[Aachener Zeitung]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=McGrady |first=Jim |date=16 February 2014 |title=Under the Radar: Fights That Didn't Make the Big Headlines: March 1st 2014 |url=http://theboxingtribune.com/2014/02/26/under-the-radar-fights-that-didnt-make-the-big-headlines-march-1st-2014/ |access-date=26 February 2019 |website=The Boxing Tribune |archive-date=6 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043409/http://theboxingtribune.com/2014/02/26/under-the-radar-fights-that-didnt-make-the-big-headlines-march-1st-2014/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="Balogun">{{Cite web |date=14 February 2014 |title=Christina Hammer to Defend her WBF Title |url=http://www.womenboxing.com/NEWS2014/news021414hammer.htm#.XHUO0uj7SUk |access-date=26 February 2019 |website=Women Boxing}}</ref> Balogun zai tashi daga kilo 147, amma ta dage cewa karin nauyin zai kara mata karfi ne kawai, cewa Hammer ba ta taba fuskantar kowa da salonta ba, tare da cike da kwarin gwiwa cewa tana da abin da zai haifar da damuwa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2014 |title=Brækhus ready for Balogun challenge |url=http://www.sauerlandpromotion.com/news/br-khus-ready-for-balogun-challenge/ |access-date=26 February 2019 |website=[[Wilfried Sauerland|Sauerland Promotion]] |archive-date=6 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044027/http://www.sauerlandpromotion.com/news/br-khus-ready-for-balogun-challenge/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="Balogun" /> Yakin zai gudana ne a matsayin gwagwarmayar rashin kati zuwa yakin taken babban matsakaicin nauyi na WBO tsakanin Robert Stieglitz da Arthur Abraham . <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2014 |title=Stieglitz-Abraham III Presser |url=http://www.wboboxing.com/news/boxing-news/stieglitz-abraham-iii-presser/ |access-date=26 February 2019 |website=[[World Boxing Organisation]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Christ |first=Scott |date=23 February 2014 |title=Chavez vs Vera II, Burns vs Crawford, Stieglitz vs Abraham III, Boxcino 2014: Boxing TV schedule for Feb. 28-Mar. 1 |url=https://www.badlefthook.com/2014/2/23/5437808/chavez-vs-vera-ii-burns-vs-crawford-stieglitz-vs-abraham-iii-boxcino |access-date=26 February 2019 |website=Bad Left Hook}}</ref> Hammer ta ji daɗin tsayin tsayin inci huɗu akan Balogun, yanayin da ta yi amfani da shi a lokacin yaƙin zagaye goma. <ref name="Digest">{{Cite web |date=4 April 2014 |title=The Sweet Side of the Sweet Science - Women's Boxing Monthly Vol 11 |url=http://fitefansho.blogspot.com/2014/04/the-sweet-side-of-sweet-science-womens.html |access-date=26 February 2019 |website=KO Digest}}</ref> Hammer ta bayyana cikin annashuwa a duk lokacin da ta ajiye abokin hamayyarta mai tsananin caje a nesa ta hannun dama ta saukowa bisa ga so da naushi kai tsaye daga waje. <ref name="Digest" /> Balogun ya yi kokarin kai fadan cikin gida da Hammer, amma ya ci karo da sama-sama da ƙugiya lokacin da Hammer ta daidaita da dabarunta, wanda ya haifar da nasara mai ban sha'awa guda ɗaya da ci 100-90 a kan dukkan katinan alkalan guda uku. <ref>{{Cite web |last=McGrady |first=Jim |date=5 March 2014 |title=Hammer, Farias Remain Undefeated: Women's Boxing – The Weekly Wrap Up |url=http://theboxingtribune.com/2014/03/05/hammer-farias-remain-undefeated-womens-boxing-the-weekly-wrap-up/ |access-date=26 February 2019 |website=The Boxing Tribune |archive-date=6 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044028/http://theboxingtribune.com/2014/03/05/hammer-farias-remain-undefeated-womens-boxing-the-weekly-wrap-up/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 2014 |title=Boxing: Christina Hammer defends both world titles |url=https://www.werra-rundschau.de/sport/lokalsport/boxen-christina-hammer-verteidigt-beide-wm-titel-3392452.html |access-date=26 February 2019 |website=Werra-Rundschau}}</ref> Hammer ya yi magana sosai game da burin Balogun na yin fada, yayin da ya ce "Na nuna abin da zan iya yi, bai kawo min sauki ba. Amma na samu damar cin gajiyar karfina, musamman tsayina.", Balogun kuma ya yaba da kwarewar Hammer. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Passehl |first=Johannes |date=3 March 2014 |title=Christina Hammer vs. Jessica Balogun - Challenger unsuccessful |url=http://www.boxwelt.com/2014/03/profiboxen/christina-hammer-vs-jessica-balogun-herausforderin-erfolglos/ |access-date=26 February 2019 |website=BoxWelt}}</ref> Tare da nasarar, Hammer ta inganta rikodin ta zuwa (17-0, 8 KOs), yayin da gaske tsaftace sashin matsakaicin nauyi. <ref name="Digest" /> SES Boxing ne ya haɓaka wasan da kuma watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin kai tsaye a Jamus a ranar Sat.1, wanda ya kai 4.20 miliyan masu kallo yayin samun 23.9% na kasuwar kasuwa. === Mai matsakaicin nauyi === ==== Hammer vs. Mathis ==== A ranar 8 ga Yuni 2014, Hammer ya kasance a jerin sunayen Cecilia Brækhus a matsayin abokin hamayyar mai yiwuwa, tare da Alejandra Oliveras da Ivana Habazin, wanda Brækhus ya bayyana "[...] ita ma tana so na a cikin zobe. Ta ce ba za ta yi dambe a wajen Jamus ba, yanzu na yi dambe a Jamus, don haka watakila za ta fi sha'awar yanzu. " A watan Yuni 2014, an sanar da cewa Hammer zai fuskanci tsohon mahara duniya da kuma Turai zakaran Anne Sophie Mathis (27-3-0, 23 KOs) ga WBF da sarari WBO junior-tsakiya lakabi a kan 26 Yuli 2014 a Anhalt Arena a Dessau. A ranar 23 Yuni 2014, a SES Boxing Gala, Hammer ya yi magana game da kalubale na soyayya da kuma kafa sababbin ka'idoji a damben mata, yayin da yake magana game da Mathis "Ina so in saita sababbin ka'idoji a damben mata. Hammer ya koma sansanin horar da ita daga Jamus zuwa tsaunukan Tyrol, Ostiriya, na 'yan kwanaki don shiga horo mai tsayi tare da kocin Dimitri Kirnos a shirye-shiryen. A cikin ingantacciyar faɗa tsakanin Hammer da Mathis, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Passehl |first=Johannes |date=27 July 2014 |title=Christina Hammer vs. Anne Sophie Mathis - Disqualification with question mark |url=http://www.boxwelt.com/2014/07/profiboxen/christina-hammer-vs-anne-sophie-mathis-disqualifikation-mit-fragezeichen/ |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=BoxWelt}}</ref> Hammer yana ƙunshe bayan an yi musanyar juna a zagaye na biyar, inda Mathis ya buga da dama da hannun dama zuwa Hammers na kunnen hagu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2014 |title=The Sweet Side of the Sweet Science - Women's Boxing Monthly Vol 15 |url=http://fitefansho.blogspot.com/search?updated-max=2015-01-03T09:37:00-05:00&max-results=20&reverse-paginate=true |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=KO Digest}}</ref> Ba zato ba tsammani, Hammer ya gangara kan zane yana ta faman dawowa da kafafunta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Baum |first=Clive |date=27 July 2014 |title=Hammer Wins Third WBF World Title, In Third Weight Class |url=http://www.worldboxingfederation.net/yy-wbf-article0474.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043000/http://www.worldboxingfederation.net/yy-wbf-article0474.htm |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=[[World Boxing Federation]]}}</ref> Alkalin wasan da aka nada, Manfred Kuechler, ya kasa kirga Hammer wanda ya bukaci dakika 25 don ta mike da kyau daga zane. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 January 2015 |title=The Sweet Side of the Sweet Science — 2014 Year End Review & Awards |url=http://fitefansho.blogspot.com/2015/01/the-sweet-side-of-sweet-science-2014.html |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=KO Digest}}</ref> Madadin haka, Kuechler ya yanke hukuncin naushin da ya kayar da Hammer da bugun da ba bisa ka'ida ba a bayan kai kuma ya hana Mathis cancanta. <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 July 2014 |title=Scandal judgment about Christina Hammer a bright spot for German boxing? |url=https://www.boxen.de/news/skandal-urteil-um-christina-hammer-ein-lichtblick-fuer-den-deutschen-boxsport-32402 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044520/https://www.boxen.de/news/skandal-urteil-um-christina-hammer-ein-lichtblick-fuer-den-deutschen-boxsport-32402 |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=Boxen.de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=McGrady |first=Jim |date=29 July 2014 |title=Win, Lose, Draw…or None of the Above: Women's Boxing – The Weekly Wrap Up |url=http://theboxingtribune.com/2014/07/29/win-lose-drawor-none-of-the-above-womens-boxing-the-weekly-wrap-up/ |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=The Boxing Tribune |archive-date=18 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218141725/http://theboxingtribune.com/2014/07/29/win-lose-drawor-none-of-the-above-womens-boxing-the-weekly-wrap-up/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hammer ya lashe WBF da guraben taken WBO na ƙarami-tsakiya ta hanyar DQ mai gardama akan Mathis. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Persson |first=Per-Ake |date=26 July 2014 |title=Boytsov and Feigenbutz in Halle August 30 |url=http://www.sportenote.com/news_p.asp?id=8928&da=24 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=Sport & Note}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Avila |first=David A. |date=27 July 2014 |title=Celina Salazar's Costa Rican Getaway |url=http://www.uppercutmagazine.com/women-s-uppercut/celina-salazar-in-costa-rica |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306111425/http://www.uppercutmagazine.com/women-s-uppercut/celina-salazar-in-costa-rica |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=Uppercut Magazine}}</ref> Saboda tsananin kitsewar Hammer, Mathis bisa doka ta yi amfani da hannunta na kyauta don kai hari a gefen kan Hammer, ta tura ta kan zane. Maimaita motsin jinkirin ya nuna cewa Hammer ne ya yi mugun laifi ta hanyar rike hannun hagu na Mathis kuma har yanzu an fidda shi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 July 2014 |title=Hammer-Mathis Verdict Changed To No-Contest By BDB |url=https://www.boxingscene.com/hammer-mathis-verdict-changed-no-contest-by-bdb--80453 |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=BoxingScene}}</ref> Magoya bayan sun fusata kuma sun bayyana cewa an wawashe Mathis nasarar KO. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Update as of July 29, 2014: This fight has been declared a "No Contest". Mathis vs. Christina Hammer |url=https://www.womenboxing.com/NEWS2014/news072714mathis-gets-robbed.htm |access-date=2014-07-27 |publisher=[[Women Boxing Archive Network (WBAN)]]}}</ref> Ita kanta Mathis ta ji haushin rashin cancantar da aka yi mata, domin ta san cewa naushin da ta yi na doka ne. <ref name="Mathis">{{Cite web |date=27 July 2014 |title=Boxing: What an injustice for Anne-Sophie Mathis! |url=https://www.estrepublicain.fr/sport/2014/07/27/quelle-injustice |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=[[L'Est Républicain]]}}</ref> "Abin kunya ne! Ban taba tunanin zai iya kawo karshen haka ba [...] A gare ni, na yi nasara a wannan yakin. Na ci nasara ta hanyar bugawa! Na fara ginawa kuma na ji cewa ba ta da numfashi. Ta yi amfani da zagaye hudu na farko ta rataye hannunta kuma ba a sanar da ita ba. [Rene Cordier] ya ci gaba da gaya mani: duk da haka ya buga da sauran hannun! Kuma a lokacin da na shiga kunnen ta [...] <ref name="Mathis" /> Hammer ya yi bikin lakabinta, duk da haka, ta yi baƙin ciki da sakamakon, inda ta ce: "Wannan wani abu ne marar adalci da aka yi da ita [...] amma ba zan iya barin irin wannan nasara a kaina ba - abu yana bukatar a daidaita shi. ", <ref>{{Cite web |last=George |first=Daniel |date=27 July 2014 |title=SES Boxing Gala in Dessau Stieglitz secures WBO Intercontinental belt |url=https://www.mz-web.de/dessau-rosslau/sport/ses-boxgala-in-dessau-stieglitz-1228948 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=[[Mitteldeutsche Zeitung]]}}</ref> yayin da yake bayyana cewa ba ta so ta zama zakara ta hanyar rashin cancanta. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2014 |title=Boxer Christina Hammer wins the world title in the third weight class |url=https://www.werra-rundschau.de/sport/lokalsport/christina-bietet-wiederholung-3734593.html |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=Werra-Rundschau}}</ref> A ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2014, Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙasa ta Duniya ta ayyana wasan a matsayin 'babu gasa' kuma ta maido da taken WBF mai matsakaicin nauyi zuwa Mathis, <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2014 |title=World Boxing Federation Declares Mathis vs. Hammer No Contest |url=http://worldboxingfederation.net/yy-wbf-article0475.htm |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=[[World Boxing Federation]] |archive-date=13 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313063039/http://worldboxingfederation.net/yy-wbf-article0475.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> tare da Martin André, shugaban Hukumar Damben Damben Faransa, yana mai cewa zai kai ƙara ga WBO, don tabbatar da nasarar Mathis kuma WBF a shirye yake ta hana Faransawa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 July 2014 |title=Boxing: Anne-Sophie Mathis recovers her WBF belt |url=https://www.lorfm.com/actualites/sport/boxe-anne-sophie-mathis-recupere-sa-ceinture-wbf-851 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044121/https://www.lorfm.com/actualites/sport/boxe-anne-sophie-mathis-recupere-sa-ceinture-wbf-851 |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=Lor'FM}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 February 2019 |title=Le comit? directeur |url=http://www.ffboxe.com/rubriques-153-le_comite_directeur.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820132918/http://ffboxe.com/rubriques-153-le_comite_directeur.html |archive-date=20 August 2018 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=[[French Boxing Federation]]}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Yuli, 2014, Hukumar ba da izini, ''Bund Deutscher Berufsboxer'' (BDB; Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Jamus), ta bi shawarar WBF kuma a hukumance ta canza sakamakon wasan zuwa 'ba-gasa'. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2014 |title=WBF Executive Committee Declares Mathis vs. Hammer No Contest |url=http://www.wbanmember.com/wbf-executive-committee-declares-mathis-vs-hammer-no-contest/ |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=History of Women's Boxing}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 July 2014 |title=Mathis vs. Hammer: BDB mimics the WBF |url=http://www.ffboxe.com/news-19576-boxe-feminine-mathis-vs-hammer-la-bdb-imite-la-wbf.html |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=Fédération française de boxe }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Shugaban BDB Thomas Pütz ya nemi afuwar "mummunan matakin" kuma ya bayyana cewa za a gudanar da bincike kan lamarin da kuma sauraron Manfred Küchler don yanke shawara ko za a dakatar da shi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2014 |title=German commission (BDB) changes result of female world championship Hammer vs. Mathis to "no contest" |url=http://www.wbanmember.com/german-commission-bdb-changes-result-of-female-world-championship-hammer-vs-mathis-to-no-contest/ |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=History of Women's Boxing}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2014 |title=WBF Executive Committee Declares Mathis vs. Hammer No Contest |url=http://www.womenboxing.com/NEWS2014/news072814wbf-press-release.htm#.XHYZquj7SUl |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=Women Boxing}}</ref> A ranar 7 ga Agusta, 2014, bayan sake duba fafatawar, WBO ta amince da WBF da BDB kuma ta ayyana ta a matsayin 'babu gasa' kuma ba ta ba da umarnin sake fafatawa ba tun da Hammer shi ne zakaran matsakaicin nauyi na kungiyar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2014 |title=Mathis vs. Hammer: WBO follows BDB and WBF |url=http://www.ffboxe.com/news-19603-boxe-professionnelle-mathis-vs-hammer-la-wbo-suit-la-bdb-et-la-wbf.html |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=[[French Boxing Federation]] }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==== Hammer vs. Reis, Lazar ==== A ranar 23 ga Janairu, 2015, an sanar da cewa SES Boxing za ta gabatar da wasan dambe na 100th a ranar 7 ga Maris a Maritim Hotel a Magdeburg, tare da Hammer a cikin katin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2015 |title=SES Boxing To Reach Promotional Milestone |url=http://www.wboboxing.com/news/inter-continental-news/ses-boxing-reach-promotional-milestone/ |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=[[World Boxing Organisation]] |archive-date=6 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044524/http://www.wboboxing.com/news/inter-continental-news/ses-boxing-reach-promotional-milestone/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2015 |title=Boxing in Magdeburg |url=https://www.magdeburg.de/Start/Kultur-Sport/Sportvereine/Boxen |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=[[Magdeburg]]}}</ref> A ranar 27 ga Janairu, 2015, an sanar da cewa Hammer za ta kare kambunta na takwas na WBO a otal din Maritim da ke Magdeburg a karo na 2 na duniya Kali Reis . <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2015 |title=Christina Hammer meets Kali Reis from the USA |url=https://www.boxen.de/news/christina-hammer-trifft-auf-kali-reis-aus-den-usa-33492 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043106/https://www.boxen.de/news/christina-hammer-trifft-auf-kali-reis-aus-den-usa-33492 |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=Boxen.de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2015 |title=Boesel, Hammer Open Workout |url=http://www.wboboxing.com/news/wbo-women/boesel-hammer-open-workout/ |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=[[World Boxing Organisation]] |archive-date=6 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044558/http://www.wboboxing.com/news/wbo-women/boesel-hammer-open-workout/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A watan Maris na 2015, annobar mura a Jamus ta sa Hammer da wasu mayaka da dama soke yakin da suka shirya yi a Otal din Maritim a ranar 7 ga Maris, wanda daga baya aka canza zuwa 5 ga Mayu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2015 |title=Boxing World Championships in Jena: World Champion Hammer defends her title against Kali Reis on May 2nd |url=https://www.otz.de/web/zgt/sport/detail/-/specific/Box-WM-in-Jena-Weltmeisterin-Hammer-verteidigt-am-2-Mai-ihren-Titel-gegen-Kali-116792398 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=Ostthüringer Zeitung }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 2015 |title=The Flu Epidemic Is Now Also Brushing on SES Boxing |url=https://www.christinahammer.de/en/news/121-die-grippewelle-streift-nun-auch-ses-boxing.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044147/https://www.christinahammer.de/en/news/121-die-grippewelle-streift-nun-auch-ses-boxing.html |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=Sport Events Steinforth}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 March 2015 |title=Showdown in Jena |url=https://www.christinahammer.de/en/news/122-showdown-in-jena.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043850/https://www.christinahammer.de/en/news/122-showdown-in-jena.html |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=Sport Events Steinforth}}</ref> A cikin ma'auni, Reiz, 29 a lokacin yakin, ya auna nauyin 155 da rabi, mafi nauyin da ta auna da kwarewa; Hammer, mai shekaru 24, ya zo da nauyi a 157 da fam uku cikin huɗu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jelínek |first=Marek |date=2 May 2015 |title=Germany: Hammer vs Reis, Pejsar vs Schwarz, Sedláčková vs Kopinska and Polák vs Stahl! |url=https://www.proboxing.cz/nemecko-hammer-vs-reis-pejsar-vs-schwarz-sedlackova-vs-kopinska-a-polak-vs-stahl/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044627/https://www.proboxing.cz/nemecko-hammer-vs-reis-pejsar-vs-schwarz-sedlackova-vs-kopinska-a-polak-vs-stahl/ |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=Pro Boxing}}</ref> Bayan da aka auna, Hammer yayi magana game da al'ada na Reis na "[ci gaba] gaba, yana da m kuma yawanci yana so ya dauki yakin. Amma ba za ta yi nasara tare da ni ba, na fi kyau kuma ni lamba 1 [...] Ba ni da tausayi." <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2015 |title="Eye-catcher" with strong arguments |url=https://www.volksstimme.de/sport/regionalsport/1469531_Hingucker-mit-starken-Argumenten.html |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=[[Volksstimme (Saxony-Anhalt)|Volksstimme]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2015 |title=PK in the Zeiss Planetarium |url=https://www.christinahammer.de/en/news/124-pk-im-zeiss-planetarium.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306111314/https://www.christinahammer.de/en/news/124-pk-im-zeiss-planetarium.html |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=Sport Events Steinforth}}</ref> Hammer ya mamaye Reis ta kowane fanni na zagaye tara, yana da sauri a ƙafafunta. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 May 2015 |title=Christina Hammer has defended world title |url=https://www.werra-rundschau.de/sport/lokalsport/neun-souveraene-runden-4965778.html |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=Werra-Rundschau}}</ref> Kuma ta yi amfani da damarta mafi girma, wanda aka gina tare da jagorar hagu mai ban tsoro, wanda ta ajiye abokin hamayyarta a nesa, yana kasancewa babban fa'ida bayan zagaye. <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2015 |title=Big Win in Jena |url=https://www.christinahammer.de/en/news/125-haushoher-sieg-in-jena.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043408/https://www.christinahammer.de/en/news/125-haushoher-sieg-in-jena.html |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=Sport Events Steinforth}}</ref> Koyaya, kafin ƙarshen zagaye na goma, ƙugiya ta dama daga Reis ta bugi haikalin Hammer kuma ta gangara. <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2015 |title=Bösel and Hammer defend their titles in Jena |url=https://www.jenaer-nachrichten.de/stadtleben/1802-b%C3%B6sel-und-hammer-verteidigen-in-jena-ihre-titel |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=Jenaer Nachrichten}}</ref> Hammer ya zo ƙafafunta da sauri, yana kawo ƙarshen yaƙin, tare da Jose Ignacio Martinez Antunez, Frank Michael Maass, da Matteo Montella sun zira kwallaye 98–91 don tabbatar da Hammer nasarar yanke shawara baki ɗaya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2015 |title=Professional boxer Hammer remains world champion |url=https://www.rotenburger-rundschau.de/sport/mehr-sport/profiboxerin-hammer-bleibt-weltmeisterin-zr-4963955.html |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=Rotenburger Rundschau |archive-date=6 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043432/https://www.rotenburger-rundschau.de/sport/mehr-sport/profiboxerin-hammer-bleibt-weltmeisterin-zr-4963955.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bayan yakin, na bugun ta, Hammer ya ce: "Haka yake a cikin dambe, dakika daya na rashin hankali, kuma ya ƙare. Za ku iya koya daga gare ta kawai." <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2015 |title=Successful title defense for Dominic Bösel and Christina Hammer! |url=https://www.boxen.de/news/erfolgreiche-titelverteidigungen-fuer-dominic-boesel-und-christina-hammer-34010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044231/https://www.boxen.de/news/erfolgreiche-titelverteidigungen-fuer-dominic-boesel-und-christina-hammer-34010 |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=Boxen.de}}</ref> A cikin Fabrairu 2016, a Dortmund Sportsman of the Year awards, Hammer yayi magana game da niyyarta na yin gwagwarmaya don taken WBC, da kuma yiwuwar matsawa zuwa babban matsakaicin nauyi, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 February 2016 |title=Christina Hammer Dortmund's Athlete of the Year |url=https://www.christinahammer.de/en/news/129-christina-hammer-dortmunds-sportlerin-des-jahres.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043339/https://www.christinahammer.de/en/news/129-christina-hammer-dortmunds-sportlerin-des-jahres.html |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=Sport Events Steinforth}}</ref> tare da daidaitawa a cikin Yuni 2016 cewa Hammer zai sami fafatawar zagaye takwas kuma a cikin Oktoba na yaƙin duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Thust |first=Sonja |date=9 June 2016 |title=Hammer hits Petko |url=https://www.boxen1.com/hammer-schlaegt-bei-petko-ein-12124/ |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=Boxen1}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 June 2016 |title=Hammer Hits Petko |url=https://www.christinahammer.de/en/news/133-hammer-schl%C3%A4gt-bei-petko-ein.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044331/https://www.christinahammer.de/en/news/133-hammer-schl%C3%A4gt-bei-petko-ein.html |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=Sport Events Steinforth}}</ref> Melinda Lazar 'yar kasar Hungary ta zama 'yar takara na gaba don kalubalantar Hammer, wanda, a ranar 20 ga Yuni, an tabbatar da shi a taron Ballhaus a [[München|Munich]] a ranar 15 ga Yuli. <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2016 |title=Hammer climbs into the ring for Petko's boxing stable |url=https://box-sport.de/news/hammer-steigt-fuer-petkos-boxtstall-ring |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043433/https://box-sport.de/news/hammer-steigt-fuer-petkos-boxtstall-ring |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=Box Sport}}</ref> Wannan zai sa Hammer ta fara fafatawa a fage da kuma faɗan farko cikin watanni goma sha huɗu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Warmbrunn |first=Benedikt |date=17 July 2016 |title=Ballerina im Ring |url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/sport/boxen-ballerina-im-ring-1.3082801 |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=[[Süddeutsche Zeitung]]}}</ref> Lazar ya riga ya aika da Hammer zuwa zane a zagaye na biyu, ko da yake in ba haka ba Lazar ya yi gwagwarmaya da mafi kyawun fasaha, mafi girman iyaka da ƙarfin Hammer, wanda ya motsa ta cikin zoben a hankali da kyan gani, amma a ƙarshe Lazar ya kasa ci gaba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2016 |title=Christina Hammer |url=https://www.anita.com/de/unternehmen/news-events/news/christina-hammer-fight-15-7.html |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=Anita}}</ref> A zagaye na shida, kocin Lazar ya jefa a cikin tawul don kare mayaƙinsa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2016 |title=Comeback succeeded - Hammer wins prematurely |url=https://www.gnp1.de/boxen/allgemein/news/comeback-geglueckt-hammer-siegt-vorzeitig/ |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=GNP1}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2016 |title=Ballhaus Forum, Munich, Bayern, Germany |url=http://womenboxing.com/fightresults2016/fightaugust2016.htm |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=Womens Boxing Now}}</ref> Da yake magana bayan fadan, Hammer ya ce, "Ba wai babban abokin adawar ba ne, amma komai yana tafiya yadda aka tsara a gare ni, kuma yanzu zai iya tashi ne kawai kuma yanzu ina so in yi fada da Nikki Adler na sake zama zakara a duniya." <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2016 |title=Petko's Fight Night: "The Lion" bites through |url=https://www.ran.de/boxen/news/petkos-fight-night-der-loewe-beisst-sich-durch-111611 |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=Ran}}</ref> === Haɗin kai zakaran matsakaicin nauyi na duniya === ==== Hammer vs. Reis II ==== ==== Hammer vs Lindberg II, Ankrah ==== A 27 Fabrairu 2017, an sanar da cewa Hammer zai rematch Maria Lindberg (15-2-2, 8 KO) don yin ta farko tsaron gida na biyu da WBO da WBC unified middleweight titles, <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 February 2017 |title=Boxing: Christina Hammer climbs in the opening act of Marco Huck in the ring |url=https://www.rtl.de/cms/boxen-christina-hammer-steigt-im-vorprogramm-von-marco-huck-in-den-ring-4092791.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044330/https://www.rtl.de/cms/boxen-christina-hammer-steigt-im-vorprogramm-von-marco-huck-in-den-ring-4092791.html |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=[[RTL (German TV channel)|RTL]]}}</ref> a kan undercard na Marco Huck 's tsaron ya IBO da kuma m WBC cruiserweight sunayen sarauta da Mairis Briedis a yammacin [[Dortmund]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Christ |first=Scott |date=26 March 2017 |title=Huck vs Briedis, more: Boxing fight times and TV schedule for April 1 |url=https://www.badlefthook.com/2017/3/26/15064160/huck-vs-briedis-more-boxing-fight-times-and-tv-schedule-for-april-1 |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=Bad Left Hook}}</ref> A cikin ganawar, Lindberg ya bayyana cewa "Hammer yana da wuyar yin dambe. Amma ni dan dambe ne fiye da 2011 kuma ina tsammanin zan sami dama mai kyau a kan ta. Wannan ita ce dama ta karshe na samun babban kambu kuma a shirye nake in yi amfani da shi." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Passehl |first=Johannes |date=27 February 2017 |title=Christina Hammer vs. Maria Lindberg - April 1 Dortmund |url=http://boxenplus.de/christina-hammer-vs-maria-lindberg-1-april-dortmund/ |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=BOXENPlus |archive-date=6 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306111444/http://boxenplus.de/christina-hammer-vs-maria-lindberg-1-april-dortmund/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yayin da Hammer kuma ya lura cewa Lindberg hakika abokin hamayya ne mai tsauri "[...] Kuma ba shakka na san cewa ba zan iya dogara ga goyon bayan masu sauraro kawai ba. Zan yi aiki tukuru ba kamar da ba kuma in shirya don shiga cikin zobe. " <ref>{{Cite web |last=Thust |first=Ebby |date=24 March 2017 |title=Boxing World Cup: double hammer on April 1 in Dortmund |url=https://www.boxen1.com/box-wm-doppel-hammer-am-1-april-in-dortmund-18755/ |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=BOXENPlus}}</ref> A cikin ma'auni, Lindberg, 29 a lokacin yakin, ya auna nauyin 154 da kwata kwata, mafi nauyin da ta auna tun 2015; Hammer, mai shekaru 24, ya zo da nauyi a 158 da fam uku cikin huɗu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2017 |title=Hammer and Lindburg Weigh In |url=http://fightnewsasia.com/hammer-lindberg-weigh/ |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=Fight News Asia |archive-date=6 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306061309/http://fightnewsasia.com/hammer-lindberg-weigh/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hammer ba shi da wata matsala ko kaɗan game da Lindberg, tare da fitar da ɗan gajeren abokin hamayyarta daga kewayo. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Passehl |first=Johannes |date=2 April 2017 |title=Christina Hammer vs Maria Lindberg - full fight |url=http://www.boxwelt.com/2017/04/profiboxen/christina-hammer-vs-maria-lindberg-full-fight/ |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=BoxWelt}}</ref> A gaban taron mutane 17,000 da suka halarta, Lindberg kawai ba zai iya wucewa ta Hammer's sting jab da haɗin gwiwar da ta haɗa a bayansu ba, <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 March 2017 |title=Maria Lindberg gets heavy title match |url=https://www.fightermag.se/2017/03/24/maria-lindberg-far-tung-titelmatch/ |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=Fighter Magazine}}</ref> a ƙarshe ta yi asarar duk zagaye goma akan duk katunan maki uku, <ref>{{Cite web |last=L. Stumberg |first=Patrick |date=1 April 2017 |title=Mairis Briedis dominates Marco Huck for WBC and IBO titles |url=https://www.badlefthook.com/2017/4/1/15150576/mairis-briedis-dominates-marco-huck-for-wbc-and-ibo-titles |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=Bad Left Hook}}</ref> tare da alkalan Massimo Barrovecchio, Guido Cavalleri, da Eddie Pappo000 da suka ci nasara a wasan da suka yi nasara. Zakaran WBC. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jay |first=Phil |date=2 April 2017 |title=Briedis dominates Huck, claims unified cruiserweight title |url=https://www.worldboxingnews.com/briedis-dominates-huck-claims-unified-cruiserweight-title/ |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=World Boxing News}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 2017 |title=There was no sign of Huck's dreaded explosiveness |url=https://www.welt.de/sport/boxen/article163330321/Von-Hucks-gefuerchteter-Explosivitaet-war-nichts-zu-sehen.html |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=[[Die Welt]]}}</ref> A cikin hirar bayan yakin, Lindberg ya bayyana cewa, "Hammer yana da wuyar yin dambe [...] Na yi ƙoƙari na shiga wurinta amma bai yi nasara ba kuma bai yi kyau ba lokacin da na sami kwanyar ta a tsakiyar hanci na, ina tunanin yana cikin zagaye na hudu. Daya ba shi da sha'awar shiga bugun jini yana sauyawa tare da karyewar hanci. Ya yi zafi sosai a lokacin sauran wasan. " <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2017 |title=Broken nose in 40-year gift: "She balded me" |url=https://www.expressen.se/kvallsposten/sport/bruten-nasa-i-40-arspresent-hon-skallade-mig/ |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=[[Expressen]]}}</ref> Bayan yaƙin, Hammer ya yi magana game da yadda faɗa a garinsu na Westfalenhalle ya kasance mafarkin gaskiya, yayin da ta bayyana cewa tana son cimma burinta na gaba kuma ta tafi Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Schulze |first=Thomas |date=4 April 2017 |title="The nose is already through" |url=https://rp-online.de/sport/boxen/christina-hammer-die-nase-ist-schon-mal-durch_aid-21053641 |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=[[Rheinische Post]]}}</ref> A taron manema labarai na gaba, Manajan Hammer Harald Pia ya sanar da cewa za a yi jerin gwano na gaba na Hammer a Amurka, wanda a karshe za a yi karo da zakaran Olympic [[Claressa Shields]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 2017 |title=Christina Hammer defends World Cup belt and paves way for America |url=https://www.boxen1.com/christina-hammer-verteidigt-wm-guertel-und-ebnet-weg-fuer-amerika-19047/ |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=Boxen1}}</ref> A ranar 31 ga Oktoba 2017, Pia ya ruwaito cewa Hammer yana da tayin kankare don faɗuwa huɗu a Amurka, duk ana watsa su ta HBO ko Showtime . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kürthy |first=Stephan |date=31 October 2017 |title=Hammer Deal for Christina Hammer |url=https://www.bild.de/sport/mehr-sport/christina-hammer/will-die-usa-erobern-53714458.bild.html |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=[[Bild]]}}</ref> A ranar 4 ga Nuwamba 2017, Hammer ta riƙe kambunta na WBO da WBC na matsakaicin nauyi tare da nasara zagaye na huɗu a kan Gifty Amanua Ankrah a SportScheck Allwetteranlage a Munich. <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 November 2017 |title=Hammer behauptet Titel gegen Ankrah |url=https://www.sport.de/news/ne2960686/hammer-behauptet-titel-gegen-ankrah/ |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=Sport.de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2017 |title=Boxing: Hammer claims title against Ankrah |url=https://www.eurosport.de/boxen/boxen-hammer-behauptet-titel-gegen-ankrah_sto6399153/story.shtml |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=[[Eurosport]]}}</ref> Game da haduwarta da Ankrah, Hammer ya ce: "[...] Dole ne in doke [Ankrah], mataki-mataki, fada da fada [...] Na yi shiri sosai, na san abin da zan yi, ina cikin yankina a cikin zobe, na ji dadi a can." <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2017 |title=Boxing: Before USA Fights: Hammer wants to defend title in Munich |url=https://de.sports.yahoo.com/news/boxen-usa-fights-hammer-will-103619520.html |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=Spox }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Hammer ya tsaida Ankrah da mugun hali a ƙarshen zagaye na huɗu, wanda ya aika da ita zuwa zane. <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 2017 |title=Hammer still WBC champ after stunning KO |url=https://fightnews.com/hammer-still-wbc-champ-stunning-ko/8171 |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=Fight News |archive-date=6 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306111600/https://fightnews.com/hammer-still-wbc-champ-stunning-ko/8171 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ankrah ta tashi tana kokarin ci gaba da fafatawa, amma kafafunta na rawa, alkalin wasa Juergen Langos ya dakatar da wasan. <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 November 2017 |title=Hammer defeated Ankrah in defense of his medium titles |url=http://notifight.com/hammer-derroto-ankrah-en-defensa-de-sus-titulos-medianos/ |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=NotiFight |archive-date=6 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306060935/http://notifight.com/hammer-derroto-ankrah-en-defensa-de-sus-titulos-medianos/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin hirar da aka yi da shi bayan fafatawar, Hammer ya yaba wa taurin Ankrah inda ya bayyana cewa, “[Ankrah] ’yar dambe ce mai tsananin tsauri, ban taba jin wani kai da ya fi nata ba. Hannayena sun yi zafi, gwaji ne mai kyau da dumi-duminsu ga tafiyata zuwa Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 2017 |title=Christina Hammer won a very important victory by defeating the hard Ghanaian Gifty Amanua Ankrah |url=http://www.mobzillahosting.com/box/box/christina-hammer-consiguio-una-victoria-muy-importante-al-derrotar-a-la-dura-ghanes-gifty-amanua-ankrah/ |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=Box Wordpress |archive-date=6 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306111315/http://www.mobzillahosting.com/box/box/christina-hammer-consiguio-una-victoria-muy-importante-al-derrotar-a-la-dura-ghanes-gifty-amanua-ankrah/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==== Hammer vs Nelson ==== A kan 14 Disamba 2017, ''The Ring'' ya ruwaito cewa Hammer zai sa ta US halarta a karon a kan 12 Janairu, da Lisa Noel Garland (15-9, 8 KOs), tare da yakin da ya faru a Juya Stone Resort &amp;amp; Casino, a Verona, New York, <ref name="Verona"/> tare da Hammer furtawa: "The US halarta a karon yana da matukar muhimmanci a gare ni; Ina so in nuna na farko da yawa a cikin akwatin na mace. take, ya kasance burina koyaushe in yi yaƙi a Amurka [...] Ina so in yi yaƙi da Cornejo da Garkuwa a nan gaba na horar da ni sosai kuma a shirye nake in yi yaƙi da kowa. <ref name="Verona" /> A ranar 18 ga Disamba 2017, Dmitriy Salita ya sanar da Hammer zuwa kwangilar haɓakar gwagwarmaya da yawa tare da Salita Promotions, tare da Hammer ta fara halarta ta Amurka 12 Janairu 2018 a Turning Stone Resort Casino a Verona, New York . <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2017 |title=Salita Promotions Signs Women's Superstar Christina Hammer to Multi-Fight Promotional Contract |url=http://www.salitapromotions.com/salita-promotions-signs-womens-superstar-christina-hammer-multi-fight-promotional-contract/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043232/http://www.salitapromotions.com/salita-promotions-signs-womens-superstar-christina-hammer-multi-fight-promotional-contract/ |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=[[Salita Promotions]]}}</ref> A cikin Janairu 2018, ''The Ring'' ya ruwaito cewa Hammer ya kamata ya bayyana a ƙarƙashin katin [[Claressa Shields]] vs Tori Nelson a ranar 12 ga Janairu, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rafael |first=Dan |date=8 November 2017 |title=Claressa Shields to make first title defense against Tori Nelson |url=http://www.espn.co.uk/boxing/story/_/id/21341225/unified-women-super-middleweight-world-titleholder-claressa-shields-make-first-defense-tori-nelson |access-date=1 March 2019 |website=[[ESPN]]}}</ref> duk da haka, saboda jinkirin aikinta ta hanyar, Hammer za ta jira zuwa bazara don halarta ta farko a Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lik |first=Vladimir |date=12 January 2018 |title=Claressa Shields Dominates Tori Nelson, Targets Christina Hammer |url=https://www.ringtv.com/526014-claressa-shields-dominates-tori-nelson-targets-christina-hammer/ |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=[[The Ring (magazine)|The Ring]]}}</ref> A kan 24 Afrilu 2018, ''[[The Guardian]]'' ta sanar da cewa an saita Hammer don kare matsayinta na WBO da WBC na matsakaicin nauyi a kan tsohon zakara Tori Nelson a Detroit Masonic Temple a [[Detroit|Detroit, Michigan]], a kan 22 Yuni, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Armen Graham |first=Bryan |date=24 April 2018 |title=Claressa Shields to face Hanna Gabriels in bold middleweight takeover bid |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2018/apr/24/claressa-shields-hanna-gabriels-fight-christina-hammer |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Orban |first=Jonny |date=25 April 2018 |title="Time To Shine" - Hammer meets Nelson/Shields box for middleweight world cup |url=https://www.boxen1.com/time-to-shine-hammer-trifft-auf-nelson-shields-boxt-um-mittelgewichts-wm-27946/ |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=Boxen1}}</ref> tare da yakin da aka nuna akan Showtime. <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2018 |title=Christina Hammer vs. Tori Nelson on June 22 on Showtime |url=https://www.boxingnews24.com/2018/06/christina-hammer-vs-tori-nelson-title-fight-added-to-june-22-showtime-boxing-special-edition-headlined-by-claressa-shields-vs-hanna-gabriels/ |access-date=1 March 2019 |website=Boxing News 24}}</ref> Bayan sanarwar, Hammer ta bayyana cewa ta kashe yawancin sansaninta a Tyrol, Ostiriya, don yin horo mai tsayi a cikin shirye-shiryen Nelson. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Woods |first=Michael |date=24 May 2018 |title=Christina Hammer Counts Down To June 22 Fight on Salita Card in Detroit |url=http://nyfights.com/boxing-press-releases/christina-hammer-counts-june-22-fight-salita-card-detroit/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306174854/https://nyfights.com/boxing-press-releases/christina-hammer-counts-june-22-fight-salita-card-detroit/ |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=1 March 2019 |website=NYFights}}</ref> A ma'auni na hukuma, kwana ɗaya kafin yaƙin, Hammer ya ba da ma'auni a 159.5&nbsp;lbs, yayin da Nelson ya auna 157.5&nbsp;lbs <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 June 2018 |title=WBO Unified Female Champion Christina Hammer And Tori Nelson Weigh In Result |url=http://www.wboboxing.com/news/boxing-news/wbo-unified-female-champion-christina-hammer-tori-nelson-weigh-result/ |access-date=1 March 2019 |website=[[World Boxing Organisation]] }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Hammer da wayo ya yi amfani da tsayinta kuma ya kai ga fa'ida ta hanyar kiyaye yaƙin a dogon zango amma yana shiga ciki sau da yawa ya isa ya lashe yawancin musayar. Yawanci mafi kyawun jab ta saukowa da mita, kuma tare da karfi fiye da fadace-fadacen da suka gabata, kuma hannun dama ta haɗe da isasshen tasiri don yin ma'ana amma bai isa ya ɗaga Nelson ba, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Idec |first=Keith |date=22 June 2018 |title=Christina Hammer Handles Tori Nelson Easily, Retains Titles |url=https://www.boxingscene.com/christina-hammer-handles-tori-nelson-results--129358 |access-date=1 March 2019 |website=BoxingScene}}</ref> a ƙarshe ya haifar da alkalai Katealia Chambers, Benoit Roussel, da Pasquale Procopio sun zira kwallaye 99-91, 99-900 na WBC da kuma kare WBC duka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Thust |first=Ebby |date=23 June 2018 |title=Christina Hammer dominates Tori Nelson |url=https://www.boxen1.com/christina-hammer-dominiert-tori-nelson-29617/ |access-date=1 March 2019 |website=BOXENPlus}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rafael |first=Dan |date=26 September 2018 |title=Claressa Shields, Christina Hammer set to square off Nov. 17 in Atlantic City |url=http://www.espn.com/boxing/story/_/id/24797064/claressa-shields-christina-hammer-set-square-nov-17-atlantic-city |access-date=1 March 2019 |website=[[ESPN]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ryder |first=Rob |date=22 June 2018 |title=Hammer dominates Nelson |url=https://fightnews.com/hammer-dominates-nelson/24078 |access-date=1 March 2019 |website=Fight News |archive-date=30 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330093952/https://fightnews.com/hammer-dominates-nelson/24078 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nasarar da Hammer ta yi wa Nelson ya sa ta zama gwarzon Jamus na farko da ya samu nasarar kare kambun duniya a Amurka tun lokacin da Max Schmeling ya yi nasarar kare kambunsa na nauyi a kan Young Stribling a filin wasa na Municipal, [[Cleveland|Cleveland, Ohio]], a 1931. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Armen Graham |first=Bryan |date=27 February 2019 |title=Fiery Claressa Shields prods cool Christina Hammer before blockbuster |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2019/feb/27/shields-hammer-undisputed-womens-boxing-unification-fight |access-date=1 March 2019 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lik |first=Vladimir |date=3 July 2018 |title=Christina Hammer First German to Defend World Title in U.S. Since Max Schmeling |url=https://www.ringtv.com/538692-christina-hammer-first-german-to-defend-world-title-in-u-s-since-max-schmeling/ |access-date=1 March 2019 |website=[[The Ring (magazine)|The Ring]]}}</ref> A kididdiga magana, bisa ga ''The Ring'', Hammer ya fi kyau: Matsakaicin 46.6 punches a kowane zagaye, yayin da yake iyakance Nelson zuwa 31.8, ta yi nasara 103-56 gaba ɗaya, 44-18 jabs da 59-38 iko. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Groves |first=Lee |date=28 June 2018 |title=The Travelin' Man Returns to Detroit: Part Two |url=https://www.ringtv.com/538396-the-travelin-man-returns-to-detroit-part-two/ |access-date=1 March 2019 |website=[[The Ring (magazine)|The Ring]]}}</ref> Ƙididdiga masu daidaito sun kasance ƙananan (22% gaba ɗaya, 19% jabs, 26% iko) amma ƙwarewar tsaronta ta iyakance Nelson zuwa kawai 18% gabaɗaya, 16% jabs da 19% iko. Hakanan tare da yaƙin da ke hannun riga, Hammer ya yi ƙasa daga naushi 53 a zagaye tara zuwa 36 a cikin 10th. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rafael |first=Dan |date=23 June 2018 |title=Claressa Shields recovers to beat Hanna Gabriels, confronts Christina Hammer |url=http://www.espn.co.uk/boxing/story/_/id/23880118/claressa-shields-recovers-first-round-knockdown-defeats-hanna-gabriels |access-date=1 March 2019 |website=[[ESPN]]}}</ref> A cikin hirar bayan yakin, Hammer ya yi magana game da ƙoƙarin samun bugun bugun, ko da yake ya yaba wa taurin Nelson, ko da yake ta ci gaba da cewa: "Ina fatan gaske don yin yaƙi [Garkuwa]. Za ta yi ƙoƙari ta yi yaƙi da ni a ciki amma ƙafata da isar da ni za su haifar da bambanci [...] Zai kasance mafi girman yakin mata har abada. Ina so in yi yaƙi da ita a wani wuri mai tsaka tsaki. " <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2018 |title=Hammer Wants Shields In "Biggest Women's Fight Ever" |url=http://www.fightsports.tv/hammer-fight-with-shields-is-biggest-womens-fight-ever/ |access-date=1 March 2019 |website=Fight Sports}}</ref> A ranar 24 ga Afrilu 2018, Dan Rafael na ''ESPN'' ya bayyana cewa Hammer da Garkuwa, duka suna cin nasara, za su yi yaƙi don kambun matsakaicin nauyi mara nauyi a wannan faɗuwar akan Showtime. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rafael |first=Dan |date=24 April 2018 |title=Claressa Shields, Hanna Gabriels to meet for vacant middleweight belts |url=http://www.espn.com/boxing/story/_/id/23302728/super-middleweight-titlist-claressa-shields-drop-middleweight-division-face-unified-junior-middleweight-world-titleholder-hanna-gabriels-june-22 |access-date=1 March 2019 |website=[[ESPN]]}}</ref> === Zakaran matsakaicin nauyi mara gardama === ==== Guduma vs Garkuwa ==== Daga Maris 2017 har zuwa ƙarshen Agusta 2018, duka sansanonin Hammer da Garkuwa sun kasance cikin tattaunawa mai zurfi game da babban yaƙin da za a yi a ƙarshe. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Erdman |first=Corey |date=2 March 2017 |title=Claressa Shields vs. Christina Hammer Talks Have Begun |url=https://www.boxingscene.com/claressa-shields-vs-christina-hammer-talks-begun--114161 |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=Boxing Scene}}</ref> A kan 25 Satumba 2018, ''The Ring'' ya sanar da cewa Hammer da Garkuwa za su yi yaƙi don gasar zakarun matsakaicin nauyi a Adrian Phillips Theater a Boardwalk Hall a Atlantic City, New Jersey, a ranar 17 Nuwamba, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Coppinger |first=Mike |date=25 September 2018 |title=Claressa Shields-Christina Hammer Unification Title Fight Set for Nov. 17 on Showtime |url=https://www.ringtv.com/544174-claressa-shields-christina-hammer-unification-title-fight-set-for-nov-17-on-showtime/ |access-date=1 March 2019 |website=[[The Ring (magazine)|The Ring]]}}</ref> tare da mai nasara ya zama mace ta biyu na shekarun belt hudu don rike duk lakabi a cikin rukuni ɗaya. <ref name="Undisputed"/> Daga cikin sanarwar, Hammer ya ce: "Ni ne mafi kyawun matsakaicin nauyi a duniya kuma zan bayyana wannan batu sosai lokacin da muka shiga cikin zobe. Ya kasance mafarki na don yin yaki a cikin yakin mata mafi girma a kowane lokaci kuma in tayar da damben mata zuwa wani lokaci mai girma. Zan yi ''kambin'' Sarauniyar matsakaicin nauyi maras tabbas [ <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2018 |title=Claressa Shields, Christina Hammer to meet in massive women's boxing title fight |url=https://uk.sports.yahoo.com/news/claressa-shields-christina-hammer-meet-011937795.html |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=[[Yahoo Sports]] }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> don jinkirta yakinta da Garkuwan don gasar da ba a taba yi ba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rafael |first=Dan |date=2 October 2018 |title=Christina Hammer postpones title fight vs. Claressa Shields |url=http://www.espn.co.uk/boxing/story/_/id/24864480/christina-hammer-postpones-fight-vs-claressa-shields-cites-medical-condition |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=[[ESPN]]}}</ref> A ranar 5 ga Oktoba WBC ta bayyana cewa Hammer ta sha fama da ciwon narkewar abinci, wanda hakan ya sa ta rashin dacewa a likitance ta yin dambe don nan gaba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 October 2018 |title=Closing of WBC 56th convention |url=https://wbcboxing.com/en/clausura-de-la-convencion-56-del-wbc/ |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=[[World Boxing Council]]}}</ref> WBC mai suna Hammer zakara a lokacin hutu, <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 October 2018 |title=Fasten Your Belt! WBC fight fiesta finale in November |url=https://wbcboxing.com/en/fasten-your-belt-wbc-fight-fiesta-finale-in-november/ |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=[[World Boxing Council]]}}</ref> yayin da Garkuwa za su yi yaƙi don neman kujerar a ranar 17 ga Nuwamba da Hannah Rankin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 November 2018 |title=Shields: Rankin Won't Stop My Path to Undisputed |url=https://www.matchroomboxing.com/news/shields-rankin-wont-stop-path-undisputed/ |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=[[Matchroom Sport]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaur |first=Daldeep |date=15 November 2018 |title=Hannah Rankin ready to face Olympic champion Claressa Shields in Kansas |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/boxing/46213367 |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=[[BBC]]}}</ref> A ranar 27 ga Janairu 2019, an ba da sanarwar cewa Hammer zai yi yaƙi da Elene Sikmashvili a Dandalin Waƙoƙin Verti a Friedrichshain a ranar 9 ga Fabrairu, kamar yadda Hammer ke son yin dambe a Jamus kafin yaƙar Garkuwan wani lokaci a cikin 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2019 |title=Christina Hammer boxing for the World Cup fight warm |url=https://sportfrauen.net/default/christina-hammer-boxt-sich-fur-den-wm-kampf-warm |access-date=1 March 2019 |website=Sportfrauen}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2019 |title=Christina Hammer vs. Elene Sikmashvili boxing in Berlin 9 February 2019 |url=http://news-dg.de/christina-hammer-vs-elene-sikmashvili-boxen-in-berlin-9-februar-2019/ |access-date=1 March 2019 |website=News DG}}</ref> Yaƙin zagaye na takwas ya yanke shawarar buga wasan fasaha a zagaye na biyu bayan daƙiƙa talatin da biyar, <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 2019 |title=Christina "Lady" Hammer wins against rival Elene Sikmashvili - Title defense against Claressa Shields follows in 2019 |url=https://ugj.biz/christina-lady-hammer-gewinnt-gegen-rivalin-elene-sikmashvili-titelverteidigung-gegen-claressa-shields-folgt-2019/ |access-date=1 March 2019 |website=Unternehmensgruppe Jäger}}</ref> tare da Hammer ya dakatar da Sikmashvili. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2019 |title=As Expected, Christina Hammer Makes Quick Work of Elene Sikmashvili |url=http://www.womenofboxing.com/as-expected-christina-hammer-makes-quick-work-of-elene-sikmashvili/ |access-date=1 March 2019 |website=Women of Boxing}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga Fabrairu, 2019, an ba da sanarwar cewa Hammer da Garkuwa za su hadu don gasar zakarun da ba a saba da su ba a ranar 13 ga Afrilu a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Adrian Phillips da ke Boardwalk Hall a Atlantic City, New Jersey, tare da taken mata na matsakaicin nauyi ''na Ring'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rafael |first=Dan |date=13 February 2019 |title=Claressa Shields-Christina Hammer back on, to fight April 13 in Atlantic City |url=http://www.espn.com/boxing/story/_/id/25982545/claressa-shields-christina-hammer-fight-back-held-april-13-atlantic-city |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=[[ESPN]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Salazar |first=Francisco |date=13 February 2019 |title=Claressa Shields vs. Christina Hammer Showdown Will Finally Happen on April 13 |url=https://www.ringtv.com/554437-claressa-shields-vs-christina-hammer-showdown-will-finally-happen-on-april-13/ |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=[[The Ring (magazine)|The Ring]]}}</ref> Bayan sanarwar, Hammer ta bayyana cewa ta kashe yawancin sansaninta a Seefeld a Tyrol, Ostiriya, don shiga cikin horo mai tsayi a shirye-shiryen Garkuwa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2019 |title=Christina Hammer vs. Claressa Shields in Another Boxing 1st on Showtime |url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2019/02/26/arts/ap-box-shields-hammer.html |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> An gudanar da taron manema labarai na hukuma a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu, tare da Hammer yana yin la'akari da babban hadarin da zai zo daga Jamus zuwa Amurka, yayin da yake cewa: "[...] Na yi imanin cewa mafi kyawun ya kamata ya yi yaki mafi kyau kuma na yi abin da ya kamata don haka ya faru. Wannan yakin na iya zama mai canza wasa don wasanmu. " <ref>{{Cite web |last=Christ |first=Scott |date=26 February 2019 |title=Shields vs Hammer: Press conference quotes |url=https://www.badlefthook.com/2019/2/26/18242185/shields-vs-hammer-press-conference-quotes |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=Bad Left Hook}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga Afrilu 2019, Hammer ta yi asarar kambun WBC da WBO ta hanyar yanke shawara gaba ɗaya a ƙoƙarinta na zama zakaran matsakaicin nauyi na mata da ba a gardama. Dukkan alkalai ukun ne suka yi nasara da ci 98–92 don goyon bayan Garkuwan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Claressa Shields dominates Christina Hammer to become undisputed women's middleweight champion |url=https://www.cbssports.com/boxing/news/claressa-shields-dominates-christina-hammer-to-become-undisputed-womens-middleweight-champion/amp/ |access-date=2020-01-11 |website=www.cbssports.com |language=en}}</ref> Hammer ya zauna a [[Dortmund|Dortmund, Jamus]], tun 2009. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Schröer |first=Patrick |date=5 March 2014 |title=World Champion Hammer: climbs back into the ring |url=https://www.ruhrnachrichten.de/sport/dortmund/weltmeisterin-hammer-steigt-wieder-in-den-ring-86168.html |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=[[Ruhr Nachrichten]]}}</ref> A watan Yulin 2012, Hammer ta sami takardar shedar samun nasarar Abitur, wanda ya ba ta damar yin karatun kimiyyar wasanni a Jami'ar Gudanar da Aiwatarwa da ke Unna . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Baum |first=Clive |date=25 July 2012 |title=Paul Williams, Christina Hammer, Amir Mansour... |url=http://www.worldboxingfederation.net/articles/article0225.htm |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=[[World Boxing Federation]] }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 December 2015 |title=Christina Hammer - the youngest German boxing champion |url=http://daz.asia/blog/christina-hammer-die-juengste-deutsche-boxweltmeisterin/ |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=Daz}}</ref> A yayin da take karatun zango na shida a Jami'ar Hagen, a shekarar 2016, ta bayyana cewa tana matukar kokari wajen kammala karatunta yayin wasan dambe. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Schröer |first=Patrick |date=9 November 2016 |title=Hammer is making his way to America |url=https://www.ruhrnachrichten.de/sport/dortmund/hammer-bahnt-sich-den-weg-nach-amerika-82905.html |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=[[Ruhr Nachrichten]]}}</ref> Ita jakadiyar alama ce ta layin rigar Anita, wanda a wasu lokuta tana ƙididdigewa, <ref name="maxim">{{Cite web |last=Struby |first=Tim |date=21 September 2017 |title=Meet Christina Hammer, The World Champion Boxer Who's Also a Lingerie Model |url=https://www.maxim.com/sports/christina-hammer-2017-8 |access-date=24 April 2021 |website=[[Maxim (magazine)|Maxim]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 June 2015 |title=New testimonial for Anita active - Christina Hammer |url=https://www.anita.com/ch/unternehmen/news-events/news/christina-hammer.html |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=Derwesten.de}}</ref> yayin da kuma kasancewa wani ɓangare na Movement130, wanda ke ƙarfafa mata na kowane nau'i, girma, da salon rayuwa don rungumi nasu kyan gani na musamman. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ruth Weber |first=Carol |date=5 February 2018 |title=Christina Hammer Shines as World Champion Boxer and Lingerie Model |url=https://medium.com/@carolruthweber/christina-hammer-shines-as-world-champion-boxer-and-lingerie-model-6a7ac9c6df78 |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=[[Medium (website)|Medium]]}}</ref> A cikin 2017 Christina Hammer da SOFTSWISS sun ƙaddamar da sabis na iGaming tare da haɗin gwiwar WBC. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2017 |title=Сhristina hammer and Softswiss launch iGaming service in partnership with WBC |url=https://5star.media/2017/11/24/christina-hammer-softswiss-launch-online-casino-partnership-wbc/ |access-date=24 May 2023 |website=5star.media |archive-date=24 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524200523/https://5star.media/2017/11/24/christina-hammer-softswiss-launch-online-casino-partnership-wbc/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 November 2020 |title=Fightclubcasino is rebrending of ladyhammercasino |url=https://ratemycasino.ca/reviews/fightclubcasino/ |access-date=24 May 2023 |website=Ratemycasino }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Hammer shi ne majiɓincin Vive Žene, wurin da 'yan gudun hijirar, 'yan mata masu barazana, da kuma matasa mata a Ossenbrink a Herdecke, tare da Ofishin Daidaitawar Dortmund yana nuna cewa "'yar damben mace tana da hakkin ya bayyana iko da iko." [ <ref>{{Cite web |last=Semme |first=Elisabeth |date=4 April 2016 |title=Refuge for traumatized women in Herdecke |url=https://www.derwesten.de/staedte/nachrichten-aus-wetter-und-herdecke/zuflucht-fuer-traumatisierte-frauen-in-herdecke-id11701239.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306042719/https://www.derwesten.de/staedte/nachrichten-aus-wetter-und-herdecke/zuflucht-fuer-traumatisierte-frauen-in-herdecke-id11701239.html |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=Derwesten.de}}</ref> Yayin da ta zama 'yar dambe ta farko da ta mallaki gidan caca ta kan layi, ta ba da gudummawar kashi 5% na kuɗin shiga gidan caca ta kan layi ga Kulawar Dambe ta Duniya da kuma Asusun Taimakawa Jose Sulaiman don 'yan damben boksin, wanda ta zama jakadan WBC, <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 August 2018 |title=Exclusive Interview with Christina Hammer, Lady Hammer Casino' Ambassador |url=https://canadianbitcoincasinos.com/exclusive-interview-with-christina-hammer-lady-hammer-casino/ |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=Bitcoin Casino Canada }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> inda ta ce: "My Casino za ta yi amfani da shahararsa kuma a matsayin dandamali don ayyuka masu kyau. Ina sha'awar aikin WBC na musamman ga 'ya'yan su don kula da duniya. dawo." <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 June 2018 |title=Christina Hammer using casino platform for global good |url=https://www.worldboxingnews.com/christina-hammer-using-casino-platform-for-global-good/ |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=World Boxing News}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" !{{Abbr|No.|Number}} !Result !Record !Opponent !Type !Round, time !Date !Location !Notes |- |30 |{{yes2}}Win |28–1 {{Small|(1)}} | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|RUS}} Luiza Davydova |UD |8 |7 May 2022 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|{{flagicon|GER}} Sartory Sale Koln, [[Cologne]], Germany}} | style="text-align:left;" | |- |29 |{{yes2}}Win |27–1 {{Small|(1)}} | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|BRA}} Daniele Bastieri |TKO |1 (8) |3 Dec 2021 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|{{flagicon|GER}} Harzlandhalle, [[Ilsenburg]], Germany}} | style="text-align:left;" | |- |28 |{{yes2}}Win |26–1 {{Small|(1)}} | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|FIN}} Sanna Turunen |KO |7 (10), {{Small|0:40}} |20 Dec 2020 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|{{flagicon|GER}} Motorworld, [[Cologne]], Germany}} | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|Won vacant [[Women's International Boxing Federation|WIBF]] super-middleweight title}} |- |27 |{{yes2}}Win |25–1 {{Small|(1)}} | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|KEN}} Florence Muthoni |UD |8 |8 Feb 2020 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|{{flagicon|GER}} [[EWS Arena]], [[Göppingen]], Germany}} | |- |26 |{{no2}}Loss |24–1 {{Small|(1)}} | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Claressa Shields]] |UD |10 |13 Apr 2019 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|USA}} {{Small|[[Boardwalk Hall]], [[Atlantic City, New Jersey]], US}} | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|Lost WBO female middleweight title;<br>For [[List of WBA female world champions#Middleweight|WBA]], WBC, [[List of IBF female world champions#Middleweight|IBF]], and inaugural [[list of The Ring female world champions#Middleweight|''The Ring'' female middleweight titles]]}} |- |25 |{{yes2}}Win |24–0 {{Small|(1)}} | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|GEO}} Elene Sikmashvili |TKO |2 (8), {{Small|0:35}} |9 Feb 2019 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|GER}} {{Small|Verti Music Hall, [[Friedrichshain]], Germany}} | |- |24 |{{yes2}}Win |23–0 {{Small|(1)}} | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Tori Nelson]] |UD |10 |22 Jun 2018 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|USA}} {{Small|[[Detroit Masonic Temple]], [[Detroit, Michigan]], US}} | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|Retained WBC and WBO female middleweight titles}} |- |23 |{{yes2}}Win |22–0 {{Small|(1)}} | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|GHA}} Gifty Amanua Ankrah |KO |4 (10), {{Small|1:59}} |4 Nov 2017 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|GER}} {{Small|SportScheck Allwetteranlage, Munich, Germany}} | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|Retained WBC and WBO female middleweight titles}} |- |22 |{{yes2}}Win |21–0 {{Small|(1)}} | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|SWE}} [[Maria Lindberg]] |UD |10 |1 Apr 2017 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|GER}} {{Small|[[Westfalenhallen]], [[Dortmund]], Germany}} | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|Retained WBC and WBO female middleweight titles}} |- |21 |{{yes2}}Win |20–0 {{Small|(1)}} | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Kali Reis]] |UD |10 |5 Nov 2016 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|GER}} {{Small|Ballhaus Forum, Munich, Germany}} | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|Retained WBO female middleweight title;<br>Won [[List of WBC female world champions#Middleweight|WBC female middleweight title]]}} |- |20 |{{yes2}}Win |19–0 {{Small|(1)}} | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|HUN}} Melinda Lazar |TKO |6 (8), {{Small|1:25}} |15 Jul 2016 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|GER}} {{Small|Ballhaus Forum, [[Munich]], Germany}} | |- |19 |{{yes2}}Win |18–0 {{Small|(1)}} | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Kali Reis]] |UD |10 |2 May 2015 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|GER}} {{Small|[[Sparkassen-Arena]], [[Jena]], Germany}} | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|Retained WBO female middleweight title}} |- |18 | style="background:#DDD" |{{Abbr|NC|No contest}} |17–0 {{Small|(1)}} | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|FRA}} [[Anne Sophie Mathis]] |NC |5 (10), {{Small|0:25}} |26 Jul 2014 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|GER}} {{Small|Anhalt Arena, Dessau, Germany}} | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|For WBF and vacant [[list of WBO female world champions#Junior middleweight|WBO female light-middleweight titles]];<br>Originally DQ win for Hammer due to rabbit punches; later ruled a NC}} |- |17 |{{yes2}}Win |17–0 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|GER}} [[Jessica Balogun]] |UD |10 |1 Mar 2014 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|GER}} {{Small|Bordelandhalle, Magdeburg, Germany}} | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|Retained WBO and WBF female middleweight titles}} |- |16 |{{yes2}}Win |16–0 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|MEX}} Carmen Garcia Toscano |TKO |1 (10), {{Small|1:42}} |6 Dec 2013 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|GER}} {{Small|Brandenburg Halle, Frankfurt, Germany}} | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|Retained WBO and WBF female middleweight titles}} |- |15 |{{yes2}}Win |15–0 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|SWE}} [[Mikaela Laurén]] |UD |10 |13 Jul 2013 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|GER}} {{Small|[[EnergieVerbund Arena]], [[Dresden]], Germany}} | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|Retained WBO and WBF female middleweight titles}} |- |14 |{{yes2}}Win |14–0 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|HUN}} Zita Zatyko |UD |10 |4 May 2013 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|GER}} {{Small|[[SAP Arena]], [[Mannheim]], Germany}} | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|Won WBF and vacant [[list of WBO female world champions#Super middleweight|WBO female super-middleweight titles]]}} |- |13 |{{yes2}}Win |13–0 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|DOM}} Yahaira Hernandez |UD |10 |7 Sep 2012 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|GER}} {{Small|[[Innogy Sporthalle|RWE Rhein-Ruhr Sporthalle]], [[Mülheim]], Germany}} | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|Retained WBO and WBF female middleweight titles}} |- |12 |{{yes2}}Win |12–0 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|RSA}} Julie Tshabalala |UD |10 |5 Apr 2012 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|CZE}} {{Small|[[Sportovní hala Vodova]], [[Brno]], Czech Republic}} | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|Retained WBO and WBF female middleweight titles}} |- |11 |{{yes2}}Win |11–0 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|USA}} Vashon Living |UD |10 |21 Oct 2011 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|GER}} {{Small|Brandenburg Halle, [[Frankfurt]], Germany}} | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|Retained WBO and WBF female middleweight titles}} |- |10 |{{yes2}}Win |10–0 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|SWE}} [[Maria Lindberg]] |UD |10 |27 May 2011 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|CZE}} {{Small|[[Zlatopramen Arena]], [[Ústí nad Labem]], Czech Republic}} | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|Retained WBO and WBF female middleweight titles}} |- |9 |{{yes2}}Win |9–0 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|HUN}} Diana Kiss |{{Abbr|RTD|Corner retirement}} |7 (10), {{Small|2:00}} |18 Feb 2011 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|SLO}} {{Small|Stožice Sports Park, Ljubljana, Slovenia}} | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|Won vacant WBF female middleweight title}} |- |8 |{{yes2}}Win |8–0 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|BER}} [[Teresa Perozzi]] |UD |10 |23 Oct 2010 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|GER}} {{Small|[[Sachsen Arena|Erdgas Arena]], [[Riesa]], Germany}} | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|Won vacant [[list of WBO female world champions#Middleweight|WBO female middleweight title]]}} |- |7 |{{yes2}}Win |7–0 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|ROM}} Mihaela Dragan |TKO |2 (6) |4 Sep 2010 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|SLO}} {{Small|[[Stožice Sports Park]], Ljubljana, Slovenia}} | |- |6 |{{yes2}}Win |6–0 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|GER}} Marie Riederer |{{Abbr|KO|Knockout}} |5 (6), {{Small|1:23}} |4 Jun 2010 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|GER}} {{Small|Landesgartenschau, [[Aschersleben]], Germany}} | |- |5 |{{yes2}}Win |5–0 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|GER}} Patricia Braesick |TKO |2 (6), {{Small|1:01}} |17 Apr 2010 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|GER}} {{Small|[[GETEC Arena|Bordelandhalle]], Magdeburg, Germany}} | |- |4 |{{yes2}}Win |4–0 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|SER}} Daniela Bickei |TKO |4 (6) |9 Apr 2010 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|SLO}} {{Small|[[Tivoli Hall]], [[Ljubljana]], Slovenia}} | |- |3 |{{yes2}}Win |3–0 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|SER}} Marija Pejakovic |TKO |4 (4) |15 Nov 2009 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|GER}} {{Small|EKZ Arena, [[Niederschöneweide|Schöneweide]], Germany}} | |- |2 |{{yes2}}Win |2–0 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|CZ}} Sarka Stoklaskova |{{Abbr|UD|Unanimous decision}} |4 |24 Oct 2009 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|GER}} {{Small|[[Anhalt Arena]], [[Dessau]], Germany}} | |- |1 |{{yes2}}Win |1–0 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|GER}} Melisa Koktar |{{Abbr|TKO|Technical knockout}} |2 (4) |12 Sep 2009 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|GER}} {{Small|Gewerbehof Schlutius, [[Magdeburg]], Germany}} | |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] lhu2qvq2pmwe5w2kghozwn8eycp53ke 0 92909 873872 585564 2026-07-01T21:28:02Z Ummeeterh 31568 873872 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Saira-Banu.jpg|thumb|Hoton saira banu]] Saira Banu (An haife ta 23 ga [[Ogusta|Agusta]] 1944) yar wasan [[Indiya]] ce wacce ta fi yin aiki a fina-finan Hindi. Ana ɗauka cikin fitattun ƴan wasan fina-finan [[Indiya]], <ref>Top heroines of Bollywood". India Today. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 24 August 2020.</ref> ta kasance cikin fitattun jaruman waskwaikwayo na 1960s da farkon 1970s. Banu ta sami lambar yabo ta Filmfare Awards a duk tsawon aikinta.<ref>Kumar, Dilip (28 July 2014). Dilip Kumar: The Substance and the Shadow. Hay House, Inc. ISBN 978-93-81398-96-8.</ref> <ref>Nostalgia: Saira Banu". 29 August 2017. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 12 December 2019.</ref> Banu ta fara fitowa wasan kwaikwayo tare da Junglee (1961), inda ta samu kyautar Filmfare Award for Best Actress. Ta sami ƙarin nadin nadin mafi kyawun jarumai guda uku don Shagird (1967), Diwana (1967) da Sagina (1974). Banu ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin fina-finan da suka yi nasara da yawa ciki har da - Bluff Master (1963), Ayee Milan Ki Bela (1964), Jhuk Gaya Aasman (1968), Padosan (1968), Victoria No. 203 (1972), Hera Pheri (1976) da Bairaag (1976). Fim ɗinta na ƙarshe. ==Rayuwar farko== An haifi Saira Banu a ranar 23 ga Agusta 1944 a Mussoorie<ref>Saira Banu recalls her birthday celebrations with Dilip Kumar: We would all feast together". Indian Express. 23 August 2022. Retrieved 23 August 2022.</ref> ga ’yar wasan kwaikwayo Naseem Banu da furodusa Mian Ehsan-ul-Haq.<ref>Pandya, Haresh (4 September 2002). "Naseem Banu: First Female Superstar of Indian Cinema". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 October 2014</ref> Tana da yaya daya Sultan Ahmed wanda ya girme ta da shekara biyar. Yayar Banu Shaheen Banu ta auri jarumi Sumeet Saigal. Kakaninta Sayyeshaa, ita ma ‘yar wasan fim ce kuma ta auri jarumin fim Arya.<ref>Saira Banu's grand niece Sayyeshaa Saigal is all set for Telugu debut with Akhil". News18. 11 February 2015. Retrieved 26 February 2018.</ref> ==Sana'a== Banu tana da shekaru 16 a shekara ta 1960 ta fara aiki a karon farko a fina-finan Hindi.<ref>"Arts / Cinema : My First Break: Saira Banu"</ref> Ta ce a cikin wani shiri cewa tana da basira ta asali da kuma ƙarancin gogewar rawa. Takwarorinta duk sun kasance masu horo na musamman, shi ya sa ba a saka ta a cikin babban lig ba. Banu ta fara daukar darasin Kathak da Bharata Natyam, kuma ta horar da kanta da kwarewa. Ba da daɗewa ba ta zama ’yar rawa, kuma fina-finanta sun fi nuna rawanta.Banu ta fara fitowa a karon farko tare da Shammi Kapoor a fim din Junglee a shekarar 1961, wanda a dalilinsa ne ta samu lambar yabo ta Filmfare Award for Best Actress.<ref>Junglee (1961)". Box Office India. Archived from the original on 12 February 2010. Retrieved 26 January 2009.</ref> Aghajani Kashmeri (wanda aka fi sani da Kashmiri da Agha Jani) ne ya rubuta Junglee, wanda kuma ya horar da ita a cikin gabatar da tattaunawa ta Urdu, saboda tarihinsa a cikin adabin Urdu da wakoki daga Lucknow. Hotonta na jarumar soyayya ne kuma ta yi wasan kwaikwayo a cikin labaran soyayya da yawa. Ta sake yin fim guda ɗaya tare da jarumarta na farko Shammi Kapoor, Bluff Master, wanda Manmohan Desai ya jagoranta.<ref>Mahaan, Deepak (24 November 2011). "Blast from the past: Bluff Master (1963)". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 6 April 2022</ref> ==Rayuwa ta sirri== Banu tare da mijinta Dilip Kumar Banu ya auri Dilip Kumar a ranar 11 ga Oktoba 1966.<ref>Devinder Bir Kaur (7 July 2002). "Dilip Kumar saw a psychoanalyst after acting as Devdas". The Sunday Tribune. Retrieved 14 August 2011.</ref> ]<ref>the original</ref> Banu yana da shekara 22 kuma Kumar yana da shekara 44 a lokacin daurin aure<ref>Bhatia, Ritu (2 September 2012). "Don't mind the (age) gap". India Today. Archived from the original on 6 September 2013. Retrieved 16 September 2013.</ref> Banu da Kumar sun zauna a Bandra. Ba su da 'ya'ya. A cikin littafin tarihin rayuwarsa mai suna Dilip Kumar: The Substance and the Shadow, ya bayyana cewa Banu ya samu ciki a shekarar 1972, amma ya samu matsala a cikin ciki, wanda ya kai ga zubar da ciki. Bayan haka, ba su yi ƙoƙari su sake haihuwa ba, suna ganin nufin Allah ne.<ref>Kumar, Dilip (2014). Dilip Kumar: The Substance and the Shadow. Hay House India. ISBN 9789381398869.</ref> <ref>Kumar, Dilip (2014). Dilip Kumar: The Substance and the Shadow. Hay House India. ISBN 9789381398869.</ref> ==Manazarta⁷== m1h54petzhr1x3gpmyvp89xiiwe8tnx 0 93544 874100 786949 2026-07-02T05:46:23Z Ummeeterh 31568 874100 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Vojtěch Náprstek''' (Wanda ake kira '''Vojta''') (An haife shi 17 ga [[Afrilu]] 1826, a [[Prag|Prague]] - 2 ga [[Satumba]] 1894), ya kasance mai ba da agaji na Czech, mai kishin ƙasa da ɗan siyasa, da kuma ɗan jaridar yaren Czech na farko a [[Amurka]]. [[Fayil:Vojtěch_náprstek.jpg|thumb|Vojtěch Náprstek]] == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Vojtěch_Náprstek_Mutter_Anna.jpg|left|thumb|Náprstek (tsaye) tare da mahaifiyarsa Anna da ɗan'uwansa Ferdinand]] An haifi Vojtěch Náprstek Adalbert Fingerhut . Mahaifinsa Anton Fingerhut yana da sunan Jamusanci a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan uwa bakwai - sauran an kira su da sunan Czech na sunan Náprstek . (Maganar Jamusanci fingerhut da kalmar Czech naprstek za a iya fassara su a matsayin thimble a Turanci.) Adalbert a hukumance ya canza sunansa zuwa Vojtěch Náprstek a cikin 1880 amma yana amfani da sunan Czech tun da daɗewa.<ref>Josef Veselý: V domě U Halánků, Toulky českou minulostí, programme for the Czech radio {{In lang|cs}}</ref> Mahaifiyarsa, Anna Fingerhut-Náprstková (1788-1873), 'yar kasuwa ce mai kishin kasa wacce ke gudanar da gidan giya / distillery da ke kusa da shi, "U Halánků", mai karɓar baƙi ga ƙungiyoyin masu kishin ƙasa. Wannan ginin har yanzu yana tsaye kuma yana kan Betlemské náměstí a Prague kuma an san shi da Gidan Tarihi na Náprstek na Al'adun Asiya, Afirka da Amurka. Dukansu Vojtěch da ɗan'uwansa Ferdinand, masu fafutukar kishin ƙasa, 'yan sanda na Habsburg suna sa ido sosai. Bayan mummunar sakamakon Prague Upheavals na 1848, Vojtěch ya bar gida a asirce zuwa Amurka, inda ya gama karatunsa na shari'a. == 1848 da Amurka == [[Fayil:Vojtěch_Náprstek_1848.jpg|thumb|Náprstek a cikin 1848]] Ya gudu a asirce zuwa Milwaukee a [[Wisconsin]], inda ya zauna kusan shekaru goma kafin ya koma gida, ya kammala karatunsa na shari'a. An dauke shi uban ruhaniya na aikin jarida na Czech a Amurka. Ya wallafa jaridar 'yanci mai suna ''[[Milwaukee Flügblatter]]'', jaridar farko da Czech ta buga a Amurka. Kodayake ''Flügblatter'' yana cikin harshen Jamusanci, yawancin Czechs ne suka karanta shi. Naprstek ya ƙarfafa 'yan asalin Czech su shirya da kuma buga nasu jaridu na Czech. Ya zama ɗan ƙasar Amurka. == Komawa zuwa Bohemia == Ya koma Bohemia a kusa da 1857, kuma ya ci gaba da ayyukan siyasa. Bayan dawowarsa, ya yi aiki don ya saba da 'yan uwansa na Czechs tare da ra'ayoyin Amurka, cibiyoyi, da dabarun, da kuma' yan asalin Amurka da ya yi aiki tare da su. Ya taimaka wa ɗan ƙasar Czech [[Charles Jonas (dan siyasa na Wisconsin)|Charles Jonas]] ya koyi Turanci, kuma ya shirya jirginsa zuwa London, kuma daga baya ya yi ƙaura zuwa Racine, Wisconsin. Tarinsa ya zama ainihin Gidan Tarihi na Náprstek na yanzu na al'adun Asiya, Afirka, da Amurka a Prague. Ya zama alderman na garin Prague (1873-1894) da kuma wakilin gari (1881-1892). Náprstek ya kasance mai ba da shawara game da ra'ayoyin ci gaba, gami da yanayin rayuwa gaba ɗaya a Prague, da kuma samar da ilimi da wuraren kiwon lafiya da gabatar da fasahar zamani a rayuwar jama'a (hasken gas da dafa abinci, tarho, da sauransu). Ya kuma kafa, a cikin 1888, kungiyar Czech Hiking Club '' (Klub českých turistů) ''. An fara shi cikin Freemasonry a lokacin rayuwarsa a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. Bayan ya dawo Daular Austriya ya kafa kananan kungiyoyin Masonic ba bisa ka'ida ba don yada manufofin Masonic. === 'Yancin mata === [[Fayil:Vojta Náprstek – Jan Vilímek – České album.jpg|left|thumb|Náprstek a cikin 1885; hoton Jan Vilímek]] Lokacin da ya koma Prague bayan shekaru goma a kasashen waje, jawabinsa da gabatarwa game da ayyukan da matan Amurka suka kafa sun ja hankalin mutane sosai. A kusa da 1864 ya shirya nune-nunen injunan sutura na Amurka (har zuwa lokacin ba a sani ba a Prague) tare da zanga-zangar kan yadda za a yi amfani da su, wanda mata suka ziyarta sosai. A shekara ta 1865 ya ba da kuɗin kafa "Americký klub dame" (American Ladies" Club ko American Club of Bohemian Women), wanda ya gudanar da tarurrukansa na farko a gidan mahaifiyarsa "U Halánků". Kungiyar ta ba da laccoci kan tambayoyin 'yancin mata, ilimin taurari, magani, ilmin halitta, falsafar, adabi, tarihi da sauran batutuwa da yawa. An ba da laccoci na kyauta ga mata a safiyar Lahadi; an ba maza damar sauraron su daga ɗakin kwana. A cikin shekaru ashirin na wannan jerin laccoci kusan masu sauraro 27,000 sun yi rajista. Mambobin kungiyar mata ta Amurka na iya amfani da ɗakin karatu na littattafan Czech na Náprstek, da kuma littattafan da aka rubuta a Turanci da sauran harsunan kasashen waje. Wannan goyon baya, da kuma goyon bayan jama'a game da 'yancin mata tun farkon 1887, ya kawo Náprstek lakabi "mai ba da shawara ga mata". Hukumomi sun kalli kungiyar, kuma an tilasta musu aiki a matsayin kulob mai zaman kansa maimakon a matsayin Ƙungiyar jama'a'a. == Tushen == * Czech Pioneers a Wisconsin ta Miloslav Rechcigl Jr., wanda aka samu a ranar 9 ga Disamba 2007 == manazarta == {{Reflist}} 6n1dqavkm3htlbt95so3n87350hh9gc 0 93794 873787 594096 2026-07-01T20:28:21Z Habibah A Jisambo 26434 873787 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Koro''' yare ne da ake magana a [[Arunachal Pradesh]], Indiya . Yawancin ana rarraba shi azaman yaren Sino-Tibetan, kuma yana da wasu kamanceceniya da Tani da ke gaba zuwa gabas.{{Sfn|NPR|2010}} An yi jayayya cewa Koro a zahiri yana daga cikin dangin Siangic, mai zaman kansa daga amma ya rinjayi dangin Sino-Tibetan.{{Sfn|Blench|2018}} Kimanin mutane 1,500 ne ke magana da Koro a cikin kabilar Koro-Aka {{Sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2015}} waɗanda ke cikin Gundumar Kameng ta Gabas, [[Arunachal Pradesh]], arewa maso gabashin Indiya. {{Sfn|Blench|2018}} 'Yan kalilan ne suka kai shekara 20.{{Sfn|Morrison|2010}} Yawancin masu magana da Koro suna zaune a cikin gidaje masu magana da harsuna biyu inda ɗaya ko fiye da membobin ke magana da Ako ko wani yaren asali maimakon Koro.{{Sfn|Harrison|2010}} Ƙabilar Koro-Aka tana zaune a cikin kabilar Aka (Hruso). Koyaya, mutanen Koro-Aka suna magana da yaren da ke da alaƙa da nesa daga sauran kabilar Aka waɗanda ke magana da Hruso-Aka.{{Sfn|Anderson|Murmu|2010}} Masu bincike sun yi la'akari da cewa Koro na iya samo asali ne daga ƙungiyar mutanen da aka bautar da su kuma aka kawo su yankin.{{Sfn|Schmid|2010}} == Rarraba. == Sanarwa a cikin wallafe-wallafen ilimi na Koro a matsayin yare daban ya koma akalla zuwa fitowar 2009 na Ethnologue (Lewis 2009), wanda ya dogara da binciken da ya samu a kan binciken harshe da aka gudanar a 2005. Ya lura cewa Koro yana da kashi 9 cikin dari na kamanceceniya da Hruso Aka, kuma cewa "ya bambanta da harsunan makwabta". {{Sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2015}}{{Sfn|Abraham|Sako|Kinny|Zeliang|2018}} A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2010, jaridar National Geographic Daily News ta wallafa wani labarin da ke tabbatar da binciken Ethnologue bisa ga binciken da aka gudanar a shekara ta 2008 ta ƙungiyar harshe ta David Harrison, Gregory Anderson, da Ganesh Murmu yayin da suke yin rubuce-rubuce game da Harsunan Hruso guda biyu (Aka da Miji) a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin "Enduring Voices" na National Geographic.{{Sfn|Morrison|2010}} An ruwaito su a matsayin yaren Aka, amma ya zama ya bambanta sosai. Mark Post da Roger Blench (2011) sun ba da shawarar cewa Koro yana da alaƙa da Milang a cikin reshe, ko watakila iyali mai zaman kanta, suna kiran Siangic.{{Sfn|Post|Blench|2011}} == Fasahar sauti == === Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi === Da ke ƙasa akwai ƙididdigar Koro. {| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align: center;" |+Ma'anar Koro {{Sfn|Blench|2018}} ! !Biliabial !Hanci da hakora !Alveolar !Palato-alveolar !Palatal !Velar !Gishiri |- !'''Plosive''' |[[Voiced bilabial plosive|b]]_plosive" id="mwfg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p | |[[Voiced dental and alveolar plosives|d]]-linkid="135" href="./Voiceless_dental_and_alveolar_plosives" id="mwgg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Voiceless dental and alveolar plosives">t d | | |k g |ʔ |- !'''Fricative''' | |[[Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]_labiodental_fricative" id="mwkQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f v |s z |ʃ | | |h hj |- !'''Rashin lafiya''' | | | |t͡ʃ d͡ʒ | | | |- !'''Hanci''' |m | |n | |ɲ |ŋ | |- !'''An buga shi''' | | |ɾ | | | | |- !'''Hanyar gefen''' | | |l | | | | |- !'''Ƙididdigar''' |w | | | |j | | |} Phonemes a gefen hagu na tantanin halitta ba su da murya yayin da phonemes a dama suna fitowa ban da fricatives na Glutal waɗanda duka biyu ba su da sauti. Bayanan daga ginshiƙi da ke sama an tattara su ne daga binciken da aka yi kwanan nan akan ƙayyadaddun Koro. Koyaya, akwai wasu bambance-bambance na bayanai tsakanin binciken da aka yi kwanan nan da binciken da ya gabata. A cikin aikin Geissler (2013), fassarar /ʋ/ ta wanzu kuma tana iya yin kama da /v/ ko /w/ dangane da mai magana. Akwai yiwuwar cewa magana da /ʔ/ ba phoneme ba ne a cikin Koro. Duk da yake phoneme shine mafi ƙanƙanta na sauti wanda zai iya rarrabe kalma ɗaya daga wani, bayanai suna nuna cewa /ʔ/ ana amfani dashi don wasu rawar da ba a san su ba. Misali, ana iya amfani da shi don raba wasula, kamar [ma.leʔe.tɨŋ] wanda ke nufin 'yaro mai sauri. " A wasu misalai, /ʔ/ ya ɓace daga jimloli. Kalmar 'wannan' a cikin Koro ita ce [baʔ], amma abin mamaki, dakatarwar glottal ta ɓace a cikin kalmar [ba ŋɨn] wanda ke nufin 'wannan gidan'.{{Sfn|Geissler|2013}} A cikin aikin Anderson (2010), akwai wani ph ko /ī/. Yana yiwuwa cewa bayanan Anderson na iya rinjayar bambance-bambance a cikin magana tsakanin 'yan asalin ko harshen Hindi da masu ba da labari suka yi amfani da shi. Bugu da kari, bincikensa bai haɗa da kalmomin da ba su da wasula a tsakanin sassan ba, amma Blench ya yi jayayya cewa akwai kalmomi ba tare da wasula ba, sakamakon tasirin Harshen Hruso da ake magana a kusa. Misali, kalmar 'mace' ita ce 'msn' a cikin Koro.{{Sfn|Blench|2018}} Akwai rarrabawar hadin gwiwa tsakanin alveolar trill /r/ da alveolar flap /ɾ/. Ana jin muryar /r/ a farkon ko ƙarshen kalma yayin da ake jin flap /ɾ/ a tsakiyar kalmar.{{Sfn|Blench|2018}} === Sautin sautin === Da ke ƙasa akwai wasula na Koro. {| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align: center;" |+Sautin Koro {{Sfn|Blench|2018}} ! !A gaba !Tsakiya !Komawa |- !'''Kusa''' |i | |u |- !'''Tsakanin Tsakiya''' |da kuma |ə | |- !'''Bude-Tsakiyar''' |ɛ | |Owu |- !'''Bude''' | |a | |} Koro yana da nau'ikan wasula guda biyu: baki da nasalized. Akwai ƙananan kalmomi, kamar su -aj da -ej.{{Sfn|Anderson|Murmu|2010}} Kasancewar sautin dogon lokaci ba shi da tabbas; yayin da Blench (2018) ya ba da shawarar cewa sautin dogon ya wanzu, Anderson (2010) ya yi jayayya cewa kawai sautin dogon a: na iya wanzu.{{Sfn|Blench|2018}}{{Sfn|Anderson|Murmu|2010}} === Kalmomin === Kalmomin Koro na iya samun sautin ɗaya ko da yawa a cikinsu. Yankin da aka fi gani shine CV, amma akwai sauran tsarin syllable a cikin Koro kamar CVC, CCV, da CCVC.{{Sfn|Anderson|Murmu|2010}} Yawancin lokaci akwai sassa uku ga syllable: farawa, tsakiya, da coda. Tsakanin yawanci wasali ne, kuma farawa da coda su ne consonants da ke zuwa kafin ko bayan tsakiya, bi da bi. Kalmomin da ba su da tushe, waɗanda suke da sautin da ke farawa da wasali, suna cikin Koro, amma ba su da coda. Don coda ya kasance, syllable dole ne ya fara. Dokar da aka lura ita ce farawa na iya samun matsakaicin ma'ana biyu yayin da codas na iya samun ɗaya kawai. Bugu da ƙari, wasula na hanci da codas ba sa faruwa tare.{{Sfn|Geissler|2013}} == Yanayin Yanayi == === Sunaye === Ana iya kafa sunayen Koro tare da ƙayyadaddun kalmomi. Misali, akwai sunayen dabbobi da yawa waɗanda ke da ma'anar '-le' a cikin sashi na ƙarshe na kowane kalma.{{Sfn|Anderson|Murmu|2010}}    Koyaya, wannan ba koyaushe ba ne saboda a wasu kalmomi, ƙayyadaddun '-le' bazai kasance ba don sunan dabba ko kuma yana nan don wani sunan da ba ya da alaƙa da dabba. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Harsuna]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2n7n3ez3id1em2qym5hslerye0ro8xs 0 94144 874110 786958 2026-07-02T05:54:06Z Habibah A Jisambo 26434 874110 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Helena Nez Begay''' yar siyasa ce Diné dake aiki a Majalisar [[Navajo Nation]] Council tun 2023. Ta kasance mai kulawa a baya a Babban Cibiyar Kaibeto a Kaibito, Arizona. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi. == Begay ta girma a kusa da injin injin Aermotor, yammacin K'ai'bii'tó, Arizona kusa da wani yanki na karkara inda danginta suka dogara da al'adun gargajiya irin su kiwon tumaki da jigilar ruwa don amfanin yau da kullun. <ref> name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Allen |first=Krista |date=2022-07-25 |title=‘Here for my people’: Helena Begay seeks District 1 Council seat |url=https://navajotimes.com/rezpolitics/election-2022/here-for-my-people-helena-begay-seeks-district-1-council-seat/ |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=Navajo Times |language=en-US}}</ref> Ita ce 'yar Helen Littleman Nez Sage da Wilbert Nez. <ref name=":0" /> An haife shi ga dangin Tódích'íi'nii (Ruwa mai ɗaci) kuma an haife shi don Tł'ízíłání (Akuyoyi da yawa), kakannin Begay na uwa da na uba sune Naakaii Dine'é da Naasht'ézhí Tábąhá, bi da bi. <ref name=":0" /> Kakanta, Tábąąhá Ha'diłch'ałi, ya ƙarfafa ta ta ci gaba da karatu tun tana ƙarama. <ref name=":0" /> Bayan ta halarci makarantar gaba da sakandare a LeChee Chapter a LeChee, Arizona da Kaibeto Boarding School, inda ta koyi Turanci, daga karshe ta sami digiri a ilimin yara daga Kwalejin Arizona ta Tsakiya. <ref name=":0" /> == Sana'a. == Begay ta yi aiki a matsayin mai kulawa a Babban Cibiyar Kaibeto, inda ta ba da shawara a madadin dattawa, manya, da matasa a yankinta. A cikin 2022, Begay ya nemi kujera a Majalisar Navajo Nation Council, yana kalubalantar [[Paul Begay Jr.]] A lokacin yakin neman zabenta, ta bayyana aniyarta ta yin aiki kafada da kafada da surori biyar na Gundumar 1: Łichíi'ii, Béésh Haagéed, Tsinaabąąs Habitiin, Tónehelįedį'ai'i-Lake, da kuma Rünehelį'ai'i. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Allen |first=Krista |date=2022-07-25 |title=‘Here for my people’: Helena Begay seeks District 1 Council seat |url=https://navajotimes.com/rezpolitics/election-2022/here-for-my-people-helena-begay-seeks-district-1-council-seat/ |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=Navajo Times |language=en-US}}</ref> Kamfen na Begay ya jaddada bukatar ‘yan majalisar su hada kai kai tsaye da ‘yan uwa, musamman na yankunan karkara, domin magance matsalolin da suka shafi samar da ruwa, ilimi, da kula da dattijai. <ref name=":0" /> Ta fara aiki a ranar 10 ga Janairu, 2023. Begay yana aiki a kwamitin kula da lafiya, ilimi, da ayyukan ɗan adam. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Quintero |first=Donovan |date=2023-02-02 |title=Full steam ahead for freshmen Council |url=https://navajotimes.com/rezpolitics/full-steam-ahead-for-freshmen-council/#google_vignette |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=Navajo Times |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Navajo Nation Council {{!}} Legislative Body of the Navajo Nation |url=https://www.navajonationcouncil.org/council/ |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=25th Navajo Nation Council |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri. == Tun daga 2022, Begay yana zaune tare da abokin aikinta, Benjamin Yazzie, a cikin White Clay a Apache County, Arizona. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Allen |first=Krista |date=2022-07-25 |title=‘Here for my people’: Helena Begay seeks District 1 Council seat |url=https://navajotimes.com/rezpolitics/election-2022/here-for-my-people-helena-begay-seeks-district-1-council-seat/ |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=Navajo Times |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAllen2022">Allen, Krista (2022-07-25). [https://navajotimes.com/rezpolitics/election-2022/here-for-my-people-helena-begay-seeks-district-1-council-seat/ "'Here for my people': Helena Begay seeks District 1 Council seat"]. ''Navajo Times''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-22</span></span>.</cite></ref> Begay yana da 'ya'ya mata uku da maza biyu. <ref name=":0" /> 'Ya'yanta maza suna aikin lantarki. <ref name=":0" /> == Manazarta. == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 1u52o5zfs30h6gu9kita94w26e4c4yb 0 96660 873776 675319 2026-07-01T20:18:51Z Zahrah0 14848 873776 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Rani Lakshmibai Rajwade ( née Joshi,shekarar alif dubu daya da dari takwas da tamanin da bakwai 1887–zuwa shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da hudu 1984) likitan likitancin Indiya ne, ɗan mata, kuma mai ba da shawara kan tsarin iyali. Ta kasance mai fafutuka kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata na yin zabe a Indiya, kuma ta jagoranci taron mata na Indiya duka tare da rike mukamin sakatariyarsa. Ita ce marubuciyar wani rahoto mai tasiri kan rawar da mata ke takawa a cikin tattalin arzikin Indiya a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da talatin da takwas 1938, da kuma wani karfi mai karfi wajen daukar matakan kayyade iyali a matsayin wani bangare na ajandar neman 'yancin kai na Indiya. Rajwade ya kuma wakilci Indiya a duniya, a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kuma ya taimaka wajen kulla alaka tsakanin kungiyoyin mata na Indiya da kungiyoyin mata na duniya. [1] == Rayuwa == An haifi Lakshmibai Rajwade a matsayin Lakshmi Joshi a cikin shekarar alif dubu daya da dari takwas da tamanin da bakwai 1887 ga Sir Moropant Vishvanath Joshi, lauya, kuma mai fafutukar siyasa daga Larduna ta Tsakiya da Berar, da Lady Yashodabai Joshi. Ta yi karatun likitanci a Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiyar Grant da ke Bombay, kuma ta ci gaba da karatunta a Ingila, tare da tallafin Gopal Krishna Gokhale . Ta auri Manjo Janar CR Rajwade, tsohon sarkin Gwalior, kuma an ba ta sarautar ' Rani ' (Sarauniya) ta Gwalior. Rajwade ya kasance bazawara, kuma ta dauki ‘ya’yansa shida, wadanda suka kunshi maza hudu da mata biyu. Ta rasu a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da hudu 1984. == Aiki == Rajwade ta yi aikin likitanci a Bombay tsawon rayuwarta. Har ila yau, ta kasance da haɗin kai tare da bayar da shawarwari na mata da ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin mata, kuma ta ba da shawarar musamman ga 'yancin mata na zabe a majalisar dokoki a Indiya ta mulkin mallaka . A cikin shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da goma sha’bakwai 1917, Rajwade, tare da Sarojini Naidu, Annie Besant, da S. Naik, an ba su wata hira ta sirri tare da Edwin Montagu da Viscount Chelmsford, Mataimakin Mataimakin Indiya, bayan da suka ba da sanarwar zaɓe a cikin shawarwarin Canjin Montagu-Chelmsford . A yayin wannan hirar, sun bayyana rashin samun mata a majalisun dokoki a matsayin abin takaici, kuma sun yi nuni da shigar da su cikin harkokin zabe. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Basu |first=Aparna |date=2008-01-01 |title=Women's Struggle for the Vote: 1917-1937 |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/037698360803500106 |journal=Indian Historical Review |language=en |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=128–143 |doi=10.1177/037698360803500106 |issn=0376-9836 |s2cid=148755031}}</ref> A cikin shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da talatin da daya 1931, ta kasance memba na kwamitin tsarawa a cikin Babban Taron Mata na Indiya, wanda Sarojini Naidu ke jagoranta, kuma ya ƙunshi Hansa Mehta, Taraben Premchand, [[Margaret Cousins]], [[Faiz Tyabji]], Hilla Rustomji Fardoonji, Shareefa Hamid Ali, [[Malini Sukhtankar]] da kanta. Sun gabatar da rahoto ga taron Tebur na Zagaye na Biyu, suna kira da a ba da ikon amfani da ikon mallakar dukiyoyi na duniya da kuma nuna adawa da matakin tabbatar da mata a cikin tsarin zaɓe. <ref name=":1" /> A cikin shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da talatin biyu 1932, Rajwade kuma ya kasance mai himma a ƙoƙarin kafa haɗin gwiwa da alaƙa tare da ƙungiyoyin mata da ƙungiyoyi a wajen Indiya, musamman a cikin Asiya. Tare da Margaret Cousins, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin farkon waɗanda suka kafa taron mata na Asiya duka . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mukherjee |first=Sumita |date=2017-05-04 |title=The All-Asian Women's Conference 1931: Indian women and their leadership of a pan-Asian feminist organisation |journal=Women's History Review |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=363–381 |doi=10.1080/09612025.2016.1163924 |issn=0961-2025 |s2cid=147853155 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> A cikin wannan mahallin, Rajwade ya kasance mai adawa da mulkin mallaka, yana jayayya a cikin wani jawabi a taron mata na Indiya a shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da talatin da daya 1931 cewa ya kamata a ba da goyon baya ga 'yancin dukan al'ummomi na cin gashin kansu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sandell |first=Marie |date=2011-12-01 |title=Regional versus International: Women's Activism and Organisational Spaces in the Inter-war Period |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/07075332.2011.620737 |journal=The International History Review |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=607–625 |doi=10.1080/07075332.2011.620737 |issn=0707-5332 |s2cid=154842040}}</ref> Rajwade ya kasance mai haɗin gwiwa tare da aikin Babban Taron Mata na Indiya, kuma a cikin shekarar alif dubu daya dari da tara da talatin da daya 1931 ya ba da jawabi mai mahimmanci game da tsarin iyali ga taron, da farko ya ba da shawarar amincewa da ƙuduri don ƙirƙirar "kwamitin mata likitoci don yin nazari da bayar da shawarar hanyoyi da hanyoyin ilmantar da jama'a don tsara girman iyalansu." <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Ramusack |first=Barbara N. |date=1989 |title=Embattled Advocates: The Debate Over Birth Control in India, 1920-40 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/362195/summary |journal=Journal of Women's History |language=en |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=34–64 |doi=10.1353/jowh.2010.0005 |issn=1527-2036 |s2cid=144635807}}</ref> Ƙudurin bai yi nasara ba, amma Rajwade ya ci gaba da shirya tallafi don shigar da mata cikin tsarin iyali a taron ta shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da talatin da biyu 1932, kuma a cikin shekarar alif dubu daya da talatin da uku 1933, an amince da ƙuduri. A cikin shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da talatin da biyar 1935, Rajwade ita ce Babban Sakatare na Babban Taron Mata na Indiya, kuma a [[Margaret Cousins]] ' arfafa, mai ba da shawara kan hana haihuwa kuma malami Margaret Sanger don yin lacca a taron. Duk da adawa da jawabinta, Cousins sun sami damar yin magana a wurin taron, suna ba da shawarar cewa taron mata na Indiya duka ya taka rawar gani a cikin tsarin iyali. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=All India Women's Conference - Past Presidents |url=http://www.aiwc.org.in/past-presidents.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319132613/http://www.aiwc.org.in/past-presidents.html |archive-date=19 March 2014 |website=[[All India Women's Conference]]}}</ref> Daga shekarar alif dubu 1939 zuwa 1940, Rajwade ita ce shugabar taron mata na Indiya duka . <ref name=":3" /> A cikin shekarar 1938, Rajwade ya jagoranci kwamitin kula da mata, a cikin Kwamitin Tsare-tsare na Majalisar Dokokin Indiya. A matsayinta na shugaba, ta rubuta kuma ta buga wani rahoto da aka yaɗa kan tsarin iyali a cikin 1940, wanda ya ba da shawarar yin amfani da matakai don sarrafa haifuwa da tallafawa amincewa da gudummawar mata ga tattalin arziki. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Ramusack |first=Barbara N. |date=1989 |title=Embattled Advocates: The Debate Over Birth Control in India, 1920-40 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/362195/summary |journal=Journal of Women's History |language=en |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=34–64 |doi=10.1353/jowh.2010.0005 |issn=1527-2036 |s2cid=144635807}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRamusack1989">Ramusack, Barbara N. (1989). [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/362195/summary "Embattled Advocates: The Debate Over Birth Control in India, 1920-40"]. ''Journal of Women's History''. '''1''' (2): <span class="nowrap">34–</span>64. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1353/jowh.2010.0005|10.1353/jowh.2010.0005]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1527-2036 1527-2036]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144635807 144635807].</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=TAGRA |first=VINOD |date=1994 |title=Jawaharlal Nehru and the Status of Women in India |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44143431 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=55 |pages=712–717 |issn=2249-1937 |jstor=44143431}}</ref> Rahoton, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin "mai ra'ayin zamani" daga masana Mary E. John, ya yi jayayya da amincewa da yancin tattalin arzikin mata, ciki har da gudunmawar da suke bayarwa ga tattalin arziki ta hanyar yin aiki a cikin gida ba tare da biya ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=John |first=Mary E. |date=2005 |title=Feminist Perspectives on Family and Marriage: A Historical View |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4416225 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=40 |issue=8 |pages=712–715 |issn=0012-9976 |jstor=4416225}}</ref> Ta samu 'yan adawa daga mambobin kungiyar ta kasa, inda Jawaharlal Nehru ya rubuta wa Rajwade cewa adawar jama'a ga batun tsarin iyali zai kasance mai tsanani, kuma yana mai cewa "Dole ne mutum ya kusanci batun ta hanyar da ba ta da kyau ga manyan mutane." <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mazumdar |first=Vina |title=An unfulfilled or a blurred vision?: Jawaharlal Nehru and Indian women |url=https://core.ac.uk/reader/43024300}}</ref> A cikin 1938, haka ma, Rajwade ya ba da wani muhimmin jawabi a taron mata na Indiya duka, yana adawa da haɗin kai, tare da yin kira ga ƙungiyoyin mata don haɓaka ra'ayin addini. Ta ce, "Ina da yakinin cewa hadin kan mata ne zai zama babbar hanyar samar da fahimtar 'yan'uwa har ma da hada kai a tsakanin al'ummomin da ake ganin sun rabu a wannan kasa." <ref>{{Citation|journal=Johannes|url-status=Stornig}}</ref> A cikin 1933, Rajwade a baya ya rubuta wa gwamnatin Burtaniya a madadin Babban Taron Mata na Indiya, yana adawa da lambar yabo ta jama'a, wanda ya kafa zaɓe daban-daban a Indiya bisa tushen addini. A cikin 1950, Rajwade yana ɗaya daga cikin wakilai uku na Indiya zuwa Majalisar Tattalin Arziƙi da Zamantakewar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya . == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1984]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] e4dupbolwx1vwd1lpyplotntr1pq1n6 0 99127 874026 613133 2026-07-01T23:08:43Z Habibah A Jisambo 26434 874026 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Assaad Taha''' (Arabic, an haife shi a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 1956) [[ɗan jarida]] Masar ce mai lashe lambar yabo ta duniya kuma mai [[Documentary film|shirin]] fina-finai. Ya fara aikinsa a aikin jarida, ba da daɗewa ba bayan ya koma [[rediyo]] da [[talabijin]]. Rahotanni sun zama babban matsakaici wanda ya zaɓi rufe wuraren rikici, kafin ya ƙware a cikin fim ɗin [[Documentary film|shirin]]-shirye. == Rayuwa da aiki. == An haifi Taha a [[Suez]], [[Misra|Misira]] . Ya girma a [[Misra|Misira]] har zuwa shekara 26, lokacin da ya yi hijira zuwa [[Jamus]]. Ya zauna a [[Jamus]] sama da shekaru 10 a matsayin [[ɗan jarida]] mai zaman kansa kafin ya koma yin rahoto daga [[Yaƙi|Yankunan rikici]]. Taha ya rubuta wa [[Jarida|jaridu]] na Larabawa da yawa, musamman Al Hayat, [[Asharq Al-Awsat]], Al-Ahram da Huffington Post Arabic, tare da mujallu na mako-mako da na kowane wata kamar Al Majalla da Al Wasat .Taha ta kuma bayar da rahoto ga [[Arab Radio|Rediyon Larabawa]] a [[Faris|Paris]] da sauran manyan cibiyoyin talabijin ciki har da: MBC, Al Jazeera, Al Araby TV da [[Saudi television|Talabijin na Saudiyya]].<ref> name="أسعد طه - The Huffington Post">{{Cite web |title=أسعد طه - The Huffington Post |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/author/asaad-taha |website=[[HuffPost]] |publisher=}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|<span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (December 2016)">failed verification</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Rahoton yaki. == A cikin shekarun 1990 zuwa gaba, Assaad Taha ya ba da rahoto daga yankuna masu yawa na rikici a tsohuwar Yugoslavia, Chechnya, [[Sudan ta Kudu|kudancin Sudan]], [[Somaliya]], [[Albaniya|Albania]] da [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Kongo]].Yafi yawa Balkans da [[Asiya]] ta Tsakiya ne suka sami hankalinsa.<ref> name="assaad-taha.com">{{Cite web |title=الموقع قيد الإنشاء |url=http://assaad-taha.com/assaad_taha_resume/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822180859/http://assaad-taha.com/assaad_taha_resume/ |archive-date=2016-08-22 |access-date=2016-08-11}}</ref> == Bosnia da Herzegovina == Taha ya zama na farko da ya kawo [[Bosnia da Herzegovina|Bosnia]] da [[Bosnia-Herzegovina|Herzegovina]], yankin da ba a san shi sosai a [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]] ba, ga mai karatu da mai kallo na Larabawa ta hanyar mujallar [[Kuwaiti (ƙasa)|Kuwait]] [[Al Mugatmah]], Al Alam na [[Landan]] kuma daga baya ta hanyar manyan jaridu na Larabawa Hayat da [[Asharq Al-Awsat|Al Sharq al Awsat]]. Kamar yadda shi kadai ne [[ɗan jarida]] watsa shirye-shiryen Larabawa da ke zaune a Bosnia, ya yi aiki tare da MBC (channel na farko na Larabawa). Taha ya jagoranci labarai da yawa na musamman, gami da bayar da rahoto game da ramin [[Sarajevo]] wanda ya zama hanyar rayuwa ta birnin da aka kewaye a lokacin kuma shine na farko da ya ba da rahoto kan hare-hare da sojojin Bosnian suka kai ga ɗagawar kewaye a [[Sarajevo]]. Taha ya sadu sau da yawa tare da Shugaban Bosnia, Alija Izetbegović, tare da shugabannin soja da yawa, wanda ya ba shi damar samar da murfin da ya bambanta daga fagen gaba. Ya kuma bayar da rahoto game da sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira da ke karuwa. A lokacin da kuma bayan yakin a Bosnia, Taha ya yi tafiya zuwa kuma ya rufe ƙasashe makwabta kamar [[Kroatiya|Croatia]], [[Serbiya|Serbia]], [[Albaniya|Albania]] da Kosovo.A ranar 11 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1997, shekaru biyu bayan yakin ya ƙare a Bosnia, Kotun Shari'a ta Duniya a The [[Hague]] ta nemi Taha don shaidarsa game da abin da ya shaida kuma ya ruwaito a lokacin yakin.<ref> name="أسعد طه - The Huffington Post">{{Cite web |title=أسعد طه - The Huffington Post |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/author/asaad-taha |website=[[HuffPost]] |publisher=}}</ref> == Chechnya. == Duk da yun kurin da hukumomin [[Rasha]] suka yi na hana [[Ɗan jarida|'yan jarida]] [[Larabawa]] shiga, Taha ya yi nasarar isa Grozny, babban birnin. Ya gabatar da rahotanni daga babban birnin kuma ya ziyarci yankuna da yawa da kuma gaba a Chechnya. Taha ta sadu da mayakan [[Larabawa]] a sansanonin soja. Ya kuma sadu da kuma yi hira da Shugaban Chechen, Aslan Maskhadov, wanda shine shugaban adawa, kafin sojojin Rasha su kashe shi.Taha ya sadu da fursunonin Rasha kuma ya yi cikakken bayani game da matasan mayakan Chechen da sansanonin horo da su. Taha ya kuma ba da rahoton faduwar birnin Shali ga Rasha.Taha ya yi tafiya zuwa Chechnya sau biyu; a ziyararsa ta uku hukumomin Rasha sun tsare shi a Nalchik, kuma daga baya aka sake shi.<ref> name="assaad-taha.com">{{Cite web |title=الموقع قيد الإنشاء |url=http://assaad-taha.com/assaad_taha_resume/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822180859/http://assaad-taha.com/assaad_taha_resume/ |archive-date=2016-08-22 |access-date=2016-08-11}}</ref> == Rwanda da Kongo. == Taha ya bayar da rahoto daga [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] zuwa ƙarshen Yaƙin basasa tsakanin [[Tutsi]] da [[Hutu]] . Taha ya kuma rufe sansanonin da suka kasance wani ɓangare na [[Kisan ƙare dangi na Rwandan|kisan kare dangi]] inda aka kashe kimanin mutane miliyan.Daga nan Taha ya yi tafiya zuwa [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Kongo]], wanda ake kira Zaire a lokacin. Ya shiga cikin sojojin adawa da ke yaƙi don hambarar da mulkin mallaka a [[Kinshasa]]. Ya kuma bayar da rahoto daga layin gaba a cikin gandun daji.A [[Kinshasa]], Taha ya rufe rikicin da ke gudana; a wani lokaci inda aka makale shi tare da sauran [[Ɗan jarida|'yan jarida]] na kasashen waje a babban otal din. Rahotonsa sun ci gaba da watsawa yayin da biranen suka fada ƙarƙashin ikon 'yan adawa.<ref> name="assaad-taha.com">{{Cite web |title=الموقع قيد الإنشاء |url=http://assaad-taha.com/assaad_taha_resume/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822180859/http://assaad-taha.com/assaad_taha_resume/ |archive-date=2016-08-22 |access-date=2016-08-11}}</ref> == Hotuna == Taha ya samar, ya ba da umarni kuma ya gabatar da shahararren Shirin na Hot Spot Films a tashar labarai ta Al-Jazeera daga 1997 har zuwa 2013, shirin da ya mayar da hankali kan yankunan rikici a duk faɗin duniya. Daga 2002-2007, Taha ya kuma gabatar da kuma samar da wannan tashar, Once Upon a Time, jerin da suka rufe batutuwan tarihi da na jin kai waɗanda aka fada a cikin labarun gargajiya. Shirin ya haɗu da adabi, tarihi da siyasa. Shirin, The Journey, Landan aka watsa a gidan talabijin na Al-Arabi daga London, tarin jerin shirye-shiryen rayuwa ne da ke bincika fiye da shekaru 25 na tunanin Taha da abubuwan da ya faru wajen rufe rikice-rikice da batutuwan siyasa a duniya. Har ila yau, jerin sun nuna hotunan bayan fage. Taha ta samar kuma ta gabatar da abubuwan 13. A shekara ta 2001 Assaad Taha ya kafa kamfaninsa, [[Hot Spot Films]], wanda ya samar da kuma ba da umarnin shirye-shiryen lashe lambar yabo da shirye-shirye, a [[Dubai (birni)|Dubai]].Na farko na irin sa a yankin, [[Hot Spot Films]] da sauri ya zama mai daraja kuma an san shi da babbar cibiyar [[Documentary film making|yin fim]] a duk [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]] da [[Arewacin Afirka]]. Taha ya jagoranci masana'antar shirye-shirye a yankin, yana rufe kasashe sama da 80, wasu a cikin kusurwoyi masu nisa na duniya. Taha ya fallasa masu sauraronsa ga al'adu da harsuna waɗanda suka ƙare, tare da batutuwan zamantakewa da siyasa waɗanda manyan kafofin watsa labarai suka yi watsi da su. Ya haifar da shi daga baya ya sami karbuwa a duniya saboda aikinsa.Ayyukan kamfaninsa sun zama tushen sashen shirye-shiryen Al Jazeera, suna samar da jerin fina-finai da shirye-shirye 25 daga 2001 har zuwa yanzu.<ref> name="assaad-taha.com">{{Cite web |title=الموقع قيد الإنشاء |url=http://assaad-taha.com/assaad_taha_resume/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822180859/http://assaad-taha.com/assaad_taha_resume/ |archive-date=2016-08-22 |access-date=2016-08-11}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da girmamawa == Taha da kamfaninsa na samarwa sun sami kyaututtuka masu zuwa: * 1997: Shirin Kayan Kayan Kyakkyawan a [[Cairo Festival for Radio and Television|Bikin Alkahira don Rediyo da Talabijin]]. * 2006: Shirin Kayan Kayan Kyakkyawan don fim din ''Eldorado'', Kazan International Festival of Muslim Cinema, [[Rasha]]. * 2007: Shirin Kyakkyawan Shirye-shiryen Tarihi na Kasuwanci Bakwai na Kazan International Festival of Muslim Cinema, [[Rasha]]. * 2010: An girmama shi ta hanyar bikin fim na Doc MIP Cannes . * 2014: An girmama shi ta hanyar bikin Turai-Gabas na fim a Asilah, Morocco . <ref> name="assaad-taha.com">{{Cite web |title=الموقع قيد الإنشاء |url=http://assaad-taha.com/assaad_taha_resume/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822180859/http://assaad-taha.com/assaad_taha_resume/ |archive-date=2016-08-22 |access-date=2016-08-11}}</ref> == Ayyuka == 2010: memba na juri na bikin fina-finai na Musulmi na Kazan. 2010: Jury Emmy The International Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. 2012: Jury Emmy The International Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. 2013: Jury Emmy The International Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. 2014: Jury Emmy The International Academy of Television Arts &s. 2016: Jury Emmy The International Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . <ref name="assaad-taha.com">{{Cite web |title=الموقع قيد الإنشاء |url=http://assaad-taha.com/assaad_taha_resume/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822180859/http://assaad-taha.com/assaad_taha_resume/ |archive-date=2016-08-22 |access-date=2016-08-11}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1956]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0358pyecqh03xxuluildbbqjbaes25c 874028 874026 2026-07-01T23:12:02Z Habibah A Jisambo 26434 874028 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Assaad Taha''' (Arabic, an haife shi a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 1956) [[ɗan jarida]] Masar ce mai lashe lambar yabo ta duniya kuma mai [[Documentary film|shirin]] fina-finai. Ya fara aikinsa a aikin jarida, ba da daɗewa ba bayan ya koma [[rediyo]] da [[talabijin]]. Rahotanni sun zama babban matsakaici wanda ya zaɓi rufe wuraren rikici, kafin ya ƙware a cikin fim ɗin [[Documentary film|shirin]]-shirye. == Rayuwa da aiki. == An haifi Taha a [[Suez]], [[Misra|Misira]] . Ya girma a [[Misra|Misira]] har zuwa shekara 26, lokacin da ya yi hijira zuwa [[Jamus]]. Ya zauna a [[Jamus]] sama da shekaru 10 a matsayin [[ɗan jarida]] mai zaman kansa kafin ya koma yin rahoto daga [[Yaƙi|Yankunan rikici]]. Taha ya rubuta wa [[Jarida|jaridu]] na Larabawa da yawa, musamman Al Hayat, [[Asharq Al-Awsat]], Al-Ahram da Huffington Post Arabic, tare da mujallu na mako-mako da na kowane wata kamar Al Majalla da Al Wasat .Taha ta kuma bayar da rahoto ga [[Arab Radio|Rediyon Larabawa]] a [[Faris|Paris]] da sauran manyan cibiyoyin talabijin ciki har da: MBC, Al Jazeera, Al Araby TV da [[Saudi television|Talabijin na Saudiyya]].<ref> name="أسعد طه - The Huffington Post">{{Cite web |title=أسعد طه - The Huffington Post |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/author/asaad-taha |website=[[HuffPost]] |publisher=}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|<span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (December 2016)">failed verification</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Rahoton yaki. == A cikin shekarun 1990, zuwa gaba, Assaad Taha ya ba da rahoto daga yankuna masu yawa na rikici a tsohuwar Yugoslavia, Chechnya, [[Sudan ta Kudu|kudancin Sudan]], [[Somaliya]], [[Albaniya|Albania]] da [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Kongo]].Yafi yawa Balkans da [[Asiya]] ta Tsakiya ne suka sami hankalinsa.<ref> name="assaad-taha.com">{{Cite web |title=الموقع قيد الإنشاء |url=http://assaad-taha.com/assaad_taha_resume/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822180859/http://assaad-taha.com/assaad_taha_resume/ |archive-date=2016-08-22 |access-date=2016-08-11}}</ref> == Bosnia da Herzegovina. == Taha ya zama na farko da ya kawo [[Bosnia da Herzegovina|Bosnia]] da [[Bosnia-Herzegovina|Herzegovina]], yan kin da ba a san shi sosai a [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]] ba, ga mai karatu da mai kallo na Larabawa ta hanyar mujallar [[Kuwaiti (ƙasa)|Kuwait]] [[Al Mugatmah]], Al Alam na [[Landan]] kuma daga baya ta hanyar manyan jaridu na Larabawa Hayat da [[Asharq Al-Awsat|Al Sharq al Awsat]]. Kamar yadda shi kadai ne [[ɗan jarida]] watsa shirye-shiryen Larabawa da ke zaune a Bosnia, ya yi aiki tare da MBC (channel na farko na Larabawa). Taha ya jagoranci labarai da yawa na musamman, gami da bayar da rahoto game da ramin [[Sarajevo]] wanda ya zama hanyar rayuwa ta birnin da aka kewaye a lokacin kuma shine na farko da ya ba da rahoto kan hare-hare da sojojin Bosnian suka kai ga ɗagawar kewaye a [[Sarajevo]]. Taha ya sadu sau da yawa tare da Shugaban Bosnia, Alija Izetbegović, tare da shugabannin soja da yawa, wanda ya ba shi damar samar da murfin da ya bambanta daga fagen gaba. Ya kuma bayar da rahoto game da sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira da ke karuwa. A lokacin da kuma bayan yakin a Bosnia, Taha ya yi tafiya zuwa kuma ya rufe ƙasashe makwabta kamar [[Kroatiya|Croatia]], [[Serbiya|Serbia]], [[Albaniya|Albania]] da Kosovo.A ranar 11 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1997, shekaru biyu bayan yakin ya ƙare a Bosnia, Kotun Shari'a ta Duniya a The [[Hague]] ta nemi Taha don shaidarsa game da abin da ya shaida kuma ya ruwaito a lokacin yakin.<ref> name="أسعد طه - The Huffington Post">{{Cite web |title=أسعد طه - The Huffington Post |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/author/asaad-taha |website=[[HuffPost]] |publisher=}}</ref> == Chechnya. == Duk da yun kurin da hukumomin [[Rasha]] suka yi na hana [[Ɗan jarida|'yan jarida]] [[Larabawa]] shiga, Taha ya yi nasarar isa Grozny, babban birnin. Ya gabatar da rahotanni daga babban birnin kuma ya ziyarci yankuna da yawa da kuma gaba a Chechnya. Taha ta sadu da mayakan [[Larabawa]] a sansanonin soja. Ya kuma sadu da kuma yi hira da Shugaban Chechen, Aslan Maskhadov, wanda shine shugaban adawa, kafin sojojin Rasha su kashe shi.Taha ya sadu da fursunonin Rasha kuma ya yi cikakken bayani game da matasan mayakan Chechen da sansanonin horo da su. Taha ya kuma ba da rahoton faduwar birnin Shali ga Rasha.Taha ya yi tafiya zuwa Chechnya sau biyu; a ziyararsa ta uku hukumomin Rasha sun tsare shi a Nalchik, kuma daga baya aka sake shi.<ref> name="assaad-taha.com">{{Cite web |title=الموقع قيد الإنشاء |url=http://assaad-taha.com/assaad_taha_resume/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822180859/http://assaad-taha.com/assaad_taha_resume/ |archive-date=2016-08-22 |access-date=2016-08-11}}</ref> == Rwanda da Kongo. == Taha ya bayar da rahoto daga [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] zuwa ƙarshen Yaƙin basasa tsakanin [[Tutsi]] da [[Hutu]] . Taha ya kuma rufe sansanonin da suka kasance wani ɓangare na [[Kisan ƙare dangi na Rwandan|kisan kare dangi]] inda aka kashe kimanin mutane miliyan.Daga nan Taha ya yi tafiya zuwa [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Kongo]], wanda ake kira Zaire a lokacin. Ya shiga cikin sojojin adawa da ke yaƙi don hambarar da mulkin mallaka a [[Kinshasa]]. Ya kuma bayar da rahoto daga layin gaba a cikin gandun daji.A [[Kinshasa]], Taha ya rufe rikicin da ke gudana; a wani lokaci inda aka makale shi tare da sauran [[Ɗan jarida|'yan jarida]] na kasashen waje a babban otal din. Rahotonsa sun ci gaba da watsawa yayin da biranen suka fada ƙarƙashin ikon 'yan adawa.<ref> name="assaad-taha.com">{{Cite web |title=الموقع قيد الإنشاء |url=http://assaad-taha.com/assaad_taha_resume/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822180859/http://assaad-taha.com/assaad_taha_resume/ |archive-date=2016-08-22 |access-date=2016-08-11}}</ref> == Hotuna. == Taha ya samar, ya ba da umarni kuma ya gabatar da shahararren Shirin na Hot Spot Films a tashar labarai ta Al-Jazeera daga 1997 har zuwa 2013, shirin da ya mayar da hankali kan yankunan rikici a duk faɗin duniya. Daga 2002-2007, Taha ya kuma gabatar da kuma samar da wannan tashar, Once Upon a Time, jerin da suka rufe batutuwan tarihi da na jin kai waɗanda aka fada a cikin labarun gargajiya. Shirin ya haɗu da adabi, tarihi da siyasa. Shirin, The Journey, Landan aka watsa a gidan talabijin na Al-Arabi daga London, tarin jerin shirye-shiryen rayuwa ne da ke bincika fiye da shekaru 25 na tunanin Taha da abubuwan da ya faru wajen rufe rikice-rikice da batutuwan siyasa a duniya. Har ila yau, jerin sun nuna hotunan bayan fage. Taha ta samar kuma ta gabatar da abubuwan 13. A shekara ta 2001 Assaad Taha ya kafa kamfaninsa, [[Hot Spot Films]], wanda ya samar da kuma ba da umarnin shirye-shiryen lashe lambar yabo da shirye-shirye, a [[Dubai (birni)|Dubai]].Na farko na irin sa a yankin, [[Hot Spot Films]] da sauri ya zama mai daraja kuma an san shi da babbar cibiyar [[Documentary film making|yin fim]] a duk [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]] da [[Arewacin Afirka]]. Taha ya jagoranci masana'antar shirye-shirye a yankin, yana rufe kasashe sama da 80, wasu a cikin kusurwoyi masu nisa na duniya. Taha ya fallasa masu sauraronsa ga al'adu da harsuna waɗanda suka ƙare, tare da batutuwan zamantakewa da siyasa waɗanda manyan kafofin watsa labarai suka yi watsi da su. Ya haifar da shi daga baya ya sami karbuwa a duniya saboda aikinsa.Ayyukan kamfaninsa sun zama tushen sashen shirye-shiryen Al Jazeera, suna samar da jerin fina-finai da shirye-shirye 25 daga 2001 har zuwa yanzu.<ref> name="assaad-taha.com">{{Cite web |title=الموقع قيد الإنشاء |url=http://assaad-taha.com/assaad_taha_resume/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822180859/http://assaad-taha.com/assaad_taha_resume/ |archive-date=2016-08-22 |access-date=2016-08-11}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da girmamawa == Taha da kamfaninsa na samarwa sun sami kyaututtuka masu zuwa: * 1997: Shirin Kayan Kayan Kyakkyawan a [[Cairo Festival for Radio and Television|Bikin Alkahira don Rediyo da Talabijin]]. * 2006: Shirin Kayan Kayan Kyakkyawan don fim din ''Eldorado'', Kazan International Festival of Muslim Cinema, [[Rasha]]. * 2007: Shirin Kyakkyawan Shirye-shiryen Tarihi na Kasuwanci Bakwai na Kazan International Festival of Muslim Cinema, [[Rasha]]. * 2010: An girmama shi ta hanyar bikin fim na Doc MIP Cannes . * 2014: An girmama shi ta hanyar bikin Turai-Gabas na fim a Asilah, Morocco . <ref> name="assaad-taha.com">{{Cite web |title=الموقع قيد الإنشاء |url=http://assaad-taha.com/assaad_taha_resume/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822180859/http://assaad-taha.com/assaad_taha_resume/ |archive-date=2016-08-22 |access-date=2016-08-11}}</ref> == Ayyuka == 2010: memba na juri na bikin fina-finai na Musulmi na Kazan. 2010: Jury Emmy The International Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. 2012: Jury Emmy The International Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. 2013: Jury Emmy The International Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. 2014: Jury Emmy The International Academy of Television Arts &s. 2016: Jury Emmy The International Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . <ref name="assaad-taha.com">{{Cite web |title=الموقع قيد الإنشاء |url=http://assaad-taha.com/assaad_taha_resume/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822180859/http://assaad-taha.com/assaad_taha_resume/ |archive-date=2016-08-22 |access-date=2016-08-11}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1956]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] r6r04qoxaqh3w1qfw3r5k05yynrpdfn 874029 874028 2026-07-01T23:13:01Z Habibah A Jisambo 26434 /* Kyaututtuka da girmamawa */ 874029 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Assaad Taha''' (Arabic, an haife shi a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 1956) [[ɗan jarida]] Masar ce mai lashe lambar yabo ta duniya kuma mai [[Documentary film|shirin]] fina-finai. Ya fara aikinsa a aikin jarida, ba da daɗewa ba bayan ya koma [[rediyo]] da [[talabijin]]. Rahotanni sun zama babban matsakaici wanda ya zaɓi rufe wuraren rikici, kafin ya ƙware a cikin fim ɗin [[Documentary film|shirin]]-shirye. == Rayuwa da aiki. == An haifi Taha a [[Suez]], [[Misra|Misira]] . Ya girma a [[Misra|Misira]] har zuwa shekara 26, lokacin da ya yi hijira zuwa [[Jamus]]. Ya zauna a [[Jamus]] sama da shekaru 10 a matsayin [[ɗan jarida]] mai zaman kansa kafin ya koma yin rahoto daga [[Yaƙi|Yankunan rikici]]. Taha ya rubuta wa [[Jarida|jaridu]] na Larabawa da yawa, musamman Al Hayat, [[Asharq Al-Awsat]], Al-Ahram da Huffington Post Arabic, tare da mujallu na mako-mako da na kowane wata kamar Al Majalla da Al Wasat .Taha ta kuma bayar da rahoto ga [[Arab Radio|Rediyon Larabawa]] a [[Faris|Paris]] da sauran manyan cibiyoyin talabijin ciki har da: MBC, Al Jazeera, Al Araby TV da [[Saudi television|Talabijin na Saudiyya]].<ref> name="أسعد طه - The Huffington Post">{{Cite web |title=أسعد طه - The Huffington Post |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/author/asaad-taha |website=[[HuffPost]] |publisher=}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|<span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (December 2016)">failed verification</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Rahoton yaki. == A cikin shekarun 1990, zuwa gaba, Assaad Taha ya ba da rahoto daga yankuna masu yawa na rikici a tsohuwar Yugoslavia, Chechnya, [[Sudan ta Kudu|kudancin Sudan]], [[Somaliya]], [[Albaniya|Albania]] da [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Kongo]].Yafi yawa Balkans da [[Asiya]] ta Tsakiya ne suka sami hankalinsa.<ref> name="assaad-taha.com">{{Cite web |title=الموقع قيد الإنشاء |url=http://assaad-taha.com/assaad_taha_resume/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822180859/http://assaad-taha.com/assaad_taha_resume/ |archive-date=2016-08-22 |access-date=2016-08-11}}</ref> == Bosnia da Herzegovina. == Taha ya zama na farko da ya kawo [[Bosnia da Herzegovina|Bosnia]] da [[Bosnia-Herzegovina|Herzegovina]], yan kin da ba a san shi sosai a [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]] ba, ga mai karatu da mai kallo na Larabawa ta hanyar mujallar [[Kuwaiti (ƙasa)|Kuwait]] [[Al Mugatmah]], Al Alam na [[Landan]] kuma daga baya ta hanyar manyan jaridu na Larabawa Hayat da [[Asharq Al-Awsat|Al Sharq al Awsat]]. Kamar yadda shi kadai ne [[ɗan jarida]] watsa shirye-shiryen Larabawa da ke zaune a Bosnia, ya yi aiki tare da MBC (channel na farko na Larabawa). Taha ya jagoranci labarai da yawa na musamman, gami da bayar da rahoto game da ramin [[Sarajevo]] wanda ya zama hanyar rayuwa ta birnin da aka kewaye a lokacin kuma shine na farko da ya ba da rahoto kan hare-hare da sojojin Bosnian suka kai ga ɗagawar kewaye a [[Sarajevo]]. Taha ya sadu sau da yawa tare da Shugaban Bosnia, Alija Izetbegović, tare da shugabannin soja da yawa, wanda ya ba shi damar samar da murfin da ya bambanta daga fagen gaba. Ya kuma bayar da rahoto game da sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira da ke karuwa. A lokacin da kuma bayan yakin a Bosnia, Taha ya yi tafiya zuwa kuma ya rufe ƙasashe makwabta kamar [[Kroatiya|Croatia]], [[Serbiya|Serbia]], [[Albaniya|Albania]] da Kosovo.A ranar 11 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1997, shekaru biyu bayan yakin ya ƙare a Bosnia, Kotun Shari'a ta Duniya a The [[Hague]] ta nemi Taha don shaidarsa game da abin da ya shaida kuma ya ruwaito a lokacin yakin.<ref> name="أسعد طه - The Huffington Post">{{Cite web |title=أسعد طه - The Huffington Post |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/author/asaad-taha |website=[[HuffPost]] |publisher=}}</ref> == Chechnya. == Duk da yun kurin da hukumomin [[Rasha]] suka yi na hana [[Ɗan jarida|'yan jarida]] [[Larabawa]] shiga, Taha ya yi nasarar isa Grozny, babban birnin. Ya gabatar da rahotanni daga babban birnin kuma ya ziyarci yankuna da yawa da kuma gaba a Chechnya. Taha ta sadu da mayakan [[Larabawa]] a sansanonin soja. Ya kuma sadu da kuma yi hira da Shugaban Chechen, Aslan Maskhadov, wanda shine shugaban adawa, kafin sojojin Rasha su kashe shi.Taha ya sadu da fursunonin Rasha kuma ya yi cikakken bayani game da matasan mayakan Chechen da sansanonin horo da su. Taha ya kuma ba da rahoton faduwar birnin Shali ga Rasha.Taha ya yi tafiya zuwa Chechnya sau biyu; a ziyararsa ta uku hukumomin Rasha sun tsare shi a Nalchik, kuma daga baya aka sake shi.<ref> name="assaad-taha.com">{{Cite web |title=الموقع قيد الإنشاء |url=http://assaad-taha.com/assaad_taha_resume/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822180859/http://assaad-taha.com/assaad_taha_resume/ |archive-date=2016-08-22 |access-date=2016-08-11}}</ref> == Rwanda da Kongo. == Taha ya bayar da rahoto daga [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] zuwa ƙarshen Yaƙin basasa tsakanin [[Tutsi]] da [[Hutu]] . Taha ya kuma rufe sansanonin da suka kasance wani ɓangare na [[Kisan ƙare dangi na Rwandan|kisan kare dangi]] inda aka kashe kimanin mutane miliyan.Daga nan Taha ya yi tafiya zuwa [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Kongo]], wanda ake kira Zaire a lokacin. Ya shiga cikin sojojin adawa da ke yaƙi don hambarar da mulkin mallaka a [[Kinshasa]]. Ya kuma bayar da rahoto daga layin gaba a cikin gandun daji.A [[Kinshasa]], Taha ya rufe rikicin da ke gudana; a wani lokaci inda aka makale shi tare da sauran [[Ɗan jarida|'yan jarida]] na kasashen waje a babban otal din. Rahotonsa sun ci gaba da watsawa yayin da biranen suka fada ƙarƙashin ikon 'yan adawa.<ref> name="assaad-taha.com">{{Cite web |title=الموقع قيد الإنشاء |url=http://assaad-taha.com/assaad_taha_resume/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822180859/http://assaad-taha.com/assaad_taha_resume/ |archive-date=2016-08-22 |access-date=2016-08-11}}</ref> == Hotuna. == Taha ya samar, ya ba da umarni kuma ya gabatar da shahararren Shirin na Hot Spot Films a tashar labarai ta Al-Jazeera daga 1997 har zuwa 2013, shirin da ya mayar da hankali kan yankunan rikici a duk faɗin duniya. Daga 2002-2007, Taha ya kuma gabatar da kuma samar da wannan tashar, Once Upon a Time, jerin da suka rufe batutuwan tarihi da na jin kai waɗanda aka fada a cikin labarun gargajiya. Shirin ya haɗu da adabi, tarihi da siyasa. Shirin, The Journey, Landan aka watsa a gidan talabijin na Al-Arabi daga London, tarin jerin shirye-shiryen rayuwa ne da ke bincika fiye da shekaru 25 na tunanin Taha da abubuwan da ya faru wajen rufe rikice-rikice da batutuwan siyasa a duniya. Har ila yau, jerin sun nuna hotunan bayan fage. Taha ta samar kuma ta gabatar da abubuwan 13. A shekara ta 2001 Assaad Taha ya kafa kamfaninsa, [[Hot Spot Films]], wanda ya samar da kuma ba da umarnin shirye-shiryen lashe lambar yabo da shirye-shirye, a [[Dubai (birni)|Dubai]].Na farko na irin sa a yankin, [[Hot Spot Films]] da sauri ya zama mai daraja kuma an san shi da babbar cibiyar [[Documentary film making|yin fim]] a duk [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]] da [[Arewacin Afirka]]. Taha ya jagoranci masana'antar shirye-shirye a yankin, yana rufe kasashe sama da 80, wasu a cikin kusurwoyi masu nisa na duniya. Taha ya fallasa masu sauraronsa ga al'adu da harsuna waɗanda suka ƙare, tare da batutuwan zamantakewa da siyasa waɗanda manyan kafofin watsa labarai suka yi watsi da su. Ya haifar da shi daga baya ya sami karbuwa a duniya saboda aikinsa.Ayyukan kamfaninsa sun zama tushen sashen shirye-shiryen Al Jazeera, suna samar da jerin fina-finai da shirye-shirye 25 daga 2001 har zuwa yanzu.<ref> name="assaad-taha.com">{{Cite web |title=الموقع قيد الإنشاء |url=http://assaad-taha.com/assaad_taha_resume/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822180859/http://assaad-taha.com/assaad_taha_resume/ |archive-date=2016-08-22 |access-date=2016-08-11}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da girmamawa. == Taha da kamfaninsa na samarwa sun sami kyaututtuka masu zuwa: * 1997: Shirin Kayan Kayan Kyakkyawan a [[Cairo Festival for Radio and Television|Bikin Alkahira don Rediyo da Talabijin]]. * 2006: Shirin Kayan Kayan Kyakkyawan don fim din ''Eldorado'', Kazan International Festival of Muslim Cinema, [[Rasha]]. * 2007: Shirin Kyakkyawan Shirye-shiryen Tarihi na Kasuwanci Bakwai na Kazan International Festival of Muslim Cinema, [[Rasha]]. * 2010: An girmama shi ta hanyar bikin fim na Doc MIP Cannes . * 2014: An girmama shi ta hanyar bikin Turai-Gabas na fim a Asilah, Morocco . <ref> name="assaad-taha.com">{{Cite web |title=الموقع قيد الإنشاء |url=http://assaad-taha.com/assaad_taha_resume/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822180859/http://assaad-taha.com/assaad_taha_resume/ |archive-date=2016-08-22 |access-date=2016-08-11}}</ref> == Ayyuka. == 2010: memba na juri na bikin fina-finai na Musulmi na Kazan. 2010: Jury Emmy The International Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. 2012: Jury Emmy The International Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. 2013: Jury Emmy The International Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. 2014: Jury Emmy The International Academy of Television Arts &s. 2016: Jury Emmy The International Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . <ref name="assaad-taha.com">{{Cite web |title=الموقع قيد الإنشاء |url=http://assaad-taha.com/assaad_taha_resume/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822180859/http://assaad-taha.com/assaad_taha_resume/ |archive-date=2016-08-22 |access-date=2016-08-11}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1956]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jnj9np3bmbjpv89d7kce46i3lshdaru 874030 874029 2026-07-01T23:16:12Z Habibah A Jisambo 26434 874030 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Assaad Taha''' (Arabic, an haife shi a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 1956) [[ɗan jarida]] Masar ce mai lashe lambar yabo ta duniya kuma mai [[Documentary film|shirin]] fina-finai. Ya fara aikinsa a aikin jarida, ba da daɗewa ba bayan ya koma [[rediyo]] da [[talabijin]]. Rahotanni sun zama babban matsakaici wanda ya zaɓi rufe wuraren rikici, kafin ya ƙware a cikin fim ɗin [[Documentary film|shirin]]-shirye. == Rayuwa da aiki. == An haifi Taha a [[Suez]], [[Misra|Misira]] . Ya girma a [[Misra|Misira]] har zuwa shekara 26, lokacin da ya yi hijira zuwa [[Jamus]]. Ya zauna a [[Jamus]] sama da shekaru 10 a matsayin [[ɗan jarida]] mai zaman kansa kafin ya koma yin rahoto daga [[Yaƙi|Yankunan rikici]]. Taha ya rubuta wa [[Jarida|jaridu]] na Larabawa da yawa, musamman Al Hayat, [[Asharq Al-Awsat]], Al-Ahram da Huffington Post [[Arabic]], tare da mujallu na mako-mako da na kowane wata kamar Al Majalla da Al Wasat .Taha ta kuma bayar da rahoto ga [[Arab Radio|Rediyon Larabawa]] a [[Faris|Paris]] da sauran manyan cibiyoyin talabijin ciki har da: MBC, Al Jazeera, Al Araby TV da [[Saudi television|Talabijin na Saudiyya]].<ref> name="أسعد طه - The Huffington Post">{{Cite web |title=أسعد طه - The Huffington Post |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/author/asaad-taha |website=[[HuffPost]] |publisher=}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|<span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (December 2016)">failed verification</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Rahoton yaki. == A cikin shekarun 1990, zuwa gaba, Assaad Taha ya ba da rahoto daga yankuna masu yawa na rikici a tsohuwar Yugoslavia, Chechnya, [[Sudan ta Kudu|kudancin Sudan]], [[Somaliya]], [[Albaniya|Albania]] da [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Kongo]].Yafi yawa Balkans da [[Asiya]] ta Tsakiya ne suka sami hankalinsa.<ref> name="assaad-taha.com">{{Cite web |title=الموقع قيد الإنشاء |url=http://assaad-taha.com/assaad_taha_resume/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822180859/http://assaad-taha.com/assaad_taha_resume/ |archive-date=2016-08-22 |access-date=2016-08-11}}</ref> == Bosnia da Herzegovina. == Taha ya zama na farko da ya kawo [[Bosnia da Herzegovina|Bosnia]] da [[Bosnia-Herzegovina|Herzegovina]], yan kin da ba a san shi sosai a [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]] ba, ga mai karatu da mai kallo na Larabawa ta hanyar mujallar [[Kuwaiti (ƙasa)|Kuwait]] [[Al Mugatmah]], Al Alam na [[Landan]] kuma daga baya ta hanyar manyan jaridu na Larabawa Hayat da [[Asharq Al-Awsat|Al Sharq al Awsat]]. Kamar yadda shi kadai ne [[ɗan jarida]] watsa shirye-shiryen Larabawa da ke zaune a Bosnia, ya yi aiki tare da MBC (channel na farko na Larabawa). Taha ya jagoranci labarai da yawa na musamman, gami da bayar da rahoto game da ramin [[Sarajevo]] wanda ya zama hanyar rayuwa ta birnin da aka kewaye a lokacin kuma shine na farko da ya ba da rahoto kan hare-hare da sojojin Bosnian suka kai ga ɗagawar kewaye a [[Sarajevo]]. Taha ya sadu sau da yawa tare da Shugaban Bosnia, Alija Izetbegović, tare da shugabannin soja da yawa, wanda ya ba shi damar samar da murfin da ya bambanta daga fagen gaba. Ya kuma bayar da rahoto game da sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira da ke karuwa. A lokacin da kuma bayan yakin a Bosnia, Taha ya yi tafiya zuwa kuma ya rufe ƙasashe makwabta kamar [[Kroatiya|Croatia]], [[Serbiya|Serbia]], [[Albaniya|Albania]] da Kosovo.A ranar 11 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1997, shekaru biyu bayan yakin ya ƙare a Bosnia, Kotun Shari'a ta Duniya a The [[Hague]] ta nemi Taha don shaidarsa game da abin da ya shaida kuma ya ruwaito a lokacin yakin.<ref> name="أسعد طه - The Huffington Post">{{Cite web |title=أسعد طه - The Huffington Post |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/author/asaad-taha |website=[[HuffPost]] |publisher=}}</ref> == Chechnya. == Duk da yun kurin da hukumomin [[Rasha]] suka yi na hana [[Ɗan jarida|'yan jarida]] [[Larabawa]] shiga, Taha ya yi nasarar isa Grozny, babban birnin. Ya gabatar da rahotanni daga babban birnin kuma ya ziyarci yankuna da yawa da kuma gaba a Chechnya. Taha ta sadu da mayakan [[Larabawa]] a sansanonin soja. Ya kuma sadu da kuma yi hira da Shugaban Chechen, Aslan Maskhadov, wanda shine shugaban adawa, kafin sojojin Rasha su kashe shi.Taha ya sadu da fursunonin Rasha kuma ya yi cikakken bayani game da matasan mayakan Chechen da sansanonin horo da su. Taha ya kuma ba da rahoton faduwar birnin Shali ga Rasha.Taha ya yi tafiya zuwa Chechnya sau biyu; a ziyararsa ta uku hukumomin Rasha sun tsare shi a Nalchik, kuma daga baya aka sake shi.<ref> name="assaad-taha.com">{{Cite web |title=الموقع قيد الإنشاء |url=http://assaad-taha.com/assaad_taha_resume/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822180859/http://assaad-taha.com/assaad_taha_resume/ |archive-date=2016-08-22 |access-date=2016-08-11}}</ref> == Rwanda da Kongo. == Taha ya bayar da rahoto daga [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] zuwa ƙarshen Yaƙin basasa tsakanin [[Tutsi]] da [[Hutu]] . Taha ya kuma rufe sansanonin da suka kasance wani ɓangare na [[Kisan ƙare dangi na Rwandan|kisan kare dangi]] inda aka kashe kimanin mutane miliyan.Daga nan Taha ya yi tafiya zuwa [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Kongo]], wanda ake kira Zaire a lokacin. Ya shiga cikin sojojin adawa da ke yaƙi don hambarar da mulkin mallaka a [[Kinshasa]]. Ya kuma bayar da rahoto daga layin gaba a cikin gandun daji.A [[Kinshasa]], Taha ya rufe rikicin da ke gudana; a wani lokaci inda aka makale shi tare da sauran [[Ɗan jarida|'yan jarida]] na kasashen waje a babban otal din. Rahotonsa sun ci gaba da watsawa yayin da biranen suka fada ƙarƙashin ikon 'yan adawa.<ref> name="assaad-taha.com">{{Cite web |title=الموقع قيد الإنشاء |url=http://assaad-taha.com/assaad_taha_resume/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822180859/http://assaad-taha.com/assaad_taha_resume/ |archive-date=2016-08-22 |access-date=2016-08-11}}</ref> == Hotuna. == Taha ya samar, ya ba da umarni kuma ya gabatar da shahararren Shirin na Hot Spot Films a tashar labarai ta Al-Jazeera daga 1997 har zuwa 2013, shirin da ya mayar da hankali kan yankunan rikici a duk faɗin duniya. Daga 2002-2007, Taha ya kuma gabatar da kuma samar da wannan tashar, Once Upon a Time, jerin da suka rufe batutuwan tarihi da na jin kai waɗanda aka fada a cikin labarun gargajiya. Shirin ya haɗu da adabi, tarihi da siyasa. Shirin, The Journey, Landan aka watsa a gidan talabijin na Al-Arabi daga London, tarin jerin shirye-shiryen rayuwa ne da ke bincika fiye da shekaru 25 na tunanin Taha da abubuwan da ya faru wajen rufe rikice-rikice da batutuwan siyasa a duniya. Har ila yau, jerin sun nuna hotunan bayan fage. Taha ta samar kuma ta gabatar da abubuwan 13. A shekara ta 2001 Assaad Taha ya kafa kamfaninsa, [[Hot Spot Films]], wanda ya samar da kuma ba da umarnin shirye-shiryen lashe lambar yabo da shirye-shirye, a [[Dubai (birni)|Dubai]].Na farko na irin sa a yankin, [[Hot Spot Films]] da sauri ya zama mai daraja kuma an san shi da babbar cibiyar [[Documentary film making|yin fim]] a duk [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]] da [[Arewacin Afirka]]. Taha ya jagoranci masana'antar shirye-shirye a yankin, yana rufe kasashe sama da 80, wasu a cikin kusurwoyi masu nisa na duniya. Taha ya fallasa masu sauraronsa ga al'adu da harsuna waɗanda suka ƙare, tare da batutuwan zamantakewa da siyasa waɗanda manyan kafofin watsa labarai suka yi watsi da su. Ya haifar da shi daga baya ya sami karbuwa a duniya saboda aikinsa.Ayyukan kamfaninsa sun zama tushen sashen shirye-shiryen Al Jazeera, suna samar da jerin fina-finai da shirye-shirye 25 daga 2001 har zuwa yanzu.<ref> name="assaad-taha.com">{{Cite web |title=الموقع قيد الإنشاء |url=http://assaad-taha.com/assaad_taha_resume/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822180859/http://assaad-taha.com/assaad_taha_resume/ |archive-date=2016-08-22 |access-date=2016-08-11}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da girmamawa. == Taha da kamfaninsa na samarwa sun sami kyaututtuka masu zuwa: * 1997: Shirin Kayan Kayan Kyakkyawan a [[Cairo Festival for Radio and Television|Bikin Alkahira don Rediyo da Talabijin]]. * 2006: Shirin Kayan Kayan Kyakkyawan don fim din ''Eldorado'', Kazan International Festival of Muslim Cinema, [[Rasha]]. * 2007: Shirin Kyakkyawan Shirye-shiryen Tarihi na Kasuwanci Bakwai na Kazan International Festival of Muslim Cinema, [[Rasha]]. * 2010: An girmama shi ta hanyar bikin fim na Doc MIP Cannes . * 2014: An girmama shi ta hanyar bikin Turai-Gabas na fim a Asilah, Morocco . <ref> name="assaad-taha.com">{{Cite web |title=الموقع قيد الإنشاء |url=http://assaad-taha.com/assaad_taha_resume/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822180859/http://assaad-taha.com/assaad_taha_resume/ |archive-date=2016-08-22 |access-date=2016-08-11}}</ref> == Ayyuka. == 2010: memba na juri na bikin fina-finai na Musulmi na Kazan. 2010: Jury Emmy The International Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. 2012: Jury Emmy The International Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. 2013: Jury Emmy The International Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. 2014: Jury Emmy The International Academy of Television Arts &s. 2016: Jury Emmy The International Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . <ref name="assaad-taha.com">{{Cite web |title=الموقع قيد الإنشاء |url=http://assaad-taha.com/assaad_taha_resume/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822180859/http://assaad-taha.com/assaad_taha_resume/ |archive-date=2016-08-22 |access-date=2016-08-11}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1956]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4ivu1uab2ophg2zugrz9a7rajavvoyr 0 99146 874105 741761 2026-07-02T05:51:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 874105 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Celeste Mitzi Karin Matthews''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1961) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Afirka ta Kudu, marubuciya, kuma tsohuwar jami'in karamar hukumar Cape Town da aka zaba a Majalisar Birnin <ref> name="City of Cape Town Link">{{Cite web |title=City of Cape Town Link |url=https://www.capetown.gov.za/Family%20and%20home/Meet-the-City/City-Council/The-City-Council |access-date=2022-09-19 |website=City of Cape Town |language=en}}</ref> a shekarar 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Celeste Matthews |url=https://esat.sun.ac.za/index.php/Celeste_Matthews |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=esat.sun.ac.za}}</ref> <ref> name=":0">{{Cite web |date=9 November 2021 |title=Councillor details. Celeste Wannenburgh. |url=https://www.capetown.gov.za/Family%20and%20home/meet-the-city/city-council/find-your-councillor-ward-or-subcouncil/view-councillor?CouncillorId=8718 |access-date=13 August 2022 |website=City of Cape Town}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2016 |title=Ontorio for a Forgotten Youth |url=https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/cape-times/20160602/281767038479903 |access-date=2022-08-12 |publisher=Cape Times |page=11 |via=PressReader}}</ref> An fi saninta da rawar da ta taka a matsayin Gertie Cupido a cikin kykNET &amp;amp; kie's ''Arendsvlei'' (a telenovela) da Auntie Hester a cikin David Kramer da Taliep Petersen's award-winning 2002 farfadowa na Gundumar shida: The Musical (1987). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-21 |title='Arendsvlei' se Gertie vertel oor rol as matriarg |url=https://maroelamedia.co.za/vermaak/televisie/arendsvlei-se-gertie-vertel-oor-rol-as-matriarg/ |access-date=2022-08-13 |website=Maroela Media |language=af}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 2021 |title=Campaigning on a budget |url=https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/weekend-argus-sunday-edition/20210912/281676848033024 |access-date=2022-08-13 |publisher=Weekend Argus |page=2 |via=PressReader}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Almal rou hierdie Desember – Arendsvlei |url=https://dstv-fe-kyknet-prod.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/kyknet/af-za/program/arendsvlei/nuus/almal-rou-hierdie-desember-arendsvlei/nuus |access-date=2022-08-13 |website=Arendsvlei - Almal rou hierdie Desember – Arendsvlei |language=af }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=District Six – The Musical |url=https://esat.sun.ac.za/index.php/District_Six_%E2%80%93_The_Musical |access-date=2022-09-19 |website=esat.sun.ac.za}}</ref> Vincent Colby na Gundumar Gundumar shida ya ambaci wasan kiɗa a matsayin kayan da suka jagoranci tattaunawa mai mahimmanci da aka gudanar a 1994 a 'tsohuwar zauren coci' a tsohon Gundumar Shida don kafa gidan kayan gargajiya mai sadaukarwa. == Rayuwa da ilimi == An haifi Matthews a ''Klavier Laan'' (lit. "piano lane"), Steenberg ga Anthony Alexander Matthews, ma'aikacin gwamnati, da Lorraine Ruby Gordene Mentoor. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 September 1926 |title=Anthony Alexander Matthews, of Punts Estate |url=https://www.geni.com/people/Anthony-Matthews-of-Punts-Estate/6000000181634398840 |access-date=2022-08-13 |website=geni_family_tree |language=en-US}}</ref> Gidan yarinta yana gaban Rahmaniyah Masjied (Masallacinteenberg). Matthews" kabilanci asalinsa Batswana ne da Khoekhoen - ya fito kai tsaye daga 'mai rikitarwa' 18th century slave, Mento (o) r van Mozambique (1792) na Quelimane a Oudebosch.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Genealogy - Geni - private profile - Genealogy |url=https://www.geni.com/people/private/6000000181634028859 |access-date=2022-09-10 |website=www.geni.com}}</ref> Dangane da tarihin baki na iyalin Matthews, dangin mahaifinta na Bantu ne, St. Helenian, da kuma farkon asalin Afirka-Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 September 1926 |title=Anthony Alexander Matthews, of Punts Estate |url=https://www.geni.com/people/Anthony-Matthews-of-Punts-Estate/6000000181634398840 |access-date=2022-09-10 |website=geni_family_tree |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta yi karatu daga Kwalejin Ci Gaban Rosebank a shekarar 1992, bayan haka ta sami difloma ta koyarwa daga Kwalejiyar Horar da Malamai ta Hewat (1996); <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Hewat Teacher Training College in Athlone is set alight in solidarity with the UWC students on a boycott {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/hewat-teacher-training-college-athlone-set-alight-solidarity-uwc-students-boycott |access-date=2022-08-13 |website=www.sahistory.org.za}}</ref> sannan ta sami takardar shaidar Advanced Certificate in Education (ACE) tare da babban digiri a Kimiyya daga [[Jami'ar Cape Town]] (2003-2004); kuma ta kammala B.Ed. Digiri na girmamawa a Gudanar da Ilimi tare da [[Jami'ar Fasaha ta Cape Peninsula]] (2016). <ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us – Rosebank Progress College |url=https://www.rosebankprogresscollege.co.za/aboutus/ |access-date=2022-08-13 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ita ce matar ta biyu (1992-2010) kuma gwauruwar marubucin Afirka ta Kudu kuma mai fafutukar adawa da wariyar launin fata, Alf Wannenburgh . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Genealogy - Geni - private profile - Genealogy |url=https://www.geni.com/people/private/6000000030142601607?through=6000000030128190310 |access-date=2022-08-13 |website=www.geni.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2010 |title=Writer and activist Alf Wannenburgh dies |url=https://www.pressreader.com/search?query=celeste%20wannenburgh&hideSimilar=0&type=2&state=2 |access-date=2022-08-13 |publisher=Cape Times |page=3 |via=PressReader}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Sias |first=Chrislynn |date=15 September 2022 |title=Anties Neem Aksie |url=https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/kuier/20220915/page/11 |access-date=2022-09-09 |publisher=Kuier Magazine |page=9 |via=PressReader}}</ref> Ma'auratan suna da ɗa ɗaya. Yayinda take shiga Hewat, ta shiga Belhar Players a shekarar 1995. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nico Malan Theatre |url=https://esat.sun.ac.za/index.php/Nico_Malan_Theatre |access-date=2022-08-13 |website=esat.sun.ac.za}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == A shekara ta 1999, ta lashe lambar yabo ta gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Fleur du Cap don 'Mafi kyawun Actress' a matsayin 'Sophie' a cikin Heinrich Reisenhofer's Suip! (lit. "sha!") kuma ya sami lambar yabo ta farko ta Bankin Kasa (FNB) Vita <ref name=":2"/> don wannan rawar a farkon 2000 . <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Sias |first=Chrislynn |title=Theresa Sedras en Celeste Matthews Wannenburgh woeker op TV |url=https://www.netwerk24.com/netwerk24/kuier/theresa-sedras-en-celeste-matthews-wannenburgh-woeker-op-tv-20220909 |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=Netwerk24 |language=af-ZA}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Celeste Matthews |url=https://www.tvsa.co.za/actors/viewactor.aspx?actorid=616 |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=www.tvsa.co.za}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Celebrating Celeste Matthews Wannenburgh – National Arts Council |url=https://www.nac.org.za/latest-news/celebrating-celeste-matthews-wannenburgh/ |access-date=2022-08-12 |language=en-US}}</ref> Wasan da simintin sun kuma lashe ƙarin lambar yabo ta Fleur du Cap don 'Mafi Kyawun Sabon Rubutun' (1999) a wannan maraice. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Suip! |url=https://esat.sun.ac.za/index.php/Suip! |access-date=2022-08-13 |website=esat.sun.ac.za}}</ref> == Ayyukan siyasa == [[Fayil:Logo_of_Cape_Town,_South_Africa.svg|thumb|178x178px|Alamar birnin Cape Town.]] Matthews ta shiga cikin Zaben kananan hukumomin Afirka ta Kudu na 2021 a matsayin dan takara ga jam'iyyar Minista [[Patricia de Lille|Patricia na Lille]]'s Good <ref>{{Cite web |title=Good – Political Party |url=https://forgood.org.za/ |access-date=2022-08-13 |website=For Good |language=en-ZA}}</ref> kuma daga baya ta shiga Majalisar Birnin Cape Town a matsayin wakilin daidaito <ref>{{Cite web |title=Electoral Commission : How to contest municipal elections |url=https://www.elections.org.za/content/Dynamic.aspx?id=1649&name=Pa.. |access-date=2022-09-19 |website=www.elections.org.za}}</ref> (PR) wakilin birni ([[wiktionary:raadslid#Dutch|''raadslid'']]) a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba 2021. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=9 November 2021 |title=Councillor details. Celeste Wannenburgh. |url=https://www.capetown.gov.za/Family%20and%20home/meet-the-city/city-council/find-your-councillor-ward-or-subcouncil/view-councillor?CouncillorId=8718 |access-date=13 August 2022 |website=City of Cape Town}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 October 2021 |title=Good joins hot metro contest |url=https://www.pressreader.com/search?query=celeste%20wannenburgh |access-date=2022-08-13 |website=Weekend Argus |page=2}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Felix |first=Jason |title=Good adds lawyers, business owners and an actor to its election arsenal |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/good-adds-lawyers-business-owners-and-an-actor-to-its-election-arsenal-20211004 |access-date=2022-08-13 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 August 2022 |title=Aunty Pat's GBVF campaign says don't shut up, speak up |url=https://www.pressreader.com/search?query=Celeste%20Wannenburgh |access-date=2022-08-13 |publisher=Cape Argus |page=4 |via=PressReader}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sias |first=Chrislynn |date=15 September 2022 |title=Anties Neem Aksie |url=https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/kuier/20220915/page/11 |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=Press Reader |publisher=Kuier Magazine |page=8}}</ref> Saboda haka, tana ɗaya daga cikin mambobi 115 na PR waɗanda suka zama jimlar membobin Majalisar Birnin na 231 . <ref name="City of Cape Town Link">{{Cite web |title=City of Cape Town Link |url=https://www.capetown.gov.za/Family%20and%20home/Meet-the-City/City-Council/The-City-Council |access-date=2022-09-19 |website=City of Cape Town |language=en}}</ref> Tsakanin 2005 da 2021, ta yi aiki a matsayin kwamishina na Hukumar Al'adu ta Yammacin Cape (WCCC), a gayyatar ministan Pallo Jordan na lokacin, kuma a matsayin memba na kwamitin da mai yanke shawara / mai ba da shawara a hukumomin sashen da yawa a matakin lardin da na kasa a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Wasanni, Fasaha da Al'adu na Afirka ta Kudu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Western Cape Cultural Commission |url=https://www.westerncape.gov.za/news/new-western-cape-cultural-commission |access-date=2022-08-13 |website=Western Cape Government |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Payi |first=Bulelwa |title=Good adds flames to hotly-contested metro |url=https://www.iol.co.za/weekend-argus/news/good-adds-flames-to-hotly-contested-metro-2e2c0ddb-6d4d-41f2-8b86-0f0dade6150e |access-date=2022-09-19 |website=www.iol.co.za |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sias |first=Chrislynn |date=15 September 2022 |title=Anties Neem Aksie |url=https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/kuier/20220915/page/14 |access-date=2022-09-10 |website=Press Reader |publisher=Kuier Magazine |page=10}}</ref><ref name=":1"/> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2023, an buga sunan Matthews a cikin wani Gazette Extraordinary na Yammacin Cape a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan takarar jam'iyya mai kyau 17 da aka jera don majalisar dokokin Lardin na kujerar Yammacin Kapa wanda ya zama babu kowa bayan korar Shaun August mai rikitarwa. Matthews ta rabu da jam'iyyar Good a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2023, kuma daga baya aka ba ta lambar yabo ta Certificate of Recognition civic daga Birnin Cape Town saboda gudummawar da ta bayar ga Sub-council 16 da unguwanni da suka hada da ita a cikin shekaru biyu a Majalisar (9 Nuwamba 2021 zuwa 6 Oktoba 2023). == Wasanni na asali == Wasanni nasa, Sandra se Erfenis (wanda aka fara yi da Hewat Drama Group tare da dalibi a Bikin Grahamstown) - an yi shi ne tare da dalibai a bikin Grahamistown; kuma an shirya ''Sonne Skaamte'' a matsayin 'karatu' a 2004 a wurin PlayGround a Cibiyar Wasanni ta Baxter <ref>{{Cite web |title=APM |url=https://www.apm.co.za/artiste/celeste-matthews-306/ |access-date=2022-08-13 |website=Artistes Personal Management}}</ref> .<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Celeste Matthews |url=https://esat.sun.ac.za/index.php/Celeste_Matthews |access-date=2022-08-13 |website=esat.sun.ac.za}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sandra se Erfenis |url=https://esat.sun.ac.za/index.php/Sandra_se_Erfenis |access-date=2022-08-13 |website=esat.sun.ac.za}}</ref> == Ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo == [[Fayil:Baxter_Theatre.JPG|thumb|240x240px|Cibiyar gidan wasan kwaikwayo ta Baxter a kan Main Road a Rondebosch, Cape Town .]] == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara !Fim din !Matsayi !Irin wannan !Tabbacin. |- |2021 |''[[Angeliena]]'' |Mahaifiyar Angeliena |Fim din [[Netflix]] |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Celeste Matthews |url=https://www.tvsa.co.za/actors/viewactor.aspx?actorid=616 |access-date=2022-08-13 |website=www.tvsa.co.za}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Spotlight {{!}} New Venom movie; DC Fandome global event; & local film 'Angeliena' on Netflix |url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/entertainment/2021-10-14-spotlight-new-venom-movie-dc-fandome-global-event-local-film-angeliena-on-netflix/ |access-date=2022-08-13 |website=SowetanLIVE |language=en-ZA}}</ref> |- |2021 |''Atlantis'' |Fasinjojin taksi |Fim din | |- |2021 |''Swirl'' |Ba a sani ba |Fim din Shomax |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Landie |first=Candice |date=2021-03-31 |title=A Love Letter To Hair On The Cape Flats |url=https://www.koesister.com/post/a-love-letter-to-hair-on-the-cape-flats |access-date=2022-08-13 |website=Koesister |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cohen |first=Robyn |date=2021-03-25 |title=Film review: SWIRL, directed and written by Quanita Adams |url=https://thecaperobyn.co.za/film-review-swirl-directed-and-written-by-quanita-adams/ |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=The Cape Robyn |language=en-ZA}}</ref> |- |2018-yanzu |''Arendsvlei'' |Gertie Cupido |Shirye-shiryen Talabijin na Afrikaans |<ref name=":3"/> |- |2017/2018 |''Sara ta Geheim'' |Debbie |Shirye-shiryen Talabijin na Afrikaans |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tremeer |first=Amanda |date=2021-01-14 |title=Getting schooled in Arendsvlei |url=https://stories.showmax.com/getting-schooled-in-arendsvlei/ |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=Showmax Stories |language=en |archive-date=2022-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909201744/https://stories.showmax.com/getting-schooled-in-arendsvlei/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sara se Geheim {{!}} Full Cast {{!}} Season 1 |url=https://www.tvsa.co.za/shows/viewshowcast.aspx?showid=5482&season=1 |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=www.tvsa.co.za}}</ref> |- |2017 |''Nama Swaan'' |Kakar |Bikin Fim na Showmax & Silwerskerm[[Silwerskerm Film Festival|Bikin Fim na Silwerskerm]] |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nama Swaan |url=https://www.showmax.com/eng/movie/ufqa1lkk-nama-swaan |website=Shomax |access-date=2025-04-24 |archive-date=2019-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190206221206/https://www.showmax.com/eng/movie/ufqa1lkk-nama-swaan |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |2016 |''Twee Grade van Moord'' |Ma'aikaciyar jinya 2 |Fim din Afrikaans |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Twee Grade van Moord (2016) movie posters |url=https://www.movieposterdb.com/twee-grade-van-moord-i4212552 |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=MoviePosterDB.com |language=en |archive-date=2022-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909201743/https://www.movieposterdb.com/twee-grade-van-moord-i4212552 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |2016 |''Vinkel & Koljander'' |Neesha Solomons |Shirye-shiryen Talabijin na Afrikaans |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hill |first=Saskia |title=Vinkel en Koljander: Die splinternuwe sitkom op kykNET |url=https://www.netwerk24.com/huisgenoot/Nuus/vinkel-en-koljander-die-splinternuwe-sitkom-op-kyknet-20170528 |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=Huisgenoot |language=af-ZA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=kykNET Uitgawe 2 - 2016 |url=https://viewer.joomag.com/kyknet-uitgawe-2-2016/0639681001462351800?page=18 |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=Joomag |language=en |archive-date=2022-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909201744/https://viewer.joomag.com/kyknet-uitgawe-2-2016/0639681001462351800?page=18 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |2013 |''Lenteblom'' |Vanessa |Fim din Afrikaans |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grundling |first=Mauritz |date=2013-08-27 |title=Lenteblom by die kykNET Silwerskerm-fees 2013 |url=https://www.litnet.co.za/lenteblom-by-die-kyknet-silwerskerm-fees-2013/ |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=LitNet}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lenteblom |url=https://esat.sun.ac.za/index.php/Lenteblom |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=esat.sun.ac.za}}</ref> |- |2013 |Mad Dogs (wasan talabijin na Burtaniya) |Kaela (a cikin fitowar #3.2) |Shirye-shiryen Talabijin na Burtaniya | |- |2012 |''Oupa a cikin Ouma Sit op die Stoep'' |Patience Daniels |Shirye-shiryen Talabijin na Afrikaans | |- |2009/2012 |''Montana'' |Misis De Villiers (S1) & Bonteheuwel Samariya mai kyau (S2) |Shirye-shiryen Talabijin na Afrikaans | |- |2011 |''Babu Jarumawa'' |Makwabta |Gajeren fim | |- |2006/2010 |''Stokvel'' |Lynette Isaacs (S4) & 'Yar'uwa Plaatjies (S7) |Shirye-shiryen Talabijin na Afrikaans | |- |2007 |''Der Mann von glaze'' |Ba a sani ba |Fim din talabijin na Jamus |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Celeste Matthews |url=https://www.csfd.cz/tvurce/225206-celeste-matthews/biografie/ |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=csfd.cz |language=cs-CZ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Der Mann von gestern (2007) pełna obsada |url=https://www.filmweb.pl/film/Der+Mann+von+gestern-2007-464723/cast/actors |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=Filmweb |language=pl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Celeste Matthews - Serien, Sendungen auf TV Wunschliste |url=https://www.wunschliste.de/person/celeste-matthews |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=TV Wunschliste |language=de}}</ref> |- |2007 |''Geraldina ta mutu Tweede'' |Matron Firestone |Shirye-shiryen Talabijin na Afrikaans | |- |2006 |''Harkokin Cikin Gida'' |Lizzie (S2) |Shirye-shiryen talabijin | |- |2006 |''Orion'' |Misis Otto |Shirye-shiryen talabijin | |- |2006 |''Piano'' |Ba a sani ba |Fim din talabijin na SABC2 |<ref>{{Cite web |year=2006 |title=Heartlines |url=https://www.heartlines.org.za/films/the-piano}}</ref> |- |2005 |''Alloli da aka sani'' |Mara Horing |Shirye-shiryen talabijin | |- |2005 |''Abin kunya!'' |Tauraron baƙo (S1) |Shirye-shiryen talabijin | |- |2005 |''{{Interlanguage link|Einmal so wie ich will|de}}'' |Nelly |Fim din talabijin na Jamus | |- |2005 |''{{Interlanguage link|Under the Dark Sun of Africa|fr|Pas de ciel au-dessus de l'Afrique}}'' |Tauraron baƙo |Fim din talabijin na Jamus |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kein Himmel über Afrika: Folgen mit Celeste Matthews |url=https://www.wunschliste.de/person/celeste-matthews/kein-himmel-ueber-afrika/folgen |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=TV Wunschliste |language=de}}</ref> |- |2004 |[[Forgiveness (fim, 2004)|''Gafarta wauta'']] |Petra |Fim din | |- |2003 |''Das Licht von Afrika'' |Amy |Fim din talabijin na Jamus | |- |2003 |''Rashin jituwa'' |Mai tsaron gida |Fim din Faransanci | |- |2002 |Villa Rosa |Ba a sani ba |Shirye-shiryen talabijin | |- |2002 |Big Oakes |Ba a sani ba |Shirye-shiryen talabijin | |- |2002 |SOS (Ka ceci rayukanmu) |Ba a sani ba |Shirye-shiryen talabijin | |- |2002 |''Fishuns'' |Mai sayar da furanni (S2) |Shirye-shiryen talabijin | |- |2000 |''Bayan fage'' |Tauraron baƙo (S1) |Shirye-shiryen talabijin | |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Haɗin kai !Sashe !Ayyuka !Sakamakon !Ref |- |1999 |Kyautar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Cape |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a Matsayin Tallafawa |''Ku bi!''| {{Won}} |<ref name="Encyclopaedia of South African Theatre, Film, Media and Performance (ESAT)">{{Cite web |date=28 January 2019 |title=Suip! |url=https://esat.sun.ac.za/index.php/Suip! |access-date=20 August 2023 |website=Encyclopaedia of South African Theatre, Film, Media and Performance (ESAT)}}</ref> |- |2000 |Kyautar Bankin Kasa ta Farko |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a Matsayin Tallafawa |''Ku bi!''| {{Nom}} |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1961]] addfonugqcfcurvtjvq5nk9sl6smlyp 0 99320 874199 788860 2026-07-02T08:59:31Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 An kirkira ta fassara "Career" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347888634|BB Sasore]]" 874199 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bodunrin Sasore''', wanda aka fi sani da '''BB Sasore''', <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ekugo |first=Ngozi |date=2024-05-19 |title=Quality talent will drive new capital into Nigeria's movie industry- BB Sasore |url=https://nairametrics.com/2024/05/19/quality-talent-will-drive-new-capital-into-nigerias-movie-industry-bb-sasore/ |access-date=2024-05-20 |website=Nairametrics |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adegbola |first=Matilda |last2=Okechukwu |first2=Daniel |date=31 Dec 2023 |title=In Conversation With BB Sasore: "I'm Not a Religious Person Per se. |url=https://www.innollywood.com/p/conversation-with-bb-sasore-breath-of-life |access-date=20 May 2024 |website=In Nollywood}}</ref> marubuci ne na fina-finai na Najeriya, [[Darakta|daraktan fina-finai]], kuma wanda ya kafa [[Nemsia Studios]] . <ref name="Badejo Omonijo 2021">{{Cite web |last=Badejo |first=Emmanuel |last2=Omonijo |first2=Success |date=October 7, 2021 |title=Latest Nigeria news update |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/ |access-date=July 20, 2022 |website=The Nation Newspaper}}</ref> <ref name="Businessday NG 2022">{{Cite web |date=June 21, 2022 |title=Nollywood production house Nemsia Films announces the first commissioned slate deal with Amazon Prime Video |url=https://www.businessday.ng/amp/sponsored/article/nollywood-production-house-nemsia-films-announces-the-first-commissioned-slate-deal-with-amazon-prime-video/ |access-date=July 20, 2022 |website=Businessday NG |archive-date=June 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621105304/https://businessday.ng/amp/sponsored/article/nollywood-production-house-nemsia-films-announces-the-first-commissioned-slate-deal-with-amazon-prime-video/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An fi saninsa da marubuci kuma daraktan littafin ''[[God Calling]]'', da kuma ''[[Before 30|Before 30.]]'' <ref name="Dosunmu 2022">{{Cite web |last=Dosunmu |first=Damilare |date=June 21, 2022 |title=Inside Amazon Prime Video's first Nollywood film production deal |url=https://techcabal.com/2022/06/21/amazon-prime-video-commissions-nollywoods-nemsia-films-for-3-films/ |access-date=July 20, 2022 |website=TechCabal}}</ref> <ref name="THISDAYLIVE 2020">{{Cite web |last=THISDAYLIVE |first=Home - |date=October 15, 2020 |title=Bodurin Sasore's 'God Calling' Makes History – THISDAYLIVE |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2018/12/29/bodurin-sasores-god-calling-makes-history/ |access-date=July 20, 2022 |website=THISDAYLIVE – Truth and Reason}}</ref> == Ilimi == Sasore yana da digiri a fannin ilmin kwayoyin halitta da kuma ilmin sinadarai daga [[Rutgers University|Jami'ar Rutgers]].<ref name="ShockNG 2021">{{Cite web |date=April 8, 2021 |title=EXCLUSIVE: The Confidential Interview With Bodurin Sasore |url=https://shockng.com/exclusive-the-confidential-interview-with-bodurin-sasore/ |access-date=July 20, 2022 |website=ShockNG}}</ref> == Sana'a == A shekarar 2013, Sasore ya haɗu ta kafa [[Nemsia Studios]] tare da [[Derin Adeyokunnu]], inda ta kafa wani situdiyo da aka keɓe don shirya fina-finai masu inganci da kuma waɗanda suka dogara da labarai. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ekugo |first=Ngozi |date=2024-05-19 |title=Quality talent will drive new capital into Nigeria's movie industry- BB Sasore |url=https://nairametrics.com/2024/05/19/quality-talent-will-drive-new-capital-into-nigerias-movie-industry-bb-sasore/ |access-date=2024-05-20 |website=Nairametrics |language=en-US}}</ref> == Fim ɗin fim == * ''Soyayya Mai Taushi'' (2024) * ''[[Breath of Life (fim na 2023)|Numfashin Rayuwa]]'' (2023) * ''[[God Calling|Kiran Allah]]'' (2018) * ''[[Banana Island Ghost|Fatalwar Tsibirin Banana]]'' (2017) * ''[[Before 30|Kafin 30]]'' (2015) <ref name="Augoye 2021">{{Cite web |last=Augoye |first=Jayne |date=December 15, 2021 |title=Nollywood actor, Karibi Fubara, is dead |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/501006-nollywood-actor-karibi-fubara-is-dead.html |access-date=July 20, 2022 |website=Premium Times Nigeria}}</ref> * ''[[Gidi Up]]'' (2013) * ''[[Journey of an African Colony|Tafiya ta Mulkin Mallaka na Afirka]]'' == Career == A cikin 2013, Sasore ya kafa [[Nemsia Studios]] tare da [[Derin Adeyokunnu]], ya kafa ɗakin karatu da aka keɓe don samar da fina-finai masu inganci, fina-fakkawan da ke da labari.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bankole |first=Idowu |date=2022-06-20 |title=Nollywood Production House, Nemsia Films announces 1st commissioned Slate Deal with Amazon Prime Video |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/06/nollywood-production-house-nemsia-films-announces-1st-commissioned-slate-deal-with-amazon-prime-video/ |access-date=2025-01-20 |language=en-GB |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> .<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bankole |first=Idowu |date=2022-06-20 |title=Nollywood Production House, Nemsia Films announces 1st commissioned Slate Deal with Amazon Prime Video |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/06/nollywood-production-house-nemsia-films-announces-1st-commissioned-slate-deal-with-amazon-prime-video/ |access-date=2025-01-20 |language=en-GB |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin daraktocin fina-finai na Najeriya|Jerin Daraktocin Fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 845koqxm1pjre7qgl1gyfv2ds9fixif 0 99321 874292 872776 2026-07-02T11:14:04Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 An kirkira ta fassara "Synopsis" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346726950|Fate of Alakada]]" 874292 wikitext text/x-wiki Fate of ''Alakada'': The Party Planner wanda aka fi sani da Fate of alakada fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na 2020 wanda Moshood Yakubu Olawale da Ozioma Ogbaji suka rubuta, kuma [[Kayode Kasum]] ya ba da umarni. Tauraron fim din [[Toyin Abraham|Toyin Ibrahim]], Mercy Eke da [[Broda Shaggi]] a cikin manyan matsayi.<ref name=":0" /> Wannan shi ne fim na biyar a cikin ikon mallakar Alakada kuma shi ne kuma ci gaba da fim din wasan kwaikwayo na 2017 Alakada Reloaded . Fim din ya dogara ne akan yin ba'a game da karya a kafofin sada zumunta da al'adun gargajiya na Najeriya na yanzu. Fim din ya fito ne a wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 2020 daidai da [[Ranar 'Yancin Kai ta (Najeriya)|Ranar Independence ta Najeriya]] kuma ya buɗe ga sake dubawa mai kyau. Har ila yau, ya zama nasarar ofishin jakadancin kuma daga ƙarshe ya zama fim din Najeriya mafi girma na shekarar 2020. == Bayani game da shi == Yetunde, wata mace mai rikitarwa kuma ta fito ne daga asali mai sauƙi, ta shiga cikin aikin ƙirƙira labarun game da matsayinta na kudi da zamantakewa ta hanyar [[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|kafofin sada zumunta]] don dacewa da crème de la crème . == Masu ba da labari == * [[Toyin Abraham|Toyin Ibrahim]] a matsayin Yetunde * [[Broda Shaggi]] a matsayin Kas * Mercy Eke a matsayin kanta * [[MC Lively|MC Rayuwa]] * [[Stephanie Coker]] * Mabel Makun a matsayin kanta * [[Odunlade Adekola]] * [[Alex Asogwa]] a matsayin kanta * [[Timini Egbuson]] a matsayin Ochuko * [[Toyin Lawani]] * [[Abiri Oluwabusayo]] a matsayin Jane * [[Davido]] * Peruzzi == Fitarwa == Mai shirya fina-finai kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Toyin Abraham ta sanar da shirinta game da yin wani ci gaba ga ''Alakada'' Reloaded (2017) a cikin wani sakon [[Instagram]] a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba 2019. <sup class="mw-ref reference" mwya="">Alakada reloaded'<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;url<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;<nowiki>https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/toyin-abraham-announces-a-sequel-to-alakada-reloaded/s0kvx4d&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;access-date&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;2020-12-22&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;newspaper&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot</nowiki>;<nowiki>[[Pulse Nigeria]]</nowiki><nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;language<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;en-US<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;}},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;i<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwAQo\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt26\" class=\"citation news cs1\" id=\"mwAQs\" data-ve-ignore=\"\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/toyin-abraham-announces-a-sequel-to-alakada-reloaded/s0kvx4d\" id=\"mwAQw\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Toyin Abraham announces a sequel to 'Alakada reloaded'\"</a></nowiki>. <nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-7" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Fate_of_Alakada#cite_note-7 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> An kuma yi masa ba'a don zama fim na huɗu a cikin jerin fina-finai na Alakada bayan Alakada (2009), ''Alakada 2'' (2013) da Alakada Reloaded (2017). Babban daukar hoto na fim din ya fara ne a ranar 16 ga Disamba 2019. Mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen talabijin na Najeriya [[Stephanie Coker]], karo na 4 na Big Brother Naija wanda ya lashe Mercy Eke da mai tsara kayan ado da ɗan kasuwa [[Toyin Lawani]] duk sun fara yin fim din su ta hanyar wannan fim ɗin. Shahararren mai tasiri na Instagram [[Broda Shaggi]] ya kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin fim din. An bayyana hoton fim din na farko a watan Fabrairun 2020. == Synopsis == Yetunde, wata mace mai [[Inferiority complex|ƙarancin daraja]] kuma ta fito daga asali mai sauƙi, tana yin aikin ƙirƙiro labarai game da matsayinta na kuɗi da zamantakewa ta hanyar [[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|kafofin sada zumunta]] .<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-05-20 |title='Fate of Alakada' new teaser stars Davido, Mabel Makun |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/fate-of-alakada-new-teaser-stars-davido-mabel-makun/xjg7mys |access-date=2020-12-22 |language=en-US |newspaper=[[Pulse Nigeria]]}}</ref> == Samarwa == Furodusa kuma jarumar fim Toyin Abraham ta sanar da shirinta na yin ci gaba (sequel) ga fim ɗin Alakada Reloaded a wani saƙo da ta wallafa a shafinta na Instagram a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba, 2019. Haka kuma, an bayyana cewa fim ɗin zai kasance na huɗu a jerin fina-finan Alakada, bayan Alakada (2009), Alakada 2 (2013), da Alakada Reloaded> (2017). An fara ɗaukar manyan sassan fim ɗin (principal photography) a ranar 16 ga Disamba, 2019. Mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen talabijin ta Najeriya Stephanie Coker, wadda ta lashe kakar ta huɗu ta Big Brother Naija Mercy Eke, da mai ƙirar kayan kwalliya kuma 'yar kasuwa Toyin Lawani, duk sun fara fitowa a matsayin jaruman fim ne ta wannan fim ɗin. Haka kuma, fitaccen mai ƙirƙirar barkwanci kuma shahararren mai tasiri a Instagram Broda Shaggi ya taka muhimmin rawa a cikin fim ɗin. An bayyana hoton talla na farko (first-look poster) na fim ɗin a watan Fabrairu na shekarar 2020. == Saki == Da farko ya kamata a saki fim din a ranar 10 ga Afrilu 2020 amma an jinkirta fitowar zuwa 1 ga Oktoba 2020 saboda [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|Cutar COVID-19]] da ta haifar da kulle-kulle. An fitar da fim din a cikin iyakantaccen damar zama a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] tare da kashi 33% kawai da aka ware don aiki da kashi 50% a wasu jihohi ta [[Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya|Gwamnatin Najeriya]]. Ya fara yawo a kan [[Netflix]] a ranar 5 ga Maris 2021. == Ofishin akwatin == Fim din ya tara sama da miliyan 28 a cikin kwanaki hudu kawai duk da ƙuntataccen damar zama saboda [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Obioha |first=Vanessa |date=2020-10-09 |title=Nigeria: Fate of Alakada Offers Hope At Box Office |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202010090391.html |access-date=2020-12-22 |website=allAfrica.com |language=en}}</ref> Fim din ya samu kudade 17,396,200 a cikin kwanaki tara na farko bayan an sake shi. Ya tara sama da miliyan 30 a farkon karshen mako kuma masu sukar fim sun nuna shi a matsayin babban abin da ke faruwa yayin da suke la'akari da [[COVID-19 a Najeriya|Rashin tabbas na COVID-19]] kuma ya zama daya daga cikin fina-finai na Najeriya da suka tara miliyan 20 a farkon karshen karshen mako a cikin Cinema na Najeriya. Har ila yau, ya zama fim din Najeriya mafi girma a cikin karshen mako na budewa bayan kullewar.<ref name=":12" /> Tarin ofishin jakadancin karshe na fim din ya tsaya a 112,149,600 kuma ya zama fim din Najeriya mafi girma a shekarar 2020. Fim din ya kuma zama [[Jerin Finafinan Najeriya da suka fi kawo kudi|Fim na 14 mafi girma na Najeriya a kowane lokaci]]. == Rikici == An soki 'yar fim din Toyin Abraham sosai kuma an zarge ta da ita a kafofin sada zumunta don inganta fim din ta hanyar [[Twitter]] a watan Oktoba 2020 a cikin zanga-zangar End SARS a duk fadin kasar. An kuma soki ta saboda rashin shiga cikin motsi kuma a maimakon haka an gan ta tana inganta fim din. == Manazarta == qg7q957xz8z2l8zgdisqa52htlxw2v3 0 99705 873792 615429 2026-07-01T20:33:20Z Habibah A Jisambo 26434 873792 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''[[Habiba]] Dembélé Sahouet''' yar jaridar kasar [[Ivory Coast]] ce kuma mai gabatar da talabijin . A halin yanzu ita ce mai gabatar da labaran TV ''13 heures'' da ''[[20 heures|heures 20]]'' akan babban tashar La Première (RTI), wanda ke tsakiya a [[Abidjan]] .She is currently presenter of TV news ''13 heures'' and ''20 heures'' on the La Première (RTI) main channel, centered in Abidjan.<ref>Country reports on human rights practices Volume 1 - Page 170 United States. Dept. of State, United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs, United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations - 2005 "For example, after a February interview with the Ivoirian ambassador to the UN and an NF representative, RTI journalist Habiba Dembele received death threats for providing the NF perspective. "</ref> A ranar 11 ga Fabrairu, 2008, gobara ta tashi a cikin ɗakin studio yayin da take yin fim na ''20 heures'', wanda ya tilasta mata barin gabatarwa ta gudu daga ginin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 13, 2008 |title=Un incendie à la télévision nationale crée la panique à Abidjan |url=http://www.afrik.com/article13605.html |access-date= |publisher=Afrik.com}}</ref> Gobarar ta lalata dakunan karatu da dama amma gaba daya jami'an kashe gobara ne ke sarrafa su. <ref>{{Cite web |last=jean.daniel@abidjanshow.com |date=2025-04-23 |title=Côte d'Ivoire: Habiba Dembélé nommée à la Haca |url=https://www.abidjanshow.com/news/actu-for-men/276049-cote-divoire-habiba-dembele-nommee-a-la-haca |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=www.abidjanshow.com |language=fr-fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tresore |first=Mélèdje |date=2023-01-16 |title=RTI : La suspension d’Habiba Dembélé levée |url=https://www.fratmat.info/article/226516/culture/rti-la-suspension-dhabiba-dembele-levee |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=FratMat |language=fr}}</ref> == Magana. == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ch2d7qcp6tw572fct5g6rn5c6bsbkt1 0 101559 874121 706329 2026-07-02T06:07:06Z Habibah A Jisambo 26434 874121 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Deolinda Rodrigues Francisco de Almeida''' (''nom de guerre'' '''Langidila'''; <ref>{{Cite journal |last=António |first=Mateus Pedro Pimpão |date=3 July 2023 |title=Deolinda Rodrigues: A Intelectual Combativa |trans-title=Deolinda Rodrigues: The Combative Intellectual |url=http://www.periodicos.ufc.br/revcienso/article/view/81864 |journal=Revista de Ciências Sociai |language=pt |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=43–66 |doi=10.36517/rcs.54.1.d03 |doi-broken-date=1 November 2024}}</ref> 10 goma ga fabrairu alif dubu daya da dari tara da talatin da Tara 1939 - 1968) da alif dubu daya da sittin da takwas 'yar juyin juya halin [[Angola]] ce, marubuciya, kuma mawaƙiya. Ta kasance memba a ''Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola'' (MPLA, transl. 'Ƙungiyar Jama'a da kwato 'Yancin Angola') kuma, ban da ganin yaƙi, ta yi aiki da ƙungiyar a matsayin mai fassara, malama, da mai watsa shirye-shiryen rediyo. An haife ta a cikin dangin Methodist, ta sami gurbin karatu don yin karatu a Brazil, inda ta yi wasiƙa da [[Martin Luther King|Martin Luther King Jr.]] Tsoron a miƙa ta zuwa Portugal saboda aikinta da MPLA, ta ci gaba da karatunta a Amurka kafin ta koma Afirka. Rodrigues ita kaɗai ce mace a kwamitin tsakiya na MPLA a shekarun alif dubu daya da dari tara da sittin 1960 kuma ta kafa reshen mata na MPLA, ''Organização da Mulher de Angola'' (OMA, transl. 'Organization of Angolan Women'). Har ila yau, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mata biyar na ''Esquadrão Kamy'' (transl. 'Camy Squadron'), ƙungiyar 'yan tawaye da ke da alhakin ƙarfafa sojojin MPLA a Angola. Wata kungiyar masu kishin ƙasa ta kama ta a shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da bakai 1967 yayin da take kokarin isa Angola tare da Esquadrão Kamy kuma an kashe ta a shekarar 1968. An yi bikin zagayowar ranar da aka kama ta a matsayin "Ranar Matar Angola" a Angola, kuma an fitar da wani shirin tarihin rayuwarta a shekarar dubu biyu da sha hudu 2014. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi. == An haifi Deolinda Rodrigues Francisco de Almeida a Catete, [[Angola]], ranar goma 10 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar dubu daya da dari tara da talatin da uku 1939. {{Sfn|Paredes|2010}} Iyayenta, Mariana Pedro Neto da Adão Francisco de Almeida, dukkansu malaman makaranta ne. Mahaifinta kuma ministan Methodist ne. Ta na da 'yan'uwa huɗu, ciki har da ɗan siyasar Angola Roberto Francisco de Almeida. A shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da hamsin da hudu 1954, Rodrigues ta koma [[Luanda]] babban birnin ƙasar tare da mahaifiyarta da 'yan uwanta kuma suka zauna tare da mahaifiyarta Maria da Silva, a gida ɗaya da ɗanta, mawaƙin Agostinho Neto, wanda ya ci gaba da zama shugaban Angola D2 farko. {{Sfn|Paredes|2019}} Rodrigues ta halarci makarantar firamare a ''Escola da Missão Evangélica'' (transl. 'Makarantar Ofishin Jakadancin bishara') da makarantar sakandare a ''Liceu Salvador Correia'' (transl. 'Salvador Correia High School'), inda ta yi karatun harsunan Jamusanci. A shekara ta 1956, tun tana matashiya, ta fara aiki a matsayin mai fassara kuma mai shiryawa MPLA, kuma a shekara ta 1958, ta shiga United Methodist Youth, ta rubuta wakoki na Methodist periodical ''O Estandarte'' (transl. 'The Banner'). {{Sfn|Paredes|2019}} A ƙarshen 1950s, duk da haka, ta fara tambayar halin uba na gwamnati da coci. {{Sfn|Paredes|2010}} Ayyukan Rodrigues tare da MPLA ya sa ta shiga rikici da hukumomin Portugal, musamman <nowiki><i id="mwRw">Polícia Internacional e de Defesa do Estado</i></nowiki> (PIDE, transl. 'Yan sandan Tsaro na ƙasa da ƙasa), kuma a shekara ta alif 1959, PIDE ta ba da sammacin kama ta. Rodrigues ta gudu zuwa Brazil, inda ta fara halartar Cibiyar Methodist ta Chácara Flora a [[São Paulo]] a kan guraben karatu, nazarin ilimin zamantakewa da musayar wasiku tare da jagoran 'yancin ɗan adam na Amurka [[Martin Luther King|Martin Luther King Jr.]] <ref name="Faustino2014">{{cite news |last1=Faustino |first1=Oswaldo |date=25 June 2014 |title=A história da militante angolana Deolinda Rodrigues |trans-title=The story of Angolan activist Deolinda Rodrigues |url=http://racabrasil.uol.com.br/colunistas/a-historia-da-militante-angolana-deolinda-rodrigues/2242/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829064108/http://racabrasil.uol.com.br/colunistas/a-historia-da-militante-angolana-deolinda-rodrigues/2242/ |archive-date=29 August 2016 |access-date=5 February 2016 |publisher=Raça Brasil |language=pt-BR}} [[Rukuni:CS1 Brazilian Portuguese-language sources (pt-br)]]</ref> {{Sfn|Paredes|2010}} Rodrigues, wacce ta yi magana da [[Turanci]], [[Faransanci]], [[Jamusanci]], Kimbundu, da [[Harshen Portuguese|Fotigal]], ta yi rubutu da Sarki a cikin Turanci, yana tattaunawa da shi dabaru daban-daban don ciyar da yunƙurin 'yancin kai na Angola, ciki har da yin amfani da jiga-jigan jagoranci na alama don wakiltar ta. {{Sfn|Paredes|2019}} <ref name="kingencyclopedia.stanford.edu">{{Cite web |title=21 July 1959 To Deolinda Rodrigues Montgomery, Ala. |url=http://kingencyclopedia.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/documentsentry/to_deolinda_rodrigues_21_july_1959.1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117031113/http://kingencyclopedia.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/documentsentry/to_deolinda_rodrigues_21_july_1959.1.html |archive-date=17 November 2016 |access-date=6 February 2016 |publisher=[[Stanford University]]}}</ref> A cikin shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da sittin 1960, saboda tsoron cewa sammacin kama ta zai kai ga korar ta daga Brazil biyo bayan wata yarjejeniya ta tura [[Brazil]] da [[Portugal]], Rodrigues ta koma Amurka, a wannan lokacin tana karatu a Jami'ar Drew. Duk da haka, a cikin shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da biyu 1962, ta koma Afirka ba tare da kammala karatunta don komawa MPLA ba. {{Sfn|Paredes|2019}} == Manazarta. == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1968]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1939]] 0eydsg30vtl9y6dvwcovtggjaoley0t 0 102123 874091 633937 2026-07-02T05:36:49Z Ummeeterh 31568 874091 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Yaƙin Abu Hamed''' Ya faru ne a ranar 7 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1897 tsakanin wani rukuni mai tashi na sojojin Anglo-Masar karkashin Manjo-Janar Sir Archibald Hunter da kuma garuruwan 'yan tawayen Mahdi karkashin jagorancin Mohammed Zain. Yaƙin ya kasance nasara ga sojojin Anglo-Masar, kuma ya tabbatar wa Birtaniya muhimmiyar garin Abu Hamed, wanda shine ƙarshen kasuwanci da sufuri a fadin hamadar Nubian. Abu Hamed yana da matukar muhimmanci ga Ubangiji Herbert Horatio Kitchener, shugaban yakin Anglo-Masar da ya fara a watan Maris na shekara ta 1896 tare da manufar lalata jihar Mahdist wacce ta mamaye yawancin [[Sudan]] tun lokacin da tawaye na Mahdist ya ɓarke a shekara ta 1881. Garin ya kasance hanyar jirgin kasa ga hanyar jirgin kasa ta Lord Kitchener ta hanyar hamadar Nubian mai girma da maraba, yana ba da damar dakarun balaguro su wuce babban yanki na Nilu a kan hanyarsu zuwa [[Omdurman]], babban birnin Mahdist Sudan. Koyaya, sojojin Mahdist sun mamaye garin, kuma gina hanyar jirgin ƙasa ta hamada ba za ta iya ci gaba da aminci ba tare da cire su ba. Dangane da haka, Kitchener ya ba da umarnin wani shafi mai tashi, wanda Manjo-Janar Sir Archibald Hunter ya jagoranta kuma ya kunshi kusan sojoji dubu uku na Masar, don tafiya daga Merowe zuwa Abu Hamed tare da duk wani saurin da zai yiwu. Rundunar jirgin ta tashi daga Merawi a ranar 29 ga Yuli 1897, kuma, ta yi tafiya zuwa arewa maso gabas tare da Kogin Nilu na kwanaki takwas, ta isa garin yayin da asuba ta tashi a ranar 7 ga Agusta. Da yake kafa battalions dinsa a cikin wani babban rabin da'irar da ya sanya masu kare Abu Hamed a kan kogi, Manjo-Janar Hunter ya umarci dakarunsa su ci gaba da kusan shida da talatin a wannan safiya. A cikin aikin da ya biyo baya, an kori 'yan bindigar Mahdist da suka fi yawa daga matsayinsu na tsaro ta cikin garin, yayin da karamin rundunar sojan doki na Mahdist suka gudu zuwa kudu ba tare da yin rahoto game da asarar ba. Da kashi bakwai da talatin, yakin ya ƙare, kuma Manjo-Janar Hunter ya ba da umarnin a isar da labarin ga Ubangiji Kitchener. Rundunar Manjo-Janar Hunter ta rasa mutane tamanin da aka kashe da kuma wadanda suka ji rauni, yayin da yawan wadanda suka mutu na Mahdist an kiyasta tsakanin 250 da 850. An kama kwamandan Mahdist, Mohammed Zain, a cikin fada. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan labarin nasarar ya bazu, an sake fara aiki a kan hanyar jirgin ƙasa ta hamada kuma Abu Hamed ya isa ranar 31 ga [[Oktoba]], inda Manjo-Janar Hunter da ginshiƙansa suka kasance. Tare da kammala hanyar jirgin kasa a fadin hamadar Nubian, an tabbatar da ci gaban Kitchener gaba ɗaya a cikin tsakiyar Mahdist Sudan, kuma mafi girman batun yakin Kitchener, wadata, an warware shi. == Asali == === Tarihi === [[Fayil:Muhammad_Ahmad_al-Mahdi.jpg|left|thumb|185x185px|Muhammad Ahmad al-Mahdi]] Tawayen [[Mahdi]] ya ɓarke a shekara ta 1881 lokacin da wani shugaban addini, mai ikirarin kansa Mahdi, ya ayyana [[jihadi]] a kan Gwamnatin Masar, wanda ke ƙarƙashin karuwar ikon [[Hadaddiyar Masarautar Burtaniya Mai Girma da Ireland|Birtaniya]] tun lokacin da aka gina Suez Canal kusan shekaru goma da suka gabata. Da yake nuna rashin jin daɗi game da tasirin [[Turai]] a Misira da kuma yin wa'azi game da sabunta bangaskiyar Islama, Mahdi ya fara tara mabiya kuma nan da nan ya gabatar da babbar barazana ga gwamnati. Kokarin farko da Masarawa ke jagoranta don murkushe motsi ya gaza sosai, kuma cin nasarar da suka samu a hannun sojojin Mahdist da ba su da yawa, da ba su ba da makamai, da kuma ba su da isasshen kayan aiki kawai sun kara sunansa da martabar shugabansu. A lokacin da Burtaniya ta shiga tsakani kai tsaye a 1883, Mahdi ya fara cinye yawancin Sudan, a lokacin da Masar ke sarrafawa, kuma ya sami nasarori masu yawa waɗanda suka ba shi wadata mai yawa da makamai na zamani. Kanal William Hicks, wani jami'in Burtaniya, an nada shi kwamandan sojoji dubu takwas na Masar da kuma jirgin kasa mai yawa, kuma an ba shi manufa mai sauƙi na murkushe tawaye. Kanal Hicks da kusan kowane mutum a cikin sojojinsa an kashe su ne ta hanyar babbar rundunar Mahdist a Yaƙin El Obeid . Bayan wannan cin nasara, kuma yana fuskantar manyan matsalolin kudi a Misira, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta yanke shawarar kada ta ci gaba da ci gaba da kai farmaki kuma a maimakon haka ta zaɓi Janar Charles George Gordon don jagorantar kokarin kwashewa, yayin da za a janye dubban fararen hula da fam na kayan aiki daga sansanoni a duk Sudan. Gordon, wanda ke aiki daga [[Khartoum]], ya taimaka wajen fitar da fararen hula masu aminci da yawa waɗanda suka kasance a Sudan, amma a ƙarshe sun ki barin birnin. Sabanin umarninsa, ya riƙe ƙaramin karfi a Khartoum kuma ya yanke shawarar yin yaƙi da Mahdi kafin ya bar iko. Dangane da haka, sojojin Mahdist sun kewaye Khartoum a watan Maris na shekara ta 1884, suna ware birnin daga duniyar waje kuma suna sanya lokaci mai tsanani a kan Gordon don mika wuya. Bayan jinkiri mai yawa, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta aika da balaguron taimako a karkashin Sir Garnet Wolseley wanda zai bi Kogin Nilu zuwa Khartoum da sauri. Ginshiƙi na Wolseley ya isa a ranar 28 ga Janairun 1885, kwana biyu bayan Khartoum ya fadi kuma an ba da Janar Charles Gordon ga Mahdi. Mahdi ya mutu kasa da watanni shida bayan haka, amma ba kafin ya kafa jihar Musulunci a Sudan kuma ya sake komawa babban birninta zuwa [[Omdurman]] ba. Wani mai mulki da aka sani da Khalifa ya gaje shi bayan gwagwarmayar iko, kuma ya hana rushewar jihar bayan mutuwar Mahdi ta hanyar rashin tausayi da ingantaccen gudanarwa. === Tafiyar Kitchener === [[Fayil:Horatio_Herbert_Kitchener.jpg|thumb|294x294px|Field-Marshal Horatio Herbert Kitchener]] Gwamnatocin Burtaniya da Masar ba za su sake yin ƙoƙari su shiga tsakani ba har zuwa 1896, inda aka tilasta wa gwamnati a Burtaniya yin aiki ta hanyar dalilai da yawa. Tattalin arzikin Masar ya inganta tun lokacin da masu gudanarwa na Burtaniya suka kwace kudaden kasar. Ra'ayi na jama'a game da Mahdist Sudan ya haifar da wasu labaran da aka yi wa Mahdists da kuma sha'awar rama Janar Charles Gordon. [[Faransa]], mai fafatawa da Burtaniya a tseren Afirka, ta fara mamaye kwarin Kogin Nilu, tare [[Beljik|'Yan Belgium]]. A ƙarshe, yana da fa'ida ta siyasa a [[Turai]] ga Burtaniya don janye hankalin Khalifa daga [[Italian Eritrea|Italiyanci a Eritrea]], wanda aka sanya shi cikin rauni ta hanyar cin nasara a hannun Menelik II, Sarkin Habasha. Gwamnati ta zabi Herbert Horatio Kitchener don jagorantar sabon balaguron, ta ba shi kusan sojoji dubu goma da sabbin fasahar Burtaniya: bindigogi na Maxim, manyan bindigogi, da ƙananan Jiragen ruwa. [[Fayil:River_War_1-7_Rail_and_River.jpg|left|thumb|311x311px|Taswirar samar da Kitchener da hanyoyin sadarwa a Sudan]] Binciken Kitchener ya fara ne a watan Maris na shekara ta 1896, ya bar Masar a baya kuma ya shiga Mahdist Sudan daga baya a wannan watan. Ginshiƙansa ya ci gaba tare da Kogin Nilu, ta amfani da kogin don sake samarwa da sadarwa, yayin da yake shimfiɗa hanya a kusa da sassan da ba za a iya tafiya ba. Koyaya, ba za a iya ci gaba da wannan hanyar ba har zuwa Omdurman. Kogin yana tafiya zuwa kudu zuwa Ed Debba kafin ya karkata sosai zuwa arewa maso gabas har zuwa Abu Hamed, inda ya sake juyawa zuwa kudu kuma ya wuce Khartoum. Sashe na kogin daga Merowe zuwa Abu Hamed an sanya shi wanda ba za a iya tafiya ba ta hanyar ci gaba da ruwa, kuma ƙasa a gefen kogin ba ta dace da [[Jirgin ƙasa|layin dogo]] ba. Wadannan yanayi ba su sanya kusanci ba zai yiwu ba, kawai mai wahala, mai haɗari, da jinkiri. Kitchener ya nemi wata hanya, kuma ya zauna a kan wata hanyar da aka yi la'akari da ita ba za a iya yiwuwa ba: ya yanke shawarar gina hanyar jirgin kasa a fadin babbar hamadar Nubian, bushewa, da kuma cin wuta wanda zai haɗa Wadi Halfa zuwa Abu Hamed, wani karamin gari a ƙarƙashin ikon Mahdist. Firayim Ministoci a Burtaniya sun yi la'akari da hanyar jirgin kasa ba za ta yiwu ba saboda dalilai da yawa, mafi mahimmanci shine hasashen rashin maɓuɓɓugar ruwa tare da mil 120 na layin mil 230 da aka tsara. Kitchener ya yi watsi da wannan cikas da sauran, ya umarci sanannen Lieutenant Percy Girouard ya yi shiri don fara gini. Injiniyan mai iyawa ya gudanar da bincike mai zurfi game da layin da aka tsara, kuma ya gano cewa, kodayake filin tabbas yana da wahala, kuma ruwa yana da tsananin tsoro, layin yana yiwuwa. An yanke shawarar ne a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1896, kuma an fara aiki a kan hanyar jirgin kasa a hukumance a ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1897. Duk da manyan matsalolin da ke tattare da ci gaban irin wannan hanyar jirgin kasa, an sami ci gaba mai ɗorewa, kuma a ranar 23 ga Yuli 1897 hanyar ta shimfiɗa mil 103 cikin hamada. A nan, duk da haka, an dakatar da ci gaba, saboda tsoron zuwa cikin kewayon hare-haren Mahdist daga Abu Hamed. Aikin kan hanyar jirgin kasa ba zai iya ci gaba ba har sai an dauki garin; duk yakin ya tsaya, yana jiran kammala layin don fara ci gaba gaba gaba gaba ɗaya. Hakanan, kowane jinkiri ya ba da damar da ta fi dacewa da bala'i; idan aka faɗakar da Mahdists game da shirye-shiryen Kitchener, duk aikin zai kasance cikin haɗari kuma mummunan makomar Janar Gordon zai iya maimaitawa. A watan Mayu wani aikin bincike a karkashin Kyaftin Le Gallais ya sake gano yankin da ke kewaye da Abu Hamed, yana ba da rahoton cewa an kare garin da rauni kuma kasancewar Mahdist a duk yankin yana da ƙanƙanta, kodayake sojojin Khalifa suna motsawa kwanan nan kuma babu wanda zai iya tabbatar da ƙarfafawa ba a kan hanya ba. Kitchener ya yi aiki da sauri; a ƙarshen Yuli ya sanar da babban Janar Sir Archibald Hunter cewa an zaba shi don ya jagoranci harin. === Babban Janar Hunter's Flying Column === [[Fayil:Sir_Archibald_Hunter_(1).jpg|thumb|Manjo Janar Sir Archibald Hunter]] Shirin ya kasance ga Manjo-Janar Hunter da wani shafi mai tashi na dakarun tsere don tsere tare da duk wani saurin da zai yiwu daga Merowe arewa maso gabas zuwa Abu Hamed, inda za su ba da mamaki ga sojojin Mahdist da ba su da yawa kuma su sami iko da garin. Saurin yana da mahimmanci, domin tabbas 'yan kallo na Mahdist za su hango shafi na Hunter yayin tafiya. Idan wadannan 'yan kallo sun sami damar aikawa da kalma da karfafa garin kafin zuwan Hunter, ginshiƙansa na iya samun kansa ya fi dacewa kuma ya tilasta masa komawa baya. Sojojin da aka zaba don aikin sun kasance daga cikin mafi kyawun sojoji a cikin sojojin Kitchener: 3rd Egyptian, 9th Sudanese, 10th Sudanese Battalions, da 11th Sudanese battalions, wadanda suka hada da brigade na Lieutenant Hector Archibald MacDonald. Bugu da ƙari, ginshiƙi na Hunter ya haɗa da Batirin bindigogi, wanda ke dauke da Krupp guda goma sha biyu, bindigogi biyu na Maxim, da tsoffin bindigogi na Burtaniya, Gardner da Nordenfelt. A ƙarshe, an haɗa dakarun sojan doki guda ɗaya a cikin ginshiƙi tare da wadataccen [[Raƙumi|raƙuma]] don sufuri da wadata. Ginin yana da abinci na kwanaki goma sha takwas, kuma an ba da kebul na telegraph da fatan cewa za a iya tabbatar da sadarwa ta yau da kullun yayin da ginshiƙi ya yi tafiyar kilomita 146 ta cikin hamada. Gabaɗaya, rundunar ta ƙidaya kusan sojoji 3,600. [[Fayil:Boer_War;_Maxim_gun_Q71995.jpg|left|thumb|219x219px|Boer War-era Maxim gun]] Rundunar jirgin sama ta Manjo-Janar Hunter ta tashi daga Kassinger, wani karamin gari mai nisan kilomita a arewacin Merowe, da karfe 5:30 na yammacin 29 ga Yuli, tana tafiya ne kawai da dare don kauce wa zafi na rana da idanun kowane mai sa ido na Mahdist. Babu wata hanya ko hanya da za a bi, kuma filin da Hunter ya tashi ya yi kusan ba za a iya juyawa ba; hanyar ta sauya tsakanin karye, ƙasa mai duwatsu da yashi mai tsawo, a ƙarshe ta zama da wuya a kewayawa a cikin duhu na dare. An kara da waɗannan matsalolin shine ma'auni na saurin da aka ɗora a kan ginshiƙi, yayin da Manjo-Janar Hunter da Lieutenant MacDonald suka kori raka'a zuwa wuraren da suka karya su don hana ƙarfafawar Mahdist. Ginin ya ci gaba har zuwa tsakar dare, ya kammala tafiya sama da mil goma sha shida. Barci a rana ya zama ba zai yiwu ba saboda zafi mai zafi; kawai lokacin da aka sami isasshen inuwa a cikin hamada mara kyau ne mutanen da suka gaji na ginshiƙan jirgin Hunter za su iya hutawa. Ci gaban ya ci gaba a wannan hanyar har sai an kai ƙauyen El Kab a ranar 4 ga watan Agusta, inda aka harbe harbi a shafi ya faɗakar da Manjo-Janar Hunter cewa an san kasancewarsa ga Mahdists. Da yake ya san cewa ƙarfafawa za su kasance a kan hanyarsu zuwa Abu Hamed, Manjo-Janar Hunter ya kara karuwar saurin ginshiƙansa, duk da mutuwar sojoji uku na 3rd Egyptian Battalion da kuma asarar mutane hamsin da takwas a wurare daban-daban a kan hanya.[1] Sojojin Hunter sun kara da juna a Kuli da abokantaka 150 na Ababdeh a ranar 5 ga watan Agusta. A daren ranar 6 ga watan Agusta, ginshiƙi ya yi tafiya na mil goma sha shida a kan ƙasa mai wahala zuwa Ginnifab, mil biyu kawai daga Abu Hamed. A nan rabin rundunar Masar ta 3 ta rabu da ginshiƙi don raka jirgin ruwa yayin da ya isa kuma ya kare makamai na ajiya. Bayan hutawa na sa'o'i biyu daga 3:20 zuwa 5:30, Manjo-Janar Hunter ya umarci mutanensa su mai da hankali kuma ya fara harin karshe == Yaƙi == Garin Abu Hamed wata karamar cibiyar gidaje ce da kunkuntar hanyoyi a gabar kogin Nilu, kewaye da tsaunuka a bangarori uku. Hasumiyoyin tsaro guda uku na dutse suna kusa, daga nan ne masu gadin Mahdist suka hango dakarun Major-Janar Hunter suna matsawa daga arewa.<ref name=":8" /> Ƙarin dakarun da za su fito daga Berber ba su iso ba a kan lokaci, amma kwamandan garin, Mohammed Zain, ya ƙi guduwa. Rundunar ta ruga don mamaye wuraren tsaron garin; 'yan bindigar Mahdist sun kama wuraren a cikin ramuka a gaban garin, sojojin da ke faɗa da takobi sun kafa kansu a cikin gidaje da kuma tituna, kuma wani ɗan ƙaramin rukunin dawakai yana tsaye a shirye don yin aiki. Gabaɗaya, tsaron ya kai tsakanin sojoji dari huɗu zuwa dubu ɗaya.<ref name=":13">Crabités 1934 Ch. 13.</ref><ref name=":14">Sanderson 1907 p. 346.</ref> Hunter's force advanced towards the town in a semi-circle formation, composed by the four battalions arranged from left to right in the following order: the 10th Sudanese, 9th Sudanese, the reduced 3rd Egyptian, and the 11th Sudanese.<ref name=":10">Alford 1898 p. 165.</ref> The artillery battery was with the 3rd Egyptian.<ref name=":5" /> The force reached the ridge of the plateau overlooking the town, about three hundred yards away, at a quarter past six. Major-General Hunter, finding the Mahdist garrison prepared for the assault and entrenched in their defenses, ordered the artillery to bombard their positions, which commenced at 6:30. However, the artillery proved ineffective, as the guns were unable to strike within the narrow trenches or blast aside the cover behind which the Mahdist infantry waited. Hunter ceased the barrage, and ordered Lieutenant MacDonald to lead his brigade in a general advance.<ref name=":9" /> The command to fix bayonets was given, and the troops began an orderly advance across the three hundred yards that separated them from their objective. However, facing a line of Mahdist riflemen well-protected in their trenches, the soldiers of each advancing battalion were compelled to open fire without direct orders.<ref name=":15">Lamothe 2011 p. 53.</ref> The uncoordinated volleys of the advancing brigade were moderately effective against the Mahdist riflemen, who had not yet returned fire. When the battalions were about halfway across the three hundred yard stretch, their lines of fire began to converge due to their semi-circle formation, and the 10th Sudanese, on the left, was forced to halt to avoid coming under the fire of the rightmost 11th Sudanese.<ref name=":11">Churchill 2014 [1902] p. 210.</ref> Dakarun Mahdist a cikin ramuka, sanye da tsofaffin bindigogi da alburusai na wucin gadi, an shirya su jira har sai dakarun Hunter sun shiga cikin kewayon don fara harbi.<ref name=":5" /> Dakarun Mahdist da ke cikin ramuka sun jimre wa ci gaba da harbi na dakarun da ke ci gaba har sai nisa ya ragu zuwa yadi dari. Tare, layin Mahdist ya fashe da harbin bindiga, suna buga bataliyoyin da ke ci gaba da, musamman, 10th Sudanese da ke tsaye. Jami'an Burtaniya guda biyu, Brevet-Major Henry Sidney da Lieutenant Edward Fitzclarence, jami'an Masar guda uku, da sojoji goma sha biyu na yau da kullun an kashe su a cikin harbe-harben. Sama da hamsin sun ji rauni a cikin rundunar.<ref name=":11" /> Bayan wannan musayar, bataliyoyin sun watsar da tsarin su na tsari kuma suka kai hari kan ramuka da bayonets dinsu. An yi gumurzu mai zafi, inda sojojin rundunar MacDonald suka shiga cikin ramuka da kuma cikin garin, suna yin fada mai tsanani da Mahdist a duk inda aka same su a cikin kunkuntar hanyoyi da gidajen Abu Hamed.<ref name=":12">Warner 2010 p. 189.</ref> A wurare da yawa an yi amfani da manyan bindigogi don fitar da masu karewa masu tsayin daka, yayin da dakarun Mahdist, suna kallon yadda bataliyoyin Hunter suka ratsa garin, suka juya don gudu zuwa kudu zuwa Berber.<ref name=":10" /> Da karfe 7:30, garin yana hannun dakarun Major-Janar Hunter.<ref name=":11" /> Kusan dukkanin sansanin Mahdist, ban da dawakai, an kashe su a cikin mummunan fada a duk faɗin matsugunin. Duk da haka, wasu 'yan yankuna na juriya na Mahdist sun kasance a cikin gidaje masu ƙarfi, suna ƙin daina fada da tashin hankali.<ref name=":16">Alford 1898 p. 166.</ref> An kashe maza shida da aka aiko don kama matsayin mai harbi na Mahdist a wani karamin gida kusa da kogin, wanda ya tilasta wa Hunter kiran manyan bindigoginsa. An harbe ginin har ya zama kango, amma mai harbin ya tsira, kamar yadda aka tabbatar da harbin wani soja da aka aiko don gano gawarsa. A ƙarshe, harbi na biyu na manyan bindigogi ya rusa abin da ya rage na tsarin kuma tarkace ya yi shiru, kodayake ba a taba samun gawar mai harbin ba.<ref name=":9" /> Mazaunan yankin sun yi amfani da kuloli da mashi don kare kansu yayin yakin, amma ba su taka rawa sosai a cikin sakamakon ba.<ref name=":12" /> == Bayan Yaƙi == Majiyoyi sun bambanta kan adadin Mahdist da aka kashe a yakin, wanda ya kai tsakanin 250 zuwa 850.<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":16" /> A gefen Anglo-Masar, maza ashirin da uku sun mutu kuma sittin da ɗaya sun ji rauni. Bataliya ta 10 ta Sudan ita kaɗai ta kashe goma sha shida daga cikin ashirin da uku da aka kashe kuma talatin da huɗu daga cikin sittin da ɗaya da suka ji rauni.<ref name=":16" /> An kama kwamandan Mahdist, Mohammed Zain, a yaƙi kuma an tsare shi a kurkuku.<ref>Farwell 2001 p. 4.</ref> Major-Janar Hunter ya kama babban jari na makamai, raƙuma, dawakai, da dukiya daga garin.<ref name=":14" /> Bayan yakin, kwamandan bataliyar MacDonald ya tsawatar wa sojojinsa saboda bude wuta yayin da suke ci gaba a fadin yadi dari uku tsakanin tsaunin tudu da wuraren tsaron garin. Lieutenant MacDonald bai umarce su da yin haka ba, kuma ya ɗauka a matsayin cin zarafi mai tsanani wanda ya lalata shirinsa na harin bayonet na yadi 150.<ref name=":15" /> Brevet-Major Henry Sidney da Lieutenant Edward Fitzclarence, jikan Sarki William IV, su ne kawai jami'an Burtaniya biyu da aka kashe a yaƙi a duk yakin.<ref name=":4">Wright 2011, "Dongola zuwa Abu Hamed".</ref> An binne gawarwakin sojojin Major-Janar Hunter kusa da garin, jami'an Burtaniya a cikin kaburbura masu ado kuma sauran a cikin kaburbura marasa alama. Akwai labarin da ke cewa kabarin Lieutenant Sidney, ɗaya daga cikin jami'an Burtaniya biyu da aka kashe yayin yakin, ana gadin sa a kowane dare ta hanyar fatalwowi na waɗanda aka kashe a cikin bataliyarsa.<ref>Budge 1901 p. 220-1.</ref> Labarin nasarar Major-Janar Hunter an isar da shi ta hanyar mahaya da sakonnin waya ga jami'an sojojin Kitchener, kodayake majiyoyi da yawa sun ruwaito cewa Kitchener da kansa ya sami labarin nasarar lokacin da gawarwakin wasu 'yan tawayen Mahdist suka yi iyo ta Merowe a kan Nilu, daga ƙasa da Abu Hamed.<ref name=":4" /><ref>Lewis 2001 p. 189.</ref> Da zaran labarin ya iske shi, an ci gaba da aikin layin dogo na hamada, kuma aikin ginin ya ci gaba cikin sauri, ya kai Abu Hamed a ranar 31 ga Oktoba 1897.<ref>Raugh Jr. 2008 p. xxiii-ix.</ref> Nasarar layin dogo na hamada yana da mahimmancin da ba a taɓa gani ba ga yakin Kitchener; ci gaban sojojinsa zuwa cibiyar mulkin Mahdist da kuma kula da wannan sojojin sun dogara gaba ɗaya ga jiragen ruwa masu ɗauke da ruwa, kayan aiki, da ƙarin dakarun da ke zuwa kullum. Kama Abu Hamed ya ba da damar kammala wannan layin dogo a cikin hamadar Nubian mai ban tsoro kuma ya sa hanyar Kitchener ta yiwu.<ref>Sanderson 1907 p. 347.</ref> Lokacin da Major-Janar Hunter ya ci Abu Hamed daga masu kare shi, dakarun Mahdist da ya sani suna tseren zuwa garin tun lokacin da aka hango dakarunsa a ranar 4 ga Agusta sun kasa da mil ashirin nesa.<ref name=":11" /> Da yake karancin kayan aiki kuma yana gane tsananin gajiya na mutanensa, Hunter ya yi shakkar ikon sa na riƙe garin a cikin yiwuwar kai hari daga waɗannan dakarun da ke zuwa. Duk da haka, ɗan ƙaramin sojojin dawakai na Mahdist da suka gudu daga yakin sun hadu da rundunar da ke zuwa kuma suka sanar da su abubuwan da suka faru, nan da nan suka canza hanya zuwa kudu a gaba da Abu Hamed.<ref name=":9" /> Kwamandan Mahdist a Berber ya ji labarin yakin a ranar 9 ga Agusta, kuma, yana fuskantar dakarun Anglo-Masar da ke zuwa tare da tashin hankali na cikin gida, ya yanke shawarar kwashe birnin a ƙarshen Agusta.<ref>Spiers 1998 p. 44.</ref> Major-Janar Hunter daga nan ya bar Abu Hamed, inda shi da rundunarsa suka kasance tun bayan yakin, kuma ya koma kudu don mamaye birnin da kuma ci gaba da yakin.<ref name=":4" /> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} == Majiya == {{refbegin|2}} * {{Cite book|title=The River War: An Historical Account of the Reconquest of the Sudan|last=Churchill|first=Winston|publisher=The Floating Press|year=1902|isbn=978-1-77653-061-8}} * {{Cite book|title=The Egyptian Soudan: Its Loss and Its Recovery, Volume 1|last=Alford|first=Henry Stamford Lewis|publisher=Macmillan and Company, Ltd.|year=1898|isbn=978-1-286-58063-9|location=Egypt}} * {{Cite book|title=Khartoum: The Ultimate Imperial Adventure|last=Asher|first=Michael|publisher=Penguin UK|year=2006|isbn=978-0-14-191010-9}} * {{Cite book|title=Dervish: The Rise and Fall of an African Empire|last=Warner|first=Philip|publisher=Pen and Sword|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4738-1351-9}} * {{Cite book|title=Life of Lord Kitchener, Volume 1|last=Arthur|first=Sir George|publisher=Cosimo, Inc.|year=1920|isbn=978-1-60206-363-1}} * {{Cite book|title=Egyptian Magic|last=Budge|first=Sir Ernest Alfred Wallis|publisher=Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner and Company, Inc.|year=1901|isbn=978-0-486-22681-1|location=Egypt|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/egyptianmagic00budg}} * {{Cite book|title=A Good Dusting: The Sudan Campaigns 1883 - 1899|last=Keown-Boyd|first=Henry|publisher=Pen and Sword|year=1986|isbn=978-0-436-23288-6}} * {{Cite book|title=Great Britain in Modern Africa|last=Sanderson|first=Edgar|publisher=Steeley and Company, Ltd.|year=1907|isbn=978-0-8371-2860-3}} * {{Cite book|title=Slaves of Fortune: Sudanese Soldiers and the River War, 1896-1898|last=Lamothe|first=Ronald M.|publisher=Boydell and Brewer, Ltd.|year=2011|isbn=978-1-84701-042-1}} * {{Cite book|title=The Scramble For Africa: The White Man's Conquest of the Dark Continent from 1876 to 1912|last=Pakenham|first=Thomas|publisher=Random House, Inc.|year=1991|isbn=0-394-51576-5|location=New York|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/scrambleforafric00pake}} * {{Cite book|title=Arrogant Armies: Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them|last=Perry|first=James|publisher=Castle Books|year=2005|isbn=978-0-7858-2023-9}} * {{Cite book|title=Sir Garnet Wolseley: Victorian Hero|last=Kochanski|first=Halik|publisher=A&C Black|year=1999|isbn=978-1-85285-188-0}} * {{Cite book|title=Short History of Sudan|last=Fadlalla|first=Mohamed Hassan|publisher=iUniverse|year=2004|isbn=978-0-595-31425-6}} * {{Cite book|title=Three Empires on the Nile: The Victorian Jihad, 1869-1899|last=Green|first=Dominic|publisher=Simon and Schuster|year=2007|isbn=978-0-7432-9895-7}} * {{Cite book|title=The History of Sudan: From the Coming of Islam to the Present Day|last=Holt|first=P. M.|publisher=Routledge|year=2011|isbn=978-1-4058-7445-8}} * {{Cite book|title=The Sirdar and the Khalifa: Kitchener's Re-conquest of the Sudan 1896-98|last=Simner|first=Mark|publisher=Fonthill Media|year=2017|isbn=978-1-78155-588-0}} * {{Cite book|title=The Sirdar: Sir Reginald Wingate and the British Empire in the Middle East, Volume 22|last=Daly|first=M. W.|publisher=American Philosophical Society|year=1997|isbn=978-0-87169-222-1}} * {{Cite book|title=The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan: A Compendium Prepared by Officers of the Sudan Government, Volume 1|last=Gleichen|first=Lord Edward|publisher=H. M. Stationery Office|year=1905|isbn=978-1-177-77514-4}} * {{Cite book|title=Battle Story: Omdurman 1898|last=Wright|first=William|publisher=The History Press|year=2011|isbn=978-0-7524-7887-6}} * {{Cite book|title=British Military Operations in Egypt and the Sudan: A Selected Bibliography|last=Raugh Jr.|first=Harold E.|publisher=Scarecrow Press|year=2008|isbn=978-1-4616-5700-2}} * {{Cite book|title=The Winning of the Sudan|last=Crabitès|first=Pierre|publisher=Routledge|year=1934|isbn=978-1-315-44414-7}} * {{Cite book|title=The Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-century Land Warfare: An Illustrated World View|last=Farwell|first=Byron|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|year=2001|isbn=978-0-393-04770-7}} * {{Cite book|title=Race to Fashoda|last=Lewis|first=David Levering|publisher=Macmillan|year=2001|isbn=978-0-8050-7119-1}} * {{Cite book|title=Sudan: The Reconquest Reappraised|last=Spiers|first=Edward M.|publisher=Psychology Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-7146-4749-4}} {{refend}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] nc8uv62ez79eozmuqqi4b9i710bmcj6 0 102414 873799 674794 2026-07-01T20:41:16Z Ummeeterh 31568 873799 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tattalin arzikin Gabashin Afirka''' yana da fannoni daban-daban, inda [[noma]] ke muhimmiyar rawa, yana samarwa yawancin jama'a aiki kuma yana ba da gudummawa sosai ga Kudaden Shiga na Kasa (wato GDP). Babban amfanin gona sun hada da kofi, shayi, da kayan lambu. [[Gabashin Afirka]] shine yankin da ya fi girma a [[Afirka|Afirka.]]<ref>{{Cite web |year=2024 |title=Fastest growing region in africa |url=https://www.afdb.org/en/news-and-events/press-releases/41-african-countries-set-stronger-growth-2024-keeping-continent-second-fastest-growing-region-world-african-development-banks-economic-outlook-71384}}</ref> Har ila yau, yankin ya fuskanci ci gaba cikin sauri a fannin yawon bude ido ta inda kasashen [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] da [[Kenya]] suke kan gaba ta fannin yawon bude ido saboda wuraren shakatawa na safari. [[Nairobi]] da [[Addis Ababa]] sune manyan cibiyoyin hada-hadar kudi a Gabashin Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2024 |title=Financial hub |url=https://nifc.ke/why-nairobi/ |access-date=2025-06-14 |archive-date=2024-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915225242/https://nifc.ke/why-nairobi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Itofiya|Habasha]] da Kenya suna da kashi 55% na GDP na Gabashin [[Afirka]]. Gabashin Afirka yana da kashi 18% na GDP na [[Afirka]]. [[Fayil:Hargaysa3.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|Somaliland gabashin Afirka]] [[Fayil:Addis_in_night.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|Addis Ababa]] == GDP PPP == === GDP Ikon Daidaiton Ciniki === Habasha da Kenya suna alfahari da mafi girman GDP PPP a Gabashin Afirka kuma suna alfahari 46% na tattalin arzikin Gabashin Afirka. {| class="wikitable sortable" !A'a. !Kasar !GDP (PPP) |- |1 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg|20x20px]] Habasha |434.44 |- |2 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Kenya.svg|20x20px]] Kenya |375.36 |- |3 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Tanzania.svg|20x20px]] Tanzania |269.67 |- |4 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Uganda.svg|20x20px]] Uganda |170.61 |- |5 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Sudan.svg|20x20px]] Sudan |123.48 |- |6 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Madagascar.svg|20x20px]] Madagascar |60.88 |- |7 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Rwanda.svg|20x20px]] Rwanda |51.92 |- |8 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Mauritius.svg|20x20px]] Mauritius |40.43 |- |9 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Somalia.svg|20x20px]] Somaliya |30.43 |- |10 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Burundi.svg|20x20px]] Burundi |13.17 |- |11 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg|20x20px]] Sudan ta Kudu |11.79 |- |12 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Seychelles.svg|20x20px]] Seychelles |4.14 |- |13 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Comoros.svg|20x20px]] Comoros |3.44 |- |14 |Jimillar |1,589.86 |- |15 |Eritrea |Babu bayanai |} == Gdp Mai suna == [[Kenya]] ita ce tattalin arziki mafi girma a [[Gabashin Afirka]] tare da GDP na dala biliyan 131 a shekarar 2025.[[Kenya]] da [[Itofiya|Habasha]] suna da kashi 26% da 23% na GDP na yankin Gabashin Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2024 |title=East Africa by gdp |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPD@WEO/AFQ/KEN/MWI/MDG/MUS/RWA/SYC/SOM/SDN/TZA/SSD/UGA/ZMB/ZWE/DJI/ERI/ETH/BDI/MOZ?year=2025}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" !Matsayi !Kasar !GDP (Biliyan USD) !Raba |- | - |Gabashin Afirka |511.96 | |- |1 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Kenya.svg|25x25px]] Kenya |131.67 |25.72% |- |2 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg|25x25px]] Habasha |117.46 |22.94% |- |3 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Tanzania.svg|25x25px]] Tanzania |85.98 |16.79% |- |4 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Uganda.svg|25x25px]] Uganda |64.28 |12.56% |- |5 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Sudan.svg|25x25px]] Sudan |31.51 |6.15% |- |6 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Madagascar.svg|25x25px]] Madagascar |18.71 |3.65% |- |7 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Mauritius.svg|25x25px]] Mauritius |15.5 |3.03% |- |8 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Rwanda.svg|25x25px]] Rwanda |14.77 |2.88% |- |9 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Somalia.svg|25x25px]] Somaliya |12.99 |2.54% |- |10 |{{Flag|Somaliland}} |7.55 | |- |11 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Burundi.svg|25x25px]] Burundi |6.75 |1.32% |- |12 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Djibouti.svg|25x25px]] Djibouti |4.59 |0.90% |- |13 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg|25x25px]] Sudan ta Kudu, Jamhuriyar |4 |0.78% |- |14 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Seychelles.svg|25x25px]] Seychelles |2.2 |0.43% |- |15 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Comoros.svg|25x25px]] Comoros |1.55 |0.30% |} == Ci gaban GDP na ainihi == Gabashin Afirka shine yankin da ya fi girma a Afirka. [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]], [[Itofiya|Habasha]], [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]] suna alfahari da wasu ci gaban tattalin arziki mafi sauri a yankin.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2024 |title=Real gdp growth |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDP_RPCH@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD/BDI/COM/DJI/ETH/ERI/KEN/MWI/MDG/MUS/MOZ/SYC/SOM/SSD/SDN/TZA/UGA?year=2024}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Kasashen Gabashin Afirka ta hanyar Real GDP Girma !A'a. !Kasar da Flag !Real GDP girma (a cikin biliyoyin USD) |- |1 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Rwanda.svg|30x30px]] [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] |6.9 |- |2 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Djibouti.svg|30x30px]] [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]] |6.5 |- |3 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg|30x30px]] [[Itofiya|Habasha]] |6.2 |- |4 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg|30x30px]] [[Sudan ta Kudu]] |5.6 |- |5 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Uganda.svg|30x30px]] [[Uganda]] |5.6 |- |6 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Tanzania.svg|30x30px]] [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] |5.5 |- |7 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Kenya.svg|30x30px]] [[Kenya]] |5.0 |- |8 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Mauritius.svg|30x30px]] [[Moris|Mauritius]] |4.9 |- |9 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Burundi.svg|30x30px]] [[Burundi]] |4.3 |- |10 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Somalia.svg|30x30px]] [[Somaliya]] |3.7 |- |11 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Comoros.svg|30x30px]] [[Komoros|Comoros]] |3.5 |- |12 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Seychelles.svg|30x30px]] [[Seychelles]] |3.2 |- |13 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Eritrea.svg|30x30px]] [[Eritrea]] |Babu bayanai |- |14 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Sudan.svg|30x30px]] [[Sudan]] | -4.2 |} == Kowane mutum PPP == {| class="wikitable sortable" |+GDP ta kowace Capita (Sunan) ta ƙasa !A'a. !Kasar !Ga kowane mutum (USD) |- |1 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Seychelles.svg|20x20px]] Seychelles |41,080 |- |2 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Mauritius.svg|20x20px]] Mauritius |32,060 |- |3 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Djibouti.svg|20x20px]] Djibouti |8,600 |- |4 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Kenya.svg|20x20px]] Kenya |7,160 |- |5 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Tanzania.svg|20x20px]] Tanzania |4,130 |- |6 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg|20x20px]] Habasha |4,050 |- |7 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Comoros.svg|20x20px]] Comoros |3,860 |- |8 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Rwanda.svg|20x20px]] Rwanda |3,750 |- |9 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Uganda.svg|20x20px]] Uganda |3,640 |- |10 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Sudan.svg|20x20px]] Sudan |2,510 |- |11 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Madagascar.svg|20x20px]] Madagascar |1,990 |- |12 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Somalia.svg|20x20px]] Somaliya |1,840 |- |13 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Burundi.svg|20x20px]] Burundi |986 |- |14 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg|20x20px]] Jamhuriyar Sudan ta Kudu |763 |- |15 |Matsakaicin |3,930 |} == GDP ta kowane mutum == [[Seychelles]] da [[Moris|Mauritius]] sune kasashe mafi arziki a Gabashin Afirka ta hanyar mutum, sannan Djibouti da Kenya bi da bi. [[Burundi]] da [[Sudan ta Kudu]] sune mafi talauci a Gabashin Afirka da kuma duniya. Kasashe 6 ne kawai daga cikin kasashe 14 ke da GDP a kowace Capita kasa da $ 1,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=East Africa gdp per Capita |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPDPC@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD?year=2024}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |+GDP (PPP) ta ƙasa !A'a. !Kasar !GDP Per Capita (a cikin USD) |- |1 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Seychelles.svg|20x20px]] Seychelles |21,290.00 |- |2 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Mauritius.svg|20x20px]] Mauritius |12,600.00 |- |3 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Djibouti.svg|20x20px]] Djibouti |4,150.00 |- |4 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Kenya.svg|20x20px]] Kenya |2,220.00 |- |5 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Comoros.svg|20x20px]] Comoros |1,630.00 |- |6 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg|20x20px]] Habasha |1,350.00 |- |7 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Tanzania.svg|20x20px]] Tanzania |1,220.00 |- |8 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Uganda.svg|20x20px]] Uganda |1,190.00 |- |9 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Rwanda.svg|20x20px]] Rwanda |985.99 |- |10 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Somalia.svg|20x20px]] Somaliya |771.45 |- |11 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Sudan.svg|20x20px]] Sudan |606.29 |- |12 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Madagascar.svg|20x20px]] Madagascar |562.59 |- |13 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg|20x20px]] Sudan ta Kudu |340.99 |- |14 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Burundi.svg|20x20px]] Burundi |320.64 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !1,157 |} == Biyan Gwamnati == Kusan dukkanin kasashen Gabashin Afirka suna da bashin gwamnati ga kashi na GDP sama da 50%. [[Sudan]] tana da mafi girma (344%), sau 4 ya fi ƙasa ta biyu. Wannan ya faru ne saboda [[Rikicin Sudan, 2023|yakin basasa]] da ke gudana. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Biyan GDP na Ƙasashen Afirka da aka Zaɓa !A'a. !Kasar !Biyan GDP (%) |- |1 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Sudan.svg|30x30px]] Sudan |344.4 |- |2 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Mauritius.svg|30x30px]] Mauritius |80.1 |- |3 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Kenya.svg|30x30px]] Kenya |69.9 |- |4 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Burundi.svg|30x30px]] Burundi |86.8 |- |5 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Rwanda.svg|30x30px]] Rwanda |71.4 |- |6 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Seychelles.svg|30x30px]] Seychelles |58.4 |- |7 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Djibouti.svg|30x30px]] Djibouti |32.7 |- |8 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Madagascar.svg|30x30px]] Madagascar |55.5 |- |9 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Uganda.svg|30x30px]] Uganda |51.4 |- |10 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg|30x30px]] Sudan ta Kudu, Jamhuriyar |56.9 |- |11 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Tanzania.svg|30x30px]] Tanzania |47.3 |- |12 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Comoros.svg|30x30px]] Comoros |34.9 |- |13 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg|30x30px]] Habasha |33.6 |- |14 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Eritrea.svg|30x30px]] Eritrea |babu bayanai |- |15 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Somalia.svg|30x30px]] Somaliya |babu bayanai |- |15 |Gabashin Afirka |69.00 |} == Balance na Asusun Aiki na Yanzu == Djibouti da Sudan ta Kudu suna da ma'auni mafi girma, yayin da Kenya da Habasha suna da mafi ƙarancin ma'aunin asusun.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2024 |title=Account Balance |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/BCA@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD/SYC?year=2024}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Bayanan Asusun Kasashen Gabashin Afirka !# !Kasar !Daidaitaccen Asusun |- |1 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Djibouti.svg|20x20px]] Djibouti |0.344 |- |2 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg|20x20px]] Sudan ta Kudu, Jamhuriyar |0.259 |- |3 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Comoros.svg|20x20px]] Comoros | -0.082 |- |4 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Seychelles.svg|20x20px]] Seychelles | -0.815 |- |5 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Mauritius.svg|20x20px]] Mauritius | -0.96 |- |6 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Burundi.svg|20x20px]] Burundi | -0.539 |- |7 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Madagascar.svg|20x20px]] Madagascar | -1.046 |- |8 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Rwanda.svg|20x20px]] Rwanda | -1.443 |- |9 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Somalia.svg|20x20px]] Somaliya | -1.828 |- |10 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Tanzania.svg|20x20px]] Tanzania | -2.74 |- |11 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Sudan.svg|20x20px]] Sudan | -3.125 |- |12 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Uganda.svg|20x20px]] Uganda | -3.616 |- |13 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Kenya.svg|20x20px]] Kenya | -5.584 |- |14 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg|20x20px]] Habasha | -5.247 |- |15 |Eritrea |babu bayanai |} == Manyan cibiyoyin tattalin arziki na Gabashin Afirka == Gabashin Afirka na dauke da wasu manyan cibiyoyin tattalin arziki da ke taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bunkasa tattalin arzikin yankin gaba daya. Ga wasu daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin tattalin arzikin: === Nairobi, Kenya === Nairobi ita ce cibiyar tattalin arzikin Gabashin Afirka, kuma tana zama cibiyar hada-hadar kudi ta yankin, inda manyan kamfanoni da bankuna ke da hedikwata. Gagarumin ci gaban da ta samu a bangaren gine-gine da fasahar zamani na taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bunkasa harkokin kasuwanci da kirkire-kirkire a yankin. === Addis Ababa, Habasha === Addis Ababa tana taka rawa sosai a tattalin arzikin Gabashin Afirka a matsayin cibiyar kasuwanci da hada-hadar kaya. Matsayinta na tsakiyar wuri da shirye-shiryen ci gaban tattalin arziki na taimakawa wajen hadin kan tattalin arziki da jawo jarin kasashen waje a yankin. === Dar es Salaam, Tanzaniya === Dar es Salaam na da matukar muhimmanci a tattalin arzikin yankin saboda ita ce birni mafi girma da tashar jiragen ruwa ta farko a Tanzaniya. Tana zama muhimmin wurin da ake shigo da kaya da fitar da su daga yankin, wanda ke taimakawa wajen bunkasa kasuwanci da tattalin arziki. === Kampala, Uganda === Kampala na taimakawa tattalin arzikin Gabashin Afirka ta hanyar harkokin kasuwanci da masana'antu masu yawa. Bunkasuwarta a fannonin noma, masana’antu da ayyukan hidima na karfafa cinikayya da zuba jari a fadin yankin. === Mombasa, Kenya === Mombasa na da matukar muhimmanci a fannin tattalin arzikin Gabashin Afirka a matsayin wata babbar tashar jiragen ruwa da ke saukaka harkokin cinikayyar ruwa. Tattalin arzikinta yana dogara da jigilar kaya, yawon bude ido da noma, wanda ke da tasiri sosai ga harkokin cinikayya a cikin al’ummar Gabashin Afirka. Ita ce ke da mafi girman tasha a Gabashin Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mombasa port |url=https://www.globaltrademag.com/5-major-ports-in-africa-that-are-strengthening-african-trade/ |year=2024}}</ref> == Yawan mutane == {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ ! # !! Ƙasa !! Mutane (miliyan)<ref>{{Cite web |title=East Africa Population |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/LP@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD/BDI/COM/DJI/ERI/ETH/KEN/MDG/MUS/RWA/SYC/SOM/SSD/SDN/TZA/UGA?year=2024 |year=2024}}</ref> |- | 1 || [[File:Flag of Ethiopia.svg|23px]] [[Ethiopia]] || 107.4 |- | 2 || [[File:Flag of Tanzania.svg|23px]] [[Tanzania]] || 65.23 |- | 3 || [[File:Flag of Kenya.svg|23px]] [[Kenya]] || 52.44 |- | 4 || [[File:Flag of Sudan.svg|23px]] [[Sudan]] || 49.14 |- | 5 || [[File:Flag of Uganda.svg|23px]] [[Uganda]] || 46.85 |- | 6 || [[File:Flag of Madagascar.svg|23px]] [[Madagascar]] || 30.59 |- | 7 || [[File:Flag of Somalia.svg|23px]] [[Somalia]] || 16.5 |- | 8 || [[File:Flag of South Sudan.svg|23px]] [[South Sudan]] || 15.45 |- | 9 || [[File:Flag of Rwanda.svg|23px]] [[Rwanda]] || 13.86 |- | 10 || [[File:Flag of Burundi.svg|23px]] [[Burundi]] || 13.37 |- | 11 || [[File:Flag of Mauritius.svg|23px]] [[Mauritius]] || 1.26 |- | 12 || [[File:Flag of Djibouti.svg|23px]] [[Djibouti]] || 1.04 |- | 13 || [[File:Flag of Comoros.svg|23px]] [[Comoros]] || 1.03 |- | 14 || [[File:Flag of Seychelles.svg|23px]] [[Seychelles]] || 0.1 |- ! | # || [[Gabashin Afirka]] || 424.26 |} == Adadin hauhawar farashi == Sudan ce ke da mafi munin hauhawar farashi saboda yakin basasa da ke gudana a kasar, yayin da Kudancin Sudan ke fama da matsalolin tattalin arziki sakamakon raguwar kudaden shiga daga man fetur da kuma faduwar darajar kudin kasar. Ko da yake mafi yawan kasashen Gabashin Afirka na murmurewa daga hauhawar farashi, Sudan da Kudancin Sudan na fuskantar matsanancin hauhawar farashi (hyperinflation).<ref>{{Cite web |title=EA inflation rate |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/PCPIPCH@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD/BDI/COM/DJI/ERI/ETH/KEN/MDG/MUS/RWA/SYC/SOM/SSD/SDN/TZA/UGA?year=2024}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Teburin Bayanai Kan Hauhawar Farashi |- ! Lamba !! Kasa !! Bayanai na Oktoba !! Bayanai na Afrilu |- | 1 || [[File:Flag of Sudan.svg|20px]] Sudan || <span style="font-size:120%; color:red;">▲</span> 200.1 || 145.5 |- | 2 || [[File:Flag of South Sudan.svg|20px]] Jamhuriyar Kudancin Sudan || <span style="font-size:120%; color:red;">▲</span> 120.6 || 54.8 |- | 3 || [[File:Flag of Ethiopia.svg|20px]] Habasha (Ethiopia) || <span style="font-size:120%; color:green;">▼</span> 23.9 || 25.6 |- | 4 || [[File:Flag of Burundi.svg|20px]] Burundi || <span style="font-size:120%; color:green;">▼</span> 20 || 22 |- | 5 || [[File:Flag of Madagascar.svg|20px]] Madagascar || <span style="font-size:120%; color:green;">▼</span> 7.4 || 7.8 |- | 6 || [[File:Flag of Kenya.svg|20px]] Kenya || <span style="font-size:120%; color:green;">▼</span> 5.1 || 6.6 |- | 7 || [[File:Flag of Rwanda.svg|20px]] Rwanda || <span style="font-size:120%; color:green;">▼</span> 4.9 || 5.8 |- | 8 || [[File:Flag of Mauritius.svg|20px]] Mauritius || <span style="font-size:120%; color:green;">▼</span> 3.5 || 4.9 |- | 9 || [[File:Flag of Somalia.svg|20px]] Somalia || <span style="font-size:120%; color:red;">▲</span> 5 || 4.8 |- | 10 || [[File:Flag of Tanzania.svg|20px]] Tanzaniya || <span style="font-size:120%; color:green;">▼</span> 3.2 || 4 |- | 11 || [[File:Flag of Uganda.svg|20px]] Yuganda || <span style="font-size:120%; color:green;">▼</span> 3.5 || 3.8 |- | 12 || [[File:Flag of Comoros.svg|20px]] Kwamoras || <span style="font-size:120%; color:red;">▲</span> 4 || 2 |- | 13 || [[File:Flag of Djibouti.svg|20px]] Jibuti || <span style="font-size:120%; color:green;">▼</span> 1.4 || 1.8 |- | 14 || [[File:Flag of Seychelles.svg|20px]] Seychelles || <span style="font-size:120%; color:red;">▲</span> 0.8 || -0.2 |- | 15 || Matsakaici || <span style="font-size:120%; color:red;">▲</span> 27.07 || 20.66 |} == Kungiyoyin kwadago na kasashe daban-daban a Gabashin Afirka == # Kasuwar Bai daya ta Gabashin da Kudancin Afirka (COMESA) – COMESA kungiya ce ta tattalin arziki wadda ke da nufin karfafa hadin gwiwa tsakanin kasashe mambobi, ciki har da shirye-shiryen da suka shafi kwadago da cinikayya.<ref name="Ituc-africa.org">{{Cite web |title=Comesa |url=https://www.ituc-africa.org |year=2024}}</ref> # Hadaddiyar Kungiyar Kwadago ta Gabashin Afirka (EATUC) – EATUC na wakiltar kungiyoyin kwadago daga kasashen Gabashin Afirka, tana kare hakkin ma'aikata da kuma inganta hadin kai na yankin. # Hadaddiyar Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya (ITUC) – ITUC kungiya ce ta duniya da ke dauke da kungiyoyin kwadago daga Gabashin Afirka, tana kuma magance matsalolin kwadago na kasashe da ke makwabtaka da juna.<ref name="Ituc-africa.org" /> == Manazarta == dx3p3ycoo6xu1zprk4q0e0hjn9t01q2 0 103019 874149 652981 2026-07-02T08:18:12Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 874149 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} An yi '''yakin jigjiga''' a ranar 5 ga Maris, 1900 tsakanin daular Habasha da kungiyar Derwish . Dakarun Darwish karkashin jagorancin Sayyid Muḥammad bn Abdallah Hassan sun kai farmaki kan wani sansanin soji da ke birnin Jigjiga na kasar Somaliya a yankin Ogaden da nufin kwato dabbobin da sojojin Abyssiyan suka wawashe daga wurin mutanen yankin. Wannan arangama ta kasance babban yakin farko na yunkurin Dervish da kuma bude yakin da aka kwashe shekaru goma ana yi da Daular Habasha. Yakin ya girgiza mutanen Habasha matuka, kuma ya sanya suka gudanar da ayyukan soji na hadin gwiwa da [[daular Biritaniya]] da Daular Burtaniya a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=BeaureGard |first=Erving E. |date=1976 |title=Menelik II: Another Look |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24520234 |journal=Transafrican Journal of History |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=21–31 |issn=0251-0391 |quote=In 1900 his daring attack on the new Ethiopian fort at Jijiga greatly shook the Ethiopians. Large scale Anglo-Ethiopian operations in 1901 against the dervish followers of the Poor Man of God accomplished little.}}</ref> == Baya akan yaƙi == A tsakanin shekarar 1890 zuwa 1899, Sarkin Habasha Menelik na biyu ya fara kaddamar da hare-haren wuce gona da iri kan al'ummar Somalia na yankin Ogaden . An kai hari musamman ga iyalan Somaliya da ke zaune a filayen jigjiga . Yawaitar hare-hare da tashin hankalin da ake yi ya haifar da cewa Somaliyan sun dunkule bayan Harkar Darwish karkashin jagorancin Sayyid Mohamed Abdullah Hassan . A karshen shekara ta 1899, Dervishes suka fara kwasar ganima ga ayarin Habashawa da ke ratsa yankin Ogaden. A mayar da martani, Abyssiniyawa sun aika da wani balaguro don magance su. Yayin da daular Habasha ta fara fadada yankunan Somaliya a farkon shekarun 1890, Jigjiga ta kasance karkashin mamayar sojoji na wucin gadi har zuwa 1900. A farkon wannan shekara, sojojin Abyssiniya sun mamaye garin kuma sun kammala ginin katanga. Tawagar Habasha dauke da makamai a karkashin jagorancin Grazmatch Bante ta kasa gano mutanen Sayyid don haka sai suka wawashe mutanen Somaliyawa suka koma Jigajiya, inda suka gina wata katuwar zariba da suka ajiye dabbobin da aka wawashe. Masu wadannan dabbobin sun yi kira ga Sayyid da ya kawo musu dauki, kuma a martanin sayyid ya tattara sojoji 6,000 daga kabilun Somaliya da na Oromowa musulmi don kai wa Zariba Abyssiniya hari a Jigjiga. Sojojin Somaliya sun ƙunshi dangin Dhulbahante, Habar Yoonis da Habr Je'lo . Dabarar Sayyid da ta yi kama da na [[Muhammad Ahmad|Mahdin Sudan]] ta samu nasara, duk da cewa an yi masa mummunar barna, shi da darwijinsa suka afkawa zeriba suka mayar da duk dabbobin da aka wawashe. Habashan dai sun yi iƙirarin cewa yaƙin ya kasance nasara ce mai sauƙi da ta ɗauki tsawon mintuna kaɗan. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2005 |title=Local history of Ethiopia |url=https://nai.uu.se/download/18.39fca04516faedec8b248dfb/1580829012458/ORTJI05.pdf |website=The Nordic Africa institute library |page=5}}</ref> Wa]annan ikirari ne mataimakiyar Majalisar Biritaniya da ke [[Harar]], mai tazarar mil 40 daga gabas da Jigjiga, ta yi tambaya: <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Hess |first=Robert L. |date=1964 |title=The 'Mad Mullah' and Northern Somalia |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/179976 |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=415–433 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700005107 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=179976 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><blockquote class="templatequote">''"Abisiniyawa, da alama suna tsoron Somaliyawa sosai. Ban taba ganin mutane suna tsoro kamar yanzu ba; sun ba wa yaran bindigogi don nuna cewa suna da sojoji a nan."''</blockquote>Duk da wannan fargabar, sojojin Derwish ba su matsa kaimi wajen kaddamar da hari a [[Harar]] ba, a maimakon haka suka koma su mamaye yankin na Ogaden. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Hess |first=Robert L. |date=1964 |title=The 'Mad Mullah' and Northern Somalia |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/179976 |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=415–433 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700005107 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=179976 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHess1964">Hess, Robert L. (1964). </cite></ref> === Abubuwan da suka faru === Kiyasin wadanda suka mutu a lokacin yakin ya sha banban sosai. Dervishes sun sami asarar rayuka 170 tare da jikkata wasu da dama. Wasu rahotanni sun nuna cewa sama da mutane 2500 ne suka mutu. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2005 |title=Local history of Ethiopia |url=https://nai.uu.se/download/18.39fca04516faedec8b248dfb/1580829012458/ORTJI05.pdf |website=The Nordic Africa institute library |page=5}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://nai.uu.se/download/18.39fca04516faedec8b248dfb/1580829012458/ORTJI05.pdf "Local history of Ethiopia"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref> ‘Yan Habashan sun yi ikirarin kashe sojojin Derwish 2,800 a lokacin yakin, amma a cewar Farfesan Tarihi na Afirka Raphael Chijioke Njoku, gaskiyar adadin wadanda aka ruwaito sun mutu na da shakku. == Legacy da kuma bayansa == Bangarorin biyu sun yi ikirarin samun nasara bayan yakin. Ko da yake sun sha wahala sosai a lokacin harin, Dervishes sun cimma burinsu na mayar da duk dabbobin da Abyssiniyawa suka kwace. Yaƙin ya 'kafa ba tare da shakka ba' cewa Derwish yanzu sun zama ƙarfin da za a iya la'akari da su. Duk da hasarar da aka yi yakin bai yi wani abu da ya rage kimar Muhammad bn Abdallah Hassan ba a tsakanin iyalan Somaliya. Bayan wannan hul]a, Sayyid ya zama hamshakin }warai a duk yankin Ogaden, kuma ya samu matsayi mai girma a tsakanin musulmin da suka ]auka Negus na Abyssinia makiyinsu na bai daya. Bayan wannan nasara da aka samu, Derwish suka fara kai farmaki kan dangin Mahmuhd Zubeyr da Aidgalle na yankin Ogaden. Bayan farmakin, harkar ta zama matsala ta duniya. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Hess |first=Robert L. |date=1964 |title=The 'Mad Mullah' and Northern Somalia |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/179976 |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=415–433 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700005107 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=179976 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHess1964">Hess, Robert L. (1964). </cite></ref> Yakin ya sanya hukumomin mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya suka fahimci tsananin barazanar Derwish. Girgiza kai da kuma fahimtar da sabuwar barazanar, Habashawa sun ba da shawarar hadin gwiwar sojojin Birtaniya da na Abyssiniya a kan Derwish. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=BeaureGard |first=Erving E. |date=1976 |title=Menelik II: Another Look |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24520234 |journal=Transafrican Journal of History |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=21–31 |issn=0251-0391 |quote=In 1900 his daring attack on the new Ethiopian fort at Jijiga greatly shook the Ethiopians. Large scale Anglo-Ethiopian operations in 1901 against the dervish followers of the Poor Man of God accomplished little.}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBeaureGard1976">BeaureGard, Erving E. (1976). </cite></ref> == Magana == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] == Background and battle == A tsakanin shekarar 1890 zuwa 1899, Sarkin Habasha Menelik na biyu ya fara kaddamar da hare-haren da ya wuce gona da iri kan al'ummar Somalia na yankin Ogaden . Yawaitan hare-haren da kuma tashin hankalin da aka tsinci kai a ciki, ya sa Somaliyawa suka dunkule bayan guri ɗaya a Darwish karkashin jagorancin Sayyid Mohamed Abdullah Hassan . Dangane da haka ne Abyssiniyawa suka aika da wata runduna don magance su. A farkon wannan shekara, sojojin Abyssiniya sun mamaye garin kuma sun kammala gina katanga. Mamallaka dukiyanda mazauna yankin sun yi kira ga Sayyid da ya kawo musu dauki, kuma a martanin sayyid ya tattara sojoji 6,000 daga kabilun Somaliya da Oromon Musulmi don kai wa Zariba na Abyssiniya hari a Jigjiga. cdt35zzb06j35gzswmgkb9t1ppoxat2 0 103627 873585 740275 2026-07-01T12:07:54Z Ummeeterh 31568 /* */ 873585 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ana amfani da haruffa na makafi da yawa a [[Najeriya]]. Ga [[Turanci]], an karɓi [[Unified English Braille|Rubutun Makafi na Turanci]]. An rubuta wasu harsuna uku a cikin makafi: [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]], [[Harshen Ibo|Ibo]], da [[Yarbanci|Yoruba]]. Dukkanin haruffa uku sun dogara ne akan karatun [[Ingilishi]], tare da ƙara takamaiman [[wasika]] ga waɗannan harsuna. [[Punctuation]] yana kamar yadda yake a cikin [[Turanci]] [[Braille]] . Harafin waɗannan harsuna bayan haruffa na Latin sune kamar haka: == Rubutun makafi na Hausa == {{Infobox writing system|name=Hausa Braille|fam2=[[English Braille]]}} Hausa ya hada da {| class="wikitable" style="line-height: 1.2" |- align="center" |kw <br /> |sh <br /> |ts <br /> |ɗ <br /> |} ''d'' Turanci ''q, sh, st, ed'' (na biyu na duniya), da haruffa uku da aka samo: {| class="wikitable" style="line-height: 1.2" |- align="center" !Harafin asali: |b <br /> |k <br /> |da kuma <br /> |- align="center" !Harafin da aka samo: |ɓ <br /> |ƙ <br /> |Yana da ƙira <br /> |} Ana iya rubuta [[Hausa]] a cikin makafi a [[Nijar]], tun lokacin da [[Ethnologue]] 17 ya ba da rahoton cewa an rubuta [[Zarma]] a cikin makafa a wannan ƙasar. Koyaya, wannan ba yana nufin yana amfani da haruffa iri ɗaya kamar [[Hausa]] na [[Najeriya]] ba. == Ibrananci na Igbo == {{Infobox writing system|name=Igbo Braille|altname=|type=alphabet|typedesc=|time=|languages=[[Igbo language|Igbo]]|fam1=[[Braille]]|fam2=[[English Braille]]|print=[[Igbo alphabet]]|creator=|sample=|image size=}} Ibo Braille yana da {| class="wikitable" style="line-height: 1.2" |- align="center" |kw <br /> |ch <br /> |gh <br /> |sh <br /> |} daga Turanci ''q, ch, gh, sh,'' da sauran haruffa shida tare da dabi'un kasa da kasa / Afirka: {| class="wikitable" style="line-height: 1.2" |- align="center" !Harafin asali: |b <br /> |da kuma <br /> |i <br /> |o <br /> |u <br /> |- align="center" !Wasika mai tsawo: |gb <br /> |ẹkenam <br /> |ị <br /> |shi ne <br /> |ụta <br /> |ŋ <br /> |} (Dubi Ewe [[Braille]] da [[Kabiye Braille]] don irin wannan aikin lambar.) == Yoruba rubutun makafi == {{Infobox writing system|name=Yoruba Braille|altname=|type=alphabet|typedesc=|time=|languages=[[Yoruba language|Yoruba]]|fam1=[[Braille]]|fam2=[[English Braille]]|print=[[Yoruba alphabet]]|creator=|sample=|image size=}} Yoruba Braille kuma yana da {| class="wikitable" style="line-height: 1.2" |- align="center" |kw <br /> |ṣ <br /> |} (daga Turanci ''q, sh''), da haruffa uku da aka samo: {| class="wikitable" style="line-height: 1.2" |- align="center" !Harafin asali: |b <br /> |da kuma <br /> |o <br /> |- align="center" !Harafin da aka samo: |gb <br /> |ẹkenam <br /> |shi ne <br /> |} Ayyukan wasula suna bin tarurruka na kasa da kasa. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Hausa]] 7i6l9nsidsa4pdzd1qewvegvnydh8gz 0 103908 873806 676210 2026-07-01T20:47:56Z Habibah A Jisambo 26434 873806 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tsarin Tsarin Zaman Lafiya da Tsaro na Afirka''' (APSA) ya ƙunshi manyan kayan aiki guda uku na rigakafin rikice-rikice. sarrafa rikice-rikice da gina zaman lafiya na Tarayyar Afirka (AU), Ƙungiyoyin [[Tattalin arziki|Tattalin Arziƙi]] na Yanki (RECs) da kuma Tsarin Yanki (RMs). == Fage. == APSA ta samo asali ne a ƙarshen 1990s, lokacin da nahiyar [[Afirka]] ta fuskanci munanan rikice-rikice kamar yakin basasa a Somaliya, wanda ke gudana tun 1991, da [[Kisan ƙare dangi na Rwandan|kisan kare dangi a Rwanda]] 1994. A sa'i daya kuma, dokokin kungiyar hadin kan Afirka (OAU) ba su ba da damar tsoma baki cikin harkokin cikin gidan wata kasa ba. Domin samun damar shiga tsakani a cikin yanayi na take hakkin dan adam, kasashe mambobin kungiyar OAU sun yanke shawarar kafa [[Tarayyar Afrika|kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka (AU)]] a shekara ta 2002. Bayan shekaru biyu, an ɗauki shawarar kafa APSA. Sa hannun daftarin aiki na AU <ref>{{Cite web |title=Constitutive Act of the African Union 2000 |url=http://www.au.int/en/sites/default/files/ConstitutiveAct_EN.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706133134/http://www.au.int/en/sites/default/files/ConstitutiveAct_EN.pdf |archive-date=2013-07-06 |access-date=2016-02-15}}</ref> ya nuna sauyin yanayin dangantakar da ke tsakaninta da Afirka. Mataki na 4 (h) da (j) na kundin tsarin mulki ya bai wa kasashe mambobin AU damar shiga cikin kasa ta uku ko da ba tare da yardar gwamnati ba idan aka aikata laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama, kamar [[Laifin Yaƙi|laifukan yaki]] da [[Kisan kiyashi|kisan kare dangi]] . Don haka, dokar kafa ta AU ita ce yarjejeniya ta farko a karkashin dokokin kasa da kasa, wadda ta hada da 'yancin shiga tsakani ta hanyar soji a kasa ta uku bisa dalilan jin kai, wanda a yau ake kira da taimakon agaji . Wannan sauye-sauye na al'ada ya karu lokacin da ka'idar kafa [[Majalisar Zaman Lafiya da Tsaro|kwamitin zaman lafiya da tsaro]] (PSC) na AU ta fara aiki a ranar 26 ga Disamba, 2003. Yarjejeniyar ta ayyana babban ajanda don zaman lafiya da tsaro, gami da abubuwan tsakiya kamar rigakafin rikice-rikice, faɗakarwa da wuri, diflomasiya na rigakafi, sarrafa rikice-rikice, samar da zaman lafiya da gina zaman lafiya gami da tallafawa da haɓaka manufofin dimokiradiyya, ayyukan jin kai da sarrafa rikice-rikice . Saboda haka, ana iya ganin ƙa'idar kafa PSC a matsayin tushen APSA. Manufar APSA ce ta samar da AU, RECs da RMs tare da duk kayan aikin da ake bukata don cika ayyuka da umarni da suka shafi kundin tsarin AU da ka'idojin kafa PSC. == Tsarin. == Tsarin APSA ya dogara ne akan ƙa'idar da ta shafi kafa kwamitin zaman lafiya da tsaro na Tarayyar Afirka (PSC Protocol, 2002). Mataki na 2 ya ba da sunayen ginshiƙan ginshiƙan APSA guda biyar masu zuwa, waɗanda suka haɗa da cibiyoyi da matakai na yanke shawara: - Majalisar Zaman Lafiya da Tsaro (PSC), wacce ita ce babbar ƙungiyar AU - the Panel of the Wise (PoW) - the Continental Early Warning System (CEWS) - the African Standby Force (ASF) - the Peace Fund Kungiyar AU ta yi ikrarin cewa aikinta a fannin zaman lafiya da tsaro ya dace ga daukacin nahiyar Afirka. Baya ga wannan, Ƙungiyoyin Tattalin Arziƙi na Yanki da yawa (RECs) da Tsarin Yanki (RMs) wani ɓangare ne na APSA. Haɗin gwiwar tsakanin RECs da AU ana gudanar da su ne bisa ka'idodin haɗin kai, na haɓakawa da fa'idodin kwatancen. An yi niyyar aiwatar da kayan aikin APSA na ƙarshe har zuwa ƙarshen 2015. Koyaya, matsayin kayan aikin ya bambanta da ƙarfi dangane da kowane kayan kida da ƙungiya. == Taimakon Ƙasashen Duniya. == APSA ta dogara sosai akan hanyoyin waje na kuɗi. A shekarar 2015, kashi 95 cikin 100 na kasafin kudin kungiyar AU, abokan hulda ne na waje (EU, kasashe mambobin EU, Japan da Sin). A cikin 2016, an kiyasta kudaden waje zuwa kashi 52% na kasafin kudin; duk da haka, ba a san cikakken shirin kasafin ba tukuna. <ref>{{Cite web |title=African Union Executive Council 26th Ordinary Session |url=http://www.au.int/en/sites/default/files/decisions/9666-ex_cl_dec_851_-_872_xxvi_e.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305185920/http://www.au.int/en/sites/default/files/decisions/9666-ex_cl_dec_851_-_872_xxvi_e.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-05 |access-date=2016-02-15}}</ref> == Kalubale == An kimanta ta • Ƙimar APSA ta 2010 • 2015 APSA Tantance == Suka == • dogaro mai ƙarfi akan hanyoyin samun kuɗi na waje == Duba kuma == [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]] [[Majalisar Zaman Lafiya da Tsaro|Kwamitin zaman lafiya da tsaro]] [[Ƙungiyar Larabawa ta Maghreb|Arab Magrib Union]] [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|Kungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Kasashen Yammacin Afirka]] [[Kungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasar Afirka ta Tsakiya|Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasar Afirka ta Tsakiya]] [[Al'ummar Gabashin Afirka]] [[Ƙungiyar Ci Gaban Kudancin Afirka|Ƙungiyar Cigaban Afirka ta Kudu]] == Adabi == * Ulf Engel, João Gomes Porto (Ed.): Sabon Tsarin Zaman Lafiya da Tsaro na Afirka. Haɓaka Ka'idoji, Ƙaddamar da Magani. Ashgate, Farnham 2010. * Ulf Engel, João Gomes Porto (Ed.): Zuwa Tsarin Zaman Lafiya da Tsaro na Afirka. Ashgate, Farnham 2013. * Tarayyar Turai (Ed.): Tsarin Zaman Lafiya da Tsaro na Afirka: Har yanzu ana kan gini. Brussels 2014. * Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (Hrsg.): Tsarin Zaman Lafiya da Tsaro na Afirka. Littafin Jagora. Addis Ababa 2014. == Magana == t5bvyqupv3wro7o0i1zbn3m8ch89vbk 873808 873806 2026-07-01T20:49:36Z Habibah A Jisambo 26434 873808 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tsarin Tsarin Zaman Lafiya da Tsaro na Afirka''' (APSA) ya ƙunshi manyan kayan aiki guda uku na rigakafin rikice-rikice. sarrafa rikice-rikice da gina zaman lafiya na Tarayyar Afirka (AU), Ƙungiyoyin [[Tattalin arziki|Tattalin Arziƙi]] na Yanki (RECs) da kuma Tsarin Yanki (RMs). == Fage. == APSA ta samo asali ne a ƙarshen 1990s, lokacin da nahiyar [[Afirka]] ta fuskanci munanan rikice-rikice kamar yakin basasa a Somaliya, wanda ke gudana tun 1991, da [[Kisan ƙare dangi na Rwandan|kisan kare dangi a Rwanda]] 1994. A sa'i daya kuma, dokokin kungiyar hadin kan Afirka (OAU) ba su ba da damar tsoma baki cikin harkokin cikin gidan wata kasa ba. Domin samun damar shiga tsakani a cikin yanayi na take hakkin dan adam, kasashe mambobin kungiyar OAU sun yanke shawarar kafa [[Tarayyar Afrika|kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka (AU)]] a shekara ta 2002. Bayan shekaru biyu, an ɗauki shawarar kafa APSA. Sa hannun daftarin aiki na AU <ref>{{Cite web |title=Constitutive Act of the African Union 2000 |url=http://www.au.int/en/sites/default/files/ConstitutiveAct_EN.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706133134/http://www.au.int/en/sites/default/files/ConstitutiveAct_EN.pdf |archive-date=2013-07-06 |access-date=2016-02-15}}</ref> ya nuna sauyin yanayin dangantakar da ke tsakaninta da Afirka. Mataki na 4 (h) da (j) na kundin tsarin mulki ya bai wa kasashe mambobin AU damar shiga cikin kasa ta uku ko da ba tare da yardar gwamnati ba idan aka aikata laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama, kamar [[Laifin Yaƙi|laifukan yaki]] da [[Kisan kiyashi|kisan kare dangi]] . Don haka, dokar kafa ta AU ita ce yarjejeniya ta farko a karkashin dokokin kasa da kasa, wadda ta hada da 'yancin shiga tsakani ta hanyar soji a kasa ta uku bisa dalilan jin kai, wanda a yau ake kira da taimakon agaji . Wannan sauye-sauye na al'ada ya karu lokacin da ka'idar kafa [[Majalisar Zaman Lafiya da Tsaro|kwamitin zaman lafiya da tsaro]] (PSC) na AU ta fara aiki a ranar 26 ga [[Disamba]], 2003. Yarjejeniyar ta ayyana babban ajanda don zaman lafiya da tsaro, gami da abubuwan tsakiya kamar rigakafin rikice-rikice, faɗakarwa da wuri, diflomasiya na rigakafi, sarrafa rikice-rikice, samar da zaman lafiya da gina zaman lafiya gami da tallafawa da haɓaka manufofin dimokiradiyya, ayyukan jin kai da sarrafa rikice-rikice . Saboda haka, ana iya ganin ƙa'idar kafa PSC a matsayin tushen APSA. Manufar APSA ce ta samar da AU, RECs da RMs tare da duk kayan aikin da ake bukata don cika ayyuka da umarni da suka shafi kundin tsarin AU da ka'idojin kafa PSC. == Tsarin. == Tsarin APSA ya dogara ne akan ƙa'idar da ta shafi kafa kwamitin zaman lafiya da tsaro na Tarayyar Afirka (PSC Protocol, 2002). Mataki na 2 ya ba da sunayen ginshiƙan ginshiƙan APSA guda biyar masu zuwa, waɗanda suka haɗa da cibiyoyi da matakai na yanke shawara: - Majalisar Zaman Lafiya da Tsaro (PSC), wacce ita ce babbar ƙungiyar AU - the Panel of the Wise (PoW) - the Continental Early Warning System (CEWS) - the African Standby Force (ASF) - the Peace Fund Kungiyar AU ta yi ikrarin cewa aikinta a fannin zaman lafiya da tsaro ya dace ga daukacin nahiyar Afirka. Baya ga wannan, Ƙungiyoyin Tattalin Arziƙi na Yanki da yawa (RECs) da Tsarin Yanki (RMs) wani ɓangare ne na APSA. Haɗin gwiwar tsakanin RECs da AU ana gudanar da su ne bisa ka'idodin haɗin kai, na haɓakawa da fa'idodin kwatancen. An yi niyyar aiwatar da kayan aikin APSA na ƙarshe har zuwa ƙarshen 2015. Koyaya, matsayin kayan aikin ya bambanta da ƙarfi dangane da kowane kayan kida da ƙungiya. == Taimakon Ƙasashen Duniya. == APSA ta dogara sosai akan hanyoyin waje na kuɗi. A shekarar 2015, kashi 95 cikin 100 na kasafin kudin kungiyar AU, abokan hulda ne na waje (EU, kasashe mambobin EU, Japan da Sin). A cikin 2016, an kiyasta kudaden waje zuwa kashi 52% na kasafin kudin; duk da haka, ba a san cikakken shirin kasafin ba tukuna. <ref>{{Cite web |title=African Union Executive Council 26th Ordinary Session |url=http://www.au.int/en/sites/default/files/decisions/9666-ex_cl_dec_851_-_872_xxvi_e.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305185920/http://www.au.int/en/sites/default/files/decisions/9666-ex_cl_dec_851_-_872_xxvi_e.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-05 |access-date=2016-02-15}}</ref> == Kalubale == An kimanta ta • Ƙimar APSA ta 2010 • 2015 APSA Tantance == Suka == • dogaro mai ƙarfi akan hanyoyin samun kuɗi na waje == Duba kuma == [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]] [[Majalisar Zaman Lafiya da Tsaro|Kwamitin zaman lafiya da tsaro]] [[Ƙungiyar Larabawa ta Maghreb|Arab Magrib Union]] [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|Kungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Kasashen Yammacin Afirka]] [[Kungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasar Afirka ta Tsakiya|Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasar Afirka ta Tsakiya]] [[Al'ummar Gabashin Afirka]] [[Ƙungiyar Ci Gaban Kudancin Afirka|Ƙungiyar Cigaban Afirka ta Kudu]] == Adabi == * Ulf Engel, João Gomes Porto (Ed.): Sabon Tsarin Zaman Lafiya da Tsaro na Afirka. Haɓaka Ka'idoji, Ƙaddamar da Magani. Ashgate, Farnham 2010. * Ulf Engel, João Gomes Porto (Ed.): Zuwa Tsarin Zaman Lafiya da Tsaro na Afirka. Ashgate, Farnham 2013. * Tarayyar Turai (Ed.): Tsarin Zaman Lafiya da Tsaro na Afirka: Har yanzu ana kan gini. Brussels 2014. * Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (Hrsg.): Tsarin Zaman Lafiya da Tsaro na Afirka. Littafin Jagora. Addis Ababa 2014. == Magana == ddjd6e0dj9ahaa64z79wq9pq7e95z4l 0 104483 873820 662978 2026-07-01T21:00:23Z Habibah A Jisambo 26434 873820 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Peoples Democratic Party|An gudanar da zaben]] [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya]] na 2007 a [[Jahar Taraba|Jihar Taraba]] a ranar 21 ga Afrilu 2007, don zabar mambobin Majalisar Dattijan Najeriya don wakiltar Jihar Tarava. [[Dahiru Bako Gassol|Dahiru Bako]] wanda ke wakiltar Taraba ta Tsakiya, [[Joel Danlami Ikenya]] wanda ke wakilci Taraba ta Kudu da [[Anthony George Manzo]] wanda ke wakilcin Taraba ta Arewa duk sun ci nasara a dandalin Jam'iyyar Demokaradiyyar Jama'a .<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPU PARLINE database: NIGERIA (Senate) ELECTIONS IN 2007 |url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2364_07.htm |access-date=2021-08-21 |website=archive.ipu.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-02 |title=Senators From 1999 Till Date - |url=https://rainbownigeria.com/2020/12/02/senators-from-1999-till-date/ |access-date=2021-08-21 |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820060841/https://rainbownigeria.com/2020/12/02/senators-from-1999-till-date/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Bayani na gaba ɗaya. == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! rowspan="3" |Kasancewa ! colspan="2" |Jam'iyyar ! rowspan="3" |Jimillar |- | style="background-color:{{party color|All Nigeria Peoples Party}}" | | style="background-color:{{party color|People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}" | |- ![[All Nigeria Peoples Party|ANPP]] ![[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]] |- !Kafin Zabe |1 |2 !3 |- !Bayan Zabe |0 |3 !3 |- |} == Takaitaccen Bayani. == {| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size:95%;line-height:14px;" ! class="unsortable" |Gundumar ! class="unsortable" |Mai mulki ! colspan="2" |Jam'iyyar ! class="unsortable" |Sanata da aka zaba ! colspan="2" |Jam'iyyar |- |Taraba ta Tsakiya |[[Abdulazeez Ibrahim]] | style="background:{{party color|People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)}};" | |[[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]] |[[Dahiru Bako Gassol|Dahiru Bako]] | style="background:{{party color|People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)}};" | |[[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]] |- |Taraba ta Kudu |[[Dalhatu Umaru Sangari]] | style="background:{{party color|People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)}};" | |[[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]] |Joel Danlami Ikenya | style="background:{{party color|People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)}};" | |[[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]] |- |Taraba ta Arewa |[[Abdulahi Bala Adamu]] | style="background:{{party color|All Nigeria Peoples Party}};" | |[[All Nigeria Peoples Party|ANPP]] |Anthony George Manzo | style="background:{{party color|People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)}};" | |[[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]] |} == Sakamakon. == === Taraba ta Tsakiya === [[Dahiru Bako Gassol|Dahiru Bako]] na jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria) ne ya lashe zaben. === Taraba ta Kudu === Joel Danlami Ikenya na jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party (Nijeriya) ne ya lashe zaben. === Taraba ta Arewa === Anthony George Manzo na jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria) ne ya lashe zaben. == Manazarta == <references /> cp1vvafdpsh7u48y84ewa735tuzvtqp 0 105067 874111 657031 2026-07-02T05:54:51Z Ummeeterh 31568 874111 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hamza Zakari''' ɗan siyasan [[Najeriya]] ne wanda ya wakilci mazabar Kabo / Gwarzo ta Tarayya a Majalisar Dokokin [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]] daga shekarar 1990 zuwa shekarar 2003 da shekarar 2003 zuwa shekarar 2007 a matsayin memba na All [[Najeriya|Nigeria]] Peoples Party (ANPP).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Citizen Science Nigeria |url=https://citizensciencenigeria.org/public-offices/persons/hamza-zakari/ |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=citizensciencenigeria.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-10-20 |title=House of Representatives Member {{!}} Honourable Hamza Gwarzo |url=http://nassnig.org/House/Personaldata/Kano/zakari.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020133731/http://nassnig.org/House/Personaldata/Kano/zakari.htm |archive-date=20 October 2007 |access-date=2025-01-05}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] enkp6rmux7mek6xpn546fo4qxccpk76 0 105733 873763 660740 2026-07-01T19:18:29Z Merjoor 14653 873763 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Kabarin [[Thebes, Egypt|Theban]] '''TT52''' yana cikin Sheikh Abd el-Qurna, wani ɓangare ne na [[Theban Necropolis|Necropolis na Theban]], a gefen yammacin [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]], a gaban [[Luxor]]. Shi ne wurin binne Nakht, wani jami'in Masar na dā wanda ke da matsayin [[Scribe (Ancient Egypt)|marubuci]] da masanin taurari na Amun, mai yiwuwa a lokacin mulkin Thutmose IV (1401-1391 BC ko 1397-1388 BC) a lokacin Daular goma sha takwas, daular farko ta [[Sabuwar Masarautar Masar|Sabon Mulki]]. == Gine-gine == [[Fayil:Theban_region,_Sheikh_Abd_el-Gurna,_TT52,_tomb_of_Nakht,_1870-1888,_photo_3_of_3_-_Archivio_fotografico_Museo_Egizio,_Turin_INV29_005.jpg|left|thumb|Cikin kabarin a ƙarshen karni na 19 a cikin hoto na Antonio Beato]] Gine-ginen kabarin da kayan ado sun dace da daidaitattun ƙirar kaburbura na [[Thebes, Egypt|Theban]] na Sabon Masarautar ta amfani da irin waɗannan al'amuran da ake samu a cikin kaburbura na zamani. Wasu daga cikin wadannan kayan ado suna nuna bambance-bambance daga al'amuran da aka samu a mastabas na [[Tsohuwar Masarautar Masar|Tsohon Masarautar]] [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]], inda daya daga cikin manyan ayyukan kabarin shine tabbatar da abinci na sihiri ga ka, yayin da a cikin kaburbura na Sabon Masarautar, aikin farko shine gano kanka a kan bangon kabarin. Kabarin yana da tsarin gine-ginen T-shaped wanda ya zama ruwan dare ga kaburbura na Theban na Sabon Mulki; akwai babban zauren, wanda ya biyo baya daga ƙofar da kotu. Wannan ya haifar da ɗakin ciki, babban zauren, da kuma wurin ibada, wanda ke cikin wani wuri, wanda ke dauke da mutum-mutumi na marigayi. An tsara waɗannan ɗakunan don ƙunsar al'amuran don hidimar matattu a rayuwarsu bayan mutuwa. Ainihin, wannan zane-zane na gine-gine yayi kama da na mastabas na tsohuwar masarauta, wanda ya ƙunshi manyan ɗakuna biyu, ɗakin ibada da ɗakin binnewa, kamar yadda waɗannan kaburbura na Sabon Masarautar suma suna da manyan ɗakuna guda biyu. Koyaya, a cikin kaburbura na ƙarshe an halicci ɗakunan biyu don dalilai daban-daban ga na ɗakunan da ke cikin mastabas na Tsohon Masarautar. A cikin mastaba, an sadaukar da ɗakin sujada na hadaya don ciyar da matattu bayan mutuwa ta hanyar sihiri samar da abinci da ruwa. Irin waɗannan al'amuran ba a nuna su kamar yadda ake nuna su sau da yawa a cikin kaburbura na Sabon Mulki.<ref>Manniche, Lise: The so-called scenes of daily life in the private tombs of the Eighteenth Dynasty from Strudwick, Nigel and Taylor, John, The Theban Necropolis: Past Present and Future, The British Museum Press, London, 2002</ref> == Kayan ado == Stela a bangon kudu na babban zauren yana nuna maza suna ba da gudummawa ga hotuna na marigayi. A ƙarƙashin wannan, ana nuna Nut a gaban tarin hadayu. Saboda haka, wannan yanayin ya nuna cewa matattu ba su dogara ga iyalansu ba don hadaya amma suna iya dogaro da "maɓuɓɓugar allahntaka". Hakanan ana iya samun irin wannan al'amuran a bangon kaburbura na Tsohon Masarautar, wanda ke nuna jerin mutane da ke kawo hadayu ga matattu. Koyaya, Malek ya rubuta cewa al'amuran hadayu sun fi wuya a cikin kaburbura na Sabon Mulki fiye da Tsohon Mulki. An nuna al'amuran da suka dace guda biyu a bangon gabas kusa da ƙofar babban zauren. Wadannan al'amuRa sun nuna Nakht da matarsa, Tawy, suna yin hadaya ga Ra, wanda hasken rana zai fito daga ƙofar ya bayyana. An nuna wannan yanayin don nuna ci gaba da al'ada ta duniya a bayan rayuwa - a cikin Sabon Masarautar mutane masu zaman kansu suna da damar samun rayuwa bayan rayuwa ma'ana cewa za su iya tsammanin shiga filin Reeds. Wani yanayi a gefen kudu na bangon yamma yana wakiltar wurin biki. Irin wannan yanayin ana wakiltar shi akai-akai a cikin kaburbura na Sabon Mulki. Iyalin marigayin, a wannan yanayin Nakht da Tawy, an kuma nuna su tare da mawaƙa da masu rawa. Malek ya rubuta "al'amuran gida suna da yawa" saboda suna jaddada kusanci da iyali da ci gaba da kasancewa tare a bayan rayuwa. Koyaya, waɗannan al'amuran na iya samun jima'i ko manufa mai ƙarfi don rayuwa bayan mutuwa. Mannich ya rubuta cewa ta hanyar hada irin waɗannan al'amuran a cikin kabarin, wanda ya mutu zai iya tabbatar da iko a nan gaba. Ta rubuta cewa wuraren biki "sun cika da irin waɗannan nassoshi" ciki har da hada da mandragras da furanni na lotus, waɗanda mata ke gudanarwa a cikin rajista na biyu. Wadannan nau'ikan al'amuran sun kasance sananne ne a cikin kaburbura na New Kingdom Theban. A gefen kudu na bangon gabas, akwai wurin noma. An nuna Nakht yana kula da maza da ke noma, shuka da girbi a gonakin. Abubuwan da ke faruwa na noma na iya nuna ci gaba da rayuwar Nakht a filin Reeds. Koyaya, kamar yadda Noblecourt ya ba da shawarar, waɗannan al'amuran na iya nuna rayuwa ta har abada ta hanyar aikin gona, ta hanyar yanayi. Idan ra'ayin Noblecourt daidai ne, to al'amuran sun bambanta da na Tsohon Masarautar mastabas, inda aka tsara duk wani al'amarin noma da farko a matsayin hanyar tabbatar da ci gaba da noma a kan dukiyar marigayin, don haka ba da damar ciyar da ka. A gefen arewacin bangon yamma, an nuna Nakht a cikin wani wuri da ake nunawa akai-akai: wurin kamun kifi da tsuntsaye. Irin wannan yanayin kuma ana samun sa a Sabon Mulki, kuma kodayake ba sabon abu ba ne a cikin mastabas na Tsohon Mulki, a cikin ƙarshen ainihin manufar su ita ce samar da abinci na sihiri ga matattu. A cikin kabarin Nakht, an nuna shi yana harbi da kifi da tsuntsaye, tare da iyalinsa. Davies (1917:66) ya ba da shawarar cewa "sanyawa... ba koyaushe ba ne aka sa daga ƙasa ta hanyar aiki mai tsanani [sic]", yana nuna cewa an yi amfani da wannan yanayin don nuna hanyar karɓar abinci bayan mutuwa a wata hanya daban, don nishaɗi ga matattu da kuma canjin fasaha na jinsi. Koyaya, akwai fassarar daban-daban cewa sun kasance, kamar wuraren biki, an nuna su don nuna hoton iko da kerawa bayan mutuwa kamar yadda wasu kayan aiki suke kama da juna kuma "mata da ke wurin... suna sanye da tufafi masu kama da waɗanda aka sa don biki Davies ya rubuta cewa duk waɗannan al'amuran na iya samun ƙarin muhimmiyar mahimmanci wajen nuna dangin marigayin tare. Ya rubuta cewa Masarawa suna jin daɗin rayuwar iyali kuma "ƙarfin da ƙaunar iyali ta tsira daga mutuwa ya shaida ta ƙungiyoyin iyali da aka fentin a kusan kowane bango", yana nuna cewa manufar ɗaya daga cikin al'amuran kabarin ita ce tabbatar da abokantakarsu bayan mutuwa. Gine-gine da kayan ado suna nuna shaidar da yawa ga tunanin Masarawa game da rayuwarsu bayan mutuwa. Kamar yadda kabarin ya kasu kashi biyu, ana iya cewa sun dauki mutuwarsu a sassa biyu, rayuwarsu bayan mutuwa da kuma lokacin sauyawa tsakanin mutuwa da rayuwa bayan mutuwa, wanda ba a nuna shi a cikin Kabarin Nakht ba. Kayan ado ya nuna cewa, ya bambanta da imanin Tsohon Masarauta, kamar yadda aka nuna a bangon Memphite mastabas, aikinsa mafi muhimmanci shine nuna rayuwa bayan mutuwa, tare da iyali, tare da alamun kerawa da iko, kuma "don haka hoton rayuwar Theban a cikin kabarin Daular goma sha takwas shine madubi mai haske na wanzuwar ... na gidajen da ke ke kewaye da shi inda Masarawa masu son yanayi suka fi so su zauna".<gallery> Fayil:Tomb_of_Nakht_(6).jpg|Famous painting of the Beautiful festival of the valley Fayil:Tomb_of_Nakht_(8).jpg|Nakht shown hunting and fishing (above); the production of wine (below) Fayil:Tomb_of_Nakht_(5).jpg|A false door surrounded by various depictions of offerings Fayil:Tomb_of_Nakht_(2).jpg|A painting depicting an agricultural scene Fayil:Tomb_of_Nakht_(11).jpg|Tawy embracing Nakht as he smells a lotus, whilst they sit together before a set of offerings Fayil:Tomb_of_Nakht_(TT52)_-_Entrance.jpg|Entrance to the Tomb of Nakht </gallery> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin kaburbura na Theban == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] c9w0h2cfnbsdpfmau58wtag3xh2hw0s 0 105787 874046 661121 2026-07-01T23:45:40Z Habibah A Jisambo 26434 874046 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Masu fafutukar 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki da Sauransu v Shugaban Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa da kuma wani hukuncin da Kotun Tsarin Mulki ta Afirka ta Kudu ta yanke a shekarar 2017 kan wajibcin da kundin tsarin mulkin Majalisar ya rataya a wuyan Shugaban kasa kan halinsa. A wani hukunci mafi rinjaye da mai shari’a Chris Jafta ya rubuta, kotun ta umurci majalisar dokokin kasar da ta yi ka’idojin tsige shugaban kasa a karkashin sashe na 89 na kundin tsarin mulkin kasar da kuma yin amfani da wadannan ka’idojin wajen tantance ko shugaba Jacob Zuma ya aikata laifin da ba za a iya tsige shi ba wajen kin bin rahoton da hukumar kare hakkin jama’a ta bayar. Sakamakon badakalar Nkandlagate, shari’ar na da alaka da siyasa, kuma masu sukar sun ce umarnin kotun ya saba wa raba madafun iko. == Fage . == Duba kuma: Nkandlagate. Batun na daya daga cikin wasu da dama da suka taso daga Nkandlagate, badakalar da jama'a suka yi na inganta gidan Jacob Zuma na Nkandla a lokacin da Zuma ke shugabantar Afirka ta Kudu. Ko da yake rahoton watan Maris na 2014 na Jami'ar Kare Jama'a, Thuli Madonsela, ya gano cewa Zuma ya ci gajiyar wannan gyare-gyaren, amma ba a aiwatar da matakin da jami'an kare hakkin jama'a suka dauka ba. Jam’iyyun adawa na Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF) da Democratic Alliance (DA) biyu, sun nemi shari’a, inda a watan Maris din 2016 ne kotun tsarin mulkin kasar ta yanke hukunci a EFF da shugaban majalisar dokokin kasar; DA v Kakakin Majalisar Tarayya (EFF I). A cikin EFF I, Kotun Tsarin Mulki ta ce matakin da jami’an kare hakkin jama’a ya dauka ya dace kuma Shugaban kasa da Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa sun saba wa Kundin Tsarin Mulki har suka kasa aiwatar da shi. Bayan EFF I, jam'iyyun adawa sun gabatar da wasu kudirori da dama na rashin amincewa da Zuma a karkashin sashe na 102 na kundin tsarin mulkin kasar (ciki har da wanda aka gudanar ta hanyar jefa kuri'a a asirce bayan hukuncin da kotun tsarin mulkin kasar ta yanke a watan Yuni 2017 a United Democratic Movement v Speaker) da kuma kudirin tsige shi daga mukaminsa a karkashin sashe na 89. Duk wani kudiri ya sha kaye a majalisar dokokin Afrika, wadda Zuman Congress ta kasa ke jagoranta. == Aikace-aikace. == Jam'iyyun adawa uku - EFF, United Democratic Movement, da Congress of the People - sun tunkari kotun tsarin mulkin kai tsaye, suna masu cewa majalisar dokokin kasar wajibi ne a tsarin mulkin kasar ta dorawa Zuma alhakin gaza aiwatar da rahoton na kare al'umma. Sun nemi a ba su umarni da ke bayyana cewa Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa ta gaza wajen wannan aiki.<ref>Malema heads to Concourt to seek Zuma impeachment". The Mail & Guardian. 30 March 2017. Retrieved 28 January 2024</ref> Musamman ma, sun bayar da hujjar cewa a karkashin sashe na 89 (1) na Kundin Tsarin Mulki, wanda ya bai wa Majalisar Dokokin Kasar damar tsige Shugaban “saboda wani babban take hakkin Kundin Tsarin Mulki ko Doka”, Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa ta zama wajibi ta gudanar da bincike don sanin ko halin Shugaba Zuma (dangane da rahoton Hukumar Kare Jama’a, da kuma yadda aka saba da shi a EFF I) ya zama “mummunan tsarin mulki. Kotun tsarin mulki ta saurari karar a ranar 5 ga Satumba 2017, tare da Tembeka Ngcukaitobi mai wakiltar EFF da Dali Mpofu mai wakiltar United Democratic Movement da Congress of the People.<ref>Parliamentary Nkandla Q&A sessions deficient‚ Mpofu tells ConCourt". Sunday Times. 5 September 2017. Retrieved 28 January 2024</ref><ref>"'Why would Zuma tell the truth this time?'". Sunday Times. 6 September 2017. Retrieved 28 January 2024</ref> An haɗa DA a matsayin ƙungiya mai shiga tsakani, don neman taimako iri ɗaya kamar yadda masu nema, kuma an shigar da Watch Corruption Watch a matsayin amicus curiae.<ref>Nicolson, Greg (5 September 2017). "Opposition parties have their day in ConCourt to pursue impeachment of Zuma". Daily Maverick. Retrieved 28 January 2024</ref> Duk da cewa masu gabatar da kara sun bayyana shugaba Zuma a matsayin wanda ake kara na biyu, amma ba a nemi wani umarni a kansa ba kuma bai shiga cikin shari'ar ba; Shugaban majalisar ya nuna adawa da bukatar a matsayinta na wakiliyar majalisar. An yanke hukunci a ranar 29 ga Disamba 2017.<ref>Maclean, Ruth (29 December 2017). "Zuma impeachment calls grow after court rules on home upgrade scandal". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 28 January 2024</ref><ref>Constitutional Court rules Parliament failed to hold Zuma to account over Nkandla". Business Day. 29 December 2017. Retrieved 28 January 2024</ref> == Manazarta == 47sm5wx85rd03qdpl0nik1qqdn12stt 0 106030 873840 708450 2026-07-01T21:21:55Z Ummeeterh 31568 873840 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} An gudanar da '''zaben gwamnan jihar Anambra na shekarar 1983''' a [[Najeriya]] ranar 13 ga [[Ogusta|Agusta]], 1983. Dan takarar jam'iyyar NPN Christian Onoh ya lashe zaben inda ya doke sauran 'yan takara.<ref>Nigeria: Where Are Second Republic Governors?". This Day. May 20, 2021. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved January 13, 2009.</ref><ref>Okpu, Ugbana (1985). "Inter-Party Political Relations in Nigeria 1979-1983". Africa Spectrum. 20 (2): 191–209. ISSN 0002-0397. JSTOR 40174204</ref><ref>Nigerian States". www.worldstatesmen.org. Retrieved May 20, 2021</ref> Christian Onoh ya fito takarar NPN.<ref>Hart, Christopher (1993). "The Nigerian elections of 1983". Africa. 63 (3): 397–418. doi:10.2307/1161428. ISSN 1750-0184. JSTOR 1161428. S2CID 145591693</ref><ref>"33. Nigeria (1960-present)". ''uca.edu''. Retrieved May 20, 2021.</ref><ref>"Elections in Nigeria". africanelections.tripod.com. Retrieved May 20, 2021.</ref> == Tsarin zabe == An zabi Gwamnan Jihar [[Anambra]] ne ta hanyar amfani da tsarin kada kuri’a. == Zaben firamare == === NPN primary === Christian Onoh ne ya lashe zaben fidda gwani na NPN.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria - THE SECOND REPUBLIC, 1979-83 |url=http://countrystudies.us/nigeria/29.htm |access-date=May 20, 2021 |website=countrystudies.us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=December 2, 2005 |title=THISDAYonline |url=http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2001/11/10/20011110cov02.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051202191041/http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2001/11/10/20011110cov02.html |archive-date=December 2, 2005 |access-date=May 20, 2021}}</ref> {{stub}} == Manazarta == bs2fhxd6shb24027ania3r2v4r86q1m 0 106387 873668 702099 2026-07-01T14:25:10Z Habibah A Jisambo 26434 873668 wikitext text/x-wiki .n{{Databox}} '''Stephen Aitken''' (An haife shi ranar 25 ga watan Satumba, 1976) a [[Glasgow]]) ɗan wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ne kuma kocin Scotland wanda ya kasance manajan East Kilbride kwanan nan. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=FC |first=East Kilbride |title=Stephen Aitken appointed new 1st Team Manager |url=https://eastkilbridefootballclub.co.uk/news/stephen-aitken-appointed-new-1st-team-manager-28-05-2020 |access-date=2020-05-30 |website=eastkilbridefootballclub.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> Aitken ya buga wa Greenock Morton, Stranraer, Stenhousemuir da kuma Junior side Arthurlie. Yayansa Chris shima tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne. ==Manazarta.== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1976]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] h4m7pi7j4ref9pm6sifq4fot8o072vv 0 106536 873886 666038 2026-07-01T21:39:16Z Habibah A Jisambo 26434 873886 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Yassa Guinar''' abinci ne na gargajiya na [[Senegal]] wanda aka yi da [[kaza]], [[albasa]], da marinade na lemun tsami, wanda aka saba shirya shi a yankin kudancin Casamance da sauran sassan [[Afirka ta Yamma]]. Yana daya daga cikin manyan kay. An abinci na Senegalese kuma an san shi da ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano, wanda aka samo daga albasa da sauce na citrus. Kalmar "Yassa" tana nufin hanyar dafa abinci (marinated da stewed), yayin da "Guinar" ke nufin kaza a cikin [[Yare Wolof|Wolof]], harshen ƙasa na Senegal.<ref> name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Yassa {{!}} Traditional Chicken Dish From Senegal |url=https://www.tasteatlas.com/yassa |access-date=2025-07-13 |publisher=[[TasteAtlas]]}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Ngom |first=Fama |date=2021-10-03 |title=Top 20 Most Popular Senegalese Foods & Dishes |url=https://www.chefspencil.com/senegalese-foods/ |access-date=2025-07-13 |website=Chef's Pencil |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chicken Yassa (Senegalese Braised Chicken With Caramelized Onions) |url=https://www.seriouseats.com/chicken-yassa-senegalese-braised-chicken-with-caramelized-onions-5215703 |access-date=2025-07-13 |website=Serious Eats |language=en}}</ref> == Abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Yassa {{!}} Traditional Chicken Dish From Senegal |url=https://www.tasteatlas.com/yassa |access-date=2025-07-13 |publisher=[[TasteAtlas]]}}</ref> == Duk da yake akwai bambance-bambance, daidaitattun girke-girke sun haɗa da: * Chicken (yawanci yanka zuwa ga kayan aiki) * Albasa (babban yawa, sau da yawa 4-6 manyan albasa ga kowane kaza) * Sabon lemun tsami ko ruwan lemun tsayi * Dijon mustard ko mustard na gida * Garlic da chili peppers * Black pepper da gishiri * Man kayan lambu * Cube na tafasa (zaɓi) == Shirye-shiryen .<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Ngom |first=Fama |date=2021-10-03 |title=Top 20 Most Popular Senegalese Foods & Dishes |url=https://www.chefspencil.com/senegalese-foods/ |access-date=2025-07-13 |website=Chef's Pencil |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFNgom2021">Ngom, Fama (2021-10-03). [https://www.chefspencil.com/senegalese-foods/ "Top 20 Most Popular Senegalese Foods & Dishes"]. ''Chef's Pencil''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-07-13</span></span>.</cite></ref> == * Marinate kaza tare da ruwan lemun tsami, mustard, tafarnuwa, chili, baƙar fata, da albasa da aka yanka. Bari ya zauna na sa'o'i da yawa ko dare ɗaya. * Brown kaza, ko dai ta hanyar gasa ko soya, don ƙara zurfin dandano. * A cikin babban tukunya, ka tsayar da albasa mai laushi har sai ya zama mai laushi kuma ya zama mai taushi. * Ƙara naman kaza mai launin ruwan kasa zuwa tukunya, tare da sauran marinade. * Sanya abincin har sai an dafa kaza sosai kuma sauce yana da wadata da ɗanɗano. * Ba da zafi, yawanci a kan farin shinkafa. == Manazarta == 5yj9adqg9uzigconpx8sn2ecidjuuf2 873888 873886 2026-07-01T21:42:32Z Habibah A Jisambo 26434 873888 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Yassa Guinar''' abinci ne na gargajiya na [[Senegal]] wanda aka yi da [[kaza]], [[albasa]], da marinade na lemun tsami, wanda aka saba shirya shi a yankin kudancin Casamance da sauran sassan [[Afirka ta Yamma]]. Yana daya daga cikin manyan kay. An abinci na Senegalese kuma an san shi da ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano, wanda aka samo daga albasa da sauce na citrus. Kalmar "Yassa" tana nufin hanyar dafa abinci (marinated da stewed), yayin da "Guinar" ke nufin kaza a cikin [[Yare Wolof|Wolof]], harshen ƙasa na Senegal.<ref> name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Yassa {{!}} Traditional Chicken Dish From Senegal |url=https://www.tasteatlas.com/yassa |access-date=2025-07-13 |publisher=[[TasteAtlas]]}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Ngom |first=Fama |date=2021-10-03 |title=Top 20 Most Popular Senegalese Foods & Dishes |url=https://www.chefspencil.com/senegalese-foods/ |access-date=2025-07-13 |website=Chef's Pencil |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chicken Yassa (Senegalese Braised Chicken With Caramelized Onions) |url=https://www.seriouseats.com/chicken-yassa-senegalese-braised-chicken-with-caramelized-onions-5215703 |access-date=2025-07-13 |website=Serious Eats |language=en}}</ref> == Abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Yassa {{!}} Traditional Chicken Dish From Senegal |url=https://www.tasteatlas.com/yassa |access-date=2025-07-13 |publisher=[[TasteAtlas]]}}</ref> == Duk da yake akwai bambance-bambance, daidaitattun girke-girke sun haɗa da: * Chicken (yawanci yanka zuwa ga kayan aiki) * Albasa (babban yawa, sau da yawa 4-6 manyan albasa ga kowane kaza) * Sabon lemun tsami ko ruwan lemun tsayi * Dijon mustard ko mustard na gida * Garlic da chili peppers * Black pepper da gishiri * Man kayan lambu * Cube na tafasa (zaɓi) == Shirye-shiryen .<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Ngom |first=Fama |date=2021-10-03 |title=Top 20 Most Popular Senegalese Foods & Dishes |url=https://www.chefspencil.com/senegalese-foods/ |access-date=2025-07-13 |website=Chef's Pencil |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFNgom2021">Ngom, Fama (2021-10-03). [https://www.chefspencil.com/senegalese-foods/ "Top 20 Most Popular Senegalese Foods & Dishes"]. ''Chef's Pencil''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-07-13</span></span>.</cite></ref> == * Marinate kaza tare da ruwan lemun tsami, mustard, tafarnuwa, chili, baƙar fata, da albasa da aka yanka. Bari ya zauna na sa'o'i da yawa ko dare ɗaya. * Brown kaza, ko dai ta hanyar gasa ko soya, don ƙara zurfin dandano. * A cikin babban tukunya, ka tsayar da albasa mai laushi har sai ya zama mai laushi kuma ya zama mai taushi. * Ƙara naman kaza mai launin ruwan kasa zuwa tukunya, tare da sauran marinade. * Sanya abincin har sai an dafa kaza sosai kuma sauce yana da wadata da ɗanɗano. * Ba da zafi, yawanci a kan farin shinkafa. == Manazarta. == ncepi8hk3rxuqmjfcj4oetvw6tksk5d 0 106544 874087 666146 2026-07-02T05:31:55Z Ummeeterh 31568 874087 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zaben gwamna na Jihar K[[Alliance for Democracy (Nijeriya)|AD]] na 1999''' ya faru ne a ranar 9 ga [[Janairu]], 1999. [[Ahmed Makarfi]] na [[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]] ya kayar da Suleiman Zuntu na [[All People's Party|APP]] <ref>{{Cite web |last=Yahya, Aliyu |title=Once Upon A Vindictive Governor |url=http://www.gamji.com/article5000/NEWS5072.htm |access-date=May 25, 2021 |publisher=Gamji}}</ref> da Wakili Kadima na AD don zama mai nasara a zaben.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-18 |title=1999 governors: Where are they now? |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/1999-governors-now/ |access-date=2021-05-20 |website=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria: Election Monitoring, 2,18 Feb 1999 |url=https://www.africa.upenn.edu/Urgent_Action/apic_21899.html |access-date=2021-05-20 |website=www.africa.upenn.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=NIGERIAN STATE ELECTED GOVERNORS - 1999 |url=https://nigeriaworld.com/focus/states/governors1999.html |access-date=2021-05-20 |website=Nigeria World}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigerian States |url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_federal_states.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528072649/http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_federal_states.htm |archive-date=28 May 2010 |access-date=2021-05-23 |publisher=World Statesmen}}</ref><ref name="NT">{{Cite web |last=Tracker |first=Nigerian |date=2021-03-22 |title=How First Set Of 1999 Governors Went To Political Oblivion |url=https://nigeriantracker.com/2021/03/22/how-first-set-of-1999-governors-went-to-political-oblivion/ |access-date=2021-05-20 |website=Nigerian Tracker |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2002-06-08 |title=SCORE-CARD!!! |url=http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2002/06/08/20020608spe01.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070621015143/http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2002/06/08/20020608spe01.html |archive-date=2007-06-21 |access-date=2021-05-23 |website=This Day}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Omodara |title=ALL GOVERNORS OF KADUNA STATE |url=https://www.glimpse.ng/all-governors-of-kaduna-state/ |access-date=May 25, 2021 |publisher=Glimpse |archive-date=May 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525010419/https://www.glimpse.ng/all-governors-of-kaduna-state/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About the State: Kaduna State |url=https://kdsg.gov.ng/about-kaduna/ |access-date=May 28, 2021 |publisher=Kaduna State Government}}</ref>[13][13][13] [[Ahmed Makarfi]] ya fito ne mai nasara a zaben fidda gwani na [[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]]. Abokin aikinsa shi ne Stephen Rijo Shekari . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Emmanuel, Odang |title=State Governors and Their Deputies |url=https://rainbownigeria.com/2020/10/08/state-governors-and-their-deputies-2/?_gl=1*1ks7sm*_ga*a3BDcWhmU3phVndTOUdnVVRxci10eVBOdC1uTmtXemRFN3Q3OHkxYk9WWHc4MnAtVDdnWEVyVXFERjFtVGV4cw.. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213338/https://rainbownigeria.com/2020/10/08/state-governors-and-their-deputies-2/?_gl=1*1ks7sm*_ga*a3BDcWhmU3phVndTOUdnVVRxci10eVBOdC1uTmtXemRFN3Q3OHkxYk9WWHc4MnAtVDdnWEVyVXFERjFtVGV4cw.. |archive-date=June 2, 2021 |access-date=May 31, 2021 |website=Rainbow Nigeria}}</ref> == Tsarin zabe == Ana zabar Gwamnan Jihar [[Kaduna]] ta amfani da tsarin jefa kuri'a. == Sakamakon == Ahmed Makarfi na PDP ya fito da nasara a gasar. <ref name="NT"/> <ref name="IFES">{{Cite web |date=1999 |title=Report on the Impact of IFES Activities in Nigeria, November 1998 to April 1999 |url=https://www.ifes.org/sites/default/files/r01781.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203164238/http://www.ifes.org/sites/default/files/r01781.pdf |archive-date=December 3, 2017 |access-date=2021-05-23 |publisher=IFES}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Aondowase, Nyam |year=2015 |title=AN ANALYSIS OF THE 2003 AND 2007 ELECTORAL VIOLENCE IN NIGERIA |url=https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/handle/2263/53451/Nyam_Analysis_2015.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |access-date=May 22, 2021 |format=PDF}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Makgetla, Itumeleng |date=August 26, 2009 |title=Ahmed Makarfi |url=https://successfulsocieties.princeton.edu/interviews/ahmed-makarfi |access-date=May 25, 2021 |publisher=[[Princeton University]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Weimann, G. J. |date=2010 |title=Islamic criminal law in northern Nigeria: politics, religion, judicial practice |url=https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/742123/145219_thesis.pdf |access-date=May 25, 2021 |publisher=[[University of Amsterdam]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 23, 2003 |title=The Miss World Riots |trans-title=Continued Impunity for Killings in Kaduna |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2003/07/22/miss-world-riots/continued-impunity-killings-kaduna |access-date=May 25, 2021 |publisher=HRW}}</ref> Adadin masu jefa kuri'a a jihar don zaben ya kai 2,536,702. Koyaya, an ba da katunan jefa kuri'a 2,557,800 a baya a jihar.<ref name="IFES"/><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Egwu, Sam |last2=Leonard, David K. |last3=Matlosa, Khabele |date=2021-05-20 |title=NIGERIAN ELECTIONS SINCE 1999 |trans-title=What does Democracy Mean? |url=https://www.eisa.org/pdf/JAE8.1Egwu.pdf |journal=Journal of African Elections |publisher=EISA |volume=8 |issue=1 |access-date=2021-05-23}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} n4lblss9bc2jbce38occ1tkwneynqng 0 106610 873942 675933 2026-07-01T22:22:00Z Habibah A Jisambo 26434 873942 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Emmanuel, Gaëtan Nguemkam Monthé''' (An haife shi ranar 26 ga watan Janairu, 1995) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafane na Kamaru wanda yake taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida na kungiyar {{English football updater|OldhamAt}} ta Oldham Athletic . ==Manazarta.== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1995]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] fd9yipv1nni1u0rej1tuaj9x904gl0k 0 106658 874108 666496 2026-07-02T05:52:51Z Ummeeterh 31568 874108 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zaben gwamna na [[Osun|Jihar Osun]] na 2007''' shi ne zaben gwamna na 4 na Jihar Osun. An gudanar da shi a ranar 14 ga [[Afrilu]] 2007, dan takarar jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party [[Olagunsoye Oyinlola]] ya lashe zaben, inda ya doke [[Rauf Aregbesola]] na Action Congress of Nigeria . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-04-15 |title=Rigged Elections: Results So Far |url=http://saharareporters.com/2007/04/15/rigged-elections-results-so-far |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=Sahara Reporters}}</ref> Bayan haka, Majalisar Aiki da dan takarar ta, Rauf Aregbesola sun kalubalanci zaben a Kotun daukaka kara. Daga baya aka ayyana Aregbesola a matsayin wanda aka zaba a ranar 26 ga [[Nuwamba]], 2010 ta Kotun daukaka kara da ke zaune a [[Ibadan]]. == Sakamakon == [[Olagunsoye Oyinlola]] daga [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Demokradiyya ta Jama'a]] ta lashe zaben, inda ta doke [[Rauf Aregbesola]] daga [[Action Congress of Nigeria|Majalisa ta Najeriya]]. Masu jefa kuri'a da aka yi rajista sun kasance 1,297,297.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-04-16 |title=allAfrica.com: Nigeria: Fashola Wins Lagos, Uduaghan Takes Delta (Page 1 of 3) |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200704160094.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070416091910/https://allafrica.com/stories/200704160094.html |archive-date=2007-04-16 |access-date=2021-05-17}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 58syoyqj0zqvpfie61k9kecf6tos0rv 0 107161 873656 677332 2026-07-01T14:08:10Z Habibah A Jisambo 26434 873656 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Pakistan]] ce ta uku a cikin cin zarafin yara ta [[yanar gizo]].<ref>"Pakistan ranks 3rd in online child abuse: NGO report"</ref> ] Yawancin lokaci ana yin watsi da cin zarafin yara<ref>"Online Child Abuse-legal and Technological Approaches to Tackle It | Office of Accessibility & Inclusion"</ref> a [[Pakistan]].<ref>"The Lingering Menace of Child Abuse in Pakistan!"</ref> ] Kiyasin cin zarafin yara a Pakistan ya fi 12 a kowace rana,<ref>"Over half a million children raped in Pakistan annually but most cases go unnoticed: experts"</ref> <ref>"Pakistan: What's fueling child sexual abuse in Punjab? – DW – 07/25/2023"</ref> <ref>"Over half a million children raped in Pakistan annually but most cases go unnoticed: experts"</ref> <ref> "Child abuse in Pakistan"</ref> <ref> Child abuse in Pakistan". The Nation. 2023-04-12. Retrieved 2023-08-26.,</ref> <ref> "Child abuse in Pakistan: A qualitative study of knowledge, attitudes and practice amongst health professionals"</ref> ],<ref> "Cases of Child Sexual Abuse in Pakistan: A Wake-Up Call for Public Health Concern"</ref> <ref>"'12 children sexually abused per day in first half of 2022'"</ref> <ref>"12 children suffered sexual abuse every day in Pakistan in first half of 2023: Sahil report"</ref> wanda a cikin jimillar rahoton da aka bayar na cin zarafin yara a Pakistan 2,325 wadanda abin ya shafa mata ne (55%) da 1,928 (45%) maza.[14. <ref>"Child Protection | UNICEF Pakistan"</ref> <ref>"Child sexual abuse up by 33% in 2022: report"</ref> A cikin 2022 an ba da rahoton shari'o'i 4,253 na cin zarafin yara, rabinsu an yi lalata da su<ref>"Report reveals harrowing state of child abuse instances in Punjab"</ref> <ref>"Violence against Children: A Challenge for Public Health in Pakistan - PMC"</ref> <ref> "Child abuse in Pakistan: A qualitative study of knowledge, attitudes and practice amongst health professionals"</ref> <ref>"Understanding the Issue of Child Sexual Abuse in Pakistan – SLD"</ref> [<ref>"Pakistani child sex abuse is an open secret"</ref> <ref>"Report reveals horrifying statistics of child abuse in Pakistan"</ref> <ref>"Child Abuse in Pakistan - Research impact"</ref> <ref>"Child sexual abuse up by 33% in 2022: report"</ref> <ref>Cruel Numbers – Sahil". Retrieved 2023-08</ref> <ref>Google Scholar". scholar.google.com.pk. Retrieved 2023-08-25.</ref> A cikin 2023, adadin wadanda aka zalunta ya kai 2,227, fiye da rabin su, kusan kashi 54%, 'yan mata ne.<ref> "12 children suffered sexual abuse every day in Pakistan in first half of 2023: Sahil report"</ref> <ref> Google Scholar". scholar.google.com.pk</ref> <ref> "A child was sexually abused every two hours in Pakistan this year, NGO says",</ref> kimanin shari'o'i 164 na lalata, sace 984, bacewar yara 201 da kuma auren kananan yara 14 ne aka ruwaito a cikin wannan shekarar.<ref>Junejo, Iqra (2023-08-31). "Unveiling child abuse". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 2023-08-</ref> A cikin wani rahoto mai suna Cruel Numbers da Sahil wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da ke aiki a Pakistan kan kare yara da kuma mayar da hankali ta musamman kan cin zarafin mata, <ref>"Cruel Numbers – Sahil"</ref> <ref> Junejo, Iqra (2023-08-31). "Unveiling child abuse". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 2023-08-31.</ref> jimlar adadin batsa 53 <ref> Junejo, Iqra (2023-08-31). "Unveiling child abuse". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 2023-08-31.</ref> an ruwaito su a cikin wani bincike da Hukumar Bincike ta Tarayya ta gudanar, wanda ke bin diddigin ayyukan akan yanar gizo mai duhu.<ref> "12 children suffered sexual abuse every day in Pakistan in first half of 2023: Sahil report"</ref> <ref> "Aid group reports surging numbers in child abuse in Pakistan"</ref> <ref>"Cruel Numbers – Sahil"</ref> A cikin Sindh, an ba da rahoton mafi girma (483) adadin laifuka na cin zarafin yara, <ref>"12 children suffered sexual abuse every day in Pakistan in first half of 2023: Sahil report"</ref> mafi girma na biyu (233) an ruwaito a Punjab. Talauci da hauhawar farashin kayayyaki wani babban al’amari ne da ake sawa mutane tura ‘ya’yansu zuwa aiki, ko kuma sayar da su ga mutanen da ke amfani da su a matsayin masu aikin kwadago, masu lalata da mata. Babban cikas shi ne yadda cin zarafin yara ya zama ruwan dare a Pakistan.<ref>Child Labour in domestic work in Pakistan: A scoping study</ref> Majalisar dokokin Pakistan ta zartar da sabuwar doka kan cin zarafin yara a shekarar 2020.<ref>"Pakistan passes child abuse law after girl's rape and murder"</ref> <ref>"Monitoring child rights violations & handling complaints"</ref> ==Rikicin cikin gida.== An kuma bayar da rahoton cin zarafin yara da auren yara a Pakistan.<ref>"500,000 children face physical assaults every year in Pakistan: Expert"</ref> Ya zuwa 2023, aƙalla sama da kashi 18 cikin ɗari na 'yan mata da kashi 4 cikin ɗari na yara maza a Pakistan an same su da aure kafin su kai shekaru 18 kuma hana irin wannan auren yana da rikitarwa ta hanyar "tsarin doka biyu" da kuma yanayin al'umma na tilasta canza 'yan mata daga tsirarun addini.<ref>"No country for children: The not-so-hidden horrors of child sexual abuse in Pakistan"</ref> <ref> Cruel Numbers – Sahil". Retrieved 2024-10</ref> ==Addini da cin zarafin hukumomi.== An ba da rahoton shari'o'in musuluntar tilastawa yara mata kanana a lokuta da yawa.<ref>"Pakistan: Religious conversion, including treatment of converts and forced conversions (2009-2012)"</ref> <ref> ]"Pakistan's dilemma of forced conversions and marriages put minority women at risk"</ref> <ref>"UN to Pakistan: Curb Forced Conversions, Marriages of Religious Minority Girls"</ref> <ref>"Pakistan: Sindh Provincial Assembly Passes New Law Prohibiting Forced Religious Conversion"</ref> A cikin 2020, an rubuta wasu kararraki da dama na cin zarafi ta hanyar lalata a cikin madrassas, ciki har da batun Yaous mai shekaru 8 a Mansehra, wanda malamin addinin Qari Shamsuddin ya kai masa hari tsawon kwanaki biyu kai tsaye har sai da ya yi rashin lafiya kuma aka kwantar da shi a asibiti. Daga baya an yanke wa malamin hukuncin daurin shekaru 16.5 a gidan yari. To amma duk da kama wasu ’yan uwa malamai da masu ibada a masallacin Madrassah-e-Taleem-ul-Qur’an, inda aka yi ta’adi da cin zarafi, sun ci gaba da yin sabani game da tuhumar.[32][38] ==Rikicin camfe-camfe na addini= a cikin al'umma ya kuma sami laifin cin zarafi da yaduwa. Muhimman batutuwan da suka shafi zamantakewa irin su yara mata har yanzu ba su sami suka daga fitattun malaman tauhidi na kwatankwacinsu na musulmi wadanda ke samun dimbin mabiya a Pakistan kamar Dr. Zakir Naik, wanda a halin yanzu ke zaune a Malaysia. Wani abin mamaki ya faru a farkon watan Oktoban 2024 lokacin da Dr. Zakir, a lokacin da yake jawabi ga taron jama'a a wani taron a Karachi, ya soki wata 'yar kasar Pashtun tare da ki amsa tambayarta game da matsalar cin hanci da rashawa a cikin al'ummomin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya kamar na Lakki <ref>"Child sex abuse in Pakistan's religious schools is endemic"</ref> Marwat inda ta fito da kuma dalilin da yasa Ullema ta ki magance matsalar. Daga baya ya ninka har ya nemi gafarar yarinyar kuma ya tabbatar da cewa tambayarta ta sabawa<ref>"No country for children: The not-so-hidden horrors of child sexual abuse in Pakistan"</ref> <ref>"Pashtun girl asks Zakir Naik about rising paedophilia in Islamic societies. He says apologise"</ref> <ref>"Dr.Zakir Naik reacts sharply to Pashtun girl Palwasha's question : viral video"</ref> ==Laifukan cin zarafin jima'i.== A cikin watan Agusta 2023, Fatima Phuriro, <ref>"Who is Fatima Fariro and What Happened to Her?"</ref> karamar yarinya an zarge ta da azabtarwa, fyade a Haweli na Pir's na Ranipur.<ref> "Another maid died due to alleged torture in Khairpur"</ref> rohoton bayan mutuwa ya tabbatar da azabtarwa da fyade.,,<ref> "Exhumation of Minor Fatima's Grave Completed; Postmortem Conducted"</ref> A cewar wata sanarwa da lauyan Fatima Phuriro ta fitar, Pir Asad Shah Jilani yana sayar da bidiyon cin zarafin mata a gidan yanar gizo mai duhu.<ref>"12 children suffered sexual abuse every day in Pakistan in first half of 2023: Sahil report"</ref> Bugu da kari, ’yan sanda sun kwato mutane 7 da suka yi garkuwa da su, da suka hada da mata da ‘yan mata, wadanda suka makale a gidan Asad Shah<ref>"Captive Victims Recovered from Pir Asad Shah's Mansion"</ref> <ref>"Why parents of Fatima left daughter at disposal of Pir Asad Shah?"</ref> <ref>"Minor housemaid's postmortem report reveals torture, rape"</ref> Ita ma matar Asad shah, Hina Shah, an zabe ta a matsayin wanda ake tuhuma a cikin FIR da mahaifiyar Fatima ta shigar.<ref>"Remand of prime suspect in housemaid murder case extended by five days"</ref> A ranar 9 ga Janairu, 2018, an yi wa ƙaramar yarinya Zainab Ansari fyade tare da kashe shi a garinsu na Kasur, Pakistan.[<ref>"When will there be justice for Pakistan's victims of child abuse?"</ref> <ref>"IS SOMETHING WRONG WITH KASUR?"</ref> A cikin 2019, an yi wa Faizan Muhammad mai shekaru tara fyade tare da kashe shi a Kasur, Pakistan.<ref>"In Pakistan's Kasur, child rapes and killings continue unabated"</ref> ==Manazarta== 0ikc51xzj0raw3gh8jfkmalaw20zfyt 873659 873656 2026-07-01T14:15:37Z Habibah A Jisambo 26434 873659 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Pakistan]] ce ta uku a cikin cin zarafin yara ta [[yanar gizo]].<ref>"Pakistan ranks 3rd in online child abuse: NGO report"</ref> ] Yawancin lokaci ana yin watsi da cin zarafin yara<ref>"Online Child Abuse-legal and Technological Approaches to Tackle It | Office of Accessibility & Inclusion"</ref> a [[Pakistan]].<ref>"The Lingering Menace of Child Abuse in Pakistan!"</ref> ] Kiyasin cin zarafin yara a Pakistan ya fi 12 a kowace rana,<ref>"Over half a million children raped in Pakistan annually but most cases go unnoticed: experts"</ref> <ref>"Pakistan: What's fueling child sexual abuse in Punjab? – DW – 07/25/2023"</ref> <ref>"Over half a million children raped in Pakistan annually but most cases go unnoticed: experts"</ref> <ref> "Child abuse in Pakistan"</ref> <ref> Child abuse in Pakistan". The Nation. 2023-04-12. Retrieved 2023-08-26.,</ref> <ref> "Child abuse in Pakistan: A qualitative study of knowledge, attitudes and practice amongst health professionals"</ref> ],<ref> "Cases of Child Sexual Abuse in Pakistan: A Wake-Up Call for Public Health Concern"</ref> <ref>"'12 children sexually abused per day in first half of 2022'"</ref> <ref>"12 children suffered sexual abuse every day in Pakistan in first half of 2023: Sahil report"</ref> wanda a cikin jimillar rahoton da aka bayar na cin zarafin yara a Pakistan 2,325 wadanda abin ya shafa mata ne (55%) da 1,928 (45%) maza.[14. <ref>"Child Protection | UNICEF Pakistan"</ref> <ref>"Child sexual abuse up by 33% in 2022: report"</ref> A cikin 2022 an ba da rahoton shari'o'i 4,253 na cin zarafin yara, rabinsu an yi lalata da su<ref>"Report reveals harrowing state of child abuse instances in Punjab"</ref> <ref>"Violence against Children: A Challenge for Public Health in Pakistan - PMC"</ref> <ref> "Child abuse in Pakistan: A qualitative study of knowledge, attitudes and practice amongst health professionals"</ref> <ref>"Understanding the Issue of Child Sexual Abuse in Pakistan – SLD"</ref> [<ref>"Pakistani child sex abuse is an open secret"</ref> <ref>"Report reveals horrifying statistics of child abuse in Pakistan"</ref> <ref>"Child Abuse in Pakistan - Research impact"</ref> <ref>"Child sexual abuse up by 33% in 2022: report"</ref> <ref>Cruel Numbers – Sahil". Retrieved 2023-08</ref> <ref>Google Scholar". scholar.google.com.pk. Retrieved 2023-08-25.</ref> A cikin 2023, adadin wadanda aka zalunta ya kai 2,227, fiye da rabin su, kusan kashi 54%, 'yan mata ne.<ref> "12 children suffered sexual abuse every day in Pakistan in first half of 2023: Sahil report"</ref> <ref> Google Scholar". scholar.google.com.pk</ref> <ref> "A child was sexually abused every two hours in Pakistan this year, NGO says",</ref> kimanin shari'o'i 164 na lalata, sace 984, bacewar yara 201 da kuma auren kananan yara 14 ne aka ruwaito a cikin wannan shekarar.<ref>Junejo, Iqra (2023-08-31). "Unveiling child abuse". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 2023-08-</ref> A cikin wani rahoto mai suna Cruel Numbers da Sahil wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da ke aiki a Pakistan kan kare yara da kuma mayar da hankali ta musamman kan cin zarafin mata, <ref>"Cruel Numbers – Sahil"</ref> <ref> Junejo, Iqra (2023-08-31). "Unveiling child abuse". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 2023-08-31.</ref> jimlar adadin batsa 53 <ref> Junejo, Iqra (2023-08-31). "Unveiling child abuse". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 2023-08-31.</ref> an ruwaito su a cikin wani bincike da Hukumar Bincike ta Tarayya ta gudanar, wanda ke bin diddigin ayyukan akan yanar gizo mai duhu.<ref> "12 children suffered sexual abuse every day in Pakistan in first half of 2023: Sahil report"</ref> <ref> "Aid group reports surging numbers in child abuse in Pakistan"</ref> <ref>"Cruel Numbers – Sahil"</ref> A cikin Sindh, an ba da [[rahoton]] mafi girma (483) adadin laifuka na cin zarafin yara, <ref>"12 children suffered sexual abuse every day in Pakistan in first half of 2023: Sahil report"</ref> mafi girma na biyu (233) an ruwaito a Punjab. Talauci da hauhawar farashin kayayyaki wani babban al’amari ne da ake sawa mutane tura ‘ya’yansu zuwa aiki, ko kuma sayar da su ga mutanen da ke amfani da su a matsayin masu aikin kwadago, masu lalata da mata. Babban cikas shi ne yadda cin zarafin yara ya zama ruwan dare a Pakistan.<ref>Child Labour in domestic work in Pakistan: A scoping study</ref> Majalisar dokokin Pakistan ta zartar da sabuwar doka kan cin zarafin yara a shekarar 2020.<ref>"Pakistan passes child abuse law after girl's rape and murder"</ref> <ref>"Monitoring child rights violations & handling complaints"</ref> ==Rikicin cikin gida.== An kuma bayar da rahoton cin zarafin yara da auren yara a Pakistan.<ref>"500,000 children face physical assaults every year in Pakistan: Expert"</ref> Ya zuwa 2023, aƙalla sama da kashi 18 cikin ɗari na 'yan mata da kashi 4 cikin ɗari na yara maza a Pakistan an same su da aure kafin su kai shekaru 18 kuma hana irin wannan auren yana da rikitarwa ta hanyar "tsarin doka biyu" da kuma yanayin al'umma na tilasta canza 'yan mata daga tsirarun addini.<ref>"No country for children: The not-so-hidden horrors of child sexual abuse in Pakistan"</ref> <ref> Cruel Numbers – Sahil". Retrieved 2024-10</ref> ==Addini da cin zarafin hukumomi.== An ba da rahoton shari'o'in musuluntar tilastawa yara mata kanana a lokuta da yawa.<ref>"Pakistan: Religious conversion, including treatment of converts and forced conversions (2009-2012)"</ref> <ref> ]"Pakistan's dilemma of forced conversions and marriages put minority women at risk"</ref> <ref>"UN to Pakistan: Curb Forced Conversions, Marriages of Religious Minority Girls"</ref> <ref>"Pakistan: Sindh Provincial Assembly Passes New Law Prohibiting Forced Religious Conversion"</ref> A cikin 2020, an rubuta wasu kararraki da dama na cin zarafi ta hanyar lalata a cikin madrassas, ciki har da batun Yaous mai shekaru 8 a Mansehra, wanda malamin addinin Qari Shamsuddin ya kai masa hari tsawon kwanaki biyu kai tsaye har sai da ya yi rashin lafiya kuma aka kwantar da shi a asibiti. Daga baya an yanke wa malamin hukuncin daurin shekaru 16.5 a gidan yari. To amma duk da kama wasu ’yan uwa malamai da masu ibada a masallacin Madrassah-e-Taleem-ul-Qur’an, inda aka yi ta’adi da cin zarafi, sun ci gaba da yin sabani game da tuhumar.[32][38] ==Rikicin camfe-camfe na addini= a cikin al'umma ya kuma sami laifin cin zarafi da yaduwa. Muhimman batutuwan da suka shafi zamantakewa irin su yara mata har yanzu ba su sami suka daga fitattun malaman tauhidi na kwatankwacinsu na musulmi wadanda ke samun dimbin mabiya a Pakistan kamar Dr. Zakir Naik, wanda a halin yanzu ke zaune a Malaysia. Wani abin mamaki ya faru a farkon watan Oktoban 2024 lokacin da Dr. Zakir, a lokacin da yake jawabi ga taron jama'a a wani taron a Karachi, ya soki wata 'yar kasar Pashtun tare da ki amsa tambayarta game da matsalar cin hanci da rashawa a cikin al'ummomin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya kamar na Lakki <ref>"Child sex abuse in Pakistan's religious schools is endemic"</ref> Marwat inda ta fito da kuma dalilin da yasa Ullema ta ki magance matsalar. Daga baya ya ninka har ya nemi gafarar yarinyar kuma ya tabbatar da cewa tambayarta ta sabawa<ref>"No country for children: The not-so-hidden horrors of child sexual abuse in Pakistan"</ref> <ref>"Pashtun girl asks Zakir Naik about rising paedophilia in Islamic societies. He says apologise"</ref> <ref>"Dr.Zakir Naik reacts sharply to Pashtun girl Palwasha's question : viral video"</ref> ==Laifukan cin zarafin jima'i.== A cikin watan Agusta 2023, Fatima Phuriro, <ref>"Who is Fatima Fariro and What Happened to Her?"</ref> karamar yarinya an zarge ta da azabtarwa, fyade a Haweli na Pir's na Ranipur.<ref> "Another maid died due to alleged torture in Khairpur"</ref> rohoton bayan mutuwa ya tabbatar da azabtarwa da fyade.,,<ref> "Exhumation of Minor Fatima's Grave Completed; Postmortem Conducted"</ref> A cewar wata sanarwa da lauyan Fatima Phuriro ta fitar, Pir Asad Shah Jilani yana sayar da bidiyon cin zarafin mata a gidan yanar gizo mai duhu.<ref>"12 children suffered sexual abuse every day in Pakistan in first half of 2023: Sahil report"</ref> Bugu da kari, ’yan sanda sun kwato mutane 7 da suka yi garkuwa da su, da suka hada da mata da ‘yan mata, wadanda suka makale a gidan Asad Shah<ref>"Captive Victims Recovered from Pir Asad Shah's Mansion"</ref> <ref>"Why parents of Fatima left daughter at disposal of Pir Asad Shah?"</ref> <ref>"Minor housemaid's postmortem report reveals torture, rape"</ref> Ita ma matar Asad shah, Hina Shah, an zabe ta a matsayin wanda ake tuhuma a cikin FIR da mahaifiyar Fatima ta shigar.<ref>"Remand of prime suspect in housemaid murder case extended by five days"</ref> A ranar 9 ga Janairu, 2018, an yi wa ƙaramar yarinya Zainab Ansari fyade tare da kashe shi a garinsu na Kasur, Pakistan.[<ref>"When will there be justice for Pakistan's victims of child abuse?"</ref> <ref>"IS SOMETHING WRONG WITH KASUR?"</ref> A cikin 2019, an yi wa Faizan Muhammad mai shekaru tara fyade tare da kashe shi a Kasur, Pakistan.<ref>"In Pakistan's Kasur, child rapes and killings continue unabated"</ref> ==Manazarta== 58j5dgehln4si2ebqamvyah8t50zpaf 0 107227 873653 669861 2026-07-01T14:01:08Z Naja'atu Bintoo Usman 22641 873653 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Hannah Alper''' (An haife ta a shekara ta 2002/2003) 'yar gwagwarmayar [[Kanada]] ce,<ref>Sarner, Robert (17 July 2020). "Meet Canada's 17-year-old Jewish 'Greta Thunberg' who says activism is a mitzvah". The Times of Israel. Toronto. OCLC 969749342. Archived from the original on 27 November 2021. Retrieved 9 January 2022. Where many see the world going down the tubes, Hannah Alper sees opportunity to improve — and wields considerable clout after starting her blogging career at the ripe old age of 9</ref> Mai rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo, kuma '[[Journalism|ɗan jarida]] wacce ta kasance mai aiki a waɗannan fannoni kafin ta kasance matashiya. == Rayuwa ta mutum == An haifi Hannah Alper a shekara ta 2002 ko ga Candace<ref>Sarner, Robert (17 July 2020). "Meet Canada's 17-year-old Jewish 'Greta Thunberg' who says activism is a mitzvah". ''The Times of Israel''. Toronto. OCLC 969749342. Archived from the original on 27 November 2021. Retrieved 9 January 2022. <q>Where many see the world going down the tubes, Hannah Alper sees opportunity to improve — and wields considerable clout after starting her blogging career at the ripe old age of 9</q></ref> da Eric Alper. A cikin 2013, mahaifiyarta ta yi aiki "taimaka wa yara a cikin al'ummarsu ta hanyar shirye-shiryen zamantakewa da sansanonin bazara da maganin kiɗa" mahaifinta ya yi aiki ga eOne Music Canada yayin da ya kafa sadaka don siyan kayan jin yara masu bukata. A cikin 2020 iyalin suna zaune a unguwar [[Toronto]] na Richmond Hill, Ontario .   A watan [[Yuli|Yulin]] 2012, Alper ta kaddamar da shafinta na yanar gizo -Ka kira Ni Hannah - inda ta yi magana game da muhimman abubuwan da suka haifar mata: jin daɗin dabbobi, lalacewar mazauni, da yanayin yanayi; a cikin shekara, shafinta na shafin ya sami ra'ayoyin shafi 100,000. A shekara ta 2020 ta fadada shawararta zuwa adawa da zalunci da "haɓaka", abin da ta bayyana a matsayin "canja al'ummominmu da duniya ta hanyar alheri. " A lokaci guda, shafin yanar gizon ta yana da "babban mabiya", ya tara mabiya 40000 na Twitter, mabiya 13000 na Instagram, kuma ya sami hira da George Stroumboulopoulos.<ref>Sarner, Robert (17 July 2020). "Meet Canada's 17-year-old Jewish 'Greta Thunberg' who says activism is a mitzvah". ''The Times of Israel''. Toronto. OCLC 969749342. Archived from the original on 27 November 2021. Retrieved 9 January 2022. <q>Where many see the world going down the tubes, Hannah Alper sees opportunity to improve — and wields considerable clout after starting her blogging career at the ripe old age of 9</q></ref> A cikin 2013, The Grid ta yaba wa Alper saboda gwagwarmayarta a cikin "3rd Annual Menschies". Ta ba da jawabi mai motsawa ga ME ga WE, ta yi aiki a matsayin jakada don Free the Children, ta yi magana a taron Toronto na Asusun Kula da namun daji na Duniya don Sa'a ta Duniya, kuma ta tara CA $ 975 (a cikin dinari) daga yara masu makaranta don Free the Kids . An kalli jawabinta na TEDx na 2014, "Yadda za a sami haskenka", sau sama da 2400 a cikin ƙasa da mako guda. Lilly Singh ne ya zaba shi a cikin 2017, Alper shine kadai matashi na mutane 19 na ''Bloomberg Businessweek'' don kallo a cikin 2018. A tsakiyar shekara ta 2020, ta ba da "mafiye da jawabai 400", kuma an zabe ta a matsayin co-shugaban Kungiyar Matasa ta B'nai B'rith ta yankin Lake Ontario . == Jarida == A matsayinta na ɗan jarida, Alper ya rubuta wa The Huffington Post kuma ya yi hira da [[Malala Yousafzai]], Craig Kielburger, Spencer West, Jian Ghomeshi, da Severn Cullis-Suzuki. A cikin 2013, Alper shine mai rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo na Juno Awards. An sake shi a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba 2017, littafin farko na Alper - Momentus: Small Acts, Big Change - tarin tambayoyin ne tare da 19 daga cikin abubuwan da ta taka (ciki har da Singh, Yousafzai, da [[Lily Collins]]), suna fatan karfafa matasa su dauki mataki kuma su yi canje-canjen da suke so su gani a duniya. 2020 ta ga Alper fasalin a cikin matukin jirgi na ''CitizenKid'': Duniya ta zo na farko, jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin da aka daidaita daga jerin Kids Can Press na littattafan CitizenKid; ita, Cooper Price, Charlene Rocha, da kuma tauraron jerin [[Sophia Mathur]] "sun shirya don magance matsalolin canjin yanayi daga hangen nesa na matasa na yau. "<ref>Romaniuk, Colleen (15 May 2020). "Sudbury youth climate activist stars in documentary TV series". ''The Sudbury Star''. ISSN 0839-2544. Archived from the original on 19 February 2021. Retrieved 9 January 2022. <q>''Earth Comes First'' will air on YTV's The Zone on World Environment Day</q></ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] mzb70aa10v9hjcjkcr90817mlxy1i7g 0 107841 873779 834298 2026-07-01T20:20:50Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 873779 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Antarktyda_i_Antarktyka.jpg|thumb|Hoton duniya a ranar 21 ga Satumba, 2005, tare da cikakken yankin Antarctic da ke bayyane]] '''Gishiri na teku na Antarctic''' shine [[Gileshiya (Tsaunin kankara)|kankara]] ta teku na Kudancin Tekun. Ya shimfiɗa daga arewacin arewa a cikin hunturu kuma yana komawa kusan bakin teku a kowane bazara.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2023 |title=Understanding climate: Antarctic sea ice extent |url=http://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/understanding-climate-antarctic-sea-ice-extent |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604165512/https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/understanding-climate-antarctic-sea-ice-extent |archive-date=June 4, 2019 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=NOAA Climate.gov |language=}}</ref> Ruwan teku mai daskarewa ne wanda yawanci bai kai mita kadan ba. Wannan akasin shelf na kankara ne, wanda aka kafa ta kankara; suna iyo a cikin teku, kuma suna da kauri har zuwa kilomita. Akwai sassa biyu na kankara na teku: kankara mai sauri, wanda ke haɗe da ƙasa; da kankara, wanda ba haka ba ne. Gishiri na teku wanda ya fito daga Kudancin Tekun yana narkewa daga kasa maimakon farfajiya kamar kankara na Arctic saboda an rufe shi da dusar ƙanƙara a saman. A sakamakon haka, ba a lura da tafkunan da suka narke ba. A matsakaici, kankara na teku na Antarctic ya fi ƙanƙanta, ya fi dumi, ya fi gishiri, kuma ya fi motsawa fiye da kankara na Arctic.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|ref=4}}</ref> Wani bambanci tsakanin kankara guda biyu, shine cewa yayin da akwai raguwar kankara na teku na Arctic, yanayin a Antarctica kusan kusan kwance ne.<ref name=":2"/> Ba a yi nazarin kankara na teku na Antarctic sosai idan aka kwatanta da kankara na Arctic ba tunda ba shi da sauƙin isa. == Auna kankara na teku ==   === Labarin yankin === Rufin kankara na teku na Antarctic yana da yanayi sosai, tare da ƙananan kankara a lokacin rani na austral, yana fadada zuwa yankin da ya yi daidai da na Antarctica a cikin hunturu. Yana da tsawo (~ 18 × 10^6 km²) a watan Satumba (wanda aka kwatanta da yankin [[Pluto]]), wanda ke nuna ƙarshen hunturu na austral, kuma yana komawa zuwa mafi ƙarancin (~ 3 × 10^ 6 km²) a cikin Fabrairu.<ref name=":1"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=NASA |date=2009-05-22 |title=Antarctic Sea Ice |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/WorldOfChange/sea_ice_south.php}}</ref> Sakamakon haka, yawancin kankara na teku na Antarctic shine kankara na shekara ta farko, 'yan mita masu kauri, amma ba a san ainihin kauri ba. Yankin kilomita miliyan 18 ^ 2 na kankara shine murabba'in mita miliyan 18, don haka ga kowane mita na kauri, saboda yawan kankara kusan 0.88 teratonnes / miliyan km ^ 3, nauyin mita na saman kankara na Antarctic yana da kusan 16 teratonnes (tunan mita tiriliyan) a ƙarshen hunturu. An auna rikodin ƙananan kankara na lokacin rani a watan Fabrairun 2022 a murabba'in mil 741,000 (1.9 murabba'i kilomita miliyan) ta Cibiyar Bayanan Snow da Ice ta Kasa.&nbsp;&nbsp; Tunda teku daga bakin tekun Antarctic yawanci ya fi zafi fiye da iska da ke sama da shi, yawan kankara na teku yana sarrafawa ta hanyar iskõki da raƙuman ruwa waɗanda ke tura shi zuwa arewa. Idan aka tura shi da sauri, kankara na iya tafiya zuwa arewa kafin ya narke. Yawancin kankara an kafa su ne a bakin tekun, yayin da kankara mai motsawa zuwa arewa ya bar wuraren ruwa mai budewa (polynyas masu zafi na bakin tekun), wanda ke daskarewa da sauri. [[Fayil:Katabatic-wind_hg.png|thumb]] === Kauri === Saboda kankara ta Antarctic galibi kankara ce ta shekara ta farko, wanda ba shi da kauri kamar kankara ta shekaru da yawa, gabaɗaya ƙasa da 'yan mita kauri. Snowfall da ambaliyar kankara na iya kauri da shi sosai, kuma tsarin Layer na kankara na Antarctic sau da yawa yana da rikitarwa. == Yanayin baya-bayan nan da canjin yanayi == Yankin kankara na teku a Antarctica ya bambanta sosai shekara-shekara. Wannan ya sa ya zama da wahala a tantance yanayin, kuma an lura da rikodin rikodin rikodi da ƙananan rikodin tsakanin 2013 da 2023. Halin gabaɗaya tun Nuwamba 1978, farkon [[Tauraron dan adam|Ma'aunin tauraron dan adam]], ya kasance kusan a kwance, tare da maki biyu na canji.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Purich |first=Ariaan |last2=Doddridge |first2=Edward W. |date=2023-09-13 |title=Record low Antarctic sea ice coverage indicates a new sea ice state |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-023-00961-9 |journal=Communications Earth & Environment |language=en |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1038/s43247-023-00961-9 |issn=2662-4435 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Daga Nuwamba 1978 zuwa Agusta 2007, matsakaicin yanayin kankara na teku ya kasance kusa da sifili. Wannan ya biyo bayan wani lokaci na anomalies masu kyau daga Satumba 2007 zuwa Agusta 2016, da kuma canji na gaba zuwa mafi yawan anomalies da ke ci gaba har zuwa yanzu. Binciken kididdiga ya nuna cewa tsarin kankara na teku na Antarctic ya sami canjin tsari wanda ke nuna canjin mulki a cikin halayyar tsarin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fogt |first=Ryan L. |last2=Sleinkofer |first2=Amanda M. |last3=Raphael |first3=Marilyn N. |last4=Handcock |first4=Mark S. |date=January 2022 |title=A regime shift in seasonal total Antarctic sea ice extent in the twentieth century |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-021-01254-9 |journal=Nature Climate Change |language=en |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=54–62 |doi=10.1038/s41558-021-01254-9 |issn=1758-6798}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Raphael |first=Marilyn N. |last2=Maierhofer |first2=Thomas J. |last3=Fogt |first3=Ryan L. |last4=Hobbs |first4=William R. |last5=Handcock |first5=Mark S. |date=2025-02-21 |title=A twenty-first century structural change in Antarctica's sea ice system |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-025-02107-5 |journal=Communications Earth & Environment |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1038/s43247-025-02107-5 |issn=2662-4435}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hobbs |first=Will |last2=Spence |first2=Paul |last3=Meyer |first3=Amelie |last4=Schroeter |first4=Serena |last5=Fraser |first5=Alexander D. |last6=Reid |first6=Philip |last7=Tian |first7=Tian R. |last8=Wang |first8=Zhaohui |last9=Liniger |first9=Guillaume |last10=Doddridge |first10=Edward W. |last11=Boyd |first11=Philip W. |date=2024-03-06 |title=Observational Evidence for a Regime Shift in Summer Antarctic Sea Ice |url=https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/clim/37/7/JCLI-D-23-0479.1.xml |journal=Journal of Climate |language=EN |volume=37 |issue=7 |pages=2263–2275 |doi=10.1175/JCLI-D-23-0479.1 |issn=0894-8755}}</ref> Raguwar kankara na teku na Antarctic tun daga shekara ta 2016 ya kasance tare da karuwar yanayin zafi na teku, <ref name=":0" /> yana nuna tasirin teku akan asarar da aka lura. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=Liping |last2=Delworth |first2=Thomas L. |last3=Yang |first3=Xiaosong |last4=Zeng |first4=Fanrong |last5=Lu |first5=Feiyu |last6=Morioka |first6=Yushi |last7=Bushuk |first7=Mitchell |date=2022-11-30 |title=The relative role of the subsurface Southern Ocean in driving negative Antarctic Sea ice extent anomalies in 2016–2021 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-022-00624-1 |journal=Communications Earth & Environment |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1038/s43247-022-00624-1 |issn=2662-4435}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morioka |first=Yushi |last2=Manabe |first2=Syukuro |last3=Zhang |first3=Liping |last4=Delworth |first4=Thomas L. |last5=Cooke |first5=William |last6=Nonaka |first6=Masami |last7=Behera |first7=Swadhin K. |date=2024-11-08 |title=Antarctic sea ice multidecadal variability triggered by Southern Annular Mode and deep convection |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01783-z |journal=Communications Earth & Environment |language=en |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1038/s43247-024-01783-z |issn=2662-4435 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan raguwa a cikin kankara na teku ya bayyana cewa ana motsa shi da farko ta hanyar hanyoyin thermodynamic, maimakon ta hanyar advection na inji.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Himmich |first=Kenza |last2=Vancoppenolle |first2=Martin |last3=Stammerjohn |first3=Sharon |last4=Bocquet |first4=Marion |last5=Madec |first5=Gurvan |last6=Sallée |first6=Jean-Baptiste |last7=Fleury |first7=Sara |date=2024 |title=Thermodynamics Drive Post-2016 Changes in the Antarctic Sea Ice Seasonal Cycle |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2024JC021112 |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans |language=en |volume=129 |issue=8 |pages=e2024JC021112 |doi=10.1029/2024JC021112 |issn=2169-9291 |url-access=subscription |doi-access=free}}</ref><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:214px;max-width:214px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:125px;overflow:hidden">[[File:1978-_Antarctic_sea_ice_extent_-_Purich_and_Doddridge.png|alt=|212x212px]]</div><div class="thumbcaption">Rahoton rage yawan kankara na teku na Antarctic a tsakiyar 2023, masu bincike sun kammala cewa "canjin mulki" na iya faruwa "wanda dangantaka mai mahimmanci a baya ba ta mamaye canjin kankara na ruwa ba".<ref name="CommsEarthEnv_20230913"><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation journal cs1">Purich, Ariaan; Doddridge, Edward W. (13 September 2023). [[doi:10.1038/s43247-023-00961-9|"Record low Antarctic sea ice coverage indicates a new sea ice state"]]. ''Communications Earth & Environment''. '''4''' (1): 314. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023ComEE...4..314P 2023ComEE...4..314P]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1038/s43247-023-00961-9|10.1038/s43247-023-00961-9]]</span>.</cite></ref></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:125px;overflow:hidden">[[File:20250429_Antarctic_sea_ice_extent.svg|alt=|222x222px]]</div><div class="thumbcaption">Yankin (yanki) na kankara na teku na Antarctic ya kai sabon ƙasa a cikin 2023.<ref name="NSIDCantarcticIceExtent_202504"><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation web cs1">[https://nsidc.org/sea-ice-today/sea-ice-tools/charctic-interactive-sea-ice-graph#anchor-about-charctic-data "Charctic Interactive Sea Ice Graph / A Sea Ice Today Tool / Antarctic Sea Ice Extent"]. ''nsidc.org''. National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC), a part of CIRES at the University of Colorado Boulder. April 2025. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250426114932/https://nsidc.org/sea-ice-today/sea-ice-tools/charctic-interactive-sea-ice-graph#anchor-about-charctic-data Archived] from the original on 26 April 2025.</cite> (Hover mouse over data traces to view individual data values.)</ref> Shafin ya nuna yadda ƙananan kankara na teku ya kasance a lokacin rani na Antarctic, wanda a wani lokaci a watan Fabrairun 2023 ya kasance kusan kashi 60% na matsakaicin 1981-2010.</div></div></div></div></div><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:174px;max-width:174px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:147px;overflow:hidden">[[File:ClimateDashboard-Antarctic-sea-ice-summer-minimum-graph-20230307-1400px.jpg|alt=|172x172px]]</div><div class="thumbcaption">Ruwan kankara na teku na Antarctic yana raguwa zuwa mafi ƙarancinsa a kowace shekara a watan Fabrairu ko Maris; Ruwan kanjamau yana girma har sai ya kai iyakarsa a watan Satumba ko Oktoba.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:264px;max-width:264px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:147px;overflow:hidden"></div><div class="thumbcaption">Halitta na kankara na teku na Antarctic da ke girma daga mafi ƙarancin yanayi zuwa mafi girman yanayi a lokacin kaka da hunturu (tsakanin Maris 21 da Satumba 19, 2014; alamun rubutu akan raye-raye). Ruwa na bazara ba a nuna shi ba.</div></div></div></div></div>Rahoton 2" href="./IPCC_Fifth_Assessment_Report" id="mwgg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="IPCC Fifth Assessment Report">IPCC AR5 ya kammala cewa "yana da matukar yiwuwar" cewa matsakaicin kankara na Antarctic na shekara-shekara ya karu da 1.2 zuwa 1.8% a kowace shekara goma, wanda shine 0.13 zuwa 0.20 miliyan km2 a kowace shekara, a lokacin 1979 zuwa 2012.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=IPCC}}</ref> : 7 IPCC AR5 kuma ya kammala cewa rashin bayanai ya hana ƙayyade yanayin a cikin jimlar girma ko taro na kankara na teku. Karin yankin kankara na teku ''mai yiwuwa'' yana da dalilai da yawa.<ref name="NASA_QA">{{Cite web |last=Lynch |first=Patrick |date=Oct 7, 2014 |title=Q&A with NASA's Joey Comiso: What is Happening with Antarctic Sea Ice? |url=http://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/qa-what-is-happening-with-antarctic-sea-ice/#.VD69CvldU0O |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011005938/http://www.nasa.gov:80/content/goddard/qa-what-is-happening-with-antarctic-sea-ice/ |archive-date=2014-10-11 |website=NASA}}</ref> Wadannan suna da alaƙa da canje-canje a cikin iskar yamma kudancin, waɗanda haɗuwa ne na bambancin yanayi da canjin tilasta daga iskar gas da rami na ozone. Iska tana fitar da kankara na teku, kuma binciken ƙira ya nuna cewa fadada kankara na ruwa da aka lura ya haifar da canje-canje a cikin saurin kankara na baybay.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sun |first=Shantong |last2=Eisenman |first2=Ian |author-link2=Ian Eisenman |date=2021 |title=Observed Antarctic sea ice expansion reproduced in a climate model after correcting biases in sea ice drift velocity |journal=Nature Communications |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=1060 |bibcode=2021NatCo..12.1060S |doi=10.1038/s41467-021-21412-z |pmc=7887216 |pmid=33594079}}</ref> Wani direba mai yiwuwa shine narkewar kankara, wanda ke kara shigar da ruwa mai laushi zuwa teku; wannan yana kara da raunin teku mai laushi don haka yana rage ikon ruwan zafi don isa farfajiya. Wani binciken 2015 ya gano wannan tasirin a cikin samfuran yanayi don kwaikwayon canjin yanayi na gaba, wanda ya haifar da karuwar kankara a cikin watanni na hunturu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bintanja |first=R. |last2=van Oldenborgh |first2=G. J. |last3=Katsman |first3=C. A. |year=2015 |title=The effect of increased fresh water from Antarctic ice shelves on future trends in Antarctic sea ice |journal=Annals of Glaciology |volume=56 |issue=69 |pages=120–126 |bibcode=2015AnGla..56..120B |doi=10.3189/2015AoG69A001 |s2cid=54759501 |doi-access=free}}</ref>&nbsp; Canje-canje na baya-bayan nan a cikin tsarin iska, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da canje-canje na yanki a cikin yawan guguwa ta extratropical da anticyclones, <ref name="Schemm_GRL_2018">{{Cite journal |last=Schemm |first=Sebastian |date=25 June 2018 |title=Regional Trends in Weather Systems Help Explain Antarctic Sea Ice Trends |url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2018GL079109 |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=45 |issue=14 |pages=7165–7175 |bibcode=2018GeoRL..45.7165S |doi=10.1029/2018GL079109 |s2cid=134805912 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> a kusa da Antarctica sun advected teku da ke arewacin arewa a wasu yankuna kuma ba har zuwa arewa a wasu ba. Direbobin sararin samaniya da na teku na iya ba da gudummawa ga samar da yanayin yanki daban-daban a cikin yanayin kankara na teku na Antarctic. Misali, yanayin zafi a cikin yanayi da Kudancin Tekun sun karu a lokacin 1979-2004. Koyaya, kankara na teku yana girma da sauri fiye da yadda yake narkewa, saboda teku mai rauni. Don haka, wannan tsarin teku, a tsakanin wasu, yana ba da gudummawa ga karuwar samar da kankara, wanda zai iya haifar da karin kankara na teku.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zhang, Jinlun |year=2007 |title=Increasing Antarctic Sea Ice under Warming Atmospheric and Oceanic Conditions |url=http://psc.apl.washington.edu/zhang/Pubs/Zhang_Antarctic_20-11-2515.pdf |journal=Journal of Climate |volume=20 |issue=11 |pages=2515–2529 |bibcode=2007JCli...20.2515Z |doi=10.1175/JCLI4136.1}}</ref> Kodayake lura da kauri yana da iyaka, ƙirar ta nuna cewa an lura da kankara zuwa yankunan bakin teku yana ba da ƙarin gudummawa don kauri na kankara a lokacin kaka da hunturu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Holland |first=Paul R. |last2=Bruneau |first2=Nicolas |last3=Enright |first3=Clare |last4=Losch |first4=Martin |last5=Kurtz |first5=Nathan T. |last6=Kwok |first6=Ron |date=January 17, 2014 |title=Modeled Trends in Antarctic Sea Ice Thickness |url=http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/507087/1/JCLI-D-13-00301.pdf |journal=Journal of Climate |volume=27 |issue=10 |pages=3784–3801 |bibcode=2014JCli...27.3784H |doi=10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00301.1 |s2cid=53678373}}</ref> Abubuwan da aka lura da kaka da bazara a cikin yawan guguwa ta extratropical, anticyclones da tubalan, waɗanda ke da iko mai ƙarfi ta hanyar advection na zafin jiki, da kuma iko mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi ta wurin kankara, a kan teku-kankara a lokacin haka kuma a lokacin da suka biyo baya kusan kusan ko'ina ne a kusa da Antarctica daidai da abin da aka lura, bambance-kankara.<ref name="Schemm_GRL_2018"/> Sakamakon haka, ana zaton iskar da ke kusa da tsarin yanayi don bayyana manyan sassa na yanayin kankara na Antarctica. Rahoton IPCC AR6 na 2021 ya tabbatar da karuwar yanayin da aka lura a cikin matsakaicin yankin kankara na Antarctic a cikin lokacin daga 1979 zuwa 2014 amma ya kimanta cewa akwai raguwa bayan 2014, tare da mafi ƙarancin kai a cikin 2017, da kuma ci gaba mai zuwa.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=IPCC}}</ref> Rahoton ya kammala cewa akwai "babban amincewa" cewa babu wani muhimmin yanayi a cikin tauraron dan adam da aka lura da yankin kankara na Antarctic daga 1979 zuwa 2020 a cikin hunturu da rani. A farkon watan Janairun 2023, Cibiyar Bayanai ta Snow da Ice ta Kasa ta ba da rahoton cewa yawan kankara na teku na Antarctic ya tsaya a mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin rikodin tauraron dan adam na shekaru 45 - fiye da murabba'in kilomita 500,000 (193,000 murabba'i mil) a ƙasa da rikodin da ya gabata (2018), tare da hudu daga cikin shekaru biyar mafi ƙasƙantawa na rabin Disamba sun faru tun daga 2016.<ref name="NSIDC_20230103">{{Cite web |date=3 January 2023 |title=Ice down under |url=https://nsidc.org/arcticseaicenews/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106145517/https://nsidc.org/arcticseaicenews/ |archive-date=6 January 2023}} Fig. 5a</ref> A watan Satumbar 2023, kankara ta teku ta Antarctic ta kai matsakaicin matsakaicin hunturu na murabba'in kilomita miliyan 16.96, kusan murabba'i kilomita miliyan daya kasa da rikodin da aka kafa a shekarar 1986. Duk da yake ana bayar da rahoton karuwar net a wasu shekaru masu nisa ko karuwar kankara a wasu lokuta, wannan bai saba wa raguwar net da kankara na Antartic ya sha wahala shekaru da yawa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Antarctica's brief gain in ice mass fuels climate denial |url=https://factcheck.afp.com/doc.afp.com.48FM4ZP }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Yandell |first=Kate |date=2024-06-06 |title=Antarctic Ice Loss Is Significant, Contrary to Claims |url=https://www.factcheck.org/2024/06/scicheck-antarctic-ice-loss-is-significant-contrary-to-claims/ |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=FactCheck.org |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Fayil:GRACE_and_GRACE-FO.webm|thumb|Canjin canjin kankara a Antarctica, 2002-2023]] === Sakamakon === Kula da canje-canje a cikin kankara na teku yana da mahimmanci saboda wannan yana tasiri ga masu hankali da ke zaune a nan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Andrew Martin |last2=Andrew McMinn |year=2018 |title=Sea ice, extremophiles and life on extra-terrestrial ocean worlds |journal=International Journal of Astrobiology |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=1–16 |bibcode=2018IJAsB..17....1M |doi=10.1017/S1473550416000483 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Canje-canje a cikin kankara na teku na Antarctic suna da mahimmanci saboda tasirin yanayi da yaduwar teku.<ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |title=Sea Ice and Global Climate |url=https://nsidc.org/cryosphere/seaice/environment/global_climate.html |access-date=11 Jul 2018 |website=NSIDC |quote=NSIDC}}</ref> Lokacin da kankara ta teku ta samo asali, tana ƙin gishiri (ruwan teku yana da gishiri amma kankara ta ruwa yana da kyau) don haka ana samar da ruwa mai gishiri wanda ke nutsewa kuma yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da Ruwa na Ruwa na Antarctic. == Tasirin Jirgin Ruwa ==   Ƙarfin motsi na kankara yana da yawa; yana iya murkushe jiragen ruwa da aka kama a cikin kankara, kuma yana iyakance wuraren da jiragen ruwa zasu iya isa ƙasar, har ma a lokacin rani. Ana amfani da masu fashewar kankara, tashar kankara da tashar kan kankara don sauka da kayayyaki. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] roiybpe3rltbmntcu7f30a268ij4mul 0 107947 874270 784487 2026-07-02T10:40:18Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 874270 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Recent_marine_heatwaves.png|thumb|Taswirar duniya da ke nuna raƙuman ruwa da yawa a wurare daban-daban a watan Agusta da Satumba 2023. Rashin zafi na ruwa a yammacin Kudancin Amurka sanannen misali ne.]] '''Rashin zafi na ruwa''' shine lokacin Yanayin zafi na teku idan aka kwatanta da yanayin zafi na baya don wani lokaci da yanki. Jiragen ruwa daban-daban suna haifar da zafi na ruwa. Wadannan sun hada da abubuwan da suka faru na yanayi na gajeren lokaci kamar su gaba, abubuwan da suka shafi yanayi (kwana 30 zuwa 90), shekara-shekara, da kuma sau goma (shekaru 10) kamar abubuwan da suka gabata na El Niño, da [[Canjin yanayi]] da mutum ya haifar.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Oliver |first=Eric C. J. |date=2019-08-01 |title=Mean warming not variability drives marine heatwave trends |journal=Climate Dynamics |volume=53 |issue=3 |pages=1653–1659 |bibcode=2019ClDy...53.1653O |doi=10.1007/s00382-019-04707-2 |issn=1432-0894 |s2cid=135167065}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Oliver |first=Eric C. J. |last2=Donat |first2=Markus G. |last3=Burrows |first3=Michael T. |last4=Moore |first4=Pippa J. |last5=Smale |first5=Dan A. |last6=Alexander |first6=Lisa V. |last7=Benthuysen |first7=Jessica A. |last8=Feng |first8=Ming |last9=Sen Gupta |first9=Alex |last10=Hobday |first10=Alistair J. |last11=Holbrook |first11=Neil J. |date=2018-04-10 |title=Longer and more frequent marine heatwaves over the past century |journal=Nature Communications |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=1324 |bibcode=2018NatCo...9.1324O |doi=10.1038/s41467-018-03732-9 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=5893591 |pmid=29636482}}</ref> Rashin zafi na ruwa yana shafar yanayin halittu a cikin teku.<ref name="Gomes">{{Cite journal |last=Gomes |first=Dylan G. E. |last2=Ruzicka |first2=James J. |last3=Crozier |first3=Lisa G. |last4=Huff |first4=David D. |last5=Brodeur |first5=Richard D. |last6=Stewart |first6=Joshua D. |date=13 March 2024 |title=Marine heatwaves disrupt ecosystem structure and function via altered food webs and energy flux |journal=Nature Communications |volume=15 |issue=1 |page=1988 |bibcode=2024NatCo..15.1988G |doi=10.1038/s41467-024-46263-2 |pmc=10937662 |pmid=38480718 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Smith">{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Kathryn E. |last2=Burrows |first2=Michael T. |last3=Hobday |first3=Alistair J. |last4=King |first4=Nathan G. |last5=Moore |first5=Pippa J. |last6=Sen Gupta |first6=Alex |last7=Thomsen |first7=Mads S. |last8=Wernberg |first8=Thomas |last9=Smale |first9=Dan A. |date=16 January 2023 |title=Biological Impacts of Marine Heatwaves |journal=Annual Review of Marine Science |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=119–145 |bibcode=2023ARMS...15..119S |doi=10.1146/annurev-marine-032122-121437 |pmid=35977411 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Misali, ruwan zafi na ruwa na iya haifar da canje-canje masu tsanani na halittu kamar su murjaniyar murjani, cututtukan lalacewar tauraron teku, masu cutar algae masu cutarwa, da kuma Mutuwar jama'a na al'ummomin benthic.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Bates |first=AE |last2=Hilton |first2=BJ |last3=Harley |first3=CDG |date=2009-11-09 |title=Effects of temperature, season and locality on wasting disease in the keystone predatory sea star Pisaster ochraceus |journal=Diseases of Aquatic Organisms |volume=86 |issue=3 |pages=245–251 |doi=10.3354/dao02125 |issn=0177-5103 |pmid=20066959 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Eisenlord |first=Morgan E. |last2=Groner |first2=Maya L. |last3=Yoshioka |first3=Reyn M. |last4=Elliott |first4=Joel |last5=Maynard |first5=Jeffrey |last6=Fradkin |first6=Steven |last7=Turner |first7=Margaret |last8=Pyne |first8=Katie |last9=Rivlin |first9=Natalie |last10=van Hooidonk |first10=Ruben |last11=Harvell |first11=C. Drew |date=2016-03-05 |title=Ochre star mortality during the 2014 wasting disease epizootic: role of population size structure and temperature |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=371 |issue=1689 |pages=20150212 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2015.0212 |pmc=4760142 |pmid=26880844}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last=McCabe |first=Ryan M. |last2=Hickey |first2=Barbara M. |last3=Kudela |first3=Raphael M. |last4=Lefebvre |first4=Kathi A. |last5=Adams |first5=Nicolaus G. |last6=Bill |first6=Brian D. |last7=Gulland |first7=Frances M. 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B. |date=May 2009 |title=Mass mortality in Northwestern Mediterranean rocky benthic communities: effects of the 2003 heat wave |journal=Global Change Biology |volume=15 |issue=5 |pages=1090–1103 |bibcode=2009GCBio..15.1090G |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01823.x |s2cid=55566218}}</ref> Ba kamar raƙuman zafi a ƙasa ba, raƙuman ruwa na iya fadada wurare masu yawa, suna ci gaba da makonni zuwa watanni ko ma shekaru, kuma suna faruwa a matakan ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bond |first=Nicholas A. |last2=Cronin |first2=Meghan F. |last3=Freeland |first3=Howard |last4=Mantua |first4=Nathan |date=2015-05-16 |title=Causes and impacts of the 2014 warm anomaly in the NE Pacific: 2014 WARM ANOMALY IN THE NE PACIFIC |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |language=en |volume=42 |issue=9 |pages=3414–3420 |doi=10.1002/2015GL063306 |s2cid=129149984 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schaeffer |first=A. |last2=Roughan |first2=M. |date=2017-05-28 |title=Subsurface intensification of marine heatwaves off southeastern Australia: The role of stratification and local winds: SUBSURFACE MARINE HEAT WAVES |url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/2017GL073714 |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |language=en |volume=44 |issue=10 |pages=5025–5033 |doi=10.1002/2017GL073714 |s2cid=134464357}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Perkins-Kirkpatrick |first=S. E. |last2=King |first2=A. D. |last3=Cougnon |first3=E. A. |last4=Holbrook |first4=N. J. |last5=Grose |first5=M. R. |last6=Oliver |first6=E. C. J. |last7=Lewis |first7=S. C. |last8=Pourasghar |first8=F. |date=2019-01-01 |title=The Role of Natural Variability and Anthropogenic Climate Change in the 2017/18 Tasman Sea Marine Heatwave |url=https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/bams/100/1/bams-d-18-0116.1.xml |journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |language=EN |volume=100 |issue=1 |pages=S105–S110 |bibcode=2019BAMS..100S.105P |doi=10.1175/BAMS-D-18-0116.1 |issn=0003-0007 |s2cid=127347944 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Laufkötter |first=Charlotte |last2=Zscheischler |first2=Jakob |last3=Frölicher |first3=Thomas L. |date=2020-09-25 |title=High-impact marine heatwaves attributable to human-induced global warming |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aba0690 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=369 |issue=6511 |pages=1621–1625 |bibcode=2020Sci...369.1621L |doi=10.1126/science.aba0690 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=32973027 |s2cid=221881814}}</ref> Manyan ramukan ruwa sun faru misali a cikin Babban Barrier Reef a cikin 2002, <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Frölicher |first=Thomas L. |last2=Laufkötter |first2=Charlotte |date=December 2018 |title=Emerging risks from marine heat waves |journal=Nature Communications |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=650 |bibcode=2018NatCo...9..650F |doi=10.1038/s41467-018-03163-6 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=5811532 |pmid=29440658}}</ref> a cikin Bahar Rum a cikin 2003, <ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Garrabou |first=J. |last2=Coma |first2=R. |last3=Bensoussan |first3=N. |last4=Bally |first4=M. |last5=Chevaldonné |first5=P. |last6=Cigliano |first6=M. |last7=Diaz |first7=D. |last8=Harmelin |first8=J. G. |last9=Gambi |first9=M. C. |last10=Kersting |first10=D. K. |last11=Ledoux |first11=J. B. |date=May 2009 |title=Mass mortality in Northwestern Mediterranean rocky benthic communities: effects of the 2003 heat wave |journal=Global Change Biology |volume=15 |issue=5 |pages=1090–1103 |bibcode=2009GCBio..15.1090G |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01823.x |s2cid=55566218}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFGarrabouComaBensoussanBally2009">Garrabou, J.; Coma, R.; Bensoussan, N.; Bally, M.; Chevaldonné, P.; Cigliano, M.; Diaz, D.; Harmelin, J. G.; Gambi, M. C.; Kersting, D. K.; Ledoux, J. B. (May 2009). "Mass mortality in Northwestern Mediterranean rocky benthic communities: effects of the 2003 heat wave". ''Global Change Biology''. '''15''' (5): <span class="nowrap">1090–</span>1103. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009GCBio..15.1090G 2009GCBio..15.1090G]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01823.x|10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01823.x]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55566218 55566218].</cite></ref> a Arewa maso Yammacin Atlantic a cikin 2012, da kuma [[Pacific Ocean|Arewa maso gabashin Pacific]] a cikin 2013-2016. <ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last=Scripps Institution of Oceanography |last2=Cavole |first2=Leticia |last3=Demko |first3=Alyssa |last4=Diner |first4=Rachel |last5=Giddings |first5=Ashlyn |last6=Koester |first6=Irina |last7=Pagniello |first7=Camille |last8=Paulsen |first8=May-Linn |last9=Ramirez-Valdez |first9=Arturo |last10=Schwenck |first10=Sarah |last11=Yen |first11=Nicole |date=2016 |title=Biological Impacts of the 2013–2015 Warm-Water Anomaly in the Northeast Pacific: Winners, Losers, and the Future |journal=Oceanography |volume=29 |issue=2 |doi=10.5670/oceanog.2016.32 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Gentemann |first=Chelle L. |last2=Fewings |first2=Melanie R. |last3=García-Reyes |first3=Marisol |date=2017-01-16 |title=Satellite sea surface temperatures along the West Coast of the United States during the 2014–2016 northeast Pacific marine heat wave: Coastal SSTs During "the Blob" |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=312–319 |doi=10.1002/2016GL071039 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last=Gulf of Maine Research Institute |last2=Pershing |first2=Andrew |last3=Mills |first3=Katherine |last4=Dayton |first4=Alexa |last5=Franklin |first5=Bradley |last6=Kennedy |first6=Brian |date=2018-06-01 |title=Evidence for Adaptation from the 2016 Marine Heatwave in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean |journal=Oceanography |volume=31 |issue=2 |doi=10.5670/oceanog.2018.213 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wadannan abubuwan da suka faru sun sami tasiri mai tsanani da na dogon lokaci a kan yanayin teku da na halittu a waɗancan yankuna.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Smale |first=Dan A. |last2=Wernberg |first2=Thomas |last3=Oliver |first3=Eric C. J. |last4=Thomsen |first4=Mads |last5=Harvey |first5=Ben P. |last6=Straub |first6=Sandra C. |last7=Burrows |first7=Michael T. |last8=Alexander |first8=Lisa V. |last9=Benthuysen |first9=Jessica A. |last10=Donat |first10=Markus G. |last11=Feng |first11=Ming |date=April 2019 |title=Marine heatwaves threaten global biodiversity and the provision of ecosystem services |url=https://research-repository.uwa.edu.au/en/publications/marine-heatwaves-threaten-global-biodiversity-and-the-provision-of-ecosystem-services(9240f4f9-512b-4185-bef0-96f370e9138b).html |journal=Nature Climate Change |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=306–312 |bibcode=2019NatCC...9..306S |doi=10.1038/s41558-019-0412-1 |issn=1758-6798 |s2cid=91471054 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last=McCabe |first=Ryan M. |last2=Hickey |first2=Barbara M. |last3=Kudela |first3=Raphael M. |last4=Lefebvre |first4=Kathi A. |last5=Adams |first5=Nicolaus G. |last6=Bill |first6=Brian D. |last7=Gulland |first7=Frances M. D. |last8=Thomson |first8=Richard E. |last9=Cochlan |first9=William P. |last10=Trainer |first10=Vera L. |date=2016-10-16 |title=An unprecedented coastwide toxic algal bloom linked to anomalous ocean conditions |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=43 |issue=19 |pages=10366–10376 |bibcode=2016GeoRL..4310366M |doi=10.1002/2016GL070023 |issn=0094-8276 |pmc=5129552 |pmid=27917011}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMcCabeHickeyKudelaLefebvre2016">McCabe, Ryan M.; Hickey, Barbara M.; Kudela, Raphael M.; Lefebvre, Kathi A.; Adams, Nicolaus G.; Bill, Brian D.; Gulland, Frances M. D.; Thomson, Richard E.; Cochlan, William P.; Trainer, Vera L. (2016-10-16). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5129552 "An unprecedented coastwide toxic algal bloom linked to anomalous ocean conditions"]. ''Geophysical Research Letters''. '''43''' (19): <span class="nowrap">10366–</span>10376. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016GeoRL..4310366M 2016GeoRL..4310366M]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/2016GL070023|10.1002/2016GL070023]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0094-8276 0094-8276]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5129552 5129552]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27917011 27917011].</cite></ref> Masana kimiyya sun yi hasashen cewa mita, tsawon lokaci, ma'auni (ko yanki) da tsananin zafin ruwan teku za su ci gaba da karuwa. {{Rp|1227}}Wannan shi ne saboda yanayin yanayin teku zai ci gaba da karuwa tare da dumamar yanayi. Rahoton kimantawa na shida na IPCC a cikin 2022 ya taƙaita binciken bincike har zuwa yau kuma ya bayyana cewa "zafin ruwan teku ya fi yawa [...], mafi tsanani kuma ya fi tsayi [...] tun daga 1980s, kuma tun aƙalla 2006 mai yiwuwa mai yiwuwa ne ga canjin yanayi na anthropogenic". {{Rp|381}}Wannan ya tabbatar da binciken da aka yi a baya a cikin rahoton da IPCC ta yi a cikin 2019 wanda ya gano cewa "zafin ruwan teku [...] ya ninka sau biyu kuma ya zama mai tsayi, mai tsanani kuma ya fi girma (mai yiwuwa)". {{Rp|67}}Girman ɗumamar teku ya dogara da yanayin fitar da iskar gas, don haka ƙoƙarin [[Rage canjin yanayi|rage sauyin yanayi]] na ɗan adam. Masana kimiyya sun yi hasashen cewa zazzafar ruwan teku za ta zama "sau huɗu akai-akai a cikin 2081-2100 idan aka kwatanta da 1995-2014" a ƙarƙashin [[Yanayin canjin yanayi|yanayin ƙarancin iskar gas mai ƙaƙƙarfan yanayi]], ko sau takwas akai-akai a ƙarƙashin yanayin hayaki mafi girma. <ref name=":20" /> {{Rp|1214}} == Ma'anar == [[Fayil:Space and time scales of characteristic marine heat wave drivers.webp|thumb|Halayen zafi na duniya da yankuna masu nazarin shari'a: matsakaicin kaddarorin zafi na ruwa bisa ga bayanan yanayin zafi na yau da kullun.]] Rahoton Bincike na shida na IPCC ya bayyana yanayin zafi na ruwa kamar haka: "Lokacin da zafin ruwa yake da zafi sosai a lokacin shekara dangane da yanayin zafi na tarihi, tare da wannan matsanancin zafi yana ci gaba da kwanaki zuwa watanni. Abin da ya faru na iya bayyana a kowane wuri a cikin teku kuma a sikelin har zuwa dubban kilomita. " Wani wallafe-wallafen ya bayyana shi kamar haka: wani abu mai zafi mai zafi shine ruwan zafi na ruwa "idan ya dauki kwanaki biyar ko fiye, tare da yanayin zafi fiye da kashi 90 bisa ga lokacin tarihi na shekaru 30".<ref name=":21">{{Cite journal |last=Hobday |first=Alistair J. |last2=Alexander |first2=Lisa V. |last3=Perkins |first3=Sarah E. |last4=Smale |first4=Dan A. |last5=Straub |first5=Sandra C. |last6=Oliver |first6=Eric C. J. |last7=Benthuysen |first7=Jessica A. |last8=Burrows |first8=Michael T. |last9=Donat |first9=Markus G. |last10=Feng |first10=Ming |last11=Holbrook |first11=Neil J. |last12=Moore |first12=Pippa J. |last13=Scannell |first13=Hillary A. |last14=Sen Gupta |first14=Alex |last15=Wernberg |first15=Thomas |date=2016-02-01 |title=A hierarchical approach to defining marine heatwaves |journal=Progress in Oceanography |language=en |volume=141 |pages=227–238 |bibcode=2016PrOce.141..227H |doi=10.1016/j.pocean.2015.12.014 |issn=0079-6611 |s2cid=49583270 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> An kirkiro kalmar ruwan zafi bayan wani abin da ba a taɓa gani ba a gabar yammacin Ostiraliya a lokacin rani na shekara ta 2011, wanda ya haifar da saurin mutuwar gandun daji da sauye-sauyen yanayin halittu tare da daruruwan kilomita na bakin teku. == Matsayi == [[Fayil:Marine_Heatwave_Categories-en.svg|thumb|304x304px|Categories na teku zafi raƙuman ruwa ]] Rarrabawar ƙididdiga da inganci na guguwar zafi na yawa ya kafa tsarin suna, nau'ikan, da halaye don abubuwan da suka faru na guguwa na ruwa.<ref name=":21">{{Cite journal |last=Hobday |first=Alistair J. |last2=Alexander |first2=Lisa V. |last3=Perkins |first3=Sarah E. |last4=Smale |first4=Dan A. |last5=Straub |first5=Sandra C. |last6=Oliver |first6=Eric C. J. |last7=Benthuysen |first7=Jessica A. |last8=Burrows |first8=Michael T. |last9=Donat |first9=Markus G. |last10=Feng |first10=Ming |last11=Holbrook |first11=Neil J. |last12=Moore |first12=Pippa J. |last13=Scannell |first13=Hillary A. |last14=Sen Gupta |first14=Alex |last15=Wernberg |first15=Thomas |date=2016-02-01 |title=A hierarchical approach to defining marine heatwaves |journal=Progress in Oceanography |language=en |volume=141 |pages=227–238 |bibcode=2016PrOce.141..227H |doi=10.1016/j.pocean.2015.12.014 |issn=0079-6611 |s2cid=49583270 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHobdayAlexanderPerkinsSmale2016">Hobday, Alistair J.; Alexander, Lisa V.; Perkins, Sarah E.; Smale, Dan A.; Straub, Sandra C.; Oliver, Eric C. J.; Benthuysen, Jessica A.; Burrows, Michael T.; Donat, Markus G.; Feng, Ming; Holbrook, Neil J.; Moore, Pippa J.; Scannell, Hillary A.; Sen Gupta, Alex; Wernberg, Thomas (2016-02-01). [[doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2015.12.014|"A hierarchical approach to defining marine heatwaves"]]. ''Progress in Oceanography''. '''141''': <span class="nowrap">227–</span>238. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PrOce.141..227H 2016PrOce.141..227H]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2015.12.014|10.1016/j.pocean.2015.12.014]]</span>. [[Hdl (identifier)|hdl]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[hdl:2160/36448|2160/36448]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0079-6611 0079-6611]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:49583270 49583270].</cite></ref> Ana amfani da tsarin suna ta wurin wuri da shekara: misali Bahar Rum 2003.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Garrabou |first=J. |last2=Coma |first2=R. |last3=Bensoussan |first3=N. |last4=Bally |first4=M. |last5=Chevaldonné |first5=P. |last6=Cigliano |first6=M. |last7=Diaz |first7=D. |last8=Harmelin |first8=J. G. |last9=Gambi |first9=M. C. |last10=Kersting |first10=D. K. |last11=Ledoux |first11=J. B. |date=May 2009 |title=Mass mortality in Northwestern Mediterranean rocky benthic communities: effects of the 2003 heat wave |journal=Global Change Biology |volume=15 |issue=5 |pages=1090–1103 |bibcode=2009GCBio..15.1090G |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01823.x |s2cid=55566218}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFGarrabouComaBensoussanBally2009">Garrabou, J.; Coma, R.; Bensoussan, N.; Bally, M.; Chevaldonné, P.; Cigliano, M.; Diaz, D.; Harmelin, J. G.; Gambi, M. C.; Kersting, D. K.; Ledoux, J. B. (May 2009). "Mass mortality in Northwestern Mediterranean rocky benthic communities: effects of the 2003 heat wave". ''Global Change Biology''. '''15''' (5): <span class="nowrap">1090–</span>1103. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009GCBio..15.1090G 2009GCBio..15.1090G]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01823.x|10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01823.x]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55566218 55566218].</cite></ref> Wannan yana bawa masu bincike damar kwatanta direbobi da halaye na kowane taron, yanayin ƙasa da tarihin yanayin zafi na ruwa, da sauƙin sadarwa game da abubuwan zafi na ruwa yayin da suke faruwa a ainihin lokacin.<ref name=":1" /> Tsarin rarraba yana kan sikelin daga 1 zuwa 4. Sashe na 1 wani abu ne mai matsakaici, Sashe na 2 wani abu ne na karfi, Sashe ya 3 wani abu ne masu tsanani, kuma Sashe na 4 babban abu ne. Matsayin da aka yi amfani da shi ga kowane taron a ainihin lokacin an bayyana shi da farko ta hanyar yanayin zafin jiki na teku (SSTA), amma a tsawon lokaci ya zo ya haɗa da nau'ikan da halaye.<ref name=":1" /> Nau'ikan raƙuman ruwa suna da daidaituwa, saurin farawa, saurin farawa, ƙarancin ƙarfi, da ƙarfi mai ƙarfi.<ref name=":21">{{Cite journal |last=Hobday |first=Alistair J. |last2=Alexander |first2=Lisa V. |last3=Perkins |first3=Sarah E. |last4=Smale |first4=Dan A. |last5=Straub |first5=Sandra C. |last6=Oliver |first6=Eric C. J. |last7=Benthuysen |first7=Jessica A. |last8=Burrows |first8=Michael T. |last9=Donat |first9=Markus G. |last10=Feng |first10=Ming |last11=Holbrook |first11=Neil J. |last12=Moore |first12=Pippa J. |last13=Scannell |first13=Hillary A. |last14=Sen Gupta |first14=Alex |last15=Wernberg |first15=Thomas |date=2016-02-01 |title=A hierarchical approach to defining marine heatwaves |journal=Progress in Oceanography |language=en |volume=141 |pages=227–238 |bibcode=2016PrOce.141..227H |doi=10.1016/j.pocean.2015.12.014 |issn=0079-6611 |s2cid=49583270 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHobdayAlexanderPerkinsSmale2016">Hobday, Alistair J.; Alexander, Lisa V.; Perkins, Sarah E.; Smale, Dan A.; Straub, Sandra C.; Oliver, Eric C. J.; Benthuysen, Jessica A.; Burrows, Michael T.; Donat, Markus G.; Feng, Ming; Holbrook, Neil J.; Moore, Pippa J.; Scannell, Hillary A.; Sen Gupta, Alex; Wernberg, Thomas (2016-02-01). [[doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2015.12.014|"A hierarchical approach to defining marine heatwaves"]]. ''Progress in Oceanography''. '''141''': <span class="nowrap">227–</span>238. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PrOce.141..227H 2016PrOce.141..227H]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2015.12.014|10.1016/j.pocean.2015.12.014]]</span>. [[Hdl (identifier)|hdl]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[hdl:2160/36448|2160/36448]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0079-6611 0079-6611]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:49583270 49583270].</cite></ref> Abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin ruwa na iya samun nau'o'i da yawa kamar saurin farawa, tsananin ƙarfi. Halayen abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin ruwa sun haɗa da tsawon lokaci, tsananin (mafi girma, matsakaici, tarawa), farawar farawa, raguwar raguwa, yanki, da mitar.<ref name=":21" /> Duk da yake an yi nazarin raƙuman ruwa a saman teku sama da Shekaru goma, suna iya faruwa a ƙarƙashin teku.<ref>{{Cite web |last=National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) & University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) |date=17 Mar 2023 |title=Scientists identify heat wave at bottom of ocean |url=https://phys.org/news/2023-03-scientists-bottom-ocean.html |website=Phys.org}}</ref> == Direbobin == [[Fayil:Space and time scales of characteristic marine heat wave drivers.webp|thumb|Sakamako na sarari da lokaci na halayen direbobi na MHW. Tsarin gano halayen direbobi na ruwa da kuma ma'aunin sararin samaniya da lokaci, ]] === Hanyoyin cikin gida da yanayin yanayi na yanki === Ana iya karya direbobin abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin ruwa zuwa matakai na gida, matakai na Haɗin kai, da kuma Yanayin yanayi na yanki.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Oliver |first=Eric C. J. |date=2019-08-01 |title=Mean warming not variability drives marine heatwave trends |journal=Climate Dynamics |volume=53 |issue=3 |pages=1653–1659 |bibcode=2019ClDy...53.1653O |doi=10.1007/s00382-019-04707-2 |issn=1432-0894 |s2cid=135167065}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFOliver2019">Oliver, Eric C. J. (2019-08-01). "Mean warming not variability drives marine heatwave trends". ''Climate Dynamics''. '''53''' (3): <span class="nowrap">1653–</span>1659. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019ClDy...53.1653O 2019ClDy...53.1653O]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s00382-019-04707-2|10.1007/s00382-019-04707-2]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1432-0894 1432-0894]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:135167065 135167065].</cite></ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Oliver |first=Eric C. J. |last2=Donat |first2=Markus G. |last3=Burrows |first3=Michael T. |last4=Moore |first4=Pippa J. |last5=Smale |first5=Dan A. |last6=Alexander |first6=Lisa V. |last7=Benthuysen |first7=Jessica A. |last8=Feng |first8=Ming |last9=Sen Gupta |first9=Alex |last10=Hobday |first10=Alistair J. |last11=Holbrook |first11=Neil J. |date=2018-04-10 |title=Longer and more frequent marine heatwaves over the past century |journal=Nature Communications |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=1324 |bibcode=2018NatCo...9.1324O |doi=10.1038/s41467-018-03732-9 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=5893591 |pmid=29636482}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFOliverDonatBurrowsMoore2018">Oliver, Eric C. J.; Donat, Markus G.; Burrows, Michael T.; Moore, Pippa J.; Smale, Dan A.; Alexander, Lisa V.; Benthuysen, Jessica A.; Feng, Ming; Sen Gupta, Alex; Hobday, Alistair J.; Holbrook, Neil J. (2018-04-10). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5893591 "Longer and more frequent marine heatwaves over the past century"]. ''Nature Communications''. '''9''' (1): 1324. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NatCo...9.1324O 2018NatCo...9.1324O]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/s41467-018-03732-9|10.1038/s41467-018-03732-9]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-1723 2041-1723]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5893591 5893591]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29636482 29636482].</cite></ref> An ba da shawarar ma'auni guda biyu na waɗannan direbobi don gano yanayin zafi na teku, matsakaicin zafin jiki na teku da bambancin zafin jiki. <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":6" /> A matakin gida abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin ruwa sun mamaye advection na teku, iska-teku, kwanciyar hankali na thermocline, da damuwa na iska. Hanyoyin haɗin kai suna nufin yanayin yanayi da yanayin yanayi waɗanda ke haɗa yankuna masu nisa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gu |first=D. |date=1997-02-07 |title=Interdecadal Climate Fluctuations That Depend on Exchanges Between the Tropics and Extratropics |journal=Science |volume=275 |issue=5301 |pages=805–807 |doi=10.1126/science.275.5301.805 |pmid=9012341 |s2cid=2595302}}</ref> Ga ruwan zafi na ruwa, tsarin haɗin kai wanda ke taka muhimmiyar rawa shine toshewar yanayi / nutsewa, matsayin jet-stream, raƙuman kelvin na teku, damuwa na iska na yanki, zafin iska mai dumi, da sauyin yanayi na yanayi. Wadannan matakai suna ba da gudummawa ga yanayin dumama na yanki wanda ke haifar da tasirin iyakar Yamma.<ref name=":2" /> Tsarin yanayi na yanki kamar oscillations na interdecadal kamar El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) sun ba da gudummawa ga abubuwan da suka faru na zafi kamar "The Blob" a Arewa maso gabashin Pacific.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schwing |first=Franklin B. |last2=Mendelssohn |first2=Roy |last3=Bograd |first3=Steven J. |last4=Overland |first4=James E. |last5=Wang |first5=Muyin |last6=Ito |first6=Shin-ichi |date=2010-02-10 |title=Climate change, teleconnection patterns, and regional processes forcing marine populations in the Pacific |journal=Journal of Marine Systems |series=Impact of climate variability on marine ecosystems: A comparative approach |volume=79 |issue=3 |pages=245–257 |bibcode=2010JMS....79..245S |doi=10.1016/j.jmarsys.2008.11.027 |issn=0924-7963}}</ref> Direbobin da ke aiki a kan sikelin yankunan halittu ko Duniya gabaɗaya sune oscillations na shekaru goma, kamar oscillations decadal na Pacific (PDO), da kuma dumama teku na mutum saboda [[Canjin yanayi]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Oliver |first=Eric C. J. |last2=Donat |first2=Markus G. |last3=Burrows |first3=Michael T. |last4=Moore |first4=Pippa J. |last5=Smale |first5=Dan A. |last6=Alexander |first6=Lisa V. |last7=Benthuysen |first7=Jessica A. |last8=Feng |first8=Ming |last9=Sen Gupta |first9=Alex |last10=Hobday |first10=Alistair J. |last11=Holbrook |first11=Neil J. |date=2018-04-10 |title=Longer and more frequent marine heatwaves over the past century |journal=Nature Communications |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=1324 |bibcode=2018NatCo...9.1324O |doi=10.1038/s41467-018-03732-9 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=5893591 |pmid=29636482}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFOliverDonatBurrowsMoore2018">Oliver, Eric C. J.; Donat, Markus G.; Burrows, Michael T.; Moore, Pippa J.; Smale, Dan A.; Alexander, Lisa V.; Benthuysen, Jessica A.; Feng, Ming; Sen Gupta, Alex; Hobday, Alistair J.; Holbrook, Neil J. (2018-04-10). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5893591 "Longer and more frequent marine heatwaves over the past century"]. ''Nature Communications''. '''9''' (1): 1324. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NatCo...9.1324O 2018NatCo...9.1324O]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/s41467-018-03732-9|10.1038/s41467-018-03732-9]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-1723 2041-1723]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5893591 5893591]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29636482 29636482].</cite></ref> : 607 {{Rp|607}} Yankunan teku na sinks na carbon a tsakiyar latitudes na duka hemispheres da wuraren fitar da carbon a yankunan da ke tasowa na wurare masu zafi na Pacific an gano su a matsayin wuraren da ke ci gaba da yanayin zafi na ruwa; ana nazarin musayar iskar gas a cikin waɗannan yankuna. === Canjin yanayi === [[Fayil:1979-_Daily_sea_surface_temperatures_60S-60N_latitudes.png|thumb|Yanayin zafin jiki na teku tun 1979 a yankin extrapolar (tsakanin digiri 60 na kudu da digiri 60 na arewacin latitude) ]] Masana kimiyya sun yi hasashen cewa mitar, tsawon lokaci, sikelin (ko yanki) da tsananin raƙuman ruwa za su ci gaba da ƙaruwa. :{{Rp|1227}} Wannan shi ne saboda Yanayin zafi na teku zai ci gaba da ƙaruwa tare da dumama duniya, sabili da haka mitar da ƙarfin ruwan zafi na teku za su ƙaru. Matsayin dumamar teku ya dogara da yanayin fitarwa, kuma ta haka ne kokarin rage sauyin yanayi na mutane. A sauƙaƙe, yawan iskar gas (ko ƙarancin ragewa), yawan zafin jiki na teku zai tashi. Masana kimiyya sun lissafa wannan kamar haka: za a sami karamin karuwa (amma har yanzu yana da mahimmanci) na 0.86 ° C a cikin matsakaicin zafin teku don yanayin ƙarancin hayaki (wanda ake kira SSP1-2.6). Amma ga yanayin fitar da hayaki (wanda ake kira SSP5-8.5) karuwar zafin jiki zai kasance har zuwa 2.89 ° C.<ref name=":20" /> {{Rp|393}}&nbsp;&nbsp; Hasashen yanayin zafi na ruwa shine cewa zasu iya zama "sau huɗu akai-akai a cikin 2081-2100 idan aka kwatanta da 1995-2014" a ƙarƙashin yanayin ƙananan hayaki, ko sau takwas akai-akai a ƙarƙashin yanayin mafi girma. {{Rp|1214}}Ana kiran yanayin fitar da hayaki SSP don [[Rarraba Hanyoyin Tattalin Arzikin Jama'a|Rarraba Hanyoyi Tattalin Arziƙi na zamantakewa]] . Ana amfani da ƙirar lissafi mai suna CMIP6 don waɗannan tsinkaya. Hasashen shine na matsakaicin lokacin nan gaba (shekaru 2081 zuwa 2100) idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin lokacin da suka gabata (shekaru 1995 zuwa 2014). <ref name=":20" /> {{Rp|1227}} Ana hasashen dumamar yanayi na duniya don tura Tekun Indiya mai zafi a cikin wani yanayi mai zafi na dindindin a ƙarshen karni na 21, inda ake hasashen dumama na ruwa zai karu daga kwanaki 20 a kowace shekara (a lokacin 1970-2000) zuwa kwanaki 220-250 a kowace shekara. Yawancin jinsuna sun riga sun fuskanci waɗannan sauye-sauyen zafin jiki yayin abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin ruwa.<ref name=":21">{{Cite journal |last=Hobday |first=Alistair J. |last2=Alexander |first2=Lisa V. |last3=Perkins |first3=Sarah E. |last4=Smale |first4=Dan A. |last5=Straub |first5=Sandra C. |last6=Oliver |first6=Eric C. J. |last7=Benthuysen |first7=Jessica A. |last8=Burrows |first8=Michael T. |last9=Donat |first9=Markus G. |last10=Feng |first10=Ming |last11=Holbrook |first11=Neil J. |last12=Moore |first12=Pippa J. |last13=Scannell |first13=Hillary A. |last14=Sen Gupta |first14=Alex |last15=Wernberg |first15=Thomas |date=2016-02-01 |title=A hierarchical approach to defining marine heatwaves |journal=Progress in Oceanography |language=en |volume=141 |pages=227–238 |bibcode=2016PrOce.141..227H |doi=10.1016/j.pocean.2015.12.014 |issn=0079-6611 |s2cid=49583270 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHobdayAlexanderPerkinsSmale2016">Hobday, Alistair J.; Alexander, Lisa V.; Perkins, Sarah E.; Smale, Dan A.; Straub, Sandra C.; Oliver, Eric C. J.; Benthuysen, Jessica A.; Burrows, Michael T.; Donat, Markus G.; Feng, Ming; Holbrook, Neil J.; Moore, Pippa J.; Scannell, Hillary A.; Sen Gupta, Alex; Wernberg, Thomas (2016-02-01). [[doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2015.12.014|"A hierarchical approach to defining marine heatwaves"]]. ''Progress in Oceanography''. '''141''': <span class="nowrap">227–</span>238. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PrOce.141..227H 2016PrOce.141..227H]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2015.12.014|10.1016/j.pocean.2015.12.014]]</span>. [[Hdl (identifier)|hdl]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[hdl:2160/36448|2160/36448]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0079-6611 0079-6611]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:49583270 49583270].</cite></ref> Akwai abubuwa masu yawa da suka karu da haɗari da tasirin kiwon lafiya ga al'ummomin bakin teku da na cikin gida yayin da matsakaicin zafin jiki na duniya da abubuwan da suka faru suka karu.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Greene |first=Scott |last2=Kalkstein |first2=Laurence S. |last3=Mills |first3=David M. |last4=Samenow |first4=Jason |date=October 2011 |title=An Examination of Climate Change on Extreme Heat Events and Climate–Mortality Relationships in Large U.S. Cities |journal=Weather, Climate, and Society |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=281–292 |doi=10.1175/WCAS-D-11-00055.1 |issn=1948-8327 |s2cid=49322487 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Jerin abubuwan da suka faru == An yi rikodin yanayin zafi na teku tun daga 1904 a Port Erin, Isle of Man, <ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Oliver |first=Eric C. J. |last2=Donat |first2=Markus G. |last3=Burrows |first3=Michael T. |last4=Moore |first4=Pippa J. |last5=Smale |first5=Dan A. |last6=Alexander |first6=Lisa V. |last7=Benthuysen |first7=Jessica A. |last8=Feng |first8=Ming |last9=Sen Gupta |first9=Alex |last10=Hobday |first10=Alistair J. |last11=Holbrook |first11=Neil J. |date=2018-04-10 |title=Longer and more frequent marine heatwaves over the past century |journal=Nature Communications |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=1324 |bibcode=2018NatCo...9.1324O |doi=10.1038/s41467-018-03732-9 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=5893591 |pmid=29636482}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFOliverDonatBurrowsMoore2018">Oliver, Eric C. J.; Donat, Markus G.; Burrows, Michael T.; Moore, Pippa J.; Smale, Dan A.; Alexander, Lisa V.; Benthuysen, Jessica A.; Feng, Ming; Sen Gupta, Alex; Hobday, Alistair J.; Holbrook, Neil J. (2018-04-10). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5893591 "Longer and more frequent marine heatwaves over the past century"]. ''Nature Communications''. '''9''' (1): 1324. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NatCo...9.1324O 2018NatCo...9.1324O]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/s41467-018-03732-9|10.1038/s41467-018-03732-9]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-1723 2041-1723]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5893591 5893591]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29636482 29636482].</cite></ref> kuma ma'auni yana ci gaba ta hanyar kungiyoyin duniya kamar NOAA, NASA, da sauransu. Ana iya gano abubuwan da suka faru daga 1925 har zuwa yau.<ref name=":6" /> Jerin da ke ƙasa ba cikakken wakilci ne na duk abubuwan da suka faru na ruwan da aka taɓa yin rikodin su ba. {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+Jerin wasu raƙuman ruwa 1999-2023 !Yankin da kwanan wata !Sashe !Tsawon lokaci (kwanaki) <br /> !Ƙarfin (°C) <br /> !Yankin (miliyoyin kilomita²) <br /><br /> !Tabbacin. |- |[[Bahar Rum]] 1999 |1 |8 |1.9 |NA |<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Garrabou |first=J. |last2=Coma |first2=R. |last3=Bensoussan |first3=N. |last4=Bally |first4=M. |last5=Chevaldonné |first5=P. |last6=Cigliano |first6=M. |last7=Diaz |first7=D. |last8=Harmelin |first8=J. G. |last9=Gambi |first9=M. C. |last10=Kersting |first10=D. K. |last11=Ledoux |first11=J. 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[[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55566218 55566218].</cite></ref> |- |Bahar Rum ta 2003 |2 |10 |5.5 |0.5 |<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":8" /> |- |Bahar Rum ta 2003 |2 |28 |4.6 |1.2 |<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":8" /> |- |Bahar Rum 2006 |2 |33 |4.0 |NA |<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":8" /> |- |Yammacin Ostiraliya 1999 |3 |132 |2.1 |NA |<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":18">{{Cite journal |last=Pearce |first=Alan F. |last2=Feng |first2=Ming |date=2013-02-01 |title=The rise and fall of the "marine heat wave" off Western Australia during the summer of 2010/2011 |journal=Journal of Marine Systems |volume=111–112 |pages=139–156 |bibcode=2013JMS...111..139P |doi=10.1016/j.jmarsys.2012.10.009 |issn=0924-7963}}</ref> |- |Yammacin Ostiraliya 2011 |4 |66 |4.9 |0.95 |<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":18" /> |- |Babban Barrier Reef 2016 |2 |55 |4.0 |2.6 |<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Frölicher |first=Thomas L. |last2=Laufkötter |first2=Charlotte |date=December 2018 |title=Emerging risks from marine heat waves |journal=Nature Communications |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=650 |bibcode=2018NatCo...9..650F |doi=10.1038/s41467-018-03163-6 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=5811532 |pmid=29440658}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFFrölicherLaufkötter2018">Frölicher, Thomas L.; Laufkötter, Charlotte (December 2018). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5811532 "Emerging risks from marine heat waves"]. ''Nature Communications''. '''9''' (1): 650. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NatCo...9..650F 2018NatCo...9..650F]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/s41467-018-03163-6|10.1038/s41467-018-03163-6]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-1723 2041-1723]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5811532 5811532]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29440658 29440658].</cite></ref> |- |Tekun Tasman 2015 |2 |252 |2.7 |NA |<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> |- |Arewa maso Yammacin Atlantic 2012 |3 |132 |4.3 |0.1–0.3 |<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last=Gulf of Maine Research Institute |last2=Pershing |first2=Andrew |last3=Mills |first3=Katherine |last4=Dayton |first4=Alexa |last5=Franklin |first5=Bradley |last6=Kennedy |first6=Brian |date=2018-06-01 |title=Evidence for Adaptation from the 2016 Marine Heatwave in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean |journal=Oceanography |volume=31 |issue=2 |doi=10.5670/oceanog.2018.213 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFGulf_of_Maine_Research_InstitutePershingMillsDayton2018">Gulf of Maine Research Institute; Pershing, Andrew; Mills, Katherine; Dayton, Alexa; Franklin, Bradley; Kennedy, Brian (2018-06-01). 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[[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38480718 38480718].</cite></ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last=Scripps Institution of Oceanography |last2=Cavole |first2=Leticia |last3=Demko |first3=Alyssa |last4=Diner |first4=Rachel |last5=Giddings |first5=Ashlyn |last6=Koester |first6=Irina |last7=Pagniello |first7=Camille |last8=Paulsen |first8=May-Linn |last9=Ramirez-Valdez |first9=Arturo |last10=Schwenck |first10=Sarah |last11=Yen |first11=Nicole |date=2016 |title=Biological Impacts of the 2013–2015 Warm-Water Anomaly in the Northeast Pacific: Winners, Losers, and the Future |journal=Oceanography |volume=29 |issue=2 |doi=10.5670/oceanog.2016.32 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFScripps_Institution_of_OceanographyCavoleDemkoDiner2016">Scripps Institution of Oceanography; Cavole, Leticia; Demko, Alyssa; Diner, Rachel; Giddings, Ashlyn; Koester, Irina; Pagniello, Camille; Paulsen, May-Linn; Ramirez-Valdez, Arturo; Schwenck, Sarah; Yen, Nicole (2016). [[doi:10.5670/oceanog.2016.32|"Biological Impacts of the 2013–2015 Warm-Water Anomaly in the Northeast Pacific: Winners, Losers, and the Future"]]. ''Oceanography''. '''29''' (2). [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.5670/oceanog.2016.32|10.5670/oceanog.2016.32]]</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Gentemann |first=Chelle L. |last2=Fewings |first2=Melanie R. |last3=García-Reyes |first3=Marisol |date=2017-01-16 |title=Satellite sea surface temperatures along the West Coast of the United States during the 2014–2016 northeast Pacific marine heat wave: Coastal SSTs During "the Blob" |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=312–319 |doi=10.1002/2016GL071039 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFGentemannFewingsGarcía-Reyes2017">Gentemann, Chelle L.; Fewings, Melanie R.; García-Reyes, Marisol (2017-01-16). [[doi:10.1002/2016GL071039|"Satellite sea surface temperatures along the West Coast of the United States during the 2014–2016 northeast Pacific marine heat wave: Coastal SSTs During "the Blob""]]. ''Geophysical Research Letters''. '''44''' (1): <span class="nowrap">312–</span>319. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1002/2016GL071039|10.1002/2016GL071039]]</span>.</cite></ref> |- |Santa Barbara 2015 |3 |93 |5.1 |NA | |- |Kudancin California Bight 2018 |3 |44 |3.9 |NA |<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fumo |first=James T. |last2=Carter |first2=Melissa L. |last3=Flick |first3=Reinhard E. |last4=Rasmussen |first4=Linda L. |last5=Rudnick |first5=Daniel L. |last6=Iacobellis |first6=Sam F. |date=May 2020 |title=Contextualizing Marine Heatwaves in the Southern California Bight Under Anthropogenic Climate Change |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans |language=en |volume=125 |issue=5 |bibcode=2020JGRC..12515674F |doi=10.1029/2019JC015674 |issn=2169-9275 |s2cid=218992543 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |- |Arewa maso gabashin Atlantic 2023 |5 |30 |4.0–5.0 |NA |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Record-breaking North Atlantic Ocean temperatures contribute to extreme marine heatwaves |url=https://climate.copernicus.eu/record-breaking-north-atlantic-ocean-temperatures-contribute-extreme-marine-heatwaves |access-date=13 August 2023 |website=Copernicus Climate Change Service |publisher=European Commission}}</ref> |} == Tasirin == {{Multiple image|alt2}} === A kan yanayin halittu na ruwa === Canje-canje a cikin yanayin zafi na kwayoyin ƙasa da na ruwa na iya samun mummunar tasiri ga lafiyarsu da jin daɗi.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Smale |first=Dan A. |last2=Wernberg |first2=Thomas |last3=Oliver |first3=Eric C. J. |last4=Thomsen |first4=Mads |last5=Harvey |first5=Ben P. |last6=Straub |first6=Sandra C. |last7=Burrows |first7=Michael T. |last8=Alexander |first8=Lisa V. |last9=Benthuysen |first9=Jessica A. |last10=Donat |first10=Markus G. |last11=Feng |first11=Ming |date=April 2019 |title=Marine heatwaves threaten global biodiversity and the provision of ecosystem services |url=https://research-repository.uwa.edu.au/en/publications/marine-heatwaves-threaten-global-biodiversity-and-the-provision-of-ecosystem-services(9240f4f9-512b-4185-bef0-96f370e9138b).html |journal=Nature Climate Change |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=306–312 |bibcode=2019NatCC...9..306S |doi=10.1038/s41558-019-0412-1 |issn=1758-6798 |s2cid=91471054 |hdl-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSmaleWernbergOliverThomsen2019">Smale, Dan A.; Wernberg, Thomas; Oliver, Eric C. 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[[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:91471054 91471054].</cite></ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Greene |first=Scott |last2=Kalkstein |first2=Laurence S. |last3=Mills |first3=David M. |last4=Samenow |first4=Jason |date=October 2011 |title=An Examination of Climate Change on Extreme Heat Events and Climate–Mortality Relationships in Large U.S. Cities |journal=Weather, Climate, and Society |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=281–292 |doi=10.1175/WCAS-D-11-00055.1 |issn=1948-8327 |s2cid=49322487 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFGreeneKalksteinMillsSamenow2011">Greene, Scott; Kalkstein, Laurence S.; Mills, David M.; Samenow, Jason (October 2011). [[doi:10.1175/WCAS-D-11-00055.1|"An Examination of Climate Change on Extreme Heat Events and Climate–Mortality Relationships in Large U.S. Cities"]]. ''Weather, Climate, and Society''. '''3''' (4): <span class="nowrap">281–</span>292. 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[[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:49322487 49322487].</cite></ref> An nuna abubuwan da suka faru na ruwan zafi don kara lalacewar mazaunin, <ref name=":12" /> sauyawar jinsuna, [1] rikitarwa gudanar da kamun kifi mai mahimmanci a cikin muhalli da tattalin arziki, ba da gudummawa ga mutuwar jinsuna, <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Salinger |first=M James |last2=Renwick |first2=James |last3=Behrens |first3=Erik |last4=Mullan |first4=A Brett |last5=Diamond |first5=Howard J |last6=Sirguey |first6=Pascal |last7=Smith |first7=Robert O |last8=Trought |first8=Michael C T |last9=Alexander |first9=Lisa |last10=Cullen |first10=Nicolas J |last11=Fitzharris |first11=B Blair |date=2019-04-12 |title=The unprecedented coupled ocean-atmosphere summer heatwave in the New Zealand region 2017/18: drivers, mechanisms and impacts |url=http://stacks.iop.org/1748-9326/14/i=4/a=044023?key=crossref.d96f4fec24a74567c485ba8d1edb9ced |journal=Environmental Research Letters |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=044023 |bibcode=2019ERL....14d4023S |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/ab012a |issn=1748-9326 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> <ref name=":17">{{Cite journal |last=Galli |first=Giovanni |last2=Solidoro |first2=Cosimo |last3=Lovato |first3=Tomas |date=2017-05-11 |title=Marine Heat Waves Hazard 3D Maps and the Risk for Low Motility Organisms in a Warming Mediterranean Sea |journal=Frontiers in Marine Science |volume=4 |pages=136 |doi=10.3389/fmars.2017.00136 |issn=2296-7745 |doi-access=free}}</ref> da kuma sake fasalin yanayin halittu gaba ɗaya. 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[[doi:10.5670/oceanog.2016.32|"Biological Impacts of the 2013–2015 Warm-Water Anomaly in the Northeast Pacific: Winners, Losers, and the Future"]]. ''Oceanography''. '''29''' (2). [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.5670/oceanog.2016.32|10.5670/oceanog.2016.32]]</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Garrabou |first=J. |last2=Coma |first2=R. |last3=Bensoussan |first3=N. |last4=Bally |first4=M. |last5=Chevaldonné |first5=P. |last6=Cigliano |first6=M. |last7=Diaz |first7=D. |last8=Harmelin |first8=J. G. |last9=Gambi |first9=M. C. |last10=Kersting |first10=D. K. |last11=Ledoux |first11=J. 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S. |date=2016-07-08 |title=Climate-driven regime shift of a temperate marine ecosystem |journal=Science |volume=353 |issue=6295 |pages=169–172 |bibcode=2016Sci...353..169W |doi=10.1126/science.aad8745 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=27387951 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Rashin lalacewar mazaunin yana faruwa ne ta hanyar canje-canje na yanayin zafi da sake fasalin da ya biyo baya kuma wani lokacin cikakkiyar asarar wuraren zama na halitta kamar gadajen seagrass, corals, da gandun daji na kelp.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Salinger |first=M James |last2=Renwick |first2=James |last3=Behrens |first3=Erik |last4=Mullan |first4=A Brett |last5=Diamond |first5=Howard J |last6=Sirguey |first6=Pascal |last7=Smith |first7=Robert O |last8=Trought |first8=Michael C T |last9=Alexander |first9=Lisa |last10=Cullen |first10=Nicolas J |last11=Fitzharris |first11=B Blair |date=2019-04-12 |title=The unprecedented coupled ocean-atmosphere summer heatwave in the New Zealand region 2017/18: drivers, mechanisms and impacts |url=http://stacks.iop.org/1748-9326/14/i=4/a=044023?key=crossref.d96f4fec24a74567c485ba8d1edb9ced |journal=Environmental Research Letters |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=044023 |bibcode=2019ERL....14d4023S |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/ab012a |issn=1748-9326 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSalingerRenwickBehrensMullan2019">Salinger, M James; Renwick, James; Behrens, Erik; Mullan, A Brett; Diamond, Howard J; Sirguey, Pascal; Smith, Robert O; Trought, Michael C T; Alexander, Lisa; Cullen, Nicolas J; Fitzharris, B Blair (2019-04-12). 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[[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1748-9326 1748-9326].</cite></ref><ref name=":17">{{Cite journal |last=Galli |first=Giovanni |last2=Solidoro |first2=Cosimo |last3=Lovato |first3=Tomas |date=2017-05-11 |title=Marine Heat Waves Hazard 3D Maps and the Risk for Low Motility Organisms in a Warming Mediterranean Sea |journal=Frontiers in Marine Science |volume=4 |pages=136 |doi=10.3389/fmars.2017.00136 |issn=2296-7745 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFGalliSolidoroLovato2017">Galli, Giovanni; Solidoro, Cosimo; Lovato, Tomas (2017-05-11). [[doi:10.3389/fmars.2017.00136|"Marine Heat Waves Hazard 3D Maps and the Risk for Low Motility Organisms in a Warming Mediterranean Sea"]]. ''Frontiers in Marine Science''. '''4''': 136. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3389/fmars.2017.00136|10.3389/fmars.2017.00136]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2296-7745 2296-7745].</cite></ref> Wadannan wuraren zama suna dauke da wani muhimmin rabo na halittu masu ciyawa na teku.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Smale |first=Dan A. |last2=Wernberg |first2=Thomas |last3=Oliver |first3=Eric C. J. |last4=Thomsen |first4=Mads |last5=Harvey |first5=Ben P. |last6=Straub |first6=Sandra C. |last7=Burrows |first7=Michael T. |last8=Alexander |first8=Lisa V. |last9=Benthuysen |first9=Jessica A. |last10=Donat |first10=Markus G. |last11=Feng |first11=Ming |date=April 2019 |title=Marine heatwaves threaten global biodiversity and the provision of ecosystem services |url=https://research-repository.uwa.edu.au/en/publications/marine-heatwaves-threaten-global-biodiversity-and-the-provision-of-ecosystem-services(9240f4f9-512b-4185-bef0-96f370e9138b).html |journal=Nature Climate Change |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=306–312 |bibcode=2019NatCC...9..306S |doi=10.1038/s41558-019-0412-1 |issn=1758-6798 |s2cid=91471054 |hdl-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSmaleWernbergOliverThomsen2019">Smale, Dan A.; Wernberg, Thomas; Oliver, Eric C. J.; Thomsen, Mads; Harvey, Ben P.; Straub, Sandra C.; Burrows, Michael T.; Alexander, Lisa V.; Benthuysen, Jessica A.; Donat, Markus G.; Feng, Ming (April 2019). [https://research-repository.uwa.edu.au/en/publications/marine-heatwaves-threaten-global-biodiversity-and-the-provision-of-ecosystem-services(9240f4f9-512b-4185-bef0-96f370e9138b).html "Marine heatwaves threaten global biodiversity and the provision of ecosystem services"]. ''Nature Climate Change''. '''9''' (4): <span class="nowrap">306–</span>312. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019NatCC...9..306S 2019NatCC...9..306S]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/s41558-019-0412-1|10.1038/s41558-019-0412-1]]. [[Hdl (identifier)|hdl]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[hdl:2160/3a9b534b-03ab-4619-9637-2ab06054fe70|2160/3a9b534b-03ab-4619-9637-2ab06054fe70]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1758-6798 1758-6798]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:91471054 91471054].</cite></ref> Canje-canje a cikin tsarin yanzu na teku da yanayin zafi na gida sun sauya yawancin nau'ikan wurare masu zafi zuwa arewa, yayin da nau'ikan da ke da matsakaici suka rasa iyakokinsu na kudanci. Babban canji, tare da barkewar furanni masu guba, sun shafi nau'o'i da yawa a fadin taxa.<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last=McCabe |first=Ryan M. |last2=Hickey |first2=Barbara M. |last3=Kudela |first3=Raphael M. |last4=Lefebvre |first4=Kathi A. |last5=Adams |first5=Nicolaus G. |last6=Bill |first6=Brian D. |last7=Gulland |first7=Frances M. D. |last8=Thomson |first8=Richard E. |last9=Cochlan |first9=William P. |last10=Trainer |first10=Vera L. |date=2016-10-16 |title=An unprecedented coastwide toxic algal bloom linked to anomalous ocean conditions |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=43 |issue=19 |pages=10366–10376 |bibcode=2016GeoRL..4310366M |doi=10.1002/2016GL070023 |issn=0094-8276 |pmc=5129552 |pmid=27917011}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMcCabeHickeyKudelaLefebvre2016">McCabe, Ryan M.; Hickey, Barbara M.; Kudela, Raphael M.; Lefebvre, Kathi A.; Adams, Nicolaus G.; Bill, Brian D.; Gulland, Frances M. D.; Thomson, Richard E.; Cochlan, William P.; Trainer, Vera L. (2016-10-16). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5129552 "An unprecedented coastwide toxic algal bloom linked to anomalous ocean conditions"]. ''Geophysical Research Letters''. '''43''' (19): <span class="nowrap">10366–</span>10376. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016GeoRL..4310366M 2016GeoRL..4310366M]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/2016GL070023|10.1002/2016GL070023]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0094-8276 0094-8276]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5129552 5129552]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27917011 27917011].</cite></ref> Gudanar da waɗannan nau'ikan da abin ya shafa ya zama da wahala yayin da suke ƙaura a kan iyakokin gudanarwa da canjin tsarin yanar gizo na abinci.  Karin zafin jiki na teku an danganta shi da raguwar yawan jinsuna kamar yawan mace-mace na nau'in halittu 25 a cikin Bahar Rum a cikin 2003, cututtukan tauraron teku, da abubuwan da suka faru na murjani.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Garrabou |first=J. |last2=Coma |first2=R. |last3=Bensoussan |first3=N. |last4=Bally |first4=M. |last5=Chevaldonné |first5=P. |last6=Cigliano |first6=M. |last7=Diaz |first7=D. |last8=Harmelin |first8=J. G. |last9=Gambi |first9=M. C. |last10=Kersting |first10=D. K. |last11=Ledoux |first11=J. B. |date=May 2009 |title=Mass mortality in Northwestern Mediterranean rocky benthic communities: effects of the 2003 heat wave |journal=Global Change Biology |volume=15 |issue=5 |pages=1090–1103 |bibcode=2009GCBio..15.1090G |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01823.x |s2cid=55566218}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFGarrabouComaBensoussanBally2009">Garrabou, J.; Coma, R.; Bensoussan, N.; Bally, M.; Chevaldonné, P.; Cigliano, M.; Diaz, D.; Harmelin, J. G.; Gambi, M. C.; Kersting, D. K.; Ledoux, J. B. (May 2009). "Mass mortality in Northwestern Mediterranean rocky benthic communities: effects of the 2003 heat wave". ''Global Change Biology''. '''15''' (5): <span class="nowrap">1090–</span>1103. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009GCBio..15.1090G 2009GCBio..15.1090G]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01823.x|10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01823.x]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55566218 55566218].</cite></ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Smale |first=Dan A. |last2=Wernberg |first2=Thomas |last3=Oliver |first3=Eric C. J. |last4=Thomsen |first4=Mads |last5=Harvey |first5=Ben P. |last6=Straub |first6=Sandra C. |last7=Burrows |first7=Michael T. |last8=Alexander |first8=Lisa V. |last9=Benthuysen |first9=Jessica A. |last10=Donat |first10=Markus G. |last11=Feng |first11=Ming |date=April 2019 |title=Marine heatwaves threaten global biodiversity and the provision of ecosystem services |url=https://research-repository.uwa.edu.au/en/publications/marine-heatwaves-threaten-global-biodiversity-and-the-provision-of-ecosystem-services(9240f4f9-512b-4185-bef0-96f370e9138b).html |journal=Nature Climate Change |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=306–312 |bibcode=2019NatCC...9..306S |doi=10.1038/s41558-019-0412-1 |issn=1758-6798 |s2cid=91471054 |hdl-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSmaleWernbergOliverThomsen2019">Smale, Dan A.; Wernberg, Thomas; Oliver, Eric C. J.; Thomsen, Mads; Harvey, Ben P.; Straub, Sandra C.; Burrows, Michael T.; Alexander, Lisa V.; Benthuysen, Jessica A.; Donat, Markus G.; Feng, Ming (April 2019). [https://research-repository.uwa.edu.au/en/publications/marine-heatwaves-threaten-global-biodiversity-and-the-provision-of-ecosystem-services(9240f4f9-512b-4185-bef0-96f370e9138b).html "Marine heatwaves threaten global biodiversity and the provision of ecosystem services"]. ''Nature Climate Change''. '''9''' (4): <span class="nowrap">306–</span>312. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019NatCC...9..306S 2019NatCC...9..306S]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/s41558-019-0412-1|10.1038/s41558-019-0412-1]]. [[Hdl (identifier)|hdl]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[hdl:2160/3a9b534b-03ab-4619-9637-2ab06054fe70|2160/3a9b534b-03ab-4619-9637-2ab06054fe70]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1758-6798 1758-6798]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:91471054 91471054].</cite></ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Bates |first=AE |last2=Hilton |first2=BJ |last3=Harley |first3=CDG |date=2009-11-09 |title=Effects of temperature, season and locality on wasting disease in the keystone predatory sea star Pisaster ochraceus |journal=Diseases of Aquatic Organisms |volume=86 |issue=3 |pages=245–251 |doi=10.3354/dao02125 |issn=0177-5103 |pmid=20066959 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBatesHiltonHarley2009">Bates, AE; Hilton, BJ; Harley, CDG (2009-11-09). [[doi:10.3354/dao02125|"Effects of temperature, season and locality on wasting disease in the keystone predatory sea star Pisaster ochraceus"]]. ''Diseases of Aquatic Organisms''. '''86''' (3): <span class="nowrap">245–</span>251. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3354/dao02125|10.3354/dao02125]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0177-5103 0177-5103]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20066959 20066959].</cite></ref> Canjin yanayi na musamman na ruwa a cikin Bahar Rum a cikin 2015-2019 ya haifar da mutuwar manyan mutane a cikin shekaru biyar a jere.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Garrabou |first=Joaquim |last2=Gómez-Gras |first2=Daniel |last3=Medrano |first3=Alba |last4=Cerrano |first4=Carlo |last5=Ponti |first5=Massimo |last6=Schlegel |first6=Robert |last7=Bensoussan |first7=Nathaniel |last8=Turicchia |first8=Eva |last9=Sini |first9=Maria |last10=Gerovasileiou |first10=Vasilis |display-authors=et al. |date=18 July 2022 |title=Marine heatwaves drive recurrent mass mortalities in the Mediterranean Sea |journal=Global Change Biology |language=en |volume=28 |issue=19 |pages=5708–5725 |doi=10.1111/gcb.16301 |issn=1354-1013 |pmc=9543131 |pmid=35848527 |s2cid=250622761}} </ref> Sauye-sauyen zafi na ruwa a Arewacin Pacific ya haifar da canje-canje masu ban mamaki a cikin yawan dabbobi, alaƙar dabba da ganima, da kuma kwararar makamashi a duk faɗin yanayin halittu.<ref name="Gomes">{{Cite journal |last=Gomes |first=Dylan G. E. |last2=Ruzicka |first2=James J. |last3=Crozier |first3=Lisa G. |last4=Huff |first4=David D. |last5=Brodeur |first5=Richard D. |last6=Stewart |first6=Joshua D. |date=13 March 2024 |title=Marine heatwaves disrupt ecosystem structure and function via altered food webs and energy flux |journal=Nature Communications |volume=15 |issue=1 |page=1988 |bibcode=2024NatCo..15.1988G |doi=10.1038/s41467-024-46263-2 |pmc=10937662 |pmid=38480718 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFGomesRuzickaCrozierHuff2024">Gomes, Dylan G. E.; Ruzicka, James J.; Crozier, Lisa G.; Huff, David D.; Brodeur, Richard D.; Stewart, Joshua D. (13 March 2024). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10937662 "Marine heatwaves disrupt ecosystem structure and function via altered food webs and energy flux"]. ''Nature Communications''. '''15''' (1): 1988. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024NatCo..15.1988G 2024NatCo..15.1988G]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1038/s41467-024-46263-2|10.1038/s41467-024-46263-2]]</span>. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10937662 10937662]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38480718 38480718].</cite></ref> Tasirin abubuwan da suka faru na ruwa masu yawa da tsawo za su sami mummunar tasiri ga rarraba jinsuna. {{Rp|610}}  [[Fayil:Podaac_blob_colordata_sst2015.jpg|thumb|336x336px|Rashin zafi na ruwa da ake kira "The Blob" wanda ya faru a Arewa maso gabashin Pacific daga 2013 zuwa 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naranjo |first=Laura |date=2 November 2018 |title=The blob {{!}} Earthdata |url=https://earthdata.nasa.gov/learn/sensing-our-planet/blob |access-date=2019-09-30 |website=earthdata.nasa.gov}}</ref>]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qq8byteo65w3bwwdg7o3yogtz63sfa8 0 108477 874262 858553 2026-07-02T10:30:39Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 874262 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Fort Ricasoli''' (Maltese: Forti Rikażli) wani sansani ne a Kalkara, Malta, wanda Order of Saint John ya gina tsakanin 1670 da 1698. Ginin yana zaune a wani wuri da aka sani da Gallows' Point da arewacin Rinella Bay, yana ba da umarnin ƙofar Grand Harbour tare da Fort Saint Elmo. Ita ce mafi girma a Malta kuma ta kasance a cikin jerin sunayen [[UNESCO]] World Heritage Sites tun 1998, a matsayin wani ɓangare na Knights' Fortifications a kusa da Harbours na Malta . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Knights' Fortifications around the Harbours of Malta |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/982/ |access-date=15 July 2015 |website=UNESCO Tentative List}}</ref> Fort Ricasoli ya ga amfani a lokacin mamayar Faransa a Malta a cikin 1798 da kuma tashin hankali na Maltese wanda ya biyo baya, bayan haka ya ƙare a hannun Burtaniya. Ricasoli shine shafin da aka yi tawaye da Froberg a cikin 1807, kuma an yi amfani da shi azaman Asibitin soja a cikin karni na 19. An sake amfani da shi a yakin duniya na biyu, lokacin da wasu sassansa suka lalace ta hanyar bama-bamai. Bayan an dakatar da shi a cikin shekarun 1960, an yi amfani da sansanin don dalilai na masana'antu. A yau, sansanin ya kasance mafi yawa amma a cikin lalacewar yanayi, kuma ana amfani dashi azaman wurin yin fim da wurin tsaftace tanki. An amince da tsare-tsaren dawo da sansanin a watan Yunin 2019. == Dokokin asibiti == === Tarihi === Fort Ricasoli yana tsaye a kan iyakar gabas a gefen gabas na Grand Harbor . Tun da farko an san shi da ''Rinella Point'' ko ''Punta Sottile'' ( Maltese ). <ref name="depaola">{{Cite web |last=Abela |first=Giovanni Francesco |date=3 April 1772 |title=Malta illustrata... accresciuta dal Cte G.A. Ciantar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zizJF9AAGpkC&pg=PA93 |access-date=3 April 2019 |publisher=Mallia |page=93 |via=Google Books}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 1865 |title=Malta bil chzejer tehne u li ghadda min ghaliha: L'euel parti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HbCzLhVYkBsC |access-date=3 April 2019 |via=Google Books}}</ref> A cikin 1531, shugabannin biyu na tawaye na bawa da wasu goma da suka dauki matsayi mai mahimmanci, waɗanda suka yi ƙoƙari su mallaki Fort St. Angelo da kuma tserewa daga Malta, an azabtar da su sannan kuma aka rataye su a gabar tekun, wanda aka sani da ''Gallows' Point'' (Maltese: ''Ponta tal-Forka'' ) daga baya. A lokacin Babban Siege na Malta a cikin 1565, Ottomans sun gina baturin bindigogi a kan tsibirin don yin bam a Fort St. Elmo . <ref name="heritage">{{Cite journal |last=Quintano |first=Anton |title=Fortifications: Fort Ricasoli |journal=Heritage: An Encyclopedia of Maltese Culture and Civilization |publisher=Midsea Books Ltd |volume=4 |pages=1101–1107}}</ref> [[Fayil:La_Fontana_Nuova,_Valletta,_Grand_Harbour,_1664.jpg|left|thumb|350x350px|Hoton 1664 na Grand Harbour na Willem Schellinks, tare da Hasumiyar Orsi da batir a kan iyakar dama]] An gina ƙaramin batirin da aka sani da ''Batirin San Petronio'', kuma daga baya a matsayin ''Batirin Orsi'', a Gallows' Point a cikin 1602. <ref name="batterytower">{{Cite book|last3=Stephen C. Spiteri}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1629, jarumin Italiya Alessandro Orsi ya ba da kuɗin gina hasumiya kusa da batirin. An kira shi a hukumance Torre San Petronio, amma mazauna yankin sun fi sani da ''Hasumiyar Orsi'' <ref name="batterytower" /> ko ''Torri Teftef''. An zaɓi sunan San Petronio a lokacin mulkin Grandmaster de Paola, kuma sunan dell"Orso ya zama sananne sosai bayan gyaran batirin kanta ban da ginin hasumiyar. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zammit |first=Vincent |date=2005 |title=Lost ancient landmarks: Orsi tower |url=https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/47776 |journal=Heritage: An Encyclopedia of Maltese Culture and Civilization |publisher=Midsea Books Ltd |volume=4 |issue=64 |pages=1255–1257}}</ref><ref name="depaola"/> An kuma san shi da Torre De Falcha (Hasumiyar Gallows) a cikin takardun tarihi. An rufe shi da waje kuma an fentin shi da launin rawaya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Duggan |first=Terrance M. P. |date=20 July 2013 |title=Erasing Malta's Heritage of Surfacing and Paintwork on Facades and Fortifications and, A Request to the Reader |url=https://www.academia.edu/13694379 |journal=Malta Today |access-date=3 April 2019}}</ref> Bartolomeo Ganga ne ya tsara hasumiyar. A wannan lokacin ne tsibirin ya zama sananne da ''Punta dell'Orso'' . An gina hasumiyar ne don hana tserewa daga bayi daga tsibirin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Quintano |first=Anton |date=1977 |title=Fort Ricasoli: A Historical Survey 1670–1798 |url=https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/123456789/25122/1/Storja%2078.pdf |journal=Storja |issue=78 |pages=164, 165 |oclc=317186765}}</ref> Hasumiyar da batirin sun sami kariya ta hanyar rami mai cike da teku da gada mai ɗorewa.<ref name="batterytower" /><ref name="arxbonnici">{{Cite journal |last=Bonnici |first=Hermann |date=2004–2007 |title=Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.militaryarchitecture.com/Arx/arx1_4_2008.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Arx – Online Journal of Military Architecture and Fortification |issue=1–4 |pages=33–38 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151115113200/http://www.militaryarchitecture.com/Arx/arx1_4_2008.pdf |archive-date=15 November 2015 |access-date=10 October 2015}}</ref> Hasumiyar da batirin suna bayyane a nesa a cikin zane na 1664 na Grand Harbour na Willem Schellinks.<ref name="batterytower"/> Sun kasance suna tsaye har sai raƙuman ruwa sun lalata su a cikin guguwa a ranar 8 ga Fabrairu 1821, kuma a yau kawai dutsen da aka sassaƙa na batirin ya rage. <ref name="batterytower" /> <ref name="heritage"/><ref name="orsi">{{Cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=Orsi Battery remains – Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1681.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714044654/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1681.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |website=National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands}}</ref> A shekara ta 1644, Giovanni de" Medici ya ba da shawarar cewa a watsar da Fort St. Angelo a Birgu kuma a gina sabon sansani a Orsi Point. Sabon sansanin za a kira shi Fort St. Angelo, kuma za a yi amfani da shi tare da garuruwan tsohon sansanin. Ya tsara tsare-tsare don sansanin da aka tsara, amma ba a taɓa aiwatar da su ba.<ref name="heritage"/> === Gine-gine da gyare-gyare === [[Fayil:Arrivee_a_Malte_avec_orage_sur_port_La_Valette.jpg|right|thumb|Hoton da ke nuna ƙofar Grand Harbour na Malta a {{Circa}} 1750, tare da Fort Ricasoli a hagu da Fort Saint Elmo a dama]] A shekara ta 1669, tsoron harin Ottoman ya tashi bayan faduwar Candia, kuma a shekara mai zuwa Grand Master Nicolas Cotoner ya gayyaci Antonio Maurizio Valperga, injiniyan soja na Gidan Savoy, don inganta ganuwar Malta. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Graff |first=Philippe |date=1994 |title=La Valette: une ville nouvelle du XVIe siècle et son évolution jusqu'à nos jours |url=http://www.persee.fr/doc/remmm_0997-1327_1994_num_71_1_1641 |journal=Revue du Monde Musulman et de la Méditerranée: Le carrefour maltais |language=fr |publisher=[[Publications de l'Université de Provence]] |volume=71 |issue=1 |page=161 |doi=10.3406/remmm.1994.1641 |issn=2105-2271 |oclc=958683792}}</ref> Valperga ya tsara sabon sansani da za a gina a kan tudu, kuma duk da wasu zargi daga cikin tsari, an amince da shawarar.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Vella, J. (2007). Antonio Maurizio Valperga. Programm tal-festa Marija Immakulata fil-belt ta' Bormla Festa 2007, 49, 51, 53, 55. |url=https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/123456789/51955/1/Antonio_Maurizio_Valperga_2007.pdf}}</ref> Jarumin Florentine Fra Giovanni Francesco Ricasoli ya ba da gudummawar 20,000 scudi don gina sansanin, kuma an sanya masa suna don girmama shi.<ref name="arxbonnici"/> An kafa dutse na farko a ranar 15 ga Yuni 1670, kuma Valperga da kansa ne ya kula da matakan farko na ginin. Ginin ya sami garuruwan kwarangwal a watan Yunin shekara ta 1674, kodayake har yanzu ba cikakke ba ne. A shekara ta 1681, injiniyan Flemish Carlos na Grunenbergh ya ba da shawarar wasu canje-canje ga ƙirar sansanin, kuma an aiwatar da waɗannan shawarwari. An gina barikin, ɗakin sujada da sauran gine-gine a cikin sansanin a cikin shekarun 1680 da 1690, kuma an ayyana sansanin a hukumance cikakke kuma yana da makamai a watan Mayu na shekara ta 1698.<ref name="arxbonnici" />{{CSS image crop|Image=Le Gouverneur du Fort Ricasoli. Vue du dit Fort (NYPL b14896507-120286).tiff|bSize=360|cWidth=220|cHeight=270|oTop=60|oLeft=40|Location=right|Description=18th-century painting of the Hospitaller Governor of Fort Ricasoli, with the fort itself in the background}}A cikin shekara ta 1714, injiniyoyin Faransa Jacop de Puigirand de Tigné, Charles François de Mondion da Philippe na Vendôme sun soki karamin girman sansanin, wanda suka ɗauka ba shi da tasiri. De Tigné ya ba da shawarar sauye-sauye da yawa, gami da gyaran shinge da ke akwai da embrasures, da kuma gina wani retrenchment a cikin sansanin. Vendôme ya ba da shawarar gina tashar da ke raba sansanin daga yankin. A cikin 1722, an aiwatar da gyaran da de Tigné ya gabatar, kodayake ba a taɓa gina tashar ba saboda rashin kuɗi. Ginin yana cikin mummunan yanayi a tsakiyar karni na 18, kuma an yi wasu ayyukan kulawa a shekara ta 1761.<ref name="arxbonnici"/> A shekara ta 1785, Ricasoli yana dauke da bindigogi tamanin, ciki har da arba'in da daya 24-pounders, yana mai da shi mafi yawan makamai a Malta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Spiteri |first=Stephen C. |date=2014 |title=Fort Manoel |url=http://www.militaryarchitecture.com/index.php/Journals/arx-fort-manoel-occasional-papers-4.html |journal=ARX Occasional Papers |issue=4 |page=176 |access-date=30 January 2016}}</ref> An sake gina wasu sassan sansanin a karkashin jagorancin Antoine Étienne de Tousard a cikin shekarun 1790.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Spiteri |first=Stephen C. |date=2011 |title=Fort Tigné 1792 |url=http://www.militaryarchitecture.com/index.php/Journals/arx-occasional-papers-fort-tigne-1792.html |journal=ARX Occasional Papers |issue=1 |page=6 |access-date=30 January 2016}}</ref> An kuma yi amfani da sansanin a matsayin kurkuku kafin a gina gidan yarin Corradino . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Corradino Correctional Facility |url=https://homeaffairs.gov.mt/en/MHAS-Departments/Corradino-Correctional-Facility/Pages/CCF.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629071807/https://homeaffairs.gov.mt/en/MHAS-Departments/Corradino-Correctional-Facility/Pages/CCF.aspx |archive-date=29 June 2015 |website=Ministry for Home Affairs and National Security}}</ref> == Kasuwancin Faransa == Fort Ricasoli ya ga amfani a lokacin mamayar Faransa a Malta a watan Yunin 1798, a lokacin yakin juyin juya halin Faransa . A lokacin, Bali de Tillet ne ya ba da umarni, kuma ''Cacciatori'' ne ya tsare shi, wadanda suka kasance masu sa kai mai farauta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2009 |title=Caccatori Maltesi |url=https://hrgm.wordpress.com/units/orders-knights-of-st-john-military-units/caccatori-maltesi/ |access-date=28 August 2015 |website=Historical Re-Enactment Group of Malta}}</ref> Ginin ya kori hare-haren Faransa guda uku, kafin ya mika wuya bayan Grand Master Hompesch ya mika wuya ga [[Napoleon]].<ref name="arxbonnici"/> A cikin tashin hankali da toshewar Maltese da suka biyo baya, sansanin ya kasance a hannun Faransa. Ya ci gaba da harba a San Rocco Battery na masu tayar da kayar baya, wanda ke kusa da {{Convert|700|m}} m (2,300 nesa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Spiteri |first=Stephen C. |date=May 2008 |title=Maltese 'siege' batteries of the blockade 1798–1800 |url=http://www.militaryarchitecture.com/images/stories/Arx/arx6-2008.pdf |journal=Arx – Online Journal of Military Architecture and Fortification |issue=6 |page=35 |access-date=24 March 2015}}</ref> == Mulkin Burtaniya == [[Fayil:Fort_Ricasoli,_Malta_(Wilhelm_von_Landau).jpg|thumb|Hoton Fort Ricasoli daga ƙarshen karni na 19 ko farkon karni na 20]] Ginin ya ci gaba da kasancewa aikin soja mai aiki a duk Lokacin Burtaniya. Ya kasance wurin tawaye a cikin 1807 lokacin da sojojin Albania na Froberg Regiment suka tayar da kansu kuma suka rufe kansu a Fort Ricasoli. Duk da yunkurin tattaunawa sun fashe babban mujallar gunpowder, wanda ya haifar da mummunar lalacewa ga sansanin a cikin tsari. Sojoji masu aminci sun murkushe tawaye, kuma kotun soja ta yanke wa wasu daga cikin masu tayar da kayar baya hukuncin kisa. An gyara ɓangarorin da suka lalace na sansanin, amma ba a sake gina su ba zuwa ainihin ƙirarsu. An gina sabon mujallar a 1829 don maye gurbin wanda aka lalata a cikin tawaye.<ref name="arxbonnici"/> An kuma yi amfani da sansanin a matsayin asibitin sojan ruwa na wucin gadi a ƙarshen 1820s da farkon 1830s, kafin a buɗe asibitin Bighi . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Regimental Hospitals and Military Hospitals of the Malta Garrison |url=http://www.maltaramc.com/articles/contents/reghosp.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117014941/http://www.maltaramc.com/articles/contents/reghosp.html |archive-date=17 November 2015 |access-date=30 November 2014 |website=Maltarmc.com |publisher=British Army Medical Services And the Malta Garrison 1799 – 1979}}</ref> A lokacin cutar kwalara na 1837, marasa lafiya da suka kamu da cutar a Ospizio a Floriana sun koma Ricasoli. Yawancinsu sun mutu a cikin 'yan kwanaki, kuma an binne su a cikin makabartar Wied Għammieq da ke kusa. Wani annoba ta kwalara ta barke a Ricasoli a 1865. [[Fayil:Italian_bombing_of_the_Grand_Harbor,_Malta.jpg|left|thumb|Jirgin saman Italiya ya jefa bam a Grand Harbour a 1941, tare da Ricasoli a bayyane a saman dama. Wannan ya bayyana ya zama tarin hotuna biyu.]] A cikin 1844, maza 500 ne suka yi amfani da sansanin. A cikin 1848, Sir John Fox Burgoyne ya bincika ganuwar Malta, kuma ya ɗauki Ricasoli a matsayin "marar shiga". A cikin shekarun 1850, an gabatar da bindigogi masu girma a cikin sansanin, kuma an maye gurbin bindigogi sau da yawa a cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya. An sake fasalin filin jirgin ruwa gaba ɗaya a shekara ta 1878, kuma a cikin shekarun 1900, an shigar da sabbin wuraren bindiga, fitilu da tashar torpedo. A cikin shekarun 1930, an gina hasumiyoyin kula da wuta a kan No. 2, No. 3 da No. 4, kuma an shigar da ƙarin fitilu.<ref name="arxbonnici"/> Fort ''Ricasoli'' ya kasance mai aiki a cikin tsaron Malta a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, kuma a ranar 26 ga Yuli 1941, bindigoginsa sun taimaka wajen kawar da harin Italiya a kan Grand Harbour . A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1942, an lalata ƙofar da Gidan Gwamna ta hanyar bama-bamai na Jamus. Bayan yakin, an ba da izinin sansanin a matsayin HMS Ricasoli tsakanin 1947 da 1958, kuma an yi amfani da shi azaman Bariki sojan ruwa. A shekara ta 1958, an sake gina ƙofar, kodayake ƙirar ta ɗan bambanta da na asali. Ba a sake gina gidan Gwamna ba, galibi saboda dalilai na kudi.<ref name="arxbonnici"/> A shekara ta 1949, hasumiyar da ke kusa da sansanin ta lalace saboda mummunan yanayi. A shekara ta 1964, Admiralty ta sauya iko da sansanin ga Gwamnatin Malta.<ref name="heritage"/>{{Clear}} == Tarihin baya-bayan nan == === Amfani da masana'antu === [[Fayil:Malta_-_Kalkara_-_Triq_Santu_Rokku_-_Fort_Ricasoli_04_ies.jpg|thumb|Tankunan mai a Ricasoli]] Bayan da aka mika sansanin ga gwamnatin Maltese, an fara watsi da shi amma daga baya ya zama wurin ajiyar akwati don albarkatun kasa da suka isa Malta. A shekara ta 1976, an cika wani ɓangare na ramin da ke kusa da Ravelin na Hagu, kuma an karya St. Dominic Demi-Bastion don buɗe hanyar sabuwar hanya.<ref name="heritage2">{{Cite journal |last=Quintano |first=Anton |title=Fortifications: Fort Ricasoli |journal=Heritage: An Encyclopedia of Maltese Culture and Civilization |publisher=Midsea Books Ltd |volume=4 |pages=1101–1107}}</ref> A shekara ta 1964, ramin sansanin ya zama gonar tsaftace tanki don Malta Drydocks. Gidan ajiya, wanda aka sani da Ricasoli Tank Cleaning Facilities, yana kula da sharar ruwa daga jiragen ruwa da suka isa Grand Harbour kuma yana cire mai da sauran sunadarai kafin a saki sharar cikin teku. An mallaki wurin ne a cikin shekara ta 2012, kuma a halin yanzu yana ƙarƙashin kulawar Waste Oils Co. Ltd. Yankin da ke kewaye da sansanin ya zama wurin shakatawa na masana'antu, wanda aka sani da Ricasoli Industrial Estate bayan sansanin. An rushe masana'antar a cikin 2007 don buɗe hanyar SmartCity Malta. === Wurin fim din === Yawancin sansanin an ba da hayar shi ga [[Malta Film Commission|Hukumar Fim ta Malta]], kuma an yi amfani da shi sosai a matsayin wuri don fina-finai da jerin fina-fakkaatu. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, an gina manyan saiti a cikin ganuwarsa don fina-finai na Cutthroat Island (1995), ''[[Gladiator (2000 film)|Gladiator]]'' (2000), ''[[Troy (film)|Troy]]'' (2004), Agora (2009), da [[Napoleon (2023 film)|Napoleon]] (2023). A cikin waɗannan fina-finai, sansanin ya tsaya a matsayin [[Port Royal]], [[Rum|Roma]], [[Troy]], Alexandria, da [[Toulon]] bi da bi.<ref name="maltafilmcommission2">{{Cite web |title=Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.maltafilmcommission.com/fort-ricasoli/ |access-date=30 November 2014 |publisher=Malta Film Commission |archive-date=17 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117033201/http://www.maltafilmcommission.com/fort-ricasoli/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An kuma yi amfani da sansanin a cikin fim din Assassin's Creed (2016) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Siegel |first=Lucas |date=4 November 2014 |title=New Assassin's Creed Set Pictures, Shooting Information from Malta |url=http://comicbook.com/2015/11/04/new-assassins-creed-set-pictures-shooting-information-from-malta/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127200150/http://comicbook.com/2015/11/04/new-assassins-creed-set-pictures-shooting-information-from-malta/ |archive-date=27 November 2015 |website=Comicbook.com}}</ref> da ''[[Entebbe (film)|Entebbe]]'' (2018). Har ila yau, an yi fim din talabijin na Julius Caesar (2002) da ''Helen na Troy'' (2003) a Fort Ricasoli . An gina wani tsari da ake kira Roman Road don ''<nowiki><i id="mwAZg">Julius Kaisar</i></nowiki>'' kuma an riƙe wannan kuma an yi amfani da shi don wasu fina-finai.<ref name="maltafilmcommission">{{Cite web |title=Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.maltafilmcommission.com/fort-ricasoli/ |access-date=30 November 2014 |publisher=Malta Film Commission |archive-date=17 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117033201/http://www.maltafilmcommission.com/fort-ricasoli/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lokacin farko na HBO na daidaitawa na [[George R. R. Martin]]'s Game of Thrones ya yi amfani da sassa daban-daban na sansanin don wakiltar Red Keep . <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 August 2011 |title=Locations of Thrones: Malta (Part 1) |url=http://www.cultureaddicthistorynerd.com/2011/08/locations-of-thrones-malta-part-1/ |access-date=30 November 2014 |website=Cultureaddicthistorynerd.com}}</ref> === Yanayin yanzu === [[Fayil:Malta_-_Kalkara_-_Fort_Ricasoli_(MSTHC)_02_ies.jpg|left|thumb|Ra'ayi na Fort Ricasoli a cikin 2013 yana nuna lalacewar da ta haifar da rushewa]] [[Fayil:Malta_-_Kalkara_-_Triq_Santu_Rokku_-_Fort_Ricasoli_06_ies.jpg|thumb|St. Dominic Counterguard, wanda ya rushe a wani bangare]] A yau, Fort Ricasoli ya kasance mafi yawa ba tare da lalacewa ba, kodayake yana cikin lalacewa. Yankin da aka gina shi yana da saurin lalacewar bakin teku, kuma wasu ganuwar tsakanin No. 3 da No. 4 sun riga sun rushe cikin teku. A shekara ta 2004, an cire Sashin Ma'aikatar albarkatu da ababen more rayuwa, an dawo da shi kuma an sake haɗa shi da wani ɓangare na ganuwar sansanin, amma ba a yi wani abu ba don dawo da dukkan sansanin. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2015, Jam'iyyar Democratic Alternative da wasu kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sun ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a raba harabar Jami'ar Amurka ta Malta tsakanin Fort Ricasoli da Fort Saint Rocco da Fort San Salvatore da ke kusa. Ba a aiwatar da wannan shawarar ba, saboda za a raba harabar tsakanin Dock No. 1 a Cospicua da Żonqor Point a Marsaskala . A shekara ta 2018, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na al'adun gargajiya sun yi kira akai-akai don a dawo da sansanin. Wasu ayyukan da aka nufa don jawo hankalin karin fina-finai sun fara ne a farkon 2019, kuma an amince da shirye-shiryen ayyukan sabuntawa masu yawa (wanda aka gabatar da shi ga Hukumar Shirye-shiryen a cikin 2013) a watan Yunin 2019. Wannan yunkurin ya sami maraba daga kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu. == Yanayi == Fort Ricasoli yana da wani tsari mara kyau wanda ke bin bakin tekun da aka gina a kai. Ginin ya kunshi wani yanki mai karfi da kuma kayan aikinsa, wani shinge da ke fuskantar teku, da kuma hanyar da ke fuskantar Rinella Bay na Grand Harbour. === A gaban ƙasa === [[Fayil:Malta_-_Kalkara_-_Triq_Rinella_+_Rinella_Bay_+_Fort_Ricasoli_02_ies.jpg|thumb|St. John's Half-Bastion]] Gaban ƙasa ya ƙunshi waɗannan bastions da rabin-bastions, waɗanda aka haɗa tare da ganuwar labule: * St. Dominic's Demi-Bastion, wanda aka fi sani da Left Demi-Bassion ko No. 5 Bastion - rabin-bastion a arewacin ƙarshen ƙasar gaba. An lalata shi a lokacin tawaye na Froberg na 1807, lokacin da aka fashe mujallarta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=St Dominic Demi-Bastion – Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1658.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402183712/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1658.pdf |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |website=National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands}}</ref> * St. Francis Bastion, wanda aka fi sani da Central Bastion ko No. 6 Bastion - wani bastion pentagonal a tsakiyar ƙasar gaba. Ya ƙunshi ƙetare da kuma rufin da aka rufe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=Central Bastion – Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1656.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714063304/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1656.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |website=National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands}}</ref> * St. John's Demi-Bastion, wanda aka fi sani da Right Demi-Bassion ko No. 7 Bastion - rabin-bastion a kudancin ƙarshen ƙasar gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=Right Demi-Bastion & adjoining curtain – Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1657.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714065207/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1657.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |website=National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands}}</ref> Yankin gaba ya ƙunshi casemates, waɗanda aka yi amfani da su azaman Bariki. [[Fayil:Malta_-_Kalkara_-_Triq_Santu_Rokku_-_Fort_Ricasoli_03_ies.jpg|left|thumb|Ravelin na hagu]] A gaban ƙasa an kara waje shi ta hanyar wadannan outworks: * wani faussebraye a cikin nau'in kambi da ke kewaye da dukan ƙasar gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=Faussebraye – Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1659.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714065229/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1659.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |website=National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands}}</ref> * St. Dominic Counterguard - mai tsaron gida a kusa da gefen hagu na gaba. An lalata shi sosai ta hanyar aikin ruwan teku, tare da rabin tsarin ya rushe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=Counterguard – Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1660.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714060426/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1660.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |website=National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands}}</ref> * ravelins guda biyu tsakanin St. Francis Bastion da kowanne daga cikin rabin bastions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=Right Ravelin – Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1665.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714065006/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1665.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |website=National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands}}</ref> Ravelin na hagu ya ƙunshi wurin bindiga mai inci 6 (152mm). <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=Left Ravelin – Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1666.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714052233/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1666.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |website=National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands}}</ref> * Caponiers biyu da ke jagorantar daga gaban ƙasa zuwa kowane ravelins. Birtaniya sun yi gyare-gyare masu yawa ga tsarin su.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=Right Caponier – Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1663.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714062645/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1663.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |website=National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=Left Caponier – Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1664.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714062539/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1664.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |website=National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands}}</ref> Ayyukan waje suna kewaye da rami, <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=Land front ditch – Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1669.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714062219/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1669.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |website=National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands}}</ref> hanyar ɓoye <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=Covertway – Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1667.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714060834/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1667.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |website=National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands}}</ref> da glacis. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=Glacis – Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1668.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714043339/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1668.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |website=National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands}}</ref> === Ruwa mai ciki === [[Fayil:Giorcesmalta25.JPG|thumb|Tsakanin teku na Fort Ricasoli]] Yankin da ke fuskantar bude teku ya ƙunshi wadannan bastions da ganuwar labule: * No. 1 Bastion - rabin-bastion da aka haɗa da tenaille, wanda ya samar da Point Battery. Da farko ya ƙunshi échaugette, hasumiya mai tsayi, amma an rushe wannan don samar da hanyar tashar jagora don Brennan Torpedo System. Wurin bindiga don bindigar RML 12.5-inch 38 ton yana kan fuskar bastion.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=No 1 Bastion and Tenaille – Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1671.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714053842/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1671.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |website=National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands}}</ref> * No. 1 Curtain - bango na labule tsakanin No. 1 da No. 2 bastions, dauke da batir da aka rufe da kuma wurin bincike.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=No 1 Curtain – Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1672.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714062847/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1672.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |website=National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands}}</ref> * No. 2 Bastion - wani bastion asymmetrical dauke da embrasures, da kuma wasu wuraren bindigogi na Burtaniya, mujallu da Hasumiyar kula da wuta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=No. 2 Bastion – Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1673.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714065130/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1673.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |website=National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands}}</ref> * No. 2 Curtain - bango na labule tsakanin No. 2 da No. 3 bastions, dauke da embrasures, mujallar farashi (inda aka adana harsashi da aka nufa don amfani nan take) da kuma wurin bincike.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=No.2 Curtain – Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1674.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714065148/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1674.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |website=National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands}}</ref> * No. 3 Bastion - wani bastion mai fuska, wanda ke dauke da embrasures da kuma wasu wuraren bindigogi na Burtaniya, mujallu da hasumiyar kula da wuta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=No. 3 Bastion – Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1675.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714063324/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1675.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |website=National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands}}</ref> * bango mai laushi kusa da No. 4 Bastion, wanda ke dauke da embrasures, mujallu da tashar jiragen ruwa. Wani bangare na bangon labule ya rushe cikin teku.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=Curtain near No.4 Bastion – Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1677.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714033409/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1677.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |website=National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands}}</ref> * No. 4 Bastion - ƙaramin bastion, wanda ke dauke da wurin bindiga, mujallar, mafaka ga ma'aikatan bindiga da hasumiyar kula da wuta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=No 4 Bastion – Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1678.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714055458/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1678.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |website=National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands}}</ref> * No. 5 Curtain - bango na labule tsakanin No. 4 Bastion da St. Dominic Demi-Bastion na gaba na ƙasa, wanda ke dauke da wuraren bindiga, mujallu da mafaka na ma'aikatan bindiga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=No 5 Curtain – Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1679.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714023402/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1679.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |website=National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands}}</ref> Wani rami mai zurfi wanda aka haƙa dutse ya kai daga No. 1 zuwa No. 3 bastions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=Sea front ditch – Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1670.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714035748/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1670.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |website=National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands}}</ref> === Alamar tashar jiragen ruwa === [[Fayil:Malta_-mix-_2019_by-RaBoe_305.jpg|left|thumb|Wani bangare na tashar jiragen ruwa na Fort Ricasoli]] [[Fayil:Fort_Ricasoli_-_polished_version.jpg|thumb|Babban Ƙofar]] Yankin da ke kusa da Rinella Bay ya ƙunshi alamar tenaille tare da manyan ganuwar.<ref name="tenaille">{{Cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=Harbour tenaille trace – Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1680.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714061538/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1680.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |website=National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands}}</ref> Babban ƙofar sansanin yana cikin shinge.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=Main Gate and remains of Governor's House – Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1682.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714065110/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1682.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |website=National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands}}</ref> Gidan Gwamna (yanzu an rushe shi) da Chapel na St Nicholas suna cikin sansanin, kusa da babban ƙofar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=Chapel of St Nicholas – Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1683.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714062518/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1683.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |website=National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands}}</ref> Wani rubutu a ƙofar yana tunawa da ƙaddamar da sansanin a cikin 1698 kuma yana yaba wa Grand Master Perellos . <ref name="depaola"/> Har yanzu ana iya ganin ramin da aka haƙa dutse na Orsi Battery a ƙarshen arewacin tenaille, a ƙarshen tsibirin.<ref name="orsi"/> Birtaniya sun gina tashar Brennan Torpedo a kusa da hanyar a ƙarshen karni na 19. <ref name="tenaille"/> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ek35ecm1oydgkah13d6e74xs6iby6ai 0 108478 873738 872688 2026-07-01T18:06:43Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 873738 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kudin yanayi''' a [[Najeriya]] ya haɗa da cakuda kudade na cikin gida da na duniya don daidaita [[Daidaituwar canjin yanayi|Canjin yanayi]], [[Rage canjin yanayi|ragewa]] da [[Rashin jituwa da yanayi|juriya]]. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Okpanachi: Green Climate Fund Will Aid Nigeria in Fight against Effects of Climate Change – THISDAYLIVE |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2024/07/24/okpanachi-green-climate-fund-will-aid-nigeria-in-fight-against-effects-of-climate-change/#google_vignette |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=www.thisdaylive.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adejoro |first=Lara |date=2023-11-22 |title=Nigeria may lose $460bn to climate change — Report |url=https://punchng.com/nigeria-may-lose-460bn-to-climate-change-report/ |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> == Gudummawar da aka kaiyyadai a ƙasa == Najeriya jam'iyya ce ga [[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change|Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Canjin Yanayi]] (UNFCCC) a cikin 1994 kuma ta tabbatar da [[Kyoto Protocol|Yarjejeniyar Kyoto]] a cikin 2004. Gudummawar da kasar ta ƙuduri aniyar bayar ita ce rage hayaki na gajeren lokaci na Yanayi da [[Hydrofluorocarbon|Hydrofluorocarbons]] da kashi 47% nan da shekara ta 2030 a farashin da aka tsara na dala biliyan 542. == Babban tallafin kuɗi == Tsakanin 2012 da 2016, manyan kudaden yanayi na Gwamnatin Najeriya sun fito ne daga kasafin kudin kasa tare da $ 4,800,000 da aka ware daga Asusun Zuba Jari na Yanayi, tallafin DFID da aka ware £ 17,000 kuma Cibiyar Muhalli ta Duniya ta ba da gudummawar $ 352,000 don tallafawa Kudin Yanayi a Najeriya. Har ila yau, a cikin 2024, Bankin Ci Gaban Najeriya, an kuma ba shi izinin samun dama tsakanin dala miliyan 50 da dala miliyan 250 daga Asusun Yanayi na Green don tallafawa canjin yanayi <ref name=":1"/> : 167-168 Akwai kuma kudaden yanayi Henrich daga Boll Stiftung (HBS) tsakanin 2012 da 2016 a cikin jimlar Yuro 423,320. : 129 {{Rp|129}} == Bukatar kudade na gwamnati == Dangane da Rahoton Binciken Bukatar Bala'i (PDNA) a cikin 2012 ga UNFCCC a cikin 2017, mahimman bukatun kudade sun haɗa da kula da ambaliyar ruwa tare da buƙatar gyara lalacewar dala biliyan 16.9. Har ila yau, ana buƙatar saka hannun jari kusan dala biliyan 177 don rage ƙalubalen sharar gida, albarkatun ruwa da tasirin gidan kore : 13-14 : 4{{Rp|4}} == Kudin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu == Baya ga kudade na gwamnati, akwai kudade daga C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group a cikin adadin $ 3,000,000, $ 1,515,512 daga bankin Fidelity da $ 2,000,000 daga Bankin Duniya :{{Rp|170}} == Context and Vulnerabilities == === Yanayin Aikin Gona da Gida === [[Fayil:Koppen-Geiger_Map_NGA_present.svg|thumb|353x353px|Taswirar rarraba yanayi na Köppen-Geiger na Najeriya na lokacin 1980-2016]] Najeriya tana da jimlar yanki na 910,770 km², <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Land area (sq. km) - Nigeria |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.TOTL.K2?locations=NG |access-date=28 July 2025 |publisher=World Bank Open Data}}</ref> wanda kashi 77% ya sadaukar da shi ga amfanin gona (gami da ƙasar noma, amfanin gona na dindindin da makiyaya) <ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Country profile – Nigeria |url=https://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/index/en/?iso3=NGA |publisher=FAO}}</ref>: 1 da 22% gandun daji sun rufe su tun daga shekarar 2020. <ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Natural Forest in Nigeria – Nigeria Deforestation Rates & Statistics |url=https://www.globalforestwatch.org/dashboards/country/NGA/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |publisher=Global Forest Watch}}</ref> A cewar Bankin Duniya, bangaren noma yana da alhakin 34% na samar da aiki a kasar.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Employment in agriculture (% of total employment) – Nigeria |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS?locations=NG |publisher=World Bank Open Data}}</ref> Koyaya, lalacewar ƙasa tana shafar kusan kashi 33% na ƙasar noma, wanda canjin yanayi ya kara tsanantawa. : na bakwai&nbsp;{{Rp|VII}} Har yanzu bangaren noma yana da kusan kashi 23% na GDP na kasar bisa ga bayanan Bankin Duniya na 2021.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added (% of GDP) – Nigeria |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.AGR.TOTL.ZS?locations=NG |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> Canjin yanayin ruwan sama, karuwar ambaliyar ruwa, da hamada a arewacin kasar suna barazana ga tsaron abinci da hanyoyin rayuwa a Najeriya; kasar ta riga ta fuskanci karancin abinci idan aka kwatanta da bukatar cikin gida. : 54 <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Nigeria at a glance |url=http://www.fao.org/nigeria/fao-in-nigeria/nigeria-at-a-glance/en/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |publisher=FAO in Nigeria}}</ref> Karin shigo da abinci na yau da kullun, kamar shinkafa, ya nuna wahalar biyan bukatun abinci na kasar. A cikin 2019, an gano cewa Najeriya ta cinye tan miliyan 7 na hatsi, amma kawai ta samar da tan miliyan 3.7 da kansu. Dangane da rahoton 2012 Post-Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA), ambaliyar, wacce ta fara a watan Yulin wannan shekarar, ta haifar da kimanin dala biliyan 16.9 a cikin lalacewa, yana nuna bukatar saka hannun jari a cikin daidaitawa. : xx{{Rp|xx}} === Aikin Makamashi === [[Fayil:Nigeria_GHI_Solar-resource-map_GlobalSolarAtlas_World-Bank-Esmap-Solargis.png|thumb|Taswirar da ke da taƙaitaccen ƙarfin hasken rana a Najeriya]] {{Pie chart|label1=[[Coal]]|value1=1.1|color1=powderblue|label2=[[Crude Oil]]|value2=32.2|color2=navy|label3=[[Natural Gas]]|value3=22.2|color3=aqua|label4=[[Hydroelectricity]]|value4=1.1|color4=khaki|label5=[[Biofuel|Biofuels and waste]]|value5=43.4|color5=lightgreen}} Sashin makamashi na Najeriya ya mamaye [[Biofuel|man fetur]] da sharar gida (43.4% na jimlar samar da makamashi), galibi itace da gawayi, wanda kashi 65% na gidaje ke amfani da shi don bukatun yau da kullun kamar dafa abinci.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |title=Nigeria Energy Mix – Countries & Regions |url=https://www.iea.org/countries/nigeria |access-date=28 July 2025 |publisher=IEA}}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite web |date=1 April 2022 |title=Building a Shared Vision for the Clean Cooking Transition |url=https://www.boell.de/en/2022/04/01/building-shared-vision-clean-cooking-transition |access-date=28 July 2025 |publisher=Heinrich Böll Stiftung }}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ana samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar iskar gas (75%), yayin da hanyoyin [[Makamashi mai sabuntawa|sabuntawa]] kamar su hydropower (1.1%) da hasken rana (0.3% a cikin 2022) suna wakiltar karamin ɓangaren makamashi.<ref name=":17">{{Cite web |title=Nigeria Electricity – Countries & Regions |url=https://www.iea.org/countries/nigeria |access-date=28 July 2025 |publisher=IEA}}</ref> Duk da babban damar sabuntawa, Najeriya tana da MW 2,062 kawai na ƙarfin wutar lantarki daga cikin kimanin 14,120 MW. Ana kiyasta yiwuwar hasken rana har zuwa 210 GW, duk da haka ana amfani da kashi 1% kawai na yankin ƙasar a halin yanzu. <ref name=":19">{{Cite journal |last=Nchege |first=Johnson |last2=Okpalaoka |first2=Chijindu |date=1 December 2023 |title=Hydroelectric production and energy consumption in Nigeria: Problems and solutions |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148123014635 |journal=Renewable Energy |volume=119 |page=548 |doi=10.1016/j.renene.2023.119548 |access-date=28 July 2025}}</ref> : 27 {{Rp|27}} Ikon wutar lantarki da aka shigar shine 12.5 GW, amma kawai 3,500 zuwa 5,000 MW yana samuwa saboda asarar watsawa da rarraba (28-40%). Duk da haka, bukatar wutar lantarki ta Najeriya ta wuce iyakar ƙarfin grid, a kusan 17,556 MWh / h a cikin 2020, bisa ga bayanan hukuma. : 38 A cikin 2023, yawan samun wutar lantarki ya kasance 61.2%, tare da bambanci mai mahimmanci tsakanin birane (89%) da yankunan karkara (kasa da 33%) a cikin mahallin inda gazawar wutar lantarki ta kai ga tattalin arziki kusan dala biliyan 29 a kowace shekara.<ref name=":23">{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Access to electricity (% of population) – Nigeria |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS?locations=NG |publisher=World Bank}}</ref><ref name=":24">{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Access to electricity, rural (% of rural population) – Nigeria |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.RU.ZS?locations=NG |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> === Yanayin Tattalin Arziki === An dauki Najeriya a matsayin tattalin arziki mafi girma a nahiyar Afirka, tare da GDP na dala biliyan 188.27 a 2023 da yawan mutane miliyan 233.3, amma GDP na kowane mutum shine mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin manyan tattalin arzikin Afirka goma saboda yawan jama'arta.<ref name=":26">{{Cite web |title=Nigeria: Datasets |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/NGA |publisher=IMF}}</ref><ref name=":27">{{Cite web |title=Real GDP per capita Comparison |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gdp-per-capita |access-date=28 July 2025 |publisher=The World Factbook }}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Sashin kudi na kasar shine kasuwar banki ta uku mafi girma a Afirka, tare da bankunan kamar FBN Holdings, Access Bank, da Zenith Bank suna jagorantar matsayi na yanki. Kasuwancin kasuwa Najeriya (NGX) ya kai kusan dala biliyan 47 a watan Yunin 2025, tare da kamfanoni 148 da aka jera, kodayake babu wanda aka keɓe shi ne kawai ga makamashi mai sabuntawa. <ref name=":29">{{Cite web |date=28 July 2025 |title=Nigerian Stock Exchange (NGX) Live |url=https://afx.kwayisi.org/ngx-live/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |publisher=afx.kwayisi.org }}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=":30">{{Cite web |title=Listed Companies |url=https://ngxgroup.com/markets/listed-companies/ |publisher=Nigerian Exchange Limited}}</ref> Duk da yiwuwar, kudaden kore suna iyakance yayin da masu karfafa saka hannun jari ke ba da fifiko ga bangaren man fetur kamar yadda Najeriya ita ce babbar mai samar da mai fetur a Afirka. : 27 A cikin 2020, kasar ta kashe dala biliyan 71.3 a kan shigo da kayayyaki, wanda ya wuce fitarwa da dala biliyan 43.6, galibi saboda dogaro da man fetur mai da aka shigo da shi duk da ikon ingantaccen gida. <ref name=":32">{{Cite web |title=Nigeria: Leading Crude Oil Producer in Africa |url=https://nuprc.gov.ng/nigeria-leading-crude-oil-producer-in-africa/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |publisher=Nigerian Upstream Petroleum Regulatory Commission}}</ref> == Tsarin siyasa da na doka == Najeriya ta hade canjin yanayi cikin manufofinta ta hanyar takardu irin su "Shirin Canjin Makamashi na Najeriya" (2021) da "Manufofin Makamashi na Kasa" (2022), wadanda ke inganta manufofin makamashi da ake sabunta su da fadada kasuwar saka hannun jari mai dorewa.<ref>Country Profile: Nigeria (PDF) (Report). IEA. 2024</ref> Dokar Canjin Yanayi ta 2021 ta kafa Majalisar Canjin Yanayi ta ƙasa, mai alhakin daidaita manufofin yanayi da kuma kula da asusun sauyin yanayi na ƙasa.<ref>"FGN Moves to Activate Climate Change Fund, Aligns Finance with Green Agenda". Federal Ministry of Finance. 4 April 2025.</ref> Don jawo hankalin zuba jari, gwamnati tana ba da abubuwan ƙarfafawa kamar harajin abinci, keɓancewar haraji, rage harajin shigo da kayayyaki, da yankuna na musamman na tattalin arziki (SEZs) waɗanda ke ba da izinin keɓance cikakken haraji da dawo da riba.<ref>"Regulatory landscape for solar power in Nigeria". IBA. 6 November 2024.</ref> Baƙi za su iya riƙe daidaito 100% a cikin ayyukan, dangane da rajista tare da Hukumar Harkokin Kasuwanci (CAC) da kuma amincewa daga Hukumar Kula da Wutar Lantarki ta Najeriya (NERC) da Hukumar Kula da Gasa da Kariya ta Tarayya (FCCPC).<ref>"Renewable energy project approvals in Nigeria". Lexology. 28 August 2021. Retrieved 28 July 2025.</ref><ref>Compendium of Investment Incentives in Nigeria (PDF) (Report). Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission & Federal Inland Revenue Service. 2017</ref> Tun daga 2019, Kasuwancin Hannun Jari na Najeriya ya buƙaci rahoton ESG (muhalli, zamantakewa, da gudanarwa) ga kamfanoni da aka jera, kuma daga 2027, rahoton dorewa mai dacewa da ka'idojin IFRS S2 zai zama wajibi.<ref>Anyaogu, Isaac (22 March 2024). "Nigeria gives businesses four years to adopt eco‑friendly reporting standards". Reuters. Retrieved 29 July 2025</ref> Ka'idodin Banki Dorewa na Najeriya (NSBP) na buƙatar bankunan su haɗa abubuwan muhalli da zamantakewa cikin yanke shawara da bayar da rahoton tasirin su a sarari.<ref>"Regulatory approach to sustainable banking". The Punch. 15 October 2023.</ref> === Gudunmawar da aka ƙaddara ta ƙasa === Najeriya ta kasance jam'iyyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Tsarin Tsarin Sauyin Yanayi (UNFCCC) tun 1994 kuma ta amince da yarjejeniyar Kyoto a 2004. An gabatar da gudummawar farko ta kasa (NDC) a cikin 2015, tare da alƙawarin rage fitar da hayaki na ɗan gajeren lokaci na gurɓataccen yanayi da ƙarancin carbon carbon 2470% Dalar Amurka biliyan 542.<ref>Nigeria's Long-Term Low‑Emission Development Strategy 2060 (PDF) (Report). National Climate Change Council. 25 April 2024.</ref><ref>Second Biennial Update Report to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (PDF) (Report). Federal Ministry of Environment, Nigeria.</ref> A cikin 2021, Najeriya ta buga sabunta NDC.<ref>Nigeria's Long-Term Low‑Emission Development Strategy 2060 (PDF) (Report). National Climate Change Council. 25 April 2024.</ref> NDCs sun haɗa da maƙasudai don ƙara yawan kason makamashin da ake sabuntawa zuwa kashi 30 cikin 100 nan da shekarar 2030 da kuma cimma nasarar samun damar makamashi ta duniya nan da shekarar 2060. == Gudun Kuɗi na Yanayi == === Jama'a === A tsakanin shekarar 2012 zuwa 2016, akasarin kudaden da ake kashewa a Najeriya sun fito ne daga kasafin kudin kasar, inda aka ware dalar Amurka miliyan 4.8 daga asusun zuba jari na yanayi, da tallafin DFID fam 17,000, da kuma dalar Amurka 352,000 daga cibiyar muhalli ta duniya. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin 2024, Bankin Raya Haɓaka na Najeriya kuma an ba shi izinin shiga tsakanin dalar Amurka miliyan 50 da dalar Amurka miliyan 250 daga Asusun Kula da Yanayi na Green don tallafawa matakan sauyin yanayi. €423,320.<ref>Second Biennial Update Report to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (PDF) (Report). Federal Ministry of Environment, Nigeria.</ref>:   129 Bisa ga rahoton 2012 Post-Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA) na UNFCCC a cikin 2017, mahimman bukatun samar da kudade sun haɗa da magance ambaliyar ruwa da kuma buƙatar gyara barnar dalar Amurka biliyan 16.9. Bugu da kari, ana bukatar zuba jari na kimanin dalar Amurka biliyan 177 don magance kalubalen sharar gida, albarkatun ruwa, da iskar gas.<ref>2050 Long‑Term Vision for Nigeria (LTV‑2050) (PDF) (Report). Department of Climate Change, Federal Ministry of Environment, Nigeria. 2021</ref>: 13–14.<ref>NIGERIA'S Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (PDF) (Report). Federal Ministry of Environment, Nigeria. 8 September 2022. Retrieved 7 November 2024</ref>: 4 A cikin 2024, gwamnati ta ware albarkatu ga Asusun Canjin Yanayi, tare da tallafi daga Bankin Duniya, Hukumar Kuɗi ta Duniya (IFC), da IMF, don faɗaɗa kuɗaɗen kore.<ref>"Transcript of G24 October 22 Press Briefing" (PDF). IMF. 22 October 2024.</ref> A watan Afrilun 2025, Ministan Kudi kuma Ministan Harkokin Tattalin Arziki, Wale Edun, ya gana da Dr. Nkiruka Madueke, Darakta-Janar na Hukumar Kula da Sauyin Yanayi ta Najeriya (NCCC), don tattauna batun kaddamar da asusun sauyin yanayi, da nufin tallafawa hanyoyin magance sauyin yanayi da kuma inganta harkokin kudi na kore.<ref>"FGN Moves to Activate Climate Change Fund, Aligns Finance with Green Agenda". Federal Ministry of Finance, Nigeria. 4 April 2025. Retrieved 29 July 2025.</ref> Koyaya, ba da fifikon saka hannun jarin burbushin mai da ƙyalli na iskar gas biliyan 7 a kowace shekara, wanda ke haifar da asarar dalar Amurka biliyan 2.5, yana iyakance ci gaba a cikin tsaftataccen makamashi.<ref>"Gas flaring: Reps to recover over $9 billion fines from oil companies". Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. 24 July 2023. Retrieved 29 July 2025.</ref><ref>Ojijiagwo, Emeka; Oduoza, Chike F.; Emekwuru, Nwabueze (1 December 2016). "Economics of gas to wire technology applied in gas flare management". Engineering Science and Technology. 19 (4): 2109–2118. doi:10.1016/j.jestch.2016.09.012. hdl:2436/620434.</ref> === Na sirri === Baya ga tallafin gwamnati, akwai kudade daga rukunin C40 na manyan garuruwa don jagorancin yanayi, dalar Amurka miliyan 3, dalar Amurka miliyan 1,515,512 daga bankin Fidelity, da dalar Amurka miliyan 2 daga bankin duniya. bayyanannun hayaki.<ref>"Financial institutions taking action". PCAF</ref> Duk da haka, bisa ga wani bincike na 2022 mai suna Nigeria Green Tagging Banking Review, fannin banki yana ci gaba da ba da rance ga masana'antu masu amfani da carbon.<ref>"Unlocking Climate Finance in Nigeria with Green Banking". Green Policy Platform. 15 February 2022.</ref><ref>Green Bonds in Nigeria (PDF) (Report). NGBMDP (Nigeria Green Bond Market Development Programme). Retrieved 29 July 2025.</ref> A cikin 2017, gwamnatin Najeriya ta ba da lamuni na farko a Afirka wanda ya kai dalar Amurka miliyan 29, wanda ya ba da gudummawar ayyukan makamashin hasken rana ga jami'o'i da al'ummomin da ba su da tushe. Tsakanin 2019 da 2021, an ba da haɗin gwiwar kamfanoni huɗu da kore kore ɗaya mai daraja wanda ya kai kusan dalar Amurka miliyan 38.02.<ref>Nigeria: Sovereign green bonds for climate action (PDF) (Report). Policy Development Facility Phase II. 2019. Retrieved 29 July 2025.</ref> === Hadin gwiwar kasa da kasa da Kudade na waje === Najeriya ta dogara kacokan kan tallafin waje don cimma manufofinta na yanayi na NDC. Kungiyoyi irin su Asusun Kula da Yanayi na Green, Bankin Duniya, da Ƙungiyar Haɗin Kan Duniya ta Jamus (GIZ) suna cikin mahimman hanyoyin. A cikin 2023, Bankin Masana'antu na Najeriya ya haɗu da FSD Afirka don faɗaɗa kuɗin yanayi.[56] Koyaya, kusan kashi 75% na kuɗaɗen yanayin yanayin jama'a na duniya ana bayar da su ta hanyar bashi, yana ƙara nauyin kuɗin ƙasar.<ref>"Landscape of Climate Finance in Nigeria". Climate Policy Initiative. 4 October 2022.</ref><ref>"The Guardian view on Cop29: poor‑world discontent over a failure of rich countries to deliver". The Guardian. 24 November 2024</ref> == Manyan sassan sun amfana == === Makamashi === Canji zuwa makamashi mai sabuntawa shine fifiko na ƙasa, tare da mai da hankali kan ayyukan samar da wutar lantarki, kamar tashar Kainji (760MW), wanda aka ba da izini a 1968; da ayyukan hasken rana, gami da tsarin kashe grid da ƙananan grid.<ref>"Upgrading Kainji dam and improving electricity". The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 29 March 2017.</ref><ref>"Illuminating Nigeria: Grid and Off‑Grid Electricity". Georgetown Journal of International Affairs. 7 August 2024.</ref> A cikin 2016, gwamnati ta sanya hannu kan PPAs tare da masu haɓaka hasken rana 14, amma ayyukan sun tsaya cak saboda rage farashin abinci.<ref>Adeniyi, Fadekunayo; Isah, Abdulrasheed (1 October 2023). "Unlocking renewables amid rentierism: Market constraints to Nigeria's energy transition". Energy Research & Social Science. 104 103248. Bibcode:2023ERSS..10403248A. doi:10.1016/j.erss.2023.103248. hdl:20.500.11850/632674. Retrieved 29 July 2025</ref><ref>Assessment of diversity within Nigeria power generation technologies (Report). Nigerian Journal of Technology. 2021. doi:10.1186/s13705-022-00379-9. PMC 9879844.</ref><ref>Nnodim, Okechukwu (28 December 2023). "Nigerians groan in darkness despite power sector privatisation, N7tn investments". The Punch. Retrieved 29 July 2025.</ref> A cikin 2022, shigar da ƙarfin sabuntawar makamashi shine 24.5%, tare da wutar lantarki mai wakiltar 96% na wannan jimlar.[18] A cikin 2023, saka hannun jari a cikin makamashi mai tsafta ya karu da fiye da 900% idan aka kwatanta da 2022, jimlar dalar Amurka miliyan 69.3, wanda yawancinsu daga haɗin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu ne.<ref>"Climatescope 2024 Nigeria". Global Climatescope. Retrieved 29 July 2025.</ref><ref>Nkalo, Ukoima Kelvin (1 June 2025). "Nigeria's renewable energy sector: analysis of the present and future prospects". Solar Compass. 14 100123. Bibcode:2025SoCom..1400123N. doi:10.1016/j.solcom.2025.100123. ISSN 2772-9400.</ref> === Sufuri === Bangaren sufuri, wanda ke da keken keke (keke napap), ƙananan bas (danfos), da kuma babura (okadas), shine babban tushen gurɓacewar birni.<ref>Afolabi, Oluwaseyi Joseph; Akibo, Kehinde Oluwafunmilola (July 2020). "Urban Challenges and Informal Public Transport Services in Nigeria" (PDF). Review of International Comparative Management. 21 (3): 319‑331. doi:10.24818/RMCI.2020.3.319 (inactive 28 October 2025). Retrieved 29 July 2025.</ref> Kasuwar motocin lantarki (EV) na karuwa a cikin kasar, sakamakon damuwa game da gurbatar yanayi da tsadar mai.<ref>Akujor, Chidi E.; Uzowuru, Emmanuel E.; Abubakar, Sambo S.; Amakom, Chijioke M. (2022). "Decarbonisation of the Transport Sector in Nigeria". Environmental Health Insights. 16 11786302221125039. Bibcode:2022EnvHI..1611250A. doi:10.1177/11786302221125039. ISSN 1178-6302. PMC 9520152. <nowiki>PMID 36185498</nowiki>.</ref> Wasu tsare-tsare suna haɓaka karɓar EV ta hanyar tallafi da tashoshi na caji kyauta, kodayake cajin kayan aikin ya kasance iyakance.<ref>Farinloye, Temitope; Oluwatobi, Omotoye; Ugboma, Ogochukwu; Dickson, Olayemi Funmilayo; Uzondu, Chinebuli; Mogaji, Emmanuel (1 May 2024). "Driving the electric vehicle agenda in Nigeria: The challenges, prospects and opportunities". Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment. 130 104182. Bibcode:2024TRPD..13004182F. doi:10.1016/j.trd.2024.104182. ISSN 1361-9209. Retrieved 29 July 2025.</ref><ref>"ECN Commissions Hybrid Electric Vehicle Charging Station to Advance Clean Energy in Nigeria". Energy Commission of Nigeria. Retrieved 29 July 2025.</ref> === Noma da Dazuzzuka === Kasar ta kuduri aniyar maido da kasa mai fadin hecta miliyan 4 nan da shekarar 2030 a karkashin shirin farfado da dazuzzukan Afirka (AFR100) da kuma cimma matsaya kan lalata kasa (LDN) a daidai wannan lokacin, tare da kashe jarin dalar Amurka biliyan 194.<ref>"The role of forests and wildlife in building resilience and recovery from crises and threats". FAO. August 2022. Retrieved 29 July 2025.</ref>: 5 [34:<ref>Final report of the Land Degradation Neutrality Target Setting Programme (PDF) (Report). United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification. May 2018. Retrieved 29 July 2025.</ref>]  === Abubuwan Gaba === Najeriya tana da fa'ida mai yawa da za a iya sabunta ta, tare da megawatt 14,120 a wutar lantarki kuma har zuwa 210 GW a cikin hasken rana,<ref>Nchege, Johnson; Okpalaoka, Chijindu (1 December 2023). "Hydroelectric production and energy consumption in Nigeria: Problems and solutions". Renewable Energy. 119 119548: 548. Bibcode:2023REne..21919548N. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2023.119548. Retrieved 28 July 2025.</ref> amma rashin amfani ya ci gaba. Cire tallafin man fetur a shekarar 2023 da kuma ‘yantar da kasuwar canji ya karu da sha’awar masu zuba jari, amma rashin kwanciyar hankali na tsari ya kasance cikas.<ref>Dzirutwe, Macdonald (5 February 2024). "Nigeria's latest devaluation may be 'turning point' in currency reform drive". Reuters. Retrieved 29 July 2025.</ref><ref>"Bola Tinubu inauguration: Fuel subsidy removed in Nigeria". BBC News. 29 May 2023. Retrieved 29 July 2025.</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 6xd6sjq51ne0ykoxswnie4k8trav6xv 0 108638 873896 787037 2026-07-01T21:49:38Z Ummeeterh 31568 873896 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sunil Verma''' (1972 - 16 [[Ogusta|Agusta]] 2006), kansa wanda aka azabtar, ya kasance mai fafutukar kare hakkin wadanda bala'in Bhopal ya shafa, mummunan bala'in masana'antu kamar na 2007. Ya ba da shaida a cikin shari'ar da aka yi wa kamfanin lokacin da ya zo don sauraron a [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]] a 1986. Ya kafa kungiyar Yara Against Carbide, lokacin da ya kasance shekaru 1987. == Bala'in iskar gas == An haife shi a Bhopal a cikin 1972, ɗan kafinta, Verma ya zauna a JP Nagar, kusa da shukar da Union Carbide ke gudanarwa, yanzu wani reshe na Dow Chemicals, lokacin da ruwan iskar gas ya faru a ranar 3 ga Disamba 1984. Shi da danginsa sun yi ƙoƙarin tserewa, yayin da gajimare mai guba na methyl isocyanate gas ya sauka a cikin babban birnin jihar Madhash. ’Yan uwa sun rabu, kuma Sunil Verma, idanunsa na kuna da zafi da zafi, ya samu nasarar shiga motar bas da ta kai shi Hoshangabad, kimanin kilomita 70 (mil 44). Ya suma aka kai shi asibitin gundumar. Ya koma Bhopal mako guda bayan ya tarar da mahaifansa biyu, ’yan’uwa mata uku da yayyensa biyu sun mutu. ’Yan’uwansa guda biyu, ‘yar’uwa ’yar shekara 10 da kane mai shekara biyu da rabi, su ne kawai sauran wadanda suka tsira. 'Yan uwan sun kai yaran zuwa Lucknow, amma yaran sun koma Bhopal, suna rayuwa bisa karimcin maƙwabta, duka Hindu da Musulmi. 'Yar'uwar Sunil da ɗan'uwan sun ƙaura zuwa ƙauyen SOS - matsuguni da wata ƙungiyar agaji ta kafa don ɗaukar marayu na bala'in iskar gas<ref>Living in the shadows of the Bhopal tragedy". SOS Children’s Villages. 26 February 2016. Retrieved 14 August 2024.</ref> - yayin da Sunil ya sami yin karatu tun yana matashi. == Ayyukan aiki == An zabe shi ya aza harsashin ginin asibitin mutane na farko a Bhopal ga wadanda iskar gas ta shafa a watan Yuni 1985. Yara Against Carbide sun hada marayu da sauran wadanda abin ya shafa don neman adalci ga wadanda suka tsira daga bala'in. Abubuwan da ke tattare da su sune na diyya da lafiya. Verma ya kasance memba na Ƙungiyar Bhopal don Bayani da Aiki, kuma ya halarci kowace gangamin tunawa da bala'i, yayin da lafiyar kwakwalwarsa ta tabarbare.<ref>Sunil – THE BHOPAL MEDICAL APPEAL". THE BHOPAL MEDICAL APPEAL. Retrieved 14 August 2024.</ref> A cikin Fabrairun 1989, gwamnatin Indiya ta yanke shawara ba tare da kotu ba tare da Union Carbide, wanda ya biya dalar Amurka miliyan 470 a matsayin wani ɓangare na yarjejeniyar. Verma ya yi balaguro zuwa Ireland, [[Holand|Netherlands]] da kuma Burtaniya don yin kira da goyon baya ga sulhu. An kama shi a Houston, [[Texas]], lokacin da ya yi ƙoƙarin gabatar da rahoton muhalli a taron shekara-shekara na Union Carbide. Kukan jama'a ne ya sa aka sake shi cikin gaggawa. Verma ya karbi dalar Amurka $2,200 daga kotun da'awar da ke raba sulhu, ko da yake yana da hakkin samun kusan sau hudu wannan adadin. Ya yi yunkurin fara kasuwanci da kudin, amma yunkurin ya ci tura. An ba shi gida a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin agaji na gwamnati, amma don kyauta ga kuskure, ya ba da shi ga wani abokinsa mara gida. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da agaji a asibitin Sambhavna Trust Clinic ga waɗanda suka tsira kuma ko da yake ba shi da aikin yi a lokacin, ya ƙi karɓar kuɗi don aikinsa. Ya kuma zagaya Indiya, inda ya yi jawabi ga mabukata. Tare da wasu marayu da iskar gas, Sunil ya zauna yajin cin abinci a Bhopal na tsawon kwanaki shida a shekara ta 2003, yana neman ayyukan da gwamnati ta bayar shekaru da suka gabata.<ref>Shaini, KS (17 August 2006). "Bhopal activist dies with broken dreams". BBC News. Retrieved 14 August 2024.</ref> == Rashin lafiya == A cikin Maris 1997 Sunil ya fara "jin muryoyi a kansa". Haka kuma ya sha fama da rashin barci kuma yana tunanin mutane suna shirin kashe shi. A watan Yuni 1997 yanayinsa ya tsananta kuma yakan gudu daga gida. Ya sha yunkurin kashe kansa sau da yawa. A ƙarshe an gano shi yana da schizophrenia kuma ya fara magani.<ref>Living in the shadows of the Bhopal tragedy". SOS Children’s Villages. 26 February 2016. Retrieved 14 August 2024. "Sunil – THE BHOPAL MEDICAL APPEAL". THE BHOPAL MEDICAL APPEAL. Retrieved 14 August 2024. Verma, Sanjay (2 December 2014). "I survived the Bhopal gas tragedy". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 14 August 2024. Shaini, KS (17 August 2006). "Bhopal activist dies with broken dreams". BBC News. Retrieved 14 August 2024.</ref> Ya rataye kansa ne a shekara ta 2006, inda ya bar bayanin cewa ya kashe kansa ba don ba shi da lafiya amma yana da duk abin da ya sani game da shi. Bayan mutuwar Sunil, mutane da yawa daga Netherlands, Amurka, Afirka ta Kudu da sauran ƙasashe sun tattara kuɗi don tunawa da shi don kafa cibiyar kula da tabin hankali.<ref>Verma, Sanjay (2 December 2014). "I survived the Bhopal gas tragedy". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 14 August 2024.</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mutuwan 2006]] gmr7ru53zh2ltnkza0gqf2tm20wy5jq 0 108711 874117 687659 2026-07-02T06:00:17Z Habibah A Jisambo 26434 874117 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Ma'aikatar Canjin Muhalli da Ƙalubalen Jama'a''' ('''MITECO''') ita ce sashen Gwamnatin Spain da ke da alhakin haɓaka manufofin gwamnati kan yaki da [[Canjin yanayi]], rigakafin [[Gurbatar yanayi|gurɓataccen yanayi]], kare al'adun halitta, bambancin halittu, [[Gandun Daji|gandun daji]], [[teku]], [[ruwa]] da [[makamashi]] don tsarin muhalli da zamantakewa mai amfani.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Royal Decree 500/2020, of April 28, which develops the basic organic structure of the Ministry for Ecological Transition and Demographic Challenge. |url=https://boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2020-4814 |access-date=2019-04-15 |website=boe.es}}</ref> Hakazalika, tana da alhakin bayani dalla-dalla da ci gaban manufofin gwamnati game da kalubalen yawan jama'a na ƙasar (tsufa, raguwar yawan jama'ar ƙasa, tasirin yawan jama'i, da sauransu). <ref name=":0" /> Ya dace da MITECO da bayani dalla-dalla game da dokokin ƙasa kan ruwa da gabar teku, [[Yanayi na halitta|muhalli]], canjin yanayi, yanayin yanayi da ilimin yanayi; gudanarwa kai tsaye na yankuna jama'a na ruwa (duk nau'ikan ƙasa da [[Ruwa na kasa|Ruwa na ƙasa]]), na yankin jamaʼa na teku da ƙasa (ruwan ƙasa, ruwa na ciki, albarkatun halitta na Yankin tattalin arziki na musamman da shelf na nahiyar, da rairayin bakin teku da gabar ruwa); wakilcin Masarauta a cikin kungiyoyin kasa da suka dace da waɗannan batutuwa; da haɗin gwiwar jama'a da kuma ayyukan, hadin gwiwar su<ref name=":0"/> Hakazalika, ya dace da Ma'aikatar ci gaban makamashi da manufofin [[hakar ma'adinai]] na kasa, tare da matakan da aka yi niyyar tabbatar da samar da makamashi, tabbatar da tsari mai kyau na bangaren da kuma nazarin da saka idanu kan waɗannan kasuwanni, tare da ƙwarewar hakar ma-adinai, duk a cikin tsarin canjin muhalli.<ref name=":0"/> MITECO tana karkashin jagorancin Ministan Canjin Muhalli, wanda Sarkin ya nada bisa ga bukatar Firayim Minista. Sauran manyan jami'an ma'aikatar sune Sakataren Gwamnati na Makamashi, Sakataren Jiha na Muhalli, Sakatare Janar na Ƙalubalen Jama'a da Mataimakin Sakataren Sashen. Ministan yanzu shine Sara Aagesen tun Nuwamba 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vicepresidenta Tercera del Gobierno y Ministra para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/va/ministerio/organizacion/organigrama/ministra-miteco.html |access-date=2018-06-16 |language=es-es}}</ref> == Tarihi. == Tarihin manufofin muhalli a [[Ispaniya|Spain]] ya koma karni na 18, lokacin da aka gabatar da Dokokin Karewa da Karuwar Dutsen Marine da kuma Karfafawa da Tsaro na dazuzzuka da Shuke-shuke (1748). <ref>{{Cite web |last=APAF-Madrid |title=Tres siglos de Guardería |url=http://www.agentesforestales.org/agentes-forestales/historia-de-los-agentes-forestales/53-tres-siglos-de-guarderia.html |access-date=2018-06-16 |website=www.agentesforestales.org |language=es-es }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Dokar Sarauta ta 9 ga Nuwamba, 1832, ta ba sabuwar Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a iko kan dasa da kiyaye [[Tsauni|duwatsu]] da bishiyoyi, da kuma ban ruwa da ayyukan magudanar ruwa na ƙasashe masu santsi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-01-18 |title=Royal Decree of November 9, 1832 |url=http://usuarios.multimania.es/art_arab/1832/18321109.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118184526/http://usuarios.multimania.es/art_arab/1832/18321109.html |archive-date=2012-01-18 |access-date=2018-06-16}}</ref> Bayan shekara guda, an kirkiro Babban Darakta na dazuzzuka, gwamnati ta farko da aka sadaukar don kiyaye yanayi. Ta hanyar Dokar Sarauta ta 31 ga Mayu 1837, an kafa cewa [[Tsauni|hawa]] da shuke-shuke waɗanda suka kasance na Crown da na mai ba da saninsa ba, a matsayin na Al'umma, gwamnati za ta gudanar da su. Kungiyar gwamnati da aka ba da wannan aikin ita ce Babban Darakta na dazuzzuka. A shekara ta 1855 an kafa kwamitin ba da shawara kan gandun daji. === Muhalli ya zama ma'aikatar da ke tsaye. === A cikin karni na 20, ƙwarewa a cikin muhalli sun bambanta a matsayi, kasancewar kwamitoci ne kawai, manyan daraktoci ko ma sakataren Jiha. Duk waɗannan ƙwarewar ma'aikatar sun bambanta tsakanin ma'aikatu na ci gaba, noma da shugabancin, har zuwa 1993 lokacin da kalmar "Manuwa" ta kai matsayin ma'aiki, ta kirkiro Ma'aikatun Ayyukan Jama'a, Sufuri da Muhalli.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Royal Decree 1173/1993, of July 13, on the Restructuring of Ministerial Departments. |url=http://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-1993-18234 |access-date=2018-06-16 |website=www.boe.es |pages=21205–21206 |language=es}}</ref> Amma ba har zuwa 1996 ba lokacin da Muhalli ta sami ma'aikatarta a lokacin shugabancin [[José María Aznar]], ta kirkiro Ma'aikatar Muhalli wacce ke aiki har zuwa 2011 (a cikin 2008 Ma'aikatu ta ɗauki iko a cikin Karkara da Muhalli na Ruwa <ref>{{Cite web |title=Royal Decree 432/2008, of April 12, by which the ministerial departments are restructured. |url=http://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2008-6522 |access-date=2018-06-16 |website=www.boe.es |pages=19757–19759 |language=es}}</ref>). === Haɗuwa da shigarwa Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona. === A cikin 2011, sabon Firayim Minista [[Mariano Rajoy]] ya haɗu da wannan ma'aikatar tare da Ma'aikatun Aikin Gona, Abinci da Muhalli (2011-2016) kuma daga baya Ma'aikatu na Aikin Goma da Kifi, Abinci le Muhalli (2016-2018). === Ma'aikatar ta sami 'yancin kai. === A cikin 2018, tare da isowar [[Pedro Sánchez]] zuwa firaministan, ya sake samun ikon cin gashin kansa na ma'aikatar ta hanyar kirkirar ma'aikalin da ke mai da hankali kan aiwatar da sauye-sauyen makamashi zuwa ga hanyoyin samar da muhalli, Ma'aikatun Canjin Muhalli.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BRoyal Decree 355/2018, of June 6, by which the ministerial departments are restructured. |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2018-7575 |access-date=2018-06-16 |website=www.boe.es |language=es}}</ref> Don wannan dalili Sánchez ta nada Teresa Ribera a matsayin minista kuma ma'aikatarta ta ɗauki nauyin farko kan manufofin makamashi, manufofin da a tarihi sun kasance na ma'aikatu na Masana'antu ko Tattalin Arziki. A cikin 2020, don inganta manufofin muhalli da wannan sashen ke yi, Firayim Minista ya inganta Minista Ribera zuwa matsayin [[Fourth Deputy Prime Minister of Spain|Mataimakin Firayim Minista]] <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sesay |first=Isha |date=2020-01-10 |title=Pedro Sánchez reveals Spain's new look coalition government - Euro Weekly News Spain News News Article |url=https://www.euroweeklynews.com/2020/01/10/pedro-sanchez-reveals-spains-new-look-coalition-government/ |access-date=2020-05-09 |website=Euro Weekly News Spain |language=en-GB}}</ref> kuma ya amince da ita alhakin kalubalen al'umma daban-daban da Spain ke da shi. A zamanin yau, sunan hukuma ([[Yaren Sifen|a cikin Mutanen Espanya]]) shine Ma'aikatar Canjin Muhalli da Reto Demográfico a matsayin sabon, canza sunan daga wanda ake kira Ma'aunin Muhalli a baya. === Sunan Ma'aikatar === Duk da dogon tarihinta, hukumar ba ta kai matsayin ma'aikatar ba har zuwa 1993: * Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a, Sufuri da Muhalli (1993-1996) * Ma'aikatar Muhalli (1996-2008) * Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Harkokin Karkara da Ruwa (2008-2011) * Ma'aikatar Noma, Abinci da Muhalli (2011-2016) * Ma'aikatar Noma da Kifi, Abinci da Muhalli (2016-2018) * Ma'aikatar Canjin Muhalli (2018-2020) * Ma'aikatar Canjin Muhalli da Ƙalubalen Jama'a (2020-) [[Fayil:Sara_Aagesen_2024_(cropped).png|thumb|185x185px|Sara Aagesen, Ministan sauye-sauyen muhalli na yanzu.]] == Tsarinsa. == Tsarin Ma'aikatar shine: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Royal Decree 503/2024, of May 21, which develops the basic organic structure of the Ministry for the Ecological Transition. |url=https://boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2024-10239 |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=www.boe.es |pages=58294–58331 |language=es}}</ref> * Sakatariyar Gwamnati ta Makamashi Babban Darakta na Manufofin Makamashi da Ma'adanai Babban Daraktoci na Shirye-shiryen Makamashi ** Babban Darakta na Manufofin Makamashi da Ma'adanai ** Babban Darakta na Shirye-shiryen Makamashi da Haɗin Kai * '''Sakatariyar Jiha ta Muhalli''' Darakta Janar na Ruwa Ofishin Mutanen Espanya na Canjin Yanayi Darakta-Janar na Ingancin Muhalli da Bincike Darakta Babban na Tekun da Tekun Darakta janar na Biodiversity, Forests da Desertification ** Babban Darakta na Ruwa ** Ofishin Mutanen Espanya na Canjin Yanayi ** Babban Darakta na Ingancin Muhalli da Bincike ** Babban Darakta na Tekun da Tekun ** Babban Darakta na Biodiversity, Forests da Desertification * '''Babban Sakatariyar Ƙalubalen Jama'a'''. ** Babban Darakta na Manufofin Rage Jama'a * Mataimakin Sakatariyar Babban Sakatari na Fasaha Babban Darakta na Ayyuka Mataimakin Darakta Janar na Dangantaka ta Duniya ** Babban Sakatariyar Fasaha ** Babban Darakta na Ayyuka ** Mataimakin Darakta Janar na Harkokin Kasashen Duniya * Kwamishinan Sabuntawa, Hydrogen da Storage, tare da matsayin Mataimakin Sakatare. * '''Kwamishinan Tsarin Ruwa da Maido da Tsarin Halitta''', tare da matsayin Mataimakin Sakatare. * '''Kwamishinan Tattalin Arziki''', tare da matsayin Mataimakin Sakatare. === Hukumomin ma'aikatar da kamfanoni === * Hukumar Kula da Gidajen Kasa. * Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Jiha. * Cibiyar Don Canjin Kai. * Cibiyar Diversification da Ajiye Makamashi. * Gidauniyar Makamashi ta Birnin. * Gidauniyar Biodiversity. * Kamfanin Kasuwanci na Rediyo na Kasa. * Shirye-shiryen Tsaro na Kamfanin Kayayyakin Man Fetur. == Jerin masu rike da mukamai == '''Sunan ofishin:''' * Ma'aikatar Muhalli (1996-2008) * Ma'aikatar Canjin Muhalli (2018-2020) * Ma'aikatar Canjin Muhalli da Ƙalubalen Jama'a (2020-yanzu) {| class="wikitable" style="line-height:1.4em; text-align:center; border:1px #aaf solid;" ! rowspan="2" width="65" |Hoton ! rowspan="2" width="210" |Sunan (Haihuwar-Mutuwa) <br />{{Small|(Birth–Death)}} ! colspan="3" |Lokacin aiki ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" width="90" |Jam'iyyar ! rowspan="2" |Gwamnati ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Firayim Minista<br />{{Small|(Tenure)}} ! rowspan="2" |{{Abbr|{{smaller|Ref.}}|References}} |- ! width="85" |{{Small|Took office}} ! width="85" |{{Small|Left office}} ! width="85" |{{Small|Duration}} |- |[[Fayil:Isabel_Tocino_1996b_(cropped).jpg|98x98px]] |'''Isabel Tocino'''<br />{{Small|(born 1949)}} | class="nowrap" |{{Small|6 May}} Mayu 1996<br /> | class="nowrap" |28 ga Afrilu 2000<br /> | style="font-size:95%;" |3 Shekaru da 358 kwanaki | style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|People's Party (Spain)}};" width="1" | |PP |Aznar I | rowspan="3" style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|People's Party (Spain)}};" width="1" | | rowspan="3" |'''[[José María Aznar]]'''<br />[[Fayil:José_María_Aznar_2003d_(cropped).jpg|90x90px]]<br />{{Small|(1996–2004)}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite journal |date=6 May 1996 |title=Real Decreto 762/1996, de 5 de mayo, por el que se nombran Ministros del Gobierno |url=https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/1996/05/06/pdfs/A15709-15709.pdf |journal=Boletín Oficial del Estado |language=es |publisher=Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado |issue=110 |page=15709 |issn=0212-033X}}</ref><br /><ref>{{Cite journal |date=14 March 2000 |title=Real Decreto 374/2000, de 13 de marzo, por el que se declara el cese de los miembros del Gobierno |url=https://boe.es/boe/dias/2000/03/14/pdfs/A10377-10377.pdf |journal=Boletín Oficial del Estado |language=es |publisher=Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado |issue=63 |page=10377 |issn=0212-033X}}</ref> |- |[[Fayil:Jaume_Matas_2004_(cropped).jpg|97x97px]] |'''Jaume Matas'''<br />{{Small|(born 1956)}} | class="nowrap" |28 ga Afrilu 2000<br /> | class="nowrap" |{{Small|3 March}} 2003<br /> | style="font-size:95%;" |2 Shekaru da 309 kwanaki | style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|People's Party (Spain)}};" | |PP | rowspan="2" |Aznar na II | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite journal |date=28 April 2000 |title=Real Decreto 561/2000, de 27 de abril, por el que se nombran Ministros del Gobierno |url=https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2000/04/28/pdfs/A16448-16448.pdf |journal=Boletín Oficial del Estado |language=es |publisher=Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado |issue=102 |page=16448 |issn=0212-033X}}</ref><br /><ref>{{Cite journal |date=3 March 2003 |title=Real Decreto 269/2003, de 28 de febrero, por el que se dispone el cese de don Jaime Matas i Palou como Ministro de Medio Ambiente. |url=https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2003/03/03/pdfs/A08326-08326.pdf |journal=Boletín Oficial del Estado |language=es |publisher=Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado |issue=53 |page=8326 |issn=0212-033X}}</ref> |- |[[Fayil:Elvira_Rodríguez_2003b_(cropped).jpg|97x97px]] |'''Elvira Rodríguez'''<br />{{Small|(born 1957)}} | class="nowrap" |{{Small|3 March}} 2003<br /> | class="nowrap" |18 ga Afrilu 2004<br /> | style="font-size:95%;" |1 shekara da 46 kwanaki | style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|People's Party (Spain)}};" | |PP | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite journal |date=3 March 2003 |title=Real Decreto 270/2003, de 28 de febrero, por el que se nombra Ministra de Medio Ambiente a doña María Elvira Rodríguez Herrer |url=https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2003/03/03/pdfs/A08326-08326.pdf |journal=Boletín Oficial del Estado |language=es |publisher=Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado |issue=53 |page=8326 |issn=0212-033X}}</ref><br /><ref>{{Cite journal |date=16 March 2004 |title=Real Decreto 449/2004, de 15 de marzo, por el que se declara el cese de los miembros del Gobierno |url=https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2004/03/16/pdfs/A11575-11575.pdf |journal=Boletín Oficial del Estado |language=es |publisher=Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado |issue=65 |page=11575 |issn=0212-033X}}</ref> |- |[[Fayil:Cristina_Narbona_2007_(cropped).jpg|97x97px]] |'''Cristina Narbona'''<br />{{Small|(born 1951)}} | class="nowrap" |18 ga Afrilu 2004<br /> | class="nowrap" |14 ga Afrilu 2008<br /> | style="font-size:95%;" |3 Shekaru da 362 kwanaki | style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}};" | |PSOE |Mai sayar da takalma na I | style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}};" | |'''[[José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero|José LuisRodríguez Zapatero<br />]]'''<br />[[Fayil:José_Luis_Rodríguez_Zapatero_2011c_(cropped).jpg|90x90px]]<br />{{Small|(2004–2011)}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite journal |date=18 April 2004 |title=Real Decreto 558/2004, de 17 de abril, por el que se nombran Ministros del Gobierno |url=https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2004/04/18/pdfs/A16008-16008.pdf |journal=Boletín Oficial del Estado |language=es |publisher=Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado |issue=94 |page=16008 |issn=0212-033X}}</ref><br /><ref>{{Cite journal |date=11 March 2008 |title=Real Decreto 381/2008, de 10 de marzo, por el que se declara el cese de los miembros del Gobierno |url=https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2008/03/11/pdfs/A14366-14366.pdf |journal=Boletín Oficial del Estado |language=es |publisher=Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado |issue=61 |page=14366 |issn=0212-033X}}</ref> |- | colspan="11" style="color:inherit;background:#EEEEEE;" |{{Small|''Office disestablished during this interval.{{efn|The department's competences were transferred to the [[Ministry of Agriculture (Spain)|Ministry of Agriculture]] between 2008 and 2018.}}''}} |- | rowspan="3" |[[Fayil:Teresa_Ribera_2023_(cropped).jpg|97x97px]] | rowspan="3" |'''Teresa Ribera'''<br />{{Small|(born 1969)}} | class="nowrap" |{{Small|7 June}} 2018<br /> | class="nowrap" |13 Janairu2020<br /> | rowspan="3" style="font-size:95%;" |6 Shekaru da 171 kwanaki | rowspan="3" style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}};" | | rowspan="3" |PSOE |Sánchez na I | rowspan="4" style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}};" | | rowspan="4" |'''[[Pedro Sánchez]]'''<br />[[Fayil:Pedro_Sánchez_2023b_(cropped).jpg|90x90px]]<br />{{Small|(2018–present)}} | rowspan="3" align="center" |<ref>{{Cite journal |date=7 June 2018 |title=Real Decreto 357/2018, de 6 de junio, por el que se nombran Ministros del Gobierno |url=http://boe.es/boe/dias/2018/06/07/pdfs/BOE-A-2018-7577.pdf |journal=Boletín Oficial del Estado |language=es |publisher=Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado |issue=138 |page=58729 |issn=0212-033X}}</ref><br /><ref>{{Cite journal |date=13 January 2020 |title=Real Decreto 8/2020, de 12 de enero, por el que se nombran Ministros del Gobierno |url=https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2020/01/13/pdfs/BOE-A-2020-416.pdf |journal=Boletín Oficial del Estado |language=es |publisher=Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado |issue=11 |page=2882 |issn=0212-033X}}</ref><br /><ref>{{Cite journal |date=21 November 2023 |title=Real Decreto 835/2023, de 20 de noviembre, por el que se nombran Ministros del Gobierno |url=https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2023/11/21/pdfs/BOE-A-2023-23543.pdf |journal=Boletín Oficial del Estado |language=es |publisher=Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado |issue=278 |page=154695 |issn=0212-033X}}</ref><br /><ref>{{Cite journal |date=25 November 2024 |title=Real Decreto 1171/2024, de 24 de noviembre, por el que se dispone el cese de doña Teresa Ribera Rodríguez como Ministra para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |url=https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2024/11/25/pdfs/BOE-A-2024-24519.pdf |journal=Boletín Oficial del Estado |language=es |publisher=Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado |issue=284 |page=158215 |issn=0212-033X}}</ref> |- | class="nowrap" |13 Janairu2020<br /> | class="nowrap" |21 ga Nuwamba2023<br /> |Sánchez na II |- | class="nowrap" |21 ga Nuwamba2023<br /> | class="nowrap" |25 Nuwamba2024<br /> | rowspan="2" |Sánchez na Uku |- |[[Fayil:Sara_Aagesen_2024_(cropped).png|92x92px]] |'''Sara Aagesen'''<br />{{Small|(born 1976)}} | class="nowrap" |25 Nuwamba2024<br /> | class="nowrap" |Mai mulki | style="font-size:95%;" |246 kwanaki | style="color:inherit;background-color:{{party color|Independent politician}};" | |Mai zaman kansa | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite journal |date=25 November 2024 |title=Real Decreto 1173/2024, de 24 de noviembre, por el que se nombra Ministra para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico a doña Sara Aagesen Muñoz |url=https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2024/11/25/pdfs/BOE-A-2024-24521.pdf |journal=Boletín Oficial del Estado |language=es |publisher=Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado |issue=284 |page=158217 |issn=0212-033X}}</ref> |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] sul6go8ig1un3jqqxavy3672t55mqfh 0 108748 873839 678921 2026-07-01T21:18:14Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 873839 wikitext text/x-wiki Bashin yanayi shi ne biyan bashin da aka bada saboda suka ci gaba na bin kasashe masu tasowa saboda irin barnar da suke yi ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba wajen bayar da gudunmawa ga sauyin yanayi.  Hatsarin iskar gas mai gurbata yanayi a duniya a tarihi, wanda akasarin kasashen da suka ci gaba, na haifar da babbar barazana ga kasashe masu tasowa, wadanda ba su da karfin tunkarar illolin sauyin yanayi.  Don haka, wasu na ganin cewa kasashen da suka ci gaba za su ci bashin kasashe masu tasowa saboda gudunmuwar da suke bayarwa ga sauyin yanayi. Ma'anar bashin yanayi wani bangare ne na babban ra'ayi na bashin muhalli. Ya sami karuwar kulawa tun lokacin da aka gabatar da shi ga [[Taron sauyin yanayi na Copenhagen|Taron Canjin Yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2009]], inda kasashe masu tasowa, karkashin jagorancin [[Bolibiya|Bolivia]], suka nemi biyan bashin yanayi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Commitments for Annex I Parties under paragraph 1(b)(i) of the Bali Action Plan: Evaluating developed countries' historical climate debt to developing countries |url=http://climate-debt.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/Bolivia-Climate-Debt-Proposal.pdf |access-date=2020-10-29 |archive-date=2020-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901033343/http://www.climate-debt.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/Bolivia-Climate-Debt-Proposal.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Babban abubuwan da ke tattare da bashin yanayi sune bashin daidaitawa da bashin hayaki.  Ana zargin kasashen da suka ci gaba basussukan karbuwa ga kasashe masu tasowa don taimaka musu wajen daidaita yanayin canjin yanayi.  Ana ikirarin basussukan fitar da iskar gas na kasashen da suka ci gaba na bin su ne saboda rashin daidaiton iskar gas da suke fitarwa Tun lokacin da aka gabatar da manufar bashin yanayi, an yi ta muhawara game da fassarar da ta dace na bashin yanayi.  Kasashe masu tasowa da kasashe masu tasowa da masu ruwa da tsaki masu zaman kansu sun dauki matakai daban-daban kan wannan batu. == Tarihi == Ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sun fara gabatar da manufar bashin yanayi a cikin 1990s. Masu fafutuka kan basussukan yanayi sun yi iƙirarin cewa yankin Arewa na Duniya yana bin Kudancin Duniya bashi saboda gudunmawar da suke bayarwa ga sauyin yanayi.  Ba da daɗewa ba tallafi daga ƙasashe ya biyo baya.  A yayin taron koli na 77 na kudancin kasar da aka yi a birnin Havana a shekara ta 2000, kasashe masu tasowa sun ba da shawarar amincewa da basussukan sauyin yanayi da kasashen duniya ke bin su a matsayin ginshikin warware matsalolin yanayi.  Duk da haka, ba a fayyace manufar bashin yanayi a fili a UNFCCC ba. A [[Taron sauyin yanayi na Copenhagen|Taron Canjin Yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2009]], kasashe da suka hada da [[Bolibiya|Bolivia]], [[Venezuela]], [[Sudan]], da [[Tuvalu]] sun ki amincewa da Yarjejeniyar Copenhagen, suna mai cewa kasashe masu masana'antu ba sa son ɗaukar alhakin canjin yanayi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-01-08 |title=Bolivia provides resistance and hope at Brokenhagen |url=https://www.tni.org/en/article/bolivia-provides-resistance-and-hope-at-brokenhagen |website=Transnational Institute}}</ref> A taron, Bolivia, [[Cuba]], [[Dominika|Dominica]], [[Honduras]], [[Nicaragua]], da [[Venezuela]] sun ba da shawarar da ta kimanta bashin yanayi na tarihi na kasashe masu tasowa ga kasashe masu ci gaba.<ref name=":1"/> Shirin ya bincika dalilin canjin yanayi kuma ya bayyana bashin daidaitawa da bashin fitarwa. A cikin 2010, Bolivia da sauran kasashe masu tasowa sun dauki bakuncin Taron Jama'ar Duniya kan Canjin Yanayi da 'Yancin Uwar Duniya kuma sun kai ga Yarjejeniyar Jama'a, wanda ya ce: <ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-01-05 |title=Peoples Agreement |url=https://pwccc.wordpress.com/support/ |access-date=2020-10-30 |website=World People's Conference on Climate Change and the Rights of Mother Earth |language=en}}</ref> {{Blockquote|text=We, the people attending the World People’s Conference on Climate Change and the Rights of Mother Earth in Cochabamba, Bolivia, demand to the countries that have over-consumed the atmospheric space to acknowledge their historic and current responsibilities for the causes and adverse effects of climate change, and to honor their climate debts to developing countries, to vulnerable communities in their own countries, to our children’s children and to all living beings in our shared home – Mother Earth.|author=|title=|source=}} Yarjejeniyar Jama'a ta bayyana cewa bashin yanayi ba kawai biyan diyya ba ne har ma da adalci mai maidowa. A bayyane yake ya ki amincewa da Yarjejeniyar Copenhagen. Baya ga yarjejeniyar hukuma tsakanin kasashe, bashin yanayi yana bayyana a kafofin watsa labarai na jama'a tare da magoya baya da abokan adawar. == Biyan daidaitawa == Kudin daidaitawa shine diyya da kasashe masu tasowa ke da'awar cewa ana bin su ne saboda lalacewar da suke ji daga tasirin muhalli na kasashe masu ci gaba.<ref name=":0" /> Wannan ya dogara ne akan ra'ayin cewa kasashe masu talauci suna fuskantar mummunar sakamako na canjin yanayi, wanda ba su da gudummawa sosai.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Climate debt: The basis of a fair and effective solution to climate change |url=https://unfccc.int/files/meetings/ad_hoc_working_groups/lca/application/pdf/4_bolivia.pdf |access-date=2020-10-30}}</ref> Masana kimiyya da masu bincike sun ambaci cewa sakamakon hauhawar matakan teku wanda ke haifar da hayaki daga kasashe masu tasowa, mutanen kasashe masu talauci suna fama da karuwar bala'o'i da lalacewar tattalin arziki.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Bassetti |first=Francesco |date=2019-10-29 |title=The Cruel Irony of Climate Debt |url=https://www.climateforesight.eu/migrations-inequalities/the-cruel-irony-of-climate-debt/ |access-date=2020-10-30 |website=Foresight |language=en-US}}</ref> Wannan lalacewar muhalli tana cutar da tattalin arziki da rayuwar mutane a cikin kasashe masu talauci.<ref name=":2" /> Bala'o'i daga canjin yanayi sun shafi yankuna masu talauci da na wurare masu zafi kuma sun haifar da mafi yawan bala'o'in da tiriliyoyin daloli na asarar tattalin arziki tun daga farkon karni na 21.<ref name=":2"/> Kasashe masu talauci kuma ba su da kayan aikin da ake bukata, ci gaba, da kuma babban birnin don su iya dawowa daga bala'i, suna tilasta musu su ranta kuɗi a mafi girman riba don taimakawa dawo da su daga lalacewa.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Roberts |first=David |date=2009-12-17 |title=Is the 'climate debt' discussion helpful? |url=https://grist.org/article/2009-12-17-is-the-climate-debt-discussion-helpful/ |access-date=2020-10-30 |website=Grist |language=en-US}}</ref> Wannan kuma yana kara zarafin dama, ci gaba, da ingancin rayuwa na waɗanda ke zaune a yankuna mafi talauci.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Pickering |first=Jonathan |last2=Barry |first2=Christian |date=2012 |title=On the concept of climate debt: its moral and political value |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13698230.2012.727311 |journal=Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy |language=en |volume=15 |issue=5 |pages=667–685 |doi=10.1080/13698230.2012.727311 |issn=1369-8230 |s2cid=144693329}}</ref> Kudin daidaitawa yana da niyyar samun kasashe masu arziki su ɗauki alhakin taimakawa kasashe masu tasowa waɗanda suka sha wahala daga mummunan tasirin muhalli na masana'antu da hayakin carbon.<ref name=":4"/><ref name=":5" /> Kamar yadda aka lura a cikin UNFCCC, ana iya yin wannan ta hanyar samar da taimakon kudi ga ƙasashe da abin ya shafa da kuma ta hanyar kashe albarkatu wajen taimakawa ƙasashe masu talauci don magance bala'o'i.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Khan |first=Mizan |last2=Robinson |first2=Stacy-ann |last3=Weikmans |first3=Romain |last4=Ciplet |first4=David |last5=Roberts |first5=J. Timmons |date=2020-07-01 |title=Twenty-five years of adaptation finance through a climate justice lens |journal=Climatic Change |language=en |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=251–269 |bibcode=2020ClCh..161..251K |doi=10.1007/s10584-019-02563-x |issn=1573-1480 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Biyan fitarwa == [[Fayil:World_fossil_carbon_dioxide_emissions_six_top_countries_and_confederations.png|thumb|291x291px|Kasuwancin carbon dioxide na duniya na kasashe shida da ƙungiyoyi]] Bashin fitarwa bashi ne da kasashe masu tasowa ke bin su bisa ga mafi yawan gudummawar iskar gas a cikin yanayi, duk da cewa suna da ƙananan jama'a.<ref name=":5"/> Saboda gudummawar da suka bayar, adadin hayakin carbon da Duniya za ta iya sha a halin yanzu ya fi ƙasa.<ref name=":4"/><ref name=":5" /> Ikon shan hayaki ta hanyar muhalli ana kiransa jimlar sararin carbon; manufar bashin hayaki tana jayayya cewa kasashe masu tasowa sun yi amfani da rarraba wannan sararin samaniya.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Godard |first=Olivier |date=2012 |title=Ecological Debt and Historical Responsibility Revisited - The Case of Climate Change |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/23430/RSCAS_2012_46.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |access-date=2020-10-30}}</ref> A sakamakon haka, babu isasshen sararin carbon da ya rage ga ƙasashe masu talauci don fitar da hayaki a lokacin tsarin masana'antu, yana sanya nauyi a kan ci gaban su da tsira. <ref name=":6" /><ref name=":4"/> Bayanai sun nuna cewa tun daga shekara ta 1750, [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] kadai ta ba da gudummawa ga kashi 25% na duk hayakin carbon kuma kasashe masu tasowa gabaɗaya sun ba da guddina ga kashi 70% na duk hayaki.<ref name=":5"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Who has contributed most to global CO2 emissions? |url=https://ourworldindata.org/contributed-most-global-co2 |access-date=2020-10-30 |website=Our World in Data}}</ref> An kiyasta cewa matsakaicin Amurkawa na iya bin bashin har zuwa $ 12,000 a cikin bashin hayaki don hayaki tsakanin 1970 da 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Slezak |first=Michael |title=Everyone in the US and Australia owes $12,000 in CO2 emissions |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn28135-everyone-in-the-us-and-australia-owes-12000-in-co2-emissions/ |access-date=2020-10-30 |website=New Scientist |language=en-US}}</ref> Don biyan bashin hayaki, kasashe masu tasowa za su buƙaci taimaka wa kasashe masu bunkasa suyi masana'antu ta hanyoyin da za su rage damuwa a kan muhalli kuma su ci gaba da canza canjin yanayi. Za su kuma buƙaci jagorantar kokarin rage hayakin carbon na duniya.<ref name=":5"/> Har ila yau, bashin fitarwa yana kira ga sake rarraba sararin carbon tsakanin kasashe masu tasowa da masu tasowa kuma yana da niyyar rarraba sarkin carbon daidai da yawan mutanen kowace ƙasa.<ref name=":3"/><ref name=":6"/> A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2014, kasashe G20 sun yi alkawarin tallafawa da gudummawar kudi ga Asusun Yanayi na Green, wanda ke da niyyar taimakawa kasashe masu tasowa wajen rage hayaki na ci gaban su da hanyoyin tattalin arziki.<ref name=":7" /> Hakanan zai taimaka musu su daidaita da sakamakon canjin yanayi.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Slezak |first=Michael |title=Green fund pledges at G20 may herald climate consensus |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn26582-green-fund-pledges-at-g20-may-herald-climate-consensus/ |access-date=2020-10-30 |website=New Scientist |language=en-US}}</ref> Manufar wannan shirin ita ce bayar da gudummawar dala biliyan 100 ga Asusun Yanayi na Green a kowace shekara tun daga shekarar 2020. <ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fund |first=Green Climate |date=2020-05-21 |title=Resource Mobilisation |url=https://www.greenclimate.fund/about/resource-mobilisation |access-date=2020-10-30 |website=Green Climate Fund |language=en}}</ref> == Magana ta siyasa == Taimako ga bashin yanayi gabaɗaya ya fito ne daga ƙasashe masu tasowa da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu masu kula da muhalli, <ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Ciplet |first=David |date=2017-11-02 |title=Subverting the status quo? Climate debt, vulnerability and counter-hegemonic frame integration in United Nations climate politics – a framework for analysis |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290.2017.1392336 |journal=Review of International Political Economy |volume=24 |issue=6 |pages=1052–1075 |doi=10.1080/09692290.2017.1392336 |issn=0969-2290 |s2cid=158416196 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> tare da sukar bashin yanayi yawanci yana fitowa daga ƙasashe Masu tasowa. <ref name=":4"/> Masu sharhi masu zaman kansu suna da ra'ayoyi iri-iri game da al'amarin, suna tallafawa da kuma sukar ra'ayin.<ref name=":4" /> === Taimako === Taimako don aiwatar da tsarin bashin yanayi yana karkashin jagorancin kasashe masu tasowa waɗanda ke da kuma za su ci gaba da jin mummunar tasiri saboda canjin yanayi.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":0"/> Sauran magoya bayan farko a waje da kudancin duniya sun hada da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu daban-daban na muhalli da ƙungiyoyin [[Adalci na yanayi]] a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Warlenius |first=Rikard |date=2017-12-09 |title=Decolonizing the Atmosphere: The Climate Justice Movement on Climate Debt |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1070496517744593 |journal=The Journal of Environment & Development |language=en |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=131–155 |doi=10.1177/1070496517744593 |s2cid=158837319 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A cikin gabatarwar da aka yi game da ra'ayin bashin yanayi a taron Copenhagen, Bolivia ta ba da shaida cewa canjin yanayi ya shafi al'ummarsu ta hanyar barazanar samar da ruwa daga koma baya, fari, ambaliyar ruwa, da kuma mummunan [[Binciken tattalin arziki na canjin yanayi|Tasirin tattalin arziki]].<ref name=":0"/> An haɗa wannan da bayanan da ke nuna cewa ƙasashe masu tasowa sun ba da gudummawa sosai ga canjin yanayi fiye da ƙasashe masu ci gaba, tare da ƙarshen yana cikin haɗarin mummunar tasirinsa.<ref name=":0" /> An yi amfani da wannan shaidar don tallafawa gardamar cewa kasashe masu tasowa suna da bashin yanayi ga kasashe masu ci gaba wanda dole ne a biya shi ta hanyar rage hayaki kamar yadda aka amince da shi a cikin Yarjejeniyar Copenhagen.<ref name=":0" /> An ba da ƙarin tallafi tare da tabbatar da cewa ƙasashe masu tasowa suna da haƙƙin rabon su na sararin muhalli wanda ƙasashe masu ci gaba suka mamaye ta da yawan hayaki, kuma cewa biyan bashin yanayi hanya ce ta cimma wannan sararin.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":0" /> Ƙungiyar ƙasashe ta farko da ta gabatar da ra'ayoyin da za su zama tushen gardamar bashin yanayi ita ce Alliance of Small Island States . <ref name=":8"/> Yawancin Kasashen da ba su da ƙaruwa sun kasance da wuri don tallafawa waɗannan ra'ayoyin.<ref name=":8" /> === Rashin amincewa === Kasashe masu tasowa da wasu masu sharhi na siyasa masu zaman kansu suna nuna zargi game da ra'ayin bashin yanayi.<ref name=":4"/> Kasashe masu tasowa gabaɗaya suna da mummunar damuwa game da manufar bashin yanayi saboda a ƙarƙashin irin wannan tsarin za su buƙaci rage hayaki da sauri da kuma samar da tallafin kuɗi ga ƙasashe masu taswa.<ref name=":5"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2010 |title=Climate Debt |url=https://pwccc.wordpress.com/2010/02/06/810/#more-810 |access-date=2020-10-30 |website=World People's Conference on Climate Change}}</ref> Galibi dai, sukar suna ƙoƙarin soke ra'ayin cewa bashin da ake bin ƙasashen da suka ci gaba ga ƙasashe masu tasowa a matsayin diyya ga hayaƙi na tarihi da lalacewar muhalli.   Abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su don tabbatar da wannan ikirari sun hada da: ko da yake kasashe ne ke da alhakin fitar da hayakin da suka yi, bai kamata su dauki laifin ko basussuka ba;  Ba a fahimci mummunan tasirin iskar carbon ba sai kwanan nan, don haka duk wani hayaki da aka yi kafin wannan fahimtar bai kamata ya zama tushen laifi ba;  bai kamata kasashe su dauki laifin abin da kakanninsu suka aikata ba, wanda zamani na yanzu ba shi da iko a kai.   Kalaman da suka yi daidai da waɗannan gardama sun fito ne daga bakin babban mai sasantawa kan yanayi na Amurka, Todd Stern, a taron Copenhagen na 2009.<ref name=":4" /> Ɗaya daga cikin zargi shi ne cewa ka'idodin tushe na tsarin bashin yanayi na siyasa ba su dogara da kimiyya ba.<ref name=":6"/> Mai sharhi Olivier Godard ya yi iƙirarin cewa ra'ayin bashin yanayi yana buƙatar yanke shawara game da bashi, alhakin, da matsayinsu a cikin dangantakar kasa da kasa. Wadannan hukunce-hukuncen da suka gabata sun soke ra'ayin saboda sun sauƙaƙa rikitarwa na ɗabi'a, tarihi, da kuma gaskiyar siyasa.<ref name=":6" /> Wani zargi shi ne cewa bashin yanayi ya dogara ne akan ra'ayi na daidaito cewa yanayi na duniya ne, ra'ayi wanda aka yi amfani da shi ga wasu albarkatun da suka ƙare. Wannan ra'ayi na musamman na yanayi ya yi watsi da duk darajar da ya kamata a ba wa kasashe masu tasowa saboda gudummawar da suka bayar ga duniya, kamar abubuwan kirkirar gwamnatoci, falsafar, da fasahar da ta amfana da duniya baki daya.<ref name=":3"/> Yawancin masu sukar sun yi iƙirarin cewa, kodayake manufar bashin yanayi na iya zama mai kyau, yana iya lalata tattaunawar siyasa game da canjin yanayi saboda tushen "abokin hamayya", kuma tattaunawar ya kamata a maimakon haka ta yi amfani da wani tsari daban.<ref name=":3"/><ref name=":4"/> Dangane da wasu daga cikin waɗannan zarge-zarge, masu goyon bayan bashin yanayi sun yi iƙirarin cewa masu sukar ba su da yawa, kuma yawancin masu sharhi na siyasa suna tallafawa aiwatar da bashin yanayi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Warlenius |first=Rikard |date=2013 |title=In Defense of Climate Debt Ethics: A Response to Olivier Godard |url=https://en-keg.prodwebb.lu.se/sites/keg.lu.se.en/files/warlenius_working_papers_in_human_ecology_no_5.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102120602/https://en-keg.prodwebb.lu.se/sites/keg.lu.se.en/files/warlenius_working_papers_in_human_ecology_no_5.pdf |archive-date=2020-11-02 |access-date=2020-10-30}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pfk6wfnzbhjnavvrza5v164nnr8dql1 0 108872 873805 710633 2026-07-01T20:47:22Z Ummeeterh 31568 873805 wikitext text/x-wiki Climate Ground Zero (CGZ), wanda aka kafa a watan [[Fabrairu|Fabrairun]] shekara ta 2009, kamfen ne na rashin biyayya ga farar hula wanda ba shi da tashin hankali game da cire hakar ma'adinai da ke kudancin filayen kwal na West Virginia . <ref name="About Us « Climate Ground Zero">{{Cite web |date=2009-07-25 |title=About Us " Climate Ground Zero |url=http://www.climategroundzero.org/about-us/ |access-date=2010-08-25 |publisher=Climategroundzero.org |archive-date=2010-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100828215920/http://climategroundzero.org/about-us/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cewar shafin yanar gizon su, Climate Ground Zero ya yi imanin "cewa lalacewar tsaunuka na Appalachia da abin da ke tattare da shi a cikin iska, ruwa, da rayuwar Appalachians yana buƙatar ci gaba da aiki kai tsaye".<ref name="About Us « Climate Ground Zero" /> Kungiyar na neman kawo karshen cire hakar ma'adinai ta hanyar jawo hankali ga batun ta hanyar zanga-zangar da ta shafi cin zarafin dukiyar kamfanonin hakar ma-adinai. Ta hanyar kulle kayan aiki a wuraren ma'adinai, zama bishiyoyi a yankin fashewa, ko toshe hanyoyin haul zuwa wuraren ma'aikatar, masu zanga-zangar da ke da alaƙa da Climate Ground Zero kai tsaye suna tsoma baki da ayyukan ma'adanai. Sauran zanga-zangar suna jawo hankali ga zargin sakaci na hukumomin da ke kula da su kamar Ma'aikatar Kare Muhalli ta [[West Virginia|Yammacin Virginia]] (WVDEP) ko Hukumar Kare Muhalli (EPA) ta hanyar mamaye ofisoshin waɗannan kungiyoyin gwamnati. An ambaci Climate Ground Zero a cikin ''New York Times'', ''Los Angeles Times'', ''Washington Post'', Democracy Now, da Associated Press.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title="We Are Tearing Down Our Mountains": Photojournalist Antrim Caskey on West Virginia's Fight Against Mountaintop Removal Coal Mining |url=http://www.democracynow.org/2010/3/31/we_are_tearing_down_our_mountains |access-date=2010-08-25 |publisher=Democracynow.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-09-30 |title=Massey going after mountaintop removal protesters " Coal Tattoo |url=http://blogs.wvgazette.com/coaltattoo/2009/09/30/massey-going-after-mountaintop-removal-protesters/#more-1248 |access-date=2010-08-25 |website=[[Charleston Gazette-Mail]]}}</ref> == Tarihi == Climate Ground Zero ya fara ne a cikin Fabrairu 2009 a matsayin ƙaramar yanki na cibiyar sadarwa ta Mountain Justice, haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyoyin anti-MTR a duk faɗin Appalachia waɗanda suka kafa a lokacin rani na 2005.  wanda MTR ma'adinai ba ta taɓa shi ba, Dutsen Coal River, an yanke shi sosai a shirye-shiryen hakar ma'adinai.  A ranar 3 ga Janairu, 2009, a cikin abin da ya zama farkon zanga-zangar yaƙin neman zaɓe, Mike Roselle, James McGuinness, Glen Collins, Rory McIlmoil da Matthew Noerpel an kama su don ɗaure kansu zuwa wani buldoza a kan Dutsen Coal River.  duk aikin hakar ma'adinai a Dutsen Coal River ya daina nan da nan.[5]  [6] Tun daga lokacin sama da 100 aka kama a matsayin wani ɓangare na zanga-zangar daban-daban da ke da alaƙa da Climate Ground Zero..<ref>{{Cite web |last=7 mining activists arrested at W.Va. gov's office |date=2009-10-19 |title=7 mining activists arrested at W.Va. gov's office - AP Featured News - Charleston Daily Mail - West Virginia News and Sports |url=http://www.dailymail.com/ap/ApTopStories/200910190751?page=2&build=cache |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611163030/http://www.dailymail.com/ap/ApTopStories/200910190751?page=2&build=cache |archive-date=2011-06-11 |access-date=2010-08-25 |publisher=Dailymail.com}}</ref> == Tasirin Shari'a == === Mai laifi === Lokacin da kamfen ɗin ya fara, an kira masu zanga-zangar ne kawai don keta doka kuma an sake su. Duk da yake wasu masu zanga-zangar har yanzu suna karbar tarar ne kawai saboda ayyukansu, an yanke wa wasu hukuncin ɗaurin rai har zuwa kwanaki 60.<ref name="latimes1">{{Cite web |last=Slavin, Peter |date=2010-06-04 |title=Environmental activists go up against Massey mining - latimes.com |url=https://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-massey-mine-20100604,0,2572105.story |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100608020535/http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-massey-mine-20100604%2C0%2C2572105.story |archive-date=2010-06-08 |access-date=2015-09-27 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> Adadin beli ma ya karu. Wanda ya kafa Mike Roselle ya karɓi belin kuɗi na $ 7,500 kawai don kullewa zuwa babban ofishin Marfork a watan Fabrairun 2009 kuma Benjamin Bryant kowannensu ya karɓi beli na kuɗi na $ 100,000 kawai don toshe ƙofar hedkwatar yankin Massey a Boone County a ranar 17 ga Mayu, 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-02-18 |title=Funds Needed for Combined $17,500 Cash-Only Bail " Climate Ground Zero |url=http://climategroundzero.net/2010/02/funds-needed-for-combined-17500-cash-only-bail/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101028045850/http://climategroundzero.net/2010/02/funds-needed-for-combined-17500-cash-only-bail/ |archive-date=2010-10-28 |access-date=2010-08-25 |publisher=Climategroundzero.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-05-17 |title=2 Mountaintop Mining Foes Held on $100,000 Bail - ABC News |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Business/wireStory?id=10668016 |access-date=2010-08-25 |publisher=Abcnews.go.com}}</ref> Martin da Bryant sun rage kuɗin balaguron kowannensu zuwa takardar shaidar gundumar $ 2500 bayan kukan jama'a da kuma sauraron rage belin da yawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-05-30 |title=Mining protester still in jail - LancasterOnline.com News |url=http://articles.lancasteronline.com/local/4/256934 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710034404/http://articles.lancasteronline.com/local/4/256934 |archive-date=2012-07-10 |access-date=2010-08-25 |publisher=Articles.lancasteronline.com}}</ref> === Jama'a === Massey Energy, mai mallakar mafi yawan shafukan MTR a West Virginia, ya kuma gabatar da karar farar hula daban-daban a kan masu zanga-zangar, yana neman hana masu shigowa daga dukiyar Massey tare da umarni da umarni na wucin gadi, <ref name="wvgazette1">{{Cite web |date=23 June 2009 |title=Protest update: More on last week's action « Coal Tattoo |url=http://blogs.wvgazettemail.com/coaltattoo/2009/06/22/protest-update-more-on-last-weeks-action/ |website=Charleston Gazette-Mail |access-date=30 July 2025 |archive-date=28 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928001025/http://blogs.wvgazettemail.com/coaltattoo/2009/06/22/protest-update-more-on-last-weeks-action/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2009 |title=Never again? Judge tries to block further mine protests « Coal Tattoo |url=http://blogs.wvgazettemail.com/coaltattoo/2009/06/03/never-again-judge-tries-to-block-further-mine-protests/ |website=Charleston Gazette-Mail |access-date=30 July 2025 |archive-date=27 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927235042/http://blogs.wvgazettemail.com/coaltattoo/2009/06/03/never-again-judge-tries-to-block-further-mine-protests/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-07-29 |title=Protesters: Massey suits aimed at shutting up critics " Coal Tattoo |url=http://blogs.wvgazette.com/coaltattoo/2010/07/29/protesters-massey-suits-aimed-at-shutting-up-critics/ |access-date=2010-08-25 |website=Charleston Gazette-Mail}}</ref> da kuma karɓar diyya don lalacewar da zanga-zambe ta haifar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brock, Samuel M. III |author-link= |date=2010-01-25 |title=Document 1 - VERIFIED COMPLAINT - CIVIL ACTION NO. 5:10-0069 - UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF WEST VIRGINIA AT BECKLEY |url=http://media.wvgazette.com/static/coal%20tattoo/masseyprotestcomplaint.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927235338/http://media.wvgazette.com/static/coal%20tattoo/masseyprotestcomplaint.pdf |archive-date=2015-09-27 |access-date=2015-09-27 |publisher=Massey's lawyers SPILMAN THOMAS & BATTLE, PLLC via Charleston Gazette-Mail}}</ref> Ta hanyar waɗannan karar farar hula, Massey ya yi ƙoƙari ya haramta daga dukiyarsu ba kawai masu laifi ba, har ma da "ofisoshin su, wakilai, ma'aikata, da lauyoyi da sauran mutanen da ke cikin kide-kide ko shiga tare da duk wanda aka bayyana a nan, waɗanda ke karɓar ainihin sanarwa game da shi ta hanyar sabis na mutum ko a'a. " <ref name="wvgazette1" /> Masu zanga-zangar suna jayayya da yawa a cikin waɗanda suke ƙoƙarin ba da umarni kuma sun keta haƙƙin gyare-gyare na farko. Kamar yadda lauyoyin masu zanga-zangar Thomas Rist da Roger Forman suka bayyana a cikin roko ga Kotun Koli ta West Virginia, "TROs suna da ban mamaki a cikin haramtacciyar ikon su kuma suna rage duk ayyukan magana kyauta".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vicki&nbsp;Smith |date=2010-03-02 |title=Mining protesters appeal to state Supreme Court - Business - Charleston Daily Mail - West Virginia News and Sports |url=http://www.dailymail.com/Business/201003020637 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611163126/http://www.dailymail.com/Business/201003020637 |archive-date=2011-06-11 |access-date=2010-08-25 |publisher=Dailymail.com}}</ref> == Ayyukan kamfen ɗin == Ayyukan kamfen ɗin sun bambanta daga bishiyoyi na mako-mako a shafukan ma'adinai zuwa ƙetare layin sauƙi da faduwar banner a waje da ofisoshin kamfanoni. Ayyukan da suka fi tsayi na kamfen ɗin ya faru ne a watan Janairun 2010 lokacin da Eric Blevins, David Smith, da Amber Nitchman, suka mamaye itatuwan Massey Energy's Bee Tree Surface Mine a kan Coal River Mountain, suna dakatar da fashewa a wannan ɓangaren shafin na kwanaki tara.<ref name="latimes1"/> Irin wannan zanga-zangar ta faru a watan Agustan shekara ta 2009 lokacin da masu zanga-zambe biyu, Laura Steepleton da Nick Stocks, suka mamaye bishiyoyi na kwanaki shida a cikin ƙafa 300 daga wurin ma'adinai na Massey Energy. Wannan zanga-zangar ta kasance ne don mayar da martani ga ƙin yarda da DEP na amsawa ga korafe-korafen da mazaunan Pettry Bottom suka gabatar, al'umma da ke ƙasa da shafin ma'adinai na Edwight, don mayar da hankali ga rushewar ƙasa da dutse mai tashi da ke fitowa daga shafin zuwa dukiyarsu. Wasu zanga-zangar sun shafi shafuka da yawa, kamar aikin da aka yi a ranar 23 ga Mayu, 2009. An kama mutane goma sha bakwai, ban da Majalisa Ken Hechler wanda 'yan sanda na Jihar suka ki kamawa, saboda shimfiɗa wata tutar a kan Brushy Fork Sludge Impoundment, kulle kayan aiki a kan shafin ma'adinai na Kayford Mountain, da kuma shiga cikin dukiyar Massey.<ref name="wvgazette2">{{Cite web |date=2009-05-23 |title=17 arrested in mountaintop removal protests - News - The Charleston Gazette - West Virginia News and Sports |url=http://wvgazette.com/News/200905230176 |access-date=2010-08-25 |website=Charleston Gazette-Mail |archive-date=2010-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406192833/http://wvgazette.com/News/200905230176 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Brushy Fork Impoundment ya zama mai kawo rigima saboda gazawar da aka samu a baya, kamar Martin County Sludge Spill da Buffalo Creek Disaster, da kuma matsayinta sama da ƙudan zuma na ma'adanai da aka watsar a cikin ƙafa 100 na yankin fashewa mai aiki.<ref name="wvgazette2" /><ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Seventy Five Protest in Coal River Valley - Huntington News Network |url=http://www.huntingtonnews.net/state/090524-staff-statecoalrivervalley.html |access-date=2010-08-25 |publisher=Huntingtonnews.net |archive-date=2010-06-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612113801/http://www.huntingtonnews.net/state/090524-staff-statecoalrivervalley.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Mountaintop Removal Article, Coal Mining Information, Coal Industry Facts - National Geographic |url=http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/earth/surface-of-the-earth/when-mountains-move.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213022935/http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/earth/surface-of-the-earth/when-mountains-move.html |archive-date=December 13, 2007 |access-date=2010-08-25 |publisher=Science.nationalgeographic.com}}</ref> Massey Energy ya kasance abin da aka fi so na zanga-zangar a matsayin babban mai samar da kwal a tsakiyar Appalachia kuma mai goyon bayan cire ma'adinai na kwal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us &#124;&#124; Massey Energy Company |url=http://www.masseyenergyco.com/about/index.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100408085955/http://www.masseyenergyco.com/about/index.shtml |archive-date=2010-04-08 |access-date=2010-08-25 |publisher=Masseyenergyco.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-04-07 |title=Massey Draws Scorn Even on Wall Street - ABC News |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Business/massey-draws-scorn-wall-street/story?id=10301551 |access-date=2010-08-25 |publisher=Abcnews.go.com}}</ref> An yi katangewa biyu a hedikwatar yankin Massey a cikin Boone County da kuma kulle ofishin Marfork Coal, kamfanin tallafin Massey, a cikin Raleigh County.<ref>{{Cite web |last=WCHS-TV/DT Eyewitness News |date= |title=Mining Protest - West Virginia's Eyewitness News |url=http://www.wchstv.com/newsroom/eyewitness/100517_1737.shtml |access-date=2010-08-25 |publisher=Wchstv.com |archive-date=2010-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100520234037/http://wchstv.com/newsroom/eyewitness/100517_1737.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2010-02-18 |title=Three charged with trespassing at Massey office - News - The Charleston Gazette - West Virginia News and Sports |url=http://www.wvgazette.com/News/201002180552 |access-date=2010-08-25 |website=Charleston Gazette-Mail |archive-date=2011-06-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622092327/http://www.wvgazette.com/News/201002180552 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Daya daga cikin wadanda aka kama don toshewa ta farko na hedikwatar yankin Massey ya kuma jagoranci tafiya na manyan 'yan ƙasa daga babban birnin Charleston zuwa wurin ma'adinai na Massey Mammoth a cikin gundumar Kanawha. Mutumin mai shekaru 81 ya jagoranci tafiyar kwana biyar don jimlar mil 25.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-10-08 |title=Seniors kick off march against mountaintop removal " Coal Tattoo |url=http://blogs.wvgazette.com/coaltattoo/2009/10/08/seniors-kick-off-march-against-mountaintop-removal/ |access-date=2010-08-25 |website=Charleston Gazette-Mail}}</ref> A lokacin rani na shekara ta 2010, 'yan gwagwarmaya hudu sun rufe na'urar hakar ma'adinai mai tsawo a kan Coal River Mountain.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 July 2010 |title=Protesters arrested chained to coal mining equipment (Includes interview and first-hand account) |url=http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/294839 |website=digitaljournal.com}}</ref> Climate Ground Zero ya kasance wani ɓangare na zanga-zangar kasa mafi girma don kawo karshen cirewa daga saman dutse, Appalachia Rising, wanda ya haifar da kamawa sama da 100. Kwanan nan, a cikin taron Mountain Justice da Climate Ground Zero, mutane 44 sun yi tafiya a kan wani shafin ma'adinai da aka dawo da shi a kan Dutsen Kayford don dasa bishiyoyi da rataye banners masu sukar MTR da ayyukan farfadowa na yanzu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-10-24 |title=Mountaintop Removal Protesters Plant Trees On Kayford Mountain |url=http://www.wchstv.com/newsroom/eyewitness/101024_3266.shtml |access-date=2010-11-08 |publisher=wchstv.com |archive-date=2010-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101028134625/http://www.wchstv.com/newsroom/eyewitness/101024_3266.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Kasancewar shahararrun mutane == An kama fitattun mutane kamar masanin kimiyya na NASA James Hansen, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Hollywood Daryl Hannah, tsohon dan majalisa na Amurka Ken Hechler, Co-direkta na Coal River Mountain Watch da Goldman Prize wanda ya lashe Julia Bonds, darektan Sierra Club Michael Brune, a matsayin wani ɓangare na kamfen ɗin. Sauran sanannun mahalarta sun haɗa da shahararrun mazauna yankin Vernon Haltom, Co-direkta na Coal River Mountain Watch, Larry Gibson, wanda ya kafa Gidauniyar Keeper of the Mountains, Lorelei Scarbro, shugaban Coal River Wind Project, da Chuck Nelson, mai sa kai na cikakken lokaci na Ohio Valley Environmental Coalition da Alliance for Appalachia.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2009-02-03 |title=Citations Issued After Raleigh County Protest - WBOY-TV |url=http://www.wboy.com/story.cfm?func=viewstory&storyid=51266 |access-date=2010-08-25 |publisher=WBOY.com}}</ref> 91aey58gomuxahv7nhxd4dbxq6iwsmn 0 108954 873641 864451 2026-07-01T13:41:28Z Ummeeterh 31568 873641 wikitext text/x-wiki Rarraba yanayin yanayi na Köppen ya raba yanayin duniya zuwa ƙungiyoyin sauyin yanayi guda biyar, tare da raba kowane rukuni bisa la'akari da yanayin hazo da yanayin yanayi. Manyan kungiyoyi biyar sune A (na wurare masu zafi), B (m), C [[Zazzaɓi|(zazzabi)]], D (na nahiya), da E (yankin duniya). Kowane rukuni da rukuni na wakilta da wasiƙa. An sanya duk yanayin yanayi babban rukuni (harafin farko). Duk yanayin yanayi ban da waɗanda ke cikin rukunin E ana ba su rukunin hazo na yanayi (harafi na biyu). Misali, Af yana nuna yanayin dajin na wurare masu zafi. Tsarin yana ba da rukunin yanayin zafin jiki ga duk ƙungiyoyi banda waɗanda ke cikin rukunin A, wanda harafi na uku ya nuna don yanayin yanayi a B, C, D, da harafi na biyu don yanayin yanayi a cikin E. Sauran misalan sun haɗa da: Cfb yana nuna yanayin teku tare da lokacin zafi mai zafi kamar yadda aka nuna ta ƙarshen b., yayin da Dwb ke nuna yanayin yanayin zafi na nahiyar Semi-monsoonal, shima tare da yanayin zafi na nahiya. An rarraba yanayi bisa ƙayyadaddun sharuɗɗa na musamman ga kowane nau'in yanayi.<ref name="kottek2006">{{Cite journal |last=Kottek |first=Markus |last2=Grieser |first2=Jürgen |last3=Beck |first3=Christoph |last4=Rudolf |first4=Bruno |last5=Rubel |first5=Franz |date=2006 |title=World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated |url=https://opus.bibliothek.uni-augsburg.de/opus4/files/40083/metz_Vol_15_No_3_p259-263_World_Map_of_the_Koppen_Geiger_climate_classification_updated_55034.pdf |journal=Meteorologische Zeitschrift |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=259–263 |bibcode=2006MetZe..15..259K |doi=10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130}}</ref> Tsarin yanayi na Köppen shine tsarin [[Yanayin yanayi|rarraba yanayi]] da aka fi amfani dashi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2024 |title=EnergyPlus™ Version 24.2.0 Documentation: Auxiliary Programs |url=https://energyplus.net/assets/nrel_custom/pdfs/pdfs_v24.2.0/AuxiliaryPrograms.pdf |access-date=22 January 2025 |website=EnergyPlus |page=52 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Climatology|masanin yanayin yanayi]] na [[Jamus]] da Rasha Wladimir Köppen (1846-1940) ne ya fara buga shi a 1884, tare da sauye-sauye da yawa daga baya da Köppen ya yi, musamman a 1918 da 1936. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Köppen |first=Wladimir |date=1884 |title=Die Wärmezonen der Erde, nach der Dauer der heissen, gemässigten und kalten Zeit und nach der Wirkung der Wärme auf die organische Welt betrachtet |trans-title=The thermal zones of the earth according to the duration of hot, moderate and cold periods and to the impact of heat on the organic world) |url=http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/koeppen.htm |url-status=live |journal=Meteorologische Zeitschrift |publication-date=2011 |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=351–360 |bibcode=2011MetZe..20..351K |doi=10.1127/0941-2948/2011/105 |s2cid=209855204 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160908130507/http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/koeppen.htm |archive-date=8 September 2016 |access-date=2 September 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rubel |first=F. |last2=Kottek |first2=M |date=2011 |title=Comments on: 'The thermal zones of the Earth' by Wladimir Köppen (1884) |journal=Meteorologische Zeitschrift |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=361–365 |bibcode=2011MetZe..20..361R |doi=10.1127/0941-2948/2011/0285}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|edition=Rudolf}}</ref> Daga baya, masanin yanayin yanayi na [[Jamus]] [[Rudolf Geiger]] (1894-1981) ya gabatar da wasu canje-canje ga tsarin rarrabuwa a cikin 1954 da 1961, wanda saboda haka wani lokacin ake kira '''Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen-Geiger'''. Kamar yadda Köppen ya tsara tsarin bisa ga kwarewarsa a matsayin masanin ilmin halitta, manyan kungiyoyin yanayinsa suna wakiltar rarrabuwa ta nau'in ciyayi. Baya ga gano yanayin yanayi, ana iya amfani da tsarin don nazarin yanayin halittu da gano manyan nau'ikan ciyayi a cikin yanayin. Saboda haɗin kai tare da rayuwar [[shuka]] na yankin da aka ba shi, tsarin yana da amfani wajen tsinkayar canje-canjen rayuwar shuka a cikin yankin nan gaba.<ref name="Beck">{{Cite journal |last=Beck |first=Hylke E. |last2=Zimmermann |first2=Niklaus E. |last3=McVicar |first3=Tim R. |last4=Vergopolan |first4=Noemi |last5=Berg |first5=Alexis |last6=Wood |first6=Eric F. |author-link6=Eric Franklin Wood |date=30 October 2018 |title=Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution |journal=Scientific Data |volume=5 |bibcode=2018NatSD...580214B |doi=10.1038/sdata.2018.214 |issn=2052-4463 |pmc=6207062 |pmid=30375988}}</ref> An inganta tsarin rarraba yanayi na Köppen a cikin tsarin rarraba yanayi na Trewartha a cikin 1966 (an sake dubawa a cikin 1980). Tsarin Trewartha ya nemi ƙirƙirar yankin yanayi mai tsabta na tsakiyar latitude, wanda shine ɗaya daga cikin sukar tsarin Köppen (kungiyar sauyin yanayi C ta kasance gabaɗaya)  {{Rp|200–201}}   == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == {| class="wikitable plainlist" style="margin:auto;" |+Köppen tsarin rarraba yanayi alamomin bayanin tebur<ref name="Beck"/><ref name="kottek2006"/><ref name="Peel"/> ! scope="col" |Na farko ! scope="col" |Na biyu ! scope="col" |Na uku |- ! scope="row" |A (Tropical) | * f (Rainforest) * m (Monsoon) * w (Savanna, hunturu mai bushe) * s (Savanna, lokacin rani mai bushe) | |- ! scope="row" |B (Rashin Rashin Rashin | * W (ƙasa mai bushe) * S (Kananan tsaunuka masu bushewa) | * h (Hot) * k (Yana da sanyi) |- ! scope="row" |C (Rashin tausayi) | * w (Rashin hunturu) * f (Ba lokacin fari ba) * s (Lokacin Ruwa) | * a (Hot lokacin rani) * b (Yakin bazara) * c (Lokacin sanyi) |- ! scope="row" |D (Duniya) | * w (Rashin hunturu) * f (Ba lokacin fari ba) * s (Lokacin Ruwa) | * a (Hot lokacin rani) * b (Yakin bazara) * c (Lokacin sanyi) * d (Tsarin sanyi sosai) |- ! scope="row" |E (Polar) | * T (Tundra) * F (Ice cap) | |} Ts''D''="mw_A">A rarra''B'' yanayi na Köpp''E'' ya raba yanayi zuwa manyan kungiyoyi biyar na yanayi: A (na wurare masu zafi), B (mai bushewa), ''C'' (mai matsakaici), D (na nahiya), da E (na wurare). Harafin na biyu yana nuna nau'in hazo na yanayi, yayin da harafin na uku ke nuna matakin zafi.<ref name="hanschen">{{Cite web |last=Chen |first=Hans |last2=Chen |first2=Deliang |author-link2=Chen Deliang |title=Köppen climate classification |url=http://hanschen.org/koppen/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814145617/http://hanschen.org/koppen/ |archive-date=14 August 2017 |access-date=4 August 2017 |website=hanschen.org}}</ref> Ana bayyana lokacin bazara a matsayin lokacin watanni shida wanda ya fi zafi ko dai daga Afrilu zuwa Satumba da / ko Oktoba zuwa Maris, yayin da hunturu shine lokacin watanni shida da ya fi sanyi.<ref name="Beck"/><ref name="Peel"/> === Rukunin A: Yanayin zafi === [[Yanayin zafi|Yanayin wurare masu zafi]] suna da matsakaicin zafin jiki na 18 °C (64.4 °F) ko sama da haka kowane wata na shekara, tare da hazo mai girma.<ref name="Beck"/><ref name="Peel">{{Cite journal |last=Peel |first=M. C. |last2=Finlayson |first2=B. L. |last3=McMahon |first3=T. A. |name-list-style=amp |year=2007 |title=Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification |url=https://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf |journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=1633–1644 |bibcode=2007HESS...11.1633P |doi=10.5194/Hess-11-1633-2007 |issn=1027-5606 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * ''Af'' = [[Yanayin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi]]; matsakaicin ruwan sama na akalla {{Convert|60|mm|in|1}} in) a kowane wata. * ''Am'' = Yanayin zafi na wurare masu zafi; watan da ya fi bushewa (wanda kusan koyaushe ke faruwa a ko ba da daɗewa ba bayan "winter" solstice ga wannan gefen ma'auni) tare da hazo ƙasa da {{Convert|60|mm|in|1}}<nowiki> in), amma aƙalla 100 − (Abin da ya fi dacewa da shi) t o t a l n u a l p r e c i p i t a t i o n (m m) 25 ) {\textstyle 100-\left ({\frac {\mathrm {total\,annual\,ruwa\, (mm) }{25}}\right) } .</nowiki><ref name="Beck"/><ref name="Peel"/> * ''Aw'' ko As = Yanayin zafi mai laushi da bushe ko Savanna; tare da watan da ya fi bushewa yana da hazo kasa da {{Convert|60|mm|in|1}}<nowiki> in) kuma ƙasa da 100 − (Abin da ya fi dacewa da shi) t o t a l n u a l p r e c i p i t a t i o n (m m) 25 ) {\textstyle 100-\left ({\frac {\mathrm {total\,annual\,ruwa\, (mm) }{25}}\right) } .</nowiki><ref name="Beck" /><ref name="Peel" /> === Rukunin B: Yankin hamada da tsaka-tsaki === [[Fayil:Mitchell_grass_downs_post_rain_Boulia_Shire_Queensland_P1070007.jpg|right|thumb|Yankin ciyawa mai tsaka-tsaki, Queensland, [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]]]] Ana ƙayyade iyakar hazo a cikin millimeters ta hanyar ninka matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara-shekara a Celsius da 20, sannan ƙara:{{ordered list|280 if 70% or more of the total precipitation is in the spring and summer months (April–September in the Northern Hemisphere, or October–March in the Southern), or|140 if 30%–70% of the total precipitation is received during the spring and summer, or|0 if less than 30% of the total precipitation is received during the spring and summer.|type=lower-alpha}} Idan hazo na shekara-shekara ya kasance ƙasa da 50% na wannan kofa, rarrabuwa shine BW (m: yanayin hamada); idan yana cikin kewayon 50% -100% na kofa, rarrabuwa shine BS (Semi-arid: steppe weather).<ref name="Beck"/><ref name="Peel"/> Ana iya haɗa harafi na uku don nuna zafin jiki. Anan, h yana nufin yanayin ƙananan latitude (matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara sama da 18 °C (64.4 °F)) yayin da k ke nuna yanayin tsakiyar latitude (matsakaicin zafin shekara ƙasa da 18 °C). Bugu da ƙari, n ana amfani da shi don nuna yanayin yanayi mai yawan hazo da H don tsayin tsayi. <ref name="Cereceda">{{Cite journal |last=Cereceda |first=P. |last2=Larrain |first2=H. |last3=osses |first3=P. |last4=Farias |first4=M. |last5=Egaña |first5=I. |year=2008 |title=The climate of the coast and fog zone in the Tarapacá Region, Atacama Desert, Chile |journal=Atmospheric Research |volume=87 |issue=3–4 |pages=301–311 |bibcode=2008AtmRe..87..301C |doi=10.1016/j.atmosres.2007.11.011 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="gepchile">{{Cite web |title=Clasificación climática de Köppen |url=http://www.gep.uchile.cl/Biodiversidad/medio_fisico/clima_01.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122045953/http://www.gep.uchile.cl/Biodiversidad/medio_fisico/clima_01.html |archive-date=22 January 2018 |access-date=21 January 2018 |publisher=University of Chile |language=es}}</ref><ref name="Inzunza">{{Cite web |last=Inzunza |first=Juan |title=Capitulo 15. Climas de Chile |url=http://nimbus.com.uy/weather/Cursos/Curso_2006/Textos%20complementarios/Meteorologia%20descriptiva_Inzunza/cap15_Inzunza_Climas%20de%20Chile.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122051833/http://nimbus.com.uy/weather/Cursos/Curso_2006/Textos%20complementarios/Meteorologia%20descriptiva_Inzunza/cap15_Inzunza_Climas%20de%20Chile.pdf |archive-date=22 January 2018 |access-date=22 January 2018 |website=Meteorología Descriptiva y Aplicaciones en Chile |page=427 |language=es}}</ref>&nbsp; * ''BWh'' = Yanayin hamada mai zafi * ''BWk'' = Yanayin hamada mai sanyi * ''BSh'' = Yanayin zafi mai zafiYanayi mai zafi mai zafi * ''BSk'' = Yanayin sanyi mai tsaka-tsaki === Rukunin C: Yanayin yanayi === [[Fayil:West_Penwith_Coast2.jpg|right|thumb|Cornwall, Burtaniya, tana da yanayin yanayi na teku]] Temperate climates have the coldest month averaging between {{Convert|0|°C|°F|0}}<ref name="Peel"/> (or {{Convert|-3|°C|°F|1}})<ref name="kottek2006"/> and {{Convert|18|°C|°F|1}} and at least one month averaging above {{Convert|10|°C|°F|0}}.<ref name="Peel" /><ref name="kottek2006" /> For the distribution of precipitation in locations that both satisfy a dry summer (Cs) and a dry winter (Cw), a location is considered to have a wet summer (Cw) when more precipitation falls within the summer months than the winter months while a location is considered to have a dry summer (Cs) when more precipitation falls within the winter months.<ref name="Peel" /> This additional criterion applies to locations that satisfies both Ds and Dw as well.<ref name="Peel" /> * Cfa = Yanayin yanayi mai zafi; mafi sanyi matsakaicin sama da 0 °C (32 °F) (ko -3 °C (26.6 °F)), aƙalla matsakaicin zafin rana na wata ɗaya sama da 22 °C (71.6 °F), kuma aƙalla watanni huɗu mai matsakaicin sama da 10 °C (50 °F). Babu wani gagarumin bambance-bambancen hazo tsakanin yanayi (ba a cika ka'idojin da aka ambata a sama ba). * Cfb = Matsakaicin yanayin teku ko yanayin tsaunuka masu zafi; mafi sanyi matsakaicin sama da 0 °C (32 °F) (ko -3 °C (26.6 °F)), duk watanni tare da matsakaitan yanayin zafi ƙasa da 22 °C (71.6 °F), kuma aƙalla watanni huɗu matsakaicin sama da 10 °C (50 °F). Babu wani gagarumin bambance-bambancen hazo tsakanin yanayi (ba a cika ka'idojin da aka ambata a sama ba). * Cfc = Subpolar yanayin teku; mafi sanyi matsakaicin sama da 0 °C (32 °F) (ko -3 °C (26.6 °F)) da watanni 1-3 mai matsakaicin sama da 10 °C (50 °F). Babu wani gagarumin bambance-bambancen hazo tsakanin yanayi (ba a cika ka'idojin da aka ambata a sama ba). * Cwa = yanayin damina mai tasiri na damina; mafi sanyi matsakaicin sama da 0 °C (32 °F) (ko -3 °C (26.6 °F)), aƙalla matsakaicin zafin rana na wata ɗaya sama da 22 °C (71.6 °F), kuma aƙalla watanni huɗu mai matsakaicin sama da 10 °C (50 °F). Akalla sau goma fiye da ruwan sama a cikin watan rani mafi sanyi kamar a cikin watan hunturu mafi bushewa. * Cwb = Sauyin yanayi na wurare masu zafi na tuddai ko yanayin damina mai tasiri; mafi sanyi matsakaicin sama da 0 °C (32 °F) (ko -3 °C (26.6 °F)), duk watanni tare da matsakaitan yanayin zafi ƙasa da 22 °C (71.6 °F), kuma aƙalla watanni huɗu matsakaicin sama da 10 °C (50 °F). Akalla sau goma fiye da ruwan sama a cikin watan rani mafi sanyi kamar a cikin watan hunturu mafi bushewa. * Cwc = Yanayin sanyi na tsaunin tsaunuka ko yanayin damina mai tasiri; mafi sanyi matsakaicin sama da 0 °C (32 °F) (ko -3 °C (26.6 °F)) da watanni 1-3 mai matsakaicin sama da 10 °C (50 °F). Akalla sau goma fiye da ruwan sama a cikin watan rani mafi sanyi kamar a cikin watan hunturu mafi bushewa. * Csa = Yanayin Bahar Rum mai zafi-lokaci; mafi sanyi matsakaicin sama da 0 °C (32 °F) (ko -3 °C (26.6 °F)), aƙalla matsakaicin zafin rana na wata ɗaya sama da 22 °C (71.6 °F), kuma aƙalla watanni huɗu mai matsakaicin sama da 10 °C (50 °F). Akalla sau uku fiye da yawan hazo a cikin mafi sanyin watan hunturu kamar a watan rani mafi bushewa, kuma watan rani mafi bushewa yana samun ƙasa da 40 mm (1.6 in). <ref name="Beck"/> * ''Csb'' = {{Convert|0|°C|°F|0}}; watan da ya fi sanyi sama da 0 ° C (32 ° F) (ko -3 ° C (26.6 ° F)), duk watanni tare da matsakaicin yanayin zafi ƙasa da {{Convert|22|°C|°F|1}} ° C (71.6 ° F), kuma aƙalla watanni huɗu matsakaicin sama da {{Convert|10|°C|°F|0}} ° C (50 ° F). Akalla sau uku ruwan sama watan da ya fi ruwan sama na hunturu kamar yadda yake a cikin watan rani mafi bushe, kuma watan da yafi bushe na rani yana karɓar ƙasa da {{Convert|40|mm|in|1}} in). <ref name="Beck" /> * ''Csc'' = {{Convert|0|°C|°F|0}}; watan da ya fi sanyi sama da 0 ° C (32 ° F) (ko -3 ° C (26.6 ° F)) da kuma watanni 1-3 matsakaicin sama da {{Convert|10|°C|°F|0}} ° C (50 ° F). Akalla sau uku ruwan sama watan da ya fi ruwan sama na hunturu kamar yadda yake a cikin watan rani mafi bushe, kuma watan da yafi bushe na rani yana karɓar ƙasa da {{Convert|40|mm|in|1}} in). <ref name="Beck" /> [[Fayil:Chenarivervalley.jpg|right|thumb|Boreal gandun daji a [[Alaska]] yana da yanayin subbarctic]] Continental climates have at least one month averaging below {{Convert|0|°C|°F|0}} (or {{Convert|-3|°C|°F|1}}) and at least one month averaging above {{Convert|10|°C|°F|0}}.<ref name="Peel"/><ref name="kottek2006"/> * Dfa = Yanayin yanayi mai zafi na lokacin rani; mafi sanyi matsakaicin ƙasa 0 °C (32 °F) (ko -3 °C (26.6 °F)), aƙalla matsakaicin zafin rana na wata ɗaya sama da 22 °C (71.6 °F), kuma aƙalla watanni huɗu matsakaicin sama da 10 °C (50 °F). Babu wani gagarumin bambance-bambancen hazo tsakanin yanayi (ba a cika ka'idojin da aka ambata a sama ba). * Dfb = Dumi-lokacin zafi yanayi na nahiyar; watan mafi sanyi matsakaicin ƙasa 0 °C (32 °F) (ko -3 °C (26.6 °F)), duk watanni tare da matsakaita yanayin zafi ƙasa da 22 °C (71.6 °F), kuma aƙalla watanni huɗu matsakaicin sama da 10 °C (50 °F). Babu wani gagarumin bambance-bambancen hazo tsakanin yanayi (ba a cika ka'idojin da aka ambata a sama ba). * Dfc = Sauyin yanayi; watan mafi sanyi matsakaicin ƙasa 0 °C (32 °F) (ko -3 °C (26.6 °F)) da watanni 1-3 mai matsakaicin sama da 10 °C (50 °F). Babu wani gagarumin bambance-bambancen hazo tsakanin yanayi (ba a cika ka'idojin da aka ambata a sama ba). * Dfd = Sauyin yanayi mai tsananin sanyi; watan mafi sanyi matsakaicin ƙasa -38 °C (-36.4 °F) da watanni 1-3 matsakaicin sama da 10 °C (50 °F). Babu wani gagarumin bambance-bambancen hazo tsakanin yanayi (ba a cika ka'idojin da aka ambata a sama ba). * Dwa = Damina-tasirin yanayin zafi-zafi na nahiya; mafi sanyi matsakaicin ƙasa 0 °C (32 °F) (ko -3 °C (26.6 °F)), aƙalla matsakaicin zafin rana na wata ɗaya sama da 22 °C (71.6 °F), kuma aƙalla watanni huɗu matsakaicin sama da 10 °C (50 °F). Akalla sau goma fiye da ruwan sama a cikin watan rani mafi sanyi kamar a cikin watan hunturu mafi bushewa. * Dwb = Yanayin damina mai tsananin zafi na lokacin rani yana tasiri; watan mafi sanyi matsakaicin ƙasa 0 °C (32 °F) (ko -3 °C (26.6 °F)), duk watanni tare da matsakaita yanayin zafi ƙasa da 22 °C (71.6 °F), kuma aƙalla watanni huɗu matsakaicin sama da 10 °C (50 °F). Akalla sau goma fiye da ruwan sama a cikin watan rani mafi sanyi kamar a cikin watan hunturu mafi bushewa. * Dwc = yanayin damina mai tasiri; watan mafi sanyi matsakaicin ƙasa 0 °C (32 °F) (ko -3 °C (26.6 °F)) da watanni 1-3 mai matsakaicin sama da 10 °C (50 °F). Akalla sau goma fiye da ruwan sama a cikin watan rani mafi sanyi kamar a cikin watan hunturu mafi bushewa. * Dwd = Damina-tasirin yanayin sanyi mai tsananin sanyi; watan mafi sanyi matsakaicin ƙasa -38 °C (-36.4 °F) da watanni 1-3 matsakaicin sama da 10 °C (50 °F). Aƙalla yawan ruwan sama sau goma a cikin watan rani mafi ƙanƙanta kamar na watan hunturu mafi bushewa * Dsa = yanayin yanayi mai zafi na rani mai tasiri na Bahar Rum; mafi sanyi matsakaicin ƙasa 0 °C (32 °F) (ko -3 °C (26.6 °F)), matsakaicin zafin rana mafi zafi na watan sama da 22 °C (71.6 °F) kuma aƙalla watanni huɗu matsakaicin sama da 10 °C (50 °F). Akalla sau uku fiye da yawan hazo a cikin mafi sanyin watan hunturu kamar a cikin watan bazara, kuma watan rani mafi bushewa yana samun ƙasa da 30 mm (1.2 in). * Dsb = yanayin yanayi mai zafi na lokacin rani mai tasiri na Bahar Rum; watan mafi sanyi matsakaicin ƙasa 0 °C (32 °F) (ko -3 °C (26.6 °F)), matsakaita zafin watan mafi zafi ƙasa da 22 °C (71.6 °F) kuma aƙalla watanni huɗu matsakaicin sama da 10 °C (50 °F). Akalla sau uku fiye da yawan hazo a cikin mafi sanyin watan hunturu kamar a cikin watan bazara, kuma watan rani mafi bushewa yana samun ƙasa da 30 mm (1.2 in). * Dsc = yanayi na subarctic mai tasiri na Rum; watan mafi sanyi matsakaicin ƙasa 0 °C (32 °F) (ko -3 °C (26.6 °F)) da watanni 1-3 mai matsakaicin sama da 10 °C (50 °F). Akalla sau uku fiye da yawan hazo a cikin mafi sanyin watan hunturu kamar a cikin watan bazara, kuma watan rani mafi bushewa yana samun ƙasa da 30 mm (1.2 in). * Dsd = Yanayin yanayin sanyi mai tsananin sanyi ya rinjayi Rum; watan mafi sanyi matsakaicin ƙasa -38 °C (-36.4 °F) da watanni 1-3 matsakaicin sama da 10 °C (50 °F). Akalla sau uku fiye da yawan hazo a cikin mafi sanyin watan hunturu kamar a cikin watan bazara, kuma watan rani mafi bushewa yana samun ƙasa da 30 mm (1.2 in). === Rukunin E: Yanayin yanayi na Polar da Alpine === Yanayin yanayi na Polar da alpine yana da kowane wata na shekara tare da matsakaicin zafin jiki a ƙasa da {{Convert|10|°C|°F|0}} ° C (50 ° F).<ref name="Beck"/><ref name="Peel"/> == Rukunin A: Yanayin zafi / megathermal == [[Fayil:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_A_1991–2020.svg|thumb|Rarraba yanayin zafi]] Sauyin yanayi na wurare masu zafi suna da yanayin zafi akai-akai (a matakin teku da ƙananan tuddai); duk watanni 12 na shekara suna da matsakaicin zafin jiki na 18 °C (64.4 °F) ko sama; kuma gabaɗaya babban hazo na shekara-shekara. An raba su kamar haka: === ''Af'': Yanayin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi === Dukkanin watanni 12 suna da matsakaicin ruwan sama na akalla {{Convert|60|mm}} in). Wadannan yanayi yawanci suna faruwa 10 ° latitude na ma'auni. Wannan yanayi ba shi da yanayi na halitta dangane da sauye-sauyen zafi da danshi. Lokacin da aka mamaye mafi yawan shekara ta hanyar tsarin matsin lamba na Doldrums saboda kasancewar Yankin Haɗuwa na Intertropical (ITCZ) kuma lokacin da babu guguwa to yanayin ya cancanci zama na equatorial. Lokacin da iskar kasuwanci ta mamaye mafi yawan shekara, yanayin yanayi ne na gandun daji na kasuwanci. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">Wasu daga cikin wuraren da wannan yanayin hakika sun kasance iri ɗaya kuma suna da ruwa a ko'ina cikin shekara (misali, arewa maso yammacin Pacific Coast na Kudu da Amurka ta tsakiya, daga Ecuador zuwa Costa Rica; duba, alal misali, Andagoya, Colombia), amma a yawancin lokuta, lokacin mafi girma da rana da tsawon kwanaki yana da kyau sosai (kamar a Palembang, Indonesia) ko lokacin ƙananan rana da kuma gajeren rana (kamar yadda Malaysia ta iya samun karin ruwa). Daga cikin waɗannan wurare, wasu suna da tsaftataccen yanayi na equatorial (Balikpapan, Kuala Lumpur, Kuching, Lae, Medan, Paramaribo, Pontianak, da Singapore) tare da tsarin sarrafa sararin samaniya na ITCZ kuma babu guguwa ko yanayin ƙasa tare da guguwa lokaci-lokaci (Davao, Ratnapura, Victoria). [abubuwan da ake bukata]</sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">(Kalmar aseasonal tana nufin rashin a cikin yankuna masu zafi na manyan bambance-bambance a cikin sa'o'i na hasken rana kuma yana nufin kowane wata (ko yau da kullum) zafin jiki a ko'ina cikin shekara. Canje-canje na cyclic na shekara-shekara yana faruwa a cikin wurare masu zafi, amma ba kamar yadda ake iya gani ba kamar yadda suke a cikin yanki mai zafi, ko da yake ba shi da alaka da zafin jiki, amma ga samun ruwa ko a matsayin ruwan sama, hazo, ƙasa, ko ruwa na ƙasa, amsawar dabba, pheeology. haifuwa, da sauransu), da kuma ayyukan ɗan adam (shuka shuka, girbi, farauta, kamun kifi, da dai sauransu) suna saurare zuwa wannan 'lokacin yanayi' , hakika, a cikin wurare masu zafi na Kudancin Amirka da Amurka ta tsakiya, 'lokacin damina' (da 'lokacin ruwa mai girma') ana kiransa invierno (Spanish) ko inverno (Portuguese), ko da yake yana iya faruwa a lokacin rani season') ana kiransa verano ko verão, kuma yana iya faruwa a cikin hunturu ta Arewacin Hemisphere). [abubuwan da ake bukata]</sup> === ''Am'': Yanayin zafi na wurare masu zafi === Irin wannan yanayi yana haifar da iskar monsoon wanda ke canzawa bisa ga yanayi. Wannan yanayin yana da wata mafi bushewa (wanda kusan koyaushe ke faruwa a ko ba da daɗewa ba bayan "winter" solstice ga wannan gefen ma'auni) tare da ruwan sama ƙasa da {{Convert|60|mm|in|1}} in), amma aƙalla 100 − (Abin da ya fi dacewa da shi) t o t a l n u a l p r e c i p i t a t i o n (m m) 25 ) {\textstyle 100-\left ({\frac {\mathrm {total\,annual\,ruwa\, (mm) }{25}}\right) } na matsakaicin ruwan sama na kowane wata. {{Rp|208}} === ''Aw/As'': Yanayin savanna na wurare masu zafi === [[Fayil:Elephant_herd_(5912064891).jpg|right|thumb|Hoton [[Giwa|giwaye]] a cikin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi, [[Sudan ta Kudu]]]] ==== ''Aw'': Yanayin savanna na wurare masu zafi tare da hunturu mai bushe ==== Yanayin ''Aw'' yana da lokacin fari, tare da watan da ya fi bushewa yana da hazo kasa da {{Convert|60|mm|in|1}} in) kuma ƙasa da 100 − (Abin da ya fi dacewa da shi) t o t a l n u a l p r e c i p i t a t i o n (m m) 25 ) {\textstyle 100-\left ({\frac {\mathrm {total\,annual\, precipitation\, (mm) }{25}}\right) } na matsakaicin ruwan sama na kowane wata. {{Rp|208–211}} Yawancin wuraren da ke da wannan yanayin ana samun su a gefen waje na wurare masu zafi daga ƙananan matasa zuwa tsakiyar 20s latitudes, amma lokaci-lokaci wuri na ciki-na zafi (misali, San Marcos, Antioquia, Colombia) kuma ya cancanci. Tekun Caribbean, gabas daga Gulf of Urabá a kan iyakar Colombia-Panama zuwa Kogin Orinoco, a kan Tekun Atlantika (kimanin 4,000 km (2,500 mi)), suna da lokacin bushewa mai tsayi (mafi girman yanayin yanayi na BWh (duba ƙasa), wanda ke da ƙarancin hazo mai ƙarancin aminci, yanzu, alal misali, a cikin yankuna masu nisa, Corajirani, da arewacin Venezuela, a cikin mafi yawan yankunan da ke cikin yankin Corajirani, a cikin mafi yawan yankunan da ke cikin yankin Corajirani da Venezuela. a Kudancin Amirka, waɗanda ke samun <300 mm (12 in) jimlar hazo na shekara, kusan duka cikin watanni biyu ko uku). Wannan yanayin ya ƙara zuwa Ƙananan Antilles da Manyan Antilles waɗanda ke samar da busasshen bel na Caribbean. Tsawon lokacin rani yana raguwa a cikin ƙasa (kudu); a latitude na kogin Amazon - wanda ke gudana zuwa gabas, kudu da layin equatorial - yanayin shine Af. Gabas daga Andes, tsakanin busasshiyar Caribbean, maras daɗaɗɗen daɗaɗɗen Caribbean da kuma daɗaɗɗen Amazon shine kogin Orinoco na Llanos ko savannas, daga inda wannan yanayin ya ɗauki sunansa. ==== ''Kamar yadda'': Yanayin savanna na wurare masu zafi tare da lokacin rani mai bushe ==== Wani lokaci An yi amfani da shi a maimakon ''Aw'' idan lokacin fari ya faru a lokacin rana mafi girma da kwanaki masu tsawo (a lokacin rani).<ref name="kottek2006"/><ref name="nwskoppen">{{Cite web |title=JetStream Max: Addition Köppen-Geiger Climate Subdivisions |url=https://www.weather.gov/jetstream/climate_max |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224025419/https://www.weather.gov/jetstream/climate_max |archive-date=24 December 2018 |access-date=24 December 2018 |publisher=National Weather Service}}</ref> Wannan shi ne yanayin a wasu sassan Hawaii, arewa maso yammacin Jamhuriyar Dominican, Gabashin Afirka, kudu maso gabashin Indiya da arewa maso gabashin Sri Lanka, da kuma Gabashin Arewa maso Gabashin [[Brazil]]. A wuraren da ke da irin wannan yanayi, lokacin rani yana faruwa a lokacin tsananin rana da tsawon kwanaki gabaɗaya saboda tasirin inuwar ruwan sama. == Rukunin B: Yanayi mai bushewa (ƙasa da tsaka-tsaki) == [[Fayil:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_B_1991–2020.svg|thumb|Rarraba Yanayin zafi]] Wadannan yanayi suna da halayyar yawan ruwan sama na shekara-shekara kasa da ƙimar ƙofar da ke kusa da yiwuwar evapotranspiration. :{{Rp|212}} An lissafa ƙimar ƙofar (a cikin millimeters) kamar haka: Ƙara matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara a cikin °C da 20, sannan ƙara{{ordered list|280 if 70% or more of the total precipitation is in the high-sun half of the year (April through September in the Northern Hemisphere, or October through March in the Southern), or|140 if 30%–70% of the total precipitation is received during the applicable period, or|0 if less than 30% of the total precipitation is so received.|type=lower-alpha}}According to the modified Köppen classification system used by modern climatologists, total precipitation in the warmest six months of the year is taken as a reference instead of the total precipitation in the high-sun half of the year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Critchfield, H.J. |year=1983 |title=Criteria for classification of major climatic types in modified Köppen system |url=http://snow.cals.uidaho.edu/Clim_Map/koppen_criteria.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930221104/http://snow.cals.uidaho.edu/Clim_Map/koppen_criteria.htm |archive-date=30 September 2009 |publisher=University of Idaho |edition=4}}</ref> Idan hazo na shekara-shekara ya kasance ƙasa da 50% na wannan kofa, rarrabuwa shine BW (m: yanayin hamada); idan yana cikin kewayon 50% -100% na kofa, rarrabuwa shine BS (Semi-arid: steppe weather). Ana iya haɗa harafi na uku don nuna zafin jiki. Anan, h yana nuna yanayin ƙasa mara nauyi (matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara sama da 18 °C) yayin da k ke nuna yanayin tsaka-tsaki (matsakaicin zazzabi na shekara ƙasa da 18 °C). Yankunan hamada da ke gefen yammacin nahiyoyi a wurare masu zafi ko kusa da wurare masu zafi waɗanda ke da hazo da girgije mai yawa, kodayake waɗannan wurare suna cikin mafi bushewa a duniya dangane da ainihin hazo da aka karɓa, ana iya lakafta su ''BWn'' tare da n wanda ke nuna yanayin da ke nuna hazo mai yawa. <ref name="Cereceda"/> <ref name="gepchile"/><ref name="Inzunza"/> Ana iya samun nau'in ''BSn'' daidai a cikin tsaunuka masu hazo.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2017 |title=Atlas Agroclimático de Chile–Estado Actual y Tendencias del Clima (Tomo I: Regiones de Arica Y Parinacota, Tarapacá y Antofagasta |url=http://www.agrimed.cl/atlas/tomo1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222105247/http://www.agrimed.cl/atlas/tomo1.html |archive-date=22 December 2018 |access-date=9 December 2018 |publisher=Universidad de Chile |language=es}}</ref> === ''BW'': Arid climates === [[Fayil:Namibská_poušť_-_panoramio.jpg|right|thumb|Dajin Namib]] Yanayin hamada ko busasshiyar yanayi (BW) wani nau'in yanayi ne mai busasshen yanayi wanda a cikinsa akwai tsananin ƙanƙara mai yawa akan hazo. Mafi yawan sanko, dutse, ko yashi a cikin yanayin hamada sun bushe kuma suna riƙe danshi kaɗan, da sauri yana ƙafe ruwan sama kaɗan da suka samu. Rufe kashi 14.2% na fadin duniya, hamada mai zafi sune nau'in yanayi na biyu mafi yawan al'umma a duniya bayan yanayin Polar.<ref name="peel et al">{{Cite journal |last=Peel |first=M.C. |last2=Finlayson |first2=B.L. |last3=McMahon |first3=T.A. |year=2007 |title=Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification |url=https://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=1633–1644 |bibcode=2007HESS...11.1633P |doi=10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202204538/https://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf |archive-date=2019-12-02 |access-date=2019-05-20 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Akwai bambancin yanayi guda biyu na hamada: yanayin hamada mai zafi (BWh), da yanayin sanyin hamada (BWk). Don keɓance "yanayin hamada mai zafi" daga "yanayin sanyin hamada", ana amfani da ma'anar zazzabi na shekara-shekara na 18 °C (64.4 °F) azaman isotherm ta yadda wuri mai nau'in yanayi na BW tare da yanayin da ya dace sama da wannan isotherm ana rarraba shi azaman "zafi mai bushewa subtype" (BWh), da kuma wurin da yanayin zafin da ya dace a ƙasan isotherm (nau'in B) an ƙirƙira shi azaman "B". Yawancin yanayin hamada / busasshiyar yanayi suna karɓar tsakanin 25 da 200 in) na ruwan sama a kowace shekara, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-01 |title=What is a Desert Climate? |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-a-desert-climate.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226192324/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-a-desert-climate.html |archive-date=2021-12-26 |access-date=2022-04-23 |website=WorldAtlas |language=en-US}}</ref> kodayake wasu daga cikin yankunan da suka fi zafi a Tsakiyar Ostiraliya, [[Sahel]] da Guajira Peninsula na iya zama, saboda matsanancin yiwuwar evapotranspiration, an sanya su a matsayin busasshi tare da ruwan sama na shekara-shekara har zuwa 430 millimeters ko 17 inci. ==== ''BWh'': Hamada mai zafi ==== <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">Yanayin hamada mai zafi (BWh) yawanci ana samun su a ƙarƙashin tudu masu zafi a cikin ƙananan latitudes na tsakiya ko ƙananan wurare, sau da yawa tsakanin 20 ° da 33 ° arewa da kudu. A cikin waɗannan wurare, kwanciyar hankali mai saukowa da babban matsi yana ɗaga sama da gizagizai da haifar da zafi, bushewar yanayi tare da tsananin hasken rana. Ana samun yanayi mai zafi a hamada a fadin manyan yankuna na Arewacin Afirka, Yammacin Asiya, arewa maso yammacin yankin Indiya, kudu maso yammacin Afirka, ciki Australia, kudu maso yammacin Amurka, arewacin Mexico, sassan kudu maso gabashin Spain, bakin tekun Peru da Chile da kuma sassan sertão na Brazil. Wannan ya sa hamadar zafi ta kasance a kowace nahiya banda Antarctica. A lokacin babban rana (lokacin rani), zafi mai zafi yana mamayewa. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi na wata-wata yawanci tsakanin 29 da 35 °C (84 da 95 °F), kuma karatun tsakar rana na 43–46 °C (109–115 °F) na gama gari. [abubuwan da ake bukata]</sup> ==== ''BWk'': Hamada mai sanyi ==== [[Fayil:Snow_Comes_to_the_Atacama_Desert.jpg|thumb|Dashi mai ban mamaki a cikin hamadar Atacama, a tsawo {{Cvt|2600|m|ft}} m (8,500 ]] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">Yanayin sanyi na hamada (BWk) yawanci yana nuna zafi (ko dumi a wasu lokuta), bushewar lokacin rani, kodayake lokacin rani ba yawanci zafi bane kamar yanayin hamada mai zafi. Ba kamar yanayin hamada mai zafi ba, yanayin sanyin hamada yana nuna sanyi, bushewar damuna. Dusar ƙanƙara tana da wuya a yankuna masu wannan yanayin. Hamadar Gobi dake arewacin China da Mongoliya misali daya ne na hamada mai sanyi. Ko da yake yana zafi a lokacin rani, yana raba lokacin sanyi na sauran Asiya ta ciki. Lokacin bazara a cikin hamadar Atacama ta Kudancin Amurka yana da laushi, tare da ɗan bambancin zafin jiki tsakanin yanayi. Yanayin sanyin hamada ana samun su a mafi tsayi fiye da yanayin hamada mai zafi kuma yawanci ya fi bushewa fiye da yanayin hamada mai zafi. Yanayin sanyin hamada yawanci yana cikin yankuna masu zafi a cikin 30s da 40s latitudes, yawanci a cikin inuwar ruwan sama na manyan tsaunuka, yana hana hazo daga iskar yamma.</sup> === ''BS'': Yanayin yanayi na tsaka-tsaki === [[Fayil:BS_climate.png|thumb|Yankunan da ke da yanayin zafi]] Sauyin yanayi mai ƙazamin bushewa ko ƙwanƙwasa busasshen yanayi ne. Tana kan yankunan da ke samun hazo ƙasa da yuwuwar ƙawance, amma ba ƙasa da yanayin hamada ba. Akwai nau'o'in yanayi daban-daban na tsaka-tsakin yanayi, dangane da masu canji kamar yanayin zafi, kuma suna haifar da nau'o'in halittu daban-daban. ==== ''BSh'': Rashin zafi mai zafi ==== <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">Yanayin zafi mai zafi (nau'in "BSh") yana kasancewa daga manyan matasa zuwa tsakiyar 30s latitudes na wurare masu zafi da ƙananan wurare, yawanci a kusa da yankunan da ke da yanayi na wurare masu zafi na savanna ko yanayin yanayi mai zafi. Wadannan yanayi suna da zafi, ko kuma wani lokacin zafi sosai, lokacin rani da dumi zuwa lokacin sanyi, tare da wasu zuwa karancin hazo. An fi samun yanayi mai zafi a kusa da gefuna na hamadar wurare masu zafi.</sup> ==== ''BSk'': Rashin sanyi mai tsaka-tsaki ==== <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">Yanayin sanyi mai sanyi (nau'in "BSk") yana kasancewa a cikin wurare masu tsayi na yankuna masu zafi gaba ɗaya daga tsakiyar 30s zuwa ƙananan latitudes 50s, yawanci suna iyaka da yanayin yanayi mai laushi ko yanayin Rum. Ana kuma samun su galibi a cikin nahiyoyin duniya tazara daga manyan jikunan ruwa. Yanayin sanyi mai sanyi yakan kasance yana da zafi zuwa busasshen lokacin rani, kodayake lokacin bazara yawanci ba ya da zafi kamar na yanayi mai zafi. Ba kamar yanayin yanayi mai zafi ba, wuraren da ke da yanayin sanyi mai ratsa jiki suna da sanyi da yuwuwar daskarewa. Waɗannan yankuna yawanci suna ganin dusar ƙanƙara a lokacin hunturu, kodayake dusar ƙanƙara ta yi ƙasa da ta wurare a wurare masu kama da yanayi mai ɗanɗano.</sup> == Rukunin C: Yanayin zafi / yanayin zafi == [[Fayil:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_C_1991–2020.svg|thumb|Rarraba yanayi mai matsakaici]] A cikin tsarin yanayin Köppen, yanayin yanayin zafi ana bayyana shi azaman yana da matsakaicin zafin jiki sama da 0 °C (32 °F) (ko -3 °C (26.6 °F), kamar yadda aka ambata a baya) a cikin watansu mafi sanyi amma ƙasa da 18 °C (64.4 °F). Matsakaicin zafin jiki na -3 °C (26.6 °F) yayi kusan daidai da iyakar daskararrun ƙasa mai daskarewa da murfin dusar ƙanƙara na tsawon wata ɗaya ko fiye. Harafi na biyu yana nuna yanayin hazo-w yana nuna busasshen hunturu (matsakaicin hazo mafi ƙarancin watan hunturu ƙasa da ɗaya cikin goma mafi ƙarancin lokacin rani matsakaicin hazo). s yana nuna aƙalla yawan ruwan sama har sau uku a cikin watanni mafi sanyi na hunturu kamar a cikin watan rani mafi bushewa. f yana nufin hazo mai girma a duk yanayi (ba a cika sharuddan da aka ambata a sama ba).<ref name="Beck"/> Harafi na uku yana nuna matsakaicin zafin lokacin rani—wani yana nuna matsakaicin zafin wata mafi zafi sama da 22 °C (71.6 °F) yayin da b yana nuna matsakaicin watanni mafi zafi ƙasa da 22 °C amma tare da aƙalla watanni huɗu sama da 10 °C (50.0 °F), kuma c yana nuna matsakaicin watanni ɗaya zuwa uku sama da 5 °C.<ref name="Beck"/><ref name="Peel"/><ref name="kottek2006"/>&nbsp; === ''Cs'': Yanayin yanayi na Bahar Rum === [[Fayil:Blue_Lagoon_-_2014.10_-_panoramio.jpg|thumb|Tekun Aegean a Ölüdeniz, Turkiyya]] ==== ''Csa'': Yanayin zafi na lokacin rani na Bahar Rum ==== Wadannan yanayi yawanci suna faruwa a gefen yammacin nahiyoyi tsakanin latitudes na 30 ° da 45 °.<ref>{{Cite web |last=George |first=Melvin R. |title=Mediterranean Climate |url=http://californiarangeland.ucdavis.edu/Mediterranean_Climate/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304235950/http://californiarangeland.ucdavis.edu/Mediterranean_Climate/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=26 January 2015 |website=UCRangelands |publisher=University of California}}</ref> Wadannan yanayi suna cikin yankin gaba a cikin hunturu, don haka suna da matsakaiciyar yanayin zafi da canji, yanayin ruwan sama. Lokacin bazara yana da zafi kuma ya bushe, saboda mamayewar tsarin matsin lamba na subtropical, sai dai a yankunan bakin teku, inda lokacin rani ya fi sauƙi saboda kasancewar ruwan sanyi na teku wanda zai iya kawo hazo amma ya hana ruwan sama. : 221–223 {{Rp|221–223}} ==== ''Csb'': Yanayin zafi na lokacin rani na Bahar Rum ==== Yanayin busasshen lokacin rani wani lokaci yana ƙara zuwa ƙarin wuraren da matsakaicin yanayin zafi na wata bai kai 22°C (71.6°F), galibi a cikin latitudes na 40s. An rarraba waɗannan yanayi a matsayin Csb.<ref name="Beck"/> ==== ''Csc'': Yanayin sanyi na lokacin rani na Bahar Rum ==== Yanayin sanyin rani na Bahar Rum (Csc) yana wanzuwa a wurare masu tsayi da ke kusa da yankunan yanayi na Csb na bakin teku, inda tasirin ruwa mai ƙarfi ya hana matsakaicin zafin hunturu na wata-wata daga faɗuwa ƙasa da 0 °C (32 °F). Wannan yanayin ba kasafai ake samunsa ba kuma galibi ana samunsa a lungu da sako na tsaunin Cascades da Andes, yayin da yanayin bushe-bushen lokacin rani ya kara kaimi a cikin Amurka fiye da sauran wurare. Ana iya samun lokuta masu ban sha'awa na wannan yanayi a wasu wuraren bakin teku a Arewacin Atlantic da kuma tsaunuka masu tsawo a Hawaii. === ''Cfa'': Yanayin zafi mai zafi === [[Fayil:漓江山水.jpg|thumb|Yanayin zafi a cikin Kogin Li, China]] Wadannan yanayi yawanci suna faruwa ne a gabar tekun gabas da gefen gabas na nahiyoyi, yawanci a cikin manyan latitudes na 20s da 30s. Ba kamar busasshiyar yanayin rani na Bahar Rum ba, yanayin yanayin zafi mai zafi yana da dumi da rigar kwarara daga wurare masu zafi waɗanda ke haifar da yanayi mai dumi da ɗanɗano a cikin watanni na rani. Don haka, lokacin rani (ba hunturu ba kamar yadda yake a cikin yanayin Rum) galibi shine lokacin mafi sanyi. Magudanar ruwa daga manyan wurare masu zafi da damina na haifar da kwararowar kudu daga wurare masu zafi wanda ke kawo iska mai dumi da danshi zuwa ƙananan sassan gabas na nahiyoyi. Wannan kwararar sau da yawa shine abin da ke kawo tsawa mai ƙarfi da ƙarfi amma ɗan gajeren lokacin rani don haka yanayin yanayi mafi kusa da kudanci kamar kudu maso gabashin Amurka, Kudancin China, da [[Japan]]. : 223–226 {{Rp|223–226}} === ''Cfb'': Yanayin yanayi na teku === ==== Yanayin bakin teku na yamma ==== Sauyin yanayi na Cfb yakan faru ne a cikin manyan latitudes na tsakiya a gefen yammacin nahiyoyi; Suna yawanci suna nan da nan kusa da yanayin yanayin Bahar Rum a cikin 40s da 50s latitudes. Koyaya, a kudu maso gabashin Ostiraliya, kudu maso gabashin Amurka ta Kudu, da matsanancin kudancin Afirka ana samun wannan yanayin nan da nan zuwa yanayin yanayin zafi, a wuraren da ke kusa da bakin teku da kuma a ɗan ƙasa kaɗan. A yammacin Turai, wannan yanayin yana faruwa a yankunan bakin teku har zuwa 68 ° N a Norway. Wadannan yanayi suna mamaye duk shekara ta gaban polar, wanda ke haifar da canji, sau da yawa matsi. Lokacin zafi yana da laushi saboda sanyin igiyoyin teku. Lokacin hunturu ya fi sauran yanayin zafi a cikin latitudes iri ɗaya, amma yawanci gajimare, kuma akai-akai jike. Hakanan ana fuskantar yanayin yanayi na Cfb a wurare masu tsayi a wasu wurare masu zafi da na wurare masu zafi, inda yanayin zai kasance na dazuzzukan dajin na wurare masu zafi idan ba don tsayin daka ba. Ana kiran waɗannan yanayi "highlands". : 226–229 {{Rp|226–229}} ==== Yanayin subtropical highland tare da ruwan sama iri ɗaya ====   Sauyin yanayi na ƙasa da ƙasa tare da ruwan sama iri ɗaya (Cfb) wani nau'in yanayi ne na teku wanda aka fi samunsa a tsaunukan Ostiraliya, kamar a ciki ko kusa da Babban Rarraba Range a arewacin jihar New South Wales, haka nan kuma ba safai a wasu nahiyoyi, kamar Kudancin Amurka, da sauransu. Ba kamar yanayin Cwb na yau da kullun ba, suna yawan samun ruwan sama ya bazu ko'ina cikin shekara. Suna da halaye na yanayin yanayin Cfb da Cfa, amma ba kamar waɗannan yanayin ba, suna da bambancin zafin rana da ƙarancin zafi, saboda wurin da suke cikin ƙasa da kuma tsayin daka. === ''Cfc'': Yanayin yanayi na Subpolar === Sauyin yanayi na tekun subpolar (Cfc) yana faruwa ne ko sama da tsayi fiye da yanayin yanayin ruwan teku kuma galibi ana tsare su ko dai don ƙunsar ɓangarorin bakin teku a gefen iyakar yamma na nahiyoyi, ko kuma, musamman a Arewacin Hemisphere, zuwa tsibiran da ke kan irin wannan gabar teku. Suna faruwa a cikin sassan biyu, gabaɗaya a cikin manyan latitudes na 50s da 60s a Arewacin Hemisphere da latitudes na 50s a Kudancin Hemisphere. === ''Cw'': Yanayin zafi mai zafi === ==== ''Cwa'': Yanayin zafi mai zafi na hunturu ==== Cwa sigar damina ce ta tasirin damina ta yanayin yanayi mai ɗanɗano, yana da yanayin busasshen lokacin sanyi-rigar rani na gargajiya mai alaƙa da yanayin damina. Ana samun su a wurare masu kama da yanayin Cfa, sai dai a yankunan da damina ta fi yawa. Waɗannan yankuna suna cikin Kudancin Mazugi na Kudancin Amurka, Filin Gangetic na Kudancin Asiya, kudu maso gabashin Afirka, sassan Gabashin Asiya da Mexico, da Arewacin Vietnam na kudu maso gabashin Asiya. ==== ''Cwb'': Yanayin zafi mai zafi ==== Dry-winter subtropical highland weather (Cwb) wani nau'in yanayi ne wanda aka fi samunsa a cikin tsaunuka masu zafi a cikin wurare masu zafi na Amurka ta tsakiya, Kudancin Amirka, Afirka, da Kudu da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya ko yankunan da ke cikin ƙananan wurare. Ana lura da lokacin sanyi kuma bushewa, kuma lokacin rani na iya yin ruwa sosai. A cikin wurare masu zafi, damina tana tsokanar damina saboda yawan iska na wurare masu zafi da kuma bushewar damuna ta hanyar matsanancin matsin lamba. ==== ''Cwc'': Yanayin sanyi mai sanyi na subtropical ==== Busashen sanyi-hunturu sanyin yanayin tsaunuka (Cwc) yana wanzuwa a wurare masu tsayi masu tsayi kusa da yanayin Cwb. Wannan yanayin ba kasafai ake samunsa ba kuma ana samunsa musamman a keɓance wurare mafi yawa a cikin Andes na Bolivia da Peru, da kuma a cikin ƙananan tsaunin kudu maso gabashin Asiya. == Rukunin D: Yanayin yanayi na nahiyar / micro-othermal == [[Fayil:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_D_1991–2020.svg|thumb|Rarraba yanayi na nahiyar]] Waɗannan yanayin suna da matsakaicin zafin jiki sama da 10 °C (50 °F) a cikin mafi kyawun watanninsu, kuma matsakaicin watan mafi sanyi ƙasa da 0 °C (32 °F) (ko -3 °C (26.6 °F), kamar yadda aka ambata a baya). Wadannan yawanci suna faruwa ne a cikin nahiyoyi da kuma kan iyakar gabas ta sama, yawanci arewacin 40°N. A cikin Kudancin Ƙasar, yanayin rukunin D yana da wuyar gaske saboda ƙarancin ƙasa a tsakiyar latitudes da kusan cikakkiyar rashin ƙasa a 40-60 ° S, akwai kawai a wasu wurare masu tsaunuka. === ''Dfa/Dwa/Dsa'': Yanayin zafi na rani mai zafi === [[Fayil:Odori_Park_Sapporo_Snow_Festival_2007.JPG|thumb|Birnin Sapporo mai dusar ƙanƙara, Japan, yana da yanayin zafi na nahiyar (''Dfa'') ]] Yanayin yanayi na ''Dfa'' yawanci yana faruwa a cikin manyan 30s da ƙananan 40s latitudes, tare da matsakaicin zafin jiki a cikin watan da ya fi zafi fiye da {{Convert|22|C}} ° C (72 ° F). A Turai, waɗannan yanayin suna da bushewa sosai fiye da Arewacin Amurka. ''Dsa'' ya wanzu a tsaunuka masu tsawo kusa da yankunan da ke da yanayin zafi na lokacin rani na Bahar Rum (''Csa''). {{Rp|231–32}} Wadannan yanayi suna wanzuwa ne kawai a Arewacin Hemisphere saboda Kudancin Kudancin ba shi da wani babban yanki da ke ware daga yanayin daidaitawar teku a cikin tsakiyar latitudes. A gabashin Asiya, yanayin Dwa ya kara gaba zuwa kudu zuwa tsakiyar tsakiyar 30s saboda tasirin tsarin matsa lamba na Siberiya, wanda kuma ke sa lokacin sanyi a wurin ya bushe, kuma lokacin rani na iya zama jika sosai saboda yanayin damina. ''Dsa'' ya wanzu ne kawai a tsaunuka masu tsawo kusa da yankunan da ke da yanayin zafi na lokacin rani na Bahar Rum (''Csa''). === ''Dfb/Dwb/Dsb'': Yanayin zafi na rani mai zafi / yanayin zafi === Sauyin yanayi na Dfb nan da nan ya yi daidai da yanayin zafi na nahiya, gabaɗaya a cikin manyan 40s da ƙananan latitudes na 50s a Arewacin Amurka da Asiya, sannan kuma yana haɓaka zuwa manyan latitudes zuwa manyan 50s da ƙananan latitudes na 60s a tsakiyar da gabashin Turai, tsakanin yanayin yanayin teku da nahiyoyi. Kamar yadda yake tare da duk yanayin yanayi na rukuni na D, yanayin ''Dwb'' galibi yana faruwa ne kawai a arewacin arewa. Dsb ya taso ne daga yanayin yanayin Dsa, amma a ko da ma mafi tsayi ko latitudes, kuma musamman a Arewacin Amirka, tun da yanayin tekun Bahar Rum ya kara girma fiye da na Eurasia. === ''Dfc/Dwc/Dsc'': Yanayin Subarctic/boreal === Yanayin yanayi na ''Dfc'', ''Dsc'' da ''Dwc'' suna faruwa a gefen sauran yanayin yanayi na rukuni na D, ko a tsawo mafi girma, gabaɗaya a cikin latitudes na 50s da 60s. : 232–235 {{Rp|232–235}} === Dfd / Dwd / Dsd: Yanayin Subarctic / boreal tare da hunturu mai tsanani === Wuraren da ke da wannan yanayin suna da sanyi mai tsanani, tare da zafin jiki a cikin watansu mafi sanyi ƙasa da -38 °C (-36 °F). Wadannan yanayi suna faruwa ne kawai a gabashin Siberiya, kuma sune na biyu mafi sanyi, kafin EF. Mafi yawan yanayin sanyi da aka yi rikodin a Arewacin Hemisphere na wannan yanayin ne. Sunayen wasu wuraren da ke da wannan yanayi sun zama ma'anar gaske ga matsananci, tsananin sanyin hunturu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 August 2017 |title=Climate Types: Types of Climate {{!}} Climatology |url=https://www.geographynotes.com/climate/types/climate-types-types-of-climate-climatology/5506 |access-date=17 June 2022 |website=Geography Notes |archive-date=19 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819090345/https://www.geographynotes.com/climate/types/climate-types-types-of-climate-climatology/5506 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rukunin E: Yanayin yanayi na Polar == [[Fayil:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_E_1991–2020.svg|thumb|Rarraba Yanayin yanayi na polar]] A cikin tsarin yanayi na Köppen, ana bayyana yanayin zafi a matsayin mafi zafi na kowane wata yana ƙasa da {{Convert|10|°C}} ° C (50 ° F). Yanayin yanayi na polar an kara raba shi zuwa nau'o'i biyu, yanayin tundra da yanayin kankara: === ET: Yanayin Tundra === Sauyin yanayi na Tundra (ET): watan mafi zafi yana da matsakaicin zafin jiki tsakanin 0 °C (32 °F) da 10 °C (50 °F). Wadannan yanayi suna faruwa ne a gefuna na arewa na Arewacin Amurka da talakawan ƙasar Eurasian (mafi yawan arewacin 70 °N ko da yake ana iya samun su a kudu da nisa dangane da yanayin gida), da kuma tsibirin da ke kusa. Hakanan ana samun yanayin ET akan wasu tsibiran kusa da Haɗin Antarctic, da kuma a tuddai masu tsayi a wajen yankunan polar, sama da layin bishiyar. === ''EF'': Yanayin kankara === [[Fayil:Denman_Glacier.jpg|right|thumb|Denman Glacier, Antarctica]] Ice cap weather (EF): wannan yanayin ya mamaye Antarctica, Greenland na ciki, da koli na manyan tsaunuka masu yawa, har ma da ƙananan latitudes. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi na wata-wata baya wuce 0 °C (32 °F). == Muhimmancin muhalli == === Biomass === Rarraba yanayi na Köppen ya dogara ne akan alakar da ke tsakanin yanayi da ciyayi. Wannan rarrabuwa yana ba da ingantacciyar hanya don kwatanta yanayin yanayin da aka ayyana ta yanayin zafi da hazo da yanayin yanayinsu tare da awo guda ɗaya. Saboda yanayin yanayin da rarrabuwar Köppen ya gano yana da dacewa da muhalli, an yi amfani da shi sosai don taswirar rarraba yanayin yanayi na dogon lokaci da yanayin yanayin halittu masu alaƙa.<ref name="Chen">{{Cite journal |last=Chen |first=D. |last2=Chen |first2=H. W. |year=2013 |title=Using the Köppen classification to quantify climate variation and change: An example for 1901–2010 |url=http://hanschen.org/uploads/Chen_and_Chen_2013_envdev.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Environmental Development |volume=6 |pages=69–79 |bibcode=2013EnvDe...6...69C |doi=10.1016/j.envdev.2013.03.007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031103425/http://hanschen.org/uploads/Chen_and_Chen_2013_envdev.pdf |archive-date=31 October 2014 |access-date=29 October 2014}}</ref> === Canjin yanayi === A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, an sami karuwar sha'awar amfani da rarrabuwa don gano canje-canje a cikin yanayi da yiwuwar canje-canje cikin ciyayi a tsawon lokaci.<ref name="hanschen"/> Muhimmancin muhalli na rarraba yanayin yanayi na Köppen shine cewa yana taimakawa wajen hango tsire-tsire masu rinjaye bisa ga bayanan yanayi da kuma akasin haka. A cikin 2015, wata takarda ta Jami'ar Nanjing da aka buga a cikin Rahoton Kimiyya da ke nazarin rarrabuwar yanayi ta gano cewa tsakanin 1950 zuwa 2010, kusan kashi 5.7% na duk fadin duniya sun ƙaura daga rarrabuwar ruwa da sanyi zuwa rarrabuwa da bushewa. Har ila yau, marubutan sun gano cewa canjin "ba za a iya bayyana shi azaman bambance-bambancen dabi'a ba amma abubuwan da ke motsa jikin mutum".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chan, D. |last2=Wu, Q. |date=2015 |title=Significant anthropogenic-induced changes of climate classes since 1950 |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=5 |pages=13487 |bibcode=2015NatSR...513487C |doi=10.1038/srep13487 |pmc=4551970 |pmid=26316255}}</ref> Nazarin 2018 yana ba da cikakkun taswira don taswirar rarraba yanayi na yanzu da na gaba na Köppen-Geiger a ƙudurin 1-km.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beck |first=Hylke E. |last2=Zimmermann |first2=Niklaus E. |last3=McVicar |first3=Tim R. |last4=Vergopolan |first4=Noemi |last5=Berg |first5=Alexis |last6=Wood |first6=Eric F. |date=30 October 2018 |title=Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution |journal=Scientific Data |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=180214 |bibcode=2018NatSD...580214B |doi=10.1038/sdata.2018.214 |issn=2052-4463 |pmc=6207062 |pmid=30375988 |s2cid=53111021}}</ref> == Sauran taswirar yanayi na Köppen == Duk taswirar suna amfani da ma'anar ≥{{Convert|0|°C}} ° C (32 ° F) don iyakar matsakaici.<ref name="Beck"/><gallery mode="packed" style="text-align:center"> Fayil:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_North_America_1991–2020.svg|North America Fayil:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Europe_1991–2020.svg|Europe Fayil:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_RUS_1991–2020.svg|Russia Fayil:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Central_Asia_1991–2020.svg|Central Asia Fayil:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Eastern_Asia_1991–2020.svg|East Asia Fayil:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_South_America_1991–2020.svg|South America Fayil:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Africa_1991–2020.svg|Africa Fayil:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Western_Asia_1991–2020.svg|Western Asia Fayil:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Southern_Asia_1991–2020.svg|South Asia Fayil:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Southeastern_Asia_1991–2020.svg|Southeast Asia Fayil:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Melanesia_1991–2020.svg|Melanesia/Oceania Fayil:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_AUS_1991–2020.svg|Australia Fayil:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_NZL_1991–2020.svg|New Zealand Fayil:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_World_1991–2020.svg|World (1991–2020) Fayil:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_World_2071–2099_SSP245.svg|World (2071–2099, SSP245) </gallery> == Dubi kuma == * Rarrabawar yanayi na Trewartha * Yankin da ya fi wuya * Yankunan rayuwa na Holdridge * Jerin birane ta hanyar rarraba yanayi na Köppen == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fyccfjpaixf4o1bycr1cr9cxctomkkf 0 108978 874036 680631 2026-07-01T23:30:52Z Habibah A Jisambo 26434 874036 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[File:Sayc-vicfod.jpg|right|thumb|alamar SAYCO]] '''Ƙungiyar Matasan Afirka ta Kudu''' (SAYCO) ƙungiya ce mai goyon bayan [[Majalisar Tarayya ta Afirka|Afirka ta ƙasa da ƙasa ta (African National Congress)]] kuma ƙungiyar matasa, masu fafutuka a gwagwarmayar yaƙi da nuna wariyar launin fata. <ref>{{Cite web |title=South African Youth Congress (SAYCO) {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://sahistory.org.za/article/south-african-youth-congress-sayco |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=sahistory.org.za}}</ref> An kafa ƙungiyar ne a shekarar 1987. <ref>{{Cite web |title=SAHA - South African History Archive - Youth unites: SAYCO |url=https://www.saha.org.za/youth/sayco_and_the_anc_youth_league.htm |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=www.saha.org.za}}</ref> Taken SAYCO shi ne "Nasara Tabbacecciya-'Yanci Ko Mutuwa". A shekarar 1990 SAYCO ta haɗe da ƙungiyar matasa ta ANC. A ƙarshe dai an zaɓi Peter Mokaba Shugaban ANCYL ne bayan haɗewar SAYCO da ANCYL. == Manazarta. == 71bdt38z9plks59rjbb34j0at2udt8z 874037 874036 2026-07-01T23:32:53Z Habibah A Jisambo 26434 874037 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[File:Sayc-vicfod.jpg|right|thumb|alamar SAYCO]] '''Ƙungiyar Matasan Afirka ta Kudu''' (SAYCO) ƙungiya ce mai goyon bayan [[Majalisar Tarayya ta Afirka|Afirka ta ƙasa da ƙasa ta (African National Congress)]] kuma ƙungiyar matasa, masu fafutuka a gwagwarmayar yaƙin da nuna wariyar launin fata. <ref>{{Cite web |title=South African Youth Congress (SAYCO) {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://sahistory.org.za/article/south-african-youth-congress-sayco |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=sahistory.org.za}}</ref> An kafa ƙungiyar ne a shekarar 1987. <ref>{{Cite web |title=SAHA - South African History Archive - Youth unites: SAYCO |url=https://www.saha.org.za/youth/sayco_and_the_anc_youth_league.htm |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=www.saha.org.za}}</ref> Taken SAYCO shi ne "Nasara Tabbacecciya-'Yanci Ko Mutuwa". A shekarar 1990 SAYCO ta haɗe da ƙungiyar matasa ta ANC. A ƙarshe dai an zaɓi Peter Mokaba Shugaban ANCYL ne bayan haɗewar SAYCO da ANCYL. == Manazarta. == 9y7f7lvyur5rjsqfgoo9s557ignm6j7 0 109182 873700 710045 2026-07-01T16:28:48Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 Nayi gyara 873700 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Morgantown_PRT_-_Beechurst_Station.jpg|thumb|Morgantown Saurin Gudanarwa]] Motsin mutane ko mai sarrafa mutane ta hanyar atomatik (APM) wani nau'i ne na ƙaramin sikelin tsarin jigilar jagora mai sarrafa kansa.  Ana amfani da kalmar gabaɗaya don bayyana tsarin da ke aiki da ƙananan yankuna kamar filayen jirgin sama, gundumomin cikin gari ko wuraren shakatawa na jigo. An fara amfani da kalmar ne ga tsarin daban-daban guda uku, waɗanda aka haɓaka kusan a lokaci guda. Ɗaya daga cikinsu shine Skybus, tsarin sufuri na atomatik wanda Kamfanin Wutar Lantarki na Westinghouse ya tsara tun daga shekarar 1964. <ref name="urlSkybus in Pittsburgh">{{Cite web |title=Skybus in Pittsburgh |url=http://www.brooklineconnection.com/history/Facts/Skybus.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210165740/http://www.brooklineconnection.com/history/Facts/Skybus.html |archive-date=2010-02-10 |access-date=2010-04-17}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Westinghouse Company Timeline (1940–1979) |url=http://www.westinghousenuclear.com/Our_Company/history/Timeline/1940_1979.shtm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819061405/http://www.westinghousenuclear.com/Our_Company/history/Timeline/1940_1979.shtm |archive-date=2007-08-19 |access-date=2007-11-12 |publisher=Westinghouse Electric Company, LLC}}</ref> Na biyu, wanda ake kira People Mover da Minirail, an buɗe shi a Montreal a Expo 67. A ƙarshe, wanda ake kira PeopleMover ko WEDway PeopleMover, abin jan hankali ne wanda Kamfanin Goodyear Tire da Rubber Company ya gabatar da shi kuma wanda aka buɗe a Disneyland a shekarar 1967.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Weiss |first=Werner |title=PeopleMover at Disneyland |url=http://www.yesterland.com/peoplemover.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071107092839/http://yesterland.com/peoplemover.html |archive-date=2007-11-07 |access-date=2007-11-12 |website=Yesterland.com}}</ref> Kalmar "mutumin mutane" a halin yanzu tana bayyana fasahar kamar monorail, hanyoyin dogo da Maglev. Motar na iya haɗawa da motocin lantarki na yau da kullun, motocin layi ko traction na kebul. Gabaɗaya, ana kiran APMs mafi girma da wasu sunaye. Mafi yawanci shine "tafiye-tafiye na atomatik", wanda ya ƙunshi kowane tsarin atomatik ba tare da la'akari da girman ba. Wasu APMs masu rikitarwa suna tura jiragen ruwa na ƙananan motoci a kan hanyar sadarwa tare da tashoshin layi, da kuma samar da sabis na kusa da ba tare da tsayawa ba ga fasinjoji. Wadannan tsarin taksi galibi ana kiransu da saurin tafiye-tafiye (PRT). Babban tsarin, tare da motoci tare da fasinjoji 20 zuwa 40, wani lokacin ana kiransu "ƙungiya mai sauri" (GRT), kodayake wannan kalmar ba ta da yawa. Sauran APMs masu rikitarwa suna da irin waɗannan halaye ga tsarin sufuri mai sauri, kuma babu wani bambanci tsakanin APM mai rikitarwa na wannan nau'in da tsarin sufuri na atomatik. Ana amfani da wani kalmar "metro mai haske" don bayyana tsarin a duk duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Michael Taplin |date=March 2013 |title=A world of trams and urban transit - A complete listing of Light Rail, Light Railway, Tramway & Metro systems throughout the World |url=http://www.lrta.org/world/worldind.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008201538/http://lrta.org/world/worldind.html |archive-date=2007-10-08 |access-date=2014-11-28 |publisher=Light Rail Transit Association (LRTA)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 July 2012 |title=Korean city opens automatic light metro |url=http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/metros/korean-city-opens-automatic-light-metro.html?channel=542#.T_yoifVQT2k |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106102915/http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/metros/korean-city-opens-automatic-light-metro.html?channel=542#.T_yoifVQT2k |archive-date=2014-11-06 |access-date=2014-11-24 |website=Rail Journal.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BJP promises light metro in Bhopal and Indore |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-bjp-promises-light-metro-in-bhopal-and-indore-2037210 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205145459/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-bjp-promises-light-metro-in-bhopal-and-indore-2037210 |archive-date=2014-12-05 |access-date=2014-11-28 |website=dnaindia.com}}</ref> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Interior_of_Sea-Tac_Airport_people_mover_vehicle_(22369771996).jpg|thumb|Cikin SEA Underground a Filin jirgin saman Seattle-Tacoma. An buɗe shi a cikin shekarar 1969, yana ɗaya daga cikin tsarin motsa mutane na farko a duniya.]] [[Fayil:Chiesa_di_Sant'Andrea_Apostolo_ou_della_Zirada_-_People_Mover_of_Venice.jpg|thumb|Mutanen da ke motsawa a Venice, Italiya]] Ɗaya daga cikin tsarin sarrafa kansa na farko don jigilar ɗan adam shine 'Never-Stop-Railway' mai sarrafawa, [[Landan]] aka gina don Nunin Daular Burtaniya a Wembley, London a 1924. Wannan hanyar jirgin kasa ta kunshi motoci 88 marasa matuka, a kan hanya biyu mai ci gaba tare da bangarorin arewa da gabas na baje kolin, tare da juyawa a kowane ƙarshen. Karusai suna gudana a kan katako biyu na kankare kuma ana jagorantar su ta hanyar pulleys da ke gudana a gefen ciki na waɗannan katako, kuma ana motsa su ta hanyar riƙe zaren juyawa da ke gudada tsakanin waƙoƙi a cikin rami; ta hanyar daidaita filin wannan zaren a wurare daban-daban, ana iya hanzarta karusai zuwa saurin tafiya a tashoshin, don ba da damar fasinjoji su shiga su tafi. Jirgin ya gudana yadda ya kamata na tsawon shekaru biyu na baje kolin, sannan aka rushe shi. === Goodyear da Stephens-Adamson === [[Fayil:PHX_SKY_TRAIN.jpg|thumb|PHX Sky Train a Phoenix, Arizona, Amurka, an buɗe shi a cikin 2013]] A ƙarshen 1949, Mike Kendall, babban injiniya kuma Shugaban Kwamitin Kamfanin Masana'antu na Stephens-Adamson, mai ƙera bel da tsarin Illinois, <ref name="StephensWeb">{{Cite web |title=About S-A |url=http://www.stephens-adamson.com/about.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130318200854/http://www.stephens-adamson.com/about.htm |archive-date=2013-03-18 |access-date=2014-01-05 |publisher=Stephens-Adamson}}</ref> ya tambayi Al Neilson, injiniya a cikin Sashen Masana'antar Masana'aikata na Goodyear Tire da Rubber Co. idan Goodyear ya taɓa la'akari da aiki a kan People Movers. Ya ji cewa tare da ikon Goodyear na motsa kayan aiki da yawa a kan belin jigilar kaya ya kamata suyi la'akari da motsi na mutane. Shekaru huɗu na ƙirar injiniya, ci gaba da gwaji sun haifar da takardar shaidar hadin gwiwa da aka bayar don nau'ikan mutane masu motsi guda uku, masu suna Speedwalk, Speedramp, da Carveyor. Goodyear zai sayar da manufar kuma Stephens-Adamson zai ƙera kuma ya shigar da kayan. Speedwalk ya ƙunshi belin jigilar kaya mai laushi wanda ke hawa a kan jerin rollers, ko shimfidar wuri mai santsi, yana motsawa a {{Convert|1.5|mi/h|km/h}} km / h) (kimanin rabin saurin tafiya). Fasinjoji za su yi tafiya a kan belin kuma za su iya tsayawa ko tafiya zuwa wurin fita. An goyi bayan su ta hanyar motsi. Ana sa ran kwastomomi za su hada da tashoshin filin jirgin sama, wuraren wasan kwallon kafa, Tashoshin jirgin kasa, da dai sauransu. A yau, masana'antun da yawa suna samar da irin waɗannan raka'a da ake kira hanyoyin motsawa. Speedramp yayi kama da Speedwalk amma an yi amfani da shi don canza tsaunuka; sama ko ƙasa. Wannan zai iya cikawa ta hanyar escalator, amma Speedramp zai ba da damar kaya Masu hawa, ƙananan kekuna da dai sauransu don hawa belin a farashin aiki da aka yi hasashen ya zama ƙasa da escalators ko elevators. Nasarar shigarwa ta farko ta Speedramp ta kasance a cikin bazara na 1954 a Hudson da Manhattan Railroad Station a Jersey City, New Jersey, don haɗa Erie Railroad zuwa Hudson da Manhattan Tubes. Wannan rukunin yana da tsawon {{Convert|227|ft|m}} tare da tashi na {{Convert|22|ft|m}} a kan digiri 15, kuma kawai ya kai $ 75,000. Mai zane ya kunshi ƙananan motoci ko motoci da yawa da ke ɗauke da mutane goma da ke hawa a kan belin jigilar kaya daga aya A zuwa aya B. Belin ya hau kan jerin motoci. Manufar rollers masu motsi shine don sauƙaƙe saurin hanzari da raguwa a kan belin conveyor da kuma shawo kan halin da duk belin ke yi don shimfiɗa a farkon da lokacin rufewa. A lokacin "A" fasinjoji za su shiga Speedwalk da ke gudana a layi daya da bel da [[Momo Cissé|motoci]] na Carveyor. Motocin za su motsa a wannan gudun kamar Speedwalk; fasinjoji za su shiga motocin kuma su zauna, yayin da motocin motoci za su kara saurin motocin har zuwa saurin tafiya (wanda za a shirya shi dangane da nisan da za a rufe). A lokacin B Fasinjoji na iya sauka kuma ta hanyar jerin belin da ke da jinkiri (Speedwalks) zuwa wasu Carveyors zuwa wasu wurare ko fita zuwa titi. Motocin da ke wurin B za su ci gaba a kan rollers a kusa da semicircle sannan su juya tsarin ɗaukar fasinjoji zuwa wurin A. Shigarwa na farko shine 42nd Street Shuttle a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] tsakanin Times Square da Grand Central station. Magana ta farko game da Carveyor a cikin littafi mai wuya ta kasance a cikin There's Adventure in Civil Engineering by Neil P. Ruzic (1958), ɗaya daga cikin jerin littattafan da Popular Mechanics suka buga a cikin shekarun 1950 a cikin jerin "Career". A cikin littafin an riga an shigar da Carveyor kuma yana aiki a cikin garin Los Angeles. Colonel Sydney H. Bingham, Shugaban Hukumar Sufuri ta Birnin New York, ya yi tarurruka da yawa tare da ƙungiyar gine-ginen da ke ƙoƙarin sake fasalin dukkan tsarin jirgin karkashin kasa na Birnin Nework a tsakiyar garin don haɗa tashar Pennsylvania, Madison Square Garden, Times Square, Grand Central da sabbin ofisoshin ofisoshi da yawa tare. Da yawa daga cikin wadannan gine-ginen sun shiga cikin wasu shirye-shirye, kuma a cikin shekaru masu zuwa an haɓaka bambance-bambance da yawa na masu motsa mutane. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1954 Hukumar Kula da Sufuri ta Birnin New York ta ba da umarni ga Goodyear da Stephens-Adamson don gina cikakken tsarin Carveyor tsakanin Times Square da Grand Central. Za'a iya samun taƙaitaccen taƙaitawa da tabbatarwa a cikin mujallar Time a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, 1954. a karkashin taken "Subway of the Future". Kudin ya kasance a ƙasa da dala miliyan 4, amma ba a cika umarnin ba saboda matsalolin siyasa. Chocolate World a Hershey, Pennsylvania, Disneyland a California, da Walt Disney World a Florida suna daga cikin wurare da yawa waɗanda suka yi amfani da bambance-bambance na ra'ayin Carveyor. === Sauran abubuwan da suka faru === [[Fayil:Guangzhou_Women_and_Children's_Medical_Center_Station_Platform.JPG|thumb|Dandalin Zhujiang New Town APM a [[Guangzhou]], Guangdong, China]] [[Fayil:Pisa_Mover.jpg|thumb|Pisa a Pisa, Italiya]] Walt Disney ya yi amfani da kalmar 'mutumin mutane', lokacin da shi da Masu tunanin ke aiki a kan sabon 1967 Tomorrowland a Disneyland. An yi amfani da sunan a matsayin taken aiki don sabon jan hankali, PeopleMover . A cewar mai ba da labari Bob Gurr, "sunan ya makale," kuma ba ya aiki. Tun daga ƙarshen 1960s zuwa 1970s, masu motsi sun kasance batun ci gaba mai zurfi a duniya.  Dangane da karuwar cunkoso da gurbacewar yanayi a cikin gari sakamakon yaduwar motoci, kasashe da dama sun fara nazarin tsarin zirga-zirgar jama'a da zai rage tsadar jari har ta kai ga kowane birni zai iya tura su.  Yawancin waɗannan tsarin sun yi amfani da manyan hanyoyin jagora, waɗanda ba su da tsada sosai don turawa fiye da ramuka.  Koyaya, ɗaga waƙar yana haifar da matsala tare da hayaniya, don haka hanyoyin gargajiya na ƙarfe-karfe-kan-dogo ba kasafai suke ba yayin da suke zazzagewa yayin zagayawa cikin layin dogo.  Maganin gajiyar roba sun kasance gama gari, amma wasu tsarin suna amfani da dabarun hovercraft ko tsarin levitation na maganadisu daban-daban. manyan ayyukan APM guda biyu na gwamnati sun shahara.  A Jamus, Mannesmann Demag da Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm sun haɓaka tsarin da aka sani da Cabinentaxi a cikin 1970s.  Cabinentaxi ya ƙunshi ƙananan motoci masu kujeru huɗu zuwa takwas waɗanda aka kira don ɗaukar fasinjoji akan buƙata kuma suna tafiya kai tsaye zuwa inda suke.  Tashoshin sun kasance "offline", suna barin tasoshin su tsaya ta hanyar motsa manyan layukan yayin da sauran motocin ke ci gaba da zuwa inda suke.  An tsara tsarin ne ta yadda motocin za su iya daidaitawa a sama ko kasa na waƙar (amma ba a sauya su cikin sauƙi daga wannan zuwa waccan ba), yana ba da damar motsin waƙa biyu daga babbar hanyar jagora guda ɗaya kawai da ɗan faɗi fiye da motocin.  An kammala waƙar gwaji a cikin 1975 kuma ta ci gaba har sai an kammala ci gaba a cikin 1979, amma ba a tura sojoji ba kuma kamfanonin sun yi watsi da tsarin jim kaɗan bayan haka. A cikin Amurka, lissafin tarayya na 1966 ya ba da tallafi wanda ya haifar da ci gaban tsarin APM a ƙarƙashin Shirin Mover na Downtown People . An haɓaka tsarin huɗu, Rohr's ROMAG, LTV's AirTrans, [[Ford]]'s APT da Otis Elevator's hovercraft design. An shirya babban gabatarwa na tsarin a matsayin TRANSPO'72 a Filin jirgin saman Dulles, inda aka gabatar da tsarin daban-daban ga wakilan daga birane da yawa a Amurka. An gina tsarin samfurin da waƙoƙin gwaji a cikin shekarun 1970s. Wani sanannen misali shine Skybus na Pittsburgh, wanda Hukumar Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Allegheny County ta gabatar da shi don maye gurbin tsarin motocin sa na titi, wanda, yana da manyan shimfidar haƙƙin masu zaman kansu, bai dace da canjin bas ba.  An kafa wani ɗan gajeren layin zanga-zanga a Kudancin Park kuma an tanadi manyan filaye don kayan aiki.  Duk da haka, adawa ta taso game da ra'ayin cewa zai maye gurbin tsarin motoci.  Wannan, haɗe da rashin balaga na fasaha da sauran abubuwa, ya sa Hukumar Tashar jiragen ruwa ta yi watsi da aikin tare da neman wasu hanyoyi.  A farkon shekarun 1980 yawancin 'yan siyasa sun rasa sha'awar wannan ra'ayi kuma an dakatar da aikin akai-akai a farkon shekarun 1980.  APM guda biyu ne kawai aka haɓaka a matsayin wani ɓangare na Shirin Motsa Jama'a a Amurka, Metromover a Miami, da Detroit People Mover.  An gina hanyar Jacksonville Skyway a ƙarshen 198 == Daga ci gaba zuwa aiwatarwa == Kodayake an yi la'akari da tsarin da yawa a matsayin gazawar, tsarin APM da yawa da wasu kungiyoyi suka haɓaka sun fi nasara. Ana amfani da tsarin da ya fi sauƙi tare da gajerun waƙoƙi a filayen jirgin sama; an shigar da masu motsa mutane na farko a filin jirgin sama na duniya, Tampa International Airport People Movers, a cikin 1971 a Filin jirgin saman Tampa a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. APMs yanzu sun zama ruwan dare a manyan filayen jirgin sama da asibitoci a Amurka. Driverless metros have become common in Europe and parts of Asia. The economics of automated trains tend to reduce the scale so tied to "mass" transit (the largest operating expense is the driver's salary, which is only affordable if very large numbers of passengers are paying fares), so that small-scale installations are feasible{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2012}}. Thus cities normally thought of as too small to build a metro (e.g. [[Rennes]], Lausanne, Brescia, etc.) are now doing so. A ranar 30 ga Satumba, 2006, Peachliner a Komaki, Aichi Prefecture, Japan, ya zama mutum na farko da ya motsa mutanen wannan ƙasar don dakatar da ayyukan. [[Fayil:Yongin_Everline_Innovia_ART_Railcar.jpg|thumb|Jirgin kasa na EverLine Innovia ART 200 a Yongin, Koriya ta Kudu]] [[Fayil:AirTrain_JFK_Terminal_4.jpg|thumb|Jirgin sama na JFK mai motoci biyu a kan hanyar jagora mai tsawo]] == Masu sana'a == === APM masu nauyi === * Hitachi Rail STS * Bombardier Innovia Metro * Jirgin Sama Innovia Monorail * Kamfanin Kawasaki Heavy Industries Kamfanin Rolling Stock * Masana'antar Mitsubishi * Motar Automatique Léger (yanzu wani ɓangare na Siemens Mobility) * Hyundai Rotem === APM mai haske === * Hitachi Rail STS * Bombardier Innovia APM (yanzu wani ɓangare na Alstom) * Doppelmayr Cable Car * Kungiyar HTI (Leitner Ropeways/Poma) * Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Crystal Mover * Masu Motsa Mutanen Parry (PPM) * Hyundai Rotem == Misalan == === Filin jirgin sama === [[Fayil:People_Mover.jpg|thumb|Marconi Express a Bologna, Italiya, ya haɗa Filin jirgin saman Bologna Guglielmo Marconi zuwa tashar jirgin kasa ta Bologna Centrale tare da tashar tsakiya]] Yawancin manyan filayen jirgin sama na kasa da kasa a duniya suna da tsarin motsa mutane don jigilar fasinjoji tsakanin tashoshi ko a cikin tashar kanta. Wasu tsarin motsi na mutane a filayen jirgin sama suna haɗuwa da wasu tsarin Sufuri na jama'a don ba da damar fasinjoji suyi tafiya cikin birnin filin jirgin sama. === Gudanar da Birni === ==== Ostiraliya ==== * Serfaus: U-Bahn (cikakken karkashin kasa) ==== China ==== * [[Guangzhou]]: Sabon Birnin Zhujiang Tsarin Motsawa na Mutane na atomatikZhujiang New Town Automated People Mover System * [[Shanghai]]: Layin Pujiang ==== Macau ==== * [[Macau]]: Macau Light Rapid Transit ==== Jamus ==== [[Fayil:DSCI0069_Flughafen_Frankfurt_Squaire_MiniMetro.jpg|thumb|''MiniMetro''-mutane masu motsawa suna halartar filin ajiye motoci ''Mai Ruwa'' da yawa na The Squaire]] * [[Frankfurt]]: MiniMetro [[Fayil:Minimetrofianco.jpg|thumb|MiniMetro na atomatik a Perugia, Italiya]] * Perugia: MinimetròƘananan ƙira * [[Milano|Milan]]: MeLA (daga tashar metro ta Cascina Gobba zuwa Asibitin San Raffaele) * [[Venezia|Venice]]: Mutanen Venice suna motsawa (daga Tsibirin Tronchetto zuwa Piazzale Roma) * Bologna: Marconi Express * Pisa: PisamoverRashin jin daɗi ==== Japan ==== * [[Nagoya]]: Linimo * Sakura: Yamaman Yūkarigaoka LineLayin Yamaman Yūkarigaoka * Tokorozawa: Layin Seibu Yamaguchi ==== Portugal ==== * [[Porto]]: Funicular dos Guindais * [[Lisbon]]: SATUOeiras ==== Singapore ==== [[Fayil:Singapore_Crystal_Mover.jpg|thumb|Layin Sengkang LRT, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Crystal Mover a kan Gabashin Gabas, Singapore]] * Bukit Panjang: Bukit Panjang Light Rail Transit * Punggol: Jirgin ƙasa mai sauƙi na Punggol * Sengkang: Jirgin ƙasa mai sauƙi na Sengkang * Sentosa: Sentosa Express ==== Koriya ta Kudu ==== * Yongin: EverlineKullum layi * [[Seoul]]: Layin UU Line ==== Thailand ==== * [[Bangkok]]: Layin Zinare na BMA * Birnin Masdar: Birnin MasDar Gudanar da Saurin Jirgin RuwaMasdar City Saurin Gudanarwa ==== Amurka ==== [[Fayil:Miami-Dade_Metromover_in_Arena-State_Plaza_Station.jpg|thumb|Metromover, [[Miami]], Florida, Amurka]] * [[Detroit|Detroit, Michigan]]: Mutanen Detroit suna motsawa * Dutsen, Irving, Texas: Dutsen APT SystemTsarin APT na tsaunuka * Morgantown, West Virginia: Morgantown Personal Rapid TransitMorgantown Saurin Gudanarwa * [[Miami|Miami, Florida]]: Metromover ==== Venezuela ==== * [[Karakas|Caracas]]: Jirgin ruwa na BolivarianCabletren Bolivarian === Sauran === ==== Kanada ==== * [[Montréal|Montreal]], Quebec: Minirail (The Minirail automated monorail a Expo 67, wanda ya haɗa da waƙa da kayan aiki daga 1964 Swiss National Exhibition) ==== China ==== * Motar mutane ta SK a [[Shanghai]] tana aiki a cikin ramin yawon shakatawa na Bund. ==== Japan ==== * [[Naruto|Naruto, Tokushima]]: Motar Slope, ƙaramin jirgin ƙasa mai sarrafa kansa wanda aka samo a sassa daban-daban na Japan, ana iya ɗaukarsa azaman nau'i mai sauƙi na motsi na mutane. ==== Koriya ta Kudu ==== * SkyCube a Suncheon, PRT ta haɗa shafin yanar gizon 2013 Suncheon Garden Expo Korea zuwa tashar da ke cikin tuddai "Buffer Area" kusa da Gidan Tarihin Suncheon ==== Amurka ==== * Aiea, Hawaii - Jirgin ƙasa a Cibiyar Pearlridge ya haɗa ɓangaren Uptown na mall zuwa ɓangaren Downtown na mall. * Anaheim, California - Tsarin Monorail na Disneyland. * Bay Lake, [[Florida]]: Walt Disney World Monorail System. * Fairfield, Ohio - Jungle Jim's International Market monorail a Fairfield,hio, yana kawo mahaya daga filin ajiye motoci mai nisa zuwa Cibiyar Nazarin Oscar; an yi amfani da motoci ne a tsibirin Kings Island da ke kusa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kings Island Central - Features - Kings Island Monorail |url=http://www.kicentral.com/history/monorail.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081118070025/http://www.kicentral.com/history/monorail.php |archive-date=2008-11-18 |access-date=2008-07-19}}</ref> * [[Alabama]]" id="mwAfM" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Huntsville, Alabama">Huntsville, Alabama: Huntsville Hospital People Mover Haɗakar da gine-gine daban-daban na Huntsville Asibitin System. * [[Indiana|Indiya]]" id="mwAfk" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis, Indiana: Jami'ar Indiana Lafiya Mover (a dakatar da sabis ɗin har abada a watan Fabrairun 2019) * [[Las Vegas]], [[Nevada]]: Baya ga Las Vegas Monorail, akwai tsarin motsi da yawa a cikin birni. Uku sun haɗa tashoshin Filin jirgin saman Harry Reid na 1 da 3 zuwa C-, D-, da E-gates. Wani kuma ya haɗa The Mirage zuwa Treasure Island Hotel da Casino. Jirgin Mandalay Bay ya haɗa Excalibur, Luxor, da Mandalay Bay. Cibiyar Cibiyar Ci gaba ta haɗa Park MGM, The Crystals a Cibiyar Ci Gaban, da Bellagio. * [[Memphis, Tennessee]] - Memphis Suspension Railway (wani ɗan gajeren jirgin ƙasa da aka dakatar) ya haɗa Mud Island a cikin [[Mississippi (kogi)|Kogin Mississippi]] zuwa Memphis * Orlando, Florida: The Hogwarts Express jan hankali, hanyar jirgin kasa a cikin Orlando Universal Resort wanda ke haɗa sassan Wizarding World na Harry Potter guda biyu, Hogsmeade a Islands of Adventure da Diagon Alley a Universal Studios Florida * Reno, [[Nevada]]: [[Reno]]" id="mwAhw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Circus Circus Reno">Circus Circus Reno sararin samaniya yana aiki tsakanin hasumiyoyin otal a Reno, [[Nevada]]. * [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]]: Amurka Capitol Subway System Dirksen / Hart Line <gallery> Fayil:DPM_train_enters_Grand_Circus_station.jpg|Detroit People Mover, [[Detroit]], Michigan, United States Fayil:BPLRT-ExtMid-CX100.JPG|Bukit Panjang LRT Line, Singapore Fayil:ATL_People_Mover_2.jpg|An underground people mover, called The Plane Train, station at Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport, Atlanta, United States Fayil:Toronto-link_shuttle.JPG|Air Rail Link at Pearson International Airport in previous livery, Toronto, Canada </gallery> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hr61wd2gvpvvk9r9r401tjyl914u1xc 0 109664 874294 839479 2026-07-02T11:18:08Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 874294 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}    '''Cibiyar Harkokin Jama'a''' ('''IPA''') wata kungiya ce [[Conservatism|mai ra'ayin mazan jiya]] ba tare da riba ba, wanda ke zaune a [[Melbourne]], Victoria, [[Asturaliya|Australia]]. Yana ba da shawarar manufofin tattalin arziki na kasuwa kyauta, kamar su masu zaman kansu, kawar da tsarin kamfanonin mallakar gwamnati, 'yancin cinikayya, kawar da wuraren aiki, zargi da zamantakewar al'umma, da soke Sashe na 18C na <nowiki><i id="mwUQ">Dokar Nuna Bambanci ta 1975</i></nowiki> .<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cottle |first=Simon |last2=Nolan |first2=David |date=26 October 2007 |title=Global humanitarianism and the changing aid-media field: 'Everyone was dying for footage' |journal=Journalism Studies |language=en |volume=8 |issue=6 |pages=862–878 |doi=10.1080/14616700701556104 |issn=1461-670X |s2cid=145133279}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bertram |first=Michael |date=1989 |title=A history of the Institute of Public Affairs |url=http://minerva-access.unimelb.edu.au/handle/11343/38363}}</ref> Har ila yau, [[Ƙin canjin yanayi|ya ƙi manyan sassa na kimiyyar yanayi]].<ref name="james2019">{{Cite web |last=James |first=Clive |date=27 November 2019 |title=Clive James' Chapter In Climate Change: The Facts 2017 |url=https://ipa.org.au/ipa-today/clive-james-chapter-in-climate-change-the-facts-2017 |access-date=22 August 2022 |website=IPA}}</ref> An kafa IPA a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]] ta hanyar 'yan kasuwa don mayar da martani ga karuwar ikon Jam'iyyar Labor da zamantakewar kasa da kasa, kuma yawanci ya haɗa kai da, kuma ya goyi bayan, Jam'iyyar Liberal a siyasa. A baya ya ba da kuɗi kuma ya kirkiro kamfen ɗin talla don 'yan takarar adawa da Labor, kuma ya yi tasiri ga manufofin Jam'iyyar Liberal, <ref name=":11">{{Cite web |date=2013-09-06 |title=Institute of Liberal Party policy? What the IPA will get from Abbott |url=https://www.crikey.com.au/2013/09/06/institute-of-liberal-party-policy-what-the-ipa-will-get-from-abbott/ |access-date=2017-05-14 |website=Crikey}}</ref> a cewar tsohon Firayim Minista John Howard. == Tarihi == Masanin tarihi Michael Bertram, a rubuce a 1989, ya gano lokuta uku daban-daban don Cibiyar Harkokin Jama'a: <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Michael |first=Bertram |date=1989 |title=A history of the Institute of Public Affairs |url=https://minerva-access.unimelb.edu.au/handle/11343/38363 |pages=i-ii, 69–105}}</ref> # shekarun yaƙi da "shekaru na gaba bayan yaƙi" inda makomar tattalin arzikin Ostiraliya ta kasance cikin tambaya, ta ƙare tare da zaben Robert Menzies a cikin 1949; # "Koyayyar Keynesian" na shekarun 1950 da 1960 da # "canjin teku zuwa dama" na shekarun 1970 da 1980. === Yaƙi da shekarun bayan yaƙi (1943-1949) === An kafa Cibiyar Harkokin Jama'a a 1943 a matsayin Cibiyar Harshen Jama'a ta Victoria, tare da Charles Kemp a matsayin darakta na farko da George Coles a matsayin kujera na farko. Wadanda suka kafa su sanannun 'yan kasuwa ne, <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |date=April–June 1968 |title=About the IPA |url=https://ipa.org.au/wp-content/uploads/archive/1210645977_document_review1968_vol.22no.2.pdf |journal=IPA Review |volume=22 |pages=33–40 |access-date=2025-08-01 |archive-date=2023-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820052129/https://ipa.org.au/wp-content/uploads/archive/1210645977_document_review1968_vol.22no.2.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> kuma babban darektan yanzu John Roskam ya ce game da wannan taron: "Babban kasuwanci ya kirkiro IPA". An fara gabatar da ra'ayin kafa Cibiyar Harkokin Jama'a a cikin Kamfanin Masana'antu na Victoria.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Limb |first=Peter |title=Monash University EPress |url=http://books.publishing.monash.edu/apps/bookworm/view/Orb+and+Sceptre:+Studies+on+British+Imperialism+and+its+Legacies,+in+Honour+of+Norman+Etherington/141/xhtml/chapter11.html#ich11en17 |access-date=2018-04-19 |website=books.publishing.monash.edu}}</ref> An kafa IPA ne ta hanyar rushewar babbar jam'iyyar dama ta Australia, Jam'iyyar United Australia . <ref name="IPA">{{Cite web |last=Seccombe |first=Mike |date=31 May 2014 |title=Abbott's faceless men of the IPA |url=https://www.thesaturdaypaper.com.au/news/politics/2014/05/31/abbotts-faceless-men-the-ipa/1401458400#.VZGgBTiJhtQ |access-date=29 June 2015 |publisher=The Saturday Paper |archive-date=29 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629055925/http://www.thesaturdaypaper.com.au/news/politics/2014/05/31/abbotts-faceless-men-the-ipa/1401458400#.VZGgBTiJhtQ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Manufar farko ta IPA ita ce ta rinjayi sake fasalin Australia bayan yakin, tare da sha'awar kasuwanci da ke damuwa da cewa sanannen ra'ayi ya goyi bayan aikin da aka jagoranta, gine-ginen bayan yakin, "mai yawa ga sabon nau'in al'umma". <ref name=":0"/> A cikin shekara ta 1943, an kafa rassa a New South Wales (Mayu), Kudancin Australia (Yuni) da Queensland (Agusta), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Institute of Public Affairs 1943 – 1953 |url=http://soda.naa.gov.au/item/1108226 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726135216/http://soda.naa.gov.au/item/1108226 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=26 July 2018 |website=[[National Archives of Australia]] |pages=86, 127, 180}}</ref> kodayake rassan jihar sun kasance daban-daban (rassan SA da Queensland sun rufe a cikin shekarun 1950). Da alama akwai wata kungiya da ake kira Cibiyar Harkokin Jama'a a Yammacin Ostiraliya, wacce ke aiki tsakanin 1941 da 1942.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |title=Institute of Public Affairs 1943–1953 |url=http://soda.naa.gov.au/item/1108226 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726135216/http://soda.naa.gov.au/item/1108226 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=26 July 2018 |website=[[National Archives of Australia]] |pages=127, 146, 149, 163–165, 188}}</ref> IPA NSW ta shiga cikin "gwagwarmayar siyasa ta jam'iyya", yayin da a taron shekara-shekara na farko na IPA Victoria a 1944 shugaban GJ Coles ya ce "ba sa so su shiga cikin siyasa kai tsaye". <ref name=":0"/> A watan Maris na shekara ta 1943, shugaban Hukumar Tsaro ta Commonwealth (CSS), Brigadier William Simpson ya nemi rahoto game da ko sabuwar kungiyar IPA tana da tausayi ga "fascism", "counter-revolution" ko ikon da Australia ke yaki da shi, amma mataimakin darakta ya ce kwamitin IPA da masu tallafawa sun kasance "ba tare da zargi ba".<ref name=":15"/> [daidaitawa da ake buƙata] <ref name=":16">{{Cite web |last=Berg |first=Chris |date=March 2008 |title=What 'fascist mob'? ''Overland'' and the IPA |url=https://ipa.org.au/wp-content/uploads/archive/1210834705_document_60-1_berg_overland.pdf |website=Institute of Public Affairs |access-date=2025-08-01 |archive-date=2024-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716191421/https://ipa.org.au/wp-content/uploads/archive/1210834705_document_60-1_berg_overland.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>   An sake fasalin CSS a ƙarshen 1943 kuma ya sake bincika rassan jihar IPA. An buƙaci wasan rediyo na IPA Queensland The Harris Family a gabatar da shi kuma ya amince da shi ta Babban Sufeto (Wireless) . <ref name=":16"/><ref name=":15"/> An kammala bita na biyu a 1944. CSS ta ba da rahoton cewa babu wani abu da za a iya samun shi don nuna cewa IPA ta kasance mai tayar da kayar baya, kuma rikodin yaƙi na magoya bayanta ya kasance "mai kyau sosai", kodayake biyu daga cikin mambobin majalisar IPA NSW mambobi ne na Japan-Australia Society kuma ɗayan yana da alaƙa da Tsohon Tsaro. <ref name=":17" /> <ref name=":15" /> Tarihin Kasa na Ostiraliya yana adana rahotanni na CSS a cikin kowane reshe, da kuma kayan da aka tattara yayin binciken su.<ref name=":15" /> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1944, IPA ta buga kwafin 50,000 na Looking Forward, wani ɗan littafin shafi 80 wanda ya tsara yiwuwar sake ginawa bayan yakin.<ref name=":0"/> Robert Menzies ya bayyana Looking Forward a matsayin "mafi kyawun sanarwa game da matsalolin siyasa da na ilimi da aka yi a Ostiraliya na shekaru da yawa".<ref name=":1" /> IPA ba ta da wata alaƙa ta musamman tare da kafa Jam'iyyar Liberal ta Ostiraliya ta Menzies a cikin 1945. Masanin kimiyyar siyasa Marian Simms ya ce rawar da IPA ta taka ita ce ta yi aiki a matsayin "mai tara kuɗi na wucin gadi don bukatun siyasa marasa ma'aikata", fara "haɗin kan kungiyoyin da ba na ma'aikata ba a Victoria ... sannan [tsakanin] tsakanin su" da kuma samar da "yawancin abubuwan da ke cikin dandalin tarayya na LPA da farfaganda don kamfen na siyasa". Looking Forward ya kasance mai tasiri a dandalin farko na Jam'iyyar Liberal. [[Norman Abjorensen]] ya yaba wa IPA a wannan lokacin tare da rushewar goyon bayan ALP, yana mai cewa IPA shine "mai tsara fasalin farfaganda wanda ya nemi, da nasara, ya lalata Jam'iyyar Labor ta Australiya a matsayin tiger mai zaman kanta da ke jiran kai hari da zarar yaƙin ya ƙare". {| class="wikitable" |+Wadanda suka kafa (IPA Victoria) <ref name=":0"/> |G. J. Coles (shugaban) |Shugaban Daraktoci, G. J. Coles &amp;amp; Co. |- |H. G. Darling |Shugaban Daraktoci, BHP |- |Kyaftin C. A. M. Derham |Shugaba, Kamfanin Masana'antu na Victoria. |- |G. H. Grimwade |Darakta, Gidajen Magunguna na Ostiraliya. |- |H. R. Harper |Janar Manajan, Victoria Insurance Co. |- |W. A. Ince |Lauyan da Darakta na Kamfanin. |- |F. E. Lampe |Shugaba, Majalisar Kasuwancin Australiya. |- |Sir Walter Massy-Greene |Daraktan Kamfanin, tare da fitaccen aiki a baya a siyasar Tarayya. |- |Sir Keith Murdoch |Shugaban Daraktoci, Herald &amp;amp; Weekly Times. |- |L. J. McConan |Babban Manajan, Bankin Kasa na Australasia |- |Cecil N. McKay |Manajan Darakta, H. V. McKay-Massey-Harris. |- |W. E. McPherson |Shugaban Daraktoci, McPherson. |- |W. I. Potter |Wanda ya kafa, Ian Potter & Co. (Sharebrokers). |- |A. G. Warner |Manajan Darakta, Masana'antar Lantarki. |} === Yarjejeniyar Keynesian (1949-1972) === A cikin ''[[The Age|Shekarar]]'' 1950 da 1960, IPA "ta zo don tallafawa" [[Keynesian economics|Tattalin arzikin Keynesian]], tare da darektan C. D. Kemp yana rubuta "duk mun kasance masu gurguzu yanzu".<ref name=":142">{{Cite journal |last=Michael |first=Bertram |date=1989 |title=A history of the Institute of Public Affairs |url=https://minerva-access.unimelb.edu.au/handle/11343/38363 |pages=i-ii, 69–105}}</ref> A wannan lokacin, Cibiyar ta yi jayayya cewa za a rage yawan ƙaura na Ostiraliya zuwa rabi, wanda ya jawo zargi daga Ƙungiyar Ci gaban Masana'antu ta Australiya da The Age . <ref name=":142" /> Cibiyar ta kuma gano hauhawar farashi a matsayin babban batun, kuma ta yi adawa da kawar da gwajin hanyoyin, wanda ya yi kira ga ƙananan haraji, ya soki gabatar da Dokar Ayyukan Ciniki, ya ba da shawarar rage ƙuntatawa kan saka hannun jari na kasashen waje kuma ya yi bikin Burtaniya ta shiga cikin [[European Economic Community|Kungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Turai]].<ref name=":142" /> A cikin 1962, IPA ta sauke "Victoria" daga sunanta, wani aiki wanda ya haifar da dangantakar da ke tsakanin ta da IPA NSW don "ƙara lalacewa". === "Sau-canjin teku zuwa dama" (1972-1995) === A cikin shekarun 1970s, IPA da IPA NSW sun hada kai don kafa Kamfanin Australia. Wannan kungiyar tana da "wani manufa na gaggawa ... cire gwamnatin Labor ta yanzu a Canberra", yayin da IPA ta kasance a cikin iyakar hannu a ƙoƙarin da za a ɗauka a matsayin sama da siyasar jam'iyya. Tun daga lokacin da aka kafa ta zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1970, an haɗa IPA da Tattalin arzikin Keynesian mai adawa da zamantakewa da masana'antar kariya. Naɗin Rod Kemp (ɗan CD Kemp) a matsayin babban darektan a 1982, tare da sauran canje-canjen gudanarwa da suka faru a ƙarshen 1970s da farkon 1980s, sun nuna canji zuwa akidar neo-liberal wanda ke ci gaba har zuwa yau.<ref name=":3" /> A watan Yunin 1987 an kafa IPA a matsayin kamfani mai iyakance ta garanti.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |title=IPA Annual Report 2009 |url=https://ipa.org.au/wp-content/uploads/archive/1274398003_document_ipa_2009_financials_-_adjusted.pdf |access-date=2025-08-01 |archive-date=2022-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926103043/https://ipa.org.au/wp-content/uploads/archive/1274398003_document_ipa_2009_financials_-_adjusted.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekara ta 1989, IPA NSW - wanda koyaushe ya kasance mai banbanci da akida - ya canza sunan zuwa Cibiyar [[Sydney]], kuma ya sauya daga tankin tunani na neo-liberal zuwa taron tattaunawa. IPA NSW tana da kasafin kuɗi na $ 120,000 a 1985, idan aka kwatanta da $ 300,000 na IPA Victoria.<ref name=":1" /> Rod Kemp ya bar matsayinsa na babban darakta a shekarar 1989 yayin da aka zabe shi a majalisar dokoki. A cikin 1991, IPA ta haɗu da Cibiyar Nazarin Manufofin Jama'a ta Australiya da ke Perth kuma John Hyde ya ƙaura daga babban darakta na Cibiyar Nazaren Manufofin Jamaʼa ta Australia zuwa babban darakta ya IPA.<ref name="IPA"/> Hyde ne ya kafa AIPP a cikin 1983 a matsayin mai tunani mai sassaucin ra'ayi, kuma haɗuwa ta kawo kudaden shiga na shekara-shekara na kusan $ 300,000 ko $ 400,000 ga IPA. Hyde ya bayyana haɗuwa a matsayin "haɗin gwiwa tare da tsoffin abokai". IPA ta ba da hadin kai tare da Cibiyar Tasman a kan Shirin Victoria, wanda ya ba da tsari don keɓancewa da sake sarrafa tattalin arzikin Victoria lokacin da Jeff Kennett ya zama firaminista a shekarar 1992. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Craig |first=McIntosh, Peter |date=2010 |title=Crisis management: the Kennett Government and the neo-Liberalising of Victoria |url=https://researchbank.swinburne.edu.au/items/d193507f-9b9d-49de-b15c-3d2e7982c317/1/}}</ref> An yi binciken ne tare da taimakon ma'aikatan Westpac da aka tura don yin aiki a kan aikin. === Zamanin Nahan da Roskam (1995-yanzu) === [[Fayil:Mr_Roskham_b.jpg|thumb|262x262px|Tsohon Babban Darakta na IPA John Roskam]] John Roskam ya maye gurbin Mike Nahan a matsayin babban darakta a shekara ta 2005, kodayake ya yi aiki a IPA shekaru da yawa kafin hakan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schneiders |first=Royce Millar, Ben |date=2013-08-24 |title=Free radicals |url=https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/free-radicals-20130824-2sik1.html |access-date=2018-04-19 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref> Tsakanin shekara ta 2009 da 2013, kudaden shiga na IPA na shekara-shekara ya ninka zuwa dala miliyan 3.2 a kowace shekara, karuwar da Roskam ya danganta ga yakin neman zabe na IPA game da wasu sassa na Dokar Nuna Bambanci da kuma shawarwarin tsarin kafofin watsa labarai na [[Gillard government|Gwamnatin Gillard]]. A shekara ta 2008, an nada tsohon darektan zartarwa na IPA Rod Kemp a matsayin shugaban IPA. A cikin 2013 IPA ta yi bikin cika shekaru 70, wanda mai sharhi na siyasa Andrew Bolt ya jagoranci. Shahararrun masu halartar bukukuwan sune: <ref name="ANDEV Home">{{Cite web |title=Institute of Public Affairs 70th Anniversary Dinner |url=http://www.andev-project.org/resources/institute-of-public-affairs-70th-anniversary-dinner/ |access-date=7 August 2018 |website=ANDEV Home}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-04-05 |title=Abbott, Bolt, Rinehart fawn in the IPA court of King Murdoch |url=https://www.crikey.com.au/2013/04/05/abbott-bolt-rinehart-fawn-in-the-ipa-court-of-king-murdoch/ |access-date=2019-03-08 |website=Crikey}}</ref> * [[Gina Rinehart]] * Rupert Murdoch * Tony Abbott - Shugaban Jam'iyyar adawa ta Liberal * George Pell - Kadanal na Australiya na Cocin Roman Katolika * Michael Kroger - a lokacin Shugaban ƙungiyar Victoria na Jam'iyyar Liberal ta Ostiraliya kuma tsohon darektan IPA * Mitch Fifield - Ministan Sadarwa na Liberal * Robert Doyle - Mai Girma Mai Girma na Melbourne * Denis Napthine - Firayim Minista na Victoria A watan Agustan 2018, Kwamishinan Ma'aikatan Jama'a na Australia John Lloyd ya yi murabus yayin bincike kan wasikun da yake da shi tare da tsoffin abokan aikinsa a Cibiyar Harkokin Jama'a. A ranar da ya yi ritaya, binciken ya kammala cewa ya karya ka'idar halayyar ma'aikatan jama'a ta Australiya ta hanyar yin rubutu tare da Cibiyar Harkokin Jama'a, amma karyawar ba ta ba da izini ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dingwall |first=Doug |date=2018-08-08 |title=John Lloyd breached code of conduct over email to think tank, inquiry finds |url=https://www.canberratimes.com.au/politics/federal/john-lloyd-breached-code-of-conduct-over-emails-to-think-tank-inquiry-finds-20180808-p4zwc2.html |access-date=2018-12-10 |website=Canberra Times}}</ref> Lloyd daga baya ya koma aiki a IPA.<ref name="Hannan">{{Cite web |last=Hannan |first=Ewin |date=2018-12-17 |title=IR warrior John Lloyd takes up cudgels at IPA |url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/industrial-relations/ir-warrior-john-lloyd-takes-up-cudgels-at-ipa/news-story/4c569596f45b620002596868f3c33fae |website=[[The Australian]]}}</ref> A cikin 2018, IPA ta gudanar da abincin dare biyu don bikin cika shekaru 75 da haihuwa. Na farko Visy ne ya dauki nauyinsa kuma ya faru ne a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta, daren farko na 2018 Liberal Party of Australia. Tsohon Firayim Minista John Howard ya yi hira da Janet Albrechtsen a abincin dare game da zubarwar, amma bai goyi bayan kowanne dan takara ba. [[Gina Rinehart]] da Rupert Murdoch sun yaba da Shugaban Amurka [[Donald Trump]] a abincin dare.<ref name=":19">{{Cite web |date=2018-08-21 |title=Howard says a leader's first responsibility is to their party |url=https://www.afr.com/brand/rear-window/howard-says-a-leaders-first-responsibility-is-to-their-party-20180821-h149er |access-date=2018-12-10 |website=Australian Financial Review}}</ref> Crown Melbourne ce ta shirya abincin dare na biyu a watan Nuwamba, kuma Janet Albrechtsen, Andrew Bolt da Brendan O'Neill ne suka shirya shi. Baƙi sun haɗa da shugaban mai tara kuɗi na Jam'iyyar Liberal da Gidauniyar Cormack Charles Goode; tsoffin mambobin kwamitin Cormack Hugh Morgan da John Calvert-Jones; Ministan Liberal Alan Tudge; da kuma mai dabarun Liberal Brian Loughnane . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Loussikian |first=Kylar |date=2018-11-29 |title=Bush stand-off as lobbyist, Nats go head-to-head |url=https://www.canberratimes.com.au/national/bush-stand-off-as-lobbyist-nats-go-head-to-head-20181129-p50j8p.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211010142/https://www.canberratimes.com.au/national/bush-stand-off-as-lobbyist-nats-go-head-to-head-20181129-p50j8p.html |archive-date=11 December 2018 |access-date=2018-12-10 |website=Canberra Times}}</ref> A cikin 2020, IPA ta fitar da bidiyon da ke nuna Darakta na Manufofin Gideon Rozner, yana kira ga kawo karshen Matakan kulle COVID-19. An saki bidiyon ne a ranar 4 ga Afrilu, kasa da mako guda bayan majalisar dokokin COVID-19 ta Australia ta amince da kulle-kulle.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-15 |title=National Cabinet Statement {{!}} Prime Minister of Australia |url=https://www.pm.gov.au/media/national-cabinet-statement |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200415221629/https://www.pm.gov.au/media/national-cabinet-statement |archive-date=15 April 2020 |access-date=2025-05-01}}</ref> Wannan ya sanya IPA ta zama kungiyar farko a Ostiraliya da ta yi kira ga kawo karshen kulle-kulle, wani matsayi mai rikitarwa a lokacin. A cikin 2021, a cikin martani ga gwamnatin Labor ta Victoria don hana nunawa ga jama'a na swastika na Nazi da sauran alamomin ƙiyayya, Roskam ya yi tir da matakin a matsayin "mafi munin hari kan 'yancin magana da aka taɓa yi la'akari da shi a ko'ina a Ostiraliya".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-02 |title=Victoria to ban swastikas as anti-vilification laws strengthened |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-09-02/victoria-to-ban-swastika-under-tighter-anti-vilification-laws/100428628 |access-date=2020-09-02 |website=www.abc.net.au |language=en-AU}}</ref> A cikin 2023, IPA ta haɗu da tankunan tunani na kasuwa kyauta Cibiyar Nazarin Masu Zaman Kansu, LibertyWorks, ƙungiyar masu ra'ayin mazan jiya Advance, da kamfanonin man fetur da yawa don daidaita kamfen ɗin Babu a lokacin raba gardama na Australian Indigenous Voice na 2023. <ref name="Silencing the Voice">{{Cite journal |last=Walker |first=Jeremy |date=30 September 2023 |title=Silencing the Voice: the Fossil-fuelled Atlas Network's Campaign against Constitutional Recognition of Indigenous Australia |url=https://epress.lib.uts.edu.au/journals/index.php/mcs/article/view/8813/8267 |journal=Cosmopolitan Civil Societies |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=105–125 |doi=10.5130/ccs.v15.i2.8813 |access-date=20 February 2024 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Kudi da masu ba da gudummawa == IPA tana samun kuɗi daga membobinta, wanda ya haɗa da masu zaman kansu da kamfanoni. Hancock Prospecting ne ya ba da gudummawa sosai, wanda [[Gina Rinehart]] ita ce Shugaban zartarwa. Hancock Prospecting ya biya IPA dala miliyan 2.3 a cikin shekara ta 2016 da dala miliyan 2.2 a cikin shekara na 2017, <ref name=":13">{{Cite web |title=Rinehart v Rinehart - NSW Caselaw |url=https://www.caselaw.nsw.gov.au/decision/5b4d22a6e4b0b9ab4020dda9 |access-date=2018-07-19 |website=www.caselaw.nsw.gov.au}}</ref> wanda ke wakiltar kashi ɗaya bisa uku zuwa rabi na jimlar kudaden shiga na IPA a cikin waɗannan shekarun. Wadannan biyan kuɗi ba a bayyana su a cikin rahotanni na shekara-shekara na IPA ba, <ref name=":13" /> kuma 'yar Rinehart [[Bianca Hope Heyward]] ta gabatar a kotu cewa an ba da kuɗin Hancock Prospecting ga Rinehart a cikin mutum ɗaya.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Bid to involve Barnaby Joyce an attempt to embarrass former deputy PM, says magnate |url=https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/nsw/bid-to-involve-barnaby-joyce-an-attempt-to-embarrass-former-deputy-pm-says-magnate/news-story/6869c1d198e242ef97eea7bc4b3094fb |url-access=subscription |access-date=7 August 2018 |website=[[Daily Telegraph (Sydney)|Daily Telegraph]]}}</ref> Gina Rinehart ta zama memba na rayuwa na IPA a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rinehart |first=Gina |title=Mrs. Rinehart made an Honorary Life Member of the Institute of Public Affairs (IPA) |url=https://www.ginarinehart.com.au/mrs-rinehart-made-honorary-life-member-institute-public-affairs-ipa/ |website=Gina Rinehart |access-date=2025-08-01 |archive-date=2023-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310084424/https://www.ginarinehart.com.au/mrs-rinehart-made-honorary-life-member-institute-public-affairs-ipa/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sauran kasuwancin da ke tallafawa ko kuma sun ba da kuɗin IPA sun haɗa da ExxonMobil, Telstra, WMC Resources, Philip Morris, Murray Irrigation Limited, <ref>{{Cite web |title=VIC Country Hour &#124; ABC Rural (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/rural/programs/ |website=www.abc.net.au}}</ref> Visy, <ref name=":19"/> Clough Engineering, Caltex, Shell, Esso da British American Tobacco (BAT). <ref name="Norington" /> Masu ba da kuɗi suna iya "ƙaddamarwa" biyan kuɗin su don tallafawa aikin wasu raka'a a cikin IPA. Cibiyar Harkokin Jama'a ta kuma sami tallafi daga ƙungiyar Liberal Party da ke da alaƙa da Gidauniyar Cormack . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-06-14 |title=Kroger loses the pot in the battle with the Cormack Foundation |url=https://www.afr.com/news/economy/kroger-loses-the-pot-20180614-h11ed2 |access-date=2018-12-10 |website=Australian Financial Review}}</ref> A shekara ta 2003, Gwamnatin Howard ta ba da $ 50,000 ga Cibiyar Harkokin Jama'a don sake duba alhakin kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu. == Haɗin siyasa da sadarwar == An kafa IPA Victoria a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu ta hanyar 'yan kasuwa don mayar da martani ga tsoron karuwar ikon Jam'iyyar Labor da zamantakewar kasa da kasa, tare da wanda ya kafa C. D. Kemp ya sanya lamarin ga kwamitin Victorian Chamber of Manufactures kamar haka:   An kafa IPA Victoria a matsayin kungiya mai zaman kanta, kuma ta ki amincewa da dabarun IPA NSW na "matakin siyasa na gajeren lokaci kai tsaye don kayar da Jam'iyyar Labor tare da jaddada farfaganda". Koyaya, IPA Victoria ta yi aiki a matsayin kwamitin kudi ga jam'iyyun da ba na Labour ba a cikin shekara ta farko, kuma Mai Ba da Kuɗi na IPA a lokacin ya ce yawancin kudaden IPA Victoria sun kasance sun danganta da cewa ana kashe su don "yaƙi da zamantakewar al'umma a zaben da ke zuwa" (zabar tarayya ta Australiya ta 1943). Ofishin Talla da Bincike ya rubuta masu watsa shirye-shiryen siyasa, ya ba da bayanan masu magana ga duk 'yan takarar United Australia da United Country Party da kuma samar da tallace-tallace.<ref name=":6" /> An sake tantance shigar IPA Victoria kai tsaye a cikin siyasar tarayya bayan zaben 1943, kuma kungiyar ta ba da alhakin tara kudade ga bangaren da ba na majalisa na United Australia Party. IPA Victoria ta ci gaba da shiga cikin siyasar da ba ta Labor ba, gami da tallafawa 'yan takarar zaɓe da kuma shiga cikin kafa Jam'iyyar Liberal ta Ostiraliya. IPA Victoria ba ta da hannu a Zaben tarayya na 1949 fiye da zaben 1943, amma IPA Review ta buga labaran da ke jayayya da kwaminisanci da kuma shawarwari ga Jam'iyyar Liberal. A lokacin Charles Kemp a matsayin darektan, IPA Victoria ta mayar da hankali ga aikin siyasa a kan jam'iyyun da ba na Labour ba, kuma ba ta "yi ƙoƙari sosai" don rinjayar 'yan siyasa na Labour ba. Masanin kimiyya da ma'aikacin gwamnati Finlay Crisp ya bayyana shi a matsayin "satellite" na Jam'iyyar Liberal a wannan lokacin, kuma ''Binciken IPA'' yana da manufofin kada ya kusanci adadi na Labor don gabatarwar da kuma yin sukar gwamnatin Liberal. A shekara ta 1978, IPA da Majalisar Kwadago ta Australiya sun shirya wani ɗan littafin kan haɗin gwiwa a masana'antu, amma ACTU ta yi watsi da ƙungiyar kuma sunanta ba a cikin littafin ƙarshe ba. A cikin shekarun 1980s, IPA ta canza manufofinta kuma ta yi sarari a cikin ''Binciken IPA'' don 'yan siyasa na Labor da "wasu ba na rinjayar kamfanoni kyauta ba". Cibiyar ta ci gaba da kasancewa da alaƙa da akidar da siyasa tare da Jam'iyyar Liberal a cikin karni na 21. Babban Darakta na IPA John Roskam ya yi aiki a yakin neman zabe na Jam'iyyar Liberal a lokacin Zaben tarayya na 2001 kuma ya tsaya takarar zaben Jam'iyyar liberal. Tony Abbott ya gabatar da lacca na 57 na C D Kemp a shekara ta 2001 a kan aikin gwamnatin hadin gwiwa don shirin Dole kuma Firayim Minista John Howard ya gabatar da lecca na 60 na C D D Kemp A shekara ta 2004, mai taken Iraki: Muhimmancin Ganin ta Ta hanyar . <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2003 |title=Is this the end of the liberal party? |url=https://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/04/23/1050777301768.html |access-date=2018-07-12 |website=www.theage.com.au}}</ref> Howard ya kuma ce manufofinta suna da tasiri daga IPA, wanda "ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga muhawara ta ilimi kan batutuwa kuma hakan yana da tasiri ga abin da Jam'iyyar Liberal ke ɗauka". == Bincike == Bayan Zaben tarayya na 2013 na gwamnatin Abbott Coalition, IPA ta fitar da jerin shirye-shiryen manufofi 75 (daga baya ta kara da wasu 25) don "canja Australia" wanda ya ƙunshi jagorancin yanzu na IPA.<ref name=":11"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-09-18 |title=IPA adds to its wishlist, and almost half are on Abbott's cards |url=https://www.crikey.com.au/2013/09/18/ipa-adds-to-its-wishlist-and-almost-half-are-on-abbotts-cards/ |access-date=2017-05-14 |website=Crikey}}</ref> IPA tana da alaƙa da Cibiyar Nazarin Atlas, ƙungiyar laima ta duniya ta tankunan tunani na kasuwa kyauta.<ref name="Silencing the Voice"/> === Tattalin Arziki === Matsayin akidar IPA Victoria da farko shine "haɗe-haɗe na kulawar Keynesianism da ka'idojin Hayekian", tare da Shugaban IPA Eric Lampe a cikin 1961 yana cewa IPA ta ɗauki alhakin gwamnati don cikakken aiki, tsaro na zamantakewa, saurin ci gaba, yanayin rayuwa da kwanciyar hankali na kudi "duk ya zama dole".<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Michael |first=Bertram |date=1989 |title=A history of the Institute of Public Affairs |url=https://minerva-access.unimelb.edu.au/handle/11343/38363 |pages=152–155}} [[Rukuni:CS1 errors: missing periodical]]</ref> Wannan ya canza a ƙarshen 1970s da 1980s, lokacin da IPA ta karɓi matsayin tattalin arziki ko neo-liberal, tare da IPA tana cewa a cikin 1988 cewa: <ref name=":7"/> {| class="wikitable sortable" ! scope="col" |Sunan ! scope="col" |Taken ! scope="col" |Ranar da aka nada ! scope="col" |Ranar da ta ƙare ! scope="col" |Lokacin aiki ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Bayani ! scope="col" |Ref |- | data-sort-value="Albrechtsen," |Janet Albrechtsen |Daraktan | |''mai mulki'' | |Marubucin ra'ayi na The ''Australiya'' kuma tsohon darektan Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Australiya | |- | data-sort-value="Abbott," |Tony Abbott |Mai Kyau | |''mai mulki'' | |Tsohon Firayim Minista na Ostiraliya (28th) kuma tsohon memba na Tarayya na Warringah (1994-2019) |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tony Abbottt |url=https://ipa.org.au/author/thehontonyabbott |access-date=27 January 2021 |publisher=Institute of Public Affairs}}</ref> |- | data-sort-value="Berg," |Chris Berg |Mataimakin Fellow |2004 |2020 | |Mawallafi - Lokacin da aka nada 2017-2020 |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chris Berg |url=http://ipa.org.au/people/chris-berg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618164620/http://ipa.org.au/people/chris-berg |archive-date=18 June 2016 |access-date=7 June 2016 |publisher=Institute of Public Affairs}}</ref> |- | data-sort-value="Bolt," |James Bolt |Manajan sadarwa na dijital | |''mai mulki'' | |Dan Andrew Bolt, mai sharhi kan siyasa na Australiya | |- | data-sort-value="Grant," |Uba James Grant |Mataimakin Fellow | |''mai mulki'' | |Firist na Katolika kuma wanda ya kafa Chaplains Without Borders, da Katolika a Kasuwanci |<ref name="people">{{Cite web |title=People |url=http://ipa.org.au/people/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220083803/http://ipa.org.au/people |archive-date=20 December 2013 |access-date=23 December 2013 |publisher=Institute of Public Affairs}}</ref> |- | data-sort-value="Lloyd," |John Lloyd |Darakta na Ayyukan Gyara da Samun Ayyuka (tsohon) Darakta Na Dangantaka a Wurin Aiki (yanzu) Daraktan Dangantakar Wurin Aiki (a halin yanzu) |Ba a sani ba (Work Reform) 2018 (Hadin gwiwar Aiki) |2014 (Work Reform) mai aiki (Workplace Relations) ''mai mulki'' (Workplace Relations) | |Tsohon Kwamishinan Ma'aikatan Jama'a na Australiya; Tsohon Kwamishin Ginin Australiya |<ref>{{Cite web |title=John Lloyd |url=https://ipa.org.au/people/john-lloyd |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225094730/https://ipa.org.au/people/john-lloyd |archive-date=25 February 2016 |publisher=Institute of Public Affairs}}</ref><ref name="Hannan"/> |- | data-sort-value="Paterson," |James Paterson |Mataimakin Darakta |2014 |2016 | |Sanata na Australiya wanda ke wakiltar Victoria don Jam'iyyar Liberal Tun daga 2016 |<ref>{{Cite web |title=People: James Paterson |url=https://ipa.org.au/people/james-paterson |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406073220/http://ipa.org.au/people/james-paterson |archive-date=6 April 2016 |access-date=2 April 2016 |publisher=Institute of Public Affairs}}</ref> |- | data-sort-value="Penington," |David Penington | | | | |Tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar Melbourne |<ref name="people" /> |- | data-sort-value="Potts," |Jason Potts |Mataimakin Fellow | |''mai mulki'' | |Masanin tattalin arziki |<ref name="people" /> |- | data-sort-value="Smith," |Tony Smith |Mataimakin Bincike | align="center" |1989 | align="center" |1990 | align="right" |Shekaru 0-1 |Dan jam'iyyar Liberal na Casey, Kakakin Majalisar Wakilai daga watan Agusta 2015 zuwa 2021 |<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Hon Tony Smith MP |url=http://www.aph.gov.au/Senators_and_Members/Parliamentarian?MPID=00APG |access-date=18 June 2016 |publisher=Parliament of Australia}}</ref> |- | data-sort-value="Switzer," |Tom Switzer |Mataimakin Fellow | | | |Babban Darakta na Cibiyar Nazarin Mai Zaman Kanta; tsohon Babban Mai ba da shawara ga Shugaban Liberal na lokacin Brendan Nelson (2009) |<ref name="people" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-21 |title=Tom Switzer |url=http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/tom-switzer/6032230 |access-date=2018-07-12 |website=Radio National}}</ref> |- | data-sort-value="Wilson," |Tim Wilson |Daraktan Siyasa | align="center" |2007 | align="center" |2013 | align="right" |Shekaru 5-6 |Tsohon memba na Liberal na Goldstein (2016-2022); tsohon Kwamishinan Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Australiya |<ref name="people" /> |- |Morris Williams |Mataimakin Bincike |1947 |1972 |Shekaru 24-25 |Dan majalisa na Box Hill (1973-1976) da Doncaster (1976-1988) |<ref name="Michael 1989 90">{{Cite journal |last=Michael |first=Bertram |date=1989 |title=A history of the Institute of Public Affairs |url=https://minerva-access.unimelb.edu.au/handle/11343/38363 |pages=90}}</ref> |- |Ian Plimer |Mai ba da gudummawa, ''Canjin Yanayi: Gaskiya'' | | | |Masanin ilimin ƙasa, mai musun canjin yanayi[[Ƙin canjin yanayi|Mai musanta canjin yanayi]] |<ref name=":18">{{Cite web |date=2018-07-10 |title=Rafe Champion's chapterwise review of Climate Change The Facts 2017 |url=https://ipa.org.au/ipa-today/rafe-champions-chapterwise-review-of-climate-change-the-facts-2017 |access-date=2018-12-10 |website=IPA - The Voice For Freedom}}</ref> |- |Ken Ring |Mai ba da gudummawa, ''Canjin Yanayi: Gaskiya'' | | | |Marubuci, mai tsinkaya na "maɓallin yanayi" |<ref name=":18" /> |- |- |Evan Mulholland | | | | |Dan majalisa na Victoria Tun daga 2022 |<ref name="Michael 1989 90" /> |} === Masu ba da gudummawa, mambobi da abokan tarayya === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! scope="col" |Sunan ! scope="col" |Dangantaka da IPA ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Bayani ! scope="col" |Ref |- | data-sort-value="Rinehart," |[[Gina Rinehart]] |Mai ba da gudummawa; memba na rayuwa Ɗaya daga cikin Rayuwa |Shugaban Hancock Prospecting, sanannen mai musanta canjin yanayi |<ref name="people"/><ref name=":4"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gina Rinehart appears in climate denial video |url=https://www.smh.com.au/business/companies/gina-rinehart-warns-of-propaganda-in-climate-denial-video-to-students-20211006-p58xry.html |website=amp.smh.com.au}}</ref> |- | data-sort-value="Leyonhjelm," |David Leyonhjelm |memba |Tsohon Sanata na Australiya (2014-2019), yana wakiltar kansa da Jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party |<ref name="Seccombe, Mike" /> |- | data-sort-value="Day," |Ranar Bob |memba |Tsohon Sanata na Australiya wanda ke wakiltar Kudancin Australia don Jam'iyyar Family First Party (2014-2016) | |- | data-sort-value="Gosper," |Kevan Gosper |Mai jefa kuri'a |Tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Kwamitin Wasannin Olympics na Duniya; tsohon shugaban da Shugaba na [[Shell|Royal Dutch Shell]] a Ostiraliya |<ref name="people" /> |- |} == Littattafai == Ana buga ''Binciken IPA'' a kwata-kwata. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] d75ckbim9l4pcvtlcgwy4ihxjqovx9f 0 109896 873784 687230 2026-07-01T20:25:25Z Ummeeterh 31568 873784 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''John Laing Leal''' ([[Mayu]] 5, 1858 - [[Maris]] 13, 1914) Ya kasance likitan [[Amurka]] ne kuma masanin maganin ruwa wanda, a cikin 1908, ke da alhakin yin ciki da aiwatar da maganin farko na samar da ruwan sha na Amurka ta amfani da chlorine. Ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan shaidu masu ƙwarewa a gwaje-gwaje biyu waɗanda suka bincika ingancin samar da ruwa a Jersey City, New Jersey, kuma wanda ya kimanta aminci da amfani da chlorine don samar da ruwan sha "mai tsabta da lafiya". Hukuncin shari'a na biyu ya amince da amfani da chlorine don kashe ruwan sha wanda ya haifar da fashewar amfani da shi a cikin samar da ruwa a duk faɗin Amurka.<ref>McKee, J.H. (1903). Back in War Times: History of the 144th Regiment, New York Volunteer Infantry. n.p.:Horace E. Bailey, 273.</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi John L. Leal a Andes, New York, a cikin shekara ta 1858. A shekara ta 1862, mahaifinsa, John R. Leal wanda likita ne, ya shiga rundunar sojan sa kai ta 144 ta New York. John R. Leal ya ga sabis a wurare da yawa a lokacin yakin basasa ciki har da tsibirin Folly a lokacin Siege na Charleston, South Carolina . Ya kamu da cutar amoebic dysentery (watakila daga ruwan sha mai gurbatawa) a tsibirin Folly wanda ya sha wahala na shekaru 19 masu zuwa kafin cutar ta haifar da mutuwarsa a 1882. A shekara ta 1867, Dokta John R. Leal ya ƙaura da iyalinsa daga Andes zuwa birnin masana'antu mai saurin girma na Paterson, New Jersey. John L. Leal ya sami ilimin firamare a makarantar sakandare ta Paterson . Ya halarci Kwalejin Princeton (yanzu Jami'ar Princeton) daga 1876 zuwa 1880. John L. Leal ya halarci makarantar likita a Kwalejin Likitoci da Likitoci ta Columbia daga 1880 zuwa 1884 inda ya sami digiri na likita.<ref>''New York Times.'' "Dr. John R. Leal". August 29, 1882. ''New York Times.'' (June 24, 1880). "Princeton's Class of '80".</ref> == Ayyuka == Bayan ya sami digiri na likita, Leal ya buɗe aikin likita a Paterson, New Jersey, kuma an nada shi Likita na Birni a 1886. Tare da wasu likitoci, ya kafa asibitin asibiti a asibitin Paterson a 1887 kuma ya yi aiki a can har zuwa 1892. A shekara ta 1888, ya auri Amy Arrowsmith kuma an haifi ɗansu guda ɗaya, Graham, a cikin shekara. Ayyukan Leal a gwamnatin birnin Paterson sun ci gaba tare da nadinsa a matsayin Sufetocin Lafiya a 1891 da Jami'in Lafiya a 1862. A matsayinsa na Jami'in Lafiya, Leal yana da alhakin gano annobar cututtukan da ke yaduwa da kuma kashe cututtukani a gidajen wadanda abin ya shafa. Ya kuma kula da samar da ruwa ga jama'a kuma yana da alhakin gina cibiyar sadarwa mai girma don cire sharar gida da masana'antu daga Birnin. Don hana yaduwar cututtukan da ke yaduwa, shi ne ke da alhakin gina asibitin Isolation a Paterson a cikin 1897, wanda, a lokacin, an dauke shi a matsayin misali. Ya wallafa takardu da yawa a lokacin da yake aiki a matsayin Jami'in Lafiya ciki har da wanda ya bayyana dalilin barkewar [[Zazzabin Rawaya|zazzabin typhoid]] a Paterson. A shekara ta 1899, Leal ya bar aikin birni kuma ya zama mai ba da shawara kan tsabta ga Kamfanin Ruwa na Gabashin Jersey. Shawararsa ta mayar da hankali kan al'amuran kiwon lafiyar jama'a da amincin ruwan sha ya haifar da wani bangare ta abubuwan da ya samu da kuma tasirin Garret Hobart, wanda ya zama Mataimakin Shugaban Amurka na 24 a 1896. Zuwa ƙarshen rayuwarsa, Leal ya kasance Shugaban Hukumar Lafiya ta Birnin Paterson . == Ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru == Leal na cikin ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru da yawa. A shekara ta 1884, an zabe shi memba na Medical Society of New Jersey, kuma ya kasance memba mai aiki na Passaic County Medical Society. A shekara ta 1900, ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban wannan kungiyar. Duk da mayar da hankali kan harkokin kula da ruwa bayan 1899, har yanzu yana cikin kungiyar likitancin Passaic County, yana aiki a Kwamitin Shari'a a 1900 kuma a 1901 ya kasance Shugaban kasa. A cikin 1905, ya kasance mai aiki a cikin Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jiha kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin dindindin daga yankin Passaic . A cikin 1903, Leal ya kasance shugaban kungiyar New Jersey Sanitary Association . A kan shirin taron kungiyar kiwon lafiya a ranar 4 ga Disamba, 1903, an lura da Leal don ba da jawabin shugaban kasa kan "Halin yanzu na Kimiyya ta kiwon lafiya". Moses N. Baker ya kasance shugaban kwamitin zubar da shara na kungiyar kuma a wani taro mai taken zubar da ruwa a New Jersey, masu magana sun hada da Rudolph Hering, Allen Hazen, George W. Fuller da masanin samar da ruwa na New Jersey Charles A. Vermeule . Wadannan kwararru sun yi hulɗa da juna a duk lokacin da suke aiki. Ya kasance memba na Ƙungiyar Likitoci ta Amirka da Ƙungiyar Lafiya ta Jama'a ta Amirka . A taron shekara-shekara na APHA a shekara ta 1897, Leal ya karanta takarda mai taken, "House Sanitation with Reference to Drainage, Plumbing, and Ventilation". A taron shekara-shekara na APHA na 1902 a New Orleans, an zabi Leal a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kungiyar na biyu. == Ruwan Jersey City == A shekara ta 1899, Jersey City ta shiga kwangila tare da Patrick H. Flynn don gina samar da ruwa don maye gurbin wanda ya gurɓata sosai ta hanyar datti. An gina babban madatsar ruwa a kan Kogin Rockaway wanda ya haifar da kafa tafkin Boonton wanda ke da damar fiye da lita biliyan 7 na ruwa. A lokacin gini, kamfanin Jersey City Water Supply Company (JCWSC) ne ya karɓi aikin, wanda kamfani ne mai zaman kansa wanda ya ɗauki John L. Leal a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan tsabta. An haɗa shi a cikin alhakin Leal shine cire wuraren da aka gina ba bisa ka'ida ba da sauran hanyoyin gurɓataccen ruwa daga ruwa a sama da tafkin Boonton. An kammala madatsar ruwan, tafkin da bututun mai mai nisan kilomita 23 kuma a ranar 4 ga Mayu, 1904, an fara isar da ruwa daga aikin zuwa Jersey City. Kamar yadda ya saba a wannan lokacin, ba a ba da wani magani na kowane irin ga samar da ruwa ba. Jami'an birni ba su gamsu da aikin ba kamar yadda JCWSC ta bayar kuma sun shigar da kara a Kotun Shari'a ta New Jersey. Daga cikin korafe-korafe da yawa da jami'an Jersey City suka yi akwai jayayya cewa ruwan da aka yi wa birnin ba "mai tsabta da lafiya" ba ne kamar yadda kwangilar ta buƙaci. An gudanar da shari'ar farko a gaban Frederick W. Stevens, Mataimakin Shugaban Kotun Shari'a ta New Jersey. Ranar farko ta shari'ar ita ce Fabrairu 20, 1906, kuma ba a kammala shari'ar ba har sai an ji shaidu da yawa a cikin kwanaki 40 na shari'ar da ta ƙunshi daruruwan abubuwan da aka nuna da dubban shafuka na shaidu. A ranar 1 ga Mayu, 1908, Mataimakin Shugaban kasa Stevens ya ba da ra'ayi na shafi 100 wanda ya goyi bayan yawancin ikirarin kwangilar da JCWSC ta yi amma, mafi mahimmanci, ya sami (ga masu shigar da kara) cewa sau biyu zuwa uku a kowace shekara, an kawo ruwan da ba za a iya la'akari da shi "mai tsabta da lafiya" zuwa Jersey City daga samar da ruwa na Boonton. A cikin umarninsa na ƙarshe mai kwanan wata 4 ga Yuni, 1908, Stevens ya umarci JCWSC da ta biya don gina magudanar ruwa don cire gurɓataccen ruwa daga kogin Rockaway ko ƙirƙirar "sauran tsare-tsare ko na'urori" wanda za'a iya amfani dashi maimakon samar da ruwa na tsarkakar da ake buƙata. An ba JCWSC watanni uku don kawo "sauran tsare-tsare ko na'urori" da kuma gabatar da su ga wani maigidan na musamman, Mai Shari'a William J. Magie . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mx74ch0vqk9378q94xer1uadfi6i6s3 0 110732 873934 689975 2026-07-01T22:18:59Z Habibah A Jisambo 26434 873934 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[File:University_of_community_health7.jpeg|thumb|300x300px|Babban hanyar shiga jami'a]] [[File:University_of_community_health001.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Wani ƙofar]] Jami'ar Kiwon lafiya ta Al'umma, Magway (UCH) (Burmese) Jami'ar Lafiya ce ta Al'adu a karkashin ="Ministry of Health (Myanmar)">Ma'aikatar Lafiya (Myanmar) , kuma tana cikin birnin Magway, [[Myanmar]] . Jami'ar tana ba da digiri na shekaru huɗu na '''Bachelor of Community Health (B.Comm.H) '''. Dalibai dole ne suyi nazarin yadda za a yi kiwon lafiyar al'umma. Har ila yau, dole ne su dauki batutuwan asibiti a matsayin haɗin kai ga mutanen karkara waɗanda ba za su iya samun kulawa ta farko ba. A hukumance, ana ba da izinin masu karatun su yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakan Lafiya (HA) a Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Jama'a da FDA ta Myanmar, da yawa daga cikinsu sune manyan masu ba da kulawa ta farko a yankunan karkara na Myanmar inda samun damar likitoci na yau da kullun yana da wahala. Da farko, an kafa shi a matsayin makarantar horar da ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya a Yangon a cikin 1951. Makarantar horar da ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya da Aung San Health Demonstration Unit (Field Department) an haɗa su kuma sun fito a matsayin Makarantar Kimiyyar Kiwon Lafiya don Ma'aikatan Kiwon Lafiya na asali a cikin Disamba 1991 wanda aka haɓaka har zuwa Jami'ar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a a 1996. Jami'ar kuma ta koma Magway zuwa Sashen Ta 2. Township a shekarar 2006. A zamanin yau, yawancin tsofaffi suna aiki a bangarori daban-daban kamar su kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, INGO, [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], Ma'aikatar Abinci da Magunguna da Ma'abiyar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Gwamnatin Myanmar. == Tarihi. == Tare da jagora da manufofin kiwon lafiyar ƙasa na Gwamnatin U Nu an kafa makarantar horar da mataimakan kiwon lafiya a 1951 a Yangon don ba da kiwon lafiya ga mazauna karkara inda samun likitoci na yau da kullun ke da wahala. Babban makasudin waccan makarantar horarwa ita ce samar da ma’aikacin lafiya cikin kankanin lokaci (shekaru uku) yayin da aka horar da likitocin na tsawon shekara shida. Daga baya, an mayar da makarantar a nisan kilomita ƴan arewa zuwa Insein a 1963, sannan zuwa Hlegu a 1968. A 1989, makarantar ta kasance ƙarƙashin kulawar Ma'aikatar Lafiya. Makarantar ta zama Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a a 1991, kuma ta zama jami'a a 1995 kuma ta fara ba da karatun digiri na shekaru hudu. Manufar jami'ar kiwon lafiyar al'umma ita ma canji ce kuma tana da fa'ida. A shekara ta 1999, gwamnatin soja ta mayar da makarantar daga Yangon Division zuwa Upper Myanmar. UCH tana kan harabar hekta 41.4 a Htonpauk, kimanin kilomita 14.5 daga arewacin Magway, da kuma kilomita 3.2 daga Titin Magway-Natmauk. Jami'ar Lafiya ta Al'umma, Magway a kai a kai tana karɓar kimanin ɗalibai 150 (Male: Mata = 70:30) waɗanda suka wuce jarrabawar karatun. Sakamakon da ake buƙata don zaɓin kusan 450 ne ga maza da 470 ga mata. == Sashen ilimi. == * Ma'aikatar Kimiyya ta Biomedical * Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Al'ummaLafiyar Al'umma * Ma'aikatar Kula da Cututtuka / Yaduwar cututtuka * Ma'aikatar Inganta Lafiya / Ilimi na Lafiya * Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Muhalli[[Lafiyar muhalli|Lafiyar Muhalli]] * Ma'aikatar Kimiyya ta Ilimi * Ma'aikatar Myanmar * Ma'aikatar [[Turanci]] * Ma'aikatar Zoology[[Zoology|Ilimin dabbobi]] * Ma'aikatar [[Botany]] * Ma'aikatar ilmin sunadarai[[Kimiyya|Sanyen sunadarai]] * Ma'aikatar PhysicsIlimin lissafi * Ma'aikatar Binciken Filin (Salin Township, Taw Saint ƙauyen) == Tsarin karatu == Kowace shekara ta makaranta tana da watanni goma daga Janairu zuwa Oktoba. Ana buƙatar ɗalibai su ɗauki rubuce-rubuce, aikace-aikace, tafiye-tafiye na filin da jarrabawar baki a ƙarshen kowace shekara. === Shekara ta farko === ==== Ayyukan darussan tare da aiki ==== * Kimiyya ta Biomedical :# [[Zoology|Ilimin dabbobi]] :# [[Botany]] :# [[Kimiyya|Sanyen sunadarai]] :# Ilimin lissafi * Kimiyya ta sadarwa :# Harshen Myanmar :# [[Turanci|Harshen Ingilishi]] * Kula da Lafiya ta Farko :# Magungunan gargajiya na Myanmar :# Taimako na Farko ==== Ayyukan darussan tare da ko ba tare da aiki ba ==== * Cikakken Ci gaban Kwararru (TPPD) * Kwamfuta ta asali === Shekara ta biyu === ==== Ayyukan darussan tare da aiki ==== * Tsarin da Ayyukan Jikin Dan Adam / Anatomy na Dan Adam da PhysiologyIlimin jiki * Kididdiga Masu Muhimmanci * General Pathology da Pharmacology[[Ilimin Magunguna]] * Yaduwar cututtuka ==== Ayyukan darussan ba tare da aiki ba ==== * Ilimi na Lafiya === Shekara ta uku === Ana buƙatar ɗalibai na shekara ta uku su yi tafiye-tafiye zuwa ƙauyuka da ke kusa da su kuma su samar da tarurruka kan batutuwan ilimin kiwon lafiya kamar tarihin cututtuka, tsabtace muhalli, haɗarin shan sigari / barasa, kula da dabbobi, Gudanar da bala'i da dumama ta duniya, da dai sauransu. Sashen Lafiya na Al'umma da Lafiya na Muhalli ne ke shirya tarurruka. Dalibai sun ziyarci Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Karkara (RHC) don koyon ayyukan RHC. ==== Ayyukan darussan tare da aiki ==== * Kula da Cututtuka * Ilimi na Lafiya * [[Lafiyar muhalli|Lafiyar Muhalli]] * Kimiyya ta Ilimi ==== Ayyukan darussan ba tare da aiki ba ==== * Magunguna * Aikin tiyata * Lafiyar Al'umma * Hanyar Bincike === Shekara ta huɗu === * Dalibai na shekara ta huɗu suna buƙatar yin bincike don yarjejeniya. Don wannan dole ne mu je Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Karkara, a ƙarƙashin Yankin Magway (daga Oktoba zuwa Nuwamba). ==== Ayyukan darussan tare da aiki ==== * Lafiyar Al'umma I * Lafiyar Al'umma II * Hanyar Bincike * Magunguna * Aikin tiyata * [[Bincike]] ==== Asibitocin koyarwa da ke da alaƙa ==== Ana buƙatar ɗalibai suyi karatun gado a asibitocin da ke da alaƙa da UCH a yankin na watanni uku (Mayu-Yuli). * Babban Asibitin Pakokku * Babban Asibitin Nyaung U * Babban Asibitin Meiktila * Tafiyar filin (makonni 8) zuwa cibiyar kiwon lafiya ta karkara (RHC) don takardar bincike ==== Shirin Digiri ==== Jami'ar tana ba da kewayon shirin digiri na Master of Community Health (M.Comm.H) a cikin 2017. == Dubi kuma == * Jami'ar Lafiya ta Jama'a, Yangon * Ma'aikatar Lafiya bkkg9vwnzna7g6umowsodwyg1e9o2j0 0 110915 874107 690646 2026-07-02T05:51:42Z Habibah A Jisambo 26434 874107 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A cikin shekara ta 2010, Tarayyar Tarayyar Micronesia (FSM) ƙasa ce ta asali ga mata da ke fuskantar [[Safarar Mutane|fataucin mutane]], musamman tilasta [[karuwanci]] a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da yan kin Guam na Amurka, kuma an ruwaito ta zama makoma ga mata daga [[Sin|China]] da aka tilasta su cikin cin zarafin jima'i na kasuwanci. FSM na iya zama ƙasar da aka nufa ga wasu maza da mata daga wasu ƙasashen Pacific waɗanda aka sanya su cikin yanayin tilasta aiki. An gano wadanda ke fama da fataucin jima'i na Micronesia daga jihar Chuuk a Guam da Amurka. A wani lamari, matasan mata 10 daga jihar Chuuk sun janye zuwa Guam ta hanyar mai daukar ma'aikata na Micronesian tare da alkawuran aiki mai biyan kuɗi a bangarorin sabis da baƙi. Lokacin da suka isa Guam, an tilasta mata su shiga karuwanci. An ceci wata budurwa mai nakasa a jiki da tunani daga Chuuk daga karuwanci da aka tilasta a [[Hawaii]] a cikin shekara ta 2009.<ref>US Government website, Trafficking in Persons Report 2023</ref> Kadan ne kawai bayanai game da fataucin mutane a cikin FSM saboda gwamnati ba ta yi ƙoƙari ta gano wadanda abin ya shafa ba duk da tarihinta a matsayin asalin ƙasar da abin ya shafa. Gwamnati ba ta gudanar da bincike ba, bincike, karatu, ko bincike kan fataucin mutane. A cikin 2010 Gwamnatin Tarayyar Tarayyar Micronesia ba ta cika cikakkun ka'idoji don kawar da fataucin mutane ba, duk da haka tana yin ƙoƙari mai mahimmanci don yin hakan. A shekara ta 2009, gwamnati ba ta yi wani yunkuri na ganewa don gano wadanda abin ya shafa ba, hana abubuwan da suka faru na fataucin mutane a nan gaba ta hanyar ilimantar da jama'a game da haɗarin fataucin, ko bincikawa da gurfanar da laifuffukan fataucin da ake zargi; saboda haka an sanya Tarayyar Tarayyar Micronesia a cikin Tier 2 Watch List na shekara ta biyu a jere. Gwamnati, duk da haka, ta samar da wasu 'yan sanda da jami'an shige da fice tare da horar da wayar da kan jama'a game da fataucin mutane. An sanya kasar a Tier 2 a cikin 2023. Kasar ta tabbatar da [[Yarjejeniya don hanawa da kuma azabtar da fataucin mutane, musamman mata da yara|Yarjejeniyar TIP ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta 2000]] a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2011. A cikin 2023, Ƙididdigar Laifuka ta Ƙungiya ta lura cewa ƙasar tana da iyakantaccen tallafi ga waɗanda abin ya shafa. == Shari'a (2010). == Gwamnatin Tarayyar Tarayyar Micronesia ba ta sami ci gaba ba a kokarin tilasta bin doka da ta yi na yaki da fataucin mutane. Gwamnati ba ta dauki matakai don bincika, gurfanar da shi ko kuma azabtar da duk wani mai aikata laifuka da ake zargi da fataucin mutane a lokacin rahoton. 'Yan sanda na kasa na FSM za su sami iko a kan laifukan fataucin kasa da kasa, kodayake babu takamaiman ko cikakkun dokokin tarayya da suka hana nau'ikan fataucin mutane kamar bautar, tilasta aiki, ko tilasta karuwanci. Kowace daga cikin jihohi huɗu na iya gurfanar da laifukan fataucin mutane a karkashin dokokin da suka shafi. Hukunce-hukunce don laifukan fataucin mutane a ƙarƙashin waɗannan dokoki sun kasance daga shekaru biyar zuwa 10 a kurkuku kuma suna da isasshen ƙarfi. Jami'ai ba su sami rahotanni game da shari'o'in fataucin mutane ba a wannan lokacin bayar da rahoto. Kwalejin 'yan sanda ta nuna horo kan gane wadanda ke fama da fataucin mutane, da kuma bambancin da ke tsakanin fataucin mutum da fatauccin kasashen waje. Har ila yau, makarantar ta tattauna dabarun hana fataucin mutane. Babu wani shiri na yau da kullun don yin aiki a kan horo a halin yanzu. Gwamnatin kasashen waje ta ba da horo game da fataucin mutane ga Transnational Crime Unit (TCU) a matsayin wani ɓangare na goyon bayanta ga ayyukan TCU. TCU, wani ɓangare na cibiyar sadarwa ta Pacific Transnational Crime, ya kasance babban hanyar da za a iya amfani da ita don bayanan tilasta bin doka da ke fitowa daga kafofin duniya. Hukumomin tilasta bin doka suna aiki a ƙarƙashin mahimman albarkatu, ma'aikata, da ƙuntatawa. Babu wata shaida game da hadin gwiwar hukuma a cikin laifukan fataucin mutane, ko kuma shigar gwamnati ko haƙuri ga fataucin abubuwa a matakin gida ko na hukuma. == Karewa (2010) == A lokacin bayar da rahoto, gwamnati ba ta yi ƙoƙari ba don gano wadanda ke fama da fataucin mutane, kuma ba ta dauki matakai don bunkasa ko aiwatar da hanyoyin da suka dace ko na al'ada don komawa ga wadanda aka gano ko wadanda ake zargi da fataucinsu don ayyukan da suka dace. A cikin shekara, jami'an FSM ba su karɓi rahotanni daga wasu kafofin game da duk wanda aka yi wa fataucin mutane a cikin iyakokin ƙasar ba, kuma ba su ba da sabis ga duk wanda aka kashe. Wadanda aka gano ko ake zargi da fataucin mutane za su sami damar yin amfani da iyakokin ayyukan zamantakewa da taimakon shari'a da hukumomin gwamnati suka bayar ga duk wanda aka aikata. Babu wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da ta ba da sabis ga duk wanda ya kamu da laifukan fataucin mutane da kanta ko kuma tare da hadin gwiwar gwamnati. FSM ba ta da dokoki musamman da ke kare wadanda ke fama da fataucin mutane ko shaidu. Duk da yake babu takamaiman maganin farar hula ga wadanda ke fama da fataucin mutane da aka rubuta a cikin jihohi ko lambobin ƙasa, lambar kowace jiha tana ba da cikakkiyar gyare-gyare ga raunin mutum da wani ya haifar. Wadanda abin ya shafa na iya kawo karar farar hula game da masu fataucin mutane, kodayake ba a taɓa shigar da karar ba. Dokar ba ta samar da takamaiman hanyoyin shari'a don cire wadanda ke fama da cutar ba zuwa ƙasashe inda suka fuskanci wahala ko fansa. Alƙalai, duk da haka, suna da ikon bayar da umarni wanda ke ba da damar duk wani baƙon da ke fama da aikata laifuka ya kasance a cikin ƙasar. == Manazarta == hxt94xeifwv8sxe3wfixy57ko8hl5e7 0 111277 874062 704762 2026-07-02T03:00:19Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 874062 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Canjin yanayi]] na iya samun sakamako da yawa a [[Ayilan (ƙasa)|Ireland]]. Karin yanayin zafi na iya canza yanayin yanayi, tare da yiwuwar karuwar yanayin zafi, ruwan sama da abubuwan guguwa, tare da tasirin da ke biyo baya ga mutane ta hanyar ambaliyar ruwa An tantance canjin yanayi ya zama babbar barazana ga Ireland, a cewar shugaban [[Defence Forces (Ireland)|Sojojin Tsaro na Ireland]], [[Mark Mellett]].   == Rashin iskar gas == [[Fayil:Ireland_per_capita_greenhouse_gas_emissions_versus_world.svg|alt=A line graph showing Ireland's near-double per-capita greenhouse gas emissions when compared to the global average for the period 1990 to 2016|right|thumb|320x320px|Gas mai guba a Ireland idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin duniya]] Rashin iskar gas na Ireland ya karu tsakanin 1990 da 2001 lokacin da suka kai 70.46 Mt carbon dioxide daidai kafin su ragu kowace shekara har zuwa 2014.<ref name="epa">{{Cite web |title=Current trends climate |url=https://www.epa.ie/our-services/monitoring--assessment/assessment/irelands-environment/climate/current-trends-climate/ |access-date=21 July 2021 |website=www.epa.ie |publisher=[[Environmental Protection Agency (Ireland)|Environmental Protection Agency]] |language=en |archive-date=21 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721123356/https://www.epa.ie/our-services/monitoring--assessment/assessment/irelands-environment/climate/current-trends-climate/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 2015 hayaki ya karu da 4.1%, kuma a cikin 2016 ya karu da 3.4% kafin ya kasance mai ɗorewa a cikin 2017 da 2018, kafin ya ragu da 4.5% a cikin 2019 daga matakan 2018.<ref name="epa" /> Gabaɗaya, hayaki ya karu da kashi 10.1 cikin ɗari daga 1990 zuwa 2019. Ofishin Kididdiga na Tsakiya kuma yana tattara da buga bayanai game da hayaki da tasirin kamar yadda aka rubuta a Ireland.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2018 |title=Environmental Indicators Ireland 2018 |url=https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-eii/eii18/ |access-date=28 April 2021 |website=Central Statistics Office |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2017, Ireland tana da na uku mafi girma a cikin hayakin gas a cikin [[Tarayyar Turai]] kuma 51% sama da matsakaicin EU-28 na tan 8.8. <ref name="cso">{{Cite web |title=Greenhouse Gases and Climate Change - CSO - Central Statistics Office |url=https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-eii/eii19/greenhousegasesandclimatechange/ |access-date=21 July 2021 |website=www.cso.ie |language=en}}</ref> Matsakaicin duniya a cikin 2016 ya kasance tan 4.92.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ritchie |first=Hannah |author-link=Hannah Ritchie |last2=Roser |first2=Max |author-link2=Max Roser |title=Per capita greenhouse gas emissions |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/per-capita-ghg-emissions?tab=chart&country=IRL~OWID_WRL |access-date=21 July 2021 |website=[[Our World in Data]]}}</ref> [[Fayil:Ireland_greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_sector.svg|alt=Bar chart of emissions showing agriculture to be the largest emitter at 24.37 million tonnes, followed by electricity & heat at 12.9 million tonnes and transport at 11.9 million tonnes.|left|thumb|320x320px|Gishiri na gas mai guba ta Ireland ta bangare a cikin 2016]] === Tushen === Kashi 71.4% na hayaki a cikin 2019 ya fito ne daga masana'antun makamashi, sufuri da noma, tare da noma mafi girma a 35.3%.<ref name="EPA Climate">{{Cite web |title=Climate |url=https://www.epa.ie/irelandsenvironment/climate/ |access-date=28 April 2021 |website=Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) |language=en |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224162545/http://www.epa.ie/irelandsenvironment/climate/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin aikin gona na Irish, manyan iskar gas guda biyu sune [[methane]] da nitrous oxide.<ref name="teagasc">{{Cite web |title=2020 - Agricultural Emissions - greenhouse gases and ammonia - Teagasc {{!}} Agriculture and Food Development Authority |url=https://www.teagasc.ie/publications/2020/agricultural-emissions---greenhouse-gases-and-ammonia.php |access-date=21 July 2021 |website=www.teagasc.ie |archive-date=21 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721125309/https://www.teagasc.ie/publications/2020/agricultural-emissions---greenhouse-gases-and-ammonia.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kashi 60% na hayakin noma na Irish ya fito ne kai tsaye daga [[Kiwo|Aikin noma na dabbobi]], da farko a sakamakon yisti na methane daga shanu.<ref name="teagasc" /> Ƙarin kashi 30% ya samo asali ne daga ƙasa da aka shayar da turare, taki na roba ko kiwo na dabba a kan makiyaya.<ref name="teagasc" /> == Tasiri a kan yanayin halitta == === Yanayin zafi da sauye-sauyen yanayi ===   Tsakanin 1890 da 2008, matsakaicin zafin jiki da aka rubuta a Ireland ya auna karuwar digiri 0.7 na Celsius, tare da karuwar digiri na 0.4 na Celsius tsakanin 1980 da 2008.<ref name="gsi">{{Cite web |title=Effects in Ireland |url=https://www.gsi.ie/en-ie/geoscience-topics/climate-change/Pages/Effect-in-Ireland.aspx |access-date=21 July 2021 |website=www.gsi.ie |publisher=[[Geological Survey of Ireland]]}}</ref> Sauran alamun yanayin zafi da [[Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Ghana|Hukumar Kare Muhalli]] ta gano sune goma daga cikin shekaru masu zafi da aka rubuta tun daga 1990, raguwar yawan kwanaki tare da sanyi da kuma gajeren lokacin da sanyi ke faruwa, da kuma karuwar ruwan sama na shekara-shekara a arewa da yammacin kasar. An yi rikodin karuwar lokacin girma, da kuma karuwar dabbobi da suka isa Ireland da ruwan da ke kewaye da ita waɗanda suka dace da yanayin zafi.<ref name="EPA">{{Cite web |title=What Impact will climate change have for Ireland? |url=https://www.epa.ie/climate/communicatingclimatescience/whatisclimatechange/whatimpactwillclimatechangehaveforireland/ |access-date=28 April 2021 |website=Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) |language=en}}</ref> Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2020 daga Cibiyar Nazarin Ƙarshen Ƙididdigar Irish ya nuna cewa yanayin Ireland na iya canzawa sosai a shekara ta 2050. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi na shekara-shekara na iya hawa zuwa 1.6 ° C sama da matakan masana'antu a ƙarƙashin RCP8.5, tare da gabashin Ireland ganin karuwar mafi girma, wanda ke haifar da "tasiri kai tsaye" akan lafiyar jama'a da mutuwa.<ref name="greennews-18-09-20" /> Binciken ya kuma yi hasashen yawan kwanakin sanyi don raguwa tsakanin 68 da 78 cikin dari, ruwan sama na rani don raguwa har zuwa 17 cikin dari.<ref name="greennews-18-09-20" />&nbsp; A watan Yunin 2023, akwai nau'i na 4 (mai tsanani) na ruwan teku a cikin ruwan Irish, tare da wasu yankuna da ke fuskantar karuwar nau'i 5 (ba tare da matsananciyar) a yanayin zafi ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Record-breaking North Atlantic Ocean temperatures contribute to extreme marine heatwaves {{!}} Copernicus |url=https://climate.copernicus.eu/record-breaking-north-atlantic-ocean-temperatures-contribute-extreme-marine-heatwaves |access-date=13 July 2023 |website=climate.copernicus.eu}}</ref> A lokacin wannan Yanayin zafi na teku ya kai mafi girma da aka taɓa yin rikodin a cikin ruwan Irish.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marine Heat Wave 2023 – A Warning for the Future - Met Éireann - The Irish Meteorological Service |url=https://www.met.ie/marine-heat-wave-2023-a-warning-for-the-future |access-date=13 July 2023 |website=www.met.ie}}</ref> === Tsarin halittu === Canjin zafin jiki yana da haɗarin rushewa ko canza lokacin sake zagayowar rayuwa na nau'in shuke-shuke da dabbobi a duk faɗin ƙasar. Misali, lokacin da ganye ke bayyana a cikin zaɓaɓɓun yawan bishiyoyin da ba na asali ba ya zama a hankali tun daga shekarun 1970.<ref name="Donnelly">{{Cite journal |last=Donnelly |first=Alison |last2=Salamin |first2=Nicolas |last3=Jones |first3=Mike B. |date=2006 |title=Changes in Tree Phenology: An Indicator of Spring Warming in Ireland? |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20728577 |journal=Biology and Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy |volume=106B |issue=1 |pages=49–56 |doi=10.1353/bae.2006.0014 |issn=0791-7945 |jstor=20728577 |url-access=subscription |access-date=21 July 2021}}</ref> Canje-canje ga lokacin abubuwan da suka faru na sake zagayowar rayuwa (phenology) na iya haifar da rashin daidaituwa na lokaci tsakanin jinsuna, saboda ba duk jinsuna da abubuwan da suka shafi Tarihin rayuwa ba ne daidai da zafin jiki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ockendon |first=Nancy |last2=Baker |first2=David J. |last3=Carr |first3=Jamie A. |date=July 2014 |title=Mechanisms underpinning climatic impacts on natural populations: altered species interactions are more important than direct effects |journal=[[Global Change Biology]] |volume=20 |issue=7 |pages=2221–2229 |bibcode=2014GCBio..20.2221O |doi=10.1111/gcb.12559 |pmid=24677405 |s2cid=39877152}}</ref> Irin waɗannan canje-canje na iya haifar da rushewar aikin yanayin halittu da aka tsara a baya, wanda ke haifar da canje-canje a cikin nau'in jinsuna da aiki na wasu tsarin halittu.<ref name="NPWS">{{Cite web |title=Ireland's Biodiversity Sectoral Climate Change Adaptation Plan |url=https://www.npws.ie/sites/default/files/files/32631_NPWS_Climate%20Change%20Report_15Feb(1).pdf |access-date=21 July 2021 |website=www.npws.ie |publisher=[[National Parks and Wildlife Service (Ireland)|National Parks & Wildlife Service]]}}</ref> An yi rikodin acid na teku a cikin ruwa a Ireland tun lokacin da aka fara rikodin a 1990 ta Cibiyar Marine.<ref name="OA2">{{Cite web |title=Nutrients and Ocean Acidification (OA) |url=https://www.marine.ie/Home/site-area/areas-activity/marine-environment/nutrients-and-ocean-acidification-oa |access-date=28 April 2021 |website=Marine Institute}}</ref> Wannan ya faru ne ta hanyar ɗaukar [[carbon dioxide]] na sararin samaniya a cikin teku. Baya ga acidization, ruwan Irish yana zama mai dumi kuma ba mai [[Salinity|gishiri]] ba, yana haifar da lahani ga rayuwar ruwa. Algae masu lahani suna zama da yawa a cikin ruwan Irish, ba kawai a cikin watanni [[Tasirin canjin yanayi a kan teku|mai zafi]] ba, wanda zai iya cutar da halittu na teku kamar shellfish. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] s879sqdszj3sm6uny9ctiyrplbcofz5 0 111279 874063 704765 2026-07-02T03:01:21Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 874063 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Canjin yanayi]] na iya samun sakamako da yawa a [[Ayilan (ƙasa)|Ireland]]. Karin yanayin zafi na iya canza yanayin yanayi, tare da yiwuwar karuwar yanayin zafi, ruwan sama da abubuwan guguwa, tare da tasirin da ke biyo baya ga mutane ta hanyar ambaliyar ruwa An tantance canjin yanayi ya zama babbar barazana ga Ireland, a cewar shugaban [[Defence Forces (Ireland)|Sojojin Tsaro na Ireland]], [[Mark Mellett]].   == Rashin iskar gas == [[Fayil:Ireland_per_capita_greenhouse_gas_emissions_versus_world.svg|alt=A line graph showing Ireland's near-double per-capita greenhouse gas emissions when compared to the global average for the period 1990 to 2016|right|thumb|320x320px|Gas mai guba a Ireland idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin duniya]] Rashin iskar gas na Ireland ya karu tsakanin 1990 da 2001 lokacin da suka kai 70.46 Mt carbon dioxide daidai kafin su ragu kowace shekara har zuwa 2014.<ref name="epa">{{Cite web |title=Current trends climate |url=https://www.epa.ie/our-services/monitoring--assessment/assessment/irelands-environment/climate/current-trends-climate/ |access-date=21 July 2021 |website=www.epa.ie |publisher=[[Environmental Protection Agency (Ireland)|Environmental Protection Agency]] |language=en |archive-date=21 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721123356/https://www.epa.ie/our-services/monitoring--assessment/assessment/irelands-environment/climate/current-trends-climate/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 2015 hayaki ya karu da 4.1%, kuma a cikin 2016 ya karu da 3.4% kafin ya kasance mai ɗorewa a cikin 2017 da 2018, kafin ya ragu da 4.5% a cikin 2019 daga matakan 2018.<ref name="epa" /> Gabaɗaya, hayaki ya karu da kashi 10.1 cikin ɗari daga 1990 zuwa 2019. Ofishin Kididdiga na Tsakiya kuma yana tattara da buga bayanai game da hayaki da tasirin kamar yadda aka rubuta a Ireland.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2018 |title=Environmental Indicators Ireland 2018 |url=https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-eii/eii18/ |access-date=28 April 2021 |website=Central Statistics Office |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2017, Ireland tana da na uku mafi girma a cikin hayakin gas a cikin [[Tarayyar Turai]] kuma 51% sama da matsakaicin EU-28 na tan 8.8. <ref name="cso">{{Cite web |title=Greenhouse Gases and Climate Change - CSO - Central Statistics Office |url=https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-eii/eii19/greenhousegasesandclimatechange/ |access-date=21 July 2021 |website=www.cso.ie |language=en}}</ref> Matsakaicin duniya a cikin 2016 ya kasance tan 4.92.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ritchie |first=Hannah |author-link=Hannah Ritchie |last2=Roser |first2=Max |author-link2=Max Roser |title=Per capita greenhouse gas emissions |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/per-capita-ghg-emissions?tab=chart&country=IRL~OWID_WRL |access-date=21 July 2021 |website=[[Our World in Data]]}}</ref> === Tushen === Kashi 71.4% na hayaki a cikin 2019 ya fito ne daga masana'antun makamashi, sufuri da noma, tare da noma mafi girma a 35.3%.<ref name="EPA Climate">{{Cite web |title=Climate |url=https://www.epa.ie/irelandsenvironment/climate/ |access-date=28 April 2021 |website=Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) |language=en |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224162545/http://www.epa.ie/irelandsenvironment/climate/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin aikin gona na Irish, manyan iskar gas guda biyu sune [[methane]] da nitrous oxide.<ref name="teagasc">{{Cite web |title=2020 - Agricultural Emissions - greenhouse gases and ammonia - Teagasc {{!}} Agriculture and Food Development Authority |url=https://www.teagasc.ie/publications/2020/agricultural-emissions---greenhouse-gases-and-ammonia.php |access-date=21 July 2021 |website=www.teagasc.ie |archive-date=21 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721125309/https://www.teagasc.ie/publications/2020/agricultural-emissions---greenhouse-gases-and-ammonia.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kashi 60% na hayakin noma na Irish ya fito ne kai tsaye daga [[Kiwo|Aikin noma na dabbobi]], da farko a sakamakon yisti na methane daga shanu.<ref name="teagasc" /> Ƙarin kashi 30% ya samo asali ne daga ƙasa da aka shayar da turare, taki na roba ko kiwo na dabba a kan makiyaya.<ref name="teagasc" /> == Tasiri a kan yanayin halitta == === Yanayin zafi da sauye-sauyen yanayi === Tsakanin 1890 da 2008, matsakaicin zafin jiki da aka rubuta a Ireland ya auna karuwar digiri 0.7 na Celsius, tare da karuwar digiri na 0.4 na Celsius tsakanin 1980 da 2008.<ref name="gsi">{{Cite web |title=Effects in Ireland |url=https://www.gsi.ie/en-ie/geoscience-topics/climate-change/Pages/Effect-in-Ireland.aspx |access-date=21 July 2021 |website=www.gsi.ie |publisher=[[Geological Survey of Ireland]]}}</ref> Sauran alamun yanayin zafi da [[Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Ghana|Hukumar Kare Muhalli]] ta gano sune goma daga cikin shekaru masu zafi da aka rubuta tun daga 1990, raguwar yawan kwanaki tare da sanyi da kuma gajeren lokacin da sanyi ke faruwa, da kuma karuwar ruwan sama na shekara-shekara a arewa da yammacin kasar. An yi rikodin karuwar lokacin girma, da kuma karuwar dabbobi da suka isa Ireland da ruwan da ke kewaye da ita waɗanda suka dace da yanayin zafi.<ref name="EPA">{{Cite web |title=What Impact will climate change have for Ireland? |url=https://www.epa.ie/climate/communicatingclimatescience/whatisclimatechange/whatimpactwillclimatechangehaveforireland/ |access-date=28 April 2021 |website=Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) |language=en}}</ref> Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2020 daga Cibiyar Nazarin Ƙarshen Ƙididdigar Irish ya nuna cewa yanayin Ireland na iya canzawa sosai a shekara ta 2050. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi na shekara-shekara na iya hawa zuwa 1.6 ° C sama da matakan masana'antu a ƙarƙashin RCP8.5, tare da gabashin Ireland ganin karuwar mafi girma, wanda ke haifar da "tasiri kai tsaye" akan lafiyar jama'a da mutuwa.<ref name="greennews-18-09-20" /> Binciken ya kuma yi hasashen yawan kwanakin sanyi don raguwa tsakanin 68 da 78 cikin dari, ruwan sama na rani don raguwa har zuwa 17 cikin dari.<ref name="greennews-18-09-20" />&nbsp; A watan Yunin 2023, akwai nau'i na 4 (mai tsanani) na ruwan teku a cikin ruwan Irish, tare da wasu yankuna da ke fuskantar karuwar nau'i 5 (ba tare da matsananciyar) a yanayin zafi ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Record-breaking North Atlantic Ocean temperatures contribute to extreme marine heatwaves {{!}} Copernicus |url=https://climate.copernicus.eu/record-breaking-north-atlantic-ocean-temperatures-contribute-extreme-marine-heatwaves |access-date=13 July 2023 |website=climate.copernicus.eu}}</ref> A lokacin wannan Yanayin zafi na teku ya kai mafi girma da aka taɓa yin rikodin a cikin ruwan Irish.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marine Heat Wave 2023 – A Warning for the Future - Met Éireann - The Irish Meteorological Service |url=https://www.met.ie/marine-heat-wave-2023-a-warning-for-the-future |access-date=13 July 2023 |website=www.met.ie}}</ref> === Tsarin halittu === Canjin zafin jiki yana da haɗarin rushewa ko canza lokacin sake zagayowar rayuwa na nau'in shuke-shuke da dabbobi a duk faɗin ƙasar. Misali, lokacin da ganye ke bayyana a cikin zaɓaɓɓun yawan bishiyoyin da ba na asali ba ya zama a hankali tun daga shekarun 1970.<ref name="Donnelly2">{{Cite journal |last=Donnelly |first=Alison |last2=Salamin |first2=Nicolas |last3=Jones |first3=Mike B. |date=2006 |title=Changes in Tree Phenology: An Indicator of Spring Warming in Ireland? |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20728577 |journal=Biology and Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy |volume=106B |issue=1 |pages=49–56 |doi=10.1353/bae.2006.0014 |issn=0791-7945 |jstor=20728577 |url-access=subscription |access-date=21 July 2021}}</ref> Canje-canje ga lokacin abubuwan da suka faru na sake zagayowar rayuwa (phenology) na iya haifar da rashin daidaituwa na lokaci tsakanin jinsuna, saboda ba duk jinsuna da abubuwan da suka shafi [[Life history theory|Tarihin rayuwa]] ba ne daidai da zafin jiki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ockendon |first=Nancy |last2=Baker |first2=David J. |last3=Carr |first3=Jamie A. |date=July 2014 |title=Mechanisms underpinning climatic impacts on natural populations: altered species interactions are more important than direct effects |journal=[[Global Change Biology]] |volume=20 |issue=7 |pages=2221–2229 |bibcode=2014GCBio..20.2221O |doi=10.1111/gcb.12559 |pmid=24677405 |s2cid=39877152}}</ref> Irin waɗannan canje-canje na iya haifar da rushewar aikin yanayin halittu da aka tsara a baya, wanda ke haifar da canje-canje a cikin nau'in jinsuna da aiki na wasu tsarin halittu.<ref name="NPWS">{{Cite web |title=Ireland's Biodiversity Sectoral Climate Change Adaptation Plan |url=https://www.npws.ie/sites/default/files/files/32631_NPWS_Climate%20Change%20Report_15Feb(1).pdf |access-date=21 July 2021 |website=www.npws.ie |publisher=[[National Parks and Wildlife Service (Ireland)|National Parks & Wildlife Service]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == 73q9ipeq9f1805zqm7iukxhh21se6i2 0 111284 874064 694686 2026-07-02T03:06:44Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 874064 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''[[Canjin yanayi]] a New Zealand''' ya haɗa da canje-canje na tarihi, na yanzu da na gaba a cikin [[Yanayin yanayi na New Zealand|yanayin New Zealand]]; da kuma gudummawar New Zealand da martani ga canjin yanayi na duniya.<ref name="climate2017">{{Cite web |date=October 2017 |title=Our atmosphere and climate 2017 |url=http://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/environmental-reporting/our-atmosphere-and-climate-2017 |publisher=Ministry for the Environment and Statistics NZ |access-date=2025-08-06 |archive-date=2019-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708185322/https://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/environmental-reporting/our-atmosphere-and-climate-2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lokacin bazara yana ƙara tsayi da zafi, kuma wasu kankara sun narke gaba ɗaya kuma wasu sun ragu. A cikin 2021, Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta kiyasta cewa yawan hayaki na New Zealand ya kai 0.17% na yawan hayaki mai gurbata muhalli a duniya. Koyaya, a ga kowane mutum, New Zealand muhimmiyar mai fitarwa ce, ta shida mafi girma a cikin ƙasashen Annex I, yayin da a kan cikakkiyar fitarwa New Zealand ta kasance mai fitarwa ta 24 mafi girma.<ref name="MFEcompare">{{Cite web |date=15 April 2021 |title=Snapshot How New Zealand compares to other countries |url=https://environment.govt.nz/publications/new-zealands-greenhouse-gas-inventory-1990-2019-snapshot/how-new-zealand-compares-to-other-countries/ |publisher=Ministry for the Environment |access-date=6 August 2025 |archive-date=2 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002154536/https://environment.govt.nz/publications/new-zealands-greenhouse-gas-inventory-1990-2019-snapshot/how-new-zealand-compares-to-other-countries/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Fiye da rabin (53%) na iskar gas mai guba ta New Zealand daga noma ne, galibi methane daga tumaki da belin shanu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2021 |title=Agriculture emissions and climate change |url=https://environment.govt.nz/guides/agriculture-emissions-climate-change/ |access-date=19 January 2022 |website=Ministry for the Environment |language=en-GB |archive-date=20 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120180314/https://environment.govt.nz/guides/agriculture-emissions-climate-change/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tsakanin 1990 da 2022, yawan hayaki na New Zealand (ba tare da cirewa daga amfani da ƙasa da gandun daji ba) ya karu da kashi 14%. Lokacin da aka yi la'akari da ɗaukar carbon dioxide ta gandun daji (tsare-tsare), hayaki (gami da [[Cire carbon dioxide|Cire carbon]] daga amfani da ƙasa da gandun daji) ya karu da kashi 33% tun daga 1990.<ref name="ghgisnapshot2021" /> Ana amsa canjin yanayi ta hanyoyi da yawa ta hanyar jama'a da Gwamnatin New Zealand. Wannan ya haɗa da shiga cikin yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa da kuma muhawara ta zamantakewa da siyasa da ta shafi canjin yanayi. New Zealand tana da shirin cinikin hayaki, kuma a cikin 2019 gwamnati ta gabatar da Dokar Amsawar Canjin Yanayi (Zero Carbon) wanda ya kirkiro [[Hukumar Canjin Yanayi]] Yanayi da ke da alhakin ba da shawara ga gwamnati kan manufofi da kasafin kudin hayaki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Proposed Climate Change Response (Zero Carbon) Amendment Bill |url=https://www.mfe.govt.nz/climate-change/zero-carbon-amendment-bill |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106151412/https://www.mfe.govt.nz/climate-change/zero-carbon-amendment-bill |archive-date=6 November 2019 |access-date=7 June 2019 |publisher=Ministry for the Environment}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rt Hon Jacinda Ardern |date=8 May 2019 |title=Landmark climate change bill goes to Parliament |url=https://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/landmark-climate-change-bill-goes-parliament |access-date=20 May 2019 |publisher=New Zealand Government}}</ref> New Zealand ta yi alkawari da yawa game da [[Rage canjin yanayi]] a cikin 2019: don rage fitar da hayaki zuwa sifili a shekara ta 2050, don dasa bishiyoyi biliyan 1 a shekara ta 2028, da kuma kawo aikin gona (manoma) cikin manufofin farashin hayaki a shekara ta 2022. A cikin 2019, New Zealand ta haramta sabon hako man fetur da iskar gas kuma ta yanke shawarar cewa za a bincika batutuwan canjin yanayi kafin kowane muhimmin yanke shawara. A farkon watan Disamba na 2020, Firayim Minista Jacinda Ardern ta ayyana gaggawa na canjin yanayi kuma ta yi alkawarin cewa Gwamnatin New Zealand za ta kasance tsaka-tsaki da carbon nan da 2025. Babban burin da shirye-shirye sun haɗa da buƙatar bangaren jama'a su sayi motocin lantarki ko na hybrid kawai, gine-ginen gwamnati za su cika sabbin ka'idojin gine-guna na "kore", kuma duk masu kwalba 200 a cikin gine-ginin sabis na jama'a za a fitar da su. Binciken kasa da kasa na ayyukan canjin yanayi na New Zealand ko dai an sanya su a matsayin "ƙasa" a kan Climate Change Performance Index ko kuma an kiyasta su a matsayin ""maras isasshen" ta (Climate Action Tracker). <ref name="Germanwatch">{{Cite web |last=Jan Burck |last2=Thea Uhlich |last3=Christoph Bals |last4=Niklas Höhne |last5=Leonardo Nascrimiento |date=20 November 2024 |title=Climate Change Performance Index 2024 |url=https://ccpi.org/wp-content/uploads/CCPI-2024-Results.pdf |publisher=Germanwatch}}</ref><ref name="catnz2023">{{Cite web |date=7 March 2023 |title=New Zealand |url=https://climateactiontracker.org/countries/new-zealand/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314172923/https://climateactiontracker.org/countries/new-zealand/ |archive-date=14 March 2023 |publisher=Climate Action Tracker}}</ref> == Rashin iskar gas == New Zealand tana da bayanin fitarwa na musamman. A cikin 2022, noma ya ba da gudummawa 53% na jimlar hayaki; makamashi (gami da sufuri), 37%; masana'antu, 6%; sharar gida, 4% . Dangane da sabbin bayanan Inventory na 2022, yawan hayaki na New Zealand ga kowane mutum ya kasance sama da matsakaicin ga ƙasashe masu tasowa.<ref name="ghgisnapshot2021" /> A wasu ƙasashe na Kyoto Protocol Annex 1, noma yawanci yana ba da gudummawa game da 12% na jimlar hayaki.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 April 2021 |title=How New Zealand compares to other countries |url=https://environment.govt.nz/publications/new-zealands-greenhouse-gas-inventory-1990-2019-snapshot/how-new-zealand-compares-to-other-countries/ |access-date=17 January 2022 |publisher=Ministry for the Environment |archive-date=2 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002154536/https://environment.govt.nz/publications/new-zealands-greenhouse-gas-inventory-1990-2019-snapshot/how-new-zealand-compares-to-other-countries/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tsakanin 1990 da ₂, fitar da (CO₂) na New Zealand ya karu da kashi 24%; [[methane]] (CH4) da kashi 2%; da nitrous oxide (N2O) da kashi 35%. Jimlar dukkan iskar gas din da aka haɗu sun karu da kashi 87%. Shirin Kasuwancin Kasuwancin New Zealand, wanda ya fara aiki a cikin 2010, an yi niyya ne don samar da hanyar da ta karfafa bangarori daban-daban na tattalin arziki don rage fitar da iskar gas. Wataƙila ya rage karuwar kaɗan. Tsakanin 2007 da 2017 jimlar hayaki na kasa ya ragu da 0.9%, yana nuna ci gaban samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa. Koyaya, tsakanin 2016 da 2017, yawan hayaki na New Zealand ya tsallake 2.2%, yana kawo jimlar (ko babban) karuwar hayaki tsakanin 1990 da 2017 zuwa 23.1%. === Carbon dioxide === New Zealand tana da rikodin dogon lokaci na na yanayi mai kama da Keeling Curve . A cikin 1970, ya tambayi David Lowe, wanda ya kammala karatun kimiyyar lissafi daga Jami'ar Victoria ta Wellington don kafa ma'aunin yanayi na ci gaba a shafin New Zealand. An zaɓi Baring Head da ke fuskantar kudu, a ƙofar gabas zuwa Wellington Harbour, a matsayin wakilin yanayin kudancin kudancin. Duk da yawancin hayakin CO2 da ke fitowa daga Arewacin Hemisphere, yawan yanayi a New Zealand yayi kama da haka. Bayanan Baring Head sun nuna cewa yawan CO2 ya tashi daga 325 ppm a 1972 zuwa 380 ppm a 2009, kuma ya wuce 400 ppm a 2015 kuma ya kai sabon matsakaicin 416 ppm a watan Disamba na 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Newton |first=Kate |date=31 July 2024 |title=Carbon dioxide levels reach another new record at NIWAS's monitoring site on Wellington's coast |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/in-depth/523651/carbon-dioxide-levels-reach-another-new-record-at-niwa-s-monitoring-site-on-wellington-s-coast |access-date=17 August 2024 |website=[[RNZ]]}}</ref> Hanyoyin iska da aka tsara sun nuna cewa iska tana gudana daga digiri 55 a kudu. Bayanan Baring Head sun nuna game da karuwar CO₂ kamar ma'auni daga Mauna Loa Observatory, amma tare da karamin bambancin yanayi. Adadin karuwa a shekara ta ₂ ya kasance kashi 2.5 a kowace miliyan a kowace shekara.<ref>{{Cite book|edition=Jonathan}}</ref> Rubuce-rubucen Baring Head shine mafi tsawo na ci gaba da rikodin CO2 na yanayi a Kudancin Hemisphere kuma an nuna shi a cikin Rahoton Bincike na huɗu na IPCC: Canjin Yanayi 2007 tare da sanannen rikodin Mauna Loa<ref>{{Cite book|ref=etal}}</ref> == Manazarta == ah7o069ta7ufendkgrz8gynvdfoe0cl 0 111733 873690 705472 2026-07-01T16:17:33Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 873690 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Garin '''Yankin York'''''', wanda kuma ake kira Yankin York , wani yanki ne a Kudancin Ontario, Kanada, tsakanin Tafkin Simcoe da [[Toronto]] . An kafa yankin ne bayan wucewar Bill 102, Dokar da za a kafa Gundumar Yankin York, a cikin 1970. Ya maye gurbin tsohon York County a 1971, kuma yana daga cikin Babban Yankin Toronto da kuma zobe na ciki na Golden Horseshoe . Gwamnatin yankin tana da hedikwatar a Newmarket. Ya zuwa Ƙididdigar 2021, yawan mutanen Yankin York ya kai 1,173,334, tare da ci gaban kashi 5.7% daga 2016. <ref name="2021census">{{Cite web |date=9 February 2022 |title=York, Regional municipality Ontario (Census division) |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&DGUIDlist=2021A00033519 |access-date=12 February 2022 |website=Census Profile, [[Canada 2021 Census]] |publisher=[[Statistics Canada]]}}</ref> Gwamnatin Ontario tana sa ran yawan jama'arta za su wuce mazauna miliyan 1.5 nan da shekara ta 2031.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 16, 2009 |title=York Region Official Plan&nbsp;— December 2009 |url=http://www.york.ca/Departments/Planning+and+Development/Growth+Management/default+Growth+Management.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706213558/http://www.york.ca/Departments/Planning+and+Development/Growth+Management/default+Growth+Management.htm |archive-date=July 6, 2011 |access-date=April 8, 2010 |publisher=Regional Municipality of York}}</ref> Birane uku mafi girma a yankin York sune [[Markham, Ontario|Markham]], Vaughan da Richmond Hill . Labari da tarihi== A wani taro a Richmond Hill a ranar 6 ga Mayu, 1970, jami'an da ke wakiltar gundumomin gundumar York sun amince da tsare-tsare don ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar gwamnatin yanki don maye gurbin York County.  Darcy McKeough, Ministan Ma'aikatar Gundumomi na Ontario ya gabatar da shirin a cikin 1969, yana ɗaukar kusan shekara guda don ƙayyade iyakokin birni a cikin sabuwar gwamnatin yankin..<ref name="approval">{{cite news |last=Lott |first=John |date=May 13, 1970 |title=Approval, relief first reactions of politicians |url=http://news.ourontario.ca/newmarket/2436230/page/1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083534/http://news.ourontario.ca/newmarket/2436230/page/1 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |access-date=April 30, 2015 |pages=1, 2 |newspaper=The Era}}</ref> An kirkiro Gundumar Yankin York ta hanyar Dokar Majalisar Dokoki ta Ontario a cikin 1970 (Bill 102 Dokar Kafa Gundumar York), wanda ya fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1971. Halitta karamar hukumar yankin ta haifar da karfafa tsoffin kananan hukumomi goma sha huɗu na York County zuwa sabbin kananan hukumomi tara: {| class="wikitable" |+Halitta kananan hukumomi a cikin Gundumar Yankin York (1971) !Garin !An ƙirƙira shi daga !An rushe ƙauyukan 'yan sanda |- valign="top" |Birnin Aurora |Garin Aurora, wanda ya haɗa da ɓangarorin garin Sarki da Whitchurch | |- valign="top" |Garin Gabashin Gwillimbury |Sashe na garin Gabashin Gwillimbury | * Saukowa a Holland * Dutsen Albert * Queensville * Sharon |- valign="top" |Birnin Georgina |Garuruwan Georgina da Arewacin Gwillimbury, da ƙauyen Sutton | |- valign="top" |Garin Sarki |Sashe na garin Sarki | * Birnin Sarki * Nobleton * Schomberg |- valign="top" |[[Markham, Ontario|Birnin Markham]] |Garin Markham, wanda ya haɗa da yankin Markham | * Thornhill (bangare) * Unionville |- valign="top" |Birnin Newmarket |Garin Newmarket, wanda ya haɗa da ɓangarorin garin Gabashin Gwillimbury, Sarki da Whitchurch | |- valign="top" |Birnin Richmond Hill |Birnin Richmond Hill, wanda ya haɗa da ɓangarorin garin King, Markham, Vaughan da Whitchurch | |- valign="top" |Birnin Vaughan |Ƙauyen Woodbridge, wanda ya haɗa da ɓangarorin garin Sarki da Vaughan | * Taswirar * Thornhill (bangare) |- valign="top" |Garin Whitchurch-Stouffville |Garin Stouffville, wanda ya haɗa da ɓangarorin garin Markham (ƙasa huɗu a kudancin Main Street) da Whitchurch | |} Garin Whitchurch ya haɗu da garin Stouffville don ƙirƙirar garin Whitchurch-Stouffville, yana ba da ƙasa ga Aurora, Newmarket, da Richmond Hill zuwa yammacin Hanyar Hanyar 404 da aka tsara kuma yana haɗa yankin arewacin daga garin [[Markham, Ontario|Markham]]. An bayyana iyakar yammacin sabon garin Markham a titin Yonge, inda aka kafa iyakar arewacin tare da Richmond Hill (wanda ya ba da ƙasa <ref name="carter" />) da iyakar yamma tare da sabon garin Vaughan . <ref name="carter" /> Sabuwar garin Vaughan zai kunshi dukkan al'ummomi a yankin da ke da iyaka da Markham da Richmond Hill a gabas, Metro Toronto a kudu, iyakar karamar hukumar yankin a yamma, da sabon garin King a arewa.[1] Garuruwan Georgina, Arewacin Gwillimbury, da Sutton sun haɗu cikin garin Georgina, kuma unguwar Gabashin Gwillimburg ta Gabashin Gwillimbury Heights ta haɗu cikin Newmarket. Sarki ya kafa yankin arewa maso yammacin sabon yankin, amma yankin gabas daga Bathurst Street zuwa Yonge Street an ba da shi ga Newmarket, Aurora, da Oak Ridges, wanda na ƙarshe ya zama wani ɓangare na Richmond Hill.<ref name="carter" /> An bayyana iyakar tsakanin Aurora da Newmarket a matsayin St. John's Sideroad, kuma an bayyana iyakar arewacin Newmarket a zama Green Lane.<ref name="carter" /> An bayyana garuruwan Aurora, Newmarket, da Richmond Hill a matsayin cibiyoyin ci gaba na karamar hukumar yankin, wanda zai zama kore tsakanin yankunan birane masu yawa na Toronto zuwa kudu da [[Barrie]] zuwa arewa. Cibiyoyin ci gaba an ƙuntata kowannensu don girma zuwa matsakaicin yawan jama'a 25,000 a shekara ta 2000, <ref name="highlights" /> kuma karamar hukumar yankin zuwa 300,000. Sake tsara birni ya haɗu da kashi 40% na yawan mutanen Gabashin Gwillimbury zuwa Newmarket. Majalisar Gabashin Gwillimbury ta kada kuri'a don haɗuwa da Newmarket, amma majalisar Newmarket ta yi adawa da haɗuwa.<ref name="amalgamation" /> A cikin shirin da McKeough ya gabatar, an ba wa majalisun garuruwan Newmarket da Aurora shekaru goma don yanke shawara ko za a haɗa su ko a'a. Rikicin cikin gida na cikin gida ya haifar da wasu 'yan siyasa sun zauna a cikin sabuwar karamar hukuma daga abin da suke wakilta a lokacin da aka gyara.  Reve of Whitchurch Township yana zaune a yammacin yankin garin da Aurora ya mamaye, 'yan majalisa uku na Gabashin Gwillimbury suna zaune a cikin ƙasar da Newmarket ta mamaye, gami da magajin gari Ray Twinney na gaba, kuma ɗan majalisar Sarki Gordon Rowe mazaunin Oak Ridges ne, wanda ya zama wani yanki na Richmond Hill.. <ref name="approval" /> === Kwamitin Hydro === Saboda haɗuwa da birane da yankunan karkara a cikin Yankin, ana gudanar da samar da wutar lantarki ta wata hanya daban daga sauran ayyukan yanki: :* kwamitocin hydro-electric da kwamitocin kayan aikin jama'a waɗanda suka wanzu a ƙarshen 1970 sun ci gaba da samar da wutar lantarki a cikin yankunansu. An rarraba wutar lantarki a cikin 1978, lokacin da: :* An kafa kwamitocin hydro-electric ga dukkan yankunan karkara ban da Gabashin Gwillimbury (amma zai iya kafa kwamitoci daga baya, dangane da yardar Ontario Hydro); :* daga ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1979, duk kadarorin tsoffin kwamitocin a yankin an canja su zuwa sabbin kwamitocin; :* Ontario Hydro ta janye samar da ayyukanta daga dukkan yankuna sai dai wadanda ke Gabashin Gwillimbury, Georgina, King da Whitchurch-Stouffville;<ref name="1978-4" /> :* Georgina, King da Whitchurch-Stouffville na iya ɗaukar alhakin irin waɗannan yankuna a kwanan wata, bisa ga yardar Ontario Hydro <ref name="1978-4" /> === 'Yan sanda === An kuma kirkiro 'Yan sanda na Yankin York a wannan lokacin, tare da haɗuwa da garuruwa goma sha huɗu, gari, da ayyukan' yan sanda na ƙauye. 'Yan sanda a kan Chippewas na tsibirin Georgina ne 'yan sanda na tsibirin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fire & Police Services |url=https://georginaisland.com/community-services/fire-police-services/ |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=Chippewas of Georgina Island}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == Yankin York ya rufe murabba'in kilomita 1,762 daga Tafkin Simcoe a arewa zuwa birnin [[Toronto]] a kudu. Yankin gabashin yana da iyaka tare da Yankin Durham, a yammacin Yankin Peel ne, kuma Simcoe County yana arewa maso yamma. Ana samun cikakken taswirar yankin <ref>{{Cite web |title=York Region Interactive Map |url=http://ww4.yorkmaps.ca/YorkMaps/CommunityServices/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130802113104/http://ww4.yorkmaps.ca/YorkMaps/CommunityServices/index.html |archive-date=August 2, 2013 |access-date=July 27, 2013 |publisher=The Region of York Community Services}}</ref> wanda ke nuna manyan hanyoyi, al'ummomi da wuraren sha'awa. [[Fayil:York_Regional_Forest_lands.png|right|thumb|Taswirar da ke nuna gandun daji na yankin a cikin purple.]] Garuruwa da birane a yankin York sun hada da: * Birnin Aurora * Garin Gabashin Gwillimbury * Birnin Georgina * Garin Sarki * Birnin [[Markham, Ontario|Markham]] * Birnin NewmarketSabon Kasuwanci * Birnin Richmond HillDutsen Richmond * Birnin Vaughan * Garin Whitchurch-Stouffville Har ila yau, akwai wata Al'umma ta Farko tare da ajiyar Indiya, inda Chippewas na Georgina Island First Nation ke zaune a Georgina Island, Fox Island da Snake Island. Yankin York ya haɗa da gonaki, filayen ruwa da tabkuna, Oak Ridges Moraine da kuma sama da hekta 2,070 na gandun daji na yanki, ban da wuraren da aka gina na yankunan da aka gina. Matsayi mafi girma a yankin yana cikin tuddai masu juyawa na moraine kusa da Dufferin St. & Aurora Side Road a 360m ASL (1,243 feet) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ontario County High Points |url=http://www.ontariohighpoints.com/county-high-points/ |access-date=March 31, 2020}}</ref> === Yanayi === Yankin York yana cikin Yanayin zafi na nahiyar ([[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen|Köppen]] Dfb) tare da lokacin rani mai zafi da hunturu mai sanyi, dusar ƙanƙara mai yawa, mafi yawa a arewacin yankin York yawancin abin da aka samo daga aikin snowbelt na iska. == Gwamnati == [[Fayil:YorkRegionRichmondHillOffice2.jpg|thumb|Ofishin Richmond Hill na Yonge & Hwy 7]] [[Fayil:YorkRegion.png|right|thumb|Taswirar Yankin York da kuma kananan hukumomin da ya hada.]] Yankin yana karkashin jagorancin Majalisar Yankin York, wanda ya kunshi wakilai 20 da aka zaba daga kowane gari da birane a yankin. Wadannan sun hada da kowane magajin gari tara, da kuma 'yan majalisa 11 da aka zaba daga kananan hukumomi kamar haka: <ref name="council">{{Cite web |title=Council |url=https://www.york.ca/wps/portal/yorkhome/yorkregion/yr/councilandcommittee/council/council/ |access-date=April 17, 2020 |publisher=The Regional Municipality of York}}</ref> * 1 daga Georgina * 1 daga Newmarket * 2 daga Richmond Hill * 3 daga Vaughan * 4 daga Markham Ana zabar 'yan majalisa na yanki a kowane karamar hukuma wanda ke da su. Har ila yau, suna da membobin jefa kuri'a na majalisun birni / gari. Ana kiran Shugaba majalisar a matsayin "Shugaban Yankin da Shugaba". Wayne Emmerson, tsohon magajin gari na Whitchurch-Stouffville, an zabe shi a wannan ofishin a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014 kuma ya yi aiki har sai ya yi ritaya a shekara ta 2024. <ref name="YRchair_2024">{{Cite web |date=December 2, 2024 |title=Ontario to Appoint Eric Jolliffe as New Chair of York Region |url=https://news.ontario.ca/en/statement/1005430/ontario-to-appoint-eric-jolliffe-as-new-chair-of-york-region |website=Ontario Newsroom |publisher=[[Government of Ontario]]}}</ref> An nada Eric Jolliffe a matsayin sabon Shugaban jim kadan bayan haka kuma zai hau mulki a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2025.<ref name="YRchair_2024" /> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2008, an sanya sunan Karamar Hukumar Yankin York a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan ma'aikata na Babban Toronto ta Mediacorp Canada Inc. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Reasons for Selection, 2009 Greater Toronto's Top Employers Competition |url=http://www.eluta.ca/top-employer-york-region |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206221740/http://www.eluta.ca/top-employer-york-region |archive-date=February 6, 2009 |access-date=January 28, 2009}}</ref> === Wakilan Tarayya da na lardin === Farawa da Zaben tarayya na 2015, Yankin York ya ƙunshi duk ko wani ɓangare na Gundumomin zaɓe na tarayya na Aurora - Oak Ridges - Richmond Hill, King - Vaughan, Markham - Stouffville, Markham: Thornhill, Markham-Unionville, Newmarket - Aurora, Richmond Hill. A lardin, Yankin York yana da wakilci a Majalisar Dokoki ta Ontario ta Mambobin Majalisar Lardin. Ya zuwa 2018, gundumomin zaɓe na lardin sun yi daidai da gundumomin tarayya a mafi yawan Ontario. === Gyaran da aka gabatar === A cikin Mayu 2023, Firayim Minista Doug Ford ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai nemi narkar da da sake fasalin kananan hukumomin yankin da ake ganin akwai hankali.  A martanin da ya mayar, magajin garin Markham Frank Scarpitti a bainar jama'a ya ba da shawarar hade yankin York zuwa wata karamar hukuma mai mataki daya, yana mai da'awar cewa zai ceto miliyoyin daloli.  Ra'ayin ya gamu da rashin amincewa nan da nan daga dukkan sauran masu unguwannin yankin York, ban da magajin garin Vaughan Steven Del Duca, wanda bai fito fili ya bayyana ra'ayi ba a lokacin.  An soki Scarpitti don rashin tuntubar sauran masu unguwanni game da shawararsa kafin ya bayyana hakan a bainar jama'a, wanda sauran masu unguwanni suka ga abin ban mamaki ne.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alberga |first=Hannah |date=2023-06-15 |title=Ontario Premier Doug Ford 'not in favour' of York Region becoming one city |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/toronto/article/ontario-premier-doug-ford-not-in-favour-of-york-region-becoming-one-city/ |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=CTV News Toronto}}</ref> Daga baya, magajin garin Vaughan Steven Del Duca ya ba da shawarar rushe yankin York da kuma sanya dukkan ƙananan yankunan da ke da 'yanci, yana mai da'awar cewa Vaughan ya ba da gudummawar karin kudaden haraji fiye da yadda ya samu a cikin kudaden yanki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DeClerq |first=Katherine |date=2023-06-14 |title=Vaughan takes first steps towards calling for independence from York Region |url=https://www.cp24.com/news/vaughan-takes-first-steps-towards-calling-for-independence-from-york-region-1.6450576 |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=CP24}}</ref><ref name="cbc_dissolve">{{Cite web |date=2023-06-21 |title=Vaughan's mayor explores split from York Region, saying 'status quo' must change |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/vaughan-exploring-split-york-1.6883802 |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=CBC News}}</ref> Babu wani 'yan siyasa da ya amince da shawarar Del Duca. Magajin gari da 'yan majalisa na Yankin York sun amince da duba yiwuwar sake fasalin don daidaita ayyukan gwamnati.<ref name="cbc_dissolve" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Yan |first=Yoyo |date=2023-08-01 |title=Markham council backs governance modernization after mayor's push for York Region amalgamation |url=https://www.yorkregion.com/news/markham-council-backs-governance-modernization-after-mayors-push-for-york-region-amalgamation/article_2881fc14-4d15-5b44-acee-e3b58aa0f1ad.html |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=YorkRegion.com}}</ref> Koyaya, magajin gari na ƙananan garuruwa, kamar su Newmarket da Whitchurch-Stouffville, sun bukaci tattaunawa da diflomasiyya, suna jaddada cewa bai kamata a bar wata karamar hukuma ba sakamakon sake fasalin.<ref name="cbc_dissolve" /> Ya zuwa watan Janairun 2025, gwamnatin Ontario ba ta nuna ko za a sake fasalin yankin York ko kuma ya kasance kamar yadda yake ba. As a census division in the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Regional Municipality of York had a population of {{Val|1173334}} living in {{Val|391034}} of its {{Val|405863}} total private dwellings, a change of  5.7% from its 2016 population of {{Val|1109909}}. With a land area of {{Convert|1758.27|km2|sqmi}}, it had a population density of  667.3/km2 (1,728.4/sq mi) in 2021.<ref name="2021census"/> York is the third-largest census division in Ontario, following Toronto and Peel Region, and seventh-largest in Canada.<ref name="2021censusa">{{Cite web |date=February 9, 2022 |title=Population and dwelling counts: Canada and census divisions |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000701 |access-date=April 2, 2022 |publisher=[[Statistics Canada]]}}</ref> {{Historical populations|1976|203,915|1981|252,053|1986|350,602|1991|504,981|1996|592,445|2001|729,254|2006|892,712|2011|1,032,524|2016|1,109,909|2021|1,173,334}} {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Yawan jama'a ta gari (1986-2001) !Garin !Matsayi !Yawan jama'a (1986) <ref name="pop8691">{{Cite web |title=Census Profile search |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/English/census91/data/profiles/Geo-index-eng.cfm?TABID=5&LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=1&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=1&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=29&PRID=0&PTYPE=3&S=0&SHOWALL=No&SUB=0&Temporal=1991&THEME=113&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=&D1=0&D2=0&D3=0&D4=0&D5=0&D6=0 |website=[[Statistics Canada]]}}</ref> !Yawan jama'a (1991) <ref name="pop8691" /> !Yawan jama'a (1996) <ref name="pop9601">{{Cite web |title=Census Profile search |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/English/census01/products/standard/themes/Rp-eng.cfm?TABID=2&LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=1&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=1&GC=0&GID=272260&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=53297&PRID=0&PTYPE=53293&S=0&SHOWALL=No&SUB=0&Temporal=2006&THEME=36&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=&D1=0&D2=0&D3=0&D4=0&D5=0&D6=0 |website=[[Statistics Canada]]}}</ref> !Yawan jama'a (2001) <ref name="pop9601" /> |- |Aurora |Birni |20,905 |29,454 |34,857 |40,167 |- |Gabashin Gwillimbury |Birni |14,644 |18,367 |19,770 |20,555 |- |Georgina |Birni |22,486 |29,746 |34,777 |39,263 |- |Sarki |Garin |15,951 |18,121 |18,223 |18,533 |- |Markham |Birni |114,597 |153,811 |173,383 |208,615 |- |Sabon Kasuwanci |Birni |34,923 |45,474 |57,125 |65,788 |- |Dutsen Richmond |Birni |46,766 |80,142 |101,725 |132,030 |- |Vaughan |Birni |65,058 |111,359 |132,549 |182,022 |- |Whitchurch-Stouffville |Birni |15,135 |18,357 |19,835 |22,008 |- |York (cikakken) |Gundumar Yankin |'''350,602''' |'''504,981''' |'''592,445''' |'''729,254''' |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Yawan jama'a ta gari (2006-2021) !Garin !Matsayi !Yawan jama'a (2006) <ref name="pop0611" /> !Yawan jama'a (2011) <ref name="pop0611">{{Cite web |title=Census Profile search |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E |website=[[Statistics Canada]]}}</ref> !Yawan jama'a (2016) <ref name="pop2016">{{Cite web |title=Census Profile, 2016 Census - York, Regional municipality [Census division], Ontario and Ontario [Province] |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CD&Code1=3519&Geo2=PR&Code2=35&Data=Count&SearchText=York&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Population&TABID=3 |access-date=July 27, 2017 |publisher=Statistics Canada}}</ref> !Yawan jama'a (2021) <ref name="2021census"/> |- |Aurora |Birni |47,629 |53,203 |55,445 |62,057 |- |Gabashin Gwillimbury |Birni |21,069 |22,473 |23,991 |34,637 |- |Georgina |Birni |42,346 |43,517 |45,418 |47,642 |- |Sarki |Garin |19,487 |19,899 |24,512 |27,333 |- |Markham |Birni |261,573 |301,709 |328,966 |338,503 |- |Sabon Kasuwanci |Birni |74,295 |79,978 |84,224 |87,942 |- |Dutsen Richmond |Birni |162,704 |185,541 |195,022 |202,022 |- |Vaughan |Birni |238,866 |288,301 |306,233 |323,103 |- |Whitchurch-Stouffville |Birni |24,390 |37,628 |45,837 |49,864 |- |York (cikakken) |Gundumar Yankin |'''892,712''' |'''1,032,524''' |'''1,109,909''' |'''1,173,334''' |} === Harshe === A cikin Ƙididdigar Kanada ta 2021, Turanci shine harshen mahaifiyar 45.5% na mazaunan yankin York. Cantonese shine harshen uwa ga 9.7% na yawan jama'a, sannan Mandarin (8.7%), Italiyanci (4.0%), Farsi (4.4%) da Rasha (3.1%). <ref name="2021census"/> Ya zuwa 2021, kabilun da suka fi dacewa sune Sinawa (22.6%), Italiyanci (12.5%) da Ingilishi (7.4%). <ref name="eth">{{Cite web |title=Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Profile table |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=york&DGUIDlist=2021A00033519&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0 |website=[[Statistics Canada]]}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="float:left; clear:left; margin-right:1em" !Asalin kabilanci (2021) !Yawan jama'a <ref name="eth"/> !Kashi |- |Sinanci |263,900 |22.6 |- |Italiyanci |145,695 |12.5 |- |Turanci |86,435 |7.4 |- |Kanada |75,990 |6.5 |- |Irish |66,465 |5.7 |- |Yaren mutanen Scotland |65,430 |5.6 |- |Gabashin Indiya |57,990 |5.0 |- |Dan Iran |43,545 |3.7 |- |Yahudawa |38,670 |3.3 |- |Rasha |36,780 |3.2 |- |Jamusanci |32,175 |2.8 |- |Filipino |28,590 |2.5 |- |Faransanci |27,845 |2.4 |- |Yaren mutanen Poland |24,470 |2.1 |- |Yaren mutanen Ukraine |21,095 |1.8 |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Mutanen da ke bayyane da wadanda ba a bayyane ba ta rukuni ! rowspan="2" |Rukunin ! colspan="2" |Ƙididdigar 2021<ref name="eth"/> |- style="background:#e0e0e0;" !Jimillar !% |- class="sortbottom" !Ƙananan mutane ! align="center" |641,195 ! align="center" | 55% |- |Kudancin Asiya | align="center" |127,960 | align="center" | 11% |- |Sinanci (Gabas ta Asiya) | align="center" |287,320 | style="text-align:center;" | 24.6% |- |Baƙar fata | align="center" |32,845 | align="center" | 2.8% |- |Filipino | align="center" |27,730 | align="center" | 2.4% |- |Larabawa | align="center" |14,010 | align="center" | 1.2% |- |Latin Amurka | align="center" |17,285 | align="center" | 1.5% |- |Kudu maso gabashin Asiya (sai dai Filipino) <br /> | align="center" |15,390 | align="center" | 1.3% |- |Yammacin Asiya | align="center" |62,310 | align="center" | 5.3% |- |Koriya (Gabas ta Asiya) | align="center" |19,965 | align="center" | 1.7% |- |Jafananci (Gabas ta Asiya) | align="center" |2,390 | align="center" | 0.2% |- class="sortbottom" |Ƙananan mutane da yawa | align="center" |23,345 | align="center" | 2% |- class="sortbottom" |Ƙananan mutane, n.e.{{Abbr|n.i.e.|Not included elsewhere. (According to Statistics Canada, this "includes respondents who reported a write-in response such as 'Guyanese,' 'West Indian,' 'Tibetan,' 'Polynesian,' 'Pacific Islander,' etc.")}} | align="center" |10,640 | align="center" | 0.9% |- class="sortbottom" !Ba 'yan tsiraru ba ne ! align="center" |524,420 ! align="center" | 45% |- class="sortbottom" |'Yan asalin ƙasar (duba raguwa a ƙasa) <br /> | align="center" |5,875 | align="center" | 0.5% |- class="sortbottom" |Turai{{Refn|Statistic includes all persons that did not make up part of a visible minority or an aboriginal identity.}} | align="center" |518,545 | align="center" | 44.5% |- class="sortbottom" !Adadin jama'a marasa zaman kansu<br /> ! align="center" |1,165,615 ! align="center" | 100% |} {| class="wikitable collapsible sortable" |+Ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu a cikin Gundumar Yankin York (2001−2021) ! rowspan="2" |Ƙungiyoyin Ƙabilar<br /> ! colspan="2" |2021<ref name="2021census"/> ! colspan="2" |2016<ref name="2016census">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2021-10-27 |title=Census Profile, 2016 Census |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CD&Code1=3519&Geo2=PR&Code2=35&SearchText=York&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1&type=0 |access-date=2023-02-25 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref> ! colspan="2" |2011<ref name="2011census">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2015-11-27 |title=NHS Profile |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CD&Code1=3519&Data=Count&SearchText=York&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=All&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1 |access-date=2023-02-25 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref> ! colspan="2" |2006<ref name="2006census">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2019-08-20 |title=2006 Community Profiles |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CD&Code1=3519&Geo2=PR&Code2=35&Data=Count&SearchText=York&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom= |access-date=2023-02-25 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref> ! colspan="2" |2001<ref name="2001census">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2019-07-02 |title=2001 Community Profiles |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/english/Profil01/CP01/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CD&Code1=3519&Geo2=PR&Code2=35&Data=Count&SearchText=York&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom= |access-date=2023-02-25 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref> |- !<nowiki><abbr about="#mwt220" data-cx="[{&amp;quot;adapted&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;partial&amp;quot;:false,&amp;quot;targetExists&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;mandatoryTargetParams&amp;quot;:[],&amp;quot;optionalTargetParams&amp;quot;:[]}]" data-mw="{&amp;quot;attribs&amp;quot;:[[{&amp;quot;txt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;title&amp;quot;},{&amp;quot;html&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;&amp;lt;span typeof=\&amp;quot;mw:Nowiki\&amp;quot; data-parsoid=\&amp;quot;{}\&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Population&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;quot;}]],&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Abbr&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Samfuri:Abbr&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Pop.&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Population&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwA_Y" title="Population" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:ExpandedAttrs">Pop.</abbr></nowiki> !{{Abbr|%|percentage}} !{{Abbr|Pop.|Population}} !{{Abbr|%|percentage}} !{{Abbr|Pop.|Population}} !{{Abbr|%|percentage}} !{{Abbr|Pop.|Population}} !{{Abbr|%|percentage}} !{{Abbr|Pop.|Population}} !{{Abbr|%|percentage}} |- |Turai{{Efn|Statistic includes all persons that did not make up part of a visible minority or an indigenous identity.}} |518,545 | 44.49% |553,835 | 50.31% |576,820 | 56.32% |553,795 | 62.41% |506,975 | 69.86% |- |Gabashin Asiya{{Efn|Statistic includes total responses of "Chinese", "Korean", and "Japanese" under visible minority section on census.}} |309,675 | 26.57% |264,030 | 23.98% |197,850 | 19.32% |151,795 | 17.11% |108,515 | 14.95% |- |Kudancin Asiya |127,960 | 10.98% |116,695 | 10.6% |107,955 | 10.54% |80,595 | 9.08% |47,345 | 6.52% |- |Gabas ta Tsakiya{{Efn|Statistic includes total responses of "West Asian" and "Arab" under visible minority section on census.}} |76,320 | 6.55% |54,840 | 4.98% |40,980 | 4% |28,260 | 3.18% |13,485 | 1.86% |- |Kudu maso gabashin Asiya{{Efn|Statistic includes total responses of "Filipino" and "Southeast Asian" under visible minority section on census.}} |43,120 | 3.7% |39,920 | 3.63% |40,500 | 3.95% |27,260 | 3.07% |15,545 | 2.14% |- |Afirka |32,845 | 2.82% |27,775 | 2.52% |25,870 | 2.53% |20,770 | 2.34% |16,150 | 2.23% |- |Latin Amurka |17,285 | 1.48% |13,650 | 1.24% |11,450 | 1.12% |8,560 | 0.96% |4,720 | 0.65% |- |'Yan asalin ƙasar |5,875 | 0.5% |5,915 | 0.54% |4,560 | 0.45% |3,595 | 0.41% |2,560 | 0.35% |- |Sauran{{Efn|Statistic includes total responses of "Visible minority, {{abbr|n.i.e.|not included elsewhere}}" and "Multiple visible minorities" under visible minority section on census.}} |33,985 | 2.92% |24,295 | 2.21% |18,240 | 1.78% |12,715 | 1.43% |10,360 | 1.43% |- !Cikakken martani !1,165,615 ! 99.34% !1,100,950 ! 99.19% !1,024,225 ! 99.2% !887,345 ! 99.4% !725,670 ! 99.51% |- !Yawan jama'a !1,173,334 ! 100% !1,109,909 ! 100% !1,032,524 ! 100% !892,712 ! 100% !729,254 ! 100% |- class="sortbottom" | colspan="15" |{{Small|Note: Totals greater than 100% due to multiple origin responses}} |} Dangane da ƙididdigar shekara ta 2021, addinin da aka fi bayar da rahoton a cikin yawan jama'a shine [[Kiristanci]] (45.3%), tare da [[Cocin katolika|Katolika]] (25.2%) wanda shine mafi girman ƙungiya. Wannan ya biyo bayan [[Musulunci]] (7.8%), Yahudanci (5.2%), Hindu (5.0%), Buddha (2.6%) da Sikhism (1.0%). 32.5% na yawan jama'a ba su nuna kansu da wani addini ba.<ref name="eth"/> == Tattalin Arziki == Tattalin arzikin Yankin York ya bambanta. Gabaɗaya, tattalin arzikin ya haɗa da cikakken kasuwancin daga masana'antu zuwa fasaha mai zurfi zuwa yankunan karkara / noma. Sabbin ci gaba suna mai da hankali ne a kan titin Yonge daga Vaughan / Richmond Hill a kudu zuwa Newmarket / Aurora a arewa. Akwai rikice-rikice masu gudana tsakanin masu kiyayewa da masu haɓakawa game da amfani da ƙasa, tare da mafi yawan jayayya game da amfani ga Oak Ridges Moraine. == Abubuwan jan hankali == Yankin York yana da abubuwa masu ban sha'awa iri-iri, daga wuraren ajiyar yanayi zuwa gidajen tarihi na zamanin majagaba, zuwa wurin shakatawa na zamani. [[Fayil:Sharon_Temple.jpg|right|thumb|Haikali na Sharon a Sharon]] [[Fayil:Hillary_House_NHS.jpg|right|thumb|Gidan Tarihi na Kasa na Hillary, Aurora]] Babban abubuwan jan hankali na Vaughan sun haɗa da McMichael Canadian Art Collection, a cikin al'ummar Kleinburg, wanda ke nuna ayyukan masu zane-zane na Kanada ciki har da Inuit da masu zane-zanen First Nations. Kanada's Wonderland, wanda ke da alamun dutsen dutse da sauran tafiye-tafiye, kide-kide da wasan wuta, suma suna cikin Vaughan. * Gidan Tarihi na Kasa na Hillary (Dawn) * Tarihin Babban titin Newmarket (Newmarket) * Gidan Tarihin Soja na Georgina (Georgina) * Gidan kayan gargajiya na ƙauyen Georgina (Georgina) * Gidan kayan gargajiya na King Township (Sarki) * Gidan kayan gargajiya na Markham (Markham) <ref>{{Cite web |title=About Markham Museum |url=http://www.markham.ca/wps/portal/Markham/RecreationCulture/MarkhamMuseum/AboutUs/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204102021/http://www.markham.ca/wps/portal/Markham/RecreationCulture/MarkhamMuseum/AboutUs/ |archive-date=December 4, 2018 |access-date=December 3, 2018 |website=Markham |publisher=The Corporation of the City of Markham}}</ref> * RHLS Narrow Gauge Railway (Whitchurch-Stouffville) * Gidan Tarihi na Tarihi na Sharon (Gwillimbury ta Gabas) * Gidan kayan gargajiya na Whitchurch-Stouffville (Whitchurch-stouffville) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Whitchurch-Stouffville Museum |url=http://www.townofws.com/museum.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100222085747/http://www.townofws.com/museum.asp |archive-date=February 22, 2010 |access-date=July 26, 2013 |website=Town of Whitchurch Stouffville}}</ref> * Jirgin kasa na York-Durham Heritage (Whitchurch-Stouffville) <ref>{{Cite web |title=York-Durham Heritage Railway |url=https://ydhr.ca/ |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729004117/https://ydhr.ca/ |archive-date=July 29, 2019 |access-date=July 28, 2019 |website=ydhr.ca}}</ref> * Applewood Farm Winery (Whitchurch-Stouffville) * Kogin Humber na Tarihin Kanada * Gidan zane-zane na Fred Varley (Markham) * Ƙasar Al'ajabi ta Kanada (Vaughan) * Hanyar Oak Ridges * Ginin Puck (Sarki) * Cibiyar Richmond Hill don Ayyuka * Hanyar Sutton-Zephyr * Willow Springs Winery (Whitchurch-Stouffville) * Kalmomi Rayayyu Bikin Littattafai (Gwillimbury ta Gabas) * Gidan shakatawa na Bare Oaks (Gwillimbury ta Gabas) * Yankin Yunkurin Yunkurin York (Whitchurch-Stouffville) == Kula da lafiya == A halin yanzu akwai asibitoci huɗu a cikin Municipality of York ciki har da: * Asibitin Cortellucci Vaughan * Asibitin Markham Stouffville * Asibitin Mackenzie Richmond Hill * Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Yankin Southlake Dukkanin asibitoci huɗu suna cikin ɓangaren Cibiyar Haɗin Kiwon Lafiya ta Gida (LHIN). Boomerang Health, a Vaughan, cibiyar ce da ke ba da gyare-gyare da sabis na kiwon lafiya da aka tsara musamman ga yara da matasa, tare da hadin gwiwar Asibitin Yara Marasa Lafiya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Connection to SickKids Hospital |url=http://www.boomeranghealth.com/about-us/our-connection-to-sickkids-hospital/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201033909/http://www.boomeranghealth.com/about-us/our-connection-to-sickkids-hospital/ |archive-date=December 1, 2017 |access-date=November 27, 2017 |publisher=Boomerang Health}}</ref> Sabis na Nasiha don Yankin York, cibiya ce da ke Vaughan wacce ke ba da sabis na lafiyar kwakwalwa ga daidaikun mutane waɗanda ke buƙatar kulawa da hankali da ƙima.  Sabis na Ba da Shawarwari na Yankin York sun taimaka masu fafutuka don Tsarin Tsarin Ilimin Halitta na Ontario wanda Lafiyar Ontario ta aiwatar da shi cikin nasara.  An ba da shawarar shirin ta hanyar Advocacy York Region . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Advocacy in York Region |url=https://csyorkregion.com/advocacy |access-date=November 20, 2024 |publisher=Counselling Services for York Region |archive-date=January 15, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250115191542/https://csyorkregion.com/advocacy |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Sufuri == Hanyar sadarwa a yankin York grid ne, tare da mafi yawan hanyoyi da ke gudana daga arewa zuwa kudu ko gabas zuwa yamma. An yi wannan a karkashin jagorancin mai binciken Burtaniya Augustus Jones a cikin shekarun 1790. Yankin York ya sanya kusan hanyoyi 50 a matsayin Hanyar Yankin York, ma'ana cewa kula da waɗannan hanyoyi ana yin su ne ta Yankin York. Ana nuna su da lambobi. Manyan hanyoyi a yankin sune: * Hanyar 7 (gabas zuwa yamma) * Hanyar 9 (gabas zuwa yamma) * Hanyar 48 (arewa maso kudu) * Hanyar 400 (arewa maso kudu) * Hanyar Hanyar 404 (arewa maso kudu) * Hanyar 407 (gabas zuwa yamma) * Hanyar 427 (arewa maso kudu) Tsoffin manyan hanyoyi sun hada da: * Hanyar 11 (arewa maso kudu) * Hanyar 27 (arewa maso kudu) * Hanyar 47 (gabas zuwa yamma) * Hanyar 49 (gabas zuwa yamma) * Hanyar Hanyar 50 (arewa-kudu) Lura: Hanyar Harshe 27 da Hanyar Halin 50 har yanzu ana kiransu a matsayin haka a kan alamun hanya na gari, amma ba su da manyan hanyoyi na lardin. ** <small>Lura: Hanyar 27 da Hanyar 50 har yanzu ana kiransu a matsayin haka a kan alamun hanya na gari, amma ba su da manyan hanyoyi na lardin.&nbsp;</small> === Jirgin sama === Yawancin tafiye-tafiyen jirgin sama yana aiki da Filin Jirgin Sama na Toronto Pearson, wanda ke wajen Yankin York kuma shine filin jirgin sama mafi girma na Kanada. Filin jirgin sama na Markham filin jirgin sama ne mai zaman kansa a cikin Markham. Har ila yau, akwai ƴan ƙananan filayen saukar jiragen sama tare da titin jiragen sama marasa fa'ida waɗanda ke hidimar yankin: Filin Hare a Holland Landing (East Gwillimbury), Filin jirgin sama na Belhaven a Georgina, da Stouffville Aerodrome arewacin Stouffville. Filin jirgin saman Buttonville Municipal babban filin jirgin sama ne na yanki a Markham wanda aka yi amfani da shi don jirgin sama da jirgin sama na kasuwanci. An rufe shi a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Larkin |first=F.K. (Ted) |date=2023-11-25 |title=Toronto Buttonville YKZ Municipal Airport in Markham now Closed |url=https://canadianaviationnews.ca/toronto-buttonville-ykz-municipal-airport-in-markham-now-closed/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106034330/https://canadianaviationnews.ca/toronto-buttonville-ykz-municipal-airport-in-markham-now-closed/ |archive-date=January 6, 2024 |access-date=April 21, 2024 |website=Canadian Aviation News}}</ref> === Sufurin jama'a === [[Fayil:RichmondHillCentre7.jpg|thumb|Tashar Cibiyar Richmond Hill a Yonge & Highway 7]] [[Fayil:Vaughan_Metropolitan_Centre_Station,_November_2021.jpg|thumb|Cibiyar tashar jirgin karkashin kasa ta Vaughan]] Yankin York yana aiki da: * Yankin York Transit (YRT), wanda ya haɗa da hanyar sadarwar Viva bus din sauri * GO Transit, wanda ke ba da sabis na bas da jirgin ƙasa * Toronto Transit Commission (TTC), wanda ke da hanyoyi da yawa na bas wanda ke tsallaka iyakar kudancin York, kuma wanda ke ba da sabis tare da tituna da yawa na arewa maso kudu a Vaughan, Richmond Hill da Markham. Tun daga ranar 17 ga watan Disamba, 2017, Cibiyar Vaughan ta yi aiki da sashin jami'a na Layin 1 Yonge-Jami'ar Toronto, kuma fadadawa ta gaba na Yonge Street na layin zai yi aiki da yankunan iyaka na Vaughan, Richmond Hill, da Markham. Har zuwa shekara ta 2001, garuruwan yankin York suna aiki da sabis na sufuri na jama'a daban-daban, wanda bai haɗa da juna sosai ba. Gwamnatin Yankin ce ta kirkirar YRT don hada biyar daga cikin wadannan ayyukan: * Tafiya ta Vaughan * Jirgin Markham * Jirgin Richmond Hill * Aurora Transit - ya haɗu a cikin 1999 tare da Newmarket TransitSabon Kasuwanci * Sabon Kasuwanci Tun daga shekara ta 2001, an inganta hanyoyin bas sosai a cikin al'ummomi biyar waɗanda ke da sabis na da suka gabata, amma ayyukan YRT zuwa Gabashin Gwillimbury an iyakance su ga hanyoyi biyu, kuma sabis ga Sarki, Georgina da Whitchurch-Stouffville sun fi iyakance saboda ƙananan jama'a a kowane ɗayan waɗannan garuruwan. == Ruwa == Ruwa a kudancin York ana samar da shi ta hanyar Toronto Water and Peel Region ta hanyar tashoshin famfo 3 da tafkuna (Bayview, Dufferin da Milliken (tank da tafkin karkashin kasa)) ta amfani da ruwa daga Tafkin Ontario.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water Supply |url=http://www.york.ca/Services/Water/Water+Supply/default_Water_Supply_New.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407121607/http://www.york.ca/Services/Water/Water+Supply/default_Water_Supply_New.htm |archive-date=April 7, 2012 |access-date=September 28, 2011 |website=York Region}}</ref> Keswick da Sutton suna samun ruwa daga Tafkin Simcoe ta hanyar tsire-tsire na tsabtace ruwa. Sauran York suna samun ruwa daga haɗuwa da ruwa daga Tafkin Ontario da rijiyoyin karkashin kasa. Yankin yana kula da wasu rijiyoyi kuma sauran a asirce. * Georgina -ruwa daga Tafkin Simcoe da rijiyoyi masu zaman kansu * Gabashin Gwillimbury - yanki da rijiyoyi masu zaman kansu * Newmarket - rijiyoyin yankin da ruwa daga Tafkin Ontario <ref>{{Cite web |title=2014 Newmarket Water Distribution System Annual Water Quality Summary Report |url=http://www.newmarket.ca/en/townhall/resourcelibrary/2014WQSummaryReportFinal.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706173850/http://www.newmarket.ca/en/townhall/resourcelibrary/2014WQSummaryReportFinal.pdf |archive-date=July 6, 2015 |access-date=July 6, 2015 |publisher=Town of Newmarket, Public Works Services – Development & Infrastructure Services Commission}}</ref> * Whitchurch-Stouffville - Rijiyoyin yankin, ruwa daga Tafkin Ontario, rijiyoyin masu zaman kansu * Markham - ruwa daga Tafkin Ontario da rijiyoyi masu zaman kansu * Richmond Hill - ruwa daga Tafkin Ontario da rijiyoyi masu zaman kansu * Aurora - ruwa daga Tafkin Ontario da rijiyoyi masu zaman kansu * Vaughan - ruwa daga Tafkin Ontario da rijiyoyi masu zaman kansu * Sarki - ruwa daga Tafkin Ontario, Yankin da rijiyoyi masu zaman kansu Water is distributed from 14 water pumping stations and stored at 37 elevated tanks and reservoirs:{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2011}} * Tankin ruwa na Reesor Park - an gina shi a 1971, yanzu ba ya aiki kuma an rushe shi * Newmarket - 211 Harry Walker Parkway Kudu * Richmond Hill - 81 Coons Road * Schomberg - 186 Church Street, an gina shi 1997 * Sarki - 60 Fisher Street, wanda aka gina 1982 * Stouffville - 12519 Layin goma, an gina 1984 * Stouffville - Bethesda Rd, an gina shi 2005 * Aurora - 126 Allenvale Drive, 240 Orchard Heights Boulevard, an gina 1984 * Aurora - 180 Bloomington Road, an gina shi a 2008 * Markham - 4355 14th Avenue * Sutton Water Treatment Plant - rufe * Georgina Water Treatment Plant - ya maye gurbin Sutton plant * Tashar Kula da Ruwa ta Keswick * Shirin Magunguna na Ruwa na Schomberg == Ilimi == [[Fayil:SenecaMarkhamCampus3.JPG|thumb|Cibiyar Seneca Polytechnic Markham]] Hukumomin makarantun gwamnati guda hudu suna gudanar da makarantun firamare da sakandare a yankin York, Conseil scolaire catholique MonAvenir (CSCM), Conseil scolaire Viamond (CSV), Hukumar Makarantun Katolika ta York (YCDSB), da Hukumar Makarantar Gundumar York (YRDSB).  CSV da YRDSB suna aiki azaman allon makarantun jama'a, tsohuwar cibiyar harshen faransanci, yayin da na ƙarshe ke sarrafa cibiyoyin yaren farko na Ingilishi.  Sauran hukumomin makarantu biyu, MonAvenir da YCDSB, suna aiki azaman allon makarantu daban-daban na jama'a, tsoffin makarantun faransanci daban daban, na karshen suna aiki da yaren farko na Ingilishi daban daban. YRDSB ita ce hukumar makarantun gwamnati mafi girma a yankin, tana gudanar da makarantun firamare 175, da makarantun sakandare 33. YCDSB tana gudanar da makarantun firamare 83, da makarantun sakandire 15, yayin da MonAvenir ke gudanar da makarantun firamare biyar, da sakandare biyu. CSV ita ce karamar hukumar makarantun gwamnati a yankin York, tana gudanar da makarantun firamare uku, da makarantar sakandare guda daya a yankin.   Baya ga matakan firamare da sakandare na ilimi, yankin kuma gida ne ga cibiyoyin sakandare kamar Seneca Polytechnic. kwaleji tana aiki da makarantun biyu da suka bazu a duk yankin York, a King da Markham, da kuma ƙarin makarantun a Toronto. Yankin a halin yanzu ba ya karbar bakuncin [[jami'a]], amma ana gina harabar Markham ta Jami'ar York tun daga watan Agusta 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Markham Campus |url=https://www.yorku.ca/markham/ |access-date=August 15, 2022 |publisher=York University |language=en-CA}}</ref> == Kafofin yada labarai == * Kungiyar watsa labarai ta Yankin York * CKVR - CTV Biyu (wanda ke zaune a [[Barrie]]) * CFU758 - 90.7 RAV FM (Vaughan) * CKDX 88.5FM - ''Foxy 88-5'' (Newmarket) * CFMS-FM - 105.9 Yankin ([[Markham, Ontario|Markham]]) * CIWS-FM - WhiStle Community Radio Whitchurch-Stouffville Har ila yau, kafofin watsa labarai na York suna aiki da tashoshin da ke Toronto. == Makusanta garin == * [[Omsk]] ([[Rasha]]) {{Flagicon|RUS}} The Region of York signed a "Twinning Agreement" with the city of [[Omsk]], [[Rasha|Russia]], on August 28, 1997, after it signed a "Friendship Agreement" one year previous.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4ti1pebxfv7xhswtfb25y12dmzawyy7 0 112458 873735 823868 2026-07-01T18:02:32Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 873735 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Seoul_(175734251)_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Skyline na [[Seoul]] da dare]] [[Fayil:Adelaide_DougBarber.jpg|thumb|Bayyanar sararin samaniya na Greater Adelaide, wuraren shakatawa suna aiki a matsayin shingen tsakanin CBD na ciki da kewaye da birane]] [[Fayil:Northeast_megalopolis_at_night.jpg|thumb|Ra'ayi na tauraron dan adam na megalopolis na Arewa maso gabashin Amurka da dare, megalopoly mafi yawan tattalin arziki a duniya tare da mazauna sama da miliyan 50, wanda ke tsakiyar [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]]]] [[Fayil:ISS-67_City_lights_of_São_Paulo,_Brazil.jpg|thumb|Babban São Paulo da dare, kamar yadda aka gani daga tashar sararin samaniya ta duniyaTashar sararin samaniya ta kasa da kasa]] [[Fayil:Aglomeracja_warszawska_wg_Swianiewicza.png|thumb|Yankin Warsaw]] '''Yankin birane''' shine mazaunin ɗan adam tare da yawan jama'a da kuma ababen more rayuwa na gine-gine.{{Efn|Also known as a '''built-up area''' or '''urban agglomeration'''.}} Yankunan birane sun samo asali ne ta hanyar birane, kuma masu bincike sun rarraba su a matsayin birane, garuruwa, conurbations ko unguwanni. A cikin birane, kalmar "birni" ta bambanta da [[Countryside|yankunan karkara]] kamar [[Ƙauye|ƙauyuka]] da ƙauyuka; a cikin ilimin zamantakewar birane ko ilimin ɗan adam na birane, sau da yawa ya bambanta da yanayin halitta. Ci gaban magabata na birane na zamani a lokacin juyin juya halin birane na karni na 4 KZ ya haifar da kafa [[wayewa]] ɗan adam kuma a ƙarshe zuwa Tsarin birane na yau da kullun, wanda tare da sauran ayyukan ɗan adam kamar [[amfani da albarkatun kasa]] ya haifar da [[Tasirin ɗan adam a kan muhalli|Tasirin ɗan adam akan muhalli]]. == Ci gaban tarihi na baya-bayan nan == [[Fayil:Global_land_use_for_food_production,_OWID_statistic.png|thumb|Amfani da ƙasa na duniya a cikin 2019, an kiyasta yankin da aka gina a matsayin murabba'in kilomita miliyan 1.5.]] A cikin 1950, mutane miliyan 764 (ko kusan kashi 30 cikin 100 na mutane biliyan 2.5 a duniya) suna zaune a cikin birane. A shekara ta 2009, yawan mutanen da ke zaune a cikin birane (3.42 biliyan) sun wuce yawan mutanen da suke zaune a yankunan karkara (3.41 biliyan), kuma tun daga wannan lokacin duniya ta zama birane fiye da karkara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=United Nations Population Division – Department of Economic and Social Affairs |url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/urbanization/urban-rural.shtml}}</ref> Ya zuwa shekara ta 2014, ya kai biliyan 3.9 (ko kusan kashi 53 cikin 100 na mutane biliyan 7.3 a duniya) waɗanda ke zaune a cikin birane. Canjin ya haifar da haɗuwa da ƙaruwar yawan jama'a da ƙaruyar kashi na yawan mutanen da ke zaune a cikin birane. Wannan shi ne karo na farko da yawancin mutanen duniya suka zauna a cikin birni.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Urban population growth |url=https://www.who.int/gho/urban_health/situation_trends/urban_population_growth_text/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308235946/http://www.who.int/gho/urban_health/situation_trends/urban_population_growth_text/en/ |archive-date=March 8, 2012 |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref> A wannan lokacin babban kimantawa da aka lissafa har zuwa murabba'in kilomita miliyan 3.5 na ƙasa sun kasance birane, kimantawa daga 1% na yankin ƙasa na duniya. <ref name="c171">{{Cite web |date=October 30, 2024 |title=How Much of the World is Covered by Cities? |url=https://www.newgeography.com/content/001689-how-much-world-covered-cities |access-date=October 30, 2024 |website=Newgeography.com}}</ref><ref name="r019">{{Cite journal |last=Ritchie |first=Hannah |last2=Roser |first2=Max |date=February 16, 2024 |title=Land Use |url=https://ourworldindata.org/land-use#half-of-the-world-s-habitable-land-is-used-for-agriculture |journal=Our World in Data |page= |access-date=October 30, 2024}}</ref> A shekara ta 2014 akwai mutane biliyan 7.3 da ke zaune a duniya, daga cikinsu yawan mutanen birane na duniya sun hada da biliyan 3.9. Sashen Jama'a na Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziki da Harkokin Jama'a ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a wannan lokacin ya yi hasashen cewa yawan mutanen birane za su mamaye kashi 68% na yawan mutanen duniya nan da shekara ta 2050, tare da kashi 90% na wannan ci gaban da ke fitowa daga Afirka da Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=www.ipcc.ch |language=en}}</ref> == GAgarin birni == {{Blockquote|The UN publishes data on cities, urban areas and rural areas, but relies almost entirely on national definitions of these areas. The UN principles and recommendations state that due to different characteristics of urban and rural areas across the globe, a global definition is not possible.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/work/2014_01_new_urban.pdf |title=A harmonised definition of cities and rural areas: the new degree of urbanisation |last1=Dijkstra |first1=Lewis |last2=Poelman |first2=Hugo |series=Regional Working Paper |publisher=Europa Commission |date=2014 |access-date=28 December 2023 }}</ref>}} [[Fayil:Urban_land_area_(km²),_OWID.svg|thumb|Yankin birni (km²), 2010 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Urban land area (km²) |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/urban-land-area |access-date=6 March 2020 |website=Our World in Data}}</ref>]] [[Fayil:2020_1million_cities.jpg|thumb|Yankunan birane tare da akalla mazauna miliyan daya a cikin 2020]] Ana kirkirar yankunan birane kuma ana ci gaba da bunkasa su ta hanyar tsarin birni. Ana auna su don dalilai daban-daban, gami da nazarin yawan jama'a da Yaduwar birane. Ana samun yankunan birane a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], [[Kanada]], [[Brazil]], [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]], [[Argentina]], [[Chile]], [[Japan]], Australia, da sauran ƙasashe da yawa inda yawan birane yake da yawa. Ba kamar birni ba, yankin birni ya haɗa da ba kawai birni ba ne, har ma da Biranen tauraron dan adam tare da shiga tsakani na yankunan karkara wanda ke da alaƙa da zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da Babban birni, yawanci ta hanyar haɗin aiki ta hanyar tafiye-tafiye, tare da babban birane shine kasuwar ma'aikata ta farko. 'anar "yanki na birni" kamar yadda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin kididdigar tattalin arziki bai kamata a rikita shi da manufar "yanki" da aka yi amfani dashi a cikin kidididdigar tsaro ta hanya ba. Wannan kalmar ta fara kirkirar ne daga masanin ilimin ƙasa Brian Manning. Tunanin karshe kuma an san shi da "Yankin da aka gina a cikin aminci na hanya". Dangane da ma'anar Ofishin Kididdiga na Kasa, "An bayyana wuraren da aka gina a matsayin ƙasar da ba za a iya juyawa ba a cikin halayyar birni', ma'ana cewa suna da halayyar gari ko birni. Sun haɗa da yankunan da aka gina tare da mafi ƙarancin hekta 20 (200,000 m2;). Duk wani yanki [ya raba da] kasa da mita 200 [na sararin samaniya] suna da alaƙa don zama yanki guda ɗaya da aka gina.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=2011 Census: Characteristics of Built-Up Areas (4. Introduction) |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/housing/articles/characteristicsofbuiltupareas/2013-06-28 |access-date=20 October 2019 |publisher=Office for National Statistics}}</ref> Argentina da Japan ƙasashe ne inda yawan birane ya wuce 90% yayin da Australia, Brazil, Kanada, Chile, Mexico, da Amurka ƙasashe ne waɗanda yawan birane ke tsakanin 80% da 90%, kodayake a cikin jihar [[New Jersey]] ta Amurka, yawan birane yana da 100%.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ritchie |first=Hannah |last2=Samborska |first2=Veronika |last3=Roser |first3=Max |date=2024-02-23 |title=Urbanization |url=https://ourworldindata.org/urbanization#:~:text=Using%20these%20definitions,%20it%20reports,shown%20in%20the%20chart%20below. |journal=Our World in Data}}</ref> == Manyan birane == Akwai matakai biyu na matakin birni na yawan jama'a. Na farko, yawan jama'a, ya bayyana kashi na yawan mutanen da ke zaune a cikin birane, kamar yadda kasar ta bayyana. Mataki na biyu, yawan birane, ya bayyana matsakaicin canjin girman yawan mutanen birane a cikin lokacin da aka ba su. Dangane da Urbanisation ta hanyar labarin mai zaman kansa, duniya gabaɗaya tana da kashi 56.2% na birane, tare da kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na ƙasashe da aka ruwaito sun fi kashi 80% na birane. An dauki bayanai daga Hukumar leken asiri ta Amurka ta Tsakiya World Factbook kimantawa daga 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |title=World Factbook Urbanization |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/urbanization |access-date=26 August 2018 |website=Central Intelligence Agency |archive-date=22 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422100832/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/urbanization/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cewar Demographia, waɗannan su ne manyan birane 200 a duniya ta yawan jama'a (kamar yadda ya kasance a 2023): {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+ ! !Yankin Birni !Kasar / Yankin !Yawan jama'a |- |1 |[[Tokyo]]-[[Yokohama]] |[[Japan]] |37,785,000 |- |2 |[[Jakarta]] |[[Indonesiya|Indonesia]] |35,386,000 |- |3 |[[Delhi]] |[[Indiya]] |31,190,000 |- |4 |[[Guangzhou]]-Foshan |[[Sin|China]] |27,119,000 |- |5 |[[Mumbai]] |[[Indiya]] |25,189,000 |- |6 |[[Manila]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |24,156,000 |- |7 |[[Shanghai]] |[[Sin|China]] |24,042,000 |- |8 |[[Seoul]]-[[Incheon]] |[[Koriya ta Kudu]] |23,225,000 |- |9 |[[Kairo|Alkahira]] |[[Misra|Misira]] |22,679,000 |- |10 |[[Mexico (birni)|Birnin Mexico]] |[[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]] |21,905,000 |- |11 |[[Kolkata]] |[[Indiya]] |21,747,000 |- |12 |[[São Paulo]] |[[Brazil]] |21,486,000 |- |13 |[[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] |[[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] |21,396,000 |- |14 |[[Karachi]] |[[Pakistan]] |20,249,000 |- |15 |[[Dhaka]] |[[Bangladesh]] |19,134,000 |- |16 |[[Bangkok]] |[[Tailan|Thailand]] |18,884,000 |- |17 |[[Beijing]] |[[Sin|China]] |18,883,000 |- |18 |[[Moscow]] |[[Rasha]] |17,878,000 |- |19 |[[Shenzhen]] |[[Sin|China]] |17,778,000 |- |20 |[[Buenos Aires]] |[[Argentina]] |15,748,000 |- |21 |[[Los Angeles]] |[[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] |15,587,000 |- |22 |[[Johannesburg]]-[[Pretoria]] |[[Afirka ta Kudu]] |15,551,000 |- |23 |[[Bengaluru|Bangalore]] |[[Indiya]] |15,257,000 |- |24 |[[Chengdu]] |[[Sin|China]] |15,016,000 |- |25 |[[Birnin Ho Chi Minh]] |[[Vietnam]] |14,953,000 |- |26 |[[Osaka]]-[[Kobe]]-[[Kyoto]] |[[Japan]] |14,916,000 |- |27 |[[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] |[[Najeriya]] |14,540,000 |- |28 |[[Istanbul]] |[[Turkiyya]] |14,441,000 |- |29 |[[Lahore]] |[[Pakistan]] |13,504,000 |- |30 |[[Kinshasa]] |[[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] |13,493,000 |- |31 |[[Tehran]] |[[Iran]] |13,382,000 |- |32 |[[Chongqing]] |[[Sin|China]] |12,653,000 |- |33 |[[Rio de Janeiro]] |[[Brazil]] |12,306,000 |- |34 |[[Xi'an]] |[[Sin|China]] |12,211,000 |- |35 |[[Chennai]] |[[Indiya]] |12,053,697 |- |36 |[[Faris|Paris]] |[[Faransa]] |11,108,000 |- |37 |Zhengzhou |[[Sin|China]] |11,068,000 |- |38 |[[Luanda]] |[[Angola]] |10,914,000 |- |39 |[[Landan]] |[[Birtaniya|Ƙasar Ingila]] |10,803,000 |- |40 |Dongguan |[[Sin|China]] |10,753,000 |- |41 |[[Lima]] |[[Peru]] |10,556,000 |- |42 |[[Wuhan]] |[[Sin|China]] |10,353,000 |- |43 |[[Bogotá|Bogota]] |[[Kolombiya|Colombia]] |10,252,000 |- |44 |[[Tianjin]] |[[Sin|China]] |10,047,000 |- |45 |[[Hyderabad]] |[[Indiya]] |9,797,000 |- |46 |[[Taipei]] |[[Taiwan]] |9,662,000 |- |47 |[[Hangzhou]] |[[Sin|China]] |9,618,000 |- |48 |[[Nagoya]] |[[Japan]] |9,439,000 |- |49 |[[Kuala Lumpur]] |[[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] |9,387,000 |- |50 |[[Chicago]] |Amurka |8,954,000 |- |51 |Nanjing |China |8,507,000 |- |52 |[[Riyadh]] |[[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]] |8,309,000 |- |53 |Shenyang-Fushun |China |8,044,000 |- |54 |[[Ahmedabad|Ahmadabad]] |Indiya |8,006,000 |- |55 |[[Dar es Salaam]] |[[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] |7,965,000 |- |56 |[[Washington, D.C.|Washington]]-Baltimore |Amurka |7,853,000 |- |57 |[[Boston]]-ProvidenceGudanarwa |Amurka |7,429,000 |- |58 |[[Onitsha]] |Najeriya |7,205,000 |- |59 |[[Bandung]] |Indonesia |7,203,000 |- |60 |[[Addis Ababa]] |[[Itofiya|Habasha]] |7,185,000 |- |61 |[[Khartoum]] |[[Sudan]] |7,155,000 |- |62 |[[Santiago de Chile|Santiago]] |[[Chile]] |7,099,000 |- |63 |[[Dallas]]-[[Fort Worth, Texas|Fort Worth]] |Amurka |6,979,000 |- |64 |[[Nairobi]] |[[Kenya]] |6,929,000 |- |65 |[[San Francisco]]-San Jose |Amurka |6,844,000 |- |66 |[[Toronto]] |[[Kanada]] |6,837,000 |- |67 |[[Pune]] |Indiya |6,819,000 |- |68 |[[Madrid]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]] |6,798,000 |- |69 |[[Essen]]-[[Düsseldorf]] |[[Jamus]] |6,769,000 |- |70 |Quanzhou |China |6,743,000 |- |71 |[[Houston]] |Amurka |6,703,000 |- |72 |[[Bagdaza|Bagadaza]] |[[Iraƙi|Iraki]] |6,624,000 |- |73 |[[Surat]] |Indiya |6,601,000 |- |74 |[[Amman]] |[[Jodan|Jordan]] |6,563,000 |- |75 |[[Surabaya]] |Indonesia |6,556,000 |- |76 |[[Hong Kong]] |[[Hong Kong|Hong Kong SAR]] |6,468,000 |- |77 |[[Yangon]] |[[Myanmar]] |6,426,000 |- |78 |[[Hanoi]] |Vietnam |6,359,000 |- |79 |Qingdao |China |6,291,000 |- |80 |[[Miami]] |Amurka |6,139,000 |- |81 |Suzhou |China |6,091,000 |- |82 |[[Singafora|Singapore]] |[[Singafora|Singapore]] |5,926,000 |- |83 |[[Philadelphia|Filadelfia]] |Amurka |5,795,000 |- |84 |[[Accra]] |[[Ghana]] |5,785,000 |- |85 |[[Saint-Petersburg|St. Petersburg]] |Rasha |5,750,000 |- |86 |[[Atlanta]] |Amurka |5,702,000 |- |87 |[[Abidjan]] |[[Ivory Coast]] |5,678,000 |- |88 |[[Kabul]] |[[Afghanistan]] |5,566,000 |- |89 |[[Alexandria|Iskandariya]] |Misira |5,552,000 |- |90 |[[Milano|Milan]] |[[Italiya]] |5,471,000 |- |91 |[[Jeddah|Jiddah]] |Saudi Arabia |5,408,000 |- |92 |[[Ankara]] |Turkiyya |5,359,000 |- |93 |Faisalabad |Pakistan |5,356,000 |- |94 |[[Barcelona]] |Spain |5,317,000 |- |95 |[[Åmøy|Xiamen]] |China |5,253,000 |- |96 |Ƙananan Halitta |Brazil |5,242,000 |- |97 |Taiyuan |China |5,067,000 |- |98 |Changsha |China |5,065,000 |- |99 |Hefei |China |5,052,000 |- |100 |[[Mashhad]] |Iran |5,045,000 |- |101 |Kunming |China |4,995,000 |- |102 |Rawalpindi-[[Islamabad]] |Pakistan |4,954,000 |- |103 |[[Dubai (birni)|Dubai]] |[[Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa|Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa]] |4,945,000 |- |104 |[[Sydney]] |[[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] |4,836,000 |- |105 |[[Kumasi]] |Ghana |4,794,000 |- |106 |[[Melbourne]] |Ostiraliya |4,709,000 |- |107 |[[Kampala]] |[[Uganda]] |4,679,000 |- |108 |Monterrey |Mexico |4,674,000 |- |109 |[[Kano (birni)|Kano]] |Najeriya |4,670,000 |- |110 |[[Lucknow]] |Indiya |4,661,000 |- |111 |[[Yaounde]] |[[Kamaru]] |4,642,000 |- |112 |[[Phoenix]] |Amurka |4,617,000 |- |113 |[[Cape Town|Birnin Cape Town]] |Afirka ta Kudu |4,595,000 |- |114 |Ürümqi |China |4,548,000 |- |115 |Wuxi |China |4,524,000 |- |116 |[[Kasabalanka|Casablanca]] |[[Moroko|Maroko]] |4,499,000 |- |117 |Fuzhou |China |4,487,000 |- |118 |[[Guadalalajara|Guadalajara]] |Mexico |4,401,000 |- |119 |[[Izmir]] |Turkiyya |4,367,251 |- |120 |[[Jaipur]] |Indiya |4,360,000 |- |121 |[[Kanpur]] |Indiya |4,350,000 |- |122 |[[Santo Domingo]] |[[Jamhuriyar Dominika|Jamhuriyar Dominica]] |4,345,000 |- |123 |[[Berlin]] |Jamus |4,286,000 |- |124 |Guiyang |China |4,269,000 |- |125 |[[Detroit]] |Amurka |4,258,000 |- |126 |Nanchang |China |4,240,000 |- |127 |[[Mogadishu]] |[[Somaliya]] |4,219,000 |- |128 |Changzhou |China |4,206,000 |- |129 |[[Chittagong]] |Bangladesh |4,204,000 |- |130 |Dalian |China |4,177,000 |- |131 |Zhongshan |China |4,113,000 |- |132 |[[Kuwaiti (birni)|Kuwait]] |[[Kuwaiti (ƙasa)|Kuwait]] |4,066,000 |- |133 |[[Jinan]] |China |4,057,000 |- |134 |[[Medan]] |Indonesia |4,027,000 |- |135 |Wenzhou |China |4,024,000 |- |136 |[[Seattle]] |Amurka |4,001,000 |- |137 |Tashkent |[[Uzbekistan]] |3,935,000 |- |138 |[[Shijiazhuang]] |China |3,871,000 |- |139 |[[Harbin]] |China |3,869,000 |- |140 |[[Recife]] |Brazil |3,866,000 |- |141 |[[Busan]] |Koriya ta Kudu |3,843,000 |- |142 |[[Bamako]] |[[Mali]] |3,783,000 |- |143 |[[Indore]] |Indiya |3,765,000 |- |144 |[[Douala]] |Kamaru |3,751,000 |- |145 |[[Montréal|Montreal]] |Kanada |3,750,000 |- |146 |[[Ibadan]] |Najeriya |3,657,000 |- |147 |[[Napoli|Naples]] |Italiya |3,653,000 |- |148 |[[Sanaa|Sana]] |[[Yemen]] |3,585,000 |- |149 |[[Kolombo|Colombo]] |[[Sri Lanka]] |3,532,000 |- |150 |[[Dakar]] |[[Senegal]] |3,510,000 |- |151 |Porto Alegre |Brazil |3,504,000 |- |152 |[[Mbuji-Mayi]] |Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo |3,493,000 |- |153 |[[Nagpur]] |Indiya |3,493,000 |- |154 |[[Aljir|Algiers]] |[[Aljeriya]] |3,462,000 |- |155 |[[Durban]] |Afirka ta Kudu |3,452,000 |- |156 |[[Port Harcourt|Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Harcourt]] |Najeriya |3,429,000 |- |157 |[[Fortaleza|Ginin Ginin]] |Brazil |3,415,000 |- |158 |[[Brasilia|Brasília]] |Brazil |3,406,000 |- |159 |Changchun |China |3,387,000 |- |160 |[[Salvador (Bahia)|Salvador]] |Brazil |3,344,000 |- |161 |[[Patna]] |Indiya |3,331,000 |- |162 |[[Athens]] |[[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]] |3,309,000 |- |163 |Nanning |China |3,249,000 |- |164 |[[Kathmandu]] |[[Nepal]] |3,247,000 |- |165 |[[Medellín|Medellin]] |Colombia |3,242,000 |- |166 |[[Rum|Roma]] |Italiya |3,239,000 |- |167 |Varanasi |Indiya |3,229,000 |- |168 |Gujranwala |Pakistan |3,218,000 |- |169 |[[Tampa, Florida|Tampa]]-[[St. Petersburg, Florida|Petersburg]],_Florida" id="mwBQo" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="St. Petersburg, Florida">St. Petersburg |Amurka |3,203,000 |- |170 |[[Lusaka]] |[[Zambiya|Zambia]] |3,202,000 |- |171 |Guayaquil |[[Ecuador]] |3,183,000 |- |172 |[[Ouagadougou]] |[[Burkina Faso]] |3,181,000 |- |173 |[[Damascus|Dimashƙu]] |[[Siriya]] |3,155,000 |- |174 |[[San Diego]] |Amurka |3,078,000 |- |175 |Orlando |Amurka |3,075,000 |- |176 |Kozhikode |Indiya |3,049,000 |- |177 |Kogin [[Brisbane]] na Zinariya[[Gold Coast]] |Ostiraliya |3,039,000 |- |178 |[[Rotterdam]]-[[Hague]] |[[Holand|Netherlands]] |3,027,000 |- |179 |[[Tel Abib|Tel Aviv]] |[[Isra'ila]] |3,006,000 |- |180 |[[Baku]] |[[Azerbaijan]] |3,002,000 |- |181 |[[Kiev|Kyiv]] |[[Ukraniya|Ukraine]] |3,001,000 |- |182 |[[Dammam|Ad-Dammam]] |Saudi Arabia |2,994,000 |- |183 |Lanzhou |China |2,977,000 |- |184 |Charlotte |Amurka |2,879,000 |- |185 |[[Curitiba]] |Brazil |2,873,000 |- |186 |[[Cleveland]] |Amurka |2,871,000 |- |187 |[[Brazzaville|Birnin Brazzaville]] |[[Jamhuriyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Kongo]] |2,860,000 |- |188 |[[Aleppo]] |Siriya |2,859,000 |- |189 |Thiruvananthapuram |Indiya |2,851,000 |- |190 |[[Lisbon]] |[[Portugal]] |2,832,000 |- |191 |Minneapolis-St. Bulus |Amurka |2,796,000 |- |192 |[[Campinas|Yankin]] |Brazil |2,789,000 |- |193 |Hyderabad |[[Pakistan]] |2,789,000 |- |194 |Multan |[[Pakistan]] |2,783,000 |- |195 |[[Conakry]] |[[Gini|Guinea]] |2,781,000 |- |196 |[[Quito]] |[[Ecuador]] |2,778,000 |- |197 |Zhangjiaggang |[[Sin|China]] |2,770,000 |- |198 |[[Guatemala (birni)|Birnin Guatemala]] |[[Guatemala (ƙasa)|Guatemala]] |2,765,000 |- |199 |[[Lubumbashi]] |[[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] |2,750,000 |- |200 |[[Agra]] |[[Indiya]] |2,737,000 |} == Ma'anar == ''d''="mwBeM">A yi l''d''="mwBeU">A'aka''d''="mwBeQ">''R'' da Tsarin Metric na Urban (UMS) wanda zai iya gyara matsalar, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tellier |first=Luc-Normand |last2=Quesnel |first2=Frédéric |last3=Bur |first3=Justin |date=November 2024 |title=Estimating urban sprawl standards by means of the Urban Metric System |url=https://authors.elsevier.com/sd/article/S1757-7802(24)00342-1 |publisher=Regional Science Policy and Planning}}</ref> tunda yana ba da damar lissafin iyakokin yankin birane da maki na tsakiya, kuma ana iya amfani da shi ta wannan hanyar ga duk mutanen da suka gabata, na yanzu da na gaba da rarraba aikin. Ya dogara ne akan lissafin filin vector da aka samu ta hanyar ɗauka cewa, a cikin sararin samaniya, duk mazauna da ayyukan suna yin amfani da karfi ɗaya mai kyau A da ƙarfin ƙyama R. Ƙarfin ƙarfin (A - R) da kowane mazaunin ko aiki ke yi ana ba da shi ta [1/ (1 + d) ] - [1/ (''''β'''' + d/2) ], inda d = nesa kuma β shine kawai siginar. {| class="wikitable" |+ ! !Yankin birni !Tsakanin da ƙarfin jan hankali = ƙarfin ƙin yarda !Darajar ''β'' |- !1 !Birnin tsakiya !Km 10 !6 |- !2 !Taron jama'a !20 km !11 |- !3 !Birni !40 km !21 |- !4 !Birnin Patropolis !80 km !41 |- !5 !Birnin Megalopolis !160 km !81 |- !6 !Tsarin birni !kilomita 320 !161 |- !7 !Tsarin birane !kilomita 640 !321 |- !8 !Tsarin nahiyar !Km 1,280 !641 |- !9 !Tsarin Intercontinental !Km 2,560 !1,281 |- !10 !Tsarin duniya !5,120 km !2,561 |} An yi amfani da UMS ga wasu shari'o'in Kanada tun 2018, amma bayanan da aka gabatar a cikin wannan labarin har yanzu sun dogara ne akan ma'anar ƙasa daban-daban da ke akwai, waɗanda ba su da bambanci.{{Largest Urban Areas of the United Kingdom|class=}}[[Turai|European]] countries  define urbanized areas on the basis of urban-type [[Amfani da Ƙasa|land use]], not allowing any gaps of typically more than {{Convert|200|m|yd}}, and use satellite imagery instead of census blocks to determine the boundaries of the urban area. In less-developed countries , in addition to land use and density requirements, a requirement that a large majority of the population, typically 75%, is not engaged in agriculture and/or fishing is sometimes used.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2020}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Asiya === ==== Gabashin Asiya ==== {{Clear}}Tun daga shekara ta 2000, biranen kasar Sin sun fadada a matsakaicin kashi 10% a kowace shekara. An kiyasta cewa yawan mutanen birane na kasar Sin zai karu da mutane miliyan 292 nan da shekarar 2050, lokacin da biranen za su sami jimillar yawan jama'a sama da biliyan daya. <ref name="McKinseyUrbanBillion">{{Cite web |date=February 2009 |title=Preparing for China's urban billion |url=http://www.mckinsey.com/insights/mgi/research/urbanization/preparing_for_urban_billion_in_china |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121224074932/http://www.mckinsey.com/insights/mgi/research/urbanization/preparing_for_urban_billion_in_china |archive-date=24 December 2012 |access-date=12 December 2012 |publisher=McKinsey Global Institute}}</ref> Yawan birane na kasar ya karu daga 17.4% zuwa 46.6% tsakanin 1978 da 2009.<ref name="Ref_abcd">{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=China urbanization (PDF) |url=http://wbi.worldbank.org/wbi/Data/wbi/wbicms/files/drupal-acquia/wbi/urban_china_urbanization2011.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115173104/http://wbi.worldbank.org/wbi/Data/wbi/wbicms/files/drupal-acquia/wbi/urban_china_urbanization2011.pdf |archive-date=15 January 2013 |access-date=12 December 2012 |publisher=World Bank Institute}}</ref> Tsakanin Ma'aikatan ƙaura miliyan 150 zuwa 200 suna aiki na ɗan lokaci a cikin manyan birane, suna komawa gida zuwa ƙauyuka lokaci-lokaci tare da kuɗin da suke samu. <ref name="Tschang2009">{{Cite web |last=Tschang |first=Chi-Chu |date=4 February 2009 |title=A Tough New Year for China's Migrant Workers |url=http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/feb2009/gb2009024_357998.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208012238/http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/feb2009/gb2009024_357998.htm |archive-date=February 8, 2009 |access-date=27 March 2009 |website=Business Week}}</ref>&nbsp; Kasar Sin tana da birane da yawa tare da mazauna miliyan ɗaya ko fiye da kowane ƙasa, gami da biranen duniya guda uku na [[Beijing]], Hong Kong, da [[Shanghai]]; nan da 2025, ƙasar za ta kasance gida ga birane 221 tare da mazaana sama da miliyan ɗaya.<ref name="McKinseyUrbanBillion"/> Adadin da ke cikin teburin da ke ƙasa sun fito ne daga ƙididdigar shekara ta 2008, kuma ƙididdigat ne kawai na yawan mutanen birane a cikin iyakokin birni na gudanarwa; akwai matsayi daban-daban yayin la'akari da yawan jama'ar birni (wanda ya haɗa da yawan mutanen da ke kusa da yankunan karkara). Manyan "mutane masu iyo" na ma'aikatan ƙaura suna sa gudanar da ƙididdiga a cikin birane ya zama da wahala; adadi da ke ƙasa sun haɗa da mazauna dogon lokaci kawai.  {{Wide image|10 mile panorama of NYC, Feb., 2018.jpg|1670px|The [[List of tallest buildings in New York City|skyscrapers]] of [[New York City]], the [[List of most populous cities in the United States|most populous city in the United States]] and the [[List of Metropolitan Statistical Areas|most populous U.S. metropolitan area]], are almost all situated in [[Manhattan]], the world's largest [[central business district]], seen here in this panorama in February 2018, as viewed from [[Weehawken, New Jersey]]. {{flatlist| # [[Riverside Church]] # [[Time Warner Center]] # [[220 Central Park South]] # [[Central Park Tower]] # [[One57]] # [[432 Park Avenue]] # [[53W53]] # [[Chrysler Building]] # [[Bank of America Tower (Manhattan)|Bank of America Tower]] # [[Conde Nast Building]] # [[The New York Times Building]] # [[Empire State Building]] # [[Manhattan West]] # {{nowrap|a: [[55 Hudson Yards]],}} {{nowrap|b: [[35 Hudson Yards]],}} {{nowrap|c: [[10 Hudson Yards]],}} {{nowrap|d: [[15 Hudson Yards]]}} # [[56 Leonard Street]] # [[8 Spruce Street]] # [[Woolworth Building]] # [[70 Pine Street]] # [[30 Park Place]] # [[40 Wall Street]] # [[Three World Trade Center]] # [[Four World Trade Center]] # [[One World Trade Center]]}}|}} ===== Japan ===== A [[Japan]], an bayyana yankunan birane a matsayin yankunan da ke kusa da gundumomi masu yawa (DIDs) ta amfani da gundumomin ƙididdigar ƙididdiga a matsayin raka'a tare da buƙatun yawan mazauna 4,000 a kowace murabba'in kilomita (10,000 / sq . [[Seoul]] ita ce mafi girman birni a [[Koriya ta Kudu]].{{Wide image|Sydney Harbour Bridge night.jpg|800px|[[Sydney]] is Australia's largest city, home to 5.3 million inhabitants.<ref name="ABSMRSYD">{{cite web|date=30 March 2021|title=3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2019–20|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/latest-release|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330092152/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/latest-release|archive-date=30 March 2021|access-date=30 March 2021|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]}}</ref>}}A [[Bangladesh]], akwai jimlar birane 532, waɗanda aka raba su zuwa kashi uku. Waɗannan su ne [[Bangladesh]]" id="mwBq8" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="List of City Corporations of [[Bangladesh]]">Kamfanin Birni, Kamfanin Birni (Pourasova) da Garin Upazila. Daga cikin waɗannan birane, [[Dhaka]] ita ce birni mafi girma ta yawan jama'a da yanki, tare da yawan mutane miliyan 19.10.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 2014 |title=Bangladesh Population & Housing Census-2011 |url=http://www.bbs.gov.bd/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/National%20Reports/Union%20Statistics.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208044832/http://www.bbs.gov.bd/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/National%20Reports/Union%20Statistics.pdf |archive-date=8 December 2015 |publisher=Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics}}</ref> A Bangladesh, akwai jimlar kamfanoni 11 na birni da kamfanoni 329 na birni tare da Ƙananan garuruwa 203, wanda ke aiki a matsayin cibiyar Upazilas. Dangane da ƙididdigar yawan jama'a na 2011, Bangladesh tana da yawan birane na 28%, tare da ci gaban 2.8%. A wannan ci gaban, an kiyasta cewa yawan mutanen birane na Bangladesh zai kai miliyan 79 ko 42% na yawan jama'a nan da shekara ta 2035.   Ga Ƙididdigar [[Indiya]] ta 2011, ma'anar yankin birni wuri ne da ke da mafi ƙarancin yawan mutane 5,000 na yawan mutane 400 a kowace murabba'in kilomita (1,000 / sq ko mafi girma, da kuma kashi 75% na yawan maza masu aiki da ke aiki a ayyukan da ba na noma ba. Wuraren da kamfanin birni ke gudanarwa, kwamitin cantonment ko kwamitin yankin gari da aka sanar ana ɗaukar su a matsayin yankunan birane ta atomatik.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 February 2012 |title=Provisional Population Totals Urban Agglomerations and Cities, Data Highlights |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2-vol2/data_files/India2/1.%20Data%20Highlight.pdf |publisher=Census of India 2011}}</ref> Ƙididdigar Indiya ta 2011 ta kuma bayyana kalmar "ƙungiyoyin birane" a matsayin yanki na birane wanda ya ƙunshi babban gari tare da "ƙasa" (birane masu kusa). <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 2015 |title=Urban Agglomeration |url=http://www.arthapedia.in/index.php?title=Urban_Agglomeration |website=Arthapedia |publisher=India Economic Service |language=en |access-date=10 August 2025 |archive-date=12 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812165135/http://www.arthapedia.in/index.php?title=Urban_Agglomeration |url-status=dead }}</ref>[[Statistics New Zealand]] defines urban areas in New Zealand, which are independent of any administrative subdivisions and have no legal basis.<ref name=defn>{{cite web |url=http://www.stats.govt.nz/surveys_and_methods/methods/classifications-and-standards/classification-related-stats-standards/urban-area/definition.aspx |title=Urban area: Definition |publisher=Statistics New Zealand |access-date=10 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113181922/http://www.stats.govt.nz/surveys_and_methods/methods/classifications-and-standards/classification-related-stats-standards/urban-area/definition.aspx |archive-date=13 November 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> There are four classes of urban area: major urban areas (population 100,000+), large urban areas (population 30,000–99,999), medium urban areas (population 10,000–29,999) and small urban areas (population 1,000–9,999). As of 2021, there are 7 major urban areas, 13 large urban areas, 22 medium urban areas and 136 small urban areas. Urban areas are reclassified after each [[New Zealand census]], so population changes between censuses does not change an urban area's classification. {{Largest cities of New Zealand}} ===== Pakistan ===== {{Wide image|Shanghai_Pudong_Panorama_Jan_2_2014.jpg|1000px|Panoramic view of [[Pudong]]'s skyline from [[the Bund (Shanghai)|the Bund]] in [[Shanghai]]}}A [[Pakistan]], yanki babban birni ne da kuma karamar hukuma idan yana da mazauna sama da 100,000 bisa ga sakamakon ƙidayar jama'a. Birane sun haɗa da [[Pakistan]])" id="mwBuA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Cantonments (Pakistan)">Yankunan da ke kusa. Birane a Pakistan ya karu tun lokacin samun 'yancin kai kuma yana da dalilai daban-daban. Yawancin mutanen kudancin Pakistan suna zaune a gefen [[Kogin Indus]]. Karachi ita ce birni mafi yawan jama'a. A arewacin rabin kasar, yawancin jama'a suna zaune a cikin wani yanki da biranen [[Lahore]], Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, [[Islamabad]], Gujranwala, Sialkot, Gujrat, Jhelum, Sargodha, Sheikhupura, Nowshera, Mardan da Peshawar suka kafa. A cikin 1990-2008, mazaunan birni sun kasance kashi 36% na yawan mutanen Pakistan, suna mai da shi al'umma mafi yawan birane a Kudancin Asiya. Bugu da ƙari, kashi 50% na 'yan Pakistan suna zaune a garuruwan mutane 5,000 ko fiye. Karachi ita ce birni mafi yawan jama'a a Pakistan wanda Lahore ta biyo baya bisa ga Ƙididdigar 2017. ==== Kudu maso gabashin Asiya ==== ===== Philippines ===== A cikin 2020, kashi 54 cikin 100 na yawan mutanen Philippines suna zaune a cikin birane. Tare da kimanin mutane miliyan 16.3, Metro Manila ita ce mafi yawan jama'a a cikin Philippines kuma Na 11 a duniya. Koyaya, mafi girman birni shine na 5 mafi girma a duniya tare da yawan mutane 20,654,307 (kimanin 2010). <ref name="WG">{{Cite web |title=World: metropolitan areas |url=http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&dat=32&srt=npan&col=aohdq&pt=a&va=&srt=pnan |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930211424/http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&dat=32&srt=npan&col=aohdq&pt=a&va=&srt=pnan |archive-date=2007-09-30 |access-date=2010-01-22 |publisher=World Gazetteer}}</ref> ===== Singapore =====   A matsayin birni na tsibirin, kusan mutane miliyan 5.6 suna rayuwa kuma suna aiki a tsakanin murabba'in kilomita 700 (270 sq mi).  Tare da tsibirai 64 da tsibirai, tsibirin Singapore ya zama yanki mafi girma a cikin birni.  A cewar Hukumar Tattalin Arziki da Zamantakewa ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya mai kula da yankin Asiya da tekun Pasifik, ƙasar ce ta fi kowacce yawan jama'a a kudu maso gabashin Asiya, inda kashi 100 na al'ummarta ke zaune a wani yanki na birni.  Hukumar raya birane (URA) ita ce ke da alhakin tsara yadda ake amfani da filaye a birane, wanda ya kebanta amfani da filaye da yawan biranen kasar[2].  An raba ƙasar zuwa yankuna 5 don dalilai na tsare-tsare ta URA, kodayake a matsayin birni na birni an ayyana Singapore a matsayin yanki mai ci gaba da ci gaba.  An kuma raba shi zuwa yankunan tsara birane 55, wanda ke aiki a matsayin iyakokin garuruwan da aka tsara a cikin kasar..<ref>{{Cite web |title=Urban Redevelopment Authourity |url=http://www.ura.gov.sg/dgp_reports/angmokio/main.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612192146/http://www.ura.gov.sg/dgp_reports/angmokio/main.html |archive-date=2007-06-12 |access-date=2007-06-02}}</ref> ===== Thailand ===== [[Bangkok]] ita ce mafi girman birni a [[Tailan|Thailand]]. A [[Vietnam]], akwai nau'ikan birane guda shida: * Yankin birane na musamman (2 municipalities): [[Hanoi]] da Ho Chi Minh City. * Yankin birane na nau'in I (birane 18 na lardin da kuma kananan hukumomi 3): Long Xuyên, Pleiku, My Tho, Londres Dầu, Bắc Ninh, [[Bien Hoa|Biên Hòa]], Hai Dương, Thanh Hóa, Hạ Long, Việt Trì, Thái Nguyên, Nam Định, Vũng Tàu, Buôn Ma Thuột, Đà Lạt, Quy Nhơn, [[Nha Trang]], Huế, Vinh, [[Can Tho|Cần Thơ]], [[Da Nang|Đà Nẵng]] Hải [[Haiphong|Hai Phòng]]. * Yankin birane Ka Mau'i na II (birane 21 na lardin da gundumar 1): Chau Đốc, Đồng Hoi, Uông Bí, Bắc Giang, Ninh Bình, Bạc Liéu, Bà Rịa, Thái Bình, Rạch Gita, Cà Mau, Phan Rang-Tháp Chàm, Tuy Hòa, Phan Thiết, Vĩnh Yên, Lào Cai Phú Quốc Cai. * Yankin birane na nau'i na III (birane 31 na lardin da garuruwa 12). * Yankin birane na nau'in IV (birane 35 da garuruwa 35). * Yankin birane na nau'in V (ƙauyuka 586 da yankuna 54). === Turai === ==== Finland ==== [[Greater Taipei]] is the largest urban area in [[Taiwan]]. {{Largest cities in Taiwan|class=info}} [[Fayil:Taajama_kyltti_Vimpelissä.jpg|thumb|Alamar titi a Vimpeli tana nuna farkon birni a Finland]] Kamar yadda yake a wasu ƙasashen Nordic, wani yanki na birni (<span cx-link="" data-linkid="2340" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" href="./Finnish_language" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Finnish language">Finnish-language text" typeof="mw:Transclusion">''taajama''</span> a cikin Finnish) a Finland dole ne ya sami gini aƙalla kowane {{Convert|200|m|ft}} kuma aƙalla mutane 200. Don a dauke shi gari ko birni ({{Lang|fi|kaupunki}}) don dalilai na kididdiga, yankuna birni dole ne ya sami akalla mutane 15,000. Wannan bai kamata a rikita shi da sunan birni / gari da kananan hukumomi ke amfani da shi ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Locality – Concepts |url=http://www.stat.fi/meta/kas/taajama_en.html |publisher=Statistics Finland}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Alueluokkien kuvaukset |url=http://www.ymparisto.fi/fi-FI/Elinymparisto_ja_kaavoitus/Yhdyskuntarakenne/Tietoa_yhdyskuntarakenteesta/Kaupunkimaaseutu_luokitus/Alueluokkien_kuvaukset |publisher=Ymparisto}}</ref>{{Largest urban agglomerations in India|class=}}In [[Faransa|France]], an urban area (''Fr: aire d'attraction d'une ville'') is a zone encompassing an area of built-up growth (called an "urban unit" (''unité urbaine'')<ref name="unité urbaine">{{Cite web |date=October 31, 2016 |title=Urban unit |url=http://www.insee.fr/en/metadonnees/definition/c1501 |access-date=2019-01-18 |website=Definitions, methods and quality |publisher=INSEE |language=en}}</ref> – close in definition to the North American urban area) and its commuter belt (''couronne''). Americans would find the INSEE definition of the urban area<ref name="aire urbaine">{{Cite web |date=October 31, 2016 |title=Urban area |url=http://www.insee.fr/en/metadonnees/definition/c2070 |access-date=2019-01-18 |website=Definitions, methods and quality |publisher=INSEE |language=en}}</ref> to be similar to their metropolitan area. Manyan birane a Faransa, dangane da yawan mutanen birane (2017), sune [[Faris|Paris]] (12,628,266), [[Lyon]] (2,323,221), [[Marseille]] (1,760,653), [[Toulouse]] (1,360,829), [[Bordeaux]] (1,247,977), [[Lille]] (1,191,117), Nice (1,006,201), [[Nantes]] (972,828), [[Strasbourg]] (790,087) da Rennes (733,320). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tableaux de l'économie française, Édition 2020, Villes et communes de France |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4277602?sommaire=4318291 |access-date=11 December 2020 |publisher=INSEE}}</ref>   ==== Jamus ==== [[Jamus]] tana da manyan birane da yawa. Babban birni shine yankin Rhine-Ruhr (miliyan 11 a cik{{As of|2008}}), gami da [[Düsseldorf]] (babban birnin Arewacin Rhine-Westphalia), [[Köln|Cologne]], Bonn, [[Dortmund]], [[Essen]], [[Duisburg]], da Bochum.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2017 |title=Verdichtungsräume nach Fläche, Bevölkerung und Bevölkerungsdichte am 31.12.2017, im November 2018 wegen korrigierter Bevölkerung revidiert |url=https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Laender-Regionen/Regionales/Gemeindeverzeichnis/Administrativ-Nicht/30-verdichtungsraeume.html |access-date=24 March 2019 |publisher=Statistisches Bundesamt |page=10 |language=de}}</ref>&nbsp;  {{Wide image|Tour Eiffel 360 Panorama.jpg|1420px|Panorama of Paris as seen from the [[Eiffel Tower]] as full 360-degree view (river flowing from north-east to south-west, right to left)}}[[Holand|Netherlands]] ita ce ƙasa Na 30 mafi yawan jama'a'a a duniya, tare da mazauna 404.6 a kowace murabba'in kilomita (1,048/sq - ko mazauna 497 a kowace murab'in kilomita (1.287/sq . Randstad ita ce birni mafi girma a kasar da ke yammacin kasar kuma ta ƙunshi manyan birane huɗu: Amsterdam, [[Rotterdam]], The [[Hague]], da Utrecht. Randstad tana da mazauna miliyan 7 kuma ita ce Na 6 mafi girma a Turai.&nbsp; ==== Norway ==== {{Clear}}[[Norway]] ta bayyana yankunan birane ("tettsteder") kamar sauran ƙasashen Nordic. Ba kamar a Denmark da Sweden ba, nisan tsakanin kowane gini dole ne ya zama ƙasa da 50 m, kodayake an yi banbanci saboda wuraren shakatawa, wuraren masana'antu, koguna, da makamantansu. Ƙungiyoyin gidaje ƙasa da 400 m daga babban jikin birni an haɗa su a cikin birni.<ref name="ssb1">{{Cite web |date=June 20, 2008 |title=Population statistics. Population and land area in urban settlements, 1 January 2008 |url=http://www.ssb.no/english/subjects/02/01/10/beftett_en/ |access-date=2009-04-17 |website=Statistics Norway}}</ref> ==== Poland ==== A Poland, alkaluman yawan jama'a na "birane" kawai suna nufin waɗannan yankuna waɗanda ke da matsayin garuruwa (miasta). Al’ummar “karuyuka” ita ce ta dukkan yankunan da ke wajen iyakokin wadannan garuruwa. Wannan bambance-bambance na iya ba da ra'ayi mai ɓarna a wasu lokuta, tunda wasu ƙananan yankuna waɗanda ke da matsayin ƙauye kawai na iya samun yawan jama'a da yawa fiye da da yawa ƙananan garuruwa[1] tare da mafi girman misali na Poznań, mafi yaɗuwar yankin biranen ƙasar tare da yawan jama'ar gari. 534 dubu da Metropolitan yankin kusa da 1 miliyan mazauna. A gefe guda kuma, yankin birni na Katowice mai yawan manyan birane da matsakaita ya mamaye kilomita 1,468 kuma yana da sama da mutane miliyan 2. Yankunan birni a Poland sune manyan yankuna na birni (misali Katowice metropolitan area, Łódź metropolitan area da Szczecin metropolitan area) kuma suna da tasiri sosai akan yankunan karkara, kamar yadda yake kusa da Lublin, Radom, Kielce, Tarnów da Białystok..&nbsp; [[Fayil:Business_Centre_of_Moscow_2.jpg|thumb|[[Moscow]], babban birni kuma birni mafi girma a [[Rasha]]]]   ==== Spain ==== [[Ispaniya|Spain]] ƙasa ce mai yawan birane. [[Madrid]] ita ce mafi girman birni. Yankin Kudancin da Gabas tare da [[Barcelona]], [[Valencia]] da [[Malaga|Málaga]] sun fi zama birane fiye da Arewa da Yamma.   [[Sweden]]" id="mwCCU" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Urban areas in Sweden">Yankunan birane a Sweden (tätorter) yankuna ne da aka ƙayyade ta ƙididdiga, gaba ɗaya masu zaman kansu daga rarrabawar gudanarwa na ƙasar. Akwai irin waɗannan yankuna 1,956 a Sweden, tare da yawan jama'a daga mazauna 200 zuwa 1,372,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fortsatt stor ökning av befolkning i tätorter |url=http://www.scb.se/Pages/PressRelease____317009.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112062733/http://www.scb.se/Pages/PressRelease____317009.aspx |archive-date=2012-01-12 |access-date=2011-06-24 |publisher=[[Statistics Sweden]]}}</ref>{{excerpt|List of metropolitan areas in Brazil|Definitions|paragraphs=1|this=The following paragraph is}}a cikin 2013 Ofishin Ƙididdigar Ƙasa ta Ƙasar Ingila (ONS) ya buga 2011 Gina Wuraren Gina - Hanya da Jagoranci wanda ya bayyana ma'anarsa na Wurin Gina (BUA) a matsayin yanki na ginannen fili na akalla hectare 20 (0.077 sq mi), ya rabu da sauran ƙauyuka da aƙalla mita 6200. Don ƙididdigar ƙidayar 2011 akwai gine-gine 5,493, wanda 501 an raba su zuwa yankunan Built-up Area sub-divisions (BUASD) wanda kuma akwai bayanai. Kowane yanki da aka gina ana ba shi suna algorithmically, ta amfani da bayanan sunan wurin Ordnance Survey<ref name="ons">{{Cite web |last=ONS Geography |date=August 2015 |title=2011 Built-up Areas – Methodology and Guidance |url=https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/documents/ons::built-up-areas-user-guidance-1/explore |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913223231/https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/documents/ons::built-up-areas-user-guidance-1/explore |archive-date=13 September 2024 |access-date=12 April 2024 |publisher=Office for National Statistics |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> ONS ta samar da sakamakon ƙidayar jama'a daga yankunan birane tun daga 1951, tun daga 1981 bisa ga girman ci gaban birane wanda ba za a iya juyawa ba wanda aka nuna akan taswirar Ordnance Survey. Ma'anar ita ce aƙalla hekta 20 da aƙalla mazauna ƙidayar 1,500. Yankunan da aka raba suna da alaƙa idan ƙasa da 200 m (220 yd) baya. An haɗa su da fasalulluka na sufuri. Burtaniya tana da yankuna biyar na birane tare da yawan jama'a sama da miliyan daya da kuma wasu sittin da tara tare da yawan mutane sama da dubu ɗari. ==== Mexico ==== [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]] tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe da yawa inda yawan birane ya kai aƙalla 80%. [[Mexico (birni)|Birnin Mexico]], babban birninta, shine mafi girman birni a kasar. ==== Amurka ==== Don ƙidayar 2000 da 2010, Ofishin ƙidayar jama'a ya bambanta tsakanin nau'ikan birane biyu: yankunan birni da gungun birane.  Kalmar yankin birni tana nufin yanki na birni mai mutane 50,000 ko fiye.  Yankunan birane da ke ƙasa da mutane 50,000 ana kiransu gungu na birni.  An fara keɓance yankunan birane a Amurka a cikin ƙidayar 1950, yayin da aka ƙara gungu na birane a ƙidayar 2000.  An cire banbance tsakanin yankunan birni da gungu na birni don ƙidayar 2020.. <ref name="US 2020 criteria">{{Cite web |last=United States Census Bureau |date=March 24, 2022 |title=Urban Area Criteria for the 2020 Census-Final Criteria |url=https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2022/03/24/2022-06180/urban-area-criteria-for-the-2020-census-final-criteria |website=Federal Register}}</ref> Yankunan birane sun kunshi manyan birane, tare da yankunan da ke kewaye da su waɗanda suka cika wasu ka'idojin yawa. Tunda yankunan birane sun hada da tubalan ƙidaya ba birane ba, ƙauyuka, ko kwatankwacin ƙauyuka ba, iyakokin yankunan birni na iya kunshe da yankuna na waɗannan rukunin siyasa. Yankunan birane sun bambanta da [[Countryside|yankunan karkara]]: duk wani yanki da ba wani ɓangare na yankin birni ba ana ɗaukarsa karkara ne ta Ofishin Ƙididdigar Jama'a.<ref name="US 2020 criteria"/> Babban birni a Amurka shine na [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] da kewayenta. Birnin New York-Jersey City-Newark, NY-NJ birni yana da yawan mutane 19,426,449 tun daga shekarar 2020, yayin da babban birni yana le yawan mutane 20,140,470, kuma jimillar yankin yana da yawan jama'a 23,582,649. Yankunan birane guda biyar mafi girma a Amurka sune [[Los Angeles]], [[Chicago]], [[Miami]], [[Houston]], da [[Dallas]].<ref name="US 2020 list">{{Cite web |title=List of 2020 Census Urban Areas |url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/geography/guidance/geo-areas/urban-rural.html |access-date=December 30, 2022 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> Kashi 80.0 na yawan jama'ar Amurka suna zaune a cikin iyakokin birni kamar yadda kididdigar 2020 ta kasance.<ref name="2020 press release">{{Cite web |date=December 29, 2022 |title=Nation's Urban and Rural Populations Shift Following 2020 Census |url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2022/urban-rural-populations.html |website=census.gov |publisher=United States Census Bureau}}</ref> Ana amfani da manufar yankunan Birane kamar yadda hukumar kidayar jama'a ta Amurka ta ayyana a matsayin ma'auni mafi inganci na girman birni, tun da a garuruwa daban-daban da kuma fadin layukan da ke tsakanin iyakokin birni da yankin birni na wancan birni galibi ba iri daya bane. Alal misali, birnin Greenville, South Carolina yana da yawan jama'a fiye da 68,000 da yawan jama'a na birni na kusan 400,000, yayin da Greensboro, North Carolina yana da yawan jama'a fiye da 285,000 da kuma yanki na birni na kusan 300,000 - ma'ana cewa Greenville shine ainihin "ya fi girma" don wasu dalilai, amma ba na gida ba, zabe, da dai sauransu. A cikin kididdigar albarkatun albarkatun kasa na Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka, an san yankunan birane a hukumance da yankunan da suka ci gaba ko yankunan birni da ginannun wurare. Irin wadannan yankuna sun hada da birane, kauyukan kabilanci, da sauran gine-ginen da aka gina sama da hekta 10 (4), wuraren masana'antu, filin jirgin kasa, makabarta, filayen tashi da saukar jiragen sama, wuraren wasan golf, wuraren harbi, wuraren gudanar da hukumomi da na gwamnati, da makamantansu. Kididdigar albarkatun kasa ta 1997 ta sanya sama da ac 98,000,000 (40,000,000 ha) a cikin wannan rukunin, karuwar 25,000,000 ac (10,000,000 ha) tun daga 1982.00 ha). The Australian Bureau of Statistics refers to urban areas as Urban Centres, which it generally defines as population clusters of 1,000 or more people.<ref name="AUS">{{Cite web |date=23 May 2011 |title=Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS) |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/2901.0Chapter23102011 |access-date=21 October 2021}}</ref> Australia is one of the most urbanised countries in the world, with more than 50% of the population residing in Australia's three biggest urban centres.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup><ref name="AUS" /> === Kudancin Amurka === ==== Argentina ==== Argentina tana da birane sosai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Field listing – Urbanization |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2212.html?countryName=Argentina&countryCode=ar&regionCode=sa&#ar |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090725144030/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2212.html?countryName=Argentina&countryCode=AR&regionCode=sa&#ar |archive-date=July 25, 2009 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=CIA}}</ref> Yankunan birane goma mafi girma suna da rabin yawan jama'a, kuma kasa da ɗaya cikin goma suna zaune a yankunan karkara. Kimanin mutane miliyan 3 suna zaune a Birnin Buenos Aires kuma Babban Birnin Buenos Air ya kai kusan miliyan 15, yana mai da shi ɗayan manyan birane a duniya, tare da yawan mutane miliyan 18 duka.<ref name="majorcities">{{Cite web |title=Major Cities |url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919212817/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484 |archive-date=19 September 2009 |publisher=Government of Argentina}}</ref> Córdoba tana da kusan mutane miliyan 1.5 da ke zaune a cikin birane, yayin da Rosario, [[Mendoza]] da Tucumán suna da kusan mazauna miliyan 1.2 kowannensu <ref name="majorcities"/> kuma La Plata, Mar del Plata, [[Salta]] da Santa Fe <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ubicación de la ciudad de salta |url=http://turismo.municipalidad-salta.gov.ar:8081/ubicacion.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117032939/http://turismo.municipalidad-salta.gov.ar:8081/ubicacion.aspx |archive-date=2010-01-17 |publisher=Directorate-General of Tourism, Municipality of the City of Salta |language=es}}</ref> suna da akalla mutane 500,000 kowannensu. [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] == Manazarta == 8qq3j721ervx70126bdfciy17owksz4 0 113238 874083 697371 2026-07-02T05:27:22Z Ummeeterh 31568 874083 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Thylacine''' (/ˈθaɪləsiːn/; [[Nomenclature na binomial|Sunan binomial]] '''''Thylacinus cynocephalus'''''), wanda aka fi sani da Tasmania tiger ko Tasmanian wolf, wani marsupial ne mai cin nama wanda ya kasance asalin Ƙasar [[Asturaliya|Australiya]] da tsibirin Tasmania da New Guinea. Thylacine ya mutu a New Guinea da kuma [[Asturaliya|Australia]] a kusa da shekaru 3,600-3,200 da suka gabata, kafin zuwan Turawa, watakila saboda gabatarwar dingo, wanda rikodin farko ya kasance a kusa da lokaci guda, amma wanda bai taɓa kaiwa Tasmania ba. Kafin zama na Turai, kusan 5,000 sun kasance a cikin daji a tsibirin Tasmania. Da farko a karni na sha tara, an dauke su barazana ga dabbobi na manoma kuma an gabatar da farautar kyauta. Na karshe da aka sani na jinsinsa ya mutu a 1936 a Hobart Zoo a Tasmania. Thylacine ya yadu a cikin al'adun gargajiya kuma alama ce ta al'adu a [[Ostiraliya (nahiya)|Ostiraliya]]. An san thylacine da damisar Tasmania saboda duhun ratsin da ke fitowa daga saman bayanta, kuma ana kiranta Kerkeci na Tasmania saboda yayi kama da matsakaicin matsakaici zuwa babba. Sunan thylacine ya samo asali ne daga {{Transl|grc|thýlakos}} ma'ana 'jakar' da ''-ine'' ma'ana 'wanda ya shafi', kuma yana nufin jakar marsupial . Duk jinsin biyu suna da jaka. Matan sun yi amfani da nasu wajen renon yara, kuma mazan suna amfani da nasu a matsayin kube na kariya, suna rufe gabobin haihuwa na waje . Dabbar tana da wutsiya mai kauri kuma tana iya buɗe haƙoranta zuwa wani abin da ba a saba gani ba. Bincike na baya-bayan nan da kuma bayanan da ba a sani ba game da halayensa na farautar ya nuna cewa thylacine wani ɗan kwanton bauna ne kaɗai ya ƙware wajen farautar ganima kanana zuwa matsakaita. Lissafi sun nuna cewa, a cikin daji, yana ciyar da ƙananan tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu shayarwa. Shi kaɗai ne memba na halittar ''Thylacinus'' da dangin Thylacinidae waɗanda suka tsira har zuwa zamani. Abokan dangi mafi kusa shine sauran membobin Dasyuromorphia, ciki har da shaidan Tasmania, wanda aka kiyasta ya rabu 42-36 shekaru miliyan da suka wuce. Ana zargin farauta mai tsanani akan Tasmania gabaɗaya saboda bacewarta, amma sauran abubuwan da suka ba da gudummawa sune cuta, gabatarwa da gasa tare da dingoes, [[Rashin mazaunin|mamaye]] ɗan adam a cikin mazauninta da [[canjin yanayi]] . An gano ragowar thylacine na karshe da aka sani a gidan tarihi na Tasmania da Hotunan zane-zane a cikin 2022. Tun bayan bacewar an yi bincike da yawa da kuma ba da rahoton ganin dabbobi masu rai, ba a tabbatar da ko ɗaya daga cikinsu ba. An yi amfani da thylacine da yawa azaman alamar Tasmania. An nuna dabbar a jikin rigar makamai na Tasmania . Tun daga 1996, an yi bikin Ranar Barazana ta Ƙasa a Ostiraliya a ranar 7 ga [[Satumba]], ranar da thylacine na ƙarshe ya mutu a 1936. Jami'o'i, gidajen tarihi da sauran cibiyoyi a duk faɗin duniya suna binciken dabbar. An tsara taswirar gabaɗayan tsarin halittarsa, kuma akwai ƙoƙarin da ake yi don haɗawa da dawo da shi rayuwa . == Taxonomic da tarihin juyin halitta == [[Fayil:Thylacine_harris_cropped.jpg|thumb|Hoton farko wanda ba na asali ba na thylacine; daga bayanin Harris 1808]] An samo misalai da yawa na zane-zane na thylacine da fasahar dutse, tun daga aƙalla 1000.&nbsp;BC <ref name="rockart">{{Cite web |last=Salleh, Anna |date=15 December 2004 |title=Rock art shows attempts to save thylacine |url=http://www.abc.net.au/science/news/ancient/AncientRepublish_1265476.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416015323/http://www.abc.net.au/science/news/ancient/AncientRepublish_1265476.htm |archive-date=16 April 2015 |access-date=21 November 2006 |publisher=ABC Science Online}}</ref> Hotunan Petroglyph na thylacine ana iya samun su a Dampier Rock Art Precinct, a kan Burrup Peninsula a Yammacin Ostiraliya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mulvaney |first=Ken J. |date=2009 |title=Dating the Dreaming: Extinct fauna in the petroglyphs of the Pilbara region, Western Australia |journal=Archaeology in Oceania |volume=44 |pages=40–48 |doi=10.1002/j.1834-4453.2009.tb00067.x}}</ref> A lokacin da masu bincike na Turai na farko suka isa, dabbar ta riga ta bace a babban yankin Ostiraliya da New Guinea kuma ba kasafai ba a Tasmania. Wataƙila Turawa sun ci karo da shi a Tasmania har zuwa 1642, lokacin da [[Abel Tasman]] ya fara isa Tasmania. Jam'iyyarsa ta bakin teku ta ba da rahoton ganin sawun "dabbobin daji masu farauta kamar ''Tyger'' ". <ref name="REMP2">{{Cite journal |last=Rembrants |first=D. |year=1682 |title=A short relation out of the journal of Captain Abel Jansen Tasman, upon the discovery of the ''South Terra incognita''; not long since published in the Low Dutch |journal=Philosophical Collections of the Royal Society of London |pages=179–186}}</ref> [[Marc-Joseph Marion du Fresne]], ya zo tare da ''Mascarin'' a 1772, ya ruwaito ganin "katin damisa". Tabbatacciyar gamuwa ta farko ita ce ta masu binciken Faransa a ranar 13 ga Mayu 1792, kamar yadda masanin halitta [[Jacques Labillardière]] ya lura, a cikin mujallarsa daga balaguron da [[d'Entrecasteaux]] ya jagoranta. A cikin 1805, [[William Paterson (governor)|William Paterson]], Laftanar Gwamna na Tasmania, ya aika da cikakken bayani don bugawa a cikin ''[[Sydney Gazette]]'' . Ya kuma aika da bayanin thylacine a cikin wata wasika zuwa ga [[Joseph Banks]], kwanan wata 30 Maris 1805. Mataimakin Babban Sufeto Janar na Tasmania, George Harris ne ya yi cikakken bayanin kimiyya na farko a cikin 1808, shekaru biyar bayan turawa na farko a tsibirin. <ref name="museum">{{Cite web |date=April 2005 |title=Information sheet: Thylacine ''Thylacinus cynocephalus'' |url=http://www.museum.vic.gov.au/infosheets/10283.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061109214310/http://www.museum.vic.gov.au/infosheets/10283.pdf |archive-date=9 November 2006 |access-date=21 November 2006 |website=museum.vic.gov.au |publisher=Victoria Museum}}</ref> <ref name="AFD">{{Cite web |date=9 October 2008 |title=''Thylacinus cynocephalus'' (Harris, 1808) |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/online-resources/fauna/afd/taxa/Thylacinus_cynocephalus |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004181952/http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/online-resources/fauna/afd/taxa/Thylacinus_cynocephalus |archive-date=4 October 2012 |access-date=2 May 2009 |website=Australian Faunal Directory |publisher=[[Australian Biological Resources Study]]}}</ref> Harris ya fara sanya thylacine a cikin jinsin ''Didelphis'', wanda [[Karl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]] ya halitta don opossums na Amurka, yana kwatanta shi a matsayin ''Didelphis cynocephala'', " opossum mai kan kare". Sanin cewa marsupials na Australiya sun bambanta da sanannen nau'in dabbobi masu shayarwa ya haifar da kafa tsarin tsarawa na zamani, kuma a cikin 1796, Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire ya kirkiro jinsin ''Dasyurus'', inda ya sanya thylacine a 1810. Don kiyaye yarjejeniyar jinsi tare da sunan jinsi, an canza sunan jinsin zuwa ''cyphalus'' . A cikin 1824, an raba shi cikin jinsin kansa, ''Thylacinus'', ta Temminck . Sunan gama gari ya samo asali ne daga sunan jinsi, asali daga Girkanci {{Lang|el|θύλακος}} ( {{Transl|el|thýlakos}} ), ma'ana "jakar" ko "buhu" da ''ine'' ma'ana "wanda ya shafi". Ana kiran sunan THY -lə-seen ko THY -lə-syne . === Juyin Halitta === [[Fayil:Dasyuromorphia_portraits.jpg|thumb|Thylacine ya kasance memba na basal na Dasyuromorphia, odar da ta ƙunshi yawancin dabbobi masu cin nama na Australiya.]] [[Fayil:Thylacine_and_Coyote_skulls.jpg|thumb|Thylacine skull jefa (kasa) da coyote kwanyar (sama), a Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology .]] Bayanan farko na thylacine na zamani sun fito ne daga Early Pleistocene, tare da sanannun tarihin burbushin halittu a kudu maso gabashin Ostiraliya daga shekarun Calabrian kimanin shekaru 1.77-0.78 da suka wuce. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Piper |first=Katarzyna J. |year=2007 |title=Early Pleistocene mammals from the Nelson Bay local fauna, Portland, Victoria, Australia |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=492–503 |doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[492:EPMFTN]2.0.CO;2 |s2cid=130610478}}</ref> Misalai daga Pliocene -aged Chinchilla Fauna, wanda aka kwatanta da ''Thylacinus rostralis'' ta Charles De Vis a 1894, a baya an ba da shawarar su wakilci ''Thylacinus cynocephalus'', amma an nuna su ko dai sun kasance kurakuran curatorial, ko rashin fahimta a cikin takamaiman halayen su. <ref name="REA19" /> Gidan Thylacinidae ya ƙunshi aƙalla nau'ikan 12 a cikin nau'ikan takwas. An kiyasta Thylacinids sun rabu daga sauran membobin Dasyuromorphia a kusa da 42-36 shekaru miliyan da suka wuce. <ref name="REA19">{{Cite journal |last=Rovinsky |first=Douglass S. |last2=Evans |first2=Alistair R. |last3=Adams |first3=Justin W. |date=2019 |title=The pre-Pleistocene fossil thylacinids (Dasyuromorphia: Thylacinidae) and the evolutionary context of the modern thylacine |journal=PeerJ |volume=7 |at=e7457 |doi=10.7717/peerj.7457 |pmc=6727838 |pmid=31534836 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wakilin farko na iyali shine ''Badjcinus turnbulli'' daga Late Oligocene na Riversleigh a Queensland, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Muirhead |first=J. |last2=Wroe |first2=S. |date=1998 |title=A new genus and species, ''Badjcinus turnbulli'' (Thylacinidae: Marsupialia), from the late Oligocene of Riversleigh, northern Australia, and an investigation of thylacinid phylogeny. |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=612–626 |bibcode=1998JVPal..18..612M |doi=10.1080/02724634.1998.10011088}}</ref> kusan shekaru miliyan 25 da suka wuce. <ref name="REA19" /> Farkon thylacinids sun kasance masu girman kai, da kyau a ƙarƙashin {{Cvt|10|kg}} ku. Wataƙila ya ci kwari da ƙananan dabbobi masu rarrafe da dabbobi masu shayarwa, ko da yake ana iya ganin alamun cin abinci na ƙara-carnivorous tun a farkon Miocene a ''Wabulacinus'' . <ref name="REA19" /> Membobin jinsin ''Thylacinus'' sun shahara don karuwa mai ban mamaki a cikin duka maganganun halayen hakora masu cin nama da kuma girman girman, tare da mafi yawan nau'in, ''Thylacinus potens'' da ''Thylacinus megiriani'', dukansu suna gabatowa girman wolf. <ref name="REA19" /> A cikin marigayi Pleistocene da farkon lokacin [[Holocene]], thylacine na zamani ya yadu (ko da yake ba ya da yawa) a ko'ina cikin Ostiraliya da New Guinea. <ref name="Dingo">{{Cite journal |last=Johnson, C. N. |last2=Wroe, S. |date=November 2003 |title=Causes of extinction of vertebrates during the Holocene of mainland Australia: arrival of the dingo, or human impact? |journal=The Holocene |volume=13 |issue=6 |pages=941–948 |bibcode=2003Holoc..13..941J |doi=10.1191/0959683603hl682fa |s2cid=15386196}}</ref> == Bayani == [[Fayil:Thylacine_footage_compilation.ogv|thumbtime=2:45|thumb|Tarin yawancin faifan Australiya na live thylacine, wanda aka yi fim a Hobart Zoo, Tasmania, a cikin 1911, 1928 da 1933, bi da bi. Wasu fina-finai guda biyu an san su, an yi rikodin su a gidan Zoo na London.]] Bayanin thylacine ya fito ne daga samfurori da aka adana, bayanan burbushin halittu, fatu da ragowar kwarangwal, da hotuna baki da fari da fim na dabbar duka a zaman bauta da kuma daga filin. Thylacine ya yi kama da babban kare, gajere mai gashi mai kauri mai kauri wanda ke fitowa daga jiki a hankali a hanyar da ta yi kama da na kangaroo . <ref name="PWS2">{{Cite web |date=December 2003 |title=Threatened Species: Thylacine&nbsp;– Tasmanian tiger, ''Thylacinus cynocephalus'' |url=http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/factsheets/threatened_species/Thylacine.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061002050127/http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/factsheets/threatened_species/Thylacine.pdf |archive-date=2 October 2006 |access-date=22 November 2006 |website=parks.tas.gov.au |publisher=Parks and Wildlife Service, Tasmania}}</ref> Babban thylacine yana auna kusan {{Cvt|60|cm}} a tsayin kafada da {{Convert|1|-|1.3|m|ft}} a tsawon jiki, ban da wutsiya wadda ta auna kusan {{Cvt|50|to|65|cm}} . <ref name="PI">{{Cite book|last1=amp}}</ref> Saboda kididdigar kididdigar jikin da aka yi rikodin ba ta da yawa, an nuna cewa ƙila sun auna ko'ina daga {{Cvt|15|to|35|kg}}, <ref name="REA19">{{Cite journal |last=Rovinsky |first=Douglass S. |last2=Evans |first2=Alistair R. |last3=Adams |first3=Justin W. |date=2019 |title=The pre-Pleistocene fossil thylacinids (Dasyuromorphia: Thylacinidae) and the evolutionary context of the modern thylacine |journal=PeerJ |volume=7 |at=e7457 |doi=10.7717/peerj.7457 |pmc=6727838 |pmid=31534836 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRovinskyEvansAdams2019">Rovinsky, Douglass S.; Evans, Alistair R.; Adams, Justin W. (2019). </cite></ref> amma binciken 2020 wanda yayi nazarin samfurori na manya na 93, tare da 40 na jinsin jinsin da aka sani, sunyi jayayya cewa matsakaicin nauyin jikin su zai zama {{Cvt|16.7|kg}} tare da kewayon {{Cvt|9.8|-|28.1|kg}} dangane da ƙididdigar girma. <ref name="REMA">{{Cite journal |last=Rovinsky |first=Douglass S. |last2=Evans |first2=Alistair R. |last3=Martin |first3=Damir G. |last4=Adams |first4=Justin W. |date=2020 |title=Did the thylacine violate the costs of carnivory? Body mass and sexual dimorphism of an iconic Australian marsupial |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B |volume=287 |issue=20201537 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2020.1537 |pmc=7482282 |pmid=32811303}}</ref> Akwai ɗan dimorphism na jima'i, tare da maza sun fi girma fiye da mata a matsakaici. <ref name="FA">{{Cite journal |last=Jones, Menna |year=1997 |title=Character displacement in Australian dasyurid carnivores: size relationships and prey size patterns |journal=Ecology |volume=78 |issue=8 |pages=2569–2587 |doi=10.1890/0012-9658(1997)078[2569:CDIADC]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> Maza sun yi nauyi a matsakaita {{Cvt|19.7|kg}}, kuma mata a matsakaicin nauyin {{Cvt|13.7|kg}} ku. <ref name="REMA" /> An lura da kwanyar don zama mai haɗuwa sosai a kan na canids, wanda ya fi kama da na ja fox . <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Feigin |first=Charles Y. |last2=Newton |first2=Alex H. |last3=Doronina |first3=Liliya |display-authors=etal |date=11 December 2017 |title=Genome of the Tasmanian tiger provides insights into the evolution and demography of an extinct marsupial carnivore |journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=182–192 |bibcode=2017NatEE...2..182F |doi=10.1038/s41559-017-0417-y |pmid=29230027 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Thylacine, na musamman na marsupials, suna da [[Epipubic bones|ƙasusuwan epipubic na]] cartilaginous tare da raguwar kashi [[Osseous|na kasusuwa]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Campbell |first=Cameron |title=The Thylacine Museum – Biology: Anatomy: Skull and Skeleton: Post-cranial Skeleton (page 1) |url=http://www.naturalworlds.org/thylacine/biology/anatomy/skullandskeleton/skeleton/skeleton_1.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403133107/http://www.naturalworlds.org/thylacine/biology/anatomy/skullandskeleton/skeleton/skeleton_1.htm |archive-date=3 April 2016 |access-date=15 June 2016}}</ref> An yi la'akari da wannan a matsayin [[synapomorphy]] tare da [[sparassodonts]], ko da yake yanzu ana tunanin cewa duka kungiyoyin sun rage epipubics kansu. Gashi mai launin rawaya-launin ruwan kasa yana da ratsan duhu 15 zuwa 20 daban-daban a bayanta, dagushi da gindin wutsiyarsa, <ref name="ABRS2">{{Cite web |last=Dixon, Joan |title=Fauna of Australia chap.20 vol.1b |url=https://www.dcceew.gov.au/sites/default/files/env/pages/a117ced5-9a94-4586-afdb-1f333618e1e3/files/20-ind.pdf |access-date=22 November 2006 |publisher=Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS)}}</ref> wanda ya sa wa dabbar lakabin "damisa". Ratsin sun fi fitowa fili a cikin ƙananan samfurori, suna dushewa yayin da dabbar ta girma. <ref name="ABRS2" /> Daya daga cikin ratsin ya mika zuwa wajen cinyar baya. Gashin jikinsa yayi yawa kuma yayi laushi, har zuwa {{Cvt|15|mm}} a tsayi. Launi ya bambanta daga haske mai haske zuwa launin ruwan kasa mai duhu; ciki ya kasance mai launin kirim. <ref name="UTAS2">{{Cite web |last=Guiler, Eric |year=2006 |title=Profile&nbsp;– Thylacine |url=http://www.zoo.utas.edu.au/tfprofiles/tasanimals/Thylacine2.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050718155359/http://www.zoo.utas.edu.au/tfprofiles/tasanimals/Thylacine2.htm |archive-date=18 July 2005 |access-date=21 November 2006 |publisher=Zoology Department, University of Tasmania}}</ref> Kunnuwanta masu zagaye da kafa sun kai kusan {{Cvt|8|cm}} tsawo kuma an rufe shi da gajeren Jawo. <ref name="AM1">{{Cite web |year=1999 |title=Australia's Thylacine: What did the Thylacine look like? |url=https://australian.museum/learn/australia-over-time/extinct-animals/the-thylacine/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091024073340/https://australian.museum/learn/australia-over-time/extinct-animals/the-thylacine/ |archive-date=24 October 2009 |access-date=21 November 2006 |publisher=Australian Museum}}</ref> Nazarin kimiyya na farko sun nuna cewa yana da kamshi mai mahimmanci wanda ya ba shi damar gano ganima, <ref name="tasparks">{{Cite web |year=2006 |title=Wildlife of Tasmania: Mammals of Tasmania: Thylacine, or Tasmanian tiger, ''Thylacinus cynocephalus'' |url=http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/wildlife/mammals/thylacin.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080721024331/http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/wildlife/mammals/thylacin.html |archive-date=21 July 2008 |access-date=21 November 2006 |publisher=Parks and Wildlife Service, Tasmania}}</ref> amma nazarin tsarin kwakwalwarsa ya nuna cewa ba a samar da kayan kamshi ba. Wataƙila ya dogara ga gani da sauti lokacin farauta maimakon. <ref name="ABRS">{{Cite web |last=Dixon, Joan |title=Fauna of Australia chap.20 vol.1b |url=https://www.dcceew.gov.au/sites/default/files/env/pages/a117ced5-9a94-4586-afdb-1f333618e1e3/files/20-ind.pdf |access-date=22 November 2006 |publisher=Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS)}}</ref> A cikin 2017, Berns da Ashwell sun buga taswirar kwatancen cortical na thylacine da kwakwalwar shaidan Tasmanian, suna nuna cewa thylacine yana da girma, mafi ƙarancin basal ganglion . Marubutan sun danganta waɗannan bambance-bambance tare da mafi kyawun salon rayuwa na thylacine. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Berns |first=Gregory S. |last2=Ashwell |first2=Ken W. S. |date=18 January 2017 |title=Reconstruction of the Cortical Maps of the Tasmanian Tiger and Comparison to the Tasmanian Devil |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=e0168993 |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1268993B |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0168993 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=5242427 |pmid=28099446 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Binciken kwakwalwar gaba da aka buga a cikin 2023 ya nuna cewa yayi kama da ilimin halittar jiki zuwa sauran dasyuromorph marsupials kuma yayi kama da na canids. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Haines |first=Elizabeth |last2=Bailey |first2=Evan |last3=Nelson |first3=John |last4=Fenlon |first4=Laura R. |last5=Suárez |first5=Rodrigo |date=2023-08-08 |title=Clade-specific forebrain cytoarchitectures of the extinct Tasmanian tiger |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=120 |issue=32 |pages=e2306516120 |bibcode=2023PNAS..12006516H |doi=10.1073/pnas.2306516120 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=10410726 |pmid=37523567 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Fayil:"Benjamin".jpg|thumb|Thylacine na iya buɗe muƙamuƙinsa zuwa wani sabon abu: har zuwa digiri 80.]] Thylacine ya sami damar buɗe jawsnsa zuwa wani sabon abu: har zuwa digiri 80. <ref name="APTTR">{{Cite web |last=AFP |date=21 October 2003 |title=Extinct Thylacine May Live Again |url=http://animal.discovery.com/news/afp/20031020/thylacine.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008035435/http://animal.discovery.com/news/afp/20031020/thylacine.html |archive-date=8 October 2012 |access-date=28 November 2007 |publisher=Discovery Channel}}</ref> Ana iya ganin wannan damar a wani ɓangare a cikin jerin fina-finai na David Fleay na gajeren fim na baki-da-fari na tylacine da aka kama daga 1933. Jakadun sun kasance masu tsoka, kuma suna da hakora 46, amma binciken ya nuna cewa muƙarƙan thylacine ya yi rauni sosai don kashe tumaki. <ref name="AM1">{{Cite web |year=1999 |title=Australia's Thylacine: What did the Thylacine look like? |url=https://australian.museum/learn/australia-over-time/extinct-animals/the-thylacine/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091024073340/https://australian.museum/learn/australia-over-time/extinct-animals/the-thylacine/ |archive-date=24 October 2009 |access-date=21 November 2006 |publisher=Australian Museum}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20091024073340/https://australian.museum/learn/australia-over-time/extinct-animals/the-thylacine/ "Australia's Thylacine: What did the Thylacine look like?"]. </cite></ref> An haɗu da kashin wutsiya zuwa mataki, tare da sakamakon ƙuntataccen motsi na wutsiya. Fusion na iya faruwa yayin da dabbar ta kai cikakkiyar balaga. Wutsiya ta matse zuwa tip. A cikin matasa, tip na wutsiya yana da tudu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Thylacine Museum: External Antatomy |url=http://www.naturalworlds.org/thylacine/biology/anatomy/external/external_anatomy_9.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621032352/http://www.naturalworlds.org/thylacine/biology/anatomy/external/external_anatomy_9.htm |archive-date=21 June 2017 |access-date=25 January 2019}}</ref> Matar thylacine tana da jaka mai nono hudu, amma ba kamar sauran marsupials ba, jakar ta buɗe zuwa bayan jikinta. Maza suna da wata jaka, na musamman a tsakanin mazaunan Australiya, inda za su iya cire jakar su don kariya. <ref name="ABRS">{{Cite web |last=Dixon, Joan |title=Fauna of Australia chap.20 vol.1b |url=https://www.dcceew.gov.au/sites/default/files/env/pages/a117ced5-9a94-4586-afdb-1f333618e1e3/files/20-ind.pdf |access-date=22 November 2006 |publisher=Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS)}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDixon,_Joan">Dixon, Joan. </cite></ref> Za'a iya bambanta sawun Thylacine daga sauran dabbobin gida ko gabatar da su; Ba kamar foxes, cats, karnuka, wombats, ko shaidanun Tasmania ba, thylacines suna da babban kushin baya sosai da fayafai huɗu na gaba, an shirya su kusan madaidaiciya. <ref name="tasparks">{{Cite web |year=2006 |title=Wildlife of Tasmania: Mammals of Tasmania: Thylacine, or Tasmanian tiger, ''Thylacinus cynocephalus'' |url=http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/wildlife/mammals/thylacin.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080721024331/http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/wildlife/mammals/thylacin.html |archive-date=21 July 2008 |access-date=21 November 2006 |publisher=Parks and Wildlife Service, Tasmania}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/wildlife/mammals/thylacin.html "Wildlife of Tasmania: Mammals of Tasmania: Thylacine, or Tasmanian tiger, ''Thylacinus cynocephalus''"]. </cite></ref> Ƙafafun baya sun yi kama da ƙafar ƙafa amma suna da lambobi huɗu maimakon biyar. Kafarsu ba za a iya janyewa ba. <ref name="ABRS">{{Cite web |last=Dixon, Joan |title=Fauna of Australia chap.20 vol.1b |url=https://www.dcceew.gov.au/sites/default/files/env/pages/a117ced5-9a94-4586-afdb-1f333618e1e3/files/20-ind.pdf |access-date=22 November 2006 |publisher=Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS)}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDixon,_Joan">Dixon, Joan. </cite></ref> Kushin shuka tri-lobal ne saboda yana baje kolin lobes guda uku. Kushin tsire-tsire ne guda ɗaya wanda aka raba shi da tsagi mai zurfi uku. Siffar kushin shuka na musamman tare da yanayin ƙafar ƙafar ya sa ya bambanta da dabbobi kamar karnuka ko foxes. <ref name="vicmuseaum">{{Cite web |year=2015 |title=Foot cast of a freshly dead thylacine: Thylacine, or Tasmanian tiger, ''Thylacinus cynocephalus'' |url=http://collections.museumsvictoria.com.au/specimens/2093369 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007170235/http://collections.museumvictoria.com.au/specimens/2093369 |archive-date=7 October 2015 |access-date=6 October 2015 |publisher=Victoria Museum, Victoria}}</ref> Wataƙila thylacine ya fi son busassun dazuzzukan eucalyptus, dausayi, da ciyayi na [[Ostiraliya (nahiya)|babban yankin Ostiraliya]] . <ref name="tasparks">{{Cite web |year=2006 |title=Wildlife of Tasmania: Mammals of Tasmania: Thylacine, or Tasmanian tiger, ''Thylacinus cynocephalus'' |url=http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/wildlife/mammals/thylacin.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080721024331/http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/wildlife/mammals/thylacin.html |archive-date=21 July 2008 |access-date=21 November 2006 |publisher=Parks and Wildlife Service, Tasmania}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/wildlife/mammals/thylacin.html "Wildlife of Tasmania: Mammals of Tasmania: Thylacine, or Tasmanian tiger, ''Thylacinus cynocephalus''"]. </cite></ref> Hotunan dutsen Ostiraliya na asali sun nuna cewa thylacine ya rayu a cikin babban yankin Ostiraliya da [[Sabuwar Gini|New Guinea]] . Tabbacin wanzuwar dabbar a yankin Ostiraliya ya fito ne daga wata gawa da aka daskare da aka gano a cikin wani kogo da ke yankin Nullarbor Plain a Yammacin Ostiraliya a shekarar 1990; Carbon Dating ya bayyana cewa yana kusa da shekaru 3,300. <ref name="nma">{{Cite web |date=16 June 2004 |title=Mummified thylacine has national message |url=https://www.nma.gov.au/about/media/media-releases-listing-by-year/2004/mummified-thylacine-has-national-message |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110112250/http://www.nma.gov.au/media/media_releases_by_year/2004/2004_06_16 |archive-date=10 November 2013 |access-date=15 September 2020 |publisher=National Museum of Australia, Canberra}}</ref> Binciken sawun burbushin da aka yi kwanan nan ya kuma ba da shawarar rarraba nau'ikan tarihi a [[tsibirin Kangaroo]] . Rikodin mafi girman arewacin nau'in ya fito ne daga mafakar dutsen Kiowa a lardin Chimbu a cikin tsaunukan [[Sabuwar Gini Papuwa|Papua New Guinea]], tun daga farkon Holocene, kusan shekaru 10,000-8,500 Kafin Zuwan . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gaffney |first=Dylan |last2=Summerhayes |first2=Glenn R. |last3=Luu |first3=Sindy |last4=Menzies |first4=James |last5=Douglass |first5=Kristina |last6=Spitzer |first6=Megan |last7=Bulmer |first7=Susan |date=February 2021 |title=Small game hunting in montane rainforests: Specialised capture and broad spectrum foraging in the Late Pleistocene to Holocene New Guinea Highlands |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277379120307046 |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=253 |at=106742 |bibcode=2021QSRv..25306742G |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106742 |s2cid=234011303}}</ref> A cikin 2017, White, Mitchell da Austin sun buga wani bincike mai girma na thylacine mitochondrial genomes, yana nuna cewa sun rabu zuwa gabas da yammacin yawan jama'a a cikin ƙasa kafin Ƙarshen Glacial Maximum kuma cewa Tasmanian thylacines yana da ƙananan bambancin kwayoyin halitta a lokacin zuwan Turai. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=White |first=Lauren C. |last2=Mitchell |first2=Kieren J. |last3=Austin |first3=Jeremy J. |year=2018 |title=Ancient mitochondrial genomes reveal the demographic history and phylogeography of the extinct, enigmatic thylacine (''Thylacinus cynocephalus'') |journal=Journal of Biogeography |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=1–13 |bibcode=2018JBiog..45....1W |doi=10.1111/jbi.13101 |issn=1365-2699 |s2cid=91011378}}</ref> A Tasmania, sun fi son wuraren dazuzzuka na tsakiyar ƙasa da kuma bakin teku, wanda a ƙarshe ya zama babban abin da mazauna Birtaniyya suka fi mayar da hankali kan neman filayen kiwo don dabbobinsu. <ref name="AML">{{Cite web |year=1999 |title=Australia's Thylacine: Where did the Thylacine live? |url=http://amonline.net.au/thylacine/04.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602010849/http://amonline.net.au/thylacine/04.htm |archive-date=2 June 2009 |access-date=21 November 2006 |publisher=Australian Museum}}</ref> Tsarin ratsan na iya samar da kamanni a yanayin gandun daji, <ref name="ABRS">{{Cite web |last=Dixon, Joan |title=Fauna of Australia chap.20 vol.1b |url=https://www.dcceew.gov.au/sites/default/files/env/pages/a117ced5-9a94-4586-afdb-1f333618e1e3/files/20-ind.pdf |access-date=22 November 2006 |publisher=Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS)}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDixon,_Joan">Dixon, Joan. </cite></ref> amma kuma yana iya yin aiki don dalilai na tantancewa. Jinsunan suna da kewayon gida na yau da kullun tsakanin {{Cvt|40|and|80|km2}} . <ref name="UTAS">{{Cite web |last=Guiler, Eric |year=2006 |title=Profile&nbsp;– Thylacine |url=http://www.zoo.utas.edu.au/tfprofiles/tasanimals/Thylacine2.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050718155359/http://www.zoo.utas.edu.au/tfprofiles/tasanimals/Thylacine2.htm |archive-date=18 July 2005 |access-date=21 November 2006 |publisher=Zoology Department, University of Tasmania}}</ref> Ya bayyana ya kiyaye iyakar gidansa ba tare da yanki ba; Ƙungiyoyin da suka fi girma da zama rukunin dangi wani lokaci ana lura da su tare. == Ecology da hali == [[Fayil:Thylacine_cubs.jpg|right|thumb|Iyalin Thylacine a gidan Zoo na Beaumaris a Hobart, 1909]] [[Fayil:Thylacines.jpg|right|thumb|Thylacine family at Beaumaris Zoo in Hobart, 1910]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 516zpp0di2bwv7xecpxkry4iqzaruhr 0 113530 874215 698110 2026-07-02T09:16:02Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 874215 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Fyaɗe''' wani nau'i ne na [[Sexual assault|cin zarafin]] [[Sexual intercourse|jima'i]] wanda ya shafi jima'i, ko wasu nau'o'in shiga jima'i. Ana iya aiwatar da aikin ta hanyar karfi na jiki, [[Coercion|tilasta]], [[Abusive power and control|cin zarafin iko]], ko kuma a kan mutumin da ba zai iya ba da izini ba, kamar wanda ba shi da hankali, ba shi da iyawa, yana da [[Intellectual disability|nakasa ta hankali]], ko kuma yana qasa da shekarun [[Consent|yarda]] (rashin lafiya na doka). <ref name="Chapter 62">{{Cite web |date=2002 |title=Chapter 6: Sexual Violence |url=https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/42495/9241545615_eng.pdf?sequence=1 |access-date=11 April 2021 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schulhofer |first=Stephen J. |date=2017 |title=Reforming the Law of Rape |journal=Minnesota Journal of Law & Inequality |volume=35 |page=335}}</ref> Kalmar ''fyade'' wani lokacin ana amfani da ita ta hanyar musayar tare da kalmar ''cin zarafin jima'i''.<ref>{{Cite book|edition=Barbara}}</ref> Yawan bayar da rahoto, gurfanar da kuma yanke hukunci don fyade ya bambanta tsakanin hukunce-hukunce. A kasa da kasa, abin da ya faru na fyade da 'yan sanda suka rubuta a cikin shekara ta 2008 ya kasance, ga kowane mutum 100,000, daga 0.2 a [[Azerbaijan]] zuwa 92.9 a [[Botswana]] tare da 6.3 a [[Lithuania]] a matsayin matsakaici. A duk duniya, an ruwaito lokuta na tashin hankali na jima'i, gami da fyade, maza ne suka fara aikata su a kan mata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Violence against women |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs239/en/ |access-date=2017-09-08 |website=World Health Organization}}</ref> Rashin fyade da baƙi ke yi yawanci ba ya zama ruwan dare fiye da fyade da mutanen da aka azabtar ya sani, kuma fyade a kurkuku na maza ya zama ruwan kasa kuma yana iya zama mafi ƙarancin nau'ikan fyade.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Struckman-Johnson |first=Cindy |last2=David Struckman-Johnson |year=2006 |title=A Comparison of Sexual Coercion Experiences Reported by Men and Women in Prison |journal=Journal of Interpersonal Violence |volume=21 |issue=12 |pages=1591–1615 |doi=10.1177/0886260506294240 |issn=0886-2605 |pmid=17065656 |s2cid=27639359}}; reports that "Greater percentages of men (70%) than women (29%) reported that their incident resulted in oral, vaginal, or anal sex. More men (54%) than women (28%) reported an incident that was classified as rape."</ref> Yaduwa da kuma tsarin fyade (misali, fyade na yaki) da [[Bautar Jima'i|bautar jima'i]] na iya faruwa a lokacin rikici na kasa da kasa. Wadannan ayyuka laifuka ne akan bil'adama da [[Laifin Yaƙi|Laifukan yaki]]. An kuma gane fyade a matsayin wani bangare na laifin [[Kisan kiyashi|kisan kare dangi]] lokacin da aka aikata shi da niyyar hallaka, gaba ɗaya ko a wani ɓangare, kabilanci da aka yi niyya. Mutanen da aka yi musu fyade na iya zama masu [[Raunin kwakwalwa|rauni]] kuma suna samun rikicewar damuwa.<ref name="aaets">{{Cite web |year=1995 |title=Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in Rape Survivors |url=http://www.aaets.org/article178.htm |access-date=2013-04-30 |publisher=The American Academy of Experts in Traumatic Stress}}</ref> Raunin da ya faru na iya haifar da haɗarin [[ciki]] da [[Cutar da ake kamuwa ta jima'i|cututtukan da ake samu ta hanyar jima'i]]. Mutum na iya fuskantar tashin hankali ko barazanar daga mai fyade, kuma, wani lokacin, daga dangin wanda aka azabtar da dangi.<ref name="zeenews.india">{{Cite web |date=2011-03-19 |title=Rape victim threatened to withdraw case in UP |url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/uttar-pradesh/rape-victim-threatened-to-withdraw-case-in-up_694364.html |access-date=2013-02-03 |publisher=Zeenews.india.com}}</ref><ref name="wisemuslimwomen">{{Cite web |date=2002-01-31 |title=Stigmatization of Rape & Honor Killings |url=http://www.wisemuslimwomen.org/currentissues/stigmitizationofrape/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108041415/http://www.wisemuslimwomen.org/currentissues/stigmitizationofrape/ |archive-date=2012-11-08 |access-date=2013-02-03 |publisher=WISE Muslim Women}}</ref> == Magana == Kalmar ''fyade'' ta samo asali ne daga [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] {{Lang|la|[[wikt:Special:Search/rapere|rapere]]}} (supine stem {{Lang|la|raptum}}), "don kwace, don kamawa, don ɗaukar kaya". A cikin dokar Romawa, ɗaukar mace da karfi, tare da ko ba tare da jima'i ba, ya zama "raptus".<ref name="Kei" /> A cikin dokar Ingilishi ta Tsakiya wannan kalmar na iya nufin ko dai satar mutane ko fyade a cikin ma'anar zamani na "cin zarafin jima'i". <ref name="cor" /> Har yanzu ana samun ma'anar "karɓar tilas" a wasu kalmomi, kamar "rape da fashi", ko a cikin lakabi, kamar labarun Rape of the Sabine Women da Rape of Europa ko waka The Rape of The Lock, wanda ke game da satar gashin gashi. == Ma'anar == === Janar ===   An bayyana ''fyade'' a mafi yawan hukunce-hukunce a matsayin [[Sexual intercourse|jima'i]], ko wasu nau'o'in [[Sexual penetration|shiga cikin jima'i]]. Mai aikata laifin ya aikata wa wanda aka azabtar ba tare da [[Consent|yarda]] ba. Ma'anar fyade ba ta dace ba tsakanin kungiyoyin kiwon lafiya na gwamnati, masu tilasta bin doka, masu ba da kiwon lafiya, da kuma ayyukan lauya.<ref name="Maier20082">{{Cite journal |last=Maier |first=S. L. |year=2008 |title="I Have Heard Horrible Stories...": Rape Victim Advocates' Perceptions of the Revictimization of Rape Victims by the Police and Medical System |journal=Violence Against Women |volume=14 |issue=7 |pages=786–808 |doi=10.1177/1077801208320245 |issn=1077-8012 |pmid=18559867 |s2cid=12906072}}</ref> Ya bambanta a tarihi da al'adu.<ref name="Book042" /><ref name="Maier20082" /> Da farko, fyade ba shi da ma'anar jima'i kuma har yanzu ana amfani dashi a wasu mahallin a Turanci. A cikin [[Roman law|Dokar Romawa]], an rarraba shi ko raptus a matsayin nau'in aikata laifuka vis, "laifukan kai hari". Raptus ya yi nuni da ''satar'' mace ba tare da son rai na mutumin da take zaune a ƙarƙashin ikonsa ba, kuma jima'i ba abu ne mai mahimmanci ba. Sauran ma'anonin fyade sun canza a tsawon lokaci. Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa ta tsohuwar Yugoslavia ta dauki fyade a matsayin laifi wanda ke buƙatar tilasta ko tilastawa ko barazanar tilastawa a kan wanda aka azabtar ko mutum na uku.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rule 93. Rape and Other forms of Sexual Violence |url=https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule93 |access-date=17 October 2022 |publisher=International Committee of the Red Cross}}</ref> Har zuwa shekara ta 2012, [[Ofishin Bincike na Tarayya (FBI)|Ofishin Bincike na Tarayya]] (FBI) ya yi la'akari da fyade a matsayin laifin da maza kawai suka aikata akan mata. A cikin shekara ta 2012, sun canza ma'anar su daga "Sali na jiki na mace da karfi kuma ba tare da son zuciyarta ba" zuwa "Tsinkaye, komai yadda yake da sauƙi, na farji ko hanci tare da kowane bangare na jiki ko abu, ko shiga baki ta hanyar jima'i na wani mutum, ba tare da yardar wanda aka azabtar ba". Ma'anar sabuntawa har yanzu ta cire mutumin da aka tilasta masa shiga cikin mace daga ma'anar fyade, wanda aka gane shi gabaɗaya a matsayin ma'anar ilimi na fyade.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 2018 |title=Sexual Victimization by Women is More Common Than Previously Known |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/sexual-victimization-by-women-is-more-common-than-previously-known/ |website=[[Scientific American]]}}</ref> Koyaya, ya gane kowane jinsi na wanda aka azabtar da kuma mai aikata laifin kuma cewa fyade tare da wani abu na iya zama mai rauni kamar fyade / jima'i. Ofishin ya ci gaba da bayyana lokuta lokacin da wanda aka azabtar bai iya ba da izini ba saboda rashin iyawar tunani ko ta jiki. Ya fahimci cewa wanda aka azabtar na iya zama mara ƙarfi ta hanyar kwayoyi da barasa kuma ba zai iya ba da izini ba. Ma'anar ba ta canza ka'idojin aikata laifuka na tarayya ko na jihohi ko cajin tasiri da gurfanar da shi a matakin tarayya, jiha, ko na gida; maimakon haka yana nufin cewa za a ba da rahoton fyade daidai a duk fadin kasar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=An Updated Definition of Rape (U.S. Dept of Justice, January 6, 2012) |url=http://blogs.usdoj.gov/blog/archives/1801 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313021145/http://blogs.usdoj.gov/blog/archives/1801 |archive-date=13 March 2012 |access-date=30 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rape Definition Changed |url=https://www.fbi.gov/audio-repository/news-podcasts-thisweek-rape-definition-changed/view |website=FBI}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2i0lmqqhqupd6ymoub7tmbw18khe8iy 874216 874215 2026-07-02T09:16:55Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 874216 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Fyaɗe''' wani nau'i ne na [[Sexual assault|cin zarafin]] [[Sexual intercourse|jima'i]] wanda ya shafi jima'i, ko wasu nau'o'in shiga jima'i. Ana iya aiwatar da aikin ta hanyar karfi na jiki, [[Coercion|tilasta]], [[Abusive power and control|cin zarafin iko]], ko kuma a kan mutumin da ba zai iya ba da izini ba, kamar wanda ba shi da hankali, ba shi da iyawa, yana da [[Intellectual disability|nakasa ta hankali]], ko kuma yana qasa da shekarun [[Consent|yarda]] (rashin lafiya na doka). <ref name="Chapter 62">{{Cite web |date=2002 |title=Chapter 6: Sexual Violence |url=https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/42495/9241545615_eng.pdf?sequence=1 |access-date=11 April 2021 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schulhofer |first=Stephen J. |date=2017 |title=Reforming the Law of Rape |journal=Minnesota Journal of Law & Inequality |volume=35 |page=335}}</ref> Kalmar ''fyade'' wani lokacin ana amfani da ita ta hanyar musayar tare da kalmar ''cin zarafin jima'i''.<ref>{{Cite book|edition=Barbara}}</ref> Yawan bayar da rahoto, gurfanar da kuma yanke hukunci don fyade ya bambanta tsakanin hukunce-hukunce. A qasa da qasa, abin da ya faru na fyade da 'yan sanda suka rubuta a cikin shekara ta 2008 ya kasance, ga kowane mutum 100,000, daga 0.2 a [[Azerbaijan]] zuwa 92.9 a [[Botswana]] tare da 6.3 a [[Lithuania]] a matsayin matsakaici. A duk duniya, an ruwaito lokuta na tashin hankali na jima'i, gami da fyade, maza ne suka fara aikata su a kan mata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Violence against women |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs239/en/ |access-date=2017-09-08 |website=World Health Organization}}</ref> Rashin fyade da baƙi ke yi yawanci ba ya zama ruwan dare fiye da fyade da mutanen da aka azabtar ya sani, kuma fyade a kurkuku na maza ya zama ruwan kasa kuma yana iya zama mafi ƙarancin nau'ikan fyade.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Struckman-Johnson |first=Cindy |last2=David Struckman-Johnson |year=2006 |title=A Comparison of Sexual Coercion Experiences Reported by Men and Women in Prison |journal=Journal of Interpersonal Violence |volume=21 |issue=12 |pages=1591–1615 |doi=10.1177/0886260506294240 |issn=0886-2605 |pmid=17065656 |s2cid=27639359}}; reports that "Greater percentages of men (70%) than women (29%) reported that their incident resulted in oral, vaginal, or anal sex. More men (54%) than women (28%) reported an incident that was classified as rape."</ref> Yaduwa da kuma tsarin fyade (misali, fyade na yaki) da [[Bautar Jima'i|bautar jima'i]] na iya faruwa a lokacin rikici na kasa da kasa. Wadannan ayyuka laifuka ne akan bil'adama da [[Laifin Yaƙi|Laifukan yaki]]. An kuma gane fyade a matsayin wani bangare na laifin [[Kisan kiyashi|kisan kare dangi]] lokacin da aka aikata shi da niyyar hallaka, gaba ɗaya ko a wani ɓangare, kabilanci da aka yi niyya. Mutanen da aka yi musu fyade na iya zama masu [[Raunin kwakwalwa|rauni]] kuma suna samun rikicewar damuwa.<ref name="aaets">{{Cite web |year=1995 |title=Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in Rape Survivors |url=http://www.aaets.org/article178.htm |access-date=2013-04-30 |publisher=The American Academy of Experts in Traumatic Stress}}</ref> Raunin da ya faru na iya haifar da haɗarin [[ciki]] da [[Cutar da ake kamuwa ta jima'i|cututtukan da ake samu ta hanyar jima'i]]. Mutum na iya fuskantar tashin hankali ko barazanar daga mai fyade, kuma, wani lokacin, daga dangin wanda aka azabtar da dangi.<ref name="zeenews.india">{{Cite web |date=2011-03-19 |title=Rape victim threatened to withdraw case in UP |url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/uttar-pradesh/rape-victim-threatened-to-withdraw-case-in-up_694364.html |access-date=2013-02-03 |publisher=Zeenews.india.com}}</ref><ref name="wisemuslimwomen">{{Cite web |date=2002-01-31 |title=Stigmatization of Rape & Honor Killings |url=http://www.wisemuslimwomen.org/currentissues/stigmitizationofrape/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108041415/http://www.wisemuslimwomen.org/currentissues/stigmitizationofrape/ |archive-date=2012-11-08 |access-date=2013-02-03 |publisher=WISE Muslim Women}}</ref> == Magana == Kalmar ''fyade'' ta samo asali ne daga [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] {{Lang|la|[[wikt:Special:Search/rapere|rapere]]}} (supine stem {{Lang|la|raptum}}), "don kwace, don kamawa, don ɗaukar kaya". A cikin dokar Romawa, ɗaukar mace da karfi, tare da ko ba tare da jima'i ba, ya zama "raptus".<ref name="Kei" /> A cikin dokar Ingilishi ta Tsakiya wannan kalmar na iya nufin ko dai satar mutane ko fyade a cikin ma'anar zamani na "cin zarafin jima'i". <ref name="cor" /> Har yanzu ana samun ma'anar "karɓar tilas" a wasu kalmomi, kamar "rape da fashi", ko a cikin lakabi, kamar labarun Rape of the Sabine Women da Rape of Europa ko waka The Rape of The Lock, wanda ke game da satar gashin gashi. == Ma'anar == === Janar ===   An bayyana ''fyade'' a mafi yawan hukunce-hukunce a matsayin [[Sexual intercourse|jima'i]], ko wasu nau'o'in [[Sexual penetration|shiga cikin jima'i]]. Mai aikata laifin ya aikata wa wanda aka azabtar ba tare da [[Consent|yarda]] ba. Ma'anar fyade ba ta dace ba tsakanin kungiyoyin kiwon lafiya na gwamnati, masu tilasta bin doka, masu ba da kiwon lafiya, da kuma ayyukan lauya.<ref name="Maier20082">{{Cite journal |last=Maier |first=S. L. |year=2008 |title="I Have Heard Horrible Stories...": Rape Victim Advocates' Perceptions of the Revictimization of Rape Victims by the Police and Medical System |journal=Violence Against Women |volume=14 |issue=7 |pages=786–808 |doi=10.1177/1077801208320245 |issn=1077-8012 |pmid=18559867 |s2cid=12906072}}</ref> Ya bambanta a tarihi da al'adu.<ref name="Book042" /><ref name="Maier20082" /> Da farko, fyade ba shi da ma'anar jima'i kuma har yanzu ana amfani dashi a wasu mahallin a Turanci. A cikin [[Roman law|Dokar Romawa]], an rarraba shi ko raptus a matsayin nau'in aikata laifuka vis, "laifukan kai hari". Raptus ya yi nuni da ''satar'' mace ba tare da son rai na mutumin da take zaune a ƙarƙashin ikonsa ba, kuma jima'i ba abu ne mai mahimmanci ba. Sauran ma'anonin fyade sun canza a tsawon lokaci. Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa ta tsohuwar Yugoslavia ta dauki fyade a matsayin laifi wanda ke buƙatar tilasta ko tilastawa ko barazanar tilastawa a kan wanda aka azabtar ko mutum na uku.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rule 93. Rape and Other forms of Sexual Violence |url=https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule93 |access-date=17 October 2022 |publisher=International Committee of the Red Cross}}</ref> Har zuwa shekara ta 2012, [[Ofishin Bincike na Tarayya (FBI)|Ofishin Bincike na Tarayya]] (FBI) ya yi la'akari da fyade a matsayin laifin da maza kawai suka aikata akan mata. A cikin shekara ta 2012, sun canza ma'anar su daga "Sali na jiki na mace da karfi kuma ba tare da son zuciyarta ba" zuwa "Tsinkaye, komai yadda yake da sauƙi, na farji ko hanci tare da kowane bangare na jiki ko abu, ko shiga baki ta hanyar jima'i na wani mutum, ba tare da yardar wanda aka azabtar ba". Ma'anar sabuntawa har yanzu ta cire mutumin da aka tilasta masa shiga cikin mace daga ma'anar fyade, wanda aka gane shi gabaɗaya a matsayin ma'anar ilimi na fyade.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 2018 |title=Sexual Victimization by Women is More Common Than Previously Known |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/sexual-victimization-by-women-is-more-common-than-previously-known/ |website=[[Scientific American]]}}</ref> Koyaya, ya gane kowane jinsi na wanda aka azabtar da kuma mai aikata laifin kuma cewa fyade tare da wani abu na iya zama mai rauni kamar fyade / jima'i. Ofishin ya ci gaba da bayyana lokuta lokacin da wanda aka azabtar bai iya ba da izini ba saboda rashin iyawar tunani ko ta jiki. Ya fahimci cewa wanda aka azabtar na iya zama mara ƙarfi ta hanyar kwayoyi da barasa kuma ba zai iya ba da izini ba. Ma'anar ba ta canza ka'idojin aikata laifuka na tarayya ko na jihohi ko cajin tasiri da gurfanar da shi a matakin tarayya, jiha, ko na gida; maimakon haka yana nufin cewa za a ba da rahoton fyade daidai a duk fadin kasar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=An Updated Definition of Rape (U.S. Dept of Justice, January 6, 2012) |url=http://blogs.usdoj.gov/blog/archives/1801 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313021145/http://blogs.usdoj.gov/blog/archives/1801 |archive-date=13 March 2012 |access-date=30 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rape Definition Changed |url=https://www.fbi.gov/audio-repository/news-podcasts-thisweek-rape-definition-changed/view |website=FBI}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1j2nbyy4okoi9n89ahvw69em0vz4fj3 874217 874216 2026-07-02T09:18:24Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 874217 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Fyaɗe''' wani nau'i ne na [[Sexual assault|cin zarafin]] [[Sexual intercourse|jima'i]] wanda ya shafi jima'i, ko wasu nau'o'in shiga jima'i. Ana iya aiwatar da aikin ta hanyar karfi na jiki, [[Coercion|tilasta]], [[Abusive power and control|cin zarafin iko]], ko kuma a kan mutumin da ba zai iya ba da izini ba, kamar wanda ba shi da hankali, ba shi da iyawa, yana da [[Intellectual disability|nakasa ta hankali]], ko kuma yana qasa da shekarun [[Consent|yarda]] (rashin lafiya na doka). <ref name="Chapter 62">{{Cite web |date=2002 |title=Chapter 6: Sexual Violence |url=https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/42495/9241545615_eng.pdf?sequence=1 |access-date=11 April 2021 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schulhofer |first=Stephen J. |date=2017 |title=Reforming the Law of Rape |journal=Minnesota Journal of Law & Inequality |volume=35 |page=335}}</ref> Kalmar ''fyade'' wani lokacin ana amfani da ita ta hanyar musayar tare da kalmar ''cin zarafin jima'i''.<ref>{{Cite book|edition=Barbara}}</ref> Yawan bayar da rahoto, gurfanar da kuma yanke hukunci don fyade ya bambanta tsakanin hukunce-hukunce. A qasa da qasa, abin da ya faru na fyade da 'yan sanda suka rubuta a cikin shekara ta 2008 ya kasance, ga kowane mutum 100,000, daga 0.2 a [[Azerbaijan]] zuwa 92.9 a [[Botswana]] tare da 6.3 a [[Lithuania]] a matsayin matsakaici. A duk duniya, an ruwaito lokuta na tashin hankali na jima'i, gami da fyade, maza ne suka fara aikata su a kan mata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Violence against women |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs239/en/ |access-date=2017-09-08 |website=World Health Organization}}</ref> Rashin fyade da baƙi ke yi yawanci ba ya zama ruwan dare fiye da fyade da mutanen da aka azabtar ya sani, kuma fyade a kurkuku na maza ya zama ruwan kasa kuma yana iya zama mafi ƙarancin nau'ikan fyade.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Struckman-Johnson |first=Cindy |last2=David Struckman-Johnson |year=2006 |title=A Comparison of Sexual Coercion Experiences Reported by Men and Women in Prison |journal=Journal of Interpersonal Violence |volume=21 |issue=12 |pages=1591–1615 |doi=10.1177/0886260506294240 |issn=0886-2605 |pmid=17065656 |s2cid=27639359}}; reports that "Greater percentages of men (70%) than women (29%) reported that their incident resulted in oral, vaginal, or anal sex. More men (54%) than women (28%) reported an incident that was classified as rape."</ref> Yaduwa da kuma tsarin fyade (misali, fyade na yaki) da [[Bautar Jima'i|bautar jima'i]] na iya faruwa a lokacin rikici na kasa da kasa. Wadannan ayyuka laifuka ne akan bil'adama da [[Laifin Yaqi|Laifukan yaqi]]. An kuma gane fyade a matsayin wani bangare na laifin [[Kisan kiyashi|kisan kare dangi]] lokacin da aka aikata shi da niyyar hallaka, gaba ɗaya ko a wani ɓangare, kabilanci da aka yi niyya. Mutanen da aka yi musu fyade na iya zama masu [[Raunin kwakwalwa|rauni]] kuma suna samun rikicewar damuwa.<ref name="aaets">{{Cite web |year=1995 |title=Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in Rape Survivors |url=http://www.aaets.org/article178.htm |access-date=2013-04-30 |publisher=The American Academy of Experts in Traumatic Stress}}</ref> Raunin da ya faru na iya haifar da haɗarin [[ciki]] da [[Cutar da ake kamuwa ta jima'i|cututtukan da ake samu ta hanyar jima'i]]. Mutum na iya fuskantar tashin hankali ko barazanar daga mai fyade, kuma, wani lokacin, daga dangin wanda aka azabtar da dangi.<ref name="zeenews.india">{{Cite web |date=2011-03-19 |title=Rape victim threatened to withdraw case in UP |url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/uttar-pradesh/rape-victim-threatened-to-withdraw-case-in-up_694364.html |access-date=2013-02-03 |publisher=Zeenews.india.com}}</ref><ref name="wisemuslimwomen">{{Cite web |date=2002-01-31 |title=Stigmatization of Rape & Honor Killings |url=http://www.wisemuslimwomen.org/currentissues/stigmitizationofrape/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108041415/http://www.wisemuslimwomen.org/currentissues/stigmitizationofrape/ |archive-date=2012-11-08 |access-date=2013-02-03 |publisher=WISE Muslim Women}}</ref> == Magana == Kalmar ''fyade'' ta samo asali ne daga [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] {{Lang|la|[[wikt:Special:Search/rapere|rapere]]}} (supine stem {{Lang|la|raptum}}), "don kwace, don kamawa, don ɗaukar kaya". A cikin dokar Romawa, ɗaukar mace da karfi, tare da ko ba tare da jima'i ba, ya zama "raptus".<ref name="Kei" /> A cikin dokar Ingilishi ta Tsakiya wannan kalmar na iya nufin ko dai satar mutane ko fyade a cikin ma'anar zamani na "cin zarafin jima'i". <ref name="cor" /> Har yanzu ana samun ma'anar "karɓar tilas" a wasu kalmomi, kamar "rape da fashi", ko a cikin lakabi, kamar labarun Rape of the Sabine Women da Rape of Europa ko waka The Rape of The Lock, wanda ke game da satar gashin gashi. == Ma'anar == === Janar ===   An bayyana ''fyade'' a mafi yawan hukunce-hukunce a matsayin [[Sexual intercourse|jima'i]], ko wasu nau'o'in [[Sexual penetration|shiga cikin jima'i]]. Mai aikata laifin ya aikata wa wanda aka azabtar ba tare da [[Consent|yarda]] ba. Ma'anar fyade ba ta dace ba tsakanin kungiyoyin kiwon lafiya na gwamnati, masu tilasta bin doka, masu ba da kiwon lafiya, da kuma ayyukan lauya.<ref name="Maier20082">{{Cite journal |last=Maier |first=S. L. |year=2008 |title="I Have Heard Horrible Stories...": Rape Victim Advocates' Perceptions of the Revictimization of Rape Victims by the Police and Medical System |journal=Violence Against Women |volume=14 |issue=7 |pages=786–808 |doi=10.1177/1077801208320245 |issn=1077-8012 |pmid=18559867 |s2cid=12906072}}</ref> Ya bambanta a tarihi da al'adu.<ref name="Book042" /><ref name="Maier20082" /> Da farko, fyade ba shi da ma'anar jima'i kuma har yanzu ana amfani dashi a wasu mahallin a Turanci. A cikin [[Roman law|Dokar Romawa]], an rarraba shi ko raptus a matsayin nau'in aikata laifuka vis, "laifukan kai hari". Raptus ya yi nuni da ''satar'' mace ba tare da son rai na mutumin da take zaune a ƙarƙashin ikonsa ba, kuma jima'i ba abu ne mai mahimmanci ba. Sauran ma'anonin fyade sun canza a tsawon lokaci. Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa ta tsohuwar Yugoslavia ta dauki fyade a matsayin laifi wanda ke buƙatar tilasta ko tilastawa ko barazanar tilastawa a kan wanda aka azabtar ko mutum na uku.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rule 93. Rape and Other forms of Sexual Violence |url=https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule93 |access-date=17 October 2022 |publisher=International Committee of the Red Cross}}</ref> Har zuwa shekara ta 2012, [[Ofishin Bincike na Tarayya (FBI)|Ofishin Bincike na Tarayya]] (FBI) ya yi la'akari da fyade a matsayin laifin da maza kawai suka aikata akan mata. A cikin shekara ta 2012, sun canza ma'anar su daga "Sali na jiki na mace da karfi kuma ba tare da son zuciyarta ba" zuwa "Tsinkaye, komai yadda yake da sauƙi, na farji ko hanci tare da kowane bangare na jiki ko abu, ko shiga baki ta hanyar jima'i na wani mutum, ba tare da yardar wanda aka azabtar ba". Ma'anar sabuntawa har yanzu ta cire mutumin da aka tilasta masa shiga cikin mace daga ma'anar fyade, wanda aka gane shi gabaɗaya a matsayin ma'anar ilimi na fyade.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 2018 |title=Sexual Victimization by Women is More Common Than Previously Known |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/sexual-victimization-by-women-is-more-common-than-previously-known/ |website=[[Scientific American]]}}</ref> Koyaya, ya gane kowane jinsi na wanda aka azabtar da kuma mai aikata laifin kuma cewa fyade tare da wani abu na iya zama mai rauni kamar fyade / jima'i. Ofishin ya ci gaba da bayyana lokuta lokacin da wanda aka azabtar bai iya ba da izini ba saboda rashin iyawar tunani ko ta jiki. Ya fahimci cewa wanda aka azabtar na iya zama mara ƙarfi ta hanyar kwayoyi da barasa kuma ba zai iya ba da izini ba. Ma'anar ba ta canza ka'idojin aikata laifuka na tarayya ko na jihohi ko cajin tasiri da gurfanar da shi a matakin tarayya, jiha, ko na gida; maimakon haka yana nufin cewa za a ba da rahoton fyade daidai a duk fadin kasar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=An Updated Definition of Rape (U.S. Dept of Justice, January 6, 2012) |url=http://blogs.usdoj.gov/blog/archives/1801 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313021145/http://blogs.usdoj.gov/blog/archives/1801 |archive-date=13 March 2012 |access-date=30 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rape Definition Changed |url=https://www.fbi.gov/audio-repository/news-podcasts-thisweek-rape-definition-changed/view |website=FBI}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] k92r8j7wh9i1mk32ejj1k32qzv9rmb4 0 113854 873772 698809 2026-07-01T20:14:56Z Ummeeterh 31568 873772 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ciki yana ƙara yiwuwar Kisan mata.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Quaresma Soares |first=Marcela |last2=Magalhães de Melo |first2=Cristiane |last3=Dias Bevilacqua |first3=Paula |date=February 14, 2024 |title=Femicide during pregnancy and postpartum period by an intimate partner: An integrative review |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1359178924000090 |journal=Aggression and Violent Behavior |language=en |volume=76 |pages= |doi=10.1016/j.avb.2024.101919 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A duniya, tashin hankali na abokin tarayya (IPV) ya riga ya wuce mafi yawan kisan mata masu alaƙa da juna biyu, tare da abokan tarayya na maza su ne manyan masu aikata laifin.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Campbell |first=Jacquelyn |last2=Matoff-Stepp |first2=Sabrina |last3=Velez |first3=Martha L. |last4=Hunter Cox |first4=Helen |last5=Laughon |first5=Kathryn |date=February 21, 2021 |title=Pregnancy-Associated Deaths from Homicide, Suicide, and Drug Overdose: Review of Research and the Intersection with Intimate Partner Violence |journal=Journal of Women's Health |language=en |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=236–244 |doi=10.1089/jwh.2020.8875 |issn=1540-9996 |pmc=8020563 |pmid=33295844}}</ref> A Amurka, babban dalilin mutuwar mata masu juna biyu da bayan haihuwa shine kisan mata.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Lawn |first=Rebecca B. |last2=Koenen |first2=Karestan C. |date=October 19, 2022 |title=Homicide is a leading cause of death for pregnant women in US |url=https://www.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmj.o2499 |journal=BMJ |language=en |volume=379 |pages=o2499 |doi=10.1136/bmj.o2499 |issn=1756-1833 |pmid=36261146 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mata suna iya kashewa a lokacin daukar ciki da kuma lokacin bayan haihuwa fiye da mutuwa daga manyan dalilai uku na haihuwa na [[Mutuwar uwa]] (rashin jinin jini, zubar da jini, sepsis) ko cututtukan zuciya.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Addis |first=Karen |date=January 30, 2025 |title=New National Study Finds Homicide and Suicide is the #1 Cause of Maternal Death in the U.S. - Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine |url=https://www.smfm.org/news/new-national-study-finds-homicide-and-suicide-is-the-1-cause-of-maternal-death-in-the-us |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=www.smfm.org}}</ref> Kisan mata da ke da alaƙa da ciki wani yanki ne mai tasowa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Campbell |first=Jacquelyn |last2=Matoff-Stepp |first2=Sabrina |last3=Velez |first3=Martha L. |last4=Hunter Cox |first4=Helen |last5=Laughon |first5=Kathryn |date=February 21, 2021 |title=Pregnancy-Associated Deaths from Homicide, Suicide, and Drug Overdose: Review of Research and the Intersection with Intimate Partner Violence |journal=Journal of Women's Health |language=en |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=236–244 |doi=10.1089/jwh.2020.8875 |issn=1540-9996 |pmc=8020563 |pmid=33295844}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCampbellMatoff-SteppVelezHunter_Cox2021">Campbell, Jacquelyn; Matoff-Stepp, Sabrina; Velez, Martha L.; Hunter Cox, Helen; Laughon, Kathryn (February 21, 2021). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8020563 "Pregnancy-Associated Deaths from Homicide, Suicide, and Drug Overdose: Review of Research and the Intersection with Intimate Partner Violence"]. ''Journal of Women's Health''. '''30''' (2): <span class="nowrap">236–</span>244. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1089/jwh.2020.8875|10.1089/jwh.2020.8875]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1540-9996 1540-9996]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8020563 8020563]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33295844 33295844].</cite></ref> Masu bincike da masu gwagwarmaya suna kira ga aiwatar da hanyoyin shiga tsakani a cikin kiwon lafiya da manufofi, da kuma daidaitaccen takardun da suka faru, don magance abubuwan da suka shafi zamantakewar siyasa da ke taimakawa ga batun.<ref name=":2" /> == Kididdiga == === Amurka === Kisan mata shine babban dalilin mutuwar mata masu juna biyu da kuma bayan haihuwa.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Lawn |first=Rebecca B. |last2=Koenen |first2=Karestan C. |date=October 19, 2022 |title=Homicide is a leading cause of death for pregnant women in US |url=https://www.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmj.o2499 |journal=BMJ |language=en |volume=379 |pages=o2499 |doi=10.1136/bmj.o2499 |issn=1756-1833 |pmid=36261146 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLawnKoenen2022">Lawn, Rebecca B.; Koenen, Karestan C. (October 19, 2022). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://www.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmj.o2499 "Homicide is a leading cause of death for pregnant women in US"]</span>. ''BMJ''. '''379''': o2499. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1136/bmj.o2499|10.1136/bmj.o2499]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1756-1833 1756-1833]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36261146 36261146].</cite></ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Addis |first=Karen |date=January 30, 2025 |title=New National Study Finds Homicide and Suicide is the #1 Cause of Maternal Death in the U.S. - Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine |url=https://www.smfm.org/news/new-national-study-finds-homicide-and-suicide-is-the-1-cause-of-maternal-death-in-the-us |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=www.smfm.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAddis2025">Addis, Karen (January 30, 2025). [https://www.smfm.org/news/new-national-study-finds-homicide-and-suicide-is-the-1-cause-of-maternal-death-in-the-us "New National Study Finds Homicide and Suicide is the #1 Cause of Maternal Death in the U.S. - Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine"]. ''www.smfm.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-03-16</span></span>.</cite></ref> Hadarin kisan mata ga mata masu juna biyu da mata bayan haihuwa ya fi 35% fiye da mata marasa ciki da wadanda ba su da haihuwa.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Wallace |first=Maeve E. |date=September 2022 |title=Trends in Pregnancy-Associated Homicide, United States, 2020 |journal=American Journal of Public Health |language=en |volume=112 |issue=9 |pages=1333–1336 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2022.306937 |issn=0090-0036 |pmc=9382166 |pmid=35797500}}</ref> Ya zuwa 2020, yawan kisan mata da ke da alaƙa da ciki ya kasance 5.23 a kowace haihuwar haihuwa 100,000.<ref name=":02" /> Wannan yana wakiltar karuwar 32.4% daga shekarar da ta gabata, daidai da karuwar IPV tun farkon cutar [[COVID-19 timeline by country in Africa|COVID-19]].<ref name=":02" /> Kisan mata a lokacin daukar ciki ya wakilci kashi 54% na waɗannan shari'o'in.<ref name=":02" /> Mata baƙar fata sun kai kashi 55% na shari'o'in; Mata fararen fata sun kai 30.1%; kuma matan Hispanic da sauran kungiyoyin launin fata sun kai ga sauran.<ref name=":02" /> A cikin kashi 45% na shari'o'in, wadanda abin ya shafa ba su kai shekara 25 ba.<ref name=":02" /> Makamai ne ke da alhakin kashi 81% na abubuwan da suka faru.<ref name=":02" /> Harin da wani abu mai kaifi da maƙurewa sun kasance, bi da bi, hanya ta biyu da ta uku mafi yawan kisan kai.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Wallace |first=Maeve |last2=Gillispie-Bell |first2=Veronica |last3=Cruz |first3=Kiara |last4=Davis |first4=Kelly |last5=Vilda |first5=Dovile |date=November 1, 2021 |title=Homicide During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period in the United States, 2018–2019 |journal=Obstetrics & Gynecology |language=en |volume=138 |issue=5 |pages=762–769 |doi=10.1097/AOG.0000000000004567 |issn=0029-7844 |pmc=9134264 |pmid=34619735}}</ref> Lokacin da bayanai game da dangantakar wanda aka azabtar da mai aikata laifuka suna samuwa, yawancin kisan mata masu alaƙa da juna biyu sun haɗa da fifiko na IPV, kuma kusan kashi biyu bisa uku na shari'o'in sun faru a cikin gida.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Wallace |first=Maeve E. |date=September 2022 |title=Trends in Pregnancy-Associated Homicide, United States, 2020 |journal=American Journal of Public Health |language=en |volume=112 |issue=9 |pages=1333–1336 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2022.306937 |issn=0090-0036 |pmc=9382166 |pmid=35797500}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWallace2022">Wallace, Maeve E. (September 2022). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9382166 "Trends in Pregnancy-Associated Homicide, United States, 2020"]. ''American Journal of Public Health''. '''112''' (9): <span class="nowrap">1333–</span>1336. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2105/AJPH.2022.306937|10.2105/AJPH.2022.306937]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0090-0036 0090-0036]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9382166 9382166]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35797500 35797500].</cite></ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Wallace |first=Maeve |last2=Gillispie-Bell |first2=Veronica |last3=Cruz |first3=Kiara |last4=Davis |first4=Kelly |last5=Vilda |first5=Dovile |date=November 1, 2021 |title=Homicide During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period in the United States, 2018–2019 |journal=Obstetrics & Gynecology |language=en |volume=138 |issue=5 |pages=762–769 |doi=10.1097/AOG.0000000000004567 |issn=0029-7844 |pmc=9134264 |pmid=34619735}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWallaceGillispie-BellCruzDavis2021">Wallace, Maeve; Gillispie-Bell, Veronica; Cruz, Kiara; Davis, Kelly; Vilda, Dovile (November 1, 2021). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9134264 "Homicide During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period in the United States, 2018–2019"]. ''Obstetrics & Gynecology''. '''138''' (5): <span class="nowrap">762–</span>769. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000004567|10.1097/AOG.0000000000004567]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0029-7844 0029-7844]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9134264 9134264]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34619735 34619735].</cite></ref> Mata da ke fama da cutar IPV, wadanda 1 cikin 6 suka fara cin zarafin su a lokacin daukar ciki, sau 4 ne da za su iya bayar da rahoton karuwar tsananin tashin hankali a lokacin daukar juna biyu fiye da mata da ba su da ciki. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024 |title=Abuse during pregnancy |url=https://www.marchofdimes.org/find-support/topics/pregnancy/abuse-during-pregnancy#:~:text=Abuse%20often%20gets%20worse%20during,partners%20during%20pregnancy%20each%20year |archive-date= |access-date=October 21, 2024 |website=March of Dimes |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=May 5, 2016 |title=Abuse During Pregnancy |url=https://www.envisioncounsellingcentre.com/innerpage/resources/partner-abuse/abuse-during-pregnancy/ |access-date=October 21, 2024 |website=Envision Counselling and Support Centre |language=en-CA}}</ref> Hadarin kasancewa wanda aka azabtar da kisan mata saboda haka ya ninka sau uku ga mata da ke fuskantar IPV yayin daukar ciki.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Campbell |first=Jacquelyn |last2=Matoff-Stepp |first2=Sabrina |last3=Velez |first3=Martha L. |last4=Hunter Cox |first4=Helen |last5=Laughon |first5=Kathryn |date=February 21, 2021 |title=Pregnancy-Associated Deaths from Homicide, Suicide, and Drug Overdose: Review of Research and the Intersection with Intimate Partner Violence |journal=Journal of Women's Health |language=en |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=236–244 |doi=10.1089/jwh.2020.8875 |issn=1540-9996 |pmc=8020563 |pmid=33295844}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCampbellMatoff-SteppVelezHunter_Cox2021">Campbell, Jacquelyn; Matoff-Stepp, Sabrina; Velez, Martha L.; Hunter Cox, Helen; Laughon, Kathryn (February 21, 2021). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8020563 "Pregnancy-Associated Deaths from Homicide, Suicide, and Drug Overdose: Review of Research and the Intersection with Intimate Partner Violence"]. ''Journal of Women's Health''. '''30''' (2): <span class="nowrap">236–</span>244. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1089/jwh.2020.8875|10.1089/jwh.2020.8875]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1540-9996 1540-9996]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8020563 8020563]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33295844 33295844].</cite></ref> === Duniya === Duk da yake bincike kan kisan mata da ke da alaƙa da juna biyu da farko a Amurka, bincike na baya-bayan nan game da yanayin duniya ya tabbatar da binciken masu binciken Amurka.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Quaresma Soares |first=Marcela |last2=Magalhães de Melo |first2=Cristiane |last3=Dias Bevilacqua |first3=Paula |date=February 14, 2024 |title=Femicide during pregnancy and postpartum period by an intimate partner: An integrative review |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1359178924000090 |journal=Aggression and Violent Behavior |language=en |volume=76 |pages= |doi=10.1016/j.avb.2024.101919 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFQuaresma_SoaresMagalhães_de_MeloDias_Bevilacqua2024">Quaresma Soares, Marcela; Magalhães de Melo, Cristiane; Dias Bevilacqua, Paula (February 14, 2024). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1359178924000090 "Femicide during pregnancy and postpartum period by an intimate partner: An integrative review"]</span>. ''Aggression and Violent Behavior''. '''76'''. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.avb.2024.101919|10.1016/j.avb.2024.101919]].</cite></ref> A duniya, ciki yana wakiltar babban haɗari a cikin yiwuwar kisan mata.<ref name=":1" /> Abokan hulɗa na maza sun hada da mafi yawan masu aikata laifin, kuma tsakanin kashi ɗaya bisa uku da kashi biyu bisa uku na shari'o'in IPV ne ya riga ya wuce.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Campbell |first=Jacquelyn |last2=Matoff-Stepp |first2=Sabrina |last3=Velez |first3=Martha L. |last4=Hunter Cox |first4=Helen |last5=Laughon |first5=Kathryn |date=February 21, 2021 |title=Pregnancy-Associated Deaths from Homicide, Suicide, and Drug Overdose: Review of Research and the Intersection with Intimate Partner Violence |journal=Journal of Women's Health |language=en |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=236–244 |doi=10.1089/jwh.2020.8875 |issn=1540-9996 |pmc=8020563 |pmid=33295844}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCampbellMatoff-SteppVelezHunter_Cox2021">Campbell, Jacquelyn; Matoff-Stepp, Sabrina; Velez, Martha L.; Hunter Cox, Helen; Laughon, Kathryn (February 21, 2021). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8020563 "Pregnancy-Associated Deaths from Homicide, Suicide, and Drug Overdose: Review of Research and the Intersection with Intimate Partner Violence"]. ''Journal of Women's Health''. '''30''' (2): <span class="nowrap">236–</span>244. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1089/jwh.2020.8875|10.1089/jwh.2020.8875]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1540-9996 1540-9996]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8020563 8020563]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33295844 33295844].</cite></ref> A Argentina, inda yawan kisan mata ke ƙaruwa, kisan mata da abokin tarayya na kusa shine babban dalilin mutuwar mata masu juna biyu da bayan haihuwa. === Ƙuntatawa na kididdiga === Rashin mutuwar uwa bai haɗa da kisan mata da ke da alaƙa da ciki ba.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Quaresma Soares |first=Marcela |last2=Magalhães de Melo |first2=Cristiane |last3=Dias Bevilacqua |first3=Paula |date=February 14, 2024 |title=Femicide during pregnancy and postpartum period by an intimate partner: An integrative review |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1359178924000090 |journal=Aggression and Violent Behavior |language=en |volume=76 |pages= |doi=10.1016/j.avb.2024.101919 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFQuaresma_SoaresMagalhães_de_MeloDias_Bevilacqua2024">Quaresma Soares, Marcela; Magalhães de Melo, Cristiane; Dias Bevilacqua, Paula (February 14, 2024). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1359178924000090 "Femicide during pregnancy and postpartum period by an intimate partner: An integrative review"]</span>. ''Aggression and Violent Behavior''. '''76'''. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.avb.2024.101919|10.1016/j.avb.2024.101919]].</cite></ref> Bugu da ƙari, ba a buƙatar bayanan mutuwar a yawancin ƙasashe don haɗawa da dangantakar wanda aka azabtar da mai aikata laifin ko tarihin IPV.<ref name=":1" /> Saboda haka masu bincike sun ba da shawarar cewa yawan abin da ya faru ya fi wanda aka ruwaito saboda rashin daidaituwa a cikin rubuce-rubuce na kisan mata masu alaƙa da ciki.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Wallace |first=Maeve E. |date=September 2022 |title=Trends in Pregnancy-Associated Homicide, United States, 2020 |journal=American Journal of Public Health |language=en |volume=112 |issue=9 |pages=1333–1336 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2022.306937 |issn=0090-0036 |pmc=9382166 |pmid=35797500}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWallace2022">Wallace, Maeve E. (September 2022). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9382166 "Trends in Pregnancy-Associated Homicide, United States, 2020"]. ''American Journal of Public Health''. '''112''' (9): <span class="nowrap">1333–</span>1336. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2105/AJPH.2022.306937|10.2105/AJPH.2022.306937]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0090-0036 0090-0036]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9382166 9382166]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35797500 35797500].</cite></ref> == Dokoki da manufofi == === Amurka === Jihohin Amurka 38 suna da dokoki tare da hukunci mai tsanani idan aka kashe wanda aka azabtar yayin da yake da ciki.<ref name=":82">{{Cite web |date=April 2, 2018 |title=State Homicide Laws That Recognize Unborn Victims |url=https://nrlc.org/federal/unbornvictims/statehomicidelaws092302/ |access-date=October 21, 2024 |website=National Right to Life |language=en-US}}</ref> Dokar wadanda ba a haifa su ba wadanda aka azabtar da su ba ta hanyar tashin hankali ta 2004 ta amince da [[Fetus|tayin]] a matsayin wanda aka azabtar a cikin aikata laifuka idan "raunin da aka yi wa tayin ko mutuwa ya faru yayin aikata laifukan tashin hankali na tarayya".<ref name=":03">{{Cite web |date=1997 |title=Text of Unborn Victims of Violence Act |url=http://nrlc.org/Unborn_Victims/UVVAEnrolled.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106071132/http://nrlc.org/Unborn_Victims/UVVAEnrolled.html |archive-date=January 6, 2012 |access-date=October 21, 2024 |website= |at=Wayback Machine}}</ref> Wadannan dokoki sun bayyana tayin a matsayin mutum "don manufar gurfanar da mai laifi" (Taron Majalisar Dokokin Jiha na Kasa, 2008). <ref name=":82" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8hl8b34pq1r7syieklexxoi0ps7r1go 0 114277 873761 701771 2026-07-01T19:12:38Z Merjoor 14653 873761 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Pedro Luís Vicençote''' (an haife shi ne a ranar 22 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 1957), wanda aka fi sani da '''Pedrinho''', tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Brazil wanda ya yi wasa a matsayin mai tsaron gida. Ya buga wa Palmeiras (1977-1981), Vasco da Gama (1981-1983 da 1986), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Futpedia: Pedrinho (Pedro Luís Vicençote) |url=http://futpedia.globo.com/jogadores/pedrinho2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100220093334/http://futpedia.globo.com/jogadores/pedrinho2 |archive-date=2010-02-20 |access-date=2010-01-26 |publisher=Globo Esporte |language=Portuguese}}</ref> Bangu shekarar ta (1987-1988) kuma a Jerin A na Italiya tare da Catania shekarar ta (1983-1985). Ya lashe gasar zakarun jihar birnin Rio de Janeiro sau biyu a shekarar ta 1982 da shekarar 1987. Ga tawagar kwallon kafa ta kasa ta kasar Brazil ya lashe kwallo 13 na kasa da kasa (goal daya da aka zira), daga Yuli shekara ta 1979 zuwa Yuni shekarar 1983, kuma ya kasance a cikin tawagar gasar cin Kofin Duniya na FIFA na shekarar ta 1982, kodayake ba tare da buga wasa ba a lokacin gasar. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin wakilin kwallon kafa, kuma an san shi da '''Pedrinho VRP''' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://cn.fifa.com/aboutfifa/organisation/footballgovernance/playeragents/association=bra.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917131139/http://cn.fifa.com/aboutfifa/organisation/footballgovernance/playeragents/association=bra.html |archive-date=2016-09-17 |access-date=2016-09-17}}</ref> == Daraja == ; Vasco da Gama * Gasar Carioca: 1982, 1987 ; Bangu * Kofin Rio: 1987 == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Official website|http://www.pedrinhovrp.com.br}} {{In lang|pt}}   * Pedrinho Vicençote at National-Football-Teams.com [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1957]] guy5xb029mxcwx0j326ohlqi8yxto1l 0 114397 874092 702187 2026-07-02T05:37:54Z Ummeeterh 31568 874092 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Doumbi Fakoly | birth_date = {{birth date|1944|01|01}} | birth_place = [[Kita, Mali|Kita]], [[French Sudan]], [[French West Africa]] | death_date = {{death date and age|2024|09|29|1944|01|01}} | death_place = | education = | genre = | subject = [[Pan-Africanism]] | notable_works = | spouse = | children = }} '''Doumbi Fakoly''' (1 Ga [[Janairu]], 1944 - 29 ga [[Satumba]], 2024) marubuci ne daga ƙasar [[Mali]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aujourd'hui-Mali |date=2023-02-18 |title=maliweb.net - Affaire de blasphème : Doumbi Fakoly condamné à 8 mois de prison avec sursis, ses coaccusés acquittés |url=https://www.maliweb.net/faits-divers/affaire-de-blaspheme-doumbi-fakoly-condamne-a-8-mois-de-prison-avec-sursis-ses-coaccuses-acquittes-3011422.html |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=maliweb.net |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Shi ne marubucin littattafan yara. Ayyukansa, litattafai da litattafansa, galibi sun shafi batutuwan zamantakewa kamar [[Kanjamau|Cutar kanjamau]], addini, da wariyar launin fata. == Tarihin rayuwa == An haife shi a shekara ta 1944 a Kita, Mali, Doumbi Fakoly ya kasance yaro a [[Senegal]]. Ya ci gaba da karatu a Faransa, inda ya sami digiri a banki (Faransa: Diplôme d'étude supérieures en banques). Daga 1978 zuwa 1980, ya yi aiki a Banque Meridien Biao Mali . A shekara ta 1983, ya wallafa littafinsa na farko, They Died for France (Faransanci: Morts pour la France), wani labari na tarihi game da 'yan Senegalese da suka yi yaƙi don Faransa a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu . A cikin littafinsa na 1984 The Supreme Guide's Early Retirement (La retraite Anticipée du Guide Suprême), ya soki mulkin kama karya wanda ya biyo bayan 'yancin kai na kasashe da yawa na Afirka. A shekara ta 1988, ya wallafa ''Takardar shaidar Kula da cutar kanjamau'' (Certificat de Contrôle Anti-Sida), wani labari game da wata yarinya matashiya wacce ake zargi mahaifinta da kasancewa mai cutar kanjamaun daji. Adventure in Ottawa (L'Aventure à Ottawa), wanda aka buga a shekarar 1991, shine littafinsa na farko da aka yi niyya ga matasa masu sauraro. ''Bilal Annabi'' (Bilal le Prophète), wani labari na tarihi, an sake shi a shekarar 1992, kuma The Revolt of the Galsénésiennes (La Révolte des Galsénesien), haraji ga mata, ya biyo baya a shekarar 1994. A shekara ta 1997, ya wallafa cikakken binciken kan [[Pan-Africanism]] . A shekara ta 1999, ya magance batun auren tilas a cikin littafinsa na biyu na Matasa. Fakoly ya buga Africa, the Rebirth (Afrique, la Renaissance), wani rubutun da ke ƙoƙarin bayyana abubuwan da ke haifar da bambancin al'adun Afirka, a cikin 2000. A shekara ta 2003, ya rubuta wani labari game da Mali, Conquering the Magic Fountain, (A la conquête de la fontaine magique). A ranar 14 ga Fabrairu, 2023, an yanke wa Fakoly hukuncin watanni 12 a kurkuku, 8 daga cikinsu an dakatar da su, saboda "tsinkaye.<ref>{{cite news |date=18 February 2023 |title=Affaire de blasphème : Doumbi Fakoly condamné à 8 mois de prison avec sursis, ses coaccusés acquittés |url=https://www.maliweb.net/faits-divers/affaire-de-blaspheme-doumbi-fakoly-condamne-a-8-mois-de-prison-avec-sursis-ses-coaccuses-acquittes-3011422.html?amp=1 |access-date=1 October 2024 |publisher=maliweb.net}}</ref> Ya jagoranci horarwa da tarurruka a kai a kai kan karfin ikon Afirka. Fakoly ya zauna a Faransa, ya yi aure kuma yana da 'ya'ya biyu. Fakoly ya mutu a ranar 29 ga Satumba, 2024, yana da shekaru 80. == Ra'ayoyi == Doumbi-Fakoly ya yi imanin cewa sake daukakan Afirka zai yiwu ne kawai idan mutanen Bakaken Fata yan-Afirka (daga danginsu) suka koma ga Karfin-Ikon kakanninsu. A cewarsa, addinan Ibrahim (Yhudawa, Kiristanci da Islama) suna da mummunan sakamako ga mutanen Black-Afirka (da zuriya).<ref>Doumbi-Fakoly, ''An Introduction to How Black-African People should Pray'' (2009), p48, Editions Menaibuc, Paris (''{{ISBN|978-2-35349-076-9}}'')</ref><ref>Doumbi-Fakoly, ''Ces Dieux et Ces Egrégores Etrangers Qui Tuent le Peuple Noir'' (2008), Editions Menaibuc, Paris (''{{ISBN|2353490409}}'')</ref> == Littattafansa == * Mutuwa ga Faransa, 1983 (Karthala, Paris). * Rashin ritaya na Babban Jagora, 1984 (Harmattan, Paris) * ''Takardar shaidar Kula da Cututtukan cututtukan'', 1988 (Publisud, Paris) * ''Labari a Ottawa'', 1991 (Hurtubise, Montreal) * ''Bilal Annabi'', 1992 (Panafrica Plus, Ottawa) * Tashin hankali na Galsénésiennes, 1994 (Publisud, Paris) * Littafin nan The Guide of the Panafricanist, 1997 (An yi amfani da shi a cikin littafin Paris) * ''An tilasta Auren 1999'', (CEDA, Abidjan) * Afirka, Renaissance, 2000 (Publisud, Paris) * A nasarar maɓuɓɓugar sihiri, 2003 (Harmattan, Paris) * ''Asalin baƙar fata na Afirka na addinan da ake kira da aka bayyana'', 2004 Editions Menaibuc, Paris (''{{ISBN|2911372514}}'') * ''Gabatarwa ga addu'ar baƙar fata ta Afirka'', 2005, Editions Menaibuc, Paris (''{{ISBN|2911372808}}'') * La Colonisation: Wani laifi a kan bil'adama (al'amarin mulkin mallaka na Faransa), 2005, Editions Menaibuc, Paris (''{{ISBN|2911372891}}'') * ''Fakoly Yarima na Mande'', 2005, L'Harmattan, Paris (''{{ISBN|2747547418}}'') * ''Asalin Littafi Mai-Tsarki na wariyar launin fata'', 2005, Editions Menaibuc, Paris (''{{ISBN|2911372794}}'') * ''Anta, babban firist na Atum'', 2005, Editions Menaibuc, Paris (''{{ISBN|2911372662}}'') * ''Sheikh Anta Diop Bayyanawa ga Matasa'', 2006, Editions Menaibuc, Paris (''{{ISBN|2911372980}}'') * Horus, ɗan Isis: (The myth of Osiris explicated), 2006, Editions Menaibuc, Paris (''{{ISBN|2911372999}}'') * Littafi Mai Tsarki a cikin tsari, 2008, Editions Menaibuc, Paris {{ISBN|2353490832}} * Wadannan alloli da wadannan Egrégores na kasashen waje wadanda ke kashe mutanen baƙar fata, 2008, Editions Menaibuc, Paris (''{{ISBN|2353490409}}'') * Hanyar La Maât, 2008, Editions Menaibuc, Paris (''{{ISBN|2353490328}}'') * ''Marcus Garvey ya bayyana wa matasa'', 2009, Editions Menaibuc, Paris (''{{ISBN|2353491022}}'') * ''Shin Musulunci addini ne ga baƙi? '' , 2009, Editions Menaibuc, Paris (''{{ISBN|235349112X}}'') * An Gabatarwa ga Yadda Black-African People ya kamata Ya Addu'a, 2009, fassarar Turanci daga Farfesa Emmanuel Cadet, Editions Menaibuc, Paris (<nowiki>ISBN 978-2-35349-076-9</nowiki>) == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2024]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1944]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ql7lqqph7sn6qhzjv32t05229w65did 0 114650 873663 703312 2026-07-01T14:19:02Z Habibah A Jisambo 26434 873663 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Tarihin Sa== Sarki Yunusa Dan Yaya shine Halastaccen Sarkin ningi wanda yake kan gadon na sarauta har zuwa 2024, Dan Yaya wanda aka haifa a shekarar 1936 kuma ya kasance shine wanda ya gaji baban nasa bayan rasuwar baban sa Marigayi stuhun Sarkin Bauchi dan Yaya kuma an nada shi a matsayin Sarkin Ningi a shekarar 1978.<ref>https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria/metro/emir-of-ningi-yunusa-danyaya-dies-at-88/</ref> ==Karatun Sa.== Ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Ningi tsakanin shekarar 1941 zuwa 1946, sannan ya yi makarantar sakandare ta Bauchi daga 1946 zuwa 1951 kafin ya wuce makarantar kula da tsaftar muhalli ta Kano, a shekarar. Daga nan sai ya tafi Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello da ke Zariya, inda ya samu shaidar kammala difloma a fannin harkokin gwamnati. ==Ayyukan Sa.== Ya yi fice wajen aiki a lokacin Hukumar Native (NA) duk da cewa ya fara aiki a Nasaru Dispensary, Ningi. Ya kasance memba na Majalisar Masarautar Ningi daga 1956 zuwa 1960, mai ba da shawara ga Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya da Lafiya daga 1958 zuwa 1959, kuma memba na Majalisar Ningi NA Outer Council tsakanin 1954 zuwa 1956, Sarki DanYaya ya kasance mai ba da shawara akan ayyuka, ‘yan sanda da gidajen yari daga 1959 zuwa 1960, kuma memba ne na masu kula da Dakin Karfi na Ningi NA tsakanin 1956 zuwa 1960. A shekarar 1959 ya zama Hakimin ningi da kuma Chiroman Ningi, ya fara tafiyarsa ta sarauta, Duk da haka, son sana’ar sa ta yi karfi, har a shekarar 1963, ya shiga kamfanin taba sigari na Nijeriya, Zariya, a matsayin jami’in jin dadin jama’a, har zuwa 1967. An dauke shi aiki a Hukumar Tallace-tallace ta Arewacin Najeriya a lokacin a matsayin Mataimakin Jami’in Tallace-tallace, sannan kuma aka nada shi Mataimakin Manaja mai kula da Gusau da Kaura Namoda a shekarar 1968, ba da dadewa ba kwazonsa ya nuna, har ya zama Manaja, Maiduguri Groundnut Depot, a shekarar 1969. A shekarar 1970 aka nada shi Sub-Area, Manajan Kungiya a Gombe, sannan ya zama Manaja a Kunguwar Bimo. A shekarar 1974 aka yi masa canjin sheka daga karshe ya rike Yola, Mubi, da Mambila. A shekarar 1976, an nada shi Mukaddashin Manaja mai kula da Hukumar Tallace-tallacen Jihohin Arewa maso Gabas. Saboda kwarewarsa, ya zama Shugaban Kwamitin Rarraba Kadarori tsaka.nin jihohin Arewa da Hukumar Kasuwa ta Binuwai da Filato. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Darakta na Hukumar Raya Kogin Hadejia-Jama’are tsakanin 1989 zuwa 1991. Bayan haka, Sarkin ya kasance memba a taron tsarin mulki na kasa tsakanin 1994 zuwa 1995 kuma mamba a karamin kwamitin sarakunan gargajiya na kwamitin hangen nesa na 2010 tsakanin 1996 zuwa 1997. Ya kasance Shugaban Hukumar Rijistar Muhalli ta Jami’an Lafiya ta Najeriya (EHORECON) tun a shekarar 2004, sannan kuma Shugaban Majalisar Tsakanin Addinai ta Jihar Bauchi tun a shekarar 2005. An karrama Sarkin da lambar yabo ta kasa (OON)<ref>https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria/metro/emir-of-ningi-yunusa-danyaya-dies-at-88/</ref>. ==Mutuwar Sa. == Mai Martaba Sarkin Ningi dake jihar Bauchi Alh. Yunusa Muhammed DanYa ya rasu kamar yadda sanar wa ta fita daga bakin sakataren fadar, Usman Sule, Magayakin a safiyar Lahadi. A cewar fadar, Sarkin ya rasu ne a wani asibitin Kano kwanaki biyu bayan ya dawo daga tafiyar jinya zuwa Makka a ranar Alhamis, 22 ga watan Agusta, 2024. <ref>https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria/metro/emir-of-ningi-yunusa-danyaya-dies-at-88/</ref> ==Manazarta== 68qasxchgbnwwxx6ts3quhqkb57c2co 0 114990 873729 872465 2026-07-01T17:53:36Z Hamza DK 12444 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360791623|Ibrahim Chatta]]" 873729 wikitext text/x-wiki Ibrahim Chatta i (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga Oktoba 1970) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Najeriya, furodusa, kuma darektan. [1][2] [[Category:Pages with plain IPA]] [[Category:Pages including recorded pronunciations]] == Rayuwa ta farko da aiki == An haifi Chatta a Bacita, yankin karamar hukumar [[Edu (Nijeriya)|Edu]], Jihar Kwara, Najeriya. Ya girma a cikin babban iyali tare da 'yan uwa 14. Mahaifiyarsa, asalin ta Modakeke a Jihar Osun, ta mutu bayan doguwar gwagwarmaya da ciwon sukari. Mahaifinsa ma ya mutu. Kafin ya zama ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, Chatta ya yi aiki a matsayin direban bas don tallafa wa kansa da iyalinsa. Ya fara aikinsa a gidan wasan kwaikwayo, inda ya haɓaka ƙwarewarsa ta wasan kwaikwayo, kafin ya koma fim. Nasarar da ya samu a Nollywood ta zo ne tare da rawar da ya taka a fim din ''Aiyekooto'', wanda Sharafadeen Olabode ya samar kuma [[Adebayo Tijani]] ya ba da umarni. == Hotunan fina-finai == * ''Atini O"go'' (2006) * Mafi wonmi (2008) * ''Olo'' (2008) * ''Mafi sere'' (2009) * ''Orere laye'' (2009) * ''Ebere Adigun'' (2010) * ''Aiyekooto'' (2012) * ''Ifa Iwa'' (2013) * Olokiki Oru: The Midnight Sensation (2019) * ''Omoyagba'' (2020) * ''Alabe'' * ''[[King of Thieves (fim, 2022)|Sarkin ɓarayi]]'' (2022) * Osóròngà (2023) * ''[[Jagun Jagun]]'' (2023) * ''[[lisabi: Tashin hankali|Lisabi: Tashin hankali]]'' (2024) == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == * Mafi kyawun Actor a Matsayin Tallafawa a 2012 Best of Nollywood Awards (BON). * Mafi kyawun mai ba da tallafi a cikin fim din Yoruba (Ifa Iwa) a 2013 Best of Nollywood Awards (BON). * Mafi kyawun Actor na Shekara (Yoruba), City People Movies Awards, 2019 . <ref>{{Cite web |last=People |first=City |date=2019-10-18 |title=IBRAHIM CHATTA EMERGES CITY PEOPLE BEST ACTOR OF THE YEAR (YORUBA) |url=https://www.citypeopleonline.com/ibrahim-chatta-emerges-city-people-best-actor-of-the-year-yoruba/ |access-date=2025-02-05 |website=City People Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> * Kyautar Legend of the year a [[Odunlade Adekola]] Film Production Awards (OAFP) a cikin 2024. == Bayanan da aka ambata == <references /> [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1970]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] pincdompovg0ijlckn8fm8hrg6cvn6s 873730 873729 2026-07-01T17:54:44Z Hamza DK 12444 873730 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ibrahim Chatta i (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga Oktoba 1970) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Najeriya, furodusa, kuma darektan. [1][2] [[Category:Pages with plain IPA]] [[Category:Pages including recorded pronunciations]] == Rayuwa ta farko da aiki == An haifi Chatta a Bacita, yankin karamar hukumar [[Edu (Nijeriya)|Edu]], Jihar Kwara, Najeriya. Ya girma a cikin babban iyali tare da 'yan uwa 14. Mahaifiyarsa, asalin ta Modakeke a Jihar Osun, ta mutu bayan doguwar gwagwarmaya da ciwon sukari. Mahaifinsa ma ya mutu. Kafin ya zama ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, Chatta ya yi aiki a matsayin direban bas don tallafa wa kansa da iyalinsa. Ya fara aikinsa a gidan wasan kwaikwayo, inda ya haɓaka ƙwarewarsa ta wasan kwaikwayo, kafin ya koma fim. Nasarar da ya samu a Nollywood ta zo ne tare da rawar da ya taka a fim din ''Aiyekooto'', wanda Sharafadeen Olabode ya samar kuma [[Adebayo Tijani]] ya ba da umarni. == Hotunan fina-finai == * ''Atini O"go'' (2006) * Mafi wonmi (2008) * ''Olo'' (2008) * ''Mafi sere'' (2009) * ''Orere laye'' (2009) * ''Ebere Adigun'' (2010) * ''Aiyekooto'' (2012) * ''Ifa Iwa'' (2013) * Olokiki Oru: The Midnight Sensation (2019) * ''Omoyagba'' (2020) * ''Alabe'' * ''[[King of Thieves (fim, 2022)|Sarkin ɓarayi]]'' (2022) * Osóròngà (2023) * ''[[Jagun Jagun]]'' (2023) * ''[[lisabi: Tashin hankali|Lisabi: Tashin hankali]]'' (2024) == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == * Mafi kyawun Actor a Matsayin Tallafawa a 2012 Best of Nollywood Awards (BON). * Mafi kyawun mai ba da tallafi a cikin fim din Yoruba (Ifa Iwa) a 2013 Best of Nollywood Awards (BON). * Mafi kyawun Actor na Shekara (Yoruba), City People Movies Awards, 2019 . <ref>{{Cite web |last=People |first=City |date=2019-10-18 |title=IBRAHIM CHATTA EMERGES CITY PEOPLE BEST ACTOR OF THE YEAR (YORUBA) |url=https://www.citypeopleonline.com/ibrahim-chatta-emerges-city-people-best-actor-of-the-year-yoruba/ |access-date=2025-02-05 |website=City People Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> * Kyautar Legend of the year a [[Odunlade Adekola]] Film Production Awards (OAFP) a cikin 2024. == Bayanan da aka ambata == <references /> [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1970]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 44jp5brrdb323y3916dtyg5ajfmf8cu 0 115258 873603 863765 2026-07-01T12:42:49Z Matar Nasir 45916 /* Gurbatar muhalli */ 873603 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Sokotorivermap.png|thumb|Kogin Sokoto, yana nuna wurin da birnin yake]] '''Sokoto''' babban birni ne dake a cikin ƙarshen arewa maso yammacin [[Najeriya]], kusa da mahadar [[Sokoto (kogi)|kogin Sokoto]] da [[kogin Rima]] . A shekarar 2006, tana da yawan jama'a sama da 427,760. Sokoto ita ce babban birnin [[Sokoto (jiha)|jihar Sokoto]] a wannan zamani kuma a baya ita ce hedikwatar jihohin arewa maso yamma. Sakkwato ta shahara wajen cinikin fatun tumaki, fatun shanu, sana’ar fata (wani gagarumin fitarwa) da gyada kola da fatun akuya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-07 |title=Sokoto {{!}} Map, Population, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Sokoto-Nigeria |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Wurin zama ne mai cike da tarihi na tsohuwar [[Daular Sokoto|Khalifancin Sakkwato]], birnin [[Musulunci a Najeriya|yawancin musulmi]] ne kuma muhimmin wurin koyar da addinin musulunci a Najeriya. [[Jerin Sarakunan Musulmin Najeriya|Sarkin Musulmin]] da ke shugabantar halifanci ne yadda ya kamata a matsayin shugaban addinin Musulunci na Najeriya. == Suna da kirarin asali ==   Sunan Sokoto (wanda shine sunan na zamani/a turance daga sunan asali da mazauna ke faɗa (''Sakkwato'' ) asalin [[Larabci]] ne, yana nufin (''sooq'',) ma'ana 'kasuwa' . Kuma ana kiranta da ''Sakkwato, Birnin [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Shaihu]] da [[Muhammadu Bello|Bello]]'' ko kuma “Sakoto Birnin [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Shaihu]] da [[Muhammadu Bello|Bello]] ko kuma Sokoto Birnin Shehu ta mai da kasari zuma, (Shaihu yana nufin Sheikh Usman dan Fodio, wanda ya kafa Daular Sakkwato, da Bello dansa/majibinsa, Sultan Muhammad Bello). == Yanayi == Sokoto tana da yanayi mai zafi mai ratsa ruwa ( [[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen|Köppen weather classification]] ''BSH'' ). Tana cikin busasshiyar [[Sahel]], kewaye da yashi mai yashi da tsaunuka keɓance. Tare da matsakaicin zafin shekara kimanin {{Convert|28.3|°C|°F|1}}, Sokoto na daya daga cikin garuruwan da suka fi zafi a Najeriya. Kodayake, matsakaicin yanayin zafin rana gabaɗaya ba ya haura {{Convert|40|°C|°F|1}} a mafi yawa cikin shekara, kuma bushewar yana sa zafi ya iya jurewa. <ref name="sokoto-description">{{Cite web |title=A Brief History and Geography of Sokoto State |url=http://www.sokoto-state.com/state.html |access-date=7 April 2007 |archive-date=12 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070512010735/http://www.sokoto-state.com/state.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mafi yawan watanni shine Fabrairu zuwa Afrilu, inda zafin rana zai iya wuce 40&nbsp;°C. Mafi girman zafin jiki da ake samu shine 45&nbsp;°C. Lokacin damina na daga watan Yuni zuwa Oktoba, wanda a lokacin shawa ke zama ruwan dare a kullum. Ruwan shawa ba ya daɗe yana daɗewa kuma yana da nisa daga ruwan shawa na yau da kullun da aka sani a yankuna masu zafi da yawa. Daga karshen Oktoba zuwa Fabrairu, a lokacin 'lokacin sanyi', yanayin yana gauraye da iska hunturu da ke kada kurar Sahara a cikin kasa. Kurar tana dusashe hasken rana, don haka zafi ke raguwa sosai. Hanyar noman amfanin gona a yankin ita ce makwararar ruwan kogin Sokoto-Rima, wanda ke cike da kasa mai albarka. Sauran amfanin gonakin da ake nomawa a Sakkwato sun hada da gero, dawa, wake watakila ya fi yawa, sai masara, shinkafa, sesame, sauran hatsi da kayan lambu kamar: albasa, tumatir, barkono, attarugu, latas, da kabeji. [1] [2] Baya ga gero, Sakkwato ce kan gaba wajen noman albasa a Najeriya. Ta fuskar ciyayi, Sakkwato ta fada cikin yankin savannah. Wannan buɗaɗɗen ciyayi ce ta tse-tse mara ciyayi wacce ta dace da noman hatsi da kiwo. Ruwan sama yana farawa a makare kuma yana ƙarewa da wuri tare da matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara tsakanin 500 mm da 1,300 mm. Akwai manyan yanayi guda biyu a Sakkwato, wato jika da bushewa. Lokacin rani yana farawa daga Oktoba, kuma yana ɗaukar har zuwa Afrilu a wasu sassa kuma yana iya ƙara zuwa Mayu ko Yuni a wasu sassa. A daya bangaren kuma lokacin damina yana farawa a yawancin sassan jihar a watan Mayu kuma yana kai har zuwa Satumba, ko Oktoba. Harmattan, busasshiyar iska, sanyi, da ƙura mai ƙura ana fuskanta a cikin jihar tsakanin Nuwamba da Fabrairu. Zafi ya fi tsanani a jihar a watan Maris da Afrilu. Amma yanayi a jihar kullum sanyi ne da safe da kuma zafi da rana, sai dai a lokacin harmattan kololuwa. Tsarin yanayin jihar ya mamaye filin Hausa na arewacin [[Najeriya]] . Fadin qasar da ake nomawa a cikin kogin Sokoto-Rima ya wargaza fili tare da samar da qasa mai cike da albarkar noman amfanin gona iri-iri a jihar. Haka kuma akwai tsaunuka da tsaunuka keɓe a warwatse a duk faɗin jihar.{{Weather box}} == Ci gaban tarihi ==   [[Fayil:Travels_and_discoveries_in_North_and_Central_Africa._From_the_journal_of_an_expedition_undertaken_under_the_auspices_of_H.B.M.'s_government,_in_the_years_1849-1855_(1859)_(14781116835).jpg|thumb|Kasuwa a Sokoto, farkon shekarun 1850]] [[Fayil:West_Africa_in_1897.jpg|thumb|Yankin Sokoto, wanda aka nuna a cakuɗe a taswirar 1897]] [[Fayil:Sokoto_Sultanate.png|thumb|Sarkin Musulmi a zamanin Sarkin Musulmi Ahmadu Rufa'i]] Shehu Usmanu Dan Fodiyo ya yi amfani da Sokoto tun a watan Oktoban 1804 a matsayin wurin ganawa da Galadima, Wazirin Yunfa. Daga bisani, dansa Muhammad Bello ya yi amfani da shi a matsayin wurin shirya hari a Dufua a cikin bazara na 1806. Bovil ya nuna cewa ana iya kiran yankin da Sokoto tun a karni na sha bakwai. Ta fuskar tarihi, an kafa Sakkwato a matsayin ribat (sansanin soja ko iyaka) a shekarar 1809, lokacin da Shehu Usmanu ke Sifawa. Daga baya ta zama hedikwatar halifanci bayan rasuwar Shehu. A cikin 1820s, Sakkwato ta kasance a kololuwar ci gabanta ya yi daidai da kololuwar ikon ‘sarakunanta’ a tsakiyar halifanci, tana karbar harajin shekara-shekara daga dukkan fifuffuka kafin wani lokaci mai tsawo na raguwa. Mai binciken Hugh Clapperton (1827) ya burge sosai da wannan wadata da tasirinsa a cikin birnin. Clapperton ya lura da mahimmancin matsugunin Sokoto: Koguna, maimakon kasuwanci mai nisa a cikin tattalin arzikin birnin. Amma a halin yanzu harkokin kasuwanci a Sakkwato ba su da la’akari da shi, saboda tabarbarewar yanayin da kasar ke ciki. A lokacin da mai binciken [[Heinrich Barth]] ya zo a shekarar 1853, Sokoto ta kasance cikin kankanin mazauna kuma ta lalace matuka. Barth a 1857 ya kiyasta yawan jama'a 20,000-22,000 ne kawai, amma har yanzu ana ba da kasuwa kuma ana halarta, kuma wani yanki mai ci gaba a wajen bango ya fi Sokoto kanta. Bovil ya bayyana Sokoto a matsayin matsayi mai karfi, wanda ke da tudu daga gabas zuwa arewa maso yamma da kuma wani karamin kwari a yamma da kudu maso yamma da ke ba ta kariya daga hare-haren da sojojin dawakai suka kai musu. Garin ya mamaye tudu mai fadi inda koguna biyu, Rima da Sokoto ke haduwa, kasancewar mahadar tituna daga Gobir a arewa, Kebbi a kudu da Burmi Zamfara a gabas. A farkon karni na 19, an raba garin (Sokoto) zuwa unguwanni. Irin wadannan unguwanni sun hada da unguwar Magajin Gari, unguwar Waziri, unguwar Sarkin Musulmi, unguwar Sarkin Adar, unguwar Magajin Rafi, da unguwar Sarkin Zamfara. A wannan lokaci unguwannin sun kasance kanana kuma an kewaye su da katanga, wadanda suka hada da masallatan Sultan Bello da Shehu, da fadar Sarkin Musulmi da sauran gine-gine da kuma harabar gidan Shehu. A cikin 1818, an shimfida katangar har ta kai ga tana da ƙofofin da ke shiga da fita daga bangon Birni. Irin wadannan kofofin su ne Kofar-Kade, Kofar-Kware, Kofar-Rini, Kofar-Dundaye, Kofar-Taramniya, Kofar-Aliyu Jedo, da Kofar-Marke. [[Fayil:View_of_Sokoto_(1890).jpg|thumb|Duban bayan gari (1890)]] Yankin Sakkwato na yanzu ya kasance gidan masarautu da masarautu da yawa na yammacin Sudan kafin mulkin mallaka. Wadannan sun hada da masarautun [[Gobir]] da Kebbi da kuma shahararriyar khalifancin da ya shafi ruhi da siyasarsa shine hedikwatar jihar. Bayan mamayar daular halifanci da turawan ingila suka yi a shekarar 1903, an mayar da bangarori daban-daban nata ‘yan cin gashin kansu suka shiga cikin gwamnatin Arewacin Najeriya. Ta haka ne yankin arewa ya kasance mafi yawan sassan daular Sokoto da daular [[Daular Kanem-Bornu|Kanem-Bornu]] . Wannan ya ci gaba har zuwa Janairu 1967 lokacin da aka kirkiro jihohi don maye gurbin gwamnatocin yankuna da Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya yi. Sokoto ta zama hedikwatar jihar arewa maso yamma da aka kirkira a shekarar 1967. A shekarar 1976 bayan kirkiro jihar Neja daga jihar Arewa maso yamma, jihar Sokoto ta zama hedikwatarta. Duk da haka a jihohin Sokoto, Kebbi da Zamfara an sassare su daga Sokoto, a 1991 da 1996 bi da bi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-29 |title=History of Sokoto - Official Website of Sokoto State Government |url=https://sokotostate.gov.ng/history-of-sokoto/ |access-date=2023-07-15 |language=en-US}}</ref> Don haka babban birnin Sakkwato ya kasance hedkwatar gwamnatoci daban-daban tun lokacin da Halifa Muhammad Bello ya kafa shi a 1809. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Brief History of Sokoto State :: Nigeria Information & Guide |url=https://www.nigeriagalleria.com/Nigeria/States_Nigeria/Sokoto/Brief-History-of-Sokoto-State.html |access-date=2023-07-15 |website=www.nigeriagalleria.com}}</ref> == Mutane da al'adu == Jihar Sokoto tana da yawan jama'a miliyan 3.7 [1] [2] bisa ga shekara ta 2006. Ƙididdigar da ta ƙunshi ƙabilu biyu wato Fulani da Hausa . Garin Sokoto babban birnin jihar Sokoto yana da yawan jama'a kusan 2.5 miliyan. Baya ga Fulani da Hausawa akwai ‘yan tsiraru na Zabarmawa da Abzinawa a yankunan kananan hukumomin. Duk wadannan kungiyoyi suna magana da Hausa a matsayin harshen gama gari. Fulani ne ke magana da Fulfulde . Hausawa mazauna jihar sun hada da Gobirawa, Zamfarawa, Kabawa, Adarawa da Arawa. Su kuma Fulanin manyan kungiyoyi biyu ne; garin Fulani ( Hausa ; Fula ) da kuma Makiyaya. Na farko ya hada da Torankawa, dangin [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Shehu Usmanu Danfodiyo]], [[Sulluɓawa|Sullubawa]] da Zoramawa. Torankawa sune aristocratic ajin tun 1804. A al'adance jihar tana daya. Al'ummar jihar galibinsu musulmi ne. Tufafinsu kuma asalinsu na Musulunci ne. Ana gudanar da manyan bukukuwa guda biyu wato [[Sallar Idi ƙarama|Eid-el-Fitri]] da [[Sallar Idi Babba|Eid-el-Kabir]] duk shekara a jihar. Na farko ya kawo karshen [[Azumi a Musulunci|azumin]] watan Ramadan, yayin da na karshen ya kunshi yankan raguna domin tunawa da wani aiki da [[Annabi Ibrahim|annabin Musulunci Ibrahim]] ( [[Ibrahim]] kakan Yahudawa) ya yi. Wasan gargajiya ( [[Kokawa]] ) da dambe ( [[Dambe]] ) sune wasanni biyu da Hausawa ke jin dadinsu yayin da Fulani da Sullubawa suke nishadantar da Sharo <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-22 |title=Sharo Ceremony, the scars of Fulani love in Nigeria |url=https://kumakonda.com/sharo-fulani-nigeria/ |access-date=2025-08-26 |language=en-US}}</ref> da Doro. bi da bi. Manyan maziyartan jihar galibi ana yi masu zuwa ga babbar ko karamar [[durbar]], taron da ya kunshi faretin dawakai da aka kawata da rakuma wadanda mazaje suke sanye da cikakkun kayan soja da na al'adu. == Gurbatar muhalli == Jama’a ar Sakkwato na cikin hatsarin gaske ga matsalar rashin lafiya sakamakon kurar iska da ke haifar da ciwon huhu da kuma kara yawan mace-mace, musamman daga cututtukan zuciya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Air Quality & Pollen Forecast for Sokoto |url=https://www.meteoblue.com/en/weather/outdoorsports/airquality/sokoto_nigeria_2322911 |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=meteoblue |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-22 |title=Sokoto Air Quality Index (AQI) and Nigeria Air Pollution {{!}} IQAir |url=https://www.iqair.com/nigeria/sokoto |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=www.iqair.com |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Air Quality and Pollen in Sokoto, Nigeria {{!}} Tomorrow.io |url=https://www.tomorrow.io/weather/NG/Sokoto/2158714/health/ |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=Tomorrow.io Weather |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyukan tattalin arziki == [[Fayil:Sokoto_market_2006.jpg|right|thumb|Kasuwar Sokoto]] Sama da kashi tamanin (80%) na mazauna Sokoto suna yin noma iri daya ko kuma wata. Suna noman amfanin gona kamar gero, masara, masara, shinkafa, dankalin turawa, rogo, gyada, wake da dai sauransu don rayuwa da kuma samar da alkama, auduga da ganyaye don tsabar kudi. Sana'o'in cikin gida irin su saƙa da rini da sassaƙa da fata su ma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tattalin arzikin al'ummar Sakkwato; a sakamakon haka, yankuna daban-daban kamar Makera, Marina, Takalmawa da Majema sun zama mahimmanci. Sokoto kuma na daya daga cikin yankunan da ake noman kifi a kasar. Don haka adadi mai yawa na mutanen da ke gefen kogin suna yin kamun kifi. Haka ma Sokoto tana da albarkatun kasa da ma'adinai. Kamfanonin hadin gwiwar Agro da ke amfani da auduga, gyada, dawa, danko, masara, shinkafa, alkama, rake, rogo, danko Larabci da taba a matsayin albarkatun kasa ana iya kafa su a yankin. Haka kuma za a iya yin noma mai yawa a jihar ta hanyar amfani da ruwan ban ruwa daga madatsar Goronyo, Lugu, Kalmalo, Wammakko da Kwakwazo da sauransu. Albarkatun ma'adinai irin su kaolin, gypsum, limestone, laterite, jan niƙa, phosphate duka rawaya da kore, yumbu inuwa, yashi da dai sauransu, suna samuwa a cikin adadi na kasuwanci. Za a iya kafa masana'antu na ma'adinai masu amfani da waɗannan albarkatun ƙasa a cikin jihar. Rashin tashiwar tse-tse a buɗaɗɗen ciyayi yana amfana da namun daji da na gida. Sokoto ita ce ta biyu a fannin kiwon dabbobi a yawan dabbobin kasar sama da miliyan takwas. Samuwar wadannan hanyoyin tattalin arziki na samar da damammakin zuba jari, musamman a masana'antar hada-hadar noma kamar su fulawa, sarrafa tumatur, tace sukari, yadi, gamna, tanning, gwangwanin kifi, da sauransu. == Sufuri == Sokoto ba ta da tsarin sufurin jama'a. Sufuri a cikin birni (lokacin da ba da ƙafa ba) galibi suna amfani da mopeds waɗanda ke aiki azaman tasi na mutum ɗaya kuma wani lokaci masu keke masu uku suna jigilar mutane daga wannan wuri zuwa wancan; wannan yana ba da damar ɗaukar mutane fiye da ɗaya a lokaci ɗaya (har yanzu a farashi mai arha kamar mopeds). Motocin bas da tasi ba safai ba ne kuma galibi ana amfani da su ne kawai don jigilar kayayyaki tsakanin birane. Wani abin sha’awa a yankin da kasa da kashi 2% na ‘yan mata ke kammala karatun sakandare, an kafa garejin mata duka a cikin birnin Sakkwato domin horar da ‘yan mata kan gyaran ababen hawa. Cibiyar Nana: Girls and Women Empowerment Initiative ce ta kafa, garejin na horar da dalibai mata 25 da suka koyo tare da tallafin shugabannin addinin Musulunci na yankin. 10&nbsp;km kudu da Sokoto akwai [[Filin jirgin saman Sokoto|filin jirgin sama na kasa da kasa]] wanda ke da alaka da [[Abuja]] da [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . == Masana'antu == A watan Agusta 2008, an rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar gina aikin siminti a Sokoto, kuma an bude kamfanin a shekarar 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Release |first=Press |date=2022-01-27 |title=Buhari inaugurates BUA's new cement plant in Sokoto |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/508229-buhari-inaugurates-buas-new-cement-plant-in-sokoto.html |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=Premium Times Nigeria |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Birane == Garin birni yana da dogon tarihi a ƙasar Hausa. An fara aiwatar da tsarin ne a lokacin da wasu yankuna masu mahimmanci na kasar Hausa suka bunkasa tun daga Kauyuka zuwa Birane. Amma duk da haka daya daga cikin manyan illolin da mai jihadi ya haifar shi ne gudun wannan lamari ba wai a kasar Hausa kadai ba, har ma a duk wuraren da gwamnatin halifanci ta shafa. Sabbin garuruwa sun taso kuma tsofaffin garuruwa sun shiga wani yanayi na ci gaban da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba, wasu a matsayin sabbin wuraren harkokin kasuwanci, wasu a matsayin manyan masarautu da cibiyoyin gudanarwa da kasuwanci. Daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin halifancin Sokoto ya faro ne da kafa birnin Sakkwato (helkwatar halifanci). A zamanin jahiliyya, yankin da ke tsakanin Masarautar Gobir da Kebbi shi ne yankin da aka fi sani da “Kasar makiyaya”. Amma da nasarar jihadin da Shehu usmau dan Fodiyo (1804-1808) ya jagoranta da kuma nasarar da masu jihadi suka samu kan sarakunan kasar Hausa, Muhammad Bello ya gina birnin Sokoto (helkwatar khalifanci). Haka kuma, kamar yadda Abdul-Razaq Shehu ya lura a cikin littafinsa ''na Sakkwato Birnin Shehu'', Muhammad Bello ya tsara birnin Sakkwato da takarda tun kafin a gina shi. Bello dan Sheikh yana cikin hakiman mahaifinsa da kwamandojin yaki. Ya yi yake-yake mafi tsanani kuma mafi tsawo kuma shi ne ya gina halifancin Sakkwato Birnin Shehu. Birnin Sakkwato kamar yadda mai zanen Muhammad Bello ya tsara ya kunshi duk wani fasali na kowane birni na zamani da suka hada da tituna, gadoji, kasuwa, ganuwa (cibiyoyin tsaro na gari) da kuma cibiyoyin gudanarwa da kasuwanci. Daga cikin cibiyoyin gudanarwa da Muhammad Bello ya tsara akwai Kanwuri, Binanchi, Galadanci, Alkalanci, Dogarawa da dai sauransu. Sai dai, baya ga babbar kasuwar da aka fi sani da Yardole, sauran wuraren kasuwanci da Muhammad Bello ya tsara sun hada da Makera, MadUnka, Marina, Siriddawa, Takalmawa, Runji da Jirgawa, Madaka, Wangarawa. Bugu da kari, babu wani gari a kasar Hausa kafin jihadi ko karni na 19 da zai ci gaba da zama cibiyar birni ba tare da katanga mai inganci ba (ganuwa). An gina wannan ginin ne da guraren da dama kamar Kofar Aliyu Jedo, Kofar Dundaye, Kofar Marke, Kofar Rini, Kofar Kware, Kofar Taramniya, Kofar Atiku, da kuma Kofar Kade. kuma wannan gagarumin ci gaba da aka samu ya ja hankalin jama’a da dama da suka yi hijira daga unguwarsu zuwa cikin birnin Sakkwato domin tsira. Daga abin da muka gani a sama kan yadda halifa Muhammad Bello ya kera birnin Sakkwato za mu ga cewa, Sakkwato ta samu karin bakin haure masu sha’awar sana’ar fataucin fata, tukwane da sauransu, alal misali, wasu daga cikin wadannan mutane ko dai suna yin sana’a ne ko kuma wasu sana’o’in da ke da alaka da su kamar a Makera Assada. Akwai mutanen da suka rika tafiya sassa daban-daban na Nijeriya a halin yanzu har ma da kasashen da ke makwabtaka da su don sayo kayan karafa da suka lalace kamar lalacewar motoci, motoci, manyan motoci, jiragen sama da dai sauran bututun karfe, da tankunan mai domin karya su gunduwa-gunduwa, a sayar wa duk wanda ke son ya yi amfani da su ko kuma ya canza su zuwa wani samfur. == Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli == === Canjin yanayi === Domin Sokoto da kewayen garin sun riga sun kasance a kusa da wani yanki mai dausayi da ke fama da kwararowar hamada, tuni birnin ya fuskanci illar sauyin yanayi. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |date=July 2018 |title=Climate Change Manifestations and Impacts in The Sokoto Close-Settled Zone, Northwestern Nigeria |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/196236813.pdf |journal=Akademika |volume=88 |issue=2 |pages=21–34 |via=Core UK}}</ref> Wani bincike na 2018 game da yuwuwar tasirin birnin ya annabta raguwar kayan noma da bunƙasa shuka, da ƙara [[Rashin ruwa|ƙarancin ruwa]] a yankin da ke kewayen birni, yana tsoma baki tare da samar da abinci da samar da ƙalubalen tsaro na samun kudin shiga. <ref name=":0" /> == Fitattun mutane == * [[Attahiru Bafarawa]] (Tsohon Gwamnan Jahar Sokoto) * Sir [[Ahmadu Bello]] (Sardaunan Sokoto) * [[Mohammed Maigari Dingyadi]] (Tsohon Ministan 'Yan sandan Najeriya) * [[Shehu Shagari]] (Tsohon Shugaban Tarayyar Najeriya) * [[Aminu Waziri Tambuwal|Aminu Tambuwal]] (Tsohon Kakakin Majalisar Wakilai kuma Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Sakkwato) * Sanata [[Aliyu Magatakarda Wamakko]] (Tsohon Gwamnan Jahar Sokoto) * [[Alhaji Ahmad Aliyu|Ahmad Aliyu]] (Gwamnan Sokoto a shekarar 2023) * [[Sa'adu Abubakar]] (Sultan of Sokoto) == Duba kuma == * [[Daular Sokoto|Sokoto Caliphate]] * [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Usman dan Fodiyo]] * Siminti a Afirka * [[Makera Assada]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Biranen Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2yd4gdwwmqk9s5lamxpij099ayvp38k 873605 873603 2026-07-01T12:51:41Z Matar Nasir 45916 /* Ayyukan tattalin arziki */ 873605 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Sokotorivermap.png|thumb|Kogin Sokoto, yana nuna wurin da birnin yake]] '''Sokoto''' babban birni ne dake a cikin ƙarshen arewa maso yammacin [[Najeriya]], kusa da mahadar [[Sokoto (kogi)|kogin Sokoto]] da [[kogin Rima]] . A shekarar 2006, tana da yawan jama'a sama da 427,760. Sokoto ita ce babban birnin [[Sokoto (jiha)|jihar Sokoto]] a wannan zamani kuma a baya ita ce hedikwatar jihohin arewa maso yamma. Sakkwato ta shahara wajen cinikin fatun tumaki, fatun shanu, sana’ar fata (wani gagarumin fitarwa) da gyada kola da fatun akuya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-07 |title=Sokoto {{!}} Map, Population, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Sokoto-Nigeria |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Wurin zama ne mai cike da tarihi na tsohuwar [[Daular Sokoto|Khalifancin Sakkwato]], birnin [[Musulunci a Najeriya|yawancin musulmi]] ne kuma muhimmin wurin koyar da addinin musulunci a Najeriya. [[Jerin Sarakunan Musulmin Najeriya|Sarkin Musulmin]] da ke shugabantar halifanci ne yadda ya kamata a matsayin shugaban addinin Musulunci na Najeriya. == Suna da kirarin asali ==   Sunan Sokoto (wanda shine sunan na zamani/a turance daga sunan asali da mazauna ke faɗa (''Sakkwato'' ) asalin [[Larabci]] ne, yana nufin (''sooq'',) ma'ana 'kasuwa' . Kuma ana kiranta da ''Sakkwato, Birnin [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Shaihu]] da [[Muhammadu Bello|Bello]]'' ko kuma “Sakoto Birnin [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Shaihu]] da [[Muhammadu Bello|Bello]] ko kuma Sokoto Birnin Shehu ta mai da kasari zuma, (Shaihu yana nufin Sheikh Usman dan Fodio, wanda ya kafa Daular Sakkwato, da Bello dansa/majibinsa, Sultan Muhammad Bello). == Yanayi == Sokoto tana da yanayi mai zafi mai ratsa ruwa ( [[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen|Köppen weather classification]] ''BSH'' ). Tana cikin busasshiyar [[Sahel]], kewaye da yashi mai yashi da tsaunuka keɓance. Tare da matsakaicin zafin shekara kimanin {{Convert|28.3|°C|°F|1}}, Sokoto na daya daga cikin garuruwan da suka fi zafi a Najeriya. Kodayake, matsakaicin yanayin zafin rana gabaɗaya ba ya haura {{Convert|40|°C|°F|1}} a mafi yawa cikin shekara, kuma bushewar yana sa zafi ya iya jurewa. <ref name="sokoto-description">{{Cite web |title=A Brief History and Geography of Sokoto State |url=http://www.sokoto-state.com/state.html |access-date=7 April 2007 |archive-date=12 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070512010735/http://www.sokoto-state.com/state.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mafi yawan watanni shine Fabrairu zuwa Afrilu, inda zafin rana zai iya wuce 40&nbsp;°C. Mafi girman zafin jiki da ake samu shine 45&nbsp;°C. Lokacin damina na daga watan Yuni zuwa Oktoba, wanda a lokacin shawa ke zama ruwan dare a kullum. Ruwan shawa ba ya daɗe yana daɗewa kuma yana da nisa daga ruwan shawa na yau da kullun da aka sani a yankuna masu zafi da yawa. Daga karshen Oktoba zuwa Fabrairu, a lokacin 'lokacin sanyi', yanayin yana gauraye da iska hunturu da ke kada kurar Sahara a cikin kasa. Kurar tana dusashe hasken rana, don haka zafi ke raguwa sosai. Hanyar noman amfanin gona a yankin ita ce makwararar ruwan kogin Sokoto-Rima, wanda ke cike da kasa mai albarka. Sauran amfanin gonakin da ake nomawa a Sakkwato sun hada da gero, dawa, wake watakila ya fi yawa, sai masara, shinkafa, sesame, sauran hatsi da kayan lambu kamar: albasa, tumatir, barkono, attarugu, latas, da kabeji. [1] [2] Baya ga gero, Sakkwato ce kan gaba wajen noman albasa a Najeriya. Ta fuskar ciyayi, Sakkwato ta fada cikin yankin savannah. Wannan buɗaɗɗen ciyayi ce ta tse-tse mara ciyayi wacce ta dace da noman hatsi da kiwo. Ruwan sama yana farawa a makare kuma yana ƙarewa da wuri tare da matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara tsakanin 500 mm da 1,300 mm. Akwai manyan yanayi guda biyu a Sakkwato, wato jika da bushewa. Lokacin rani yana farawa daga Oktoba, kuma yana ɗaukar har zuwa Afrilu a wasu sassa kuma yana iya ƙara zuwa Mayu ko Yuni a wasu sassa. A daya bangaren kuma lokacin damina yana farawa a yawancin sassan jihar a watan Mayu kuma yana kai har zuwa Satumba, ko Oktoba. Harmattan, busasshiyar iska, sanyi, da ƙura mai ƙura ana fuskanta a cikin jihar tsakanin Nuwamba da Fabrairu. Zafi ya fi tsanani a jihar a watan Maris da Afrilu. Amma yanayi a jihar kullum sanyi ne da safe da kuma zafi da rana, sai dai a lokacin harmattan kololuwa. Tsarin yanayin jihar ya mamaye filin Hausa na arewacin [[Najeriya]] . Fadin qasar da ake nomawa a cikin kogin Sokoto-Rima ya wargaza fili tare da samar da qasa mai cike da albarkar noman amfanin gona iri-iri a jihar. Haka kuma akwai tsaunuka da tsaunuka keɓe a warwatse a duk faɗin jihar.{{Weather box}} == Ci gaban tarihi ==   [[Fayil:Travels_and_discoveries_in_North_and_Central_Africa._From_the_journal_of_an_expedition_undertaken_under_the_auspices_of_H.B.M.'s_government,_in_the_years_1849-1855_(1859)_(14781116835).jpg|thumb|Kasuwa a Sokoto, farkon shekarun 1850]] [[Fayil:West_Africa_in_1897.jpg|thumb|Yankin Sokoto, wanda aka nuna a cakuɗe a taswirar 1897]] [[Fayil:Sokoto_Sultanate.png|thumb|Sarkin Musulmi a zamanin Sarkin Musulmi Ahmadu Rufa'i]] Shehu Usmanu Dan Fodiyo ya yi amfani da Sokoto tun a watan Oktoban 1804 a matsayin wurin ganawa da Galadima, Wazirin Yunfa. Daga bisani, dansa Muhammad Bello ya yi amfani da shi a matsayin wurin shirya hari a Dufua a cikin bazara na 1806. Bovil ya nuna cewa ana iya kiran yankin da Sokoto tun a karni na sha bakwai. Ta fuskar tarihi, an kafa Sakkwato a matsayin ribat (sansanin soja ko iyaka) a shekarar 1809, lokacin da Shehu Usmanu ke Sifawa. Daga baya ta zama hedikwatar halifanci bayan rasuwar Shehu. A cikin 1820s, Sakkwato ta kasance a kololuwar ci gabanta ya yi daidai da kololuwar ikon ‘sarakunanta’ a tsakiyar halifanci, tana karbar harajin shekara-shekara daga dukkan fifuffuka kafin wani lokaci mai tsawo na raguwa. Mai binciken Hugh Clapperton (1827) ya burge sosai da wannan wadata da tasirinsa a cikin birnin. Clapperton ya lura da mahimmancin matsugunin Sokoto: Koguna, maimakon kasuwanci mai nisa a cikin tattalin arzikin birnin. Amma a halin yanzu harkokin kasuwanci a Sakkwato ba su da la’akari da shi, saboda tabarbarewar yanayin da kasar ke ciki. A lokacin da mai binciken [[Heinrich Barth]] ya zo a shekarar 1853, Sokoto ta kasance cikin kankanin mazauna kuma ta lalace matuka. Barth a 1857 ya kiyasta yawan jama'a 20,000-22,000 ne kawai, amma har yanzu ana ba da kasuwa kuma ana halarta, kuma wani yanki mai ci gaba a wajen bango ya fi Sokoto kanta. Bovil ya bayyana Sokoto a matsayin matsayi mai karfi, wanda ke da tudu daga gabas zuwa arewa maso yamma da kuma wani karamin kwari a yamma da kudu maso yamma da ke ba ta kariya daga hare-haren da sojojin dawakai suka kai musu. Garin ya mamaye tudu mai fadi inda koguna biyu, Rima da Sokoto ke haduwa, kasancewar mahadar tituna daga Gobir a arewa, Kebbi a kudu da Burmi Zamfara a gabas. A farkon karni na 19, an raba garin (Sokoto) zuwa unguwanni. Irin wadannan unguwanni sun hada da unguwar Magajin Gari, unguwar Waziri, unguwar Sarkin Musulmi, unguwar Sarkin Adar, unguwar Magajin Rafi, da unguwar Sarkin Zamfara. A wannan lokaci unguwannin sun kasance kanana kuma an kewaye su da katanga, wadanda suka hada da masallatan Sultan Bello da Shehu, da fadar Sarkin Musulmi da sauran gine-gine da kuma harabar gidan Shehu. A cikin 1818, an shimfida katangar har ta kai ga tana da ƙofofin da ke shiga da fita daga bangon Birni. Irin wadannan kofofin su ne Kofar-Kade, Kofar-Kware, Kofar-Rini, Kofar-Dundaye, Kofar-Taramniya, Kofar-Aliyu Jedo, da Kofar-Marke. [[Fayil:View_of_Sokoto_(1890).jpg|thumb|Duban bayan gari (1890)]] Yankin Sakkwato na yanzu ya kasance gidan masarautu da masarautu da yawa na yammacin Sudan kafin mulkin mallaka. Wadannan sun hada da masarautun [[Gobir]] da Kebbi da kuma shahararriyar khalifancin da ya shafi ruhi da siyasarsa shine hedikwatar jihar. Bayan mamayar daular halifanci da turawan ingila suka yi a shekarar 1903, an mayar da bangarori daban-daban nata ‘yan cin gashin kansu suka shiga cikin gwamnatin Arewacin Najeriya. Ta haka ne yankin arewa ya kasance mafi yawan sassan daular Sokoto da daular [[Daular Kanem-Bornu|Kanem-Bornu]] . Wannan ya ci gaba har zuwa Janairu 1967 lokacin da aka kirkiro jihohi don maye gurbin gwamnatocin yankuna da Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya yi. Sokoto ta zama hedikwatar jihar arewa maso yamma da aka kirkira a shekarar 1967. A shekarar 1976 bayan kirkiro jihar Neja daga jihar Arewa maso yamma, jihar Sokoto ta zama hedikwatarta. Duk da haka a jihohin Sokoto, Kebbi da Zamfara an sassare su daga Sokoto, a 1991 da 1996 bi da bi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-29 |title=History of Sokoto - Official Website of Sokoto State Government |url=https://sokotostate.gov.ng/history-of-sokoto/ |access-date=2023-07-15 |language=en-US}}</ref> Don haka babban birnin Sakkwato ya kasance hedkwatar gwamnatoci daban-daban tun lokacin da Halifa Muhammad Bello ya kafa shi a 1809. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Brief History of Sokoto State :: Nigeria Information & Guide |url=https://www.nigeriagalleria.com/Nigeria/States_Nigeria/Sokoto/Brief-History-of-Sokoto-State.html |access-date=2023-07-15 |website=www.nigeriagalleria.com}}</ref> == Mutane da al'adu == Jihar Sokoto tana da yawan jama'a miliyan 3.7 [1] [2] bisa ga shekara ta 2006. Ƙididdigar da ta ƙunshi ƙabilu biyu wato Fulani da Hausa . Garin Sokoto babban birnin jihar Sokoto yana da yawan jama'a kusan 2.5 miliyan. Baya ga Fulani da Hausawa akwai ‘yan tsiraru na Zabarmawa da Abzinawa a yankunan kananan hukumomin. Duk wadannan kungiyoyi suna magana da Hausa a matsayin harshen gama gari. Fulani ne ke magana da Fulfulde . Hausawa mazauna jihar sun hada da Gobirawa, Zamfarawa, Kabawa, Adarawa da Arawa. Su kuma Fulanin manyan kungiyoyi biyu ne; garin Fulani ( Hausa ; Fula ) da kuma Makiyaya. Na farko ya hada da Torankawa, dangin [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Shehu Usmanu Danfodiyo]], [[Sulluɓawa|Sullubawa]] da Zoramawa. Torankawa sune aristocratic ajin tun 1804. A al'adance jihar tana daya. Al'ummar jihar galibinsu musulmi ne. Tufafinsu kuma asalinsu na Musulunci ne. Ana gudanar da manyan bukukuwa guda biyu wato [[Sallar Idi ƙarama|Eid-el-Fitri]] da [[Sallar Idi Babba|Eid-el-Kabir]] duk shekara a jihar. Na farko ya kawo karshen [[Azumi a Musulunci|azumin]] watan Ramadan, yayin da na karshen ya kunshi yankan raguna domin tunawa da wani aiki da [[Annabi Ibrahim|annabin Musulunci Ibrahim]] ( [[Ibrahim]] kakan Yahudawa) ya yi. Wasan gargajiya ( [[Kokawa]] ) da dambe ( [[Dambe]] ) sune wasanni biyu da Hausawa ke jin dadinsu yayin da Fulani da Sullubawa suke nishadantar da Sharo <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-22 |title=Sharo Ceremony, the scars of Fulani love in Nigeria |url=https://kumakonda.com/sharo-fulani-nigeria/ |access-date=2025-08-26 |language=en-US}}</ref> da Doro. bi da bi. Manyan maziyartan jihar galibi ana yi masu zuwa ga babbar ko karamar [[durbar]], taron da ya kunshi faretin dawakai da aka kawata da rakuma wadanda mazaje suke sanye da cikakkun kayan soja da na al'adu. == Gurbatar muhalli == Jama’a ar Sakkwato na cikin hatsarin gaske ga matsalar rashin lafiya sakamakon kurar iska da ke haifar da ciwon huhu da kuma kara yawan mace-mace, musamman daga cututtukan zuciya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Air Quality & Pollen Forecast for Sokoto |url=https://www.meteoblue.com/en/weather/outdoorsports/airquality/sokoto_nigeria_2322911 |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=meteoblue |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-22 |title=Sokoto Air Quality Index (AQI) and Nigeria Air Pollution {{!}} IQAir |url=https://www.iqair.com/nigeria/sokoto |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=www.iqair.com |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Air Quality and Pollen in Sokoto, Nigeria {{!}} Tomorrow.io |url=https://www.tomorrow.io/weather/NG/Sokoto/2158714/health/ |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=Tomorrow.io Weather |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyukan tattalin arziki == [[Fayil:Sokoto_market_2006.jpg|right|thumb|Kasuwar Sokoto]] Sama da kashi tamanin (80%) na mazauna Sokoto suna yin noma iri daya ko kuma wata. Suna noman amfanin gona kamar gero, masara, shinkafa, dankalin turawa, rogo, gyada, wake da dai sauransu don rayuwa. Suna kuma samar da alkama, auduga da ganyaye don tsabar kudi. Sana'o'in cikin gida irin su saƙa da rini da sassaƙa da fata su ma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tattalin arzikin al'ummar Sakkwato; a sakamakon haka, yankuna daban-daban kamar Makera, Marina, Takalmawa da Majema sun zama mahimmanci. Sokoto kuma na daya daga cikin yankunan da ake kiwon kifi a kasar. Don haka adadi mai yawa na mutanen da ke gefen kogin suna yin kamun kifi. Haka ma Sokoto tana da albarkatun kasa da ma'adinai. Kamfanonin hadin gwiwar Agro da ke amfani da auduga, gyada, dawa, danko, masara, shinkafa, alkama, rake, rogo, karo da taba a matsayin albarkatun kasa ana iya kafa su a yankin. Haka kuma za a iya yin noma mai yawa a jihar ta hanyar amfani da ruwan ban ruwa daga madatsar Goronyo, Lugu, Kalmalo, Wammakko da Kwakwazo da sauransu. Albarkatun ma'adinai irin su kaolin, gypsum, limestone, laterite, jan niƙa, phosphate duka rawaya da kore, yumbu inuwa, yashi da dai sauransu, suna samuwa a cikin adadi na kasuwanci. Za a iya kafa masana'antu na ma'adinai masu amfani da waɗannan albarkatun ƙasa a cikin jihar. Rashin tashiwar tse-tse a buɗaɗɗen ciyayi yana amfana da namun daji da na gida. Sokoto ita ce ta biyu a fannin kiwon dabbobi a yawan dabbobin kasar sama da miliyan takwas. Samuwar wadannan hanyoyin tattalin arziki na samar da damammakin zuba jari, musamman a masana'antar hada-hadar noma kamar su fulawa, sarrafa tumatur, tace sukari, yadi, gamna, jima, gwangwanin kifi, da sauransu. == Sufuri == Sokoto ba ta da tsarin sufurin jama'a. Sufuri a cikin birni (lokacin da ba da ƙafa ba) galibi suna amfani da mopeds waɗanda ke aiki azaman tasi na mutum ɗaya kuma wani lokaci masu keke masu uku suna jigilar mutane daga wannan wuri zuwa wancan; wannan yana ba da damar ɗaukar mutane fiye da ɗaya a lokaci ɗaya (har yanzu a farashi mai arha kamar mopeds). Motocin bas da tasi ba safai ba ne kuma galibi ana amfani da su ne kawai don jigilar kayayyaki tsakanin birane. Wani abin sha’awa a yankin da kasa da kashi 2% na ‘yan mata ke kammala karatun sakandare, an kafa garejin mata duka a cikin birnin Sakkwato domin horar da ‘yan mata kan gyaran ababen hawa. Cibiyar Nana: Girls and Women Empowerment Initiative ce ta kafa, garejin na horar da dalibai mata 25 da suka koyo tare da tallafin shugabannin addinin Musulunci na yankin. 10&nbsp;km kudu da Sokoto akwai [[Filin jirgin saman Sokoto|filin jirgin sama na kasa da kasa]] wanda ke da alaka da [[Abuja]] da [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . == Masana'antu == A watan Agusta 2008, an rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar gina aikin siminti a Sokoto, kuma an bude kamfanin a shekarar 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Release |first=Press |date=2022-01-27 |title=Buhari inaugurates BUA's new cement plant in Sokoto |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/508229-buhari-inaugurates-buas-new-cement-plant-in-sokoto.html |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=Premium Times Nigeria |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Birane == Garin birni yana da dogon tarihi a ƙasar Hausa. An fara aiwatar da tsarin ne a lokacin da wasu yankuna masu mahimmanci na kasar Hausa suka bunkasa tun daga Kauyuka zuwa Birane. Amma duk da haka daya daga cikin manyan illolin da mai jihadi ya haifar shi ne gudun wannan lamari ba wai a kasar Hausa kadai ba, har ma a duk wuraren da gwamnatin halifanci ta shafa. Sabbin garuruwa sun taso kuma tsofaffin garuruwa sun shiga wani yanayi na ci gaban da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba, wasu a matsayin sabbin wuraren harkokin kasuwanci, wasu a matsayin manyan masarautu da cibiyoyin gudanarwa da kasuwanci. Daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin halifancin Sokoto ya faro ne da kafa birnin Sakkwato (helkwatar halifanci). A zamanin jahiliyya, yankin da ke tsakanin Masarautar Gobir da Kebbi shi ne yankin da aka fi sani da “Kasar makiyaya”. Amma da nasarar jihadin da Shehu usmau dan Fodiyo (1804-1808) ya jagoranta da kuma nasarar da masu jihadi suka samu kan sarakunan kasar Hausa, Muhammad Bello ya gina birnin Sokoto (helkwatar khalifanci). Haka kuma, kamar yadda Abdul-Razaq Shehu ya lura a cikin littafinsa ''na Sakkwato Birnin Shehu'', Muhammad Bello ya tsara birnin Sakkwato da takarda tun kafin a gina shi. Bello dan Sheikh yana cikin hakiman mahaifinsa da kwamandojin yaki. Ya yi yake-yake mafi tsanani kuma mafi tsawo kuma shi ne ya gina halifancin Sakkwato Birnin Shehu. Birnin Sakkwato kamar yadda mai zanen Muhammad Bello ya tsara ya kunshi duk wani fasali na kowane birni na zamani da suka hada da tituna, gadoji, kasuwa, ganuwa (cibiyoyin tsaro na gari) da kuma cibiyoyin gudanarwa da kasuwanci. Daga cikin cibiyoyin gudanarwa da Muhammad Bello ya tsara akwai Kanwuri, Binanchi, Galadanci, Alkalanci, Dogarawa da dai sauransu. Sai dai, baya ga babbar kasuwar da aka fi sani da Yardole, sauran wuraren kasuwanci da Muhammad Bello ya tsara sun hada da Makera, MadUnka, Marina, Siriddawa, Takalmawa, Runji da Jirgawa, Madaka, Wangarawa. Bugu da kari, babu wani gari a kasar Hausa kafin jihadi ko karni na 19 da zai ci gaba da zama cibiyar birni ba tare da katanga mai inganci ba (ganuwa). An gina wannan ginin ne da guraren da dama kamar Kofar Aliyu Jedo, Kofar Dundaye, Kofar Marke, Kofar Rini, Kofar Kware, Kofar Taramniya, Kofar Atiku, da kuma Kofar Kade. kuma wannan gagarumin ci gaba da aka samu ya ja hankalin jama’a da dama da suka yi hijira daga unguwarsu zuwa cikin birnin Sakkwato domin tsira. Daga abin da muka gani a sama kan yadda halifa Muhammad Bello ya kera birnin Sakkwato za mu ga cewa, Sakkwato ta samu karin bakin haure masu sha’awar sana’ar fataucin fata, tukwane da sauransu, alal misali, wasu daga cikin wadannan mutane ko dai suna yin sana’a ne ko kuma wasu sana’o’in da ke da alaka da su kamar a Makera Assada. Akwai mutanen da suka rika tafiya sassa daban-daban na Nijeriya a halin yanzu har ma da kasashen da ke makwabtaka da su don sayo kayan karafa da suka lalace kamar lalacewar motoci, motoci, manyan motoci, jiragen sama da dai sauran bututun karfe, da tankunan mai domin karya su gunduwa-gunduwa, a sayar wa duk wanda ke son ya yi amfani da su ko kuma ya canza su zuwa wani samfur. == Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli == === Canjin yanayi === Domin Sokoto da kewayen garin sun riga sun kasance a kusa da wani yanki mai dausayi da ke fama da kwararowar hamada, tuni birnin ya fuskanci illar sauyin yanayi. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |date=July 2018 |title=Climate Change Manifestations and Impacts in The Sokoto Close-Settled Zone, Northwestern Nigeria |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/196236813.pdf |journal=Akademika |volume=88 |issue=2 |pages=21–34 |via=Core UK}}</ref> Wani bincike na 2018 game da yuwuwar tasirin birnin ya annabta raguwar kayan noma da bunƙasa shuka, da ƙara [[Rashin ruwa|ƙarancin ruwa]] a yankin da ke kewayen birni, yana tsoma baki tare da samar da abinci da samar da ƙalubalen tsaro na samun kudin shiga. <ref name=":0" /> == Fitattun mutane == * [[Attahiru Bafarawa]] (Tsohon Gwamnan Jahar Sokoto) * Sir [[Ahmadu Bello]] (Sardaunan Sokoto) * [[Mohammed Maigari Dingyadi]] (Tsohon Ministan 'Yan sandan Najeriya) * [[Shehu Shagari]] (Tsohon Shugaban Tarayyar Najeriya) * [[Aminu Waziri Tambuwal|Aminu Tambuwal]] (Tsohon Kakakin Majalisar Wakilai kuma Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Sakkwato) * Sanata [[Aliyu Magatakarda Wamakko]] (Tsohon Gwamnan Jahar Sokoto) * [[Alhaji Ahmad Aliyu|Ahmad Aliyu]] (Gwamnan Sokoto a shekarar 2023) * [[Sa'adu Abubakar]] (Sultan of Sokoto) == Duba kuma == * [[Daular Sokoto|Sokoto Caliphate]] * [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Usman dan Fodiyo]] * Siminti a Afirka * [[Makera Assada]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Biranen Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 37f3lmi7dr1jfrf9t3r7xmjqtnld6ja 873606 873605 2026-07-01T12:59:23Z Matar Nasir 45916 /* Birane */ 873606 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Sokotorivermap.png|thumb|Kogin Sokoto, yana nuna wurin da birnin yake]] '''Sokoto''' babban birni ne dake a cikin ƙarshen arewa maso yammacin [[Najeriya]], kusa da mahadar [[Sokoto (kogi)|kogin Sokoto]] da [[kogin Rima]] . A shekarar 2006, tana da yawan jama'a sama da 427,760. Sokoto ita ce babban birnin [[Sokoto (jiha)|jihar Sokoto]] a wannan zamani kuma a baya ita ce hedikwatar jihohin arewa maso yamma. Sakkwato ta shahara wajen cinikin fatun tumaki, fatun shanu, sana’ar fata (wani gagarumin fitarwa) da gyada kola da fatun akuya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-07 |title=Sokoto {{!}} Map, Population, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Sokoto-Nigeria |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Wurin zama ne mai cike da tarihi na tsohuwar [[Daular Sokoto|Khalifancin Sakkwato]], birnin [[Musulunci a Najeriya|yawancin musulmi]] ne kuma muhimmin wurin koyar da addinin musulunci a Najeriya. [[Jerin Sarakunan Musulmin Najeriya|Sarkin Musulmin]] da ke shugabantar halifanci ne yadda ya kamata a matsayin shugaban addinin Musulunci na Najeriya. == Suna da kirarin asali ==   Sunan Sokoto (wanda shine sunan na zamani/a turance daga sunan asali da mazauna ke faɗa (''Sakkwato'' ) asalin [[Larabci]] ne, yana nufin (''sooq'',) ma'ana 'kasuwa' . Kuma ana kiranta da ''Sakkwato, Birnin [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Shaihu]] da [[Muhammadu Bello|Bello]]'' ko kuma “Sakoto Birnin [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Shaihu]] da [[Muhammadu Bello|Bello]] ko kuma Sokoto Birnin Shehu ta mai da kasari zuma, (Shaihu yana nufin Sheikh Usman dan Fodio, wanda ya kafa Daular Sakkwato, da Bello dansa/majibinsa, Sultan Muhammad Bello). == Yanayi == Sokoto tana da yanayi mai zafi mai ratsa ruwa ( [[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen|Köppen weather classification]] ''BSH'' ). Tana cikin busasshiyar [[Sahel]], kewaye da yashi mai yashi da tsaunuka keɓance. Tare da matsakaicin zafin shekara kimanin {{Convert|28.3|°C|°F|1}}, Sokoto na daya daga cikin garuruwan da suka fi zafi a Najeriya. Kodayake, matsakaicin yanayin zafin rana gabaɗaya ba ya haura {{Convert|40|°C|°F|1}} a mafi yawa cikin shekara, kuma bushewar yana sa zafi ya iya jurewa. <ref name="sokoto-description">{{Cite web |title=A Brief History and Geography of Sokoto State |url=http://www.sokoto-state.com/state.html |access-date=7 April 2007 |archive-date=12 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070512010735/http://www.sokoto-state.com/state.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mafi yawan watanni shine Fabrairu zuwa Afrilu, inda zafin rana zai iya wuce 40&nbsp;°C. Mafi girman zafin jiki da ake samu shine 45&nbsp;°C. Lokacin damina na daga watan Yuni zuwa Oktoba, wanda a lokacin shawa ke zama ruwan dare a kullum. Ruwan shawa ba ya daɗe yana daɗewa kuma yana da nisa daga ruwan shawa na yau da kullun da aka sani a yankuna masu zafi da yawa. Daga karshen Oktoba zuwa Fabrairu, a lokacin 'lokacin sanyi', yanayin yana gauraye da iska hunturu da ke kada kurar Sahara a cikin kasa. Kurar tana dusashe hasken rana, don haka zafi ke raguwa sosai. Hanyar noman amfanin gona a yankin ita ce makwararar ruwan kogin Sokoto-Rima, wanda ke cike da kasa mai albarka. Sauran amfanin gonakin da ake nomawa a Sakkwato sun hada da gero, dawa, wake watakila ya fi yawa, sai masara, shinkafa, sesame, sauran hatsi da kayan lambu kamar: albasa, tumatir, barkono, attarugu, latas, da kabeji. [1] [2] Baya ga gero, Sakkwato ce kan gaba wajen noman albasa a Najeriya. Ta fuskar ciyayi, Sakkwato ta fada cikin yankin savannah. Wannan buɗaɗɗen ciyayi ce ta tse-tse mara ciyayi wacce ta dace da noman hatsi da kiwo. Ruwan sama yana farawa a makare kuma yana ƙarewa da wuri tare da matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara tsakanin 500 mm da 1,300 mm. Akwai manyan yanayi guda biyu a Sakkwato, wato jika da bushewa. Lokacin rani yana farawa daga Oktoba, kuma yana ɗaukar har zuwa Afrilu a wasu sassa kuma yana iya ƙara zuwa Mayu ko Yuni a wasu sassa. A daya bangaren kuma lokacin damina yana farawa a yawancin sassan jihar a watan Mayu kuma yana kai har zuwa Satumba, ko Oktoba. Harmattan, busasshiyar iska, sanyi, da ƙura mai ƙura ana fuskanta a cikin jihar tsakanin Nuwamba da Fabrairu. Zafi ya fi tsanani a jihar a watan Maris da Afrilu. Amma yanayi a jihar kullum sanyi ne da safe da kuma zafi da rana, sai dai a lokacin harmattan kololuwa. Tsarin yanayin jihar ya mamaye filin Hausa na arewacin [[Najeriya]] . Fadin qasar da ake nomawa a cikin kogin Sokoto-Rima ya wargaza fili tare da samar da qasa mai cike da albarkar noman amfanin gona iri-iri a jihar. Haka kuma akwai tsaunuka da tsaunuka keɓe a warwatse a duk faɗin jihar.{{Weather box}} == Ci gaban tarihi ==   [[Fayil:Travels_and_discoveries_in_North_and_Central_Africa._From_the_journal_of_an_expedition_undertaken_under_the_auspices_of_H.B.M.'s_government,_in_the_years_1849-1855_(1859)_(14781116835).jpg|thumb|Kasuwa a Sokoto, farkon shekarun 1850]] [[Fayil:West_Africa_in_1897.jpg|thumb|Yankin Sokoto, wanda aka nuna a cakuɗe a taswirar 1897]] [[Fayil:Sokoto_Sultanate.png|thumb|Sarkin Musulmi a zamanin Sarkin Musulmi Ahmadu Rufa'i]] Shehu Usmanu Dan Fodiyo ya yi amfani da Sokoto tun a watan Oktoban 1804 a matsayin wurin ganawa da Galadima, Wazirin Yunfa. Daga bisani, dansa Muhammad Bello ya yi amfani da shi a matsayin wurin shirya hari a Dufua a cikin bazara na 1806. Bovil ya nuna cewa ana iya kiran yankin da Sokoto tun a karni na sha bakwai. Ta fuskar tarihi, an kafa Sakkwato a matsayin ribat (sansanin soja ko iyaka) a shekarar 1809, lokacin da Shehu Usmanu ke Sifawa. Daga baya ta zama hedikwatar halifanci bayan rasuwar Shehu. A cikin 1820s, Sakkwato ta kasance a kololuwar ci gabanta ya yi daidai da kololuwar ikon ‘sarakunanta’ a tsakiyar halifanci, tana karbar harajin shekara-shekara daga dukkan fifuffuka kafin wani lokaci mai tsawo na raguwa. Mai binciken Hugh Clapperton (1827) ya burge sosai da wannan wadata da tasirinsa a cikin birnin. Clapperton ya lura da mahimmancin matsugunin Sokoto: Koguna, maimakon kasuwanci mai nisa a cikin tattalin arzikin birnin. Amma a halin yanzu harkokin kasuwanci a Sakkwato ba su da la’akari da shi, saboda tabarbarewar yanayin da kasar ke ciki. A lokacin da mai binciken [[Heinrich Barth]] ya zo a shekarar 1853, Sokoto ta kasance cikin kankanin mazauna kuma ta lalace matuka. Barth a 1857 ya kiyasta yawan jama'a 20,000-22,000 ne kawai, amma har yanzu ana ba da kasuwa kuma ana halarta, kuma wani yanki mai ci gaba a wajen bango ya fi Sokoto kanta. Bovil ya bayyana Sokoto a matsayin matsayi mai karfi, wanda ke da tudu daga gabas zuwa arewa maso yamma da kuma wani karamin kwari a yamma da kudu maso yamma da ke ba ta kariya daga hare-haren da sojojin dawakai suka kai musu. Garin ya mamaye tudu mai fadi inda koguna biyu, Rima da Sokoto ke haduwa, kasancewar mahadar tituna daga Gobir a arewa, Kebbi a kudu da Burmi Zamfara a gabas. A farkon karni na 19, an raba garin (Sokoto) zuwa unguwanni. Irin wadannan unguwanni sun hada da unguwar Magajin Gari, unguwar Waziri, unguwar Sarkin Musulmi, unguwar Sarkin Adar, unguwar Magajin Rafi, da unguwar Sarkin Zamfara. A wannan lokaci unguwannin sun kasance kanana kuma an kewaye su da katanga, wadanda suka hada da masallatan Sultan Bello da Shehu, da fadar Sarkin Musulmi da sauran gine-gine da kuma harabar gidan Shehu. A cikin 1818, an shimfida katangar har ta kai ga tana da ƙofofin da ke shiga da fita daga bangon Birni. Irin wadannan kofofin su ne Kofar-Kade, Kofar-Kware, Kofar-Rini, Kofar-Dundaye, Kofar-Taramniya, Kofar-Aliyu Jedo, da Kofar-Marke. [[Fayil:View_of_Sokoto_(1890).jpg|thumb|Duban bayan gari (1890)]] Yankin Sakkwato na yanzu ya kasance gidan masarautu da masarautu da yawa na yammacin Sudan kafin mulkin mallaka. Wadannan sun hada da masarautun [[Gobir]] da Kebbi da kuma shahararriyar khalifancin da ya shafi ruhi da siyasarsa shine hedikwatar jihar. Bayan mamayar daular halifanci da turawan ingila suka yi a shekarar 1903, an mayar da bangarori daban-daban nata ‘yan cin gashin kansu suka shiga cikin gwamnatin Arewacin Najeriya. Ta haka ne yankin arewa ya kasance mafi yawan sassan daular Sokoto da daular [[Daular Kanem-Bornu|Kanem-Bornu]] . Wannan ya ci gaba har zuwa Janairu 1967 lokacin da aka kirkiro jihohi don maye gurbin gwamnatocin yankuna da Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya yi. Sokoto ta zama hedikwatar jihar arewa maso yamma da aka kirkira a shekarar 1967. A shekarar 1976 bayan kirkiro jihar Neja daga jihar Arewa maso yamma, jihar Sokoto ta zama hedikwatarta. Duk da haka a jihohin Sokoto, Kebbi da Zamfara an sassare su daga Sokoto, a 1991 da 1996 bi da bi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-29 |title=History of Sokoto - Official Website of Sokoto State Government |url=https://sokotostate.gov.ng/history-of-sokoto/ |access-date=2023-07-15 |language=en-US}}</ref> Don haka babban birnin Sakkwato ya kasance hedkwatar gwamnatoci daban-daban tun lokacin da Halifa Muhammad Bello ya kafa shi a 1809. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Brief History of Sokoto State :: Nigeria Information & Guide |url=https://www.nigeriagalleria.com/Nigeria/States_Nigeria/Sokoto/Brief-History-of-Sokoto-State.html |access-date=2023-07-15 |website=www.nigeriagalleria.com}}</ref> == Mutane da al'adu == Jihar Sokoto tana da yawan jama'a miliyan 3.7 [1] [2] bisa ga shekara ta 2006. Ƙididdigar da ta ƙunshi ƙabilu biyu wato Fulani da Hausa . Garin Sokoto babban birnin jihar Sokoto yana da yawan jama'a kusan 2.5 miliyan. Baya ga Fulani da Hausawa akwai ‘yan tsiraru na Zabarmawa da Abzinawa a yankunan kananan hukumomin. Duk wadannan kungiyoyi suna magana da Hausa a matsayin harshen gama gari. Fulani ne ke magana da Fulfulde . Hausawa mazauna jihar sun hada da Gobirawa, Zamfarawa, Kabawa, Adarawa da Arawa. Su kuma Fulanin manyan kungiyoyi biyu ne; garin Fulani ( Hausa ; Fula ) da kuma Makiyaya. Na farko ya hada da Torankawa, dangin [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Shehu Usmanu Danfodiyo]], [[Sulluɓawa|Sullubawa]] da Zoramawa. Torankawa sune aristocratic ajin tun 1804. A al'adance jihar tana daya. Al'ummar jihar galibinsu musulmi ne. Tufafinsu kuma asalinsu na Musulunci ne. Ana gudanar da manyan bukukuwa guda biyu wato [[Sallar Idi ƙarama|Eid-el-Fitri]] da [[Sallar Idi Babba|Eid-el-Kabir]] duk shekara a jihar. Na farko ya kawo karshen [[Azumi a Musulunci|azumin]] watan Ramadan, yayin da na karshen ya kunshi yankan raguna domin tunawa da wani aiki da [[Annabi Ibrahim|annabin Musulunci Ibrahim]] ( [[Ibrahim]] kakan Yahudawa) ya yi. Wasan gargajiya ( [[Kokawa]] ) da dambe ( [[Dambe]] ) sune wasanni biyu da Hausawa ke jin dadinsu yayin da Fulani da Sullubawa suke nishadantar da Sharo <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-22 |title=Sharo Ceremony, the scars of Fulani love in Nigeria |url=https://kumakonda.com/sharo-fulani-nigeria/ |access-date=2025-08-26 |language=en-US}}</ref> da Doro. bi da bi. Manyan maziyartan jihar galibi ana yi masu zuwa ga babbar ko karamar [[durbar]], taron da ya kunshi faretin dawakai da aka kawata da rakuma wadanda mazaje suke sanye da cikakkun kayan soja da na al'adu. == Gurbatar muhalli == Jama’a ar Sakkwato na cikin hatsarin gaske ga matsalar rashin lafiya sakamakon kurar iska da ke haifar da ciwon huhu da kuma kara yawan mace-mace, musamman daga cututtukan zuciya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Air Quality & Pollen Forecast for Sokoto |url=https://www.meteoblue.com/en/weather/outdoorsports/airquality/sokoto_nigeria_2322911 |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=meteoblue |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-22 |title=Sokoto Air Quality Index (AQI) and Nigeria Air Pollution {{!}} IQAir |url=https://www.iqair.com/nigeria/sokoto |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=www.iqair.com |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Air Quality and Pollen in Sokoto, Nigeria {{!}} Tomorrow.io |url=https://www.tomorrow.io/weather/NG/Sokoto/2158714/health/ |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=Tomorrow.io Weather |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyukan tattalin arziki == [[Fayil:Sokoto_market_2006.jpg|right|thumb|Kasuwar Sokoto]] Sama da kashi tamanin (80%) na mazauna Sokoto suna yin noma iri daya ko kuma wata. Suna noman amfanin gona kamar gero, masara, shinkafa, dankalin turawa, rogo, gyada, wake da dai sauransu don rayuwa. Suna kuma samar da alkama, auduga da ganyaye don tsabar kudi. Sana'o'in cikin gida irin su saƙa da rini da sassaƙa da fata su ma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tattalin arzikin al'ummar Sakkwato; a sakamakon haka, yankuna daban-daban kamar Makera, Marina, Takalmawa da Majema sun zama mahimmanci. Sokoto kuma na daya daga cikin yankunan da ake kiwon kifi a kasar. Don haka adadi mai yawa na mutanen da ke gefen kogin suna yin kamun kifi. Haka ma Sokoto tana da albarkatun kasa da ma'adinai. Kamfanonin hadin gwiwar Agro da ke amfani da auduga, gyada, dawa, danko, masara, shinkafa, alkama, rake, rogo, karo da taba a matsayin albarkatun kasa ana iya kafa su a yankin. Haka kuma za a iya yin noma mai yawa a jihar ta hanyar amfani da ruwan ban ruwa daga madatsar Goronyo, Lugu, Kalmalo, Wammakko da Kwakwazo da sauransu. Albarkatun ma'adinai irin su kaolin, gypsum, limestone, laterite, jan niƙa, phosphate duka rawaya da kore, yumbu inuwa, yashi da dai sauransu, suna samuwa a cikin adadi na kasuwanci. Za a iya kafa masana'antu na ma'adinai masu amfani da waɗannan albarkatun ƙasa a cikin jihar. Rashin tashiwar tse-tse a buɗaɗɗen ciyayi yana amfana da namun daji da na gida. Sokoto ita ce ta biyu a fannin kiwon dabbobi a yawan dabbobin kasar sama da miliyan takwas. Samuwar wadannan hanyoyin tattalin arziki na samar da damammakin zuba jari, musamman a masana'antar hada-hadar noma kamar su fulawa, sarrafa tumatur, tace sukari, yadi, gamna, jima, gwangwanin kifi, da sauransu. == Sufuri == Sokoto ba ta da tsarin sufurin jama'a. Sufuri a cikin birni (lokacin da ba da ƙafa ba) galibi suna amfani da mopeds waɗanda ke aiki azaman tasi na mutum ɗaya kuma wani lokaci masu keke masu uku suna jigilar mutane daga wannan wuri zuwa wancan; wannan yana ba da damar ɗaukar mutane fiye da ɗaya a lokaci ɗaya (har yanzu a farashi mai arha kamar mopeds). Motocin bas da tasi ba safai ba ne kuma galibi ana amfani da su ne kawai don jigilar kayayyaki tsakanin birane. Wani abin sha’awa a yankin da kasa da kashi 2% na ‘yan mata ke kammala karatun sakandare, an kafa garejin mata duka a cikin birnin Sakkwato domin horar da ‘yan mata kan gyaran ababen hawa. Cibiyar Nana: Girls and Women Empowerment Initiative ce ta kafa, garejin na horar da dalibai mata 25 da suka koyo tare da tallafin shugabannin addinin Musulunci na yankin. 10&nbsp;km kudu da Sokoto akwai [[Filin jirgin saman Sokoto|filin jirgin sama na kasa da kasa]] wanda ke da alaka da [[Abuja]] da [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . == Masana'antu == A watan Agusta 2008, an rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar gina aikin siminti a Sokoto, kuma an bude kamfanin a shekarar 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Release |first=Press |date=2022-01-27 |title=Buhari inaugurates BUA's new cement plant in Sokoto |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/508229-buhari-inaugurates-buas-new-cement-plant-in-sokoto.html |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=Premium Times Nigeria |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Birane == Garin birni ne da ya ke da dogon tarihi a ƙasar Hausa. An fara aiwatar da tsarin ne a lokacin da wasu yankuna masu mahimmanci na kasar Hausa suka bunkasa tun daga Kauyuka zuwa Birane. Amma duk da haka daya daga cikin manyan illolin da mai jihadi ya haifar shi ne gudun wannan lamari ba wai a kasar Hausa kadai ba, har ma a duk wuraren da gwamnatin halifanci ta shafa. Sabbin garuruwa sun taso kuma tsofaffin garuruwa sun shiga wani yanayi na ci gaban da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba, wasu a matsayin sabbin wuraren harkokin kasuwanci, wasu a matsayin manyan masarautu da cibiyoyin gudanarwa da kasuwanci. Daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin halifancin Sokoto ya faro ne da kafa birnin Sakkwato (helkwatar halifanci). A zamanin jahiliyya, yankin da ke tsakanin Masarautar Gobir da Kebbi shi ne yankin da aka fi sani da “Kasar makiyaya”. Amma da nasarar jihadin da Shehu usmau dan Fodiyo (1804-1808) ya jagoranta da kuma nasarar da masu jihadi suka samu kan sarakunan kasar Hausa, Muhammad Bello ya gina birnin Sokoto (helkwatar khalifanci). Haka kuma, kamar yadda Abdul-Razaq Shehu ya lura a cikin littafinsa ''na Sakkwato Birnin Shehu'', Muhammad Bello ya tsara birnin Sakkwato da takarda tun kafin a gina shi. Bello dan Sheikh yana cikin hakiman mahaifinsa da kwamandojin yaki. Ya yi yake-yake mafi tsanani kuma mafi tsawo kuma shi ne ya gina halifancin Sakkwato Birnin Shehu. Birnin Sakkwato kamar yadda mai zanen Muhammad Bello ya tsara ya kunshi duk wani fasali na kowane birni na zamani da suka hada da tituna, gadoji, kasuwa, ganuwa (cibiyoyin tsaro na gari) da kuma cibiyoyin gudanarwa da kasuwanci. Daga cikin cibiyoyin gudanarwa da Muhammad Bello ya tsara akwai Kanwuri, Binanchi, Galadanci, Alkalanci, Dogarawa da dai sauransu. Sai dai, baya ga babbar kasuwar da aka fi sani da Yardole, sauran wuraren kasuwanci da Muhammad Bello ya tsara sun hada da Makera, MadUnka, Marina, Siriddawa, Takalmawa, Runji da Jirgawa, Madaka, Wangarawa. Bugu da kari, babu wani gari a kasar Hausa kafin jihadi ko karni na 19 da zai ci gaba da zama cibiyar birni ba tare da katanga mai inganci ba (ganuwa). An gina wannan ginin ne da guraren da dama kamar Kofar Aliyu Jedo, Kofar Dundaye, Kofar Marke, Kofar Rini, Kofar Kware, Kofar Taramniya, Kofar Atiku, da kuma Kofar Kade. kuma wannan gagarumin ci gaba da aka samu ya ja hankalin jama’a da dama da suka yi hijira daga unguwarsu zuwa cikin birnin Sakkwato domin tsira. Daga abin da muka gani a sama kan yadda halifa Muhammad Bello ya kera birnin Sakkwato za mu ga cewa, Sakkwato ta samu karin bakin haure masu sha’awar sana’ar fataucin fata, tukwane da sauransu, alal misali, wasu daga cikin wadannan mutane ko dai suna yin sana’a ne ko kuma wasu sana’o’in da ke da alaka da su kamar a Makera Assada. Akwai mutanen da suka rika tafiya sassa daban-daban na Nijeriya a halin yanzu har ma da kasashen da ke makwabtaka da su don sayo kayan karafa da suka lalace kamar lalacewar motoci, motoci, manyan motoci, jiragen sama da dai sauran bututun karfe, da tankunan mai domin karya su gunduwa-gunduwa, a sayar wa duk wanda ke son ya yi amfani da su ko kuma ya canza su zuwa wani samfur. == Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli == === Canjin yanayi === Domin Sokoto da kewayen garin sun riga sun kasance a kusa da wani yanki mai dausayi da ke fama da kwararowar hamada, tuni birnin ya fuskanci illar sauyin yanayi. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |date=July 2018 |title=Climate Change Manifestations and Impacts in The Sokoto Close-Settled Zone, Northwestern Nigeria |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/196236813.pdf |journal=Akademika |volume=88 |issue=2 |pages=21–34 |via=Core UK}}</ref> Wani bincike na 2018 game da yuwuwar tasirin birnin ya annabta raguwar kayan noma da bunƙasa shuka, da ƙara [[Rashin ruwa|ƙarancin ruwa]] a yankin da ke kewayen birni, yana tsoma baki tare da samar da abinci da samar da ƙalubalen tsaro na samun kudin shiga. <ref name=":0" /> == Fitattun mutane == * [[Attahiru Bafarawa]] (Tsohon Gwamnan Jahar Sokoto) * Sir [[Ahmadu Bello]] (Sardaunan Sokoto) * [[Mohammed Maigari Dingyadi]] (Tsohon Ministan 'Yan sandan Najeriya) * [[Shehu Shagari]] (Tsohon Shugaban Tarayyar Najeriya) * [[Aminu Waziri Tambuwal|Aminu Tambuwal]] (Tsohon Kakakin Majalisar Wakilai kuma Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Sakkwato) * Sanata [[Aliyu Magatakarda Wamakko]] (Tsohon Gwamnan Jahar Sokoto) * [[Alhaji Ahmad Aliyu|Ahmad Aliyu]] (Gwamnan Sokoto a shekarar 2023) * [[Sa'adu Abubakar]] (Sultan of Sokoto) == Duba kuma == * [[Daular Sokoto|Sokoto Caliphate]] * [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Usman dan Fodiyo]] * Siminti a Afirka * [[Makera Assada]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Biranen Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3arr356n4l19ra1b4lpvji11kbvozfu 0 116272 874079 820472 2026-07-02T05:21:47Z Ummeeterh 31568 874079 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Frederick G. Beckner Jr. ([[Maris]] 1, 1916 - [[Satumba]] 27, 1970) [1] ɗan fim ne kuma ɗan wasan talabijin na [[Amurka]]. [2] An san shi da wasa Pony Deal a karo na biyar na jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na yamma [[Amurka]] The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp . [1] Coby ya mutu a ranar 27 ga [[Satumba]], 1970, yana da shekaru 54. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fred Coby |url=https://www.allmovie.com/artist/fred-coby-an153461 |access-date=March 1, 2025 |website=[[AllMovie]]}}</ref> == Fim ɗin ɓangare == == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1970]] qqkrr2mw6rduqbav47tnbbpbvgcusnh 0 116945 873783 837728 2026-07-01T20:24:53Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 873783 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tattalin arzikin Ghana''' yana da tushe iri daban-daban kuma mai wadatar albarkatu, gami da [[Masana'anta|kera]] da fitar da kayayyakin fasahar dijital, kera motoci da kera jiragen ruwa da fitar da kayayyaki zuwa kasashen waje, da fitar da albarkatu irin su hydrocarbons da ma'adinan masana'antu . Farashin zinari mai girma a shekarar 2023 ya samu dalar Amurka biliyan 15.6 na fitar da kaya zuwa kasashen waje. Tattalin arzikin cikin gida [[Ghana|Dan Ghana]] a cikin 2012 ya kewaye da ayyuka, wanda ya kai kashi 50% na GDP kuma ya dauki kashi 28% na ma'aikata. Baya ga masana'antu da ke da alaƙa da ma'adanai da mai, ci gaban masana'antu a Ghana ya kasance na asali, sau da yawa yana da alaƙa tare da filastik (kamar kujeru, jaka na filastik, razors, da alkalami). 53.6% na ma'aikatan Ghana sun yi aiki a aikin gona a shekarar 2013.<ref name="Food and Agriculture Policy Decision Analysis: Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations">{{Cite web |last=((Food and Agriculture Policy Decision Analysis (FAPDA))) |title=Country Fact sheet on food and agriculture policy trends |url=http://www.fao.org/3/a-i4490e.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327173959/http://www.fao.org/3/a-i4490e.pdf |archive-date=27 March 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations |publisher=FAO}}</ref> [ƙididdigar da ta wuce gona da iri][outdated statistic] Ghana ta fara aikin sakewa ba da kuɗin daga [[Cedi na Ghana|Cedi]] zuwa sabon kuɗin, Ghana Cedi a watan Yulin 2007. Adadin canja wurin shine 1 Ghana Cedi ga kowane Cedis 10,000. Ghana ta zama babbar kasar da ke samar da zinariya a Afirka bayan ta mamaye [[Afirka ta Kudu]] a shekarar 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 10 Gold Producing Countries |url=https://www.usfunds.com/investor-library/frank-talk-a-ceo-blog-by-frank-holmes/top-10-gold-producing-countries/#.YFCDlrT0m3I |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306053126/https://www.usfunds.com/investor-library/frank-talk-a-ceo-blog-by-frank-holmes/top-10-gold-producing-countries/#.YFCDlrT0m3I |archive-date=6 March 2021 |access-date=16 March 2021 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Har ila yau, kasar ita ce ta biyu mafi girma [[mai]] samar da koko (bayan [[Ivory Coast]]). <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 October 2017 |title=Cocoa in Ivory Coast and Ghana 2017 – African Business |url=https://www.africanbusinessexchange.com/cocoa-in-ivory-coast-and-ghana-2017/ |access-date=12 August 2020 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ghana tana da wadataccen lu'u-lu'u, manganese ko manganese, Bauxite, da mai. An soke mafi yawan bashin a shekara ta 2005, amma daga baya aka ba da izinin kashe kuɗin gwamnati. Haɗe da faduwar farashin mai, wannan ya haifar da rikicin tattalin arziki wanda ya tilasta wa gwamnati tattaunawa kan kayan aikin bashi na dala miliyan 920 daga Asusun Kuɗi na Duniya (IMF) a watan Afrilun 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |last=The Heritage Foundation |title=Ghana's Economy |url=http://www.heritage.org/index/country/ghana |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115142611/http://www.heritage.org/index/country/Ghana |archive-date=15 January 2009 |access-date=17 May 2016 |website=Heritage}}</ref> Bloomberg ya kimanta kudin Ghana Cedi a matsayin kudin da ya fi karfi a duniya Afrilu 2025 a kan Dollar da ke rage nauyin bashin. == Labarin haraji == Harajin da aka kara shi ne harajin amfani da ake gudanarwa a Ghana. Tsarin haraji wanda ya fara a 1998 yana da kudi guda amma tun daga watan Satumbar 2007 ya shiga cikin tsarin kudi mai yawa. A shekara ta 1998, harajin ya kai 10% kuma an gyara shi a shekara ta 2000 zuwa 12.5%. Babban harajin samun kudin shiga da harajin kamfanoni shine 25%. Sauran haraji da aka haɗa tare da harajin da aka kara (VAT), sune harajin inshorar kiwon lafiya na kasa, da harajin samun babban birnin. Kudin haraji gabaɗaya ya kasance 12.1% na jimlar kuɗin shiga na cikin gida na Ghana a cikin 2013. Kasafin kudin Ghana ya kasance daidai da 39.8% na GDP a cikin 2013.<ref name="heritage">{{Cite web |title=Ghana Economy |url=http://www.heritage.org/index/country/ghana |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115142611/http://www.heritage.org/index/country/Ghana |archive-date=15 January 2009 |access-date=20 April 2013 |website=heritage.org}}</ref> Ghana tana aiwatar da harajin haya a cikin 2021. == Masana'antu == Cibiyar masana'antu ta Ghana tana da ci gaba sosai. Masana'antu na maye gurbin shigo da kayayyaki sun haɗa da masana'antar lantarki. Rlg Communications ita ce kamfani na farko na asalin [[Afirka]] don tara kwamfyutoci, kwamfyutocin, da wayoyin hannu, kuma ita ce babbar fasahar sadarwa da sadarwa ta [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] (ICT) da kamfanin kera [[Salula|Wayar hannu]]. [[Ghana]] ta fara masana'antar kera motoci tare da gina [[Prototype|samfurin]] [[Sport utility vehicle|SUV]] mai ƙarfi, mai suna [[Suame Magazine, Kumasi|SMATI Turtle 1]], wanda aka nufa don amfani a cikin ƙasa mai laushi na Afirka. An tsara shi kuma an ƙera shi ta hanyar Artisans of Suame Magazine Industrial Development Organization. An kera [[Electric car|motocin lantarki]] na [[Urban car|Birni]] a Ghana tun daga shekara ta 2014. Ya zuwa 2012 akwai manyan kamfanoni huɗu a bangaren masana'antu: Akosombo Textiles Limited, Tex Style Ghana Limited, Printex Ghana, da Ghana Textile Manufacturing Company.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daily Graphic Newspaper |title=What Will Save Ghana's Textile Industry? |url=http://www.ghana.gov.gh/index.php/news/features/12582-what-will-save-ghanas-textile-industry |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235026/http://www.ghana.gov.gh/index.php/news/features/12582-what-will-save-ghanas-textile-industry |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=10 July 2014 |publisher=Government of Ghana}}</ref> [[Kamfanin Man Fetur na Kasa na Ghana]] da Kamfanin Man Gishiri na Ghana suna hulɗa da binciken mai da iskar gas, amfani, da kuma tsaftacewa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana National Petroleum Corporation |url=http://ghanaoilwatch.org/images/Articles/oil_and_gas_companies_registered_in_ghana.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713001058/http://ghanaoilwatch.org/images/Articles/oil_and_gas_companies_registered_in_ghana.pdf |archive-date=13 July 2014 |access-date=10 July 2014 |publisher=ghanaoilwatch.org}}</ref> == Sadarwa == A ƙarshen Janairu 2022, jimlar adadin biyan kuɗi na murya a Ghana ya tsaya a 41,380,751. Wannan yana wakiltar karuwar kashi 1.28% a kan adadi na Disamba 2019 na 40,857,007. Adadin shiga ya kai 136.79%. Gasar tsakanin kamfanonin wayoyin hannu a Ghana wani muhimmin bangare ne na ci gaban masana'antar sadarwa, Shugaban kasuwar yanzu MTN tare da biyan kuɗi na murya na 23,150,485 wanda ke wakiltar 55.95% na kasuwa yana biye da Vodafone tare da biyan kuɗin murya na 9,075,795 wanda ke wakilci kashi 21.93% na kasuwa, biyan kuɗi na AirtelTigo yana tsaye a 8,428,322 wanda ke wakilcin 20.69%, biyan kuɗi na yanzu na Glo yana tsaye a 726,149 wanda ke wakilta rabon kasuwa na 1.75% <ref>{{Cite web |title=Telecom Voice Subscription » National Communications Authority |url=https://www.nca.org.gh/industry-data-2/market-share-statistics-2/telecom-voice/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026220923/https://www.nca.org.gh/industry-data-2/market-share-statistics-2/telecom-voice/ |archive-date=26 October 2020 |access-date=1 March 2020 |website=nca.org.gh}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 February 2020 |title=Mobile voice subscription hits 41.3 million – NCA |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/business/Mobile-voice-subscription-hits-41-3-million-NCA-877081 |access-date=1 March 2020 |website=ghanaweb.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 February 2020 |title=Mobile voice subscription hits 41.3m |url=https://www.classfmonline.com/business/Mobile-voice-subscription-hits-41-3m-11148 |access-date=1 March 2020 |website=classfmonline.com |language=en}}</ref> Kafofin yada labarai na [[Ghana]] suna daga cikin masu sassaucin ra'ayi a Afirka, tare da [[Ghana]] a matsayin na uku mafi 'yanci a Afirka kuma na 30 mafi 'yancin kyauta a duniya a kan lissafin' yancin 'yan jarida na duniya. Babi na 12 na Kundin [[Tsarin mulkin Ghana|Tsarin Mulki na Ghana]] ya tabbatar da 'yancin' yan jaridar Ghana da' yancin kai na kafofin watsa labarai, kuma Babi na 2 ya haramta tantancewa.<ref name="Ghana culture and media" /> An dawo da 'yancin' yan jarida na Ghana a shekarar 1992. [[Ghana]] na ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe na farko a Afirka da suka sami haɗin kai ga [[Yanar Gizo na Duniya|Yanar Gizo ta Duniya]]. A cikin shekara ta 2010, akwai masu ba da sabis na intanet masu lasisi 165 a Ghana kuma suna gudanar da 29 daga cikin fiber optic, kuma masu ba da izini na cibiyoyin sadarwa na VSAT sun kasance 176, daga cikinsu 57 suna aiki, kuma masu amfani da intanet 99 sun sami izini ga jama'a, kuma masu zaman kansu da masu ba da damar sadarwar packet-switched sun kasance 25. == Bayanai == [[Fayil:GDP_per_capita_development_development_of_Ghana.svg|thumb|Canji a cikin GDP na kowane mutum na Ghana, 1870-2018. An daidaita adadi zuwa dala ta duniya ta 2011]] [[Fayil:Poverty_in_Ghana.jpg|thumb|Kashi na yawan jama'a a cikin matsanancin talauci a tsawon lokaci, 1981 zuwa 2019]] Tebur mai zuwa yana nuna manyan alamun tattalin arziki a cikin 1980-2023. Hawan farashi a ƙasa da 5% yana cikin kore.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=IMF |language=en}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" !Year !GDP<br /><br /><small>(in billion US$ PPP)</small> !GDP per capita<br /><br /><small>(in US$ PPP)</small> !GDP<br /><br /><small>(in billion US$ nominal)</small> !GDP growth<br /><br /><small>(real)</small> !Inflation rate<br /><br /><small>(in percent)</small> !Government debt<br /><br /><small>(in % of GDP)</small> |- |1980 |12.8 |1,202 |37.4 |{{Increase}}0.4% |50.0% |n/a |- |1981 |{{Increase}}13.5 |{{Increase}}1,236 |{{Increase}}60.7 |{{Decrease}}−3.5% |116.5% |n/a |- |1982 |{{Decrease}}13.2 |{{Decrease}}1,175 |{{Increase}}70.4 |{{Decrease}}−6.9% |22.5% |n/a |- |1983 |{{Decrease}}12.8 |{{Decrease}}1,118 |{{Decrease}}47.3 |{{Decrease}}−4.8% |122.2% |n/a |- |1984 |{{Increase}}14.6 |{{Increase}}1,185 |{{Decrease}}17.1 |{{Increase}}9.0% |40.0% |n/a |- |1985 |{{Increase}}16.0 |{{Increase}}1,272 |{{Decrease}}15.3 |{{Increase}}5.1% |10.3% |n/a |- |1986 |{{Increase}}17.3 |{{Increase}}1,347 |{{Decrease}}14.1 |{{Increase}}5.2% |24.5% |n/a |- |1987 |{{Increase}}18.9 |{{Increase}}1,439 |{{Decrease}}11.8 |{{Increase}}4.8% |39.8% |n/a |- |1988 |{{Increase}}20.9 |{{Increase}}1,550 |{{Increase}}12.5 |{{Increase}}5.6% |31.4% |n/a |- |1989 |{{Increase}}22.7 |{{Increase}}1,646 |{{Increase}}12.7 |{{Increase}}5.1% |25.2% |n/a |- |1990 |{{Increase}}24.4 |{{Increase}}1,728 |{{Increase}}14.7 |{{Increase}}3.3% |37.2% |19.2% |- |1991 |{{Increase}}26.4 |{{Increase}}1,828 |{{Increase}}16.5 |{{Increase}}5.3% |18.1% |{{DecreasePositive}}18.7% |- |1992 |{{Increase}}28.2 |{{Increase}}1,907 |{{Decrease}}16.3 |{{Increase}}3.9% |10.0% |23.1% |- |1993 |{{Increase}}30.3 |{{Increase}}1,997 |{{Decrease}}13.3 |{{Increase}}3.7% |24.9% |37.2% |- |1994 |{{Increase}}32.0 |{{Increase}}2,061 |{{Decrease}}12.3 |{{Increase}}3.6% |24.9% |55.2% |- |1995 |{{Increase}}34.0 |{{Increase}}2,140 |{{Increase}}14.6 |{{Increase}}4.2% |59.3% |{{DecreasePositive}}51.0% |- |1996 |{{Increase}}36.3 |{{Increase}}2,228 |{{Increase}}15.5 |{{Increase}}4.6% |44.5% |{{DecreasePositive}}46.0% |- |1997 |{{Increase}}39.0 |{{Increase}}2,339 |{{Increase}}15.8 |{{Increase}}5.8% |24.8% |48.7% |- |1998 |{{Increase}}41.5 |{{Increase}}2,424 |{{Increase}}17.2 |{{Increase}}5.0% |19.2% |{{DecreasePositive}}40.6% |- |1999 |{{Increase}}44.0 |{{Increase}}2,506 |{{Increase}}17.8 |{{Increase}}4.5% |12.5% |55.7% |- |2000 |{{Increase}}46.6 |{{Decrease}}2,464 |{{Decrease}}11.5 |{{Increase}}3.6% |25.1% |80.2% |- |2001 |{{Increase}}49.5 |{{Increase}}2,550 |{{Increase}}12.2 |{{Increase}}3.8% |32.9% |{{DecreasePositive}}61.9% |- |2002 |{{Increase}}52.6 |{{Increase}}2,644 |{{Increase}}14.2 |{{Increase}}4.6% |14.8% |{{DecreasePositive}}58.0% |- |2003 |{{Increase}}56.3 |{{Increase}}2,766 |{{Increase}}17.5 |{{Increase}}5.1% |26.6% |{{DecreasePositive}}52.8% |- |2004 |{{Increase}}61.0 |{{Increase}}2,923 |{{Increase}}20.3 |{{Increase}}5.4% |12.7% |{{DecreasePositive}}41.1% |- |2005 |{{Increase}}66.8 |{{Increase}}3,126 |{{Increase}}24.6 |{{Increase}}6.2% |15.1% |{{DecreasePositive}}34.0% |- |2006 |{{Increase}}72.9 |{{Increase}}3,331 |{{Increase}}28.9 |{{Increase}}5.8% |11.7% |{{DecreasePositive}}18.5% |- |2007 |{{Increase}}77.9 |{{Increase}}3,480 |{{Increase}}34.0 |{{Increase}}4.1% |10.7% |22.5% |- |2008 |{{Increase}}86.5 |{{Increase}}3,779 |{{Increase}}38.7 |{{Increase}}9.2% |16.5% |24.6% |- |2009 |{{Increase}}92.0 |{{Increase}}3,931 |{{Increase}}34.6 |{{Increase}}4.8% |13.1% |26.9% |- |2010 |{{Increase}}100.4 |{{Increase}}4,071 |{{Increase}}43.3 |{{Increase}}7.9% |6.7% |34.5% |- |2011 |{{Increase}}116.8 |{{Increase}}4,623 |{{Increase}}53.8 |{{Increase}}14.0% |7.7% |{{DecreasePositive}}31.3% |- |2012 |{{Increase}}133.3 |{{Increase}}5,152 |{{Increase}}56.9 |{{Increase}}9.3% |7.1% |35.4% |- |2013 |{{Increase}}140.9 |{{Increase}}5,321 |{{Increase}}63.7 |{{Increase}}7.3% |11.7% |42.9% |- |2014 |{{Increase}}151.6 |{{Increase}}5,595 |{{Decrease}}54.3 |{{Increase}}2.9% |15.5% |50.1% |- |2015 |{{Decrease}}145.0 |{{Decrease}}5,233 |{{Decrease}}49.4 |{{Increase}}2.1% |17.2% |53.9% |- |2016 |{{Decrease}}142.3 |{{Decrease}}5,021 |{{Increase}}56.1 |{{Increase}}3.4% |17.5% |55.9% |- |2017 |{{Increase}}149.0 |{{Increase}}5,148 |{{Increase}}60.4 |{{Increase}}8.1% |12.4% |57.0% |- |2018 |{{Increase}}162.0 |{{Increase}}5,482 |{{Increase}}67.3 |{{Increase}}6.2% |9.3% |62.0% |- |2019 |{{Increase}}175.7 |{{Increase}}5,823 |{{Increase}}68.4 |{{Increase}}6.5% |7.1% |{{DecreasePositive}}58.3% |- |2020 |{{Increase}}178.9 |{{Decrease}}5,812 |{{Increase}}70.0 |{{Increase}}0.5% |9.9% |72.3% |- |2021 |{{Increase}}196.4 |{{Increase}}6,256 |{{Increase}}79.6 |{{Increase}}5.1% |10.0% |79.1% |- |2022 |{{Increase}}216.6 |{{Increase}}6,752 |{{Decrease}}72.1 |{{Increase}}3.1% |31.9% |92.4% |- |2023 |{{Increase}}227.2 |{{Increase}}6,905 |{{Increase}}76.6 |{{Increase}}1.2% |42.2% |{{DecreasePositive}}84.9% |} == Shigarwa da fitarwa == Babban kayayyakin fitarwa na Ghana a cikin 2016 sun kasance man fetur ($ 2.66B), [[Zinare|zinariya]] ($ 2.39B), wake na koko ($ 2.27B), man koko ($ 382M) da man koko ($ 252M). Manyan wuraren fitar da kayayyaki na Ghana a shekarar 2016 sune [[Switzerland]] ($ 1.73B), [[Sin|China]] ($ 1.06B), [[Faransa]] ($ 939M), [[Indiya]] ($ 789M) da [[Holand|Netherlands]] ($ 778M). <ref name="Ghana Imports and Exports: OEC">{{Cite web |last=OEC |title=Ghana Imports and Exports |url=http://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/profile/country/gha/ |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=Atlas Media}}</ref> Manyan nau'ikan shigo da Ghana a cikin 2016 sun kasance mai mai tsabta ($ 2.18B), mai mai mai ($ 546M), zinariya ($ 428M), shinkafa ($ 328M) da magungunan da aka shirya ($ 297M). Kasashen da suka fi darajar shigo da kayayyaki zuwa Ghana a shekarar 2016 sune China ($ 4.1B), Netherlands ($ 1.58B), [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] ($ 1.1B), Najeriya ($ 920M) da Indiya ($ 668M). <ref name="Ghana Imports and Exports: OEC"/> === Kididdigar kasuwanci === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;" |+Kididdigar kasuwanci a cikin miliyoyin daloli !Shekara !Fitar da kayayyaki <ref>{{Cite web |title=Goods exports (BoP, current US$) - Ghana |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.GSR.MRCH.CD?end=2023&locations=GH&most_recent_value_desc=true&start=1977 |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref> !Kasuwanci da kayayyaki <ref>{{Cite web |title=Goods imports (BoP, current US$) - Ghana |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BM.GSR.MRCH.CD?end=2023&locations=GH&most_recent_value_desc=true&start=1975 |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref> !Kasuwancin yanar gizo <ref>{{Cite web |title=Net trade in goods (BoP, current US$) - Ghana |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BN.GSR.MRCH.CD?end=2023&locations=GH&most_recent_value_desc=true&start=1975 |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref> |- |2023 |$16,703{{Increase}} |$14,009{{Increase}} |$2,694{{Increase}} |- |2020 |$14,472{{Increase}} |$12,429{{Decrease}} |$2,043{{Increase}} |- |2015 |$10,321{{Increase}} |$13,465{{Increase}} |−$3,144{{Decrease}} |- |2010 |$7,960{{Increase}} |$10,922{{Increase}} |−$2,962{{Decrease}} |- |2005 |$2,802{{Increase}} |$5,347{{Increase}} |−$2,545{{Decrease}} |- |2000 |$1,936{{Increase}} |$2,767{{Increase}} |−$830{{Decrease}} |- |1990 |$897{{Decrease}} |$1,205{{Increase}} |−$308{{Decrease}} |- |1980 |$1,104 |$908 |$195{{Increase}} |} == Bankin sirri == [[Financial service|Ayyukan kudi]] a Ghana sun ga sauye-sauye da yawa a cikin shekarun da suka gabata. Dokar Bankin (Gwamma) ta 2007 ta haɗa da bayar da lasisin banki ga bankunan da suka cancanta, wanda ke ba da damar [[Offshore bank|Bankunan waje]] na Ghana kawai su yi aiki a Ghana. Bankin mai zaman kansa na Ghana shine na farko da aka ba shi lasisin banki a Ghana da kuma bankunan masu zaman kansu na Ghana [[UniBank]], [[National Investment Bank|Bankin Zuba Jari na Kasa]] da Prudential Bank Limited. Saboda haka ya zama mai yiwuwa ga mutanen Ghana da ba mazauna ba ko mazauna da kamfanonin kasashen waje ko kamfanonin 'yan asalin Ghana su buɗe asusun banki na Ghana a Ghana.<ref name="heritage2">{{Cite web |title=Ghana Economy |url=http://www.heritage.org/index/country/ghana |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115142611/http://www.heritage.org/index/country/Ghana |archive-date=15 January 2009 |access-date=20 April 2013 |website=heritage.org}}</ref> Bankunan tallace-tallace da [[Savings bank|tanadi]] na asali na Ghana sun haɗa da [[Agricultural Development Bank of Ghana|Bankin Ci gaban Aikin Gona na Ghana]], [[Cal Bank|Bankin CAL]], [[GCB Bank Ltd|Bankin GCB Ltd]], [[Home Finance Company|Kamfanin Kudi na Gida]] da [[UT Bank|Bankin UT]] da kuma tanadi na asalin Ghana da cibiyoyin rance na [[ABii National]] da Savings and Loans Company.<ref name="heritage2" /> === Kasuwancin Kasuwanci === Kasuwancin kasuwa na Ghana yana daya daga cikin mafi girma a Afirka, tare da kasuwar kasuwar [[Cedi na Ghana|GH¢]].2 biliyan ko CN¥.4 biliyan a cikin 2012. JSE Limited ta Afirka ta Kudu ita ce mafi girma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana Market Update |url=http://www.icbuk.com/images/uploads/ICBUKGhanaReportSeptember2011.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704014602/http://www.icbuk.com/images/uploads/ICBUKGhanaReportSeptember2011.pdf |archive-date=4 July 2012 |access-date=26 March 2012 |website=icbuk.com |publisher=[[Intercontinental Bank]]}}{{Rp|13}}</ref>{{Clear}} == Makamashi == [[Fayil:Economía_Energética_y_Generación_de_Energía_Eléctrica_de_Ghana_–_Energy_Economy_and_Electricity_Generation_of_Ghana_(collage).JPG|thumb|240x240px|Masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki ta Ghana da Hasken rana, da masana'antar mai da iskar gasmasana'antar man fetur da iskar gas]] Ya zuwa 2018, Ghana ta cinye wasu MMtoe 10 na makamashi na farko, wanda aka yi mafi yawa daga biomass (40%), mai da dizal (40%), sannan kuma da wutar lantarki (10%) da iskar gas (10%). <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 November 2021 |title=Ghana Energy Outlook – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/articles/ghana-energy-outlook |access-date=17 August 2022 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Jimlar amfani da makamashi a cikin Terrawatt-hours (TWh) na Ghana <ref>{{Cite web |title=Primary energy consumption (Ghana) |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/primary-energy-cons?tab=chart&country=~GHA |website=Our World in Data}}</ref> !1980 !1990 !2000 !2010 !2020 !2021 |- |25 |29{{Increase}} |42{{Increase}} |55{{Increase}} |112{{Increase}} |114{{Increase}} |- ! colspan="6" |Amfani da kowane mutum a cikin Kilowatt-hours (KWh) <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 20, 2024 |title=Primary energy consumption per capita |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/per-capita-energy-use?tab=chart&showSelectionOnlyInTable=1&country=~GHA |access-date=January 26, 2025 |website=Our World in Data}}</ref> |- |2,135 |1,900{{Decrease}} |2,117{{Increase}} |2,142{{Increase}} |3,484{{Increase}} |3,483{{Decrease}} |} === Man Fetur da Gas === Ghana ta gano manyan tanadi na mai da iskar gas a cikin shekarun 2000 da 2010. Kasar a hukumance ta zama mai samar da man fetur da iskar gas a cikin 2010 tare da kaddamar da filin Jubilee ta Tullow Oil kuma a halin yanzu tana samarwa daga manyan cibiyoyin waje guda uku: Jubilee, TEN, da OCTP. A cikin 2021, samar da shi ya tsaya a wasu ganga 150,000 na mai a kowace rana (bopd). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Public Interest Accountability Committee |url=https://www.piacghana.org/portal/5/25/piac-reports |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021051030/https://www.piacghana.org/portal/5/25/piac-reports |archive-date=21 October 2022 |access-date=17 August 2022 |website=piacghana.org}}</ref> Tun lokacin da aka fara samarwa a shekara ta 2010 Ghana ta zama mai samar da mai na 34 mafi girma.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=1 January 2022 |title=Oil Production – Global Rankings |url=https://www.maxinomics.com/ranking/global/oil-production-thousand-barrels-per-day |access-date=28 October 2022 |website=Maxinomics}}</ref> A cikin 2021 Ghana ta fitar da fiye da ganga 71mil na mai.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ghana Crude Oil Exports 2017 – Present |url=https://www.maxinomics.com/ghana/exports/crude-oil |access-date=28 October 2022 |website=Maxinomics }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Kasar Sin ita ce babbar mai shigo da man Ghana, tana karɓar sama da 41% na fitarwa tare da Afirka ta Kudu, mai shigo da na biyu mafi girma, yana ɗaukar 13.9%.<ref name=":0" /> === Hasken rana === Ghana ta fara gina tsire-tsire na hasken [[rana]] a duk faɗin ƙasar da ke da wadataccen rana da nufin zama ƙasa ta farko da ta sami kashi 6% na makamashi daga samar da hasken rana. Tun lokacin da aka fara gini a farkon shekarun 2010 samar da wutar lantarki daga hasken rana ya tafi daga zero KWh a cikin 2014 zuwa sama da 60 GWh a cikin 2020, wanda ya kai kashi .46% na amfani da wutar lantarki na Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 2021 |title=Ghana – Solar Electricity Generation 1981 – Present |url=https://www.maxinomics.com/ghana/solar-electricity-generation |access-date=28 October 2022 |website=Maxinomics |archive-date=29 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221029170945/https://www.maxinomics.com/ghana/solar-electricity-generation |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Ƙarfin iska === [[Fayil:Wind_farm,_unknown_location.jpg|thumb|240x240px|Turbines na iska a gonar iska]] Ghana tana da albarkatun iska na Class 4-6 da wuraren iska mai ƙarfi, kamar Nkwanta, Filayen Accra, da Kwahu da Gambaga. Matsakaicin makamashi da za a iya amfani da shi daga albarkatun iska na Ghana don wutar lantarki an kiyasta kusan 500-600 GWh / shekara.<ref name="Renewable Energy – what is Ghana's wind power potential">{{Cite web |title=Renewable Energy – what is Ghana's wind power potential |url=http://www.arrakis-group.com/2012/12/28/renewable-energy-what-is-ghanas-wind-power-potential/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130407152744/http://www.arrakis-group.com/2012/12/28/renewable-energy-what-is-ghanas-wind-power-potential/ |archive-date=7 April 2013 |access-date=23 April 2013 |website=arrakis-group.com}}</ref> Don ba da hangen nesa: a cikin 2011, ta hanyar wannan Hukumar Makamashi, babbar madatsar ruwan Akosombo a Ghana kadai ta samar da GWh 6,495 na wutar lantarki kuma, ƙidaya duk samar da makamashi na geothermal na Ghana ban da haka, jimlar makamashi da aka samar ya kasance 11,200 GWh a wannan shekarar.<ref name="Renewable Energy – what is Ghana's wind power potential" /> Wadannan kimantawa ba sa la'akari da ƙarin abubuwan da ke iyakancewa kamar ƙuntatawa na amfani da ƙasa, grid ɗin da ke akwai (ko yadda ma'aunin iska zai iya kasancewa daga grid) da kuma samun dama.<ref name="Renewable Energy – what is Ghana's wind power potential" /> === Bio-energy === [[Fayil:Sorghum_field.png|thumb|240x240px|Filin shuka na [[Dawa|sorghum]]]] Ghana ta kafa hanyoyin da za su jawo hankalin saka hannun jari a cikin bangarorin biomass da bio-energy don motsa ci gaban karkara, ƙirƙirar ayyuka da adana musayar kasashen waje.<ref name="Ghana Renewable Energy – Bio Energy">{{Cite web |title=Renewable |url=http://www.energymin.gov.gh/?page_id=205 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510152855/http://www.energymin.gov.gh/?page_id=205 |archive-date=10 May 2013 |access-date=23 April 2013 |website=energymin.gov.gh}}</ref> Babban saka hannun jari a cikin ɓangaren bio-energy ya wanzu a yankunan samarwa, sune sufuri, ajiya, rarraba, siyarwa, tallace-tallace da fitarwa.<ref name="Ghana Renewable Energy – Bio Energy" /> Manufar Ghana game da makamashi, kamar yadda manufofin bangaren makamashi suka bayyana, shine sabuntawa da bincika fa'idodin makamashi a kan tushen dorewa.<ref name="Ghana Renewable Energy – Bio Energy"/> Biomass shine babbar hanyar samar da makamashi ta Ghana dangane da bayarwa da amfani, tare da manyan man fetur guda biyu da aka cinye su ne ethanol da Biodiesel.<ref name="Ghana Renewable Energy – Bio Energy" /> Don haka, ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Ghana a cikin 2010 ta haɓaka dabarun bangaren makamashi da shirin ci gaba.<ref name="Ghana Renewable Energy – Bio Energy" /> Abubuwan da suka fi dacewa game da dabarun sun haɗa da ci gaba da wadata da ingantaccen amfani da man fetur yayin tabbatar da cewa amfani da su ba ya haifar da [[Gandun daji|sare daji]].<ref name="Ghana Renewable Energy – Bio Energy" /> Shirin zai tallafa wa saka hannun jari na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a cikin noman kayan abinci na bio-fuel, cire man fetur, da kuma tsaftace shi zuwa samfuran sakandare, don haka samar da kudade da haraji. Dokar Sabunta Makamashi ta Ghana tana ba da tallafin kuɗi da ake buƙata don ci gaban [[Makamashi mai sabuntawa]] ta kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, da kuma ba da cikakken bayani game da sarrafawa da gudanar da ayyukan man fetur da man fetur a Ghana.<ref name="Ghana Renewable Energy – Bio Energy"/> Hukumar Man Fetur ta Kasa ta Ghana (NPA) ta ba da umurni ta Dokar Sabunta Makamashi ta 2011 don farashi ga cakuda man fetur na Ghana daidai da tsarin farashin man fetur da aka tsara.<ref name="Ghana Renewable Energy – Bio Energy" /> Haɗin tasirin canjin yanayi da rikice-rikicen tattalin arzikin duniya sun haifar da gaggawa tsakanin masu tsara manufofi na Ghana, masana'antu da masu ci gaba don samun mafita mai ɗorewa da mai yiwuwa a yankin man fetur.<ref name="Ghana Renewable Energy – Bio Energy"/> Brazil, wacce ke yin ethanol daga masara da sukari, a halin yanzu ita ce babbar kasuwar man fetur a duniya.<ref name="Ghana Renewable Energy – Bio Energy"/> === Amfani da makamashi === Samar da wutar lantarki yana daya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan da ke haifar da ci gaban tattalin arzikin ƙasar Ghana, tare da gagarumin masana'antu; Amfani da wutar lantarki na ƙasar Ghana ya kasance kilowatts 265 ga kowane mutum a cikin shekara ta 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=The sector of electricity in Ghana |url=http://www.proexca.es/El_sector_electricidad_Ghana_2011.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121224064946/http://www.proexca.es/El_sector_electricidad_Ghana_2011.jsp |archive-date=24 December 2012 |access-date=23 April 2013 |website=Proexca |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Consumption of Electrical Energy (kWh per capita) |url=http://datos.bancomundial.org/indicador/EG.USE.ELEC.KH.PCv |access-date=23 April 2013 |website=World Bank |language=es}}</ref> Rashin wutar lantarki ya haifar da dumsor (ƙuntatawa), yana ƙara sha'awar sabuntawa. <ref name="germany">{{Cite web |date=21 January 2015 |title=I've been named 'Mr Dumsor' in Ghana – Prez Mahama tells Ghanaians in Germany – See more at |url=http://graphic.com.gh/news/politics/37330-i-ve-been-named-mr-dumsor-in-ghana-prez-mahama-tells-ghanaians-in-germany.html |access-date=2 March 2015 |website=Graphic Online |publisher=Graphic Communications Group Limited (G.C.G.L)}}</ref><ref name="graphic1">{{Cite web |last=Agbenyega, E. |date=10 April 2014 |title=Ghana's power crisis: What about renewable energy? |url=http://graphic.com.gh/features/features/21105-ghana-s-power-crisis-what-about-renewable-energy.html |access-date=8 February 2015 |publisher=graphic.com.gh}}</ref> == Hydrocarbon da hakar ma'adinai == [[Fayil:Ghana_Mineral_Resources_(collage).JPG|thumb|500x500px|{{Center|Ghanaian mineral resources: [[bauxite]], diamond, timber and [[manganese]]}}]] [[Fayil:Ghana_Export_Trends.jpg|thumb|350x350px|Ƙarin fitar da mai na Ghana a matsayin kashi na duk fitarwa]] Ghana tana da {{Convert|5|Goilbbl}} zuwa {{Convert|7|Goilbbl}} na [[Danyen mai|man fetur]] a tanadi. Babban filin mai wanda ya ƙunshi {{Convert|3|Goilbbl}} an gano danyen mai mai zaki a shekara ta 2007. Tun bayan binciken Ghana na kara yawan hakowa a kai a kai, kasashen da ke kan gaba a halin yanzu sun kai ganga 200,000 a kowace rana a shekarar 2019. Yanzu haka a shekarar 2021 ya kai ganga 179,900 a kowace rana. <ref name=":1"/> Ghana tana da manyan wuraren ajiyar iskar gas, wanda kamfanoni da yawa na kasashen waje da ke aiki a Ghana ke amfani da shi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guide to Natural Gas in Ghana |url=http://www.beg.utexas.edu/energyecon/IDA/Smart_Development/Guide_to_Natural_Gas_in_Ghana.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928042058/http://www.beg.utexas.edu/energyecon/IDA/Smart_Development/Guide_to_Natural_Gas_in_Ghana.pdf |archive-date=28 September 2013 |access-date=21 April 2013 |website=Bureau of Economic Geology}}</ref> Masana'antar hydrocarbon tana da manyan tasiri ga ci gaban yanki da birane a Ghana kuma waɗannan na iya ƙaruwa sosai a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. Ma'adinai sun sami mahimmanci a cikin tattalin arzikin Ghana tun farkon karni na 21, tare da ci gaban kusan 30% a cikin 2007. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana, the best student of the classroom |url=http://www.mo.be/node/18610 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927214330/http://www.mo.be/node/18610 |archive-date=27 September 2013 |access-date=21 April 2013 |website=Mondial Nieus |language=es}}</ref> Babban hakar ma'adinai shine Bauxite, zinariya (Ghana tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu samar da zinariya a duniya), da kuma phosphate.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MBendi |title=Bauxite Mining in Ghana-Overview |url=http://www.mbendi.com/indy/ming/baux/af/gh/p0005.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030711044250/http://www.mbendi.com/indy/ming/baux/af/gh/p0005.htm |archive-date=11 July 2003 |access-date=28 December 2011 |website=Information Services}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gold in Ghana 2011 market |url=http://www.proexca.es/El_mercado_oro_Ghana.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219212641/http://www.proexca.es/El_mercado_oro_Ghana.jsp |archive-date=19 December 2011 |access-date=21 April 2013 |website=Proexca |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana |url=http://www.uoguelph.ca/~geology/rocks_for_crops/28ghana.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927201047/http://www.uoguelph.ca/~geology/rocks_for_crops/28ghana.PDF |archive-date=27 September 2013 |access-date=20 April 2013 |website=University of Guelph}}</ref> == Yawon shakatawa == [[Fayil:Ghana_Tourism_sites_(collage).JPG|thumb|500x500px|{{Center|Tourism destinations in Ghana<ref name="uniquetrustex.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.uniquetrustex.com/node/162/177/?ex=trade-expo-international-ghana&nid=162 |title=Trade Expo International |work=UniqueTtrustex |access-date=19 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501221713/http://www.uniquetrustex.com/node/162/177/?ex=trade-expo-international-ghana&nid=162 |archive-date=1 May 2013}}</ref>}}]] Ma'aikatar Yawon Bude Ido ta mai da hankali sosai kan ƙarin tallafin yawon bude ido da ci gaba. Yawon shakatawa ya ba da gudummawa ga 4.9% na GDP a cikin 2009, yana jan hankalin kusan baƙi 500,000. Wuraren yawon bude ido sun hada da manyan gidaje da tsaunuka da yawa na Ghana, wuraren shakatawa na kasa, rairayin bakin teku, wuraren ajiyar yanayi, shimfidar wurare da gine-ginen [[Muhimman Guraren Tarihi na Duniya|Tarihin Duniya]] da shafuka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asante Traditional Buildings |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/35 |access-date=20 April 2013 |website=Unesco |publisher=World Heritage Centre}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Forts and Castles, Volta, Greater Accra, Central and Western Regions |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/34 |access-date=20 April 2013 |website=Unesco}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2011, mujallar ''Forbes'' ta sanya Ghana a matsayi na goma sha ɗaya mafi kyawun ƙasa a duniya. Wannan ikirarin ya dogara ne akan binciken da aka yi na ɓangaren matafiya a cikin shekara ta 2010. Daga dukkan kasashe a nahiyar Afirka da aka haɗa a cikin binciken, Ghana ta kasance mafi girma.<ref name="RANK">{{Cite web |title=Forbes: Ghana is eleventh friendliest nation |url=http://vibeghana.com/2011/03/20/forbes-ghana-is-eleventh-friendliest-nation/ |access-date=31 May 2011 |publisher=vibeghana.com |archive-date=28 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728071955/http://vibeghana.com/2011/03/20/forbes-ghana-is-eleventh-friendliest-nation/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Don shiga Ghana, ya zama dole a sami biza da Gwamnatin Ghana ta ba da izini, ban da wasu 'yan kasuwa a kan tafiye-tafiye na kasuwanci.<ref name="TUR">Harvard quotation. Belda. 2004. {{Rp|24}}</ref> == Aikin noma == A cikin 2013 aikin gona ya dauki ma'aikata 53.6% na jimlar ma'aikatan Ghana.<ref name="Food and Agriculture Policy Decision Analysis: Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations"/> Kasuwancin noma yana da asusun karamin ɓangare na babban samfurin cikin gida.<ref name="ONU">{{Cite web |title=Members |url=https://www.un.org/es/members/ |access-date=21 April 2013 |website=ONU |language=es}}</ref> Babban amfanin gona da aka girbe shinge [[masara]], plantain, [[shinkafa]], [[Gero|millet]], [[Dawa|sorghum]], [[Rogo|cassava]] da [[Doya|yam]].<ref>{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=Agriculture in Ghana (Facts and figures) |url=http://mofa.gov.gh/site/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/mofa_facts_and_figures.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120911114010/http://mofa.gov.gh/site/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/mofa_facts_and_figures.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2012 |access-date=21 April 2013}}</ref> Ba kamar dabbobi ba, [[Forestry|gandun daji]] da bangarorin kamun kifi, bangaren amfanin gona shine mabuɗin masana'antar noma ta Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana |url=http://www.natureduca.com/geog_paises_ghana.php |access-date=21 April 2013 |website=Natureduca |language=es}}</ref> Ghana ta samar a cikin 2018: * Tunanin maniyyi miliyan 20.8 (4th mafi girma a duniya, na biyu kawai ga Najeriya, Thailand da Congo) * 7.8 miliyan ton na [[Doya|yam]] (2nd mafi girma a duniya, na biyu kawai zuwa Najeriya) * Tunanin tan miliyan 4.1 na plantain (2nd mafi girma a duniya, kawai bayan Congo) * Tunanin [[Manja|Man dabino]] miliyan 2.6 (mai samar da ita na 8 a duniya) * Tunanin [[masara]] miliyan 2.3 * 1.4 miliyan ton na [[Gwaza|taro]] (4th mafi girma samarwa a duniya, na biyu kawai ga Najeriya, China da Kamaru) * 947 dubu ton na koko (2nd mafi girma a duniya, na biyu kawai zuwa Ivory Coast) * Tunanin [[shinkafa]] dubu 769. * 753 dubu ton na orange (19th mafi girma samarwa a duniya) * 713 dubu ton na pineapple (11th mafi girma samarwa a duniya) * Tunanin man shanu dubu 521 Baya ga ƙananan kayan aikin gona, kamar [[Dankali|dankali mai zaki]] (ton dubu 151), roba na halitta (ton dubu 23) da taba (ton dubu 2.3). <ref>{{Cite web |title=FAOSTAT |url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC/ |website=fao.org}}</ref> == Ghana: hangen nesa na 2020 da masana'antu == Tare da shirin tattalin arziki "Ghana: Vision 2020", Ghana ta yi niyyar cimma burinta na hanzarta ci gaban tattalin arziki da inganta ingancin rayuwa ga dukkan 'yan ƙasa, ta hanyar rage talauci ta hanyar saka hannun jari masu zaman kansu, saurin masana'antu mai ƙarfi, da kuma kokarin kai tsaye da kuma gagarumin rage talauci.<ref name="Ghana – Vision 2020">{{Cite web |title=Ghana – Vision 2020 |url=http://www.ndpc.gov.gh/GPRS/Ghana's%20Vision%202020%20-%20First%20Step.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504045742/http://www.ndpc.gov.gh/GPRS/Ghana's%20Vision%202020%20-%20First%20Step.pdf |archive-date=4 May 2020 |access-date=10 July 2014 |website=ndpc.gov.gh}}</ref> An saki waɗannan tsare-tsaren a cikin rahoton gwamnati na 1995, Ghana: Vision 2020. <ref name="Ghana – Vision 2020" /> Kasuwanci mallakar gwamnati ya ci gaba, tare da kusan kashi biyu bisa uku na kamfanoni 300 na gwamnatin Ghana.<ref name="Ghana – Vision 2020" /> Sauran gyare-gyare da aka karɓa a ƙarƙashin shirin daidaita tsarin gwamnati sun haɗa da ƙara yawan sarrafa canjin musayar da ƙara ƙuntatawa da ƙuntatawa akan shigo da kaya.<ref name="Ghana – Vision 2020" /> Ghana: Hasashen hangen nesa na 2020 yana ɗaukar kwanciyar hankali na siyasa; nasarar daidaita tattalin arziki; aiwatar da Ghana: Hasumiyar manufofin hangen nesa na shekarar 2020 akan ci gaban kamfanoni masu zaman kansu; da kuma kashe kuɗin jama'a mai tsanani akan ayyukan zamantakewa, ababen more rayuwa da masana'antu. Tsinkaya ta bayyana cewa burin Ghana na cimma matsayi na tattalin arziki mai karfi da kuma matsayin sabuwar kasar da ta masana'antu za a samu sauƙin tsakanin 2020 da 2039.<ref name="Ghana – Vision 2020"/><ref name="Era">{{Cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Is Ghana Entering A Sweet, Golden Era? |url=http://africanbusinessmagazine.com/special-reports/country-reports/ghana-celebrates/is-ghana-entering-a-sweet-golden-era |access-date=10 July 2014 |website=Africanbusinessmagazine.com |publisher=[[African Business]]}}</ref> {| class="bonita" border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 0.5em 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.5em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" ! colspan="2" |2013 fitarwa zuwa<ref name="Ghana trades">{{Cite web |title=The Observatory of Economic Complexity: Ghana |url=http://atlas.media.mit.edu/profile/country/gha/ |access-date=20 April 2013 |website=atlas.media.mit.edu}}</ref><ref name="Ghana Major Trade Partners" /> ! colspan="2" |2013 shigo da kayayyaki daga<ref name="Ghana trades" /><ref name="Ghana Major Trade Partners">{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=Ghana Major Trade Partners |url=http://www.countries.bridgat.com/Ghana_Trade_Partners.html#.UXL4tUO3Pxf |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523081902/http://countries.bridgat.com/Ghana_Trade_Partners.html#.UXL4tUO3Pxf |archive-date=23 May 2013 |access-date=21 April 2013 |website=countries.bridgat.com}}</ref> ! |- !Kasar !Kashi !Kasar !Kashi | rowspan="8" |[[Fayil:Ghana_Cocoa_&_Gold_(collage).JPG|center|thumb|440x440px|Gidan koko na Sunyani da Theobroma cacao; Ghana an tsara ta zama babbar mai samar da koko a duniya.<ref name="Era">{{Cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Is Ghana Entering A Sweet, Golden Era? |url=http://africanbusinessmagazine.com/special-reports/country-reports/ghana-celebrates/is-ghana-entering-a-sweet-golden-era |access-date=10 July 2014 |website=Africanbusinessmagazine.com |publisher=[[African Business]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://africanbusinessmagazine.com/special-reports/country-reports/ghana-celebrates/is-ghana-entering-a-sweet-golden-era "Is Ghana Entering A Sweet, Golden Era?"]. </cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 November 2013 |title=Ghana will reclaim top spot in cocoa production -Prez Mahama |url=https://graphic.com.gh/archive/General-News/ghana-will-reclaim-top-spot-in-cocoa-production-prez-mahama.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302131433/http://graphic.com.gh/archive/General-News/ghana-will-reclaim-top-spot-in-cocoa-production-prez-mahama.html |archive-date=2 March 2014 |access-date=10 July 2014 |website=Graphic.com.gh |publisher=[[Daily Graphic (Ghana)|Daily Graphic]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jedwab |first=Rémi |last2=Moradi |first2=Alexander |year=2012 |title=Revolutionizing Transport: Modern Infrastructure, Agriculture and Development in Ghana |url=http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/42263/ |publisher=[[London School of Economics]] |access-date=15 June 2013 |quote=Two railway lines were built between 1901 and 1923 to connect the coast to mining areas and the large hinterland city of Kumasi. This unintendedly opened vast expanses of tropical forest to cocoa cultivation, allowing Ghana to become the world's largest producer.}}</ref> Ghana gold bars; Ghana ita ce ta 7 mafi girma mai samar da zinariya a duniya.<ref name="Top 10 Gold Producers">{{Cite web |last=Dave Brown |title=Top 10 Gold Producers |url=http://goldinvestingnews.com/9230/top-10-gold-producers.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226092617/http://goldinvestingnews.com/9230/top-10-gold-producers.html |archive-date=26 February 2012 |access-date=19 April 2013 |website=Gold Investing News}}</ref> <br />]] |- |'''{{Flagu|South Africa}}''' |46.89% |'''{{Flagu|China}}''' |12.46% |- |'''{{Flagu|Netherlands}}''' |12.32% |'''{{Flagu|Nigeria}}''' |11.76% |- |'''{{Flagu|India}}''' |5.49% |'''{{Flagu|United States}}''' |8.86% |- |'''{{Flagu|United Kingdom}}''' |3.57% |'''{{Flagu|Belgium}}''' |5.15% |- |'''{{Flagu|Malaysia}}''' |3.32% |'''{{Flagu|India}}''' |4.35% |- |'''{{Flagu|Switzerland}}''' |2.76% |'''{{Flagu|United Kingdom}}''' |3.93% |- |'''Sauran''' |25.65% |'''Sauran''' |53.49% |} == Bayyanawa ta tattalin arziki ==   [[Fayil:Ghana_Percent_Wealth_Owned.png|thumb|400x400px|Rarraba mallakar dukiya a cikin al'ummar Ghana a cikin 2013. Mafi yawan dukiya suna hannun kashi 20% na yawan jama'a.]] tsarin shari'a na Ghana yana hulɗa da cin hanci da rashawa, rashin aiki na tattalin arziki da rashin nuna gaskiya.<ref name="heritage"/> Duk da ci gaban tattalin arziki mai mahimmanci, cikas sun kasance. Wasu cibiyoyi suna buƙatar gyare-gyare, kuma haƙƙin mallaka yana buƙatar ingantawa. Tsarin saka hannun jari gabaɗaya ba shi da gaskiya a kasuwa. magance waɗannan batutuwan zai zama dole idan za a ci gaba da bunkasa tattalin arzikin Ghana.<ref name="heritage" /> Dangane da Transparency International's 2022 Corruption Perception Index, Ghana ta kasance ta 72 cikin kasashe 180, tare da kashi 43 a kan sikelin inda kashi 0-9 ke nufin cin hanci da rashawa sosai, kuma kashi 90-100 yana nufin tsabta sosai. Wannan ya dogara ne akan matakan da aka fahimta na cin hanci da rashawa na bangaren jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2023 |title=Corruption Perceptions Index |url=https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2022 |website=Transparency.org |publisher=[[Transparency International]]}}</ref> John Addo Kufuor, ɗan tsohon shugaban kasar [[John Kufuor|John Agyekum Kufuor]] da Kojo Annan, ɗan tsohon Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya [[Kofi Annan]], an ambaci sunansu tare da Takardun Panama. === Lafiya da biotechnology === Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya a cikin Magungunan Shuka wata hukuma ce ta Ma'aikatar Lafiya wacce aka kafa a cikin shekarun 1970s don bincike da ci gaba kuma a matsayin hanya mai amfani (samar da kayayyaki & rarraba / samarwa) da farko a fannonin biotechnology da suka shafi tsire-tsire na magani. Wannan ya haɗa da maganin ganye da aiki a kan aikace-aikacen da suka fi dacewa. Har ila yau, yana da matsayi na biyu a matsayin hanyar ilimi ga ɗaliban ƙasashen waje a fannin kiwon lafiya, biotechnology da fannoni masu alaƙa. === Cybernetics da cyberwarfare === Amfani da fasahar kwamfuta don koyarwa da ilmantarwa ya fara karɓar hankalin gwamnatin Ghana daga ƙarshen shekarun 1990.<ref name="Pe" /> Fasahar bayanai da sadarwa a cikin manufofin ilimi na Ghana tana buƙatar amfani da fasahar sadarwa da sadarwa don koyarwa da koyo a duk matakan ilimi.<ref name="Pe" /> [[Ma'aikatar Ilimi (Ghana)|Ma'aikatar Ilimi]] tana tallafawa cibiyoyi a koyar da ilimin fasahar sadarwa da sadarwa.<ref name="Pe" /> Yawancin sakandare, da wasu makarantun asali na Ghana suna da dakunan gwaje-gwaje na kwamfuta. Manufar Ghana ta zama cibiyar fasahar bayanai ta Yammacin Afirka ta jagoranci gwamnatin Ghana don aiwatar da dokokin aikata laifuka ta yanar gizo da inganta ayyukan tsaro na yanar gizo.<ref name="index">{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=The Cyber Index – International Security Trends and Realities |url=http://www.unidir.org/files/publications/pdfs/cyber-index-2013-en-463.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610215601/http://www.unidir.org/files/publications/pdfs/cyber-index-2013-en-463.pdf |archive-date=10 June 2014 |access-date=22 July 2014 |publisher=unidir.org |pages=63–64}}</ref> Yin aiki a kan wannan burin, a cikin 2008 Ghana ta zartar da ''Dokar Sadarwar Lantarki'' da Dokar Ma'amala ta Lantarki, wanda ya kafa tsarin doka don sarrafa fasahar bayanai.<ref name="index" /> A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2011, Mataimakin Ministan Sadarwa da Fasaha ya ba da sanarwar ci gaban dabarun tsaro na yanar gizo na kasa, da nufin yaki da aikata laifuka na yanar gizo da kuma tabbatar da mahimman ababen more rayuwa.<ref name="index" /> A watan Yunin 2012, Hukumar Fasahar Bayanai ta Kasa ta ba da sanarwar ƙungiyar mayar da martani ta gaggawa ta kwamfuta ta kasa "tsarin" da aka tsara don daidaita martani na gwamnati ga hare-haren yanar gizo, na ciki da na waje.<ref name="index" /> Har ila yau, hukumar ta kafa ƙungiyoyin ba da agaji na gaggawa na kwamfuta ga kowane majalisa, birni, da gundumar don inganta daidaitawa da raba bayanai game da barazanar sararin samaniya.<ref name="index"/> Ghana ta kasance ta 2 a Afirka kuma ta 7 a duniya a cikin yaki da yanar gizo, ta'addanci na yanar gizo, aikata laifuka na yanar gizo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=1 August 2013 |title=Cyber crime:Ghana 2nd in Africa, 7th in the world |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Cyber-crime-Ghana-2nd-in-Africa-7th-in-the-world-281095 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131200639/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Cyber-crime-Ghana-2nd-in-Africa-7th-in-the-world-281095 |archive-date=31 January 2018 |access-date=13 July 2017 |website=GhanaWeb}}</ref> A cikin 2018, an kafa Cibiyar Tsaro ta Cyber ta Kasa. Ita ce hukumar kasa da ke da alhakin tsaro ta yanar gizo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Cyber Security Center {{!}} Securing Ghana's Digital Journey |url=https://cybersecurity.gov.gh/about |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204641/https://cybersecurity.gov.gh/about |archive-date=24 June 2021 |access-date=22 June 2021 |website=cybersecurity.gov.gh}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba 2020, Majalisar ta zartar da Dokar Tsaro ta Cyber 2020. Ministan Sadarwa, Ursula Owusu-Ekuful, ya nuna cewa, "tattalin arzikin da ya ci nasara ya dogara ne akan tsarin halittu na dijital na kasa mai aminci, mai aminci da juriya. Sabili da haka, tsaro na yanar gizo yana da matukar mahimmanci ga ci gaban tattalin arzikin kasar kuma yana da mahimmanci ga kare haƙƙin mutane a cikin tsarin halittu ya kasa".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cybersecurity Act Passed to Promote & Regulate Cybersecurity Activities {{!}} Ministry of Communications |url=https://www.moc.gov.gh/cybersecurity-act-passed-promote-regulate-cybersecurity-activities |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518103938/https://moc.gov.gh/cybersecurity-act-passed-promote-regulate-cybersecurity-activities |archive-date=18 May 2021 |access-date=24 June 2021 |website=www.moc.gov.gh}}</ref> === Gidajen ƙasa === [[Fayil:Luxury_Villa_House_(South_Ghana).jpg|thumb|Gida a Gabashin RidgeGabashin Gabas]] Kasuwancin gidaje da gidaje sun zama muhimmiyar bangare ta tattalin arziki, musamman a cikin birane na kudancin Ghana kamar Accra, Kumasi, Sekondi-Takoradi da Tema.<ref name="Economic Update" /><ref name="Real">{{Cite web |date=23 July 2012 |title=Real Estate Market in Ghana |url=http://orelghana.com/realestateinghana/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702190939/http://orelghana.com/realestateinghana/ |archive-date=2 July 2013 |access-date=25 July 2013 |publisher=orelghana.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Property market faces brighter growth prospects |url=http://www.ghanabizmedia.com/ghanabizmedia/june-2011-real-estate/325-property-market-faces-brighter-growth-prospects.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130713072140/http://www.ghanabizmedia.com/ghanabizmedia/june-2011-real-estate/325-property-market-faces-brighter-growth-prospects.html |archive-date=13 July 2013 |access-date=25 July 2013 |publisher=ghanabizmedia.com}}</ref> Koyaya, yawancin 'yan ƙasa musamman waɗanda ke Accra ba za su iya biyan farashin gidaje ba wanda shine halin yawancin manyan biranen duniya musamman a Yamma. Kumasi yana girma da sauri fiye da Accra, kuma akwai karancin gasa a kasuwar dukiya.<ref name="Economic Update" /> Ana hana harajin kuɗin haya na Ghana a kashi 10%, ana biyan haraji a kashi 15% tare da harajin kyauta na 5% da aka ɗora akan canja wurin kadarori kuma kasuwar dukiyar Ghana ta kasu kashi uku: ci gaban dukiyar jama'a, ci gaban dukiya mai zaman kansa, da masu zaman kansu.<ref name="Economic Update" /><ref name="Real" /> Ayyukan waɗannan ƙungiyoyi 3 suna sauƙaƙewa daga bankunan Ghana da kasuwar jinginar gida ta farko wanda ya nuna babbar damar ci gaba.<ref name="Real" /> Abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan sun haifar da bunkasa a bangaren gine-gine, gami da bangaren gidaje da gidajen jama'a da ke samarwa da kuma yin amfani da biliyoyin daloli a kowace shekara a cikin tattalin arzikin Ghana.<ref name="Economic Update" /><ref name="Real" /> Halin saka hannun jari na kasuwar ƙasa da jan hankali sun fito ne daga wurin zafi na Ghana da kwanciyar hankali na siyasa.<ref name="Economic Update" /><ref name="Real" /> Ƙarin yawan mutanen Ghana suna saka hannun jari a cikin kadarori, kuma gwamnatin Ghana tana ba da ikon kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a cikin jagorancin ƙasa.<ref name="Economic Update">{{Cite web |date=12 April 2012 |title=Economic Update – Ghana: Private opportunities in real estate |url=http://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/economic_updates/ghana-private-opportunities-real-estate |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522164834/http://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/economic_updates/ghana-private-opportunities-real-estate |archive-date=22 May 2013 |access-date=25 July 2013 |publisher=oxfordbusinessgroup.com}}</ref><ref name="Real" /> === Kasuwanci da fitarwa === A watan Yulin 2013, Kamfanin Kasuwanci na DuniyaI.I. Singapore ofishin duniya a Accra don bunkasa kasuwanci da saka hannun jari kan kayan aiki, mai da iskar gas, jirgin sama, sufuri da bangarorin masu amfani.<ref name="IE" /> Singapore da Ghana sun kuma sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyoyi huɗu na biyu don inganta haɗin gwiwar bangarorin jama'a da masu zaman kansu, yayin da Ghana ke da niyyar sauya haɗin gwiwar kasuwancin tattalin arziki zuwa Gabashin Asiya da kudu maso gabashin Asiya.<ref name="IE" /> Cibiyar tattalin arziki ita ce ofishin IE Singapore na biyu a Afirka.<ref name="IE">{{Cite web |date=27 July 2013 |title=IE S'pore opens second Africa office in Ghana |url=http://business.asiaone.com/news/ie-spore-opens-second-africa-office-ghana |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512215209/http://business.asiaone.com/news/ie-spore-opens-second-africa-office-ghana |archive-date=12 May 2014 |access-date=10 May 2014 |website=business.asiaone.com |publisher=[[AsiaOne]]}}</ref> Ma'aikatan Ghana a shekara ta 2008 sun kai 'yan kasar Ghana miliyan 11.5.<ref name="afdb">{{Cite web |title=Annex 1: Political and Administrative System |url=https://africaknowledgelab.worldbank.org/akl/sites/africaknowledgelab.worldbank.org/files/report/Annexes%20for%20Ghana%20Education.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501234849/https://africaknowledgelab.worldbank.org/akl/sites/africaknowledgelab.worldbank.org/files/report/Annexes%20for%20Ghana%20Education.pdf |archive-date=1 May 2012 |access-date=29 December 2011 |publisher=World Bank}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Republic of Ghana Country Strategy Paper 2012–2016 |url=http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/GHANA%20CSP%20DRAFT%20FOR%20COMMENTS.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228085814/http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/GHANA%20CSP%20DRAFT%20FOR%20COMMENTS.pdf |archive-date=28 February 2013 |access-date=31 May 2013 |publisher=afdb.org}}{{Rp|12–40}}</ref> [[Tashar Tema|Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Tema]] ita ce tashar jiragen ruwa mafi girma a Afirka, kuma tashar jiragen kasa ta Takoradi tare da tashar jiragen sama ta Tema suna kula da kayayyaki da fitarwa. Har ila yau, tashar zirga-zirga ce inda ake jigilar kayayyaki; tashar jiragen ruwa ta Tema tana kula da mafi yawan kayan fitarwa na ƙasar kuma yawancin manyan fitarwa na kasar ana jigilar su ne daga tashar jiragen ruwan Takoradi.<ref name="GPHA-Sekond-Takoradi" /><ref name="GPHA-Tema" /> Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Takoradi da tashar jiragen ruwa na Tema suna aiki ne daga Hukumar Tashar jiragen kasa da tashar jirgin ruwa ta Ghana. <ref name="GPHA-Sekond-Takoradi">{{Cite web |title=Port of Takoradi |url=http://ghanaports.gov.gh/tr/default |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228112618/http://ghanaports.gov.gh/tr/default |archive-date=28 February 2014 |access-date=1 January 2012 |website=Ghana Ports & Harbours Authority}}</ref><ref name="GPHA-Tema">{{Cite web |title=Port of Tema |url=http://ghanaports.gov.gh/tm/default |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228113034/http://ghanaports.gov.gh/tm/default |archive-date=28 February 2014 |access-date=1 January 2012 |website=Ghana Ports & Harbours Authority}}</ref>&nbsp; == Ƙalubalen == [[Fayil:Bank_of_Ghana_High_Street.jpg|thumb|Bankin Ghana]] A cikin shekaru, kasar ta fuskanci kalubale daban-daban na tattalin arziki musamman a kokarin ta na zama mai dorewa. Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun shi ne babban bashin jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana's Growing Public Debt and Its Implications for the Economy |url=https://www.ifsghana.org/fiscalalert11/ |access-date=2023-07-19 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana 'in high risk of debt distress': Finance minister |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/11/24/ghana-in-high-risk-of-debt-distress-finance-minister |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2023, Bankin Ghana ya ba da rahoton cewa matakin bashin kasar ya kai GH¢575.7 biliyan a ƙarshen Nuwamba 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-30 |title=Ghana's debt stock hits GH¢575bn; debt to GDP ratio now 93.5% |url=https://citinewsroom.com/2023/01/ghanas-debt-stock-hits-gh%c2%a2575bn-debt-to-gdp-ratio-now-93-5/ |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=Citinewsroom - Comprehensive News in Ghana |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fb5bmk7z9ir5w01f8pp7tlfrxyvtbmp 0 117329 873683 862102 2026-07-01T15:59:29Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 873683 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Garzali Miko''' (an haife shi a Satumba 1993) mawaki ne, ɗan fim, marubuci kuma mai shirya fina-finai a masana'antar Hausa wato (Kannywood). Ya fi shahara a fagen wakokin Hausa da Afrobeat da kuma aikin sa a bangaren fasaha da fitowa a fina-finai. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://labaranyau.com/full-biography-of-garzali-miko-education-net-worth/ |title=Full Biography Of Garzali Miko |website=Labaranyau |accessdate=30 September 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13842420/ |title=Garzali Miko |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Tarihin rayuwa da ilimi== An haifi Garzali Miko a watan Satumba, shekarar 1993, a ƙauyen Yandutse, karamar hukumar Taura, jihar Jigawa, Najeriya. Bayanai kan makarantu da karatunsa ana samo su ne daga hira da bayanan da aka tattara a shafukan yanar gizo.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://labaranyau.com/full-biography-of-garzali-miko-education-net-worth/ |title=Full Biography Of Garzali Miko |website=Labaranyau |accessdate=30 September 2025 |archive-date=18 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250618114050/https://labaranyau.com/full-biography-of-garzali-miko-education-net-worth/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Ayyukan fim== Garzali ya fara aiki a bangaren fasaha na fim, musamman a sashen wakkah da haske (Camera and Electrical Department), kafin ya fara bayyana a matsayin jarumi a wasu fina-finai na Kannywood. Daga cikin fina-finan da aka samu sun haɗa da Rariya, Halacci, da Dan Marayan Zaki. A wasu ayyukan an samu shi ne a matsayin lighting technician da kuma gaffer kafin ya sami matsayi na gaba a fagen wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13842420/ |title=Garzali Miko – filmography |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Ayyukan kiɗa da Waƙa== A matsayin mawaki, Garzali Miko ya saki wakoki da dama cikin salon Hausa da Afrobeat. Daga cikin wakokinsa masu shahara akwai "Farar Zuma", "Rayuwar Masoya", "Soyayya", "Sautin Amarya", da "FATIMA". Ana samun wakokinsa a tashoshin dijital kamar Apple Music, YouTube da sauran dandamali na kiɗa.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://music.apple.com/us/artist/garzali-miko/1530869766 |title=Garzali Miko – Apple Music |website=Apple Music |accessdate=30 September 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmDRwbRKsoMYpRAQURdgVpA |title=Garzali Miko Official Artist Channel |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Tasiri da shahara== Garzali ya tara mabiya da dama a shafukan sada zumunta, musamman tashar YouTube da Instagram inda yake wallafa bidiyon wakoki, hira da kuma tallata ayyukansa. A matsayin mawaki mai amfani da salon Afrobeat/Hausa, ya samu karɓuwa musamman daga masu sauraro a arewacin Najeriya da ma wasu sassan Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/garzalimiko/ |title=Garzali Miko – Instagram |website=Instagram |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Zababbun wakoki (zaɓaɓɓu)== * Farar Zuma. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/farar-zuma-single/1533705289 |title=Farar Zuma – Apple Music |website=Apple Music |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Rayuwar Masoya. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tTPvsHZgsBA |title=Rayuwar Masoya – YouTube |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Soyayya. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tTPvsHZgsBA |title=Soyayya – YouTube |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Fina-finai (zaɓaɓɓu)== * Dan Marayan Zaki (aikin lighting technician). <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt26453302/fullcredits/ |title=Dan Marayan Zaki (full credits) |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Halacci (credit a sashen fasaha). <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13842420/ |title=Garzali Miko – filmography |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Rariya. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13842420/ |title=Garzali Miko – filmography |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Hanyoyin sadarwa da tashoshi a yanar gizo== * Tashar YouTube: Garzali Miko Official Artist Channel. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmDRwbRKsoMYpRAQURdgVpA |title=Garzali Miko – YouTube channel |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Instagram: @garzalimiko. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/garzalimiko/ |title=Garzali Miko – Instagram |website=Instagram |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Tushen bayanai== <references/> gdf0irtz5x8azuf5cigwyogbwcr3lq5 0 118496 873667 866088 2026-07-01T14:24:57Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 873667 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{Databox}}[[Fayil:青果店北京駅前.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|Nuni na kasuwa a kasar Sin]] '''tallace-tallace na [[noma]]''' yana rufe ayyukan da ke tattare da motsi na kayan aikin [[gona]] daga gona zuwa mabukaci. Wadannan ayyuka sun haɗa da tsarawa, tsarawa, jagorantarwa da sarrafa kayan aikin gona ta hanyar gamsar da manoma, matsakaici da masu amfani. Ayyuka masu yawa da ke da alaƙa da juna suna da hannu wajen yin wannan, kamar tsara samarwa, girma da girbi, ƙaddamarwa, shirya da marufi, sufuri, ajiya, sarrafa kayan aiki da abinci, samar da Bayanan kasuwa, rarraba, talla da siyarwa. Tabbas, kalmar ta ƙunshi dukkan ayyukan samar da kayayyaki don kayayyakin noma, ko an gudanar da su ta hanyar tallace-tallace na wucin gadi ko ta hanyar sarkar da aka haɗa, kamar wanda ya shafi aikin gona na kwangila. == Ci gaban da tallace tallace noma == [[Fayil:Adjamemarche2.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|Cunkoso a kasuwa a [[Abidjan]]]] [[Fayil:Mercado_de_Xipamanine_Maputo_Moçambique.png|right|thumb|250x250px|Kasuwanci na musamman a Afirka]] Kokarin bunkasa tallan noma, musamman a kasashe masu tasowa, an yi niyyar mayar da hankali kan yankuna da yawa, musamman ci gaban ababen more rayuwa; samar da bayanai; horar da manoma da 'yan kasuwa a cikin tallace-tallace da batutuwan bayan girbi; da kuma tallafawa ci gaban yanayin manufofi mai dacewa. A baya, an yi ƙoƙari don haɓaka ƙungiyoyin tallace-tallace na gwamnati amma waɗannan sun zama marasa shahara a cikin shekaru. === Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Noma === Kyakkyawan kayan aikin tallace-tallace kamar su manyan kaya, tallace-tafiye da kasuwanni na taro da wuraren [[Warehouse|ajiya]] suna da mahimmanci don tallan da ya dace, don rage asarar bayan girbi da rage haɗarin kiwon lafiya. Kasuwanci suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a [[Rural development|ci gaban karkara]], samar da kudin shiga, tsaron abinci, da haɓaka alaƙar kasuwar karkara. Kwarewar ta nuna cewa masu tsarawa suna buƙatar sanin yadda za su tsara kasuwanni waɗanda suka cika bukatun zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na al'umma da kuma yadda za su zaɓi shafin da ya dace don sabon kasuwa. A lokuta [[Wholesale marketing|mai yawa]] ana zaɓar shafuka waɗanda ba su dace ba kuma suna haifar da rashin amfani ko ma babu amfani da ababen more rayuwa da aka gina. Har ila yau, bai isa ba kawai don gina kasuwa: ana buƙatar kula da yadda za a gudanar da wannan kasuwar, sarrafawa da kiyayewa.<ref name="Tracey2">{{Cite web |last=Tracey-White, John |date=2003 |title=Planning and Designing Rural Markets |url=http://www.fao.org/3/a-y4851e.HTM |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426223908/http://www.fao.org/3/a-y4851e.HTM |archive-date=2019-04-26 |access-date=2018-10-13 |publisher=Food And Agrilculture Organization Of The United Nations}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Marocchino, Cecilia |date=2009 |title=A guide to upgrading rural agricultural retail markets |url=http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/ags/publications/AGSF_WD_24.pdf |publisher=Food And Agrilculture Organization Of The United Nations}}</ref> Kasuwannin tarurruka na ƙauyuka suna cikin yankunan samarwa kuma da farko suna aiki a matsayin wuraren da manoma za su iya saduwa da 'yan kasuwa don sayar da samfuran su. Wadannan na iya zama kasuwannin lokaci-lokaci (watakila mako-mako), kamar kantin sayar da kayayyaki a Indiya da Nepal, ko na dindindin.<ref name="Tracey">{{Cite web |last=Tracey-White, John |date=2003 |title=Planning and Designing Rural Markets |url=http://www.fao.org/3/a-y4851e.HTM |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426223908/http://www.fao.org/3/a-y4851e.HTM |archive-date=2019-04-26 |access-date=2018-10-13 |publisher=Food And Agrilculture Organization Of The United Nations}}</ref> Kasuwannin sayar da kayayyaki na ƙarshe suna cikin manyan birane, inda ake tura kayan aiki ga masu amfani ta hanyar Kasuwanci tsakanin masu sayar da kayayyakin kayayyaki da masu siyarwa, masu ba da abinci, da sauransu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tracey-White John |title=Wholesale markets: Planning and Design Manual |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/t0521e/t0521e00.htm |access-date=19 April 2017 |publisher=FAO}}</ref> Halayen kasuwannin kaya sun canza sosai yayin da sauye-sauyen siyarwa don mayar da martani ga ci gaban birane, karuwar rawar da manyan kantuna ke takawa da karuwar damar kashe kuɗin mabukaci. Wadannan canje-canje na iya buƙatar martani ta hanyar da aka tsara da kuma sarrafa kasuwannin gargajiya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reardon T. |last2=Timmer P. |last3=Berdegue J. |title=The Rapid Rise of Supermarkets in Developing Countries: Induced Organizational, Institutional, and Technological Change in Agrifood Systems |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/6557502.pdf |access-date=19 April 2017 |publisher=electronic Journal of Agricultural and Development Economics}}</ref> Tsarin tallace-tallace a kasashen yammacin ya samo asali ne daga kasuwannin tituna na gargajiya har zuwa babban kantin sayar da kayayyaki na zamani ko cibiyar cin kasuwa ta waje. A cikin kasashe masu tasowa, har yanzu akwai damar inganta tallan noma ta hanyar gina sabbin kasuwanni, duk da ci gaban manyan kantuna, kodayake birane galibi suna kallon kasuwanni da farko a matsayin tushen kudaden shiga maimakon ababen more rayuwa da ke buƙatar ci gaba. Kyakkyawan tsari na kasuwanni yana da mahimmanci. A cikin kasuwa, dole ne a aiwatar da ka'idojin tsabta da ayyukan tattara kudaden shiga. Muhimmancin daidai, duk da haka, shine kiyaye tsari a waje da kasuwa. 'Yan kasuwa masu lasisi a kasuwa ba za su kasance a shirye su ba da hadin kai wajen haɓaka ƙa'idodi idan sun fuskanci gasa daga masu aiki marasa lasisi a waje waɗanda ba su biya ko ɗaya daga cikin kuɗin da ke cikin samar da sabis mai kyau ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tracey-White |first=J |year=1995 |title=Retail markets planning guide |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/V8390E/V8390E00.htm |website=FAO, Rome}}</ref> === Bayanan kasuwa === Za'a iya nuna ingantaccen bayanin kasuwa yana da fa'idodi masu kyau ga manoma da 'yan kasuwa. Bayani na zamani game da farashi da sauran abubuwan kasuwa yana bawa manoma damar yin shawarwari tare da 'yan kasuwa kuma yana sauƙaƙa rarraba kayayyaki daga yankunan karkara zuwa garuruwa da tsakanin kasuwanni.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goyal |first=Aparajita |date=July 2010 |title=Information, Direct Access to Farmers, and Rural Market Performance in Central India |url=http://www.aeaweb.org/issue.php?journal=APP&volume=2&issue=3}}</ref> Yawancin gwamnatoci a kasashe masu tasowa sun yi ƙoƙari su samar da sabis na bayanai na kasuwa ga manoma, amma waɗannan sun kasance suna fuskantar matsalolin dorewa. Bugu da ƙari, koda lokacin da suke aiki, sabis ɗin da aka bayar sau da yawa bai isa ba da izinin yanke shawara na kasuwanci ba saboda jinkirin lokaci tsakanin tattara bayanai da rarraba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shepherd |first=Andrew W |year=1997 |title=Market information services – Theory and Practice |url=http://www.fao.org/3/a-x6993e.pdf |website=FAO, Rome}}</ref> Fasahar sadarwa ta zamani ta buɗe yiwuwar sabis na bayanai na kasuwa don inganta isar da bayanai ta hanyar SMS akan wayoyin salula da saurin ci gaban tashoshin rediyo na FM a kasashe masu tasowa da yawa yana ba da yiwuwar ƙarin sabis na bayanai. A cikin dogon lokaci, intanet na iya zama hanya mai tasiri don isar da bayanai ga manoma. Koyaya, matsalolin da ke da alaƙa da farashi da daidaito na tattara bayanai har yanzu ana magance su. Ko da lokacin da suke da damar samun bayanai na kasuwa, manoma galibi suna buƙatar taimako wajen fassara wannan bayanin. Misali, farashin kasuwa da aka ambata a rediyo na iya nufin farashin siyarwa kuma manoma na iya samun matsala wajen fassara wannan zuwa farashi na ainihi a kasuwar taron su.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shepherd |first=Andrew W |year=2000 |title=Understanding and Using Market Information |url=http://www.fao.org/3/a-x8826e.pdf |website=FAO, Rome}}</ref> An yi ƙoƙari daban-daban a kasashe masu tasowa don gabatar da sabis na Bayanan kasuwa kasuwanci amma waɗannan galibi an yi niyya ne ga 'yan kasuwa, manoma na kasuwanci ko masu fitarwa. Ba abu ne mai sauƙi a ga yadda ƙananan manoma matalauta zasu iya samar da isasshen kudin shiga don sabis na kasuwanci ya zama mai fa'ida kodayake a Indiya sabis ɗin da Thomson Reuters ya gabatar an ruwaito cewa sama da manoma 100,000 ne suka yi amfani da shi a shekarar farko ta aiki. Esoko a Yammacin Afirka tana ƙoƙari ta tallafa wa farashin irin waɗannan ayyukan ga manoma ta hanyar cajin damar samun damar yin amfani da kayan aikin hannu na hannu ga kasuwanci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shepherd |first=Andrew |title=LESSONS FOR SUSTAINABILITY Failing to scale: ICT4Ag-enabled services |url=https://publications.cta.int/media/publications/downloads/Failing_to_scale_-_web.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325152843/https://publications.cta.int/media/publications/downloads/Failing_to_scale_-_web.pdf |archive-date=25 March 2023 |access-date=26 August 2024 |website=CTA}}</ref> === Horar da tallace-tallace === Manoma galibi suna la'akari da tallace-tallace a matsayin babban matsalar su. Koyaya, yayin da suke iya gano irin waɗannan matsalolin kamar farashi mara kyau, rashin sufuri da asarar bayan girbi, galibi ba su da kayan aiki don gano mafita. Tallace-tallace masu nasara suna buƙatar koyon sabbin ƙwarewa, sabbin dabaru da sabbin hanyoyin samun bayanai. Jami'an fadadawa da ke aiki tare da ma'aikatun noma ko kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu galibi suna da horo sosai a cikin dabarun samar da noma amma yawanci ba su da ilimin tallace-tallace ko sarrafawa bayan girbi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dixie |first=Grahame |year=2007 |title=Horticultural Marketing, Marketing Extension Guide 5 |url=https://www.share4dev.info/ffsnet/documents/3628.pdf |website=FAO, Rome |access-date=2025-10-22 |archive-date=2018-10-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025185955/https://www.share4dev.info/ffsnet/documents/3628.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Yanayi mai ba da damar === Ana buƙatar gudanar da tallan noma a cikin manufofin tallafi, doka, ma'aikata, macro- tattalin arziki, ababen more rayuwa da yanayin bureaucratic. 'Yan kasuwa da sauransu gabaɗaya ba sa son saka hannun jari a cikin yanayin da ba a tabbatar da manufofi ba, kamar waɗanda ke ƙuntata shigo da fitarwa ko motsi na cikin gida. Kasuwanci suna da wahalar aiki lokacin da ayyukan kasuwancin su suka sami cikas ta hanyar wuce gona da iri. Dokar da ba ta dace ba na iya karkatar da rage ingancin kasuwa, ƙara farashin yin kasuwanci da jinkirta ci gaban kamfanoni masu zaman kansu masu gasa. Cibiyoyin tallafi marasa kyau, kamar ayyukan fadada aikin gona, kananan hukumomin da ke gudanar da kasuwanni ba su da inganci kuma ba su da isasshen hukumomin inganta fitarwa, na iya zama masu lalacewa musamman. Hanyoyi marasa kyau suna kara farashin yin kasuwanci, rage biyan kuɗi ga manoma da haɓaka farashi ga masu amfani. A ƙarshe, cin hanci da rashawa na iya ƙara farashin ma'amala da waɗanda ke cikin sarkar talla ke fuskanta. === Taimako na tallace-tallace na noma === Yawancin gwamnatoci a wasu matakai sun yi ƙoƙari don inganta inganta tallan noma. A cikin Amurka Hukumar Tallace-tallace ta Aikin Gona (AMS) wani bangare ne na USDA kuma yana da shirye-shiryen da ke ba da gwaji, tallafawa daidaituwa da grading da kuma ba da sabis na labarai na kasuwa. AMS tana kula da yarjejeniyar tallace-tallace kuma tana ba da umarnin bincike da shirye-shiryen gabatarwa. Hakanan yana sayen kayayyaki don shirye-shiryen abinci na tarayya. USDA kuma tana ba da tallafi ga aikin tallan noma a jami'o'i daban-daban. A cikin Ƙasar Ingila, an ba da tallafi don tallata wasu kayayyaki kafin da kuma bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu ta allon kamar Kwamitin Tallace-tallace na Milk da Kwamitin Tsalace-tsala. An rufe waɗannan allon a cikin shekarun 1970s. A matsayin ikon mulkin mallaka, Burtaniya ta kafa allon talla a kasashe da yawa, musamman a Afirka. Wasu suna ci gaba da wanzuwa kodayake an rufe da yawa a lokacin gabatar da matakan gyaran tsari a cikin shekarun 1990. Kasashe masu tasowa da yawa sun kafa tallace-tallace na tallace-kallace ko kamfanonin noma da gwamnati ke tallafawa. Afirka ta Kudu, alal misali, ta fara Majalisar Kasuwancin Aikin Gona ta Kasa (NAMC), <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Agricultural Marketing Council (NAMC) |url=http://www.namc.co.za/}}</ref> a matsayin martani ga sake sarrafa masana'antar noma da rufe allon talla a kasar. Indiya tana da Cibiyar Kasuwancin Noma ta Kasa da aka kafa tun da daɗewa. Wadannan sune kungiyoyin bincike da manufofi, amma wasu hukumomi suna ba da sabis na sauƙaƙe don tashoshin talla, kamar samar da ababen more rayuwa, bayanan kasuwa da tallafin takardu. Misalan daga Caribbean sun haɗa da Kamfanin Ci gaban Kasuwancin Aikin Gona na Kasa, a [[Trinidad da Tobago]] da Kamfanin Kasuwancin New [[Guyana]] a Guyana. <ref>{{Cite web |title=New Guyana Marketing Corporation |url=http://www.newgmc.com/}}</ref> === Abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan === Sabbin hanyoyin kasuwanci tsakanin kasuwancin gona, manyan 'yan kasuwa da manoma suna ci gaba a hankali, misali ta hanyar aikin gona na kwangila, tallan rukuni da sauran nau'ikan aiki tare.<ref>Helen Markelova and Ruth Meinzen-Dick {{Cite web |title=Collective action and market access for smallholders: A summary of findings |url=http://www.capri.cgiar.org/pdf/CA-Market_WksReport.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100716224158/http://www.capri.cgiar.org/pdf/CA-Market_WksReport.pdf |archive-date=2010-07-16 |access-date=2009-01-15}} CAPRi/IFPRI 2007</ref> Masu ba da gudummawa da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suna mai da hankali kan hanyoyin inganta alaƙar kai tsaye tsakanin manoma da masu siye a cikin yanayin sarkar darajar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shepherd |first=Andrew W |date=2007 |title=Approaches to linking producers to markets |url=http://www.fao.org/3/a-a1123e.pdf |website=FAO, Rome}}</ref> Yanzu ana ba da ƙarin hankali ga ci gaban kasuwannin yanki (misali Gabashin Afirka) da kuma tsarin kasuwanci da ya kamata ya sauƙaƙe irin wannan ci gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=CTA and EAGC |title=Structured grain trading systems in Africa |url=http://publications.cta.int/media/publications/downloads/1749_PDF.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141002180749/http://publications.cta.int/media/publications/downloads/1749_PDF.pdf |archive-date=2 October 2014 |access-date=27 February 2014 |publisher=CTA}}</ref> Ci gaban manyan kantuna, musamman a Latin Amurka da Gabas da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, yana da tasiri sosai a kan tashoshin talla don kayan lambu, madara da kayan dabbobi. Duk da haka, kasuwannin "rashin" za su ci gaba da kasancewa da mahimmanci na shekaru da yawa, suna buƙatar kulawa ga ingantaccen ababen more rayuwa kamar su tallace-tallace da kasuwannin kaya. == Dubi kuma == * Tsarin darajar noma * Kasuwancin abinci * Kasuwancin abinci == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gzb2utmmo5257xrhdvpfip4gtwhyyss 0 118654 873702 725827 2026-07-01T16:29:48Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 873702 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} An ba da [[Outline (list)|Bayani]] da ke biyowa a matsayin bayyani da jagora na yau da kullun ga aikin gona: '''[[Noma|Aikin noma]]''' - noma dabbobi, tuntsaye, fungi da sauran nau'ikan rayuwa don abinci, fiber, da sauran kayayyakin da ake amfani da su don ci gaba da rayuwa. == Wane irin abu ne noma? == Ana iya bayyana aikin gona kamar haka: * Wani nau'in [[Leburanci|aiki]] * Hanyar ilimihoro na ilimi * kimiyya Kimiyya mai amfani ** kimiyya mai amfani * masana'antu === Ayyukan noma === * Tsarin aikin gona - tsarin shekara-shekara na ayyukan da suka shafi girma da girbi na amfanin gona. * [[Amfani da Ƙasa|Amfani da ƙasa]] - gudanarwa da gyare-gyare na yanayin halitta ko jeji a cikin yanayin da aka gina kamar filaye, makiyaya, da ƙauyuka. === Aikin gona === * Amfanin gona - amfanin gona wanda aka shuka don sayarwa don riba. * Kayan aikin gona Abinci - duk wani abu da aka cinye don samar da tallafin abinci mai gina jiki ga jiki. Fiber na halitta - nau'in kayan gashi masu kama da gashi waɗanda ke ci gaba da filaments ko kuma suna cikin ɓangarori masu tsawo, kamar ɓangarorin zaren. Ana iya jujjuya su cikin filaments, thread, ko igiya. Ana yin fiber na halitta daga tsire-tsire, dabbobi da ma'adanai. Itace - itace a kowane mataki daga sarewa zuwa shirye-shiryen amfani da shi azaman kayan tsari don gini, ko katako don samar da takarda. Takarda - kayan takarda da aka yi amfani da su don rubutawa ko bugawa (ko a matsayin akwati mai hana ruwa), yawanci ana yin su ta hanyar zubar da fiber cellulose daga dakatarwa a cikin ruwa. Ana amfani da magunguna da yawa na ganye da dabbobi don dalilai na magani a duk duniya, musamman a cikin magungunan gargajiya da na halitta. Ana amfani da man fetur da kewayon tsire-tsire da kayayyakin shuke-shuke don canzawa zuwa man fetur, kamar itace, biodiesel, iskar methane da sauransu. ** [[Abinci]] - duk wani abu da aka cinye don samar da tallafin abinci mai gina jiki. ** Fiber na halitta - nau'in kayan gashi masu kama da gashi waɗanda ke ci gaba da filaments ko kuma suna cikin ɓangarori masu tsawo, kamar ɓangarorin zaren. Ana iya jujjuya su cikin filaments, thread, ko igiya. Ana yin fiber na halitta daga tsire-tsire, dabbobi da ma'adanai. ** Itace - itace a kowane mataki daga sarewa zuwa shirye-shiryen amfani da shi azaman kayan tsari don gini, ko katako don samar da takarda. ** [[Takarda]] - kayan takarda da aka yi amfani da su don rubutawa ko bugawa (ko a matsayin akwati mai hana ruwa), yawanci ana yin su ta hanyar zubar da fiber cellulose daga dakatarwa a cikin ruwa. ** Ana amfani da Magunguna da yawa na ganye da dabbobi don dalilai na magani a duk duniya, musamman a cikin magungunan gargajiya da na halitta. ** Ana amfani da man fetur da kewayon tsire-tsire da kayayyakin shuke-shuke don canzawa zuwa man fetur, kamar itace, biodiesel, iskar methane da sauransu. === Albarkatun noma === * Yankin noma - yana nuna ƙasar da ta dace da samar da noma, amfanin gona da dabbobi. Yana daya daga cikin manyan albarkatun noma. * Aiki (tattalin arziki) - ma'auni na aikin da mutane suka yi. * [[Ruwa]] - sinadarin sinadarai tare da tsarin sinadarai H₂. * [[Injinan Noma|Injin noma]] - injin da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin aikin gona ko gona. * Fertilizers - duk wani abu na kwayoyin halitta ko inorganic na asali ko na roba (sai dai kayan liming) wanda aka kara zuwa ƙasa don samar da Abinci mai gina jiki ɗaya ko fiye da tsire-tsire masu mahimmanci ga ci gaban tsire-shuke. == Rukunin noma == === Ta hanyar nau'in rayuwa da aka samar ko girbe === * Agronomy - kimiyya da fasaha na samarwa da amfani da tsire-tsire don abinci, man fetur, abinci, fiber, da sake farfadowa. ** Ginin lambu na kwayoyin halitta - kimiyya da fasaha na shuka 'ya'yan itatuwa, kayan lambu, furanni, ko tsire-tsire masu ban sha'awa ta bin ka'idojin aikin gona na kwayoyin a cikin ginin ƙasa da kiyayewa, kula da kwari, da adana iri-iri. * [[Kiwo|Kiwon dabbobi]] - aikin gona na kiwo da kiwon dabbobi. === Ta hanyar masana'antu === ==== Ruwa a cikin ruwa ==== * Aquaculture - noma na kwayoyin ruwa kamar kifi, crustaceans, molluscs da tsire-tsire na ruwa. * Mariculture - reshe na musamman na aquaculture wanda ya haɗa da noman kwayoyin ruwa don abinci da sauran kayayyaki a cikin teku mai budewa, wani ɓangaren da aka rufe, ko a cikin tankuna, tafkuna ko hanyoyin tsere waɗanda ke cike da ruwan teku. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} bl7l1g8nrdv2qee8gs640k5nnfkozbc 0 120431 874033 734404 2026-07-01T23:27:12Z Habibah A Jisambo 26434 874033 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Miss Grand Botswana''' wata gasar kyau ce ta kasa ga mata a [[Botswana]], wanda Dineo Matlapeng, ɗan kasuwa ne da ke [[Gaborone]] ya kafa a cikin 2014. <ref name="botwin14">{{Cite web |date=22 August 2014 |title=Molose poised for Miss Grand International |url=https://www.sundaystandard.info/molose-poised-for-miss-grand-international/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220318024752/https://www.sundaystandard.info/molose-poised-for-miss-grand-international/ |archive-date=18 March 2022 |access-date=18 March 2022 |website=Sunday Standard Botswana}}</ref> <ref name="botswana14">{{Cite web |last=Kgomotso Molelekeng |date=14 May 2014 |title=Miss Grand Botswana inaugural pageant billed for July 26, at Cresta Lodge will draw a bevy of beauties to compete for the crown. |url=https://www.mmegi.bw/lifestyle/miss-grand-botswana-title-up-for-grabs/news |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318024540/https://www.mmegi.bw/lifestyle/miss-grand-botswana-title-up-for-grabs/news |archive-date=18 March 2022 |access-date=18 March 2022 |website=[[Mmegi]]}}</ref> <ref name="bot14sub">{{Cite web |last=Kgomotso Molelekeng |date=14 May 2014 |title=Miss Grand Botswana title up for grabs |url=https://www.mmegi.bw/lifestyle/miss-grand-botswana-title-up-for-grabs/news |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318024540/https://www.mmegi.bw/lifestyle/miss-grand-botswana-title-up-for-grabs/news |archive-date=18 March 2022 |access-date=25 June 2023 |publisher=[[Mmegi]]}}</ref> Wanda ya lashe gasar an nada shi ne don wakiltar Botswana a gasar kasa da kasa mai alaka, Miss Grand International . <ref name="botwin14" /> Ya zuwa yau, Botswana ta shiga gasar Miss Grand International a lokaci guda, a cikin 2014, lokacin da wakilinta bai cimma matsayi a cikin 'yan wasan karshe ba. <ref name="res14">{{Cite web |last=Arvin Ello |date=6 October 2014 |title=Miss Cuba is Miss Grand International 2014 |url=https://www.vintersections.com/2014/10/miss-grand-international-2014-winners.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150731082658/http://www.vintersections.com/2014/10/miss-grand-international-2014-winners.html |archive-date=31 July 2015 |access-date=9 February 2023 |website=www.vintersections.com}}</ref> Tun daga bugu na 2014, babu sauran wakilai daga Botswana da suka fafata a gasar Miss Grand International, kuma wata kungiya da ke da alaƙa da shafin ba ta samu ko gudanar da lasisin ƙasar daga baya ba. == Tarihi. == Botswana ta shiga cikin Miss Grand International pageant a kan wani lokaci guda, a cikin 2014. Kasar ta wakilci kasar Lillian Lillie Dlamini, dalibi mai shekaru goma sha tara na [[Ilmin duwatsu|ilimin geology]] a [[Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kasa da Kasa ta Botswana|Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Botswana]], <ref name="botwin14" /> <ref name="youth">{{Cite web |date=29 August 2014 |title=Botswana National Youth Council: Support Letter Miss Grand International Botswana Beauty Pageant Event |url=https://archive.org/details/support-letter-miss-grand-international-botswana-beauty-pageant-event |access-date=25 June 2023 |publisher=Botswana National Youth Council |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> wanda ya sami nasara a gasar Miss Grand International Botswanaant pageant. <ref name="botwin14">{{Cite web |date=22 August 2014 |title=Molose poised for Miss Grand International |url=https://www.sundaystandard.info/molose-poised-for-miss-grand-international/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220318024752/https://www.sundaystandard.info/molose-poised-for-miss-grand-international/ |archive-date=18 March 2022 |access-date=18 March 2022 |website=Sunday Standard Botswana}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.sundaystandard.info/molose-poised-for-miss-grand-international/ "Molose poised for Miss Grand International"]. ''Sunday Standard Botswana''. 22 August 2014. [https://archive.today/20220318024752/https://www.sundaystandard.info/molose-poised-for-miss-grand-international/ Archived] from the original on 18 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="botswana14">{{Cite web |last=Kgomotso Molelekeng |date=14 May 2014 |title=Miss Grand Botswana inaugural pageant billed for July 26, at Cresta Lodge will draw a bevy of beauties to compete for the crown. |url=https://www.mmegi.bw/lifestyle/miss-grand-botswana-title-up-for-grabs/news |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318024540/https://www.mmegi.bw/lifestyle/miss-grand-botswana-title-up-for-grabs/news |archive-date=18 March 2022 |access-date=18 March 2022 |website=[[Mmegi]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKgomotso_Molelekeng2014">Kgomotso Molelekeng (14 May 2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220318024540/https://www.mmegi.bw/lifestyle/miss-grand-botswana-title-up-for-grabs/news "Miss Grand Botswana inaugural pageant billed for July 26, at Cresta Lodge will draw a bevy of beauties to compete for the crown"]. ''[[Mmegi]]''. Archived from [https://www.mmegi.bw/lifestyle/miss-grand-botswana-title-up-for-grabs/news the original] on 18 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="bot14sub">{{Cite web |last=Kgomotso Molelekeng |date=14 May 2014 |title=Miss Grand Botswana title up for grabs |url=https://www.mmegi.bw/lifestyle/miss-grand-botswana-title-up-for-grabs/news |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318024540/https://www.mmegi.bw/lifestyle/miss-grand-botswana-title-up-for-grabs/news |archive-date=18 March 2022 |access-date=25 June 2023 |publisher=[[Mmegi]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">Kgomotso Molelekeng (14 May 2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220318024540/https://www.mmegi.bw/lifestyle/miss-grand-botswana-title-up-for-grabs/news "Miss Grand Botswana title up for grabs"]. [[Mmegi]]. Archived from <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://www.mmegi.bw/lifestyle/miss-grand-botswana-title-up-for-grabs/news the original]</span> on 18 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Dineo Matlapeng, dan kasuwa ne da ke Gaborone ne ya shirya wannan gasa ta kasa, kuma ya gabatar da 'yan takara goma sha uku. <ref name="botswana14" /> An fara shirya taron na 26 Yuli a Cresta Lodge Hotel a Gaborone; duk da haka, daga baya an dage shi zuwa ranar 8 ga Agusta kuma aka mayar da shi zuwa Majalisar Matasa ta Kasa ta Botswana (BNYC). <ref name="mewvenue">{{Cite web |date=31 July 2014 |title=Come and have an exciting date with us. Miss Grand Botswana's coronation night on the 8th at BNYC a show not to be missed. P350 student double and p250 standard. For enquiries call 74018731. |url=https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=pfbid02choC9b6FNRDGH3UPeEQhW6yshFPaYnDqVUBc4XrS44f9SkrCHYq3mzeHiNW2BMXUl&id=810216302338721 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250310023924/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=pfbid02choC9b6FNRDGH3UPeEQhW6yshFPaYnDqVUBc4XrS44f9SkrCHYq3mzeHiNW2BMXUl&id=810216302338721 |archive-date=10 March 2025 |access-date=25 June 2023 |publisher=Miss Grand International Botswana}}</ref> Tun daga bugu na 2014, babu wasu wakilai daga Botswana da suka fafata a gasar Miss Grand International. == Buga. == Miss Grand Botswana an gudanar da gasar a matsayin mai tsayawa takara sau ɗaya kawai a cikin 2014, kamar yadda cikakken bayani a ƙasa. {| class="wikitable defaultcenter col4left col6left" style="font-size: 90%" !Shekara ! Buga ! Kwanan wata ! Wuri na ƙarshe ! Masu shiga ! Nasara ! |- | 2014 | 1st | 8 ga Agusta | Majalisar Matasa ta Kasa ta Botswana, [[Gaborone]] | 13 | Kudu-maso-Gabas&nbsp;-&nbsp;Lillian Molose | <ref name="botwin14">{{Cite web |date=22 August 2014 |title=Molose poised for Miss Grand International |url=https://www.sundaystandard.info/molose-poised-for-miss-grand-international/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220318024752/https://www.sundaystandard.info/molose-poised-for-miss-grand-international/ |archive-date=18 March 2022 |access-date=18 March 2022 |website=Sunday Standard Botswana}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.sundaystandard.info/molose-poised-for-miss-grand-international/ "Molose poised for Miss Grand International"]. ''Sunday Standard Botswana''. 22 August 2014. [https://archive.today/20220318024752/https://www.sundaystandard.info/molose-poised-for-miss-grand-international/ Archived] from the original on 18 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="botswana14">{{Cite web |last=Kgomotso Molelekeng |date=14 May 2014 |title=Miss Grand Botswana inaugural pageant billed for July 26, at Cresta Lodge will draw a bevy of beauties to compete for the crown. |url=https://www.mmegi.bw/lifestyle/miss-grand-botswana-title-up-for-grabs/news |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318024540/https://www.mmegi.bw/lifestyle/miss-grand-botswana-title-up-for-grabs/news |archive-date=18 March 2022 |access-date=18 March 2022 |website=[[Mmegi]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKgomotso_Molelekeng2014">Kgomotso Molelekeng (14 May 2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220318024540/https://www.mmegi.bw/lifestyle/miss-grand-botswana-title-up-for-grabs/news "Miss Grand Botswana inaugural pageant billed for July 26, at Cresta Lodge will draw a bevy of beauties to compete for the crown"]. ''[[Mmegi]]''. Archived from [https://www.mmegi.bw/lifestyle/miss-grand-botswana-title-up-for-grabs/news the original] on 18 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref><br /><br /><br /><br /> <ref name="bot14sub">{{Cite web |last=Kgomotso Molelekeng |date=14 May 2014 |title=Miss Grand Botswana title up for grabs |url=https://www.mmegi.bw/lifestyle/miss-grand-botswana-title-up-for-grabs/news |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318024540/https://www.mmegi.bw/lifestyle/miss-grand-botswana-title-up-for-grabs/news |archive-date=18 March 2022 |access-date=25 June 2023 |publisher=[[Mmegi]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">Kgomotso Molelekeng (14 May 2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220318024540/https://www.mmegi.bw/lifestyle/miss-grand-botswana-title-up-for-grabs/news "Miss Grand Botswana title up for grabs"]. [[Mmegi]]. Archived from <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://www.mmegi.bw/lifestyle/miss-grand-botswana-title-up-for-grabs/news the original]</span> on 18 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> |} == Gasar kasa da kasa == Mai zuwa shine jerin wakilan Botswana a gasar Miss Grand International . {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;" ! rowspan="2" |Shekara ! rowspan="2" | Wakili ! rowspan="2" | Asalin taken ƙasa ! colspan="2" | Sakamako ! rowspan="2" | Daraktan kasa |- ! Wuri ! Sauran kyaututtuka |- ! 2014 | Lillian Molose <ref name="botwin14">{{Cite web |date=22 August 2014 |title=Molose poised for Miss Grand International |url=https://www.sundaystandard.info/molose-poised-for-miss-grand-international/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220318024752/https://www.sundaystandard.info/molose-poised-for-miss-grand-international/ |archive-date=18 March 2022 |access-date=18 March 2022 |website=Sunday Standard Botswana}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.sundaystandard.info/molose-poised-for-miss-grand-international/ "Molose poised for Miss Grand International"]. ''Sunday Standard Botswana''. 22 August 2014. [https://archive.today/20220318024752/https://www.sundaystandard.info/molose-poised-for-miss-grand-international/ Archived] from the original on 18 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 December 2014 |title=Miss Grand International 2014 contestants |url=http://www.missgrandinternational.com/?page=contestant&year=2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225140601/http://www.missgrandinternational.com/?page=contestant&year=2014 |archive-date=25 December 2014 |access-date=8 February 2023 |publisher=Miss Grand International |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> | align="center" | Miss Grand Botswana 2014 <ref name="botwin14" /> | align="center" | Ba a wuri <ref name="res14">{{Cite web |last=Arvin Ello |date=6 October 2014 |title=Miss Cuba is Miss Grand International 2014 |url=https://www.vintersections.com/2014/10/miss-grand-international-2014-winners.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150731082658/http://www.vintersections.com/2014/10/miss-grand-international-2014-winners.html |archive-date=31 July 2015 |access-date=9 February 2023 |website=www.vintersections.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFArvin_Ello2014">Arvin Ello (6 October 2014). [https://archive.today/20150731082658/http://www.vintersections.com/2014/10/miss-grand-international-2014-winners.html "Miss Cuba is Miss Grand International 2014"]. ''www.vintersections.com''. Archived from [https://www.vintersections.com/2014/10/miss-grand-international-2014-winners.html the original] on 31 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref>||{{N/a}} |Dineo Matlapeng <ref name="botswana14">{{Cite web |last=Kgomotso Molelekeng |date=14 May 2014 |title=Miss Grand Botswana inaugural pageant billed for July 26, at Cresta Lodge will draw a bevy of beauties to compete for the crown. |url=https://www.mmegi.bw/lifestyle/miss-grand-botswana-title-up-for-grabs/news |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318024540/https://www.mmegi.bw/lifestyle/miss-grand-botswana-title-up-for-grabs/news |archive-date=18 March 2022 |access-date=18 March 2022 |website=[[Mmegi]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKgomotso_Molelekeng2014">Kgomotso Molelekeng (14 May 2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220318024540/https://www.mmegi.bw/lifestyle/miss-grand-botswana-title-up-for-grabs/news "Miss Grand Botswana inaugural pageant billed for July 26, at Cresta Lodge will draw a bevy of beauties to compete for the crown"]. ''[[Mmegi]]''. Archived from [https://www.mmegi.bw/lifestyle/miss-grand-botswana-title-up-for-grabs/news the original] on 18 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> |} == Gallery == <gallery> Fayil:Lillian_Molose.png| Lillian Molose, Miss Grand Botswana 2014 </gallery> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} fn6abll1bnwf3fig9zx7o2aqjx2t2go 0 120896 873951 736996 2026-07-01T22:28:12Z Habibah A Jisambo 26434 873951 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} An gudanar da gasar Miss Bahamas 2011 a ranar 6 ga Mayu, 2011. 'Yan takara 26, ne suka fafata domin neman kambin kasa. Wanda ya ci nasara ya wakilci Bahamas a gasar Miss Universe 2011 . Za a yi amfani da suturar wanda ya lashe kyautar mafi kyawun tufafin ƙasa a Miss Universe 2011. Miss World Bahamas ta shiga Miss World 2011 . Mai Gudu na Farko ya shiga Miss Intercontinental, Mai Gudu na Biyu ya shiga Miss Supranational, kuma Mai Gudu na Uku ya shiga Babban Model na Duniya . == Sakamako na ƙarshe. == {| class="wikitable" border="1" !Sakamako na Karshe ! Mai gasa |- | '''Miss Universe Bahamas 2011''' | '''[[Nassau|Babban birni]]''' - '''Anastagia Pierre''' |- | '''Miss World Bahamas 2011''' | '''Kudancin Andros''' - '''Sasha Joyce''' |- | '''Wanda ya zo na daya''' | '''Freeport''' - Sharie Delva |- | '''2nd Gudu''' | '''Central Eleuthera''' - Daronique Young |- | '''3rd Gudu''' | '''Central Abaco''' - Kristy Evans |- | '''Semi finalist''' | '''Tsibirin Berry''' - Sherice King '''Black Point''' - Kerel Pinder '''New Providence''' - Brooke Sherman '''North Abaco''' - LaShawn Grey '''North Andros''' - Kastachia Stuart |} === Kyaututtuka na musamman === * Miss Photogenic - Anastagia Pierre ( '''[[Nassau|Babban Birnin]]''' ) * Miss Congeniality - Sharie Delva ( '''Freeport''' ) * Mafi kyawun Kayan Kasa - Aisha Delaney ( '''Acklins''' ) {| class="sortable wikitable" !Represent !Contestant !Age !Height !Hometown !Sponsor |- |'''Acklins''' |Aisha Delaney |20 |1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) |[[Nassau]] | |- |'''Berry Islands''' |Sherice King |22 |1.68 m (5 ft 6 in) |Coopers Town |Unique Discovery Construction & Maintenance |- |'''Black Point''' |Kerel Pinder |25 |  |Freeport |Lean Cuisine<ref name=":0" /> |- |'''[[Nassau|Capital City]]''' |'''Anastagia Pierre''' |22 |  |[[Nassau]] |VPX Redline<ref name=":0" /> |- |'''Central Abaco''' |Kristy Evans |18 |  |Marsh Harbour |Miss Abaco<ref name=":0" /> |- |'''Central Andros''' |Cynthia Bleu |19 |  |[[Nassau]] | |- |'''Central Eleuthera''' |Daronique Young |20 |1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) |Freetown |Hershey's Chocolates<ref name=":0" /> |- |'''East Grand Bahama''' |Garelle Hudson |20 |  |Freeport | |- |'''Exuma''' |Tomacina Culmer |21 |  |Exuma |''None<ref name=":0" />'' |- |'''Freeport''' |Sharie Delva |24 |1.86 m (6 ft 1 in) |Freeport |Automall<ref name=":0" /> |- |'''Grand Cay''' |Kristen Duncombe |21 |1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) |[[Nassau]] |Michelle la Gloria<ref name=":0" /> |- |'''Green Turtle Cay''' |Reneika Knowles |25 |  |West End |Island Luck<ref name=":0" /> Casino & Lottery |- |'''Harbour Island''' |Tempestt Stubbs |25 |  |Harbour Bay |Universal Wear Clothing Store<ref name=":0" /> |- |'''Inagua''' |Ashish Gilbert |23 |  |[[Nassau]] | |- |'''Long Island''' |Aquelle Plakaris |21 |1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) |Clarence Town | |- |'''Mangrove Cay''' |Enna Thomas |20 |  |[[Nassau]] | |- |'''New Providence''' |Brooke Sherman |21 |1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) |[[Nassau]] |Gizmos & Gadgets<ref name=":0" /> |- |'''North Abaco''' |LaShawn Gray |24 |1.83 m (6 ft 0 in) |Coopers Town |Deranique's Beauty Salon and Eye Candy<ref name=":0" /> |- |'''North Andros''' |Kastachia Stuart |23 |  |Andros Town |Sand Mine Dredging<ref name=":0" /> |- |'''North Eleuthera''' |Alexandra Deal |19 |1.68 m (5 ft 6 in) |Freetown | |- |'''Rum Cay''' |Alana Wills |25 |1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) |[[Nassau]] | |- |'''San Salvador''' |Krystal Brown |21 |  |[[Nassau]] | |- |'''South Andros''' |'''Sasha Joyce''' |23 |  |Andros Town |Lucky Restaurant<ref name=":0" /> |- |'''South Eleuthera''' |Tyrhonda Knowles |23 |  |Freetown |Anchorage Market & Restaurant<ref name=":0" /> |- |'''Spanish Wells''' |Isabel Williams |24 |1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) |[[Nassau]] | |- |'''West Grand Bahama''' |Ronnell Armbrister |22 |  |West End | |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Official website|http://www.missbahamas.net}} 0559w7r3kidcknedpfd38wylz1bygwo 873952 873951 2026-07-01T22:31:11Z Habibah A Jisambo 26434 873952 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} An gudanar da gasar Miss Bahamas 2011 a ranar 6 ga Mayu,2011. 'Yan takara 26, ne suka fafata domin neman kambin kasa. Wanda ya ci nasara ya wakilci Bahamas a gasar Miss Universe 2011 . Za a yi amfani da suturar wanda ya lashe kyautar mafi kyawun tufafin ƙasa a Miss Universe 2011. Miss World Bahamas ta shiga Miss World 2011 . Mai Gudu na Farko ya shiga Miss Intercontinental, Mai Gudu na Biyu ya shiga Miss Supranational, kuma Mai Gudu na Uku ya shiga Babban Model na Duniya . == Sakamako na ƙarshe. == {| class="wikitable" border="1" !Sakamako na Karshe ! Mai gasa |- | '''Miss Universe Bahamas 2011''' | '''[[Nassau|Babban birni]]''' - '''Anastagia Pierre''' |- | '''Miss World Bahamas 2011''' | '''Kudancin Andros''' - '''Sasha Joyce''' |- | '''Wanda ya zo na daya''' | '''Freeport''' - Sharie Delva |- | '''2nd Gudu''' | '''Central Eleuthera''' - Daronique Young |- | '''3rd Gudu''' | '''Central Abaco''' - Kristy Evans |- | '''Semi finalist''' | '''Tsibirin Berry''' - Sherice King '''Black Point''' - Kerel Pinder '''New Providence''' - Brooke Sherman '''North Abaco''' - LaShawn Grey '''North Andros''' - Kastachia Stuart |} === Kyaututtuka na musamman === * Miss Photogenic - Anastagia Pierre ( '''[[Nassau|Babban Birnin]]''' ) * Miss Congeniality - Sharie Delva ( '''Freeport''' ) * Mafi kyawun Kayan Kasa - Aisha Delaney ( '''Acklins''' ) {| class="sortable wikitable" !Represent !Contestant !Age !Height !Hometown !Sponsor |- |'''Acklins''' |Aisha Delaney |20 |1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) |[[Nassau]] | |- |'''Berry Islands''' |Sherice King |22 |1.68 m (5 ft 6 in) |Coopers Town |Unique Discovery Construction & Maintenance |- |'''Black Point''' |Kerel Pinder |25 |  |Freeport |Lean Cuisine<ref name=":0" /> |- |'''[[Nassau|Capital City]]''' |'''Anastagia Pierre''' |22 |  |[[Nassau]] |VPX Redline<ref name=":0" /> |- |'''Central Abaco''' |Kristy Evans |18 |  |Marsh Harbour |Miss Abaco<ref name=":0" /> |- |'''Central Andros''' |Cynthia Bleu |19 |  |[[Nassau]] | |- |'''Central Eleuthera''' |Daronique Young |20 |1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) |Freetown |Hershey's Chocolates<ref name=":0" /> |- |'''East Grand Bahama''' |Garelle Hudson |20 |  |Freeport | |- |'''Exuma''' |Tomacina Culmer |21 |  |Exuma |''None<ref name=":0" />'' |- |'''Freeport''' |Sharie Delva |24 |1.86 m (6 ft 1 in) |Freeport |Automall<ref name=":0" /> |- |'''Grand Cay''' |Kristen Duncombe |21 |1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) |[[Nassau]] |Michelle la Gloria<ref name=":0" /> |- |'''Green Turtle Cay''' |Reneika Knowles |25 |  |West End |Island Luck<ref name=":0" /> Casino & Lottery |- |'''Harbour Island''' |Tempestt Stubbs |25 |  |Harbour Bay |Universal Wear Clothing Store<ref name=":0" /> |- |'''Inagua''' |Ashish Gilbert |23 |  |[[Nassau]] | |- |'''Long Island''' |Aquelle Plakaris |21 |1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) |Clarence Town | |- |'''Mangrove Cay''' |Enna Thomas |20 |  |[[Nassau]] | |- |'''New Providence''' |Brooke Sherman |21 |1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) |[[Nassau]] |Gizmos & Gadgets<ref name=":0" /> |- |'''North Abaco''' |LaShawn Gray |24 |1.83 m (6 ft 0 in) |Coopers Town |Deranique's Beauty Salon and Eye Candy<ref name=":0" /> |- |'''North Andros''' |Kastachia Stuart |23 |  |Andros Town |Sand Mine Dredging<ref name=":0" /> |- |'''North Eleuthera''' |Alexandra Deal |19 |1.68 m (5 ft 6 in) |Freetown | |- |'''Rum Cay''' |Alana Wills |25 |1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) |[[Nassau]] | |- |'''San Salvador''' |Krystal Brown |21 |  |[[Nassau]] | |- |'''South Andros''' |'''Sasha Joyce''' |23 |  |Andros Town |Lucky Restaurant<ref name=":0" /> |- |'''South Eleuthera''' |Tyrhonda Knowles |23 |  |Freetown |Anchorage Market & Restaurant<ref name=":0" /> |- |'''Spanish Wells''' |Isabel Williams |24 |1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) |[[Nassau]] | |- |'''West Grand Bahama''' |Ronnell Armbrister |22 |  |West End | |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje. == * {{Official website|http://www.missbahamas.net}} 7tbvv9vigru700h1gb8oovks89env1o 873955 873952 2026-07-01T22:34:10Z Habibah A Jisambo 26434 873955 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} An gudanar da gasar Miss Bahamas 2011 a ranar 6 ga Mayu,2011. 'Yan takara 26, ne suka fafata domin neman kambin kasa. Wanda ya ci nasara ya wakilci Bahamas a gasar Miss Universe 2011 . Za 'a yi amfani da suturar wanda ya lashe kyautar mafi kyawun tufafin ƙasa a Miss Universe 2011. Miss World Bahamas ta shiga Miss World 2011 . Mai Gudu na Farko ya shiga Miss Intercontinental, Mai Gudu na Biyu ya shiga Miss Supranational, kuma Mai Gudu na Uku ya shiga Babban Model na Duniya . == Sakamako na ƙarshe. == {| class="wikitable" border="1" !Sakamako na Karshe ! Mai gasa |- | '''Miss Universe Bahamas 2011''' | '''[[Nassau|Babban birni]]''' - '''Anastagia Pierre''' |- | '''Miss World Bahamas 2011''' | '''Kudancin Andros''' - '''Sasha Joyce''' |- | '''Wanda ya zo na daya''' | '''Freeport''' - Sharie Delva |- | '''2nd Gudu''' | '''Central Eleuthera''' - Daronique Young |- | '''3rd Gudu''' | '''Central Abaco''' - Kristy Evans |- | '''Semi finalist''' | '''Tsibirin Berry''' - Sherice King '''Black Point''' - Kerel Pinder '''New Providence''' - Brooke Sherman '''North Abaco''' - LaShawn Grey '''North Andros''' - Kastachia Stuart |} === Kyaututtuka na musamman === * Miss Photogenic - Anastagia Pierre ( '''[[Nassau|Babban Birnin]]''' ) * Miss Congeniality - Sharie Delva ( '''Freeport''' ) * Mafi kyawun Kayan Kasa - Aisha Delaney ( '''Acklins''' ) {| class="sortable wikitable" !Represent !Contestant !Age !Height !Hometown !Sponsor |- |'''Acklins''' |Aisha Delaney |20 |1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) |[[Nassau]] | |- |'''Berry Islands''' |Sherice King |22 |1.68 m (5 ft 6 in) |Coopers Town |Unique Discovery Construction & Maintenance |- |'''Black Point''' |Kerel Pinder |25 |  |Freeport |Lean Cuisine<ref name=":0" /> |- |'''[[Nassau|Capital City]]''' |'''Anastagia Pierre''' |22 |  |[[Nassau]] |VPX Redline<ref name=":0" /> |- |'''Central Abaco''' |Kristy Evans |18 |  |Marsh Harbour |Miss Abaco<ref name=":0" /> |- |'''Central Andros''' |Cynthia Bleu |19 |  |[[Nassau]] | |- |'''Central Eleuthera''' |Daronique Young |20 |1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) |Freetown |Hershey's Chocolates<ref name=":0" /> |- |'''East Grand Bahama''' |Garelle Hudson |20 |  |Freeport | |- |'''Exuma''' |Tomacina Culmer |21 |  |Exuma |''None<ref name=":0" />'' |- |'''Freeport''' |Sharie Delva |24 |1.86 m (6 ft 1 in) |Freeport |Automall<ref name=":0" /> |- |'''Grand Cay''' |Kristen Duncombe |21 |1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) |[[Nassau]] |Michelle la Gloria<ref name=":0" /> |- |'''Green Turtle Cay''' |Reneika Knowles |25 |  |West End |Island Luck<ref name=":0" /> Casino & Lottery |- |'''Harbour Island''' |Tempestt Stubbs |25 |  |Harbour Bay |Universal Wear Clothing Store<ref name=":0" /> |- |'''Inagua''' |Ashish Gilbert |23 |  |[[Nassau]] | |- |'''Long Island''' |Aquelle Plakaris |21 |1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) |Clarence Town | |- |'''Mangrove Cay''' |Enna Thomas |20 |  |[[Nassau]] | |- |'''New Providence''' |Brooke Sherman |21 |1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) |[[Nassau]] |Gizmos & Gadgets<ref name=":0" /> |- |'''North Abaco''' |LaShawn Gray |24 |1.83 m (6 ft 0 in) |Coopers Town |Deranique's Beauty Salon and Eye Candy<ref name=":0" /> |- |'''North Andros''' |Kastachia Stuart |23 |  |Andros Town |Sand Mine Dredging<ref name=":0" /> |- |'''North Eleuthera''' |Alexandra Deal |19 |1.68 m (5 ft 6 in) |Freetown | |- |'''Rum Cay''' |Alana Wills |25 |1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) |[[Nassau]] | |- |'''San Salvador''' |Krystal Brown |21 |  |[[Nassau]] | |- |'''South Andros''' |'''Sasha Joyce''' |23 |  |Andros Town |Lucky Restaurant<ref name=":0" /> |- |'''South Eleuthera''' |Tyrhonda Knowles |23 |  |Freetown |Anchorage Market & Restaurant<ref name=":0" /> |- |'''Spanish Wells''' |Isabel Williams |24 |1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) |[[Nassau]] | |- |'''West Grand Bahama''' |Ronnell Armbrister |22 |  |West End | |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje. == * {{Official website|http://www.missbahamas.net}} m027hxayrvzn9wavu8z9svzyqy2uir5 0 121342 873691 793647 2026-07-01T16:18:14Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 873691 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Ravi''' wani kogi ne mai wuce iyaka a Kudancin Asiya, yana ratsa arewa maso yammacin Indiya da gabashin Pakistan, kuma yana daya daga cikin manyan koguna guda biyar na yankin Punjab. <ref name="Britannica">{{Cite web |title=Ravi River |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/492285/Ravi-River |access-date=11 April 2010 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref>{{Efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|ɑː|v|i}}; {{IPA|pa|ɾaːʋi}}}} Karkashin Yarjejeniyar Ruwa ta Indus ta 1960, ruwan Ravi da wasu koguna biyu na Punjab (Sutlej da Kogin Beas) an ware su zuwa Indiya. Daga baya, an haɓaka aikin Basin Indus a Pakistan, wanda ke jigilar ruwa daga kogunan yammacin tsarin Indus don sake cika ɓangaren kogin Ravi da ke kwance a wannan ƙasa. Yawancin hanyoyin watsa ruwa tsakanin rahusa, ban ruwa, wutar lantarki da ayyuka da yawa an gina su a Indiya. == Tarihi == Dangane da tarihin da aka samo asali daga Vedas, an san Kogin Ravi da Sanskrit-language romanization" typeof="mw:Transclusion">Irāvatī (Sanskrit). An san Ravi da Purushni ko Irawati ga Indiyawa a zamanin Vedic kuma a matsayin Hydraotes (Girkanci na dā: ) da kuma Hyarotis [5] ga Helenawa na dā. Wani bangare na Yakin Sarakuna Goma an yi yaƙi a kan kogi, wanda bisa ga Yaska (Nirukta 9.26) yana nufin kogin Ravi a Punjab. == Yanayin ƙasa == Kogin Ravi, kogin da ke kan iyaka na Indiya da Pakistan, wani yanki ne mai mahimmanci na Kogin Indus kuma ya zama mashigin ruwan Indus. Ruwan kogin Ravi ya malala zuwa Tekun Arabiya (Tekun Indiya) ta kogin Indus na Pakistan. Kogin ya tashi a cikin Bara Bhangal, gundumar Kangra a Himachal Pradesh, Indiya. Kogin ya malalo yanki mai faɗin murabba'in kilomita 14,442 (5,576 sq mi) a Indiya bayan ya kwashe tsawon kilomita 720 (450 mi). Yana gudana zuwa yamma, kewayon Pir Panjal da Dhauladhar sun mamaye shi, yana samar da yanki mai kusurwa uku. === Hanyar kogi === ; Tushen ya kai [[Fayil:Pir_Panjal_2478293509_8000ae5902_o.jpg|left|thumb|Yankin Pir Panjal a cikin Himachal Pradesh, Indiya]] [[Fayil:Manimaheshlake.jpg|right|thumb|Tushen Kogin Budhil, a cikin [[Himachal Pradesh]] babban mai ba da gudummawa ga Kogin Ravi]] Kogin Ravi ya samo asali ne a cikin [[Himalaya|Himalayas]] a cikin Multhan tehsil na Gundumar Kangra ta Himachal Pradesh, Indiya.<ref name="bajoli">{{Cite web |year=2010 |title=Executive Summary of Environmental Impact Assessment Report Bajoli Holi H. E. Project (180 MW)Chamba, Himachal Pradesh |url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/Exu_Sum_EIA_Bajoli_English.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929152430/http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/Exu_Sum_EIA_Bajoli_English.pdf |archive-date=29 September 2020 |access-date=1 September 2014 |publisher=R. S. Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd. |page=18}}</ref> Yana bin hanyar arewa maso yamma kuma kogi ne mai ɗorewa.<ref name="Britannica">{{Cite web |title=Ravi River |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/492285/Ravi-River |access-date=11 April 2010 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/492285/Ravi-River "Ravi River"]. </cite></ref> Ita ce mafi ƙanƙanta daga cikin koguna biyar na Punjab waɗanda ke tashi daga filayen kankara a tsawo na ƙafa 14,000 (4,300 , a gefen kudancin Mid Himalayas. Yana gudana ta cikin gundumomin Barabhangal, Bara Bansu, da Chamba. Yana gudana cikin rapids a farkonsa tare da duwatsu da aka gani a warwatse a cikin kogin. Kogin Ravi a cikin wannan isa yana gudana a cikin wani kwarin da ke da gangaren kogin 183 feet a kowace mil (34.7 m / km) kuma galibi ana ciyar da shi ta hanyar dusar ƙanƙara, saboda wannan yankin yana cikin Inuwa mai ruwan sama. Biyu daga cikin manyan masu goyon bayanta, Budhil da Nai ko Dhona sun haɗu da kilomita 64 (40 daga tushe. Kogin Budhil ya tashi a cikin tsaunuka na Lahul kuma an samo shi ne daga Manimahesh Kailash Peak da Tafkin Manimahesh, a tsawo na mita 4,080 (13,390 , kuma duka biyun wuraren aikin hajji ne na . Dukan tsawon Budhil yana da kilomita 72 (45 inda yake da gangaren gado na ƙafa 314 a kowace mil (59.5 m / km). Yana gudana ta tsohuwar babban birnin Bharmwar, wanda yanzu ake kira Bharmour a Himachal Pradesh . A lokacin 1858-1860, Raja na Bharmour ya yi la'akari da kwarin Budhil a matsayin kyakkyawan tushen bishiyoyin Deodar don samarwa ga Raj na Burtaniya. Koyaya, wani ɓangare na gandun daji da ke kewaye da haikalin an dauke shi mai tsarki kuma an ayyana shi a matsayin yanki mai tanadi. Hanya ta biyu, Nai, ta tashi a Kali Debi, kuma tana gudana na kilomita 48 (30 mi), tare da gangaren gado na 366 feet a kowace mil (69.3 m / km), daga asalinsa a Trilokinath zuwa haɗuwa da Ravi. An kuma yi amfani da wannan kwarin saboda arzikin gandun daji a lokacin Turanci.<ref name="Cleghorn 109–112">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Cleghorn|2001}}</ref><ref name="Himachal">{{Cite web |title=Ravi River in Himachal |url=http://www.himachalworld.com/himachal-geography/ravi-river-and-its-tributaries-in-himachal.html |access-date=14 April 2010 |publisher=Himachal World.com}}</ref> Wani babban kogin da ke hade da kogin Ravi, kusa da Bharmour, tsohon babban birnin Chamba, shine kogin Seul daga arewa. Kwarin da kogin ya kafa shi ma an yi amfani da shi don albarkatun itacen da ke cikinsa. Duk da haka, kwarin yana da manyan filaye, waɗanda suke da kyau sosai kuma ana kiransu "lambun Chamba". Abubuwan amfanin gona da ake nomawa a nan suna ba da hatsi ga babban birnin kasar da kuma garin Dalhousie da kewaye. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren da ke haɗuwa da Ravi River kusa da Basohli (J&K) shine Seva. An kuma yi amfani da wannan kogin don albarkatun dazuzzuka, (wanda Raja na Chamba ke kula da shi a lokacin) wanda ya samo asali daga yankin Jammu. Kwarin kuma an kafa shi da wani babban rafi wanda ya haɗu da Kogin Seul, Baira-Nalla. Ramin kwandon sa yana cikin gundumar Chamba, dake saman Tissa. Baira yana zubar da gangaren kudanci na Pir Panjal Range. Kwarin yana da bambancin tsayi tsakanin 5,321 da mita 2,693 (17,457 da 8,835 ft). <ref name="Cleghorn 109–112">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Cleghorn|2001}}</ref><ref name="Himachal">{{Cite web |title=Ravi River in Himachal |url=http://www.himachalworld.com/himachal-geography/ravi-river-and-its-tributaries-in-himachal.html |access-date=14 April 2010 |publisher=Himachal World.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.himachalworld.com/himachal-geography/ravi-river-and-its-tributaries-in-himachal.html "Ravi River in Himachal"]. </cite></ref> Tant Gari wani ƙaramin yanki ne wanda ke tasowa daga tsaunukan tsaunuka na yanki na Pir Panjal Range gabas da Bharmour. Kwarin da aka kafa ta wannan kogin yana da siffar U mai siffar gadon kogin da aka warwatse da duwatsu da glacial morainic adibas. <ref name="Himachal">{{Cite web |title=Ravi River in Himachal |url=http://www.himachalworld.com/himachal-geography/ravi-river-and-its-tributaries-in-himachal.html |access-date=14 April 2010 |publisher=Himachal World.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.himachalworld.com/himachal-geography/ravi-river-and-its-tributaries-in-himachal.html "Ravi River in Himachal"]. </cite></ref> [[Fayil:Ravi_river_lahore.JPG|thumb|Jiragen ruwa da ke iyo a gefen Kogin Ravi a Lahore]] [[Fayil:Ravi_River_in_1880.jpg|thumb|Jirgin ruwa a kan Ravi wanda wani mai daukar hoto da ba a san shi ba ya ɗauka a cikin 1880]] ; Babban Kogin Ravi Babban Kogin Ravi yana gudana ta hanyar tushe na Dalhousie, bayan garin Chamba. Yana da tsawo na mita 856 (2,807 (inda akwai gada mai tsawo na katako don haye Kogin Ravi). <ref name="Cleghorn, p.113">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Cleghorn|2001}}</ref> Yana gudana zuwa kudu maso yamma, kusa da Dalhousie, sannan ya yanke wani kwari a cikin Dhauladhar Range, kafin ya shiga filin Punjab kusa da Madhopur da Pathankot. Daga nan sai ya gudana tare da iyakar Indo-Pak na kilomita 80 (50 kafin ya shiga Pakistan kuma ya shiga Kogin Chenab. Jimlar tsawon kogin kusan kilomita 725 ne (450 . <ref name="Britannica">{{Cite web |title=Ravi River |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/492285/Ravi-River |access-date=11 April 2010 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/492285/Ravi-River "Ravi River"]. </cite></ref> Tant Gari wani ƙaramin yanki ne wanda ke tasowa daga tsaunukan tsaunuka na yanki na Pir Panjal Range gabas da Bharmour. Kwarin da aka kafa ta wannan kogin yana da siffar U mai siffar gadon kogin da aka warwatse da duwatsu da glacial morainic adibas. Yayin da Ravi ke wucewa ta Lahore a Pakistan (kilomita 26 (mili 16) a ƙarƙashin Amritsar a Indiya) ana kiransa "Kogin Lahore" tunda wannan birni yana gefen gabas. Bayan wucewa ta Lahore kogin ya juya zuwa Kamalia sannan ya ratsa cikin kogin Chenab, kudu da garin Ahmadpur Sial. A gefen yammacinsa akwai garin Shahdara Bagh tare da kabarin Jahangir da kabarin Noor Jahan. <ref name="Britannica">{{Cite web |title=Ravi River |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/492285/Ravi-River |access-date=11 April 2010 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/492285/Ravi-River "Ravi River"]. </cite></ref> ; Canjin kogin Dangane da binciken hotunan tauraron dan adam da aka gudanar tsawon shekaru 20 (tsakanin 1972 – 1973 da 1991 – 1993), kogin da ke kan iyakar Indiya da Pakistan yana yin tasiri sosai a cikin filayen Amritsar, Pathankot, da Gurdaspur na Punjab. Wannan ya haifar da lalacewa a jere a Indiya sakamakon yadda kogin ya canza hanyarsa zuwa Indiya. Dalilin da ake dangantawa da wannan sauyi a tafiyar kogin shine manya-manyan gine-gine na horar da kogi da Pakistan ta gina a bangaren kogin, kusa da tsohon hanyar kogin. An ba da rahoton cewa motsin kogin ya kai nisan kilomita 4.8 (3.0 mi) zuwa Indiya.<ref name="springer">{{Cite journal |last=Thomas |first=Abraham |last2=Sharma |first2=PK |year=1998 |title=The shift of ravi river and the geomorphological features along its course in Amritsar and Gurdaspur districts of punjab |journal=Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing |volume=26 |issue=1–2 |pages=57–68 |bibcode=1998JISRS..26...57T |doi=10.1007/BF03007340 |s2cid=140634479}}</ref> ; Rashin gurɓata ruwan kogi A cikin kogin Ravi da ke gudana daga Indiya zuwa Pakistan, a cikin birane na Lahore an ruwaito matakan gurɓataccen ruwa a cikin kogin suna da yawa, wanda aka danganta shi da zubar da ruwa mai yawa na masana'antu da aikin gona da kuma tsarin magudanar ruwa a cikin ƙasashe biyu.<ref name="UNDP">{{Cite web |title=Pakistan, India Join Hands to Clean Canal |url=http://www.riverbasin.org/newsmaster.cfm?&menuid=45&action=view&retrieveid=152 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724140814/http://www.riverbasin.org/newsmaster.cfm?&menuid=45&action=view&retrieveid=152 |archive-date=24 July 2011 |access-date=18 April 2010 |publisher=River Basin Initiative}}</ref> Tsawon kilomita 72 (45 na Kogin Ravi daga Lahore Siphon zuwa Baloki yana nuna gurɓataccen ruwa da laka tare da Cd, Cr, Pt, da Cu. Rahotanni na baya-bayan nan sun nuna cewa kogin ya fi gurɓata a duniya, tare da ragowar magunguna kamar paracetamol, nicotine, caffeine, da magunguna don farfajiya da ciwon sukari da aka gano a cikin ruwansa. Ruwan kogin ya gurɓata sosai kuma ya zama tushen gurɓata ruwan kogin, duk da cewa an bincika wasu iko akan fitarwa ba tare da izini ba a cikin kogi. Saboda haka, matakan da za a bincika sake dawo da ƙarfe daga turɓaya zuwa cikin kogin yana buƙatar kulawa. Rashin ruwa mafi muni da ya shafi shi ne Hadharaam, mai ba da gudummawa ga Kogin Ravi. Har ila yau, matsala ce ta kan iyaka da ta shafi Indiya da Pakistan. An kaddamar da shirin na musamman na UNDP a cikin 2006 don magance batun a cikin ƙasashe biyu.<ref name="UNDP" /> === Tsire-tsire === Yankin arewacin da ke kewaye da Ravi shine layin rayuwa na tsire-tsire daban-daban, musamman deodar, walnut, holly oak, Mulberry, Alder, mai cin abinci pine, Himalayan cypress, chinar, ''Daphne papyracea'', arewacin Indiya rosewood, zaitun, da ''Toxicodendron acuminatum''.<ref name=":0">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Cleghorn|2001}}</ref><ref name="Cleghorn, p.112-113">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Cleghorn|2001}}</ref> == Ilimin ruwa == Ana rarraba ruwan Kogin Ravi ga Indiya a karkashin Yarjejeniyar Ruwa ta Indus, wanda Indiya da Pakistan suka sanya hannu. A cikin Indiya, kogin yana ƙarƙashin ikon jihohin Punjab, Jammu & Kashmir, da Himachal, da jihohin da ba na Riparian ba na Haryana, da Rajasthan, amma [[Kotun koli na Indiya|Kotun Koli ta Indiya]] da Kotun Ravi Beas, waɗanda aka kafa a 1986 don manufar. Gudun shekara-shekara a Indiya har zuwa ƙetare na ƙarshe a Pakistan shine {{Convert|11.52|e6acre-ft|km3}} miliyan acre-feet (14.21 cubic kilometers) (MAF) daga cikinsu 6.971 MAF yana samuwa a saman Madhopur headworks.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pages 261 and 291, Report Of The Ravi- Beas Water Tribunal Report (1987) |url=http://www.cwc.gov.in/sites/default/files/Ravi-%20Beas%20Waters%20Tribunal%20Report%201987.pdf |access-date=15 February 2020 |publisher=Central Water Commission}}</ref> Yawancin ruwan da aka samar a ƙasa da Madhopur (4.549 MAF) yana gudana zuwa Pakistan daga Indiya. === Amfani da farko === [[Fayil:Punjabdoabs1.jpg|thumb|A map of the Punjab region {{Circa|1947}} showing the doabas formed by the Ravi River with other rivers of the Indus River system.]] ==Bayanan Kula== {{Notelist}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} {{Coord|30|35|N|71|49|E|region:PK_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}} [[Category:Koguna]] miy7h8yq2aquecopmt23546ehtyiw1p 873693 873691 2026-07-01T16:22:03Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 873693 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Ravi''' wani kogi ne mai wuce iyaka a Kudancin Asiya, yana ratsa arewa maso yammacin Indiya da gabashin Pakistan, kuma yana daya daga cikin manyan koguna guda biyar na yankin Punjab. <ref name="Britannica">{{Cite web |title=Ravi River |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/492285/Ravi-River |access-date=11 April 2010 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref>{{Efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|ɑː|v|i}}; {{IPA|pa|ɾaːʋi}}}} Karkashin Yarjejeniyar Ruwa ta Indus ta 1960, ruwan Ravi da wasu koguna biyu na Punjab (Sutlej da Kogin Beas) an ware su zuwa Indiya. Daga baya, an habaka aikin Basin Indus a Pakistan, wanda ke jigilar ruwa daga kogunan yammacin tsarin Indus don sake cika ɓangaren kogin Ravi da ke kwance a wannan ƙasa. Yawancin hanyoyin watsa ruwa tsakanin rahusa, ban ruwa, wutar lantarki da ayyuka da yawa an gina su a Indiya. == Tarihi == Dangane da tarihin da aka samo asali daga Vedas, an san Kogin Ravi da Sanskrit-language romanization" typeof="mw:Transclusion">Irāvatī (Sanskrit). An san Ravi da Purushni ko Irawati ga Indiyawa a zamanin Vedic kuma a matsayin Hydraotes (Girkanci na dā: ) da kuma Hyarotis [5] ga Helenawa na dā. Wani bangare na Yakin Sarakuna Goma an yi yaƙi a kan kogi, wanda bisa ga Yaska (Nirukta 9.26) yana nufin kogin Ravi a Punjab. == Yanayin ƙasa == Kogin Ravi, kogin da ke kan iyaka na Indiya da Pakistan, wani yanki ne mai mahimmanci na Kogin Indus kuma ya zama mashigin ruwan Indus. Ruwan kogin Ravi ya malala zuwa Tekun Arabiya (Tekun Indiya) ta kogin Indus na Pakistan. Kogin ya tashi a cikin Bara Bhangal, gundumar Kangra a Himachal Pradesh, Indiya. Kogin ya malalo yanki mai faɗin murabba'in kilomita 14,442 (5,576 sq mi) a Indiya bayan ya kwashe tsawon kilomita 720 (450 mi). Yana gudana zuwa yamma, kewayon Pir Panjal da Dhauladhar sun mamaye shi, yana samar da yanki mai kusurwa uku. === Hanyar kogi === ; Tushen ya kai [[Fayil:Pir_Panjal_2478293509_8000ae5902_o.jpg|left|thumb|Yankin Pir Panjal a cikin Himachal Pradesh, Indiya]] [[Fayil:Manimaheshlake.jpg|right|thumb|Tushen Kogin Budhil, a cikin [[Himachal Pradesh]] babban mai ba da gudummawa ga Kogin Ravi]] Kogin Ravi ya samo asali ne a cikin [[Himalaya|Himalayas]] a cikin Multhan tehsil na Gundumar Kangra ta Himachal Pradesh, Indiya.<ref name="bajoli">{{Cite web |year=2010 |title=Executive Summary of Environmental Impact Assessment Report Bajoli Holi H. E. Project (180 MW)Chamba, Himachal Pradesh |url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/Exu_Sum_EIA_Bajoli_English.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929152430/http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/Exu_Sum_EIA_Bajoli_English.pdf |archive-date=29 September 2020 |access-date=1 September 2014 |publisher=R. S. Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd. |page=18}}</ref> Yana bin hanyar arewa maso yamma kuma kogi ne mai ɗorewa.<ref name="Britannica">{{Cite web |title=Ravi River |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/492285/Ravi-River |access-date=11 April 2010 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/492285/Ravi-River "Ravi River"]. </cite></ref> Ita ce mafi ƙanƙanta daga cikin koguna biyar na Punjab waɗanda ke tashi daga filayen kankara a tsawo na ƙafa 14,000 (4,300 , a gefen kudancin Mid Himalayas. Yana gudana ta cikin gundumomin Barabhangal, Bara Bansu, da Chamba. Yana gudana cikin rapids a farkonsa tare da duwatsu da aka gani a warwatse a cikin kogin. Kogin Ravi a cikin wannan isa yana gudana a cikin wani kwarin da ke da gangaren kogin 183 feet a kowace mil (34.7 m / km) kuma galibi ana ciyar da shi ta hanyar dusar ƙanƙara, saboda wannan yankin yana cikin Inuwa mai ruwan sama. Biyu daga cikin manyan masu goyon bayanta, Budhil da Nai ko Dhona sun haɗu da kilomita 64 (40 daga tushe. Kogin Budhil ya tashi a cikin tsaunuka na Lahul kuma an samo shi ne daga Manimahesh Kailash Peak da Tafkin Manimahesh, a tsawo na mita 4,080 (13,390 , kuma duka biyun wuraren aikin hajji ne na . Dukan tsawon Budhil yana da kilomita 72 (45 inda yake da gangaren gado na ƙafa 314 a kowace mil (59.5 m / km). Yana gudana ta tsohuwar babban birnin Bharmwar, wanda yanzu ake kira Bharmour a Himachal Pradesh . A lokacin 1858-1860, Raja na Bharmour ya yi la'akari da kwarin Budhil a matsayin kyakkyawan tushen bishiyoyin Deodar don samarwa ga Raj na Burtaniya. Koyaya, wani ɓangare na gandun daji da ke kewaye da haikalin an dauke shi mai tsarki kuma an ayyana shi a matsayin yanki mai tanadi. Hanya ta biyu, Nai, ta tashi a Kali Debi, kuma tana gudana na kilomita 48 (30 mi), tare da gangaren gado na 366 feet a kowace mil (69.3 m / km), daga asalinsa a Trilokinath zuwa haɗuwa da Ravi. An kuma yi amfani da wannan kwarin saboda arzikin gandun daji a lokacin Turanci.<ref name="Cleghorn 109–112">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Cleghorn|2001}}</ref><ref name="Himachal">{{Cite web |title=Ravi River in Himachal |url=http://www.himachalworld.com/himachal-geography/ravi-river-and-its-tributaries-in-himachal.html |access-date=14 April 2010 |publisher=Himachal World.com}}</ref> Wani babban kogin da ke hade da kogin Ravi, kusa da Bharmour, tsohon babban birnin Chamba, shine kogin Seul daga arewa. Kwarin da kogin ya kafa shi ma an yi amfani da shi don albarkatun itacen da ke cikinsa. Duk da haka, kwarin yana da manyan filaye, waɗanda suke da kyau sosai kuma ana kiransu "lambun Chamba". Abubuwan amfanin gona da ake nomawa a nan suna ba da hatsi ga babban birnin kasar da kuma garin Dalhousie da kewaye. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren da ke haɗuwa da Ravi River kusa da Basohli (J&K) shine Seva. An kuma yi amfani da wannan kogin don albarkatun dazuzzuka, (wanda Raja na Chamba ke kula da shi a lokacin) wanda ya samo asali daga yankin Jammu. Kwarin kuma an kafa shi da wani babban rafi wanda ya haɗu da Kogin Seul, Baira-Nalla. Ramin kwandon sa yana cikin gundumar Chamba, dake saman Tissa. Baira yana zubar da gangaren kudanci na Pir Panjal Range. Kwarin yana da bambancin tsayi tsakanin 5,321 da mita 2,693 (17,457 da 8,835 ft). <ref name="Cleghorn 109–112">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Cleghorn|2001}}</ref><ref name="Himachal">{{Cite web |title=Ravi River in Himachal |url=http://www.himachalworld.com/himachal-geography/ravi-river-and-its-tributaries-in-himachal.html |access-date=14 April 2010 |publisher=Himachal World.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.himachalworld.com/himachal-geography/ravi-river-and-its-tributaries-in-himachal.html "Ravi River in Himachal"]. </cite></ref> Tant Gari wani ƙaramin yanki ne wanda ke tasowa daga tsaunukan tsaunuka na yanki na Pir Panjal Range gabas da Bharmour. Kwarin da aka kafa ta wannan kogin yana da siffar U mai siffar gadon kogin da aka warwatse da duwatsu da glacial morainic adibas. <ref name="Himachal">{{Cite web |title=Ravi River in Himachal |url=http://www.himachalworld.com/himachal-geography/ravi-river-and-its-tributaries-in-himachal.html |access-date=14 April 2010 |publisher=Himachal World.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.himachalworld.com/himachal-geography/ravi-river-and-its-tributaries-in-himachal.html "Ravi River in Himachal"]. </cite></ref> [[Fayil:Ravi_river_lahore.JPG|thumb|Jiragen ruwa da ke iyo a gefen Kogin Ravi a Lahore]] [[Fayil:Ravi_River_in_1880.jpg|thumb|Jirgin ruwa a kan Ravi wanda wani mai daukar hoto da ba a san shi ba ya ɗauka a cikin 1880]] ; Babban Kogin Ravi Babban Kogin Ravi yana gudana ta hanyar tushe na Dalhousie, bayan garin Chamba. Yana da tsawo na mita 856 (2,807 (inda akwai gada mai tsawo na katako don haye Kogin Ravi). <ref name="Cleghorn, p.113">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Cleghorn|2001}}</ref> Yana gudana zuwa kudu maso yamma, kusa da Dalhousie, sannan ya yanke wani kwari a cikin Dhauladhar Range, kafin ya shiga filin Punjab kusa da Madhopur da Pathankot. Daga nan sai ya gudana tare da iyakar Indo-Pak na kilomita 80 (50 kafin ya shiga Pakistan kuma ya shiga Kogin Chenab. Jimlar tsawon kogin kusan kilomita 725 ne (450 . <ref name="Britannica">{{Cite web |title=Ravi River |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/492285/Ravi-River |access-date=11 April 2010 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/492285/Ravi-River "Ravi River"]. </cite></ref> Tant Gari wani ƙaramin yanki ne wanda ke tasowa daga tsaunukan tsaunuka na yanki na Pir Panjal Range gabas da Bharmour. Kwarin da aka kafa ta wannan kogin yana da siffar U mai siffar gadon kogin da aka warwatse da duwatsu da glacial morainic adibas. Yayin da Ravi ke wucewa ta Lahore a Pakistan (kilomita 26 (mili 16) a ƙarƙashin Amritsar a Indiya) ana kiransa "Kogin Lahore" tunda wannan birni yana gefen gabas. Bayan wucewa ta Lahore kogin ya juya zuwa Kamalia sannan ya ratsa cikin kogin Chenab, kudu da garin Ahmadpur Sial. A gefen yammacinsa akwai garin Shahdara Bagh tare da kabarin Jahangir da kabarin Noor Jahan. <ref name="Britannica">{{Cite web |title=Ravi River |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/492285/Ravi-River |access-date=11 April 2010 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/492285/Ravi-River "Ravi River"]. </cite></ref> ; Canjin kogin Dangane da binciken hotunan tauraron dan adam da aka gudanar tsawon shekaru 20 (tsakanin 1972 – 1973 da 1991 – 1993), kogin da ke kan iyakar Indiya da Pakistan yana yin tasiri sosai a cikin filayen Amritsar, Pathankot, da Gurdaspur na Punjab. Wannan ya haifar da lalacewa a jere a Indiya sakamakon yadda kogin ya canza hanyarsa zuwa Indiya. Dalilin da ake dangantawa da wannan sauyi a tafiyar kogin shine manya-manyan gine-gine na horar da kogi da Pakistan ta gina a bangaren kogin, kusa da tsohon hanyar kogin. An ba da rahoton cewa motsin kogin ya kai nisan kilomita 4.8 (3.0 mi) zuwa Indiya.<ref name="springer">{{Cite journal |last=Thomas |first=Abraham |last2=Sharma |first2=PK |year=1998 |title=The shift of ravi river and the geomorphological features along its course in Amritsar and Gurdaspur districts of punjab |journal=Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing |volume=26 |issue=1–2 |pages=57–68 |bibcode=1998JISRS..26...57T |doi=10.1007/BF03007340 |s2cid=140634479}}</ref> ; Rashin gurɓata ruwan kogi A cikin kogin Ravi da ke gudana daga Indiya zuwa Pakistan, a cikin birane na Lahore an ruwaito matakan gurɓataccen ruwa a cikin kogin suna da yawa, wanda aka danganta shi da zubar da ruwa mai yawa na masana'antu da aikin gona da kuma tsarin magudanar ruwa a cikin ƙasashe biyu.<ref name="UNDP">{{Cite web |title=Pakistan, India Join Hands to Clean Canal |url=http://www.riverbasin.org/newsmaster.cfm?&menuid=45&action=view&retrieveid=152 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724140814/http://www.riverbasin.org/newsmaster.cfm?&menuid=45&action=view&retrieveid=152 |archive-date=24 July 2011 |access-date=18 April 2010 |publisher=River Basin Initiative}}</ref> Tsawon kilomita 72 (45 na Kogin Ravi daga Lahore Siphon zuwa Baloki yana nuna gurɓataccen ruwa da laka tare da Cd, Cr, Pt, da Cu. Rahotanni na baya-bayan nan sun nuna cewa kogin ya fi gurɓata a duniya, tare da ragowar magunguna kamar paracetamol, nicotine, caffeine, da magunguna don farfajiya da ciwon sukari da aka gano a cikin ruwansa. Ruwan kogin ya gurɓata sosai kuma ya zama tushen gurɓata ruwan kogin, duk da cewa an bincika wasu iko akan fitarwa ba tare da izini ba a cikin kogi. Saboda haka, matakan da za a bincika sake dawo da ƙarfe daga turɓaya zuwa cikin kogin yana buƙatar kulawa. Rashin ruwa mafi muni da ya shafi shi ne Hadharaam, mai ba da gudummawa ga Kogin Ravi. Har ila yau, matsala ce ta kan iyaka da ta shafi Indiya da Pakistan. An kaddamar da shirin na musamman na UNDP a cikin 2006 don magance batun a cikin ƙasashe biyu.<ref name="UNDP" /> === Tsire-tsire === Yankin arewacin da ke kewaye da Ravi shine layin rayuwa na tsire-tsire daban-daban, musamman deodar, walnut, holly oak, Mulberry, Alder, mai cin abinci pine, Himalayan cypress, chinar, ''Daphne papyracea'', arewacin Indiya rosewood, zaitun, da ''Toxicodendron acuminatum''.<ref name=":0">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Cleghorn|2001}}</ref><ref name="Cleghorn, p.112-113">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Cleghorn|2001}}</ref> == Ilimin ruwa == Ana rarraba ruwan Kogin Ravi ga Indiya a karkashin Yarjejeniyar Ruwa ta Indus, wanda Indiya da Pakistan suka sanya hannu. A cikin Indiya, kogin yana ƙarƙashin ikon jihohin Punjab, Jammu & Kashmir, da Himachal, da jihohin da ba na Riparian ba na Haryana, da Rajasthan, amma [[Kotun koli na Indiya|Kotun Koli ta Indiya]] da Kotun Ravi Beas, waɗanda aka kafa a 1986 don manufar. Gudun shekara-shekara a Indiya har zuwa ƙetare na ƙarshe a Pakistan shine {{Convert|11.52|e6acre-ft|km3}} miliyan acre-feet (14.21 cubic kilometers) (MAF) daga cikinsu 6.971 MAF yana samuwa a saman Madhopur headworks.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pages 261 and 291, Report Of The Ravi- Beas Water Tribunal Report (1987) |url=http://www.cwc.gov.in/sites/default/files/Ravi-%20Beas%20Waters%20Tribunal%20Report%201987.pdf |access-date=15 February 2020 |publisher=Central Water Commission}}</ref> Yawancin ruwan da aka samar a ƙasa da Madhopur (4.549 MAF) yana gudana zuwa Pakistan daga Indiya. === Amfani da farko === [[Fayil:Punjabdoabs1.jpg|thumb|A map of the Punjab region {{Circa|1947}} showing the doabas formed by the Ravi River with other rivers of the Indus River system.]] ==Bayanan Kula== {{Notelist}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} {{Coord|30|35|N|71|49|E|region:PK_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}} [[Category:Koguna]] e1wjt4xhnuo2swobe0py0xb9q7egnj9 873695 873693 2026-07-01T16:22:51Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 873695 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Ravi''' wani kogi ne mai wuce iyaka a Kudancin Asiya, yana ratsa arewa maso yammacin Indiya da gabashin Pakistan, kuma yana daya daga cikin manyan koguna guda biyar na yankin Punjab. <ref name="Britannica">{{Cite web |title=Ravi River |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/492285/Ravi-River |access-date=11 April 2010 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref>{{Efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|ɑː|v|i}}; {{IPA|pa|ɾaːʋi}}}} Karkashin Yarjejeniyar Ruwa ta Indus ta 1960, ruwan Ravi da wasu koguna biyu na Punjab (Sutlej da Kogin Beas) an ware su zuwa Indiya. Daga baya, an habaka aikin Basin Indus a Pakistan, wanda ke jigilar ruwa daga kogunan yammacin tsarin Indus don sake cika ɓangaren kogin Ravi da ke kwance a wannan kasa. Yawancin hanyoyin watsa ruwa tsakanin rahusa, ban ruwa, wutar lantarki da ayyuka da yawa an gina su a Indiya. == Tarihi == Dangane da tarihin da aka samo asali daga Vedas, an san Kogin Ravi da Sanskrit-language romanization" typeof="mw:Transclusion">Irāvatī (Sanskrit). An san Ravi da Purushni ko Irawati ga Indiyawa a zamanin Vedic kuma a matsayin Hydraotes (Girkanci na dā: ) da kuma Hyarotis [5] ga Helenawa na dā. Wani bangare na Yakin Sarakuna Goma an yi yaƙi a kan kogi, wanda bisa ga Yaska (Nirukta 9.26) yana nufin kogin Ravi a Punjab. == Yanayin ƙasa == Kogin Ravi, kogin da ke kan iyaka na Indiya da Pakistan, wani yanki ne mai mahimmanci na Kogin Indus kuma ya zama mashigin ruwan Indus. Ruwan kogin Ravi ya malala zuwa Tekun Arabiya (Tekun Indiya) ta kogin Indus na Pakistan. Kogin ya tashi a cikin Bara Bhangal, gundumar Kangra a Himachal Pradesh, Indiya. Kogin ya malalo yanki mai faɗin murabba'in kilomita 14,442 (5,576 sq mi) a Indiya bayan ya kwashe tsawon kilomita 720 (450 mi). Yana gudana zuwa yamma, kewayon Pir Panjal da Dhauladhar sun mamaye shi, yana samar da yanki mai kusurwa uku. === Hanyar kogi === ; Tushen ya kai [[Fayil:Pir_Panjal_2478293509_8000ae5902_o.jpg|left|thumb|Yankin Pir Panjal a cikin Himachal Pradesh, Indiya]] [[Fayil:Manimaheshlake.jpg|right|thumb|Tushen Kogin Budhil, a cikin [[Himachal Pradesh]] babban mai ba da gudummawa ga Kogin Ravi]] Kogin Ravi ya samo asali ne a cikin [[Himalaya|Himalayas]] a cikin Multhan tehsil na Gundumar Kangra ta Himachal Pradesh, Indiya.<ref name="bajoli">{{Cite web |year=2010 |title=Executive Summary of Environmental Impact Assessment Report Bajoli Holi H. E. Project (180 MW)Chamba, Himachal Pradesh |url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/Exu_Sum_EIA_Bajoli_English.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929152430/http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/Exu_Sum_EIA_Bajoli_English.pdf |archive-date=29 September 2020 |access-date=1 September 2014 |publisher=R. S. Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd. |page=18}}</ref> Yana bin hanyar arewa maso yamma kuma kogi ne mai ɗorewa.<ref name="Britannica">{{Cite web |title=Ravi River |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/492285/Ravi-River |access-date=11 April 2010 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/492285/Ravi-River "Ravi River"]. </cite></ref> Ita ce mafi ƙanƙanta daga cikin koguna biyar na Punjab waɗanda ke tashi daga filayen kankara a tsawo na ƙafa 14,000 (4,300 , a gefen kudancin Mid Himalayas. Yana gudana ta cikin gundumomin Barabhangal, Bara Bansu, da Chamba. Yana gudana cikin rapids a farkonsa tare da duwatsu da aka gani a warwatse a cikin kogin. Kogin Ravi a cikin wannan isa yana gudana a cikin wani kwarin da ke da gangaren kogin 183 feet a kowace mil (34.7 m / km) kuma galibi ana ciyar da shi ta hanyar dusar ƙanƙara, saboda wannan yankin yana cikin Inuwa mai ruwan sama. Biyu daga cikin manyan masu goyon bayanta, Budhil da Nai ko Dhona sun haɗu da kilomita 64 (40 daga tushe. Kogin Budhil ya tashi a cikin tsaunuka na Lahul kuma an samo shi ne daga Manimahesh Kailash Peak da Tafkin Manimahesh, a tsawo na mita 4,080 (13,390 , kuma duka biyun wuraren aikin hajji ne na . Dukan tsawon Budhil yana da kilomita 72 (45 inda yake da gangaren gado na ƙafa 314 a kowace mil (59.5 m / km). Yana gudana ta tsohuwar babban birnin Bharmwar, wanda yanzu ake kira Bharmour a Himachal Pradesh . A lokacin 1858-1860, Raja na Bharmour ya yi la'akari da kwarin Budhil a matsayin kyakkyawan tushen bishiyoyin Deodar don samarwa ga Raj na Burtaniya. Koyaya, wani ɓangare na gandun daji da ke kewaye da haikalin an dauke shi mai tsarki kuma an ayyana shi a matsayin yanki mai tanadi. Hanya ta biyu, Nai, ta tashi a Kali Debi, kuma tana gudana na kilomita 48 (30 mi), tare da gangaren gado na 366 feet a kowace mil (69.3 m / km), daga asalinsa a Trilokinath zuwa haɗuwa da Ravi. An kuma yi amfani da wannan kwarin saboda arzikin gandun daji a lokacin Turanci.<ref name="Cleghorn 109–112">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Cleghorn|2001}}</ref><ref name="Himachal">{{Cite web |title=Ravi River in Himachal |url=http://www.himachalworld.com/himachal-geography/ravi-river-and-its-tributaries-in-himachal.html |access-date=14 April 2010 |publisher=Himachal World.com}}</ref> Wani babban kogin da ke hade da kogin Ravi, kusa da Bharmour, tsohon babban birnin Chamba, shine kogin Seul daga arewa. Kwarin da kogin ya kafa shi ma an yi amfani da shi don albarkatun itacen da ke cikinsa. Duk da haka, kwarin yana da manyan filaye, waɗanda suke da kyau sosai kuma ana kiransu "lambun Chamba". Abubuwan amfanin gona da ake nomawa a nan suna ba da hatsi ga babban birnin kasar da kuma garin Dalhousie da kewaye. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren da ke haɗuwa da Ravi River kusa da Basohli (J&K) shine Seva. An kuma yi amfani da wannan kogin don albarkatun dazuzzuka, (wanda Raja na Chamba ke kula da shi a lokacin) wanda ya samo asali daga yankin Jammu. Kwarin kuma an kafa shi da wani babban rafi wanda ya haɗu da Kogin Seul, Baira-Nalla. Ramin kwandon sa yana cikin gundumar Chamba, dake saman Tissa. Baira yana zubar da gangaren kudanci na Pir Panjal Range. Kwarin yana da bambancin tsayi tsakanin 5,321 da mita 2,693 (17,457 da 8,835 ft). <ref name="Cleghorn 109–112">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Cleghorn|2001}}</ref><ref name="Himachal">{{Cite web |title=Ravi River in Himachal |url=http://www.himachalworld.com/himachal-geography/ravi-river-and-its-tributaries-in-himachal.html |access-date=14 April 2010 |publisher=Himachal World.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.himachalworld.com/himachal-geography/ravi-river-and-its-tributaries-in-himachal.html "Ravi River in Himachal"]. </cite></ref> Tant Gari wani ƙaramin yanki ne wanda ke tasowa daga tsaunukan tsaunuka na yanki na Pir Panjal Range gabas da Bharmour. Kwarin da aka kafa ta wannan kogin yana da siffar U mai siffar gadon kogin da aka warwatse da duwatsu da glacial morainic adibas. <ref name="Himachal">{{Cite web |title=Ravi River in Himachal |url=http://www.himachalworld.com/himachal-geography/ravi-river-and-its-tributaries-in-himachal.html |access-date=14 April 2010 |publisher=Himachal World.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.himachalworld.com/himachal-geography/ravi-river-and-its-tributaries-in-himachal.html "Ravi River in Himachal"]. </cite></ref> [[Fayil:Ravi_river_lahore.JPG|thumb|Jiragen ruwa da ke iyo a gefen Kogin Ravi a Lahore]] [[Fayil:Ravi_River_in_1880.jpg|thumb|Jirgin ruwa a kan Ravi wanda wani mai daukar hoto da ba a san shi ba ya ɗauka a cikin 1880]] ; Babban Kogin Ravi Babban Kogin Ravi yana gudana ta hanyar tushe na Dalhousie, bayan garin Chamba. Yana da tsawo na mita 856 (2,807 (inda akwai gada mai tsawo na katako don haye Kogin Ravi). <ref name="Cleghorn, p.113">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Cleghorn|2001}}</ref> Yana gudana zuwa kudu maso yamma, kusa da Dalhousie, sannan ya yanke wani kwari a cikin Dhauladhar Range, kafin ya shiga filin Punjab kusa da Madhopur da Pathankot. Daga nan sai ya gudana tare da iyakar Indo-Pak na kilomita 80 (50 kafin ya shiga Pakistan kuma ya shiga Kogin Chenab. Jimlar tsawon kogin kusan kilomita 725 ne (450 . <ref name="Britannica">{{Cite web |title=Ravi River |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/492285/Ravi-River |access-date=11 April 2010 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/492285/Ravi-River "Ravi River"]. </cite></ref> Tant Gari wani ƙaramin yanki ne wanda ke tasowa daga tsaunukan tsaunuka na yanki na Pir Panjal Range gabas da Bharmour. Kwarin da aka kafa ta wannan kogin yana da siffar U mai siffar gadon kogin da aka warwatse da duwatsu da glacial morainic adibas. Yayin da Ravi ke wucewa ta Lahore a Pakistan (kilomita 26 (mili 16) a ƙarƙashin Amritsar a Indiya) ana kiransa "Kogin Lahore" tunda wannan birni yana gefen gabas. Bayan wucewa ta Lahore kogin ya juya zuwa Kamalia sannan ya ratsa cikin kogin Chenab, kudu da garin Ahmadpur Sial. A gefen yammacinsa akwai garin Shahdara Bagh tare da kabarin Jahangir da kabarin Noor Jahan. <ref name="Britannica">{{Cite web |title=Ravi River |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/492285/Ravi-River |access-date=11 April 2010 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/492285/Ravi-River "Ravi River"]. </cite></ref> ; Canjin kogin Dangane da binciken hotunan tauraron dan adam da aka gudanar tsawon shekaru 20 (tsakanin 1972 – 1973 da 1991 – 1993), kogin da ke kan iyakar Indiya da Pakistan yana yin tasiri sosai a cikin filayen Amritsar, Pathankot, da Gurdaspur na Punjab. Wannan ya haifar da lalacewa a jere a Indiya sakamakon yadda kogin ya canza hanyarsa zuwa Indiya. Dalilin da ake dangantawa da wannan sauyi a tafiyar kogin shine manya-manyan gine-gine na horar da kogi da Pakistan ta gina a bangaren kogin, kusa da tsohon hanyar kogin. An ba da rahoton cewa motsin kogin ya kai nisan kilomita 4.8 (3.0 mi) zuwa Indiya.<ref name="springer">{{Cite journal |last=Thomas |first=Abraham |last2=Sharma |first2=PK |year=1998 |title=The shift of ravi river and the geomorphological features along its course in Amritsar and Gurdaspur districts of punjab |journal=Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing |volume=26 |issue=1–2 |pages=57–68 |bibcode=1998JISRS..26...57T |doi=10.1007/BF03007340 |s2cid=140634479}}</ref> ; Rashin gurɓata ruwan kogi A cikin kogin Ravi da ke gudana daga Indiya zuwa Pakistan, a cikin birane na Lahore an ruwaito matakan gurɓataccen ruwa a cikin kogin suna da yawa, wanda aka danganta shi da zubar da ruwa mai yawa na masana'antu da aikin gona da kuma tsarin magudanar ruwa a cikin ƙasashe biyu.<ref name="UNDP">{{Cite web |title=Pakistan, India Join Hands to Clean Canal |url=http://www.riverbasin.org/newsmaster.cfm?&menuid=45&action=view&retrieveid=152 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724140814/http://www.riverbasin.org/newsmaster.cfm?&menuid=45&action=view&retrieveid=152 |archive-date=24 July 2011 |access-date=18 April 2010 |publisher=River Basin Initiative}}</ref> Tsawon kilomita 72 (45 na Kogin Ravi daga Lahore Siphon zuwa Baloki yana nuna gurɓataccen ruwa da laka tare da Cd, Cr, Pt, da Cu. Rahotanni na baya-bayan nan sun nuna cewa kogin ya fi gurɓata a duniya, tare da ragowar magunguna kamar paracetamol, nicotine, caffeine, da magunguna don farfajiya da ciwon sukari da aka gano a cikin ruwansa. Ruwan kogin ya gurɓata sosai kuma ya zama tushen gurɓata ruwan kogin, duk da cewa an bincika wasu iko akan fitarwa ba tare da izini ba a cikin kogi. Saboda haka, matakan da za a bincika sake dawo da ƙarfe daga turɓaya zuwa cikin kogin yana buƙatar kulawa. Rashin ruwa mafi muni da ya shafi shi ne Hadharaam, mai ba da gudummawa ga Kogin Ravi. Har ila yau, matsala ce ta kan iyaka da ta shafi Indiya da Pakistan. An kaddamar da shirin na musamman na UNDP a cikin 2006 don magance batun a cikin ƙasashe biyu.<ref name="UNDP" /> === Tsire-tsire === Yankin arewacin da ke kewaye da Ravi shine layin rayuwa na tsire-tsire daban-daban, musamman deodar, walnut, holly oak, Mulberry, Alder, mai cin abinci pine, Himalayan cypress, chinar, ''Daphne papyracea'', arewacin Indiya rosewood, zaitun, da ''Toxicodendron acuminatum''.<ref name=":0">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Cleghorn|2001}}</ref><ref name="Cleghorn, p.112-113">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Cleghorn|2001}}</ref> == Ilimin ruwa == Ana rarraba ruwan Kogin Ravi ga Indiya a karkashin Yarjejeniyar Ruwa ta Indus, wanda Indiya da Pakistan suka sanya hannu. A cikin Indiya, kogin yana ƙarƙashin ikon jihohin Punjab, Jammu & Kashmir, da Himachal, da jihohin da ba na Riparian ba na Haryana, da Rajasthan, amma [[Kotun koli na Indiya|Kotun Koli ta Indiya]] da Kotun Ravi Beas, waɗanda aka kafa a 1986 don manufar. Gudun shekara-shekara a Indiya har zuwa ƙetare na ƙarshe a Pakistan shine {{Convert|11.52|e6acre-ft|km3}} miliyan acre-feet (14.21 cubic kilometers) (MAF) daga cikinsu 6.971 MAF yana samuwa a saman Madhopur headworks.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pages 261 and 291, Report Of The Ravi- Beas Water Tribunal Report (1987) |url=http://www.cwc.gov.in/sites/default/files/Ravi-%20Beas%20Waters%20Tribunal%20Report%201987.pdf |access-date=15 February 2020 |publisher=Central Water Commission}}</ref> Yawancin ruwan da aka samar a ƙasa da Madhopur (4.549 MAF) yana gudana zuwa Pakistan daga Indiya. === Amfani da farko === [[Fayil:Punjabdoabs1.jpg|thumb|A map of the Punjab region {{Circa|1947}} showing the doabas formed by the Ravi River with other rivers of the Indus River system.]] ==Bayanan Kula== {{Notelist}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} {{Coord|30|35|N|71|49|E|region:PK_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}} [[Category:Koguna]] flfns8q718f2zvnvwx9562r0l6c6shr 873697 873695 2026-07-01T16:25:08Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 873697 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Ravi''' wani kogi ne mai wuce iyaka a Kudancin Asiya, yana ratsa arewa maso yammacin Indiya da gabashin Pakistan, kuma yana daya daga cikin manyan koguna guda biyar na yankin Punjab. <ref name="Britannica">{{Cite web |title=Ravi River |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/492285/Ravi-River |access-date=11 April 2010 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref>{{Efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|ɑː|v|i}}; {{IPA|pa|ɾaːʋi}}}} Karkashin Yarjejeniyar Ruwa ta Indus ta 1960, ruwan Ravi da wasu koguna biyu na Punjab (Sutlej da Kogin Beas) an ware su zuwa Indiya. Daga baya, an habaka aikin Basin Indus a Pakistan, wanda ke jigilar ruwa daga kogunan yammacin tsarin Indus don sake cika bangaren kogin Ravi da ke kwance a wannan kasa. Yawancin hanyoyin watsa ruwa tsakanin rahusa, ban ruwa, wutar lantarki da ayyuka da yawa an gina su a Indiya. == Tarihi == Dangane da tarihin da aka samo asali daga Vedas, an san Kogin Ravi da Sanskrit-language romanization" typeof="mw:Transclusion">Irāvatī (Sanskrit). An san Ravi da Purushni ko Irawati ga Indiyawa a zamanin Vedic kuma a matsayin Hydraotes (Girkanci na dā: ) da kuma Hyarotis [5] ga Helenawa na dā. Wani bangare na Yakin Sarakuna Goma an yi yaƙi a kan kogi, wanda bisa ga Yaska (Nirukta 9.26) yana nufin kogin Ravi a Punjab. == Yanayin ƙasa == Kogin Ravi, kogin da ke kan iyaka na Indiya da Pakistan, wani yanki ne mai mahimmanci na Kogin Indus kuma ya zama mashigin ruwan Indus. Ruwan kogin Ravi ya malala zuwa Tekun Arabiya (Tekun Indiya) ta kogin Indus na Pakistan. Kogin ya tashi a cikin Bara Bhangal, gundumar Kangra a Himachal Pradesh, Indiya. Kogin ya malalo yanki mai fadin murabba'in kilomita 14,442 (5,576 sq mi) a Indiya bayan ya kwashe tsawon kilomita 720 (450 mi). Yana gudana zuwa yamma, kewayon Pir Panjal da Dhauladhar sun mamaye shi, yana samar da yanki mai kusurwa uku. === Hanyar kogi === ; Tushen ya kai [[Fayil:Pir_Panjal_2478293509_8000ae5902_o.jpg|left|thumb|Yankin Pir Panjal a cikin Himachal Pradesh, Indiya]] [[Fayil:Manimaheshlake.jpg|right|thumb|Tushen Kogin Budhil, a cikin [[Himachal Pradesh]] babban mai ba da gudummawa ga Kogin Ravi]] Kogin Ravi ya samo asali ne a cikin [[Himalaya|Himalayas]] a cikin Multhan tehsil na Gundumar Kangra ta Himachal Pradesh, Indiya.<ref name="bajoli">{{Cite web |year=2010 |title=Executive Summary of Environmental Impact Assessment Report Bajoli Holi H. E. Project (180 MW)Chamba, Himachal Pradesh |url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/Exu_Sum_EIA_Bajoli_English.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929152430/http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/Exu_Sum_EIA_Bajoli_English.pdf |archive-date=29 September 2020 |access-date=1 September 2014 |publisher=R. S. Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd. |page=18}}</ref> Yana bin hanyar arewa maso yamma kuma kogi ne mai ɗorewa.<ref name="Britannica">{{Cite web |title=Ravi River |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/492285/Ravi-River |access-date=11 April 2010 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/492285/Ravi-River "Ravi River"]. </cite></ref> Ita ce mafi ƙanƙanta daga cikin koguna biyar na Punjab waɗanda ke tashi daga filayen kankara a tsawo na ƙafa 14,000 (4,300 , a gefen kudancin Mid Himalayas. Yana gudana ta cikin gundumomin Barabhangal, Bara Bansu, da Chamba. Yana gudana cikin rapids a farkonsa tare da duwatsu da aka gani a warwatse a cikin kogin. Kogin Ravi a cikin wannan isa yana gudana a cikin wani kwarin da ke da gangaren kogin 183 feet a kowace mil (34.7 m / km) kuma galibi ana ciyar da shi ta hanyar dusar ƙanƙara, saboda wannan yankin yana cikin Inuwa mai ruwan sama. Biyu daga cikin manyan masu goyon bayanta, Budhil da Nai ko Dhona sun haɗu da kilomita 64 (40 daga tushe. Kogin Budhil ya tashi a cikin tsaunuka na Lahul kuma an samo shi ne daga Manimahesh Kailash Peak da Tafkin Manimahesh, a tsawo na mita 4,080 (13,390 , kuma duka biyun wuraren aikin hajji ne na . Dukan tsawon Budhil yana da kilomita 72 (45 inda yake da gangaren gado na ƙafa 314 a kowace mil (59.5 m / km). Yana gudana ta tsohuwar babban birnin Bharmwar, wanda yanzu ake kira Bharmour a Himachal Pradesh . A lokacin 1858-1860, Raja na Bharmour ya yi la'akari da kwarin Budhil a matsayin kyakkyawan tushen bishiyoyin Deodar don samarwa ga Raj na Burtaniya. Koyaya, wani ɓangare na gandun daji da ke kewaye da haikalin an dauke shi mai tsarki kuma an ayyana shi a matsayin yanki mai tanadi. Hanya ta biyu, Nai, ta tashi a Kali Debi, kuma tana gudana na kilomita 48 (30 mi), tare da gangaren gado na 366 feet a kowace mil (69.3 m / km), daga asalinsa a Trilokinath zuwa haɗuwa da Ravi. An kuma yi amfani da wannan kwarin saboda arzikin gandun daji a lokacin Turanci.<ref name="Cleghorn 109–112">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Cleghorn|2001}}</ref><ref name="Himachal">{{Cite web |title=Ravi River in Himachal |url=http://www.himachalworld.com/himachal-geography/ravi-river-and-its-tributaries-in-himachal.html |access-date=14 April 2010 |publisher=Himachal World.com}}</ref> Wani babban kogin da ke hade da kogin Ravi, kusa da Bharmour, tsohon babban birnin Chamba, shine kogin Seul daga arewa. Kwarin da kogin ya kafa shi ma an yi amfani da shi don albarkatun itacen da ke cikinsa. Duk da haka, kwarin yana da manyan filaye, waɗanda suke da kyau sosai kuma ana kiransu "lambun Chamba". Abubuwan amfanin gona da ake nomawa a nan suna ba da hatsi ga babban birnin kasar da kuma garin Dalhousie da kewaye. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren da ke haɗuwa da Ravi River kusa da Basohli (J&K) shine Seva. An kuma yi amfani da wannan kogin don albarkatun dazuzzuka, (wanda Raja na Chamba ke kula da shi a lokacin) wanda ya samo asali daga yankin Jammu. Kwarin kuma an kafa shi da wani babban rafi wanda ya haɗu da Kogin Seul, Baira-Nalla. Ramin kwandon sa yana cikin gundumar Chamba, dake saman Tissa. Baira yana zubar da gangaren kudanci na Pir Panjal Range. Kwarin yana da bambancin tsayi tsakanin 5,321 da mita 2,693 (17,457 da 8,835 ft). <ref name="Cleghorn 109–112">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Cleghorn|2001}}</ref><ref name="Himachal">{{Cite web |title=Ravi River in Himachal |url=http://www.himachalworld.com/himachal-geography/ravi-river-and-its-tributaries-in-himachal.html |access-date=14 April 2010 |publisher=Himachal World.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.himachalworld.com/himachal-geography/ravi-river-and-its-tributaries-in-himachal.html "Ravi River in Himachal"]. </cite></ref> Tant Gari wani ƙaramin yanki ne wanda ke tasowa daga tsaunukan tsaunuka na yanki na Pir Panjal Range gabas da Bharmour. Kwarin da aka kafa ta wannan kogin yana da siffar U mai siffar gadon kogin da aka warwatse da duwatsu da glacial morainic adibas. <ref name="Himachal">{{Cite web |title=Ravi River in Himachal |url=http://www.himachalworld.com/himachal-geography/ravi-river-and-its-tributaries-in-himachal.html |access-date=14 April 2010 |publisher=Himachal World.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.himachalworld.com/himachal-geography/ravi-river-and-its-tributaries-in-himachal.html "Ravi River in Himachal"]. </cite></ref> [[Fayil:Ravi_river_lahore.JPG|thumb|Jiragen ruwa da ke iyo a gefen Kogin Ravi a Lahore]] [[Fayil:Ravi_River_in_1880.jpg|thumb|Jirgin ruwa a kan Ravi wanda wani mai daukar hoto da ba a san shi ba ya ɗauka a cikin 1880]] ; Babban Kogin Ravi Babban Kogin Ravi yana gudana ta hanyar tushe na Dalhousie, bayan garin Chamba. Yana da tsawo na mita 856 (2,807 (inda akwai gada mai tsawo na katako don haye Kogin Ravi). <ref name="Cleghorn, p.113">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Cleghorn|2001}}</ref> Yana gudana zuwa kudu maso yamma, kusa da Dalhousie, sannan ya yanke wani kwari a cikin Dhauladhar Range, kafin ya shiga filin Punjab kusa da Madhopur da Pathankot. Daga nan sai ya gudana tare da iyakar Indo-Pak na kilomita 80 (50 kafin ya shiga Pakistan kuma ya shiga Kogin Chenab. Jimlar tsawon kogin kusan kilomita 725 ne (450 . <ref name="Britannica">{{Cite web |title=Ravi River |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/492285/Ravi-River |access-date=11 April 2010 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/492285/Ravi-River "Ravi River"]. </cite></ref> Tant Gari wani ƙaramin yanki ne wanda ke tasowa daga tsaunukan tsaunuka na yanki na Pir Panjal Range gabas da Bharmour. Kwarin da aka kafa ta wannan kogin yana da siffar U mai siffar gadon kogin da aka warwatse da duwatsu da glacial morainic adibas. Yayin da Ravi ke wucewa ta Lahore a Pakistan (kilomita 26 (mili 16) a ƙarƙashin Amritsar a Indiya) ana kiransa "Kogin Lahore" tunda wannan birni yana gefen gabas. Bayan wucewa ta Lahore kogin ya juya zuwa Kamalia sannan ya ratsa cikin kogin Chenab, kudu da garin Ahmadpur Sial. A gefen yammacinsa akwai garin Shahdara Bagh tare da kabarin Jahangir da kabarin Noor Jahan. <ref name="Britannica">{{Cite web |title=Ravi River |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/492285/Ravi-River |access-date=11 April 2010 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/492285/Ravi-River "Ravi River"]. </cite></ref> ; Canjin kogin Dangane da binciken hotunan tauraron dan adam da aka gudanar tsawon shekaru 20 (tsakanin 1972 – 1973 da 1991 – 1993), kogin da ke kan iyakar Indiya da Pakistan yana yin tasiri sosai a cikin filayen Amritsar, Pathankot, da Gurdaspur na Punjab. Wannan ya haifar da lalacewa a jere a Indiya sakamakon yadda kogin ya canza hanyarsa zuwa Indiya. Dalilin da ake dangantawa da wannan sauyi a tafiyar kogin shine manya-manyan gine-gine na horar da kogi da Pakistan ta gina a bangaren kogin, kusa da tsohon hanyar kogin. An ba da rahoton cewa motsin kogin ya kai nisan kilomita 4.8 (3.0 mi) zuwa Indiya.<ref name="springer">{{Cite journal |last=Thomas |first=Abraham |last2=Sharma |first2=PK |year=1998 |title=The shift of ravi river and the geomorphological features along its course in Amritsar and Gurdaspur districts of punjab |journal=Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing |volume=26 |issue=1–2 |pages=57–68 |bibcode=1998JISRS..26...57T |doi=10.1007/BF03007340 |s2cid=140634479}}</ref> ; Rashin gurɓata ruwan kogi A cikin kogin Ravi da ke gudana daga Indiya zuwa Pakistan, a cikin birane na Lahore an ruwaito matakan gurɓataccen ruwa a cikin kogin suna da yawa, wanda aka danganta shi da zubar da ruwa mai yawa na masana'antu da aikin gona da kuma tsarin magudanar ruwa a cikin ƙasashe biyu.<ref name="UNDP">{{Cite web |title=Pakistan, India Join Hands to Clean Canal |url=http://www.riverbasin.org/newsmaster.cfm?&menuid=45&action=view&retrieveid=152 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724140814/http://www.riverbasin.org/newsmaster.cfm?&menuid=45&action=view&retrieveid=152 |archive-date=24 July 2011 |access-date=18 April 2010 |publisher=River Basin Initiative}}</ref> Tsawon kilomita 72 (45 na Kogin Ravi daga Lahore Siphon zuwa Baloki yana nuna gurɓataccen ruwa da laka tare da Cd, Cr, Pt, da Cu. Rahotanni na baya-bayan nan sun nuna cewa kogin ya fi gurɓata a duniya, tare da ragowar magunguna kamar paracetamol, nicotine, caffeine, da magunguna don farfajiya da ciwon sukari da aka gano a cikin ruwansa. Ruwan kogin ya gurɓata sosai kuma ya zama tushen gurɓata ruwan kogin, duk da cewa an bincika wasu iko akan fitarwa ba tare da izini ba a cikin kogi. Saboda haka, matakan da za a bincika sake dawo da ƙarfe daga turɓaya zuwa cikin kogin yana buƙatar kulawa. Rashin ruwa mafi muni da ya shafi shi ne Hadharaam, mai ba da gudummawa ga Kogin Ravi. Har ila yau, matsala ce ta kan iyaka da ta shafi Indiya da Pakistan. An kaddamar da shirin na musamman na UNDP a cikin 2006 don magance batun a cikin ƙasashe biyu.<ref name="UNDP" /> === Tsire-tsire === Yankin arewacin da ke kewaye da Ravi shine layin rayuwa na tsire-tsire daban-daban, musamman deodar, walnut, holly oak, Mulberry, Alder, mai cin abinci pine, Himalayan cypress, chinar, ''Daphne papyracea'', arewacin Indiya rosewood, zaitun, da ''Toxicodendron acuminatum''.<ref name=":0">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Cleghorn|2001}}</ref><ref name="Cleghorn, p.112-113">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Cleghorn|2001}}</ref> == Ilimin ruwa == Ana rarraba ruwan Kogin Ravi ga Indiya a karkashin Yarjejeniyar Ruwa ta Indus, wanda Indiya da Pakistan suka sanya hannu. A cikin Indiya, kogin yana ƙarƙashin ikon jihohin Punjab, Jammu & Kashmir, da Himachal, da jihohin da ba na Riparian ba na Haryana, da Rajasthan, amma [[Kotun koli na Indiya|Kotun Koli ta Indiya]] da Kotun Ravi Beas, waɗanda aka kafa a 1986 don manufar. Gudun shekara-shekara a Indiya har zuwa ƙetare na ƙarshe a Pakistan shine {{Convert|11.52|e6acre-ft|km3}} miliyan acre-feet (14.21 cubic kilometers) (MAF) daga cikinsu 6.971 MAF yana samuwa a saman Madhopur headworks.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pages 261 and 291, Report Of The Ravi- Beas Water Tribunal Report (1987) |url=http://www.cwc.gov.in/sites/default/files/Ravi-%20Beas%20Waters%20Tribunal%20Report%201987.pdf |access-date=15 February 2020 |publisher=Central Water Commission}}</ref> Yawancin ruwan da aka samar a ƙasa da Madhopur (4.549 MAF) yana gudana zuwa Pakistan daga Indiya. === Amfani da farko === [[Fayil:Punjabdoabs1.jpg|thumb|A map of the Punjab region {{Circa|1947}} showing the doabas formed by the Ravi River with other rivers of the Indus River system.]] ==Bayanan Kula== {{Notelist}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} {{Coord|30|35|N|71|49|E|region:PK_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}} [[Category:Koguna]] hyrl2naah03nxjfehzz1nwobxnu35qy 0 121531 873651 789006 2026-07-01T13:55:38Z Ummeeterh 31568 873651 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bocas del Toro Patois''' ko [[Panama (ƙasa)|Panama]] Patois [[English]], yare ne na [[Jamaican Patois]]. Ya yi kama da nau'ikan [[Amurka]] ta tsakiya kamar [[Limonese Creole]] . Ba shi da matsayin harshen hukuma. An san shi da "guari-guari".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Herzfeld |first=Anita |title=Limon Creole and Panamanian Creole: Comparison and Contrast |url=https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/bitstream/handle/1808/22851/malc_1980_218-242_Herzfeld.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=kuscholarworks.ku.edu |archive-date=2023-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810125931/https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/bitstream/handle/1808/22851/malc_1980_218-242_Herzfeld.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jamaican Patois * Bajan Creole * Creoles na Turanci == Manazarta == <references /> 7y4qcchz39azg20vlcl5mzwf4pswtyr 0 121598 873602 839613 2026-07-01T12:38:11Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 873602 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Didymo_sign_on_gate.JPG|right|thumb|Alamar bayanai ta didymo a ƙofar a Canterbury, New Zealand.]] A shekara ta 2004 an gano '''''Didymosphenia geminata''''', wani diatom da aka fi sani da didymo ko dutse, <ref name="dpiw-tassie">{{Cite web |date=2013-11-04 |title=DPIPWE - Didymo (Rock Snot) |url=http://www.dpiw.tas.gov.au/inter,nsf/WebPages/CART-6R6923?open |access-date=2013-12-01 |publisher=Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment(Dpiw.tas.gov.au)}}</ref> an gano shi a New Zealand, karo na farko da aka gano shi a Kudancin Hemisphere. Don hana yaduwarsa, an ayyana dukan tsibirin Kudancin New Zealand a matsayin yanki mai sarrafawa a cikin Disamba 2005. Duk abubuwa, kamar jiragen ruwa, kayan kamun kifi, tufafi, da motoci, waɗanda ke cikin rafi, kogi ko tafkin, dole ne a tsaftace su kafin su shiga wata hanyar ruwa. Biosecurity New Zealand da ke aiki tare da Muhalli Southland, AgriQuality da Kifi da Game New Zealand sun ƙaddamar da babban gangamin wayar da kan jama'a don ƙarfafa masu amfani da kogin su tsaftace kayan aikin su bayan amfani da su a cikin hanyoyin ruwa da abin ya shafa. Wannan yaƙin neman zaɓe ya yi nasara sosai, tare da 99% na masu amfani da ruwa da aka bincika a cikin 2008 a cikin Kudancin Island suna sane da didymo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Didymo Stakeholder Update - 31 October 2008 |url=http://www.biosecurity.govt.nz/pests/didymo/update-31-10-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130212200059/http://www.biosecurity.govt.nz/pests/didymo/update-31-10-08 |archive-date=2013-02-12 |access-date=2013-12-01 |publisher=MAF Biosecurity New Zealand www.biosecurity.govt.nz}}</ref> == Sakamakon da ba daidai ba == Didymo na iya yin tasiri mai mahimmanci akan kwarin da ke zama tushen abinci ga nau'ikan kifi da yawa. Yana iya samar da manyan algal blooms. Yana sanya gadajen ƙorafi su zama slim, wanda ke haifar da haɗari ga masu yin iyo. Didymo blooms kuma yana haifar da haɗari ga: samar da wutar lantarki, ban ruwa da amfani da ruwa na nishaɗi.<ref name="dpiw-tassie"/> Didymo yana toshe matattarar ruwan sha na gida.<ref name="crux1">{{Cite web |title=Fix sorted for slime in Wānaka water |url=https://crux.org.nz/crux-news/fix-sorted-for-slime-in-wanaka-water/ |access-date=23 September 2022 |website=Crux |language=en-NZ}}</ref> == Yaduwa == A cikin Oktoban 2004, an sami wani girma mai ban mamaki a cikin ƙananan kogin Waiau a Southland. Cibiyar Nazarin Ruwa da Ruwa ta Kasa ta gano algae a matsayin Didymosphenia geminata kuma ta tabbatar da cewa ita ce ganowar farko ta New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Incursion Chronology 2004 |url=http://www.biosecurity.govt.nz/pests/didymo/incursion#2004 |access-date=2010-07-25 |publisher=MAF Biosecurity New Zealand www.biosecurity.govt.nz |archive-date=2010-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100624063810/http://www.biosecurity.govt.nz/pests/didymo/incursion#2004 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin Oktoba 2005, an gano yawan mutanen didymo a cikin kogin Hāwea, Buller, Ōreti da Upper Clutha. Ana gudanar da gwajin iyakancewa a magudanar ruwa ta Arewa Island da sauran tsarin kogin Kudancin Tsibirin don gano yadda didymo ya yadu a New Zealand. A cikin Oktoba 2007, an gano matattun ƙwayoyin didymo a cikin samfuran ruwa na yau da kullun daga kogin Whanganui, Tongariro, Whakapapa, da rafin Mangatepopo a tsakiyar Tsibirin Arewa, tare da MAF da ake zargin ƙarin gurɓatawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 31, 2007 |title=Fears didymo is spreading |url=http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/1423255 |access-date=2007-10-31 |publisher=[[TVNZ]] |archive-date=2012-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006220114/http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/1423255 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin Oktoba 2009, an gano didymo a cikin Upper Rangitata River a Canterbury. Kogin Rangitata na Upper an san shi da ɗayan mahimman wuraren zama na kogin don ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan bakin gaba, wrybill da sararin samaniya mai haɗari ga galaxias mai tsayi. In February 2010, didymo was detected in the Waimakariri River. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2010, an gano didymo a cikin Kogin Riuwaka, Kogin Pearse da Kogin Maruia a yankin Nelson-Tasman a saman Tsibirin Kudancin. == Hana yaduwar == MAF Biosecurity New Zealand ta ba da shawarar hanyoyin da ke biyowa don hana yaduwar didymo a New Zealand: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Didymo Cleaning Methods |url=http://www.biosecurity.govt.nz/pests/didymo/cleaning |access-date=2010-07-25 |publisher=MAF Biosecurity New Zealand www.biosecurity.govt.nz |archive-date=2010-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100721031409/http://www.biosecurity.govt.nz/pests/didymo/cleaning |url-status=dead }}</ref> '''Bincike''': Kafin barin kogin, cire duk ƙullun algae a bayyane kuma ku nemi kumburi na ɓoye. Bar su a wurin. Idan kun sami dunƙule daga baya kada ku wanke su cikin magudanar ruwa, ku bi su da hanyoyin da aka yarda da su a ƙasa, bushe su kuma saka su a cikin kwandon shara. '''Tsabtace''': Tsabtacewa da kuma share duk abubuwa na akalla minti daya a cikin ruwa mai zafi (60 ° C), mafita ta 2% na bleach na gida ko mafita ta 5% na gishiri, mai tsabtace hannu ko wanki. Dry: Idan tsaftacewa ba ta da amfani (misali dabbobi, dabbobi), bayan abu ya bushe gaba ɗaya jira ƙarin awanni 48 kafin tuntuɓar ko amfani a kowane hanyar dake ruwa. == Dubi kuma == * [[Stirrai da suke mamaye a New Zealand|Dabbobi masu mamayewa a New Zealand]] * Karewa a New Zealand == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.mpi.govt.nz/outdoor-activities/boating-and-watersports-tips-to-prevent-spread-of-pests/check-clean-dry/] a Ma'aikatar Masana'antu ta Farko * [http://www.doc.govt.nz/conservation/threats-and-impacts/biosecurity/didymo/ Shafin Didymo] a [[Ma'aikatar Karewa (New Zealand)|Ma'aikatar Karewa]] osmp4ht08tv98we87fsgptrg3rljiu9 0 121948 873804 742170 2026-07-01T20:45:59Z Ummeeterh 31568 873804 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Christopher Michael Neal''' (An haife shi a ranar 23 ga [[Oktoba]] 1985) ya kasance tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Ingila wanda ya yi wasa a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|Mai tsaron gida]] kuma yanzu shi ne kocin mai tsaron gidan a kulob din AFC Fylde na Kungiyar Kudancin Kudancin AFC Fylede . Neal ya fara aikinsa a Preston North End, inda ya fara buga wasan kwallon kafa na Ingila a watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2005, bayan da ya yi sha'awar wani ɗan gajeren aro a kulob din Tamworth. Ya yi gajeren aro a Shrewsbury Town da Morecambe a [[Bury F.C.|Kabari]] 2006-07 a matsayin mai rufewa kafin Shrewsshire Town ta sanya hannu a kai a watan Yulin 2009. Ya kasance mai kula da kulob din na yau da kullun yayin da aka samu ci gaba zuwa League One a 2011-12. Ya shiga Port Vale a watan Yulin 2012 kuma ya taimaka wa kulob din don samun ci gaba daga League Two a 2012-13. Ya shiga Doncaster Rovers a kan aro a watan Fabrairun 2016 sannan kuma Bury a watan da ya biyo baya. Ya shiga Fleetwood Town a kan canja wurin kyauta a watan Mayu 2016 kafin ya shiga Salford City a watan [[Mayu]] 2018. Ya sauka zuwa Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Arewa don sanya hannu tare da AFC Fylde a watan Agustan 2020 kuma ya taimaka wa kulob din zuwa gasar a ƙarshen kakar 2022-23. Ya fara horar da AFC Fylde a watan Yulin 2024 kuma ya zama manajan hadin gwiwa watanni biyu bayan haka, kuma a watan Fabrairun 2025. == Ayyuka == === Preston North End === Neal ya fara aikinsa a Preston North End, yana sanya hannu kan fom ɗin ƙwararru a ƙarƙashin Billy Davies a farkon lokacin 2004-05 . Ya tafi rancen zuwa Tamworth National Club a cikin Janairu 2005. <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 January 2005 |title=Keeper Neal in Tamworth loan move |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/t/tamworth/4155523.stm |access-date=8 March 2011 |website=[[BBC Sport]]}}</ref> Ya fara halarta a karon don "Lambs" a ranar 8 ga Janairu, a cikin rashin nasara da ci 4-3 a Garin Aldershot a filin shakatawa . Ya kiyaye takarda mai tsabta a farkon sa na farko a The Lamb Ground kwanaki 16 bayan haka, kamar yadda Tamworth ya yi rikodin nasara 1-0 akan Accrington Stanley ; a lokacin wasan an yaba shi da yin "kyakkyawan" ceto . Ya buga jimlar wasanni shida don ƙungiyar Mark Cooper, kafin ya koma Preston a watan Fabrairu. Ya yi bayyanarsa ta farko da kawai ga "Lilywhites" a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu, yayin da aka tilasta wa Gavin Ward barin filin minti 83 zuwa 1-1 da Ipswich Town a gasar Championship a Deepdale . A ƙarshen kakar wasa Chester City da Tamworth sun yi ƙoƙarin sanya shi a matsayin aro, <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 July 2005 |title=Chester move in for keeper Neal |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/c/chester/4653525.stm |access-date=8 March 2011 |website=[[BBC Sport]]}}</ref> amma kungiyoyin biyu ba su yi nasara ba. An danganta shi da tafiya zuwa Oldham Athletic a Yuli 2006, amma kuma babu wani motsi da ya faru. == Ayyukan horarwa == Neal ya koma tsohon kulob dinsa na AFC Fylde a matsayin kocin masu tsaron gida a watan Yulin shekara ta 2024. Bayan korar Chris Beech a watan Satumbar 2024, an nada Neal a matsayin manajan hadin gwiwa, tare da Nathan Delfouneso. An nada Kevin Phillips a matsayin sabon kocin kulob din a ranar 8 ga Oktoba. A ranar 25 ga Fabrairu 2025, bayan tashiwar Phillips, an nada Neal a matsayin manajan hadin gwiwa, tare da David Longwell, har zuwa karshen kakar 2024-25.<ref>{{cite news |date=22 January 2005 |title=Tamworth 1-0 Accrington |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/eng_conf/4175483.stm |access-date=13 July 2012 |newspaper=[[BBC Sport]]}}</ref> An sake Fylde a ranar 18 ga Afrilu, kuma an sanya sunan manajan dindindin a Craig Mahon a ranar 22 ga Yuni. == Personal life == Abokinsa, Emma, ta haifi jariri, Zachary Christopher Neal, a ranar 5 ga Disamba 2021, a Asibitin Arrowe Park; An haifi Zach da wuri kuma an sanya shi a cikin kulawa mai tsanani kuma ya mutu a ranar 15 ga Afrilu 2022. Neal ya tara kudi don asibitin daga baya a cikin shekarar. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]] 2ag0us2z4ovune6we9qlzktezrqbijm 0 122645 874168 869356 2026-07-02T08:27:45Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 874168 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chinneylove Eze Ogunje''' (born 11 August 1988)<ref name="Writer">{{Cite web |last=Staff Writer |date=2022-03-23 |title=Showmax spotlights ChinneyLove Eze: The young producer making hit Nollywood movies |url=https://stories.showmax.com/za/chinneylove-eze |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=Showmax Stories |language=en |archive-date=2025-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126065838/https://stories.showmax.com/za/chinneylove-eze |url-status=dead }}</ref> is a Nigerian film producer, director, and entrepreneur. Her first [[Nollywood]] movie was the 2013 film ''The Cartel''. In 2017, she produced the successful film ''[[Hire a man|Hire a Man]]''.<ref name="Writer" /> Ita ce ta kafa kuma Shugaba na Chinneylove Eze Productions kuma ta samar da fina-finai kamar Hire a Woman, Devil in Agbada, Our Date for Christmas, Maduka Daughters, da Pretty Thief . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Eze a ranar 11 ga watan Agusta 1988 a cikin iyalin Kirista na al'adun Ibo. Ita ce ƙarama a cikin 'ya'ya mata huɗu na Mr. da Mrs. Eze kuma ta fito ne daga yankin karamar hukumar Aguata a Jihar Anambra, Najeriya. Ta fara karatun ta a makarantar Twins Nursery da Firamare kuma ta ci gaba zuwa Kwalejin 'yan mata ta Gwamnatin Tarayya, [[Oyo (jiha)|Oyo]], inda ta kammala karatun sakandare. Daga baya ta halarci [[Jami'ar Benin]], inda ta sami digiri na farko a fannin tattalin arziki da kididdiga. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Afrikive |url=https://afrikive.com/people/2102/chinneylove-eze |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=afrikive.com }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Ayyuka da alhakin zamantakewa == Eze ta fara aikinta a Nollywood a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo kafin ta shiga cikin samar da fim. Ta fara yin fim ne a shekarar 2013 tare da The Cartel, fim din Pan-Afirka wanda ya nuna simintin daga [[Afirka ta Kudu]], [[Ghana]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], da [[Najeriya]]. Fim ɗin ya sami gabatarwa hudu a Kyautar Nollywood da kuma gabatarwa biyar a bikin fina-finai na Afirka da Academy Awards (ZAFAA). <ref name="Writer"/> A shekara ta 2017, ta fara fitowa a matsayin mai gabatar da fina-finai a cikin fina-fallafin Najeriya tare da Hire a Man, fim din da ya ci nasara a kasuwanci wanda ya samu gabatarwa da yawa kuma ya zama fim na Nollywood na 7 mafi girma a shekara. Ta ci gaba da samar da ''Yuni'', wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya, a cikin 2018, kuma a cikin 2019, ta biyo baya tare da Hire a Woman, wanda ya zama ɗayan fina-finai mafi girma na Nollywood na wannan shekarar. A cikin 2023, Eze ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya ta musamman tare da Amazon Prime bayan fitowar fina-finai biyu, Tenis Big Day da Devil in Agbada, dukansu biyu sun kasance don yawo a kan dandalin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nif |title=Chinneylove Eze Productions |url=https://www.nifsummit.com/images/docs/CHINNEYLOVE_EZE_PRODUCTIONS.pdf |journal=Nifsummit}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2023, Eze ta ba da sanarwar shirye-shiryen karfafa akalla mata 150 a duk faɗin ƙasar a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarin da take yi na ba da gudummawa ga al'umma. == Rayuwa ta mutum == A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2013, Eze ta auri Kevwe Ogunje daga [[Delta (jiha)|Jihar Delta]] a wani bikin auren gargajiya. Dangi na kusa, abokai, da sanannun mutane daga [[Nollywood]] sun halarci taron, gami da [[Joke Silva|Ajoke Silva]], [[Rita Dominic]], [[Mike Ezuruonye]], Mercy Johnson, [[Nancy Isime]], [[Uche Jombo]], [[Uche Montana]], [[Ini Edo]], da [[Ayo Makun]], da sauransu. An yi alama da bikin ta hanyar nuna launi mai ban sha'awa, tare da baƙi da suka yi ado da tufafin "aso-ebi". An haifi ɗan farko na ma'auratan a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2024. == Hotunan da aka zaɓa == {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;" !Shekara !Fim din !Masu ba da labari |- |2013 |''Kamfanin Kasuwanci'' |[[Mike Ezuruonye]], John Njamah |- |2016 |''Kawai A Yi Aure'' |Femi Jacobs, Zynnel Zuh, Belinda Effah (Grace Charis Bassey) |- |2017 |''[[Hire a man|Ka Yi hayar Mutum]]'' |Zynnel Zuh, Eyinna Nwigwe, [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]], [[Nancy Isime]], [[IK Ogbonna]] |- |2018 |''Yuni'' |[[Uche Jombo|Uche Jumbo]], [[Michelle Dede]], Empress Njamah, Toni Tones[[Toni Tones|Tunanin Toni]] |- |2019 |[[Hire a Woman (fim)|''Ɗauki Mace Mace Ma'aikaci'']] |[[Nancy Isime]], Alex Ekubo, [[Mike Godson]], [[Uzor Arukwe|Uzo Arukwe]] |- |2020 |''Lokacin da soyayya ta same ka'' |[[Mike Godson]], [[Rachel Oniga|Rachael Oniga]], [[Lilian Afegbai]], [[Esther Audu]] |- |2020 |''Makwabata'' |[[Tana Adelana]], Mofe Duncan |- |2021 |''[[Hatsabibin Agbada|Iblis a Agbada]]'' |[[Desmond Elliot]], [[Linda Osifo]], Erica Nlewedim, [[Efe Irele]], [[Nosa Rex]] |- |2021 |''Ranar Kirsimeti'' |Mofe Duncan, Mercy Johnson[[Mercy Johnson|Rahama Johnson]] |- |2022 |''Asirin Victoria'' |[[Uche Montana|Uche (Montana) Nwaefuna]], Chris Akwarandu, Chinneylove Eze |- |2022 |''Kafaya Faya'' |Mercy Johnson, [[Ebube Nwagbo]] |- |2023 |''Dalilin Ƙauna'' |Echelon Mbadiwe, Emem Inwang, Sam Maurice |- |2023 |''Labarin Ƙaunar Phil'' |[[Daniel Etim Effiong]], [[Uche Montana|Uche (Montana) Nwaefuna]] |- |2023 |''Biyu Za su Iya Wasan'' |Mimi Chaka, [[Daniel Etim Effiong]] |- |2023 |''Shugaba Chic'' |[[Sophie Alakija]], Etinosa Idemudia, Maurice Sam |- |2023 |''Don Gobe Mai Kyau'' |[[Ruth Kadiri]], Jarumi Daniels, Onyii Alex |- |2024 |''Shukari da kayan yaji'' |[[Ini Edo]], Elozonam |- |2024 |''Ƙaunar Mai Tsarki'' |Chinaye Nnebe, Clinton Joshua |- |2024 |''Bikinmu ne'' |[[Chioma Chukwuka]], Michael Dappa, [[Uche Jombo|Uche Jumbo]] |- |2024 |''A kan dukkan matsaloli'' |An samo asali ne daga garin [[Uche Montana|Uche (Montana) Nwaefuna]], Jerry Mudiaga |- |2024 |''Omego fam da daloli'' |Ray Emodi, Lilian Idoko |- |2024 |''Alan Poser'' |[[Bolaji Ogunmola]], [[IK Ogbonna]] |- |} == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin Jaruman Finafinan Najeriya|Jerin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya]] * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Career and social responsibility == Eze ta fara aikinta a Nollywood a matsayin jaruma kafin ta koma harkar shirya fina-finai. A watan Satumbar 2023, Eze ta ba da sanarwar shirye-shiryen karfafa akalla mata 150 a duk faɗin ƙasar a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarin da take yi na ba da gudummawa ga al'umma.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Olufemi |first=Damilola |date=2023-09-08 |title=Movie producer, Chinneylove, unveils plan to empower 150 women |url=https://punchng.com/movie-producer-chinneylove-unveils-plan-to-empower-150-women/?utm_source=auto-read-also&utm_medium=web#google_vignette |access-date=2025-01-23 |language=en-US |newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> .<ref>{{Cite news |last=Olufemi |first=Damilola |date=2023-09-08 |title=Movie producer, Chinneylove, unveils plan to empower 150 women |url=https://punchng.com/movie-producer-chinneylove-unveils-plan-to-empower-150-women/?utm_source=auto-read-also&utm_medium=web#google_vignette |access-date=2025-01-23 |language=en-US |newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> == Farkon rayuwa da karatu == An haifi Eze a ranar 11 ga watan Agusta, 1988 cikin dangin Kiristoci na kabilar [[Inyamurai|Igbo]]. Ita ce ƙarama a cikin 'ya'ya mata huɗu na Mr. da Mrs. Eze kuma ta fito daga ƙaramar hukumar Aguata a [[Anambra|jihar Anambra]], [[Najeriya]]. == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb name|id=8990945|name=Chinneylove Eze}} * Chinneylove Ezea kanInstagram [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] lprelvwfpn0kvbwy5921zhz38t5b7dc 0 122812 873665 822265 2026-07-01T14:21:22Z Habibah A Jisambo 26434 873665 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tanya Denise Jackson''' (Oktoba 22, 1970 - {{Circa}} Yuni 25, 1997), wanda aka fi sani da "'''Peaches'''", "'''The''' Girl with the Peach Tattoo" ko kuma Jane Doe No. 3, ta kasance wanda ba a san shi ba wanda aka gano jikinsa a ranar 28 ga Yuni, 1997, a Lakeview, New York, kusa da Hempstead Lake State Park. Ta kasance ba a san ta ba har zuwa 2025, kuma har yanzu ba a gano kwanyar ta ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Long Island's Unidentified Murder Victims |url=http://archive.longislandpress.com/2010/07/01/long-islands-unidentified-murder-victims/ |access-date=15 October 2014 |website=Long Island Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-23 |title=Nassau County police reveal ID of Gilgo Beach victim 'Peaches' and her toddler |url=https://abc7ny.com/post/gilgo-beach-murders-nassau-county-police-reveal-id-victim-peaches-toddler/16230218/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=ABC7 New York |language=en}}</ref> Jackson tana da tattoo a kan ƙirjinta na hagu wanda ke nuna siffar zuciya tare da ciwo da aka cire daga ciki da saukowa biyu da ke fadowa daga ainihinsa, wanda ya haifar da laƙabi. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2016, an gano ƙarin gawarwakin da aka samu a Long Island a shekara ta 2011 a matsayin na Jackson, tare da gawar 'yarta, wanda aka gano a shekara ta 2025 a matsayin '''Tatiana Marie Dykes''' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-23 |title=Police reveal ID of Gilgo Beach victim 'Peaches' and her toddler |url=https://6abc.com/post/gilgo-beach-murders-nassau-county-police-reveal-id-victim-peaches-toddler-tanya-tatiana/16230830/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=6abc Philadelphia |language=en}}</ref> Saboda wurin da gawar ta kasance, kisan Jackson da Dykes an haɗa su da Mai kisan gilla na Long Island a matsayin wadanda za su iya fama da su. Koyaya, 'yan sanda ba su yarda da wannan ba, kuma an tuhumi Andrew Dykes, mahaifin 'yarta Tatiana, da kisan Tanya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Coleman |first=Maia |title=Florida Man Charged in Murder of Woman Found Near Gilgo Beach |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/12/06/nyregion/gilgo-beach-murder-charges-peaches-andrew-dykes.html |access-date=7 December 2025 |website=New York Times}}</ref> == Tarihin shari'a. == [[File:Peaches_tattoo.jpg|thumb|Tattoo]] A ranar 28 ga Yuni, 1997, wani mutum da 'yarsa sun gano gawar da aka raba don yawo a wani yanki mai itatuwa na Hempstead Lake State Park, [[Lakeview, New York]]. An yanke kai, hannaye biyu, da ƙafafu biyu (a ƙasa da gwiwa) kuma har yanzu ba a same su ba. An samo jikin a gefen yammacin Lake Drive, kimanin yadudduka 200 a arewacin. Peninsula Boulevard ta McDonald Pond. An same ta a cikin akwati na Rubbermaid tare da jan tawul da jakar furanni. Ba tare da wata hanyar da za ta kai ga asalin matar ba, 'yan sanda sun buga hoto na kimanin tattoo mai inci biyu a cikin mujallar tattoo ta ƙasa, da fatan samun mai zane wanda ya yi aikin. Sun sami kira daga Steve Cullen, mai zane-zane a [[Connecticut]] wanda ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya tuna ya ba da tattoo ga mace. Cullen ya ce ya tuna da abokin ciniki a matsayin budurwa baƙar fata, kimanin shekaru 18 ko 19, wanda ke tare da mata biyu, mahaifiyarta da dan uwanta. A lokacin zaman, ya kuma yi iƙirarin cewa ta gaya masa cewa ta fito ne daga ko dai Bronx ko Long Island kuma tana cikin Connecticut saboda tana da matsala tare da saurayinta a lokacin. Wataƙila matar tana da wasu tattoos a hannunta ko ƙananan ƙafafun da mai kisan bai so a same su ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Long Island's Unidentified Murder Victims |url=http://archive.longislandpress.com/2010/07/01/long-islands-unidentified-murder-victims/ |access-date=15 October 2014 |website=Long Island Press}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga watan Disamba, 2016, ''Long Island Press'' ta ruwaito cewa hukumomin yankin sun gano ragowar kwarangwal (wanda ake kira "Jane Doe 3") da aka samu a Jones Beach State Park a 2011 a matsayin na "Peaches". An kuma sami ragowar yaro a cikin 2011, gabashin Cedar Beach, tare da gwajin DNA wanda ke gano Jane Doe 3 - ko "Peaches" - a matsayin mahaifiyarsa. A sakamakon waɗannan binciken, an haɗa Peaches da mai kisan gilla na Long Island a matsayin wanda zai iya zama wanda aka kashe a farkon lokacin. == Bayyanawa == A ranar 8 ga Oktoba, 2022, Ma'aikatar 'yan sanda ta wayar hannu ta sanar a shafinta na [[Fezbuk|Facebook]] cewa [[Ofishin Bincike na Tarayya (FBI)|FBI]] na neman dangi da abokai na Elijah "Lige" Howell / Howard (1927-1963). Howard ya zauna a Prichard, Alabama, tare da matarsa Carrie kuma ya mutu a Mobile, Alabama, a 1963 yayin da yake zaune tare da Ms. Lillie Mae Wiggins Packer . FBI ta yi imanin cewa danginsa na iya taimakawa wajen gano Peaches da ɗanta. A ranar 5 ga Disamba, 2025, an kama Andrew Dykes na [[Florida]]" id="mwdw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Tampa, Florida">Tampa, Florida saboda kisan Tanya da jiran mika shi. Shi ne mahaifin Tatiana Dykes . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Long Island's Unidentified Murder Victims |url=http://archive.longislandpress.com/2010/07/01/long-islands-unidentified-murder-victims/ |access-date=15 October 2014 |website=Long Island Press}}</ref> == Abubuwan da suka danganci == === "Cherries" === [[File:605UFNY.jpg|thumb|Tattoo da "Cherries" suka sa]] == Dubi kuma == * Kashe-kashen da aka yi a Gilgo Beach * Jerin shari'o'in mutanen da suka ɓace: 1990s * Jerin kisan da ba a warware su ba (1980-1999) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1997]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1970]] oz3ocfgvcwf7vbd3ghabo90nf2hqhgx 0 122960 874308 824983 2026-07-02T11:34:11Z Mahuta 11340 An kirkira ta fassara "Early life and education" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360694556|Jeff Unaegbu]]" 874308 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jephthah Elochukwu Unaegbu''' // i (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1979) ya kasance [[marubuci]] ne na [[Najeriya]], mai bincike, ɗan jarida mai zaman kansa, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, kuma mai yin fim.<ref>{{Cite web |last=punchng |date=2016-09-30 |title=Nigerian entertainers born on October 1 |url=https://punchng.com/nigerian-entertainers-born-october-1/ |access-date=2023-11-25 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Muse |first=The |date=2021-05-25 |title=Guest Lecture– Writing and Publishing: Trends in the new Decade{{!}} Mr Jeff Unaegbu |url=https://themuseunn.com/guest-lecture-writing-and-publishing-trends-in-the-new-decade-mr-jeff-unaegbu/ |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=THE MUSE JOURNAL |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi shi Unaegbu a ranar 1 ga watan Oktoba 1979, a Amankwo-Inyi, Jihar Enugu, kudu maso gabashin Najeriya a matsayin na farko cikin yara biyar ga John Ejike Unaegbu da Cecilia Enonanma Unaegbu . Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Gwamnati a Minna, Jihar Nijar daga 1990 zuwa 1996. Daga nan ya halarci Cibiyar Kwamfuta ta Muhanatu, inda ya sami difloma a cikin Gudanar da Bayanai na Kwamfuta a shekara ta 2000. Ya kuma yi karatu a Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka (UNN) a Jihar Enugu, daga 2002 zuwa 2006, kuma ya sami digiri a cikin Sadarwar Jama'a. Yayinda yake karatu a Enugu, Unaegbu ya kasance babban editan, Mujallar Roar Magazine ta jami'ar, tare da lashe kyaututtuka na ilimi da waka. Ya ci gaba da samun MA a Nazarin Afirka daga Cibiyar Nazarin [[Afirka]], Jami'ar Najeriya a shekarar ta 2018. == Early life and education == Daga nan ya halarci Cibiyar Kwamfuta ta Muhanatu, inda ya sami digirin difloma a fannin Sarrafa Bayanan Kwamfuta a shekarar 2000 .<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=CURRICULUM VITAE JEFF UNAEGBU 2024.pdf |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1uNrkUDZfSMoB6KEyuwoWUMeIenx2eZF8/view?usp=sharing&usp=embed_facebook |access-date=2024-07-18 |website=}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Ayyukan jami'a === Unaegbu ta yi aiki a matsayin Babban Jami'in Fasaha a Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka, Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka a cikin shikara ta 2008, kuma ta zama Mai Bincike na Cibiyar a cikin 2021. === Rubuce-rubuce === Unaegbu became an executive officer of the Lagos State Council of Tradesmen and Artisans in the Ministry of Commerce at [[Alausa]], [[Ikeja]]. He wrote his first book, ''Ode on Lagos'' (''This Lagos Na Wa'') ''and Other Poetic Portraits'' which was published in January 2006, by Prize Publishers (a later edition in 2010 was published by Pitmak Books, Abuja). On April 2, 2007, the book was reviewed to contain a poem that was called "a longest poem by a Nigerian" by ''Newswatch magazine''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Muse |first=The |date=2021-05-25 |title=Guest Lecture– Writing and Publishing: Trends in the new Decade{{!}} Mr Jeff Unaegbu |url=https://themuseunn.com/guest-lecture-writing-and-publishing-trends-in-the-new-decade-mr-jeff-unaegbu/ |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=THE MUSE JOURNAL |language=en-US}}</ref> Another magazine, ''The Roar'' said it was "the longest metrical poem in Africa". Yayinda yake jiran sakamakon shekararsa ta ƙarshe a matsayin dalibi, Unaegbu ya rubuta littafinsa na biyu, Freedom in Our Bones: the history of the Students' Union Government, Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka, 1960-2004 .<ref>{{Cite web |last=punchng |date=2016-09-30 |title=Nigerian entertainers born on October 1 |url=https://punchng.com/nigerian-entertainers-born-october-1/ |access-date=2023-11-25 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> An buga littafin a watan Maris na shekara ta 2007, a wannan watan da aka aika Unaegbu zuwa [[Bayelsa|Jihar Bayelsa]] don shirin [[Hukumar Yiwa Kasa Hidima (NYSC)|NYSC]]. Yayinda yake aiki a Otu-oke, [[Ogbia]] a [[Bayelsa|Jihar Bayelsa]], ya fara littafinsa na uku, ''Asalin NYSC'' da kuma tarihin Farfesa na Physics, Alexander Obiefoka Enukora Animalu, littafin da ya rubuta tare da Godfrey Akpojotor.<ref name="Alexander Animalu - Biography">{{Cite web |title=Alexander Animalu - Biography |url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Animalu/ |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=Maths History |language=en}}</ref> Tsohon Ministan Najeriya, [[Bartholomew Nnaji]] ya ce littafin "ya bayyana rayuwa a Legas a ƙarshen shekarun 1950, musamman matakin aikata laifuka". Tun daga wannan lokacin, ya rubuta littattafai da yawa da wallafe-wallafen mujallu ciki har da The Secret Principles of Female Powers (2009), Nelson Mandela da Barack Obama African World Challenge Art and Science in the Reconstruction of the Consciousness of the Africans in the 21st Century, A Dialogue on Western and African Worldviews (wanda aka rubuta tare da Farfesa Alexander Animalu da Grace Nigeria) a cikin Farfesa Oguito; The National Development, The National Development).<ref name="Alexander Animalu - Biography" /> Labarin Unaegbu, "Prey", yana daga cikin wadanda aka zaba don kyautar rubuce-rubucen Afirka ta farko don Flash Fiction.<ref>{{Cite web |last=punchng |date=2016-09-30 |title=Nigerian entertainers born on October 1 |url=https://punchng.com/nigerian-entertainers-born-october-1/ |access-date=2023-11-25 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya kasance mai karɓar tallafin tafiye-tafiye ta Ƙungiyar Nazarin Afirka ta Ƙasar Ingila (ASAUK) zuwa wani bita na Masanan Afirka da aka gudanar a [[Jami'ar Garin Osun|Jami'ar Jihar Osun]], a watan Satumbar 2011. Littafinsa, Ode on Lagos' an jera shi kuma daga ƙarshe ya zo na uku a cikin [[Kungiyar Marubuta ta Najeriya|Ƙungiyar Marubutan Najeriya]] / Kyautar Cadbury.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Muse |first=The |date=2021-05-25 |title=Guest Lecture– Writing and Publishing: Trends in the new Decade{{!}} Mr Jeff Unaegbu |url=https://themuseunn.com/guest-lecture-writing-and-publishing-trends-in-the-new-decade-mr-jeff-unaegbu/ |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=THE MUSE JOURNAL |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=punchng |date=2016-09-30 |title=Nigerian entertainers born on October 1 |url=https://punchng.com/nigerian-entertainers-born-october-1/ |access-date=2023-11-25 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2012, Unaegbu (tare da Farfesa Alex Animalu da Farfesa Sam Onuigbo) sun fara shirya kundin Jami'ar Najeriya Book of Fame wanda ya ƙunshi bayanan martaba na sanannun tsofaffi da malamai na Jami'ar, gami da bayanan [[Chinua Achebe]], Onigu Otite da Peter Obi A cikin shekara ta 2012 kuma, Unaegbu (tare da A. O. E. Animalu da [[Francisca Nneka Okeke]]) sun rubuta Tarihin Mai Girma Pioneer Geophyist: Cyril Onwchili. Wasu malamai sun yi nuni da littafin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Muse |first=The |date=2021-05-25 |title=Guest Lecture– Writing and Publishing: Trends in the new Decade{{!}} Mr Jeff Unaegbu |url=https://themuseunn.com/guest-lecture-writing-and-publishing-trends-in-the-new-decade-mr-jeff-unaegbu/ |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=THE MUSE JOURNAL |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin 2013, Jeff Unaegbu da Farfesa Sam Onuigbo sun hada hannu da littafin, ''Shekaru hamsin na Nazarin Afirka: Tarihin Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka, Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka (1963-2013).''<ref>{{Cite web |last=punchng |date=2016-09-30 |title=Nigerian entertainers born on October 1 |url=https://punchng.com/nigerian-entertainers-born-october-1/ |access-date=2023-11-25 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> An yi amfani da littafin a cikin aikin da ya dace a kan Nazarin Afirka a duniya, mai taken, "Transformations in Africana Studies: History, Theory and Epistemology". Unaegbu's 529-page Braving the Stars: The Biography of Pius Nwankwo Okeke, Famous Nigerian Space Scientist and Professor of Physics (wanda aka rubuta tare da Dokta Sam Chukwu a cikin 2014) shi ne tarihin rayuwarsa na huɗu na farfesa masu rai a Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka . Gabatarwarsa a shekarar 2014 ta ja hankalin tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar Dattijai na Najeriya, Hon. [[Ike Ekweremadu]] da Cif Emmanuel Iwuanyanwu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Muse |first=The |date=2021-05-25 |title=Guest Lecture– Writing and Publishing: Trends in the new Decade{{!}} Mr Jeff Unaegbu |url=https://themuseunn.com/guest-lecture-writing-and-publishing-trends-in-the-new-decade-mr-jeff-unaegbu/ |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=THE MUSE JOURNAL |language=en-US}}</ref> Daga baya, Book Authority ta ambaci e-version dinta a matsayin daya daga cikin littattafan tarihin Najeriya guda biyar mafi kyau na Duk Lokaci. A cikin 2014 kuma, Jeff Unaegbu da Janna Nwafor-Orizu sun hada hannu da littafin, 92 Days in Power: Dr. A.A. Nwafor- Orizu (GCON) a matsayin mukaddashin shugaban Najeriya (Oktoba 16, 1965 - Janairu 15, 1966). tsohon shugaban Najeriya, Alhaji [[Shehu Shagari]] ne ya rubuta gabatarwa. Farfesa Christian Opata ne ya sake nazarin littafin a shafi na 40 na jaridar Daily Sun na Jumma'a 19 ga Disamba 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |last=punchng |date=2016-09-30 |title=Nigerian entertainers born on October 1 |url=https://punchng.com/nigerian-entertainers-born-october-1/ |access-date=2023-11-25 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, a cikin 2014, ''Iroko daga Sapling: Tarihin Kwalejin Aikin Gona, Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka (1961-2014) '' Jeff Unaegbu da wasu hudu ne suka rubuta shi, ciki har da Farfesa Emeritus Chijioke Nwosu . A cikin 2017, Pride of the Den, Tarihin Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Jiki, Jami'ar Najeriya Nsukka (1973-2017) Jeff Unaegbu, Farfesa Fidelis Ugwuowo da Farfesa UC Okoro ne suka rubuta shi. A cikin 2018, Jeff Unaegbu, Farfesa Emeritus Alex Animalu, da Thaddeus Udeinya sun hada hannu da rubuce-rubuce na Biography of Nigeria's Foremost Professor of Mechanical Engineering: Gordian Ezekwe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=punchng |date=2016-09-30 |title=Nigerian entertainers born on October 1 |url=https://punchng.com/nigerian-entertainers-born-october-1/ |access-date=2023-11-25 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin labarinta da mujallar New Yorker ta buga a ranar 10 ga Satumba 2020, marubucin littafin Najeriya, Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, ya nuna godiyarta ga Jeff Unaegbu, Alexander Animalu da Peter Uche don hada-hadar tarihin mahaifinta a cikin littafi, mai taken, Biography of Nigeria's Foremost Professor of Statistics, Farfesa James Nwoye Adichie A ranar 1 ga Oktoba 2020 an buga littafin Jeff Unaegbu mai shafi 152, The Jephian Philosophy . Littafin shine jimlar tunaninsa game da yanayin sirri na Allah da kuma ma'anar rayuwa. Daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa kimiyyar fahimta, Farfesa [[Noam Chomsky]], ya sami littafin da ya dace. A ranar 16 ga watan Janairun 2021 an buga Sambisa Forest da Sauran Labarai na Jeff Unaegbu. Ya ƙunshi labarin da aka jera, Prey . Littafin kuma yana da labarin, ''Bye-Bye'', wanda aka daɗe ana lissafa shi don lambar yabo ta Diana Woods Memorial Award a cikin Creative Non-Fiction, Jami'ar Antakiya, [[Los Angeles]]. Wani labari a cikin littafin, The Fulani Damsel an buga shi a cikin Litro Magazine, mujallar Literary and Creative Arts a Ingila a watan Yunin 2018. Jeff Unaegbu ya fara gabatar da jawabi ga ƙashin giwa a watan Satumbar 2016 a shafin yanar gizon zamantakewa. Amsawar waka ga waka ta fito ne daga Amarachi Attamah, Chinemerem Anyi, Ejiuwaka Chukwu da Ikechukwu Ogbu . Ba da daɗewa ba, an gina waka mai ban mamaki daga waɗannan tattaunawar waka. Shirin farko na waka mai ban mamaki an yi shi ne a matsayin waka ta magana da Jeff Unaegbu da Amarachi Attamah a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na Kyautar Waƙoƙin Daliban Najeriya a watan Yunin 2017. An buga rubutun karshe da wasu karin waƙoƙi a matsayin littafi, mai taken, Elephant Tusk: An Epic a ranar 31 ga Oktoba 2021. A ranar 25 ga Mayu 2021 Jeff Unaegbu ya gabatar da lacca na baƙo a bikin zane-zane na 2021 na mujallar tsofaffin ɗalibai a Yammacin Afirka, Muse Journal na Sashen Nazarin Turanci da Littattafai, Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka . A cikin lacca, mai taken, "Rubuta da Buga: Trends in the New Decade", ya ce, "yayin da za a karɓi rubutun ku a matsayin marubuci ko a ƙi shi yana da alaƙa da son zuciya na wakilai ko gidajen bugawa da kuka aika, fiye da ko rubuce-rubuce ne mai kyau ko a'a". [[Fayil:Jeff_Unaegbu_as_Guest_Lecturer_at_the_2021_Literary_Arts_Festival,_University_of_Nigeria,_Nsukka-_2021.jpg|thumb|Jeff Unaegbu a matsayin Baƙon Malami a Bikin Fasaha na 2021, Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka- 2021]] Littattafai biyu na Amazing Grace: The Authorized Biography of Cif Emmanuel Iwuanyanwu an rubuta shi ne ta hanyar Jeff Unaegbu, Sam Chukwu da Chinedu Nsofor a cikin 2022. An gabatar da kwafin littafin a lokacin ranar haihuwar Cif Iwuanyanwu ta 80 a ranar 4 ga Satumba 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Muse |first=The |date=2021-05-25 |title=Guest Lecture– Writing and Publishing: Trends in the new Decade{{!}} Mr Jeff Unaegbu |url=https://themuseunn.com/guest-lecture-writing-and-publishing-trends-in-the-new-decade-mr-jeff-unaegbu/ |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=THE MUSE JOURNAL |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=punchng |date=2016-09-30 |title=Nigerian entertainers born on October 1 |url=https://punchng.com/nigerian-entertainers-born-october-1/ |access-date=2023-11-25 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> Tare da Farfesa Uzodinma Nwala, ya rubuta littafin, The Alaigbo Development Foundation: Shekaru Goma da Sabis ga Ƙasar Igbo (2014-2024). [1]''Gidauniyar Ci Gaban Alaigbo: Shekaru Goma da Hidima ga Al'ummar Igbo (2014-2024).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=CURRICULUM VITAE JEFF UNAEGBU 2024.pdf |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1uNrkUDZfSMoB6KEyuwoWUMeIenx2eZF8/view?usp=sharing&usp=embed_facebook |access-date=2024-07-18 |website=}}</ref>'' Unaegbu ya wallafa labarai a matsayin surori na littafi da kuma a cikin mujallu masu ilimi. An kuma ambaci shi a cikin litattafai, littattafai da mujallu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=punchng |date=2016-09-30 |title=Nigerian entertainers born on October 1 |url=https://punchng.com/nigerian-entertainers-born-october-1/ |access-date=2023-11-25 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> Rubutun nasa da yawa waɗanda aka buga a cikin mujallu na kan layi, sun haɗa da zanga-zangar (wanda aka rubuta tare da Jaanna Nwafor-Orizu) game da kyaututtuka na karni na Najeriya saboda rashin haɗa sunayen yawancin 'yan kasa na farko da suka yi yaƙi don' yancin Najeriya don kyaututtukan; wani labarin game da Ikenga kamar yadda ake gani a matsayin babban asirin kabilun Igbo; da kuma wani rubutu game da tsohon soja, Joe Achuzia. A matsayinsa na ɗan jarida mai zaman kansa, ya yi hira da sanannun marubutan Najeriya, ciki har da [[Chika Unigwe]], da [[Akachi Adimora-Ezeigbo]]. kuma ya rubuta game da mutane kamar Grace Adichie (mahaifiyar [[Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie|Chimamanda Adichie]]), .<ref>{{Cite web |last=punchng |date=2016-09-30 |title=Nigerian entertainers born on October 1 |url=https://punchng.com/nigerian-entertainers-born-october-1/ |access-date=2023-11-25 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> Unaegbu ta shirya kyautar Cecilia Unaegbu a cikin Flash Fiction tare da lambobin yabo na dala 192 na Amurka a watan Yulin 2011. [[Unoma Azuah]] ne ya yi hukunci da shigarwar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=punchng |date=2016-09-30 |title=Nigerian entertainers born on October 1 |url=https://punchng.com/nigerian-entertainers-born-october-1/ |access-date=2023-11-25 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Muse |first=The |date=2021-05-25 |title=Guest Lecture– Writing and Publishing: Trends in the new Decade{{!}} Mr Jeff Unaegbu |url=https://themuseunn.com/guest-lecture-writing-and-publishing-trends-in-the-new-decade-mr-jeff-unaegbu/ |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=THE MUSE JOURNAL |language=en-US}}</ref> Unaegbu ita ce Alkalin Kyautar Waƙoƙi ta Eriata Oribhabor a shekarar 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |last=punchng |date=2016-09-30 |title=Nigerian entertainers born on October 1 |url=https://punchng.com/nigerian-entertainers-born-october-1/ |access-date=2023-11-25 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyukan jama'a == An nada Jeff Unaegbu a matsayin wakilin / jakadan Oja Cultural Development Initiative (OCDI) a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 2019. Tsakanin 5 da 11 ga Disamba 2019, ya kasance a Zimbabwe a kan zama don kula da gine-ginen asalin Igbo ko fili da musayar ra'ayoyin al'adu tare da Dzimbanhete Arts and Culture Interactions Trust (DACIT) a matsayin wakilin OCDI. Ana shirya fili na Igbo don bikin Sauti na Yanar Gizo Mai Tsarki (Agusta 2019-Yuli 2020). A Zimbabwe, Jeff Unaegbu ya kuma wakilci kabilun Igbo ta hanyar shiga cikin Tattaunawar Al'adu da aka shirya tare da hadin gwiwar National Gallery of Zimbabwe a karkashin babban taron su na 'Harare Conversations' wani dandalin fasaha da aka kafa. Tattaunawar da ke da taken Rethinking Epistemes: Cutar da Toxicity da Motsawa zuwa ga Ayyukan Jama'a an yi alama tare da wasu masu magana daga kabilun daban-daban daga Afirka, gami da dan Afirka ta Kudu na kabilun Zulu ubaba Menzi Maseko wanda ya kafa kuma Darakta na Cibiyar Afrikology. Sauran mahalarta sune Sinyoro Chik Chazunguza Darakta mai kirkirar Dzimbanhete, Samaita Jonathan Goredema, Darakta na Al'adu da Ruhaniya na Dzimbanheta wanda ke wakiltar masu warkarwa na gargajiya da Dziva Phillip Kusasa, wanda ya kafa kuma Darakta ne na bikin Ndau Arts wanda ke wakilcin kabilar Ndau. A cikin 2020, Jeff Unaegbu ya jagoranci gina babban mutum-mutumi na hannu a Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka . Manufar da ke bayan mutum-mutumi ita ce ta buga a kan sanin jama'ar Jami'ar da jama'arta, muhimmancin falsafar iyayensu na Jami'ar. A cikin 2022, Gidauniyar Tropical Gate don Ci gaba mai dorewa ta nada Jeff Unaegbu Darakta na Yarjejeniya da Sadarwa na Dabarun.<ref>{{Cite web |last=punchng |date=2016-09-30 |title=Nigerian entertainers born on October 1 |url=https://punchng.com/nigerian-entertainers-born-october-1/ |access-date=2023-11-25 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> == Yunkurin fafutuka == Jeff Unaegbu na ɗaya daga cikin masu kafa ƙungiyar Facebook ta Occupy Nigeria (Nationwide Anti-Fuel Subsidy Removal: Strategies & Protests) wanda ya haifar da zanga-zangar matasa a duk faɗin ƙasar game da cire tallafin man fetur a shekarar 2012 ta gwamnatin Shugaba [[Goodluck Jonathan]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Muse |first=The |date=2021-05-25 |title=Guest Lecture– Writing and Publishing: Trends in the new Decade{{!}} Mr Jeff Unaegbu |url=https://themuseunn.com/guest-lecture-writing-and-publishing-trends-in-the-new-decade-mr-jeff-unaegbu/ |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=THE MUSE JOURNAL |language=en-US}}</ref> Sauran wadanda suka kafa su ne Gimba Kakanda da Richard Ali . Wannan shi ne batun bincike don rubutun PhD a tarihi mai taken, "Hotunan hoto, Facebook da Virtualisation of Resistance in Nigeria" na George Emeka Agbo" a Jami'ar Western Cape, Afirka ta Kudu, a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2016. == Ayyuka == === Hotunan fina-finai === * An ceto ta Sin, sashi na 2 (2007) wanda [[Fidelis Uchenna Okoro]] ya jagoranta <ref>{{Cite web |last=punchng |date=2016-09-30 |title=Nigerian entertainers born on October 1 |url=https://punchng.com/nigerian-entertainers-born-october-1/ |access-date=2023-11-25 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> * An cece shi da zunubi, sashi na 3 (2007)<ref>{{Cite web |last=punchng |date=2016-09-30 |title=Nigerian entertainers born on October 1 |url=https://punchng.com/nigerian-entertainers-born-october-1/ |access-date=2023-11-25 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> * Zik na Afirka- Tarihin Tarihi (2008/2010)<ref>{{Cite web |last=punchng |date=2016-09-30 |title=Nigerian entertainers born on October 1 |url=https://punchng.com/nigerian-entertainers-born-october-1/ |access-date=2023-11-25 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> * ''Jarida'' (Flash Documentary) (2010) === Tarin gajerun labarai === * Wannan Mosquito a cikin Yanki, (Nsukka: Global Publishers). (2010) {{ISBN|978-31647-4-0}} === Waƙoƙi === * "Za a iya zama Masanin Tarihi a Tsakanin Tsuntsaye" a cikin Mafi Kyawun "Sabon" Mawallafin Afirka Anthology 2020 wanda Tendai Rinos Mwanaka ya shirya. === Ba tatsuniyoyi ba === * 'Yanci a cikin ƙasusuwanmu: Tarihin Masu Fasaha" UNION GOVERNMENT, Jami'ar NIGERIA, NSUKKA (1960-2004), (Onitsha: Blue Publishers, 2007, 2008). (512 Shafuka) .{{ISBN|978-35602-2-0}} * ''Asalin NYSC'', (Nsukka: Global Publishers, 2009). (Labafu 90) .{{ISBN|978-33254-4-2}} * ''ALEXANDER O.E. ANIMALU: Tarihin Babban Farfesa na Physics'' (An rubuta shi tare da Dr. Akpojotor, GE) (Abuja: Gidauniyar Ucheakonam (Nig.) Ltd., 2008). (133 Shafuka) .{{ISBN|978-049-891-5}} * Nelson Mandela da Barack Obama Ƙalubalen Duniya na Afirka: Fasaha da Kimiyya a cikin sake gina Sanin 'yan Afirka a cikin karni na 21, Tattaunawa da Ra'ayoyin Duniya na Yamma da Afirka, (An rubuta tare da Farfesa Animalu, A.O.E.; Umezinwa, W.A. da Achufusi, G.) (Enugu: Snaap Publishers, 2009). (102 Shafuka) .{{ISBN|978-049-951-2}} * ''Matasa da Ci gaban Kasa a Najeriya'' (An shirya tare da Otagburuagu, E.J. da Ohia, NC (Nsukka: Global Publishers / Benak Ventures) (2010) .{{ISBN|978-8060-35-8}} * ''Tarihin Farfesa na Ƙididdigar Najeriya, Farfesa James Nwoye Adichie.'' (An rubuta shi tare da Farfesa Animalu, A.O.E.; Peter Uche) (Abuja: Ucheakonam Foundation (Nig.) Ltd) (2013) . {{ISBN|979-8592635113}} === Littattafan ilimi === * Unaegbu, J. et al. "Shin tilasta dan takara a zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyya yana kara yiwuwar lashe zabe?" <ref>{{Cite web |last=punchng |date=2016-09-30 |title=Nigerian entertainers born on October 1 |url=https://punchng.com/nigerian-entertainers-born-october-1/ |access-date=2023-11-25 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Muse |first=The |date=2021-05-25 |title=Guest Lecture– Writing and Publishing: Trends in the new Decade{{!}} Mr Jeff Unaegbu |url=https://themuseunn.com/guest-lecture-writing-and-publishing-trends-in-the-new-decade-mr-jeff-unaegbu/ |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=THE MUSE JOURNAL |language=en-US}}</ref> * Unaegbu, J. "Igbo Post-Contact Proverbs of the Inyi Community"<ref name="omire">{{Cite journal |last=Unaegbu |first=Jephthah |date=2020 |title=Igbo Post-Contact Proverbs of the Inyi Community |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/402896 |journal=[[Proverbium]] |volume=37 |pages=311–340}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=punchng |date=2016-09-30 |title=Nigerian entertainers born on October 1 |url=https://punchng.com/nigerian-entertainers-born-october-1/ |access-date=2023-11-25 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> * Alexander O. E. Animalu, & Jeff Unaegbu, "Gaia hypothesis daga hangen nesa na Afirka" * [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 2023]. "Igbophobia a Legas da Najeriya Zaben 2023: Labari ko Gaskiya?" <ref>{{Cite web |last=Muse |first=The |date=2021-05-25 |title=Guest Lecture– Writing and Publishing: Trends in the new Decade{{!}} Mr Jeff Unaegbu |url=https://themuseunn.com/guest-lecture-writing-and-publishing-trends-in-the-new-decade-mr-jeff-unaegbu/ |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=THE MUSE JOURNAL |language=en-US}}</ref> * Unaegbu J. et al, "Cibiyar Nnamdi Azikiwe: Tarihin Rashin Mutuwa na Zik's Lodge a Najeriya - Tafiya, Shirin, da Kwarewar Yawon Bude Ido".<ref>{{Cite web |last=punchng |date=2016-09-30 |title=Nigerian entertainers born on October 1 |url=https://punchng.com/nigerian-entertainers-born-october-1/ |access-date=2023-11-25 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> * Unaegbu, Jeff & Ezeigbo, Joy, "Binciken Rayuwar Maɗaukakiyar Maɗaukaki a cikin Tunanin Addini na Ibo" <ref>{{Cite web |last=Muse |first=The |date=2021-05-25 |title=Guest Lecture– Writing and Publishing: Trends in the new Decade{{!}} Mr Jeff Unaegbu |url=https://themuseunn.com/guest-lecture-writing-and-publishing-trends-in-the-new-decade-mr-jeff-unaegbu/ |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=THE MUSE JOURNAL |language=en-US}}</ref> * Emeka Nwabueze da Jeff Unaegbu "Cladding A Galaxy Of Reflections: A Critical B.O.N. Eluwa's Ado-Na-Idu: Tarihin asalin Igbo" <ref>{{Cite web |last=punchng |date=2016-09-30 |title=Nigerian entertainers born on October 1 |url=https://punchng.com/nigerian-entertainers-born-october-1/ |access-date=2023-11-25 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> * Orajaka, Susan Nwakaego & Unaegbu, Jeff, "Igbo Minstrels As Pathfinders In Contemporary Society: Social Changes and Challenges".<ref>{{Cite web |last=punchng |date=2016-09-30 |title=Nigerian entertainers born on October 1 |url=https://punchng.com/nigerian-entertainers-born-october-1/ |access-date=2023-11-25 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> * Jephthah Unaegbu, "Warriya a kan doki (Godiya Uku ga Farfesa BIC Ijomah) "<ref>{{Cite web |last=Muse |first=The |date=2021-05-25 |title=Guest Lecture– Writing and Publishing: Trends in the new Decade{{!}} Mr Jeff Unaegbu |url=https://themuseunn.com/guest-lecture-writing-and-publishing-trends-in-the-new-decade-mr-jeff-unaegbu/ |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=THE MUSE JOURNAL |language=en-US}}</ref> * Unaegbu, Jeff da Ani, Jude (2017). "A Conceptualized Critique of Achebe's 'An Image of Africa: Racism in Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness" a cikin Nwabueze, Emeka (ed.). Chinua Achebe da Juyin Juya Halin Rashin Mutuwa: Sake kimanta Marubucin dangane da Sabon Gaskiya. Enugu: Littattafan CNC. shafi na 309-320.<ref>{{Cite web |last=punchng |date=2016-09-30 |title=Nigerian entertainers born on October 1 |url=https://punchng.com/nigerian-entertainers-born-october-1/ |access-date=2023-11-25 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref>&nbsp; * J. E. Unaegbu, "Fisika a cikin Ayyukan gargajiya na Igbo: Halin Ci Gaban Kimiyya da Fasaha a Afirka ta Yau: Ra'ayi na Duniya da Siyasa" <ref>{{Cite web |last=punchng |date=2016-09-30 |title=Nigerian entertainers born on October 1 |url=https://punchng.com/nigerian-entertainers-born-october-1/ |access-date=2023-11-25 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> * An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci da Ibrananci. "Ƙarin dualism na al'adu biyu: Akwatin Oduche da maciji a cikin Arrow of God" a cikin New Frontiers in Contemporary African Studies (Emeka Nwabueze ed.) * [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga J. & Animalu. "Tsarin ra'ayoyi biyu na duniya: dabi'u don sabon shugabancin Afirka " a cikin Perspectives on leadership in Africa (wanda Egodi Uchendu, Pat Uche Okpoko, Edlyne Anugwom suka shirya). == Rayuwa ta mutum == Unaegbu ta auri Ogechukwu Sonia Unaegbu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=CURRICULUM VITAE JEFF UNAEGBU 2024.pdf |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1uNrkUDZfSMoB6KEyuwoWUMeIenx2eZF8/view?usp=sharing&usp=embed_facebook |access-date=2024-07-18 |website=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1uNrkUDZfSMoB6KEyuwoWUMeIenx2eZF8/view?usp=sharing&usp=embed_facebook "CURRICULUM VITAE JEFF UNAEGBU 2024.pdf"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-18</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Haɗin waje == An tsara wallafe-wallafen ilimi na Jeff Unaegbu a cikin Google Scholar,<ref>{{Cite web |last=punchng |date=2016-09-30 |title=Nigerian entertainers born on October 1 |url=https://punchng.com/nigerian-entertainers-born-october-1/ |access-date=2023-11-25 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> academia <ref>{{Cite web |last=Muse |first=The |date=2021-05-25 |title=Guest Lecture– Writing and Publishing: Trends in the new Decade{{!}} Mr Jeff Unaegbu |url=https://themuseunn.com/guest-lecture-writing-and-publishing-trends-in-the-new-decade-mr-jeff-unaegbu/ |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=THE MUSE JOURNAL |language=en-US}}</ref> da Researchgate. <ref>{{Cite web |last=punchng |date=2016-09-30 |title=Nigerian entertainers born on October 1 |url=https://punchng.com/nigerian-entertainers-born-october-1/ |access-date=2023-11-25 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1979]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] a98z5vi7tphzrcpjbu3l2oxjpkjpbgi 0 122963 873719 861152 2026-07-01T17:10:32Z Hamza DK 12444 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345516650|Fidelis Uchenna Okoro]]" 873719 wikitext text/x-wiki   Fidelis Uchenna Okoro (ya mutu a shekara ta 2021), wanda aka fi sani da Fidoko, mawaki ne na Najeriya, marubuci, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo, mawaƙi da kuma furodusa. A matsayinsa na memba na Jami'ar Najeriya, ya rubuta litattafai biyu, tarin shayari guda biyu, da wasanni biyar. Bugu da ƙari, ya haɗu da tarin shayari, ya fitar da kundi uku, kuma ya samar da fina-finai huɗu. == Ilimi == Okoro ta kammala karatu daga [[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka|Jami'ar Najeriya]] a cikin shekarun 1990.<ref>{{Cite journal |last= |date=February 1996 |title=Notes on the Contributors |url=https://www.unn.edu.ng/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Okike-321.pdf |journal=Okike: An African Journal of New Writing |issue=32 |pages=130}}</ref> [maɓallin da ake buƙata mai zaman kansa] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs a reference to an independent source. (January 2025)">independent source needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Ayyuka == === Ilimi === Okoro ya shiga ma'aikatan koyarwa na [[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka|Jami'ar Najeriya]] a watan Mayu 1997. Ya kasance Babban malami a Sashen Nazarin Ingilishi da Littattafai a Jami'ar Najeriya.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2025}} Ya hada da ''Afirka da Littattafan Duniya: Jami'ar Najeriya Jaridar Nazarin Littattafai'' kuma ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga edita ga The ''''Muse'','' mujallar dalibai a Jami'ar Nigeria. <ref>{{Cite journal |last= |date=July 2016 |title=Contributors |url=https://brittlepaper.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/The-Muse-A-Journal-of-Creative-and-Critical-Writing-No.-44-2016.pdf |journal=The Muse |volume=44 |pages=2}}</ref> A cikin 2022, Muse ya kirkiro kyautar [[Fidelis Okoro]] don Waƙoƙi, wanda Jumma'a Romanus ya tallafawa, don girmama shi.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-12-26 |title=The 2022 Literary Arts Festival and Unveiling of The Muse no. 49 Journal |url=https://themuseunn.com/the-2022-literary-arts-festival-and-unveiling-of-the-muse-no-49-journal/ |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=The Muse Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> [maɓallin da ake buƙata mai zaman kansa]   Jami'ar Najeriya ta zabi Okoro a matsayin "Malami mai Kyau (Maza) " da kuma "Mafi Mashahuriyar Malami (Maza). <ref>{{Cite web |title=List Of Nominees |url=https://staffawards.unn.edu.ng/vote/ |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=UNN Staff Awards |language=en-US}}</ref> === Rubuce-rubuce === Okoro ya rubuta litattafai biyu, tarin shayari guda biyu, da wasanni biyar. Ya kuma hada da Apples of Gold: A Pageant of Modern Nigerian Poems tare da Emeka Joseph Otagburuagu . [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]''<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup>'' A shekara ta 1998, Okoro ya buga aikinsa na farko, wasan da ake kira Wisdom of the Ostrich . Daga baya ya buga wasan kwaikwayon Joys of War (2000), Farfesa Zemzi's Last Rehearsal (2005), <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Agu |first=Innocent |last2=Amoniyan |first2=Oluwasegun |last3=Agu |first3=Evangelist |last4=Pembi |first4=Clement |date=February 2020 |title=Portrayal of Feminine Gender in Okoro's Prof Zemzi's Last Rehearsal |journal=Fuwgestj: Journal of the General Studies Unit |publisher=[[Federal University, Wukari]] |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=5–21}}</ref> ''Quagmire'' (2010), <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ugwuanyi |first=Kingsley O. |last2=Ekeh |first2=Sosthenes N. |date=October 2015 |title=Shifting the Borders: Genre-crossing in Modern Africa Drama |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283119173 |journal=Research Innovator |volume=2 |issue=5 |pages=1–11}}</ref> da Preamble to Apocalypse (2016). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Udengwu |first=Ngozi |last2=Nnanna |first2=Ndubuisi |last3=Obasi |first3=Nelson |date=June 2022 |title=Women in Internally Displaced Persons' camps, a halfway house or a purgatory: Discourse analysis of ''Embers'' and ''Preamble to Apocalypse'' |url=http://ikengajournal.com.ng/admin/img/paper/23_2-4.pdf |journal=IKENGA: International Journal of Institute of African Studies |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=1–37 |doi=10.53836/ijia/2022/23/2/004}}</ref> ''Quagmire'' ya kasance na biyu a 2010 ANA / J . Kyautar wasan kwaikwayo ta P. Clark. A wannan shekarar, littafin, ''Quagmire,'' an sanya shi cikin jerin sunayen don Kyautar NNDC don Wasan kwaikwayo. Littafin Okoro na uku mai tsawo shi ne littafin The Rape of Regina (2002), wanda Cracking the Shell ya biyo baya (2013). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Umezurike |first=Gideon Uzoma |date=June 2017 |title=Redemptive Fantasy, Restoration and the Exigencies of Kleos and Nostos in F. U. Okoro's Cracking the Shell |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317342262 |journal=The Muse |volume=45}}</ref> An sanya Cracking the Shell a cikin jerin sunayen don kyautar ANA / Jacaranda Prose ta 2009. Okoro ya buga tarin waƙoƙinsa na farko, When the Bleeding Heart Breaks, a cikin shekara ta 2006. Tarin ya zama na farko da ya zo na biyu a 2006 ANA / Cadbury Poetry Prize . An buga tarin sa na biyu, Pimples and Dimples, a shekarar 2012 kuma shi ne na farko da ya zo na biyu a 2012 ANA / Gabriel Okara Poetry Prize . [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2025}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Waƙoƙi === Okoro ya fitar da kundi uku: One More Mile, Call on Me (2008), [1] da Baby Kpurunu m Ishi .''Jariri Kunupur m Ishi.'' === Fim din === A shekara ta 2006, Okoro ta kafa Fidoko Films International . Tare da kamfanin, ya samar da fina-finai huɗu: Saved by Sin (2007), Peace of the Graveyard, Uzumagada: The Search for Inspiration, da Paradisico . [1][2]''Aljanna.'' == Rayuwa ta mutum == Fidelis Okoro ya kasance mai ibada ga Shaidun Jehobah. Ya mutu daga cutar sankara a ranar 22 ga Yuni, 2021.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2025}} == Hotunan fina-finai == * Zunubi ne ya ceci (2007) * ''Zaman Lafiya na Kabari'' * ''Uzumagada: Neman Wahayi'' * ''Aljanna'' == Littattafai == === Littattafai === *   *   === Waƙoƙi === *   *   === Wasanni === * ''Hikimar Ostrich'' (1998) *   * ''Farfesa Zemzi na Ƙarshe'' (2005) * ''Quagmire'' (2010) == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Ƙarin karantawa == * {{Cite journal |last=Nwabuisi |first=Benjamin Abia |date=December 2020 |title=When the Shell Refuses to Crack: Ambiguity as Structural Conduit in Fidelis Okoro's ''Cracking the Shell'' |url=http://guofoundationonline.com.ng/ogbazuluobodo/admin/img/paper/WHEN%20THE%20SHELL%20REFUSES%20TO%20CRACK.pdf |journal=Ogbazuluobodo: University of Nigeria Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies |volume=2 |issue=1}} * {{Cite journal |last=Ejesu |first=Onyemuche Anele |date=December 2020 |title=Ideology and Revolution in Twenty-First Century Nigerian Poetry: The Examples of Odio Odeimun and Fidelis Okoro |url=https://guofoundationonline.com.ng/ogbazuluobodo/admin/img/paper/IDEOLOGY%20AND%20REVOLUTION%20IN%20TWENTY.pdf |journal=Ogbazuluobodo: University of Nigeria Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies |volume=2 |issue=1}} == Haɗin waje == * Fidelis Uchenna Okorowallafe-wallafen da aka jera taMasanin Google {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Matattun 2021]] [[Rukuni:Mawaƙan Nijeriya]] [[Rukuni:Marubutan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mrrmuaad3i90a0nuq0r11lf1fdvee0y 873720 873719 2026-07-01T17:11:36Z Hamza DK 12444 873720 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{databox}} Fidelis Uchenna Okoro (ya mutu a shekara ta 2021), wanda aka fi sani da Fidoko, mawaki ne na Najeriya, marubuci, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo, mawaƙi da kuma furodusa. A matsayinsa na memba na Jami'ar Najeriya, ya rubuta litattafai biyu, tarin shayari guda biyu, da wasanni biyar. Bugu da ƙari, ya haɗu da tarin shayari, ya fitar da kundi uku, kuma ya samar da fina-finai huɗu. == Ilimi == Okoro ta kammala karatu daga [[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka|Jami'ar Najeriya]] a cikin shekarun 1990.<ref>{{Cite journal |last= |date=February 1996 |title=Notes on the Contributors |url=https://www.unn.edu.ng/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Okike-321.pdf |journal=Okike: An African Journal of New Writing |issue=32 |pages=130}}</ref> [maɓallin da ake buƙata mai zaman kansa] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs a reference to an independent source. (January 2025)">independent source needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Ayyuka == === Ilimi === Okoro ya shiga ma'aikatan koyarwa na [[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka|Jami'ar Najeriya]] a watan Mayu 1997. Ya kasance Babban malami a Sashen Nazarin Ingilishi da Littattafai a Jami'ar Najeriya.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2025}} Ya hada da ''Afirka da Littattafan Duniya: Jami'ar Najeriya Jaridar Nazarin Littattafai'' kuma ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga edita ga The ''''Muse'','' mujallar dalibai a Jami'ar Nigeria. <ref>{{Cite journal |last= |date=July 2016 |title=Contributors |url=https://brittlepaper.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/The-Muse-A-Journal-of-Creative-and-Critical-Writing-No.-44-2016.pdf |journal=The Muse |volume=44 |pages=2}}</ref> A cikin 2022, Muse ya kirkiro kyautar [[Fidelis Okoro]] don Waƙoƙi, wanda Jumma'a Romanus ya tallafawa, don girmama shi.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-12-26 |title=The 2022 Literary Arts Festival and Unveiling of The Muse no. 49 Journal |url=https://themuseunn.com/the-2022-literary-arts-festival-and-unveiling-of-the-muse-no-49-journal/ |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=The Muse Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> [maɓallin da ake buƙata mai zaman kansa]   Jami'ar Najeriya ta zabi Okoro a matsayin "Malami mai Kyau (Maza) " da kuma "Mafi Mashahuriyar Malami (Maza). <ref>{{Cite web |title=List Of Nominees |url=https://staffawards.unn.edu.ng/vote/ |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=UNN Staff Awards |language=en-US}}</ref> === Rubuce-rubuce === Okoro ya rubuta litattafai biyu, tarin shayari guda biyu, da wasanni biyar. Ya kuma hada da Apples of Gold: A Pageant of Modern Nigerian Poems tare da Emeka Joseph Otagburuagu . [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]''<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup>'' A shekara ta 1998, Okoro ya buga aikinsa na farko, wasan da ake kira Wisdom of the Ostrich . Daga baya ya buga wasan kwaikwayon Joys of War (2000), Farfesa Zemzi's Last Rehearsal (2005), <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Agu |first=Innocent |last2=Amoniyan |first2=Oluwasegun |last3=Agu |first3=Evangelist |last4=Pembi |first4=Clement |date=February 2020 |title=Portrayal of Feminine Gender in Okoro's Prof Zemzi's Last Rehearsal |journal=Fuwgestj: Journal of the General Studies Unit |publisher=[[Federal University, Wukari]] |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=5–21}}</ref> ''Quagmire'' (2010), <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ugwuanyi |first=Kingsley O. |last2=Ekeh |first2=Sosthenes N. |date=October 2015 |title=Shifting the Borders: Genre-crossing in Modern Africa Drama |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283119173 |journal=Research Innovator |volume=2 |issue=5 |pages=1–11}}</ref> da Preamble to Apocalypse (2016). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Udengwu |first=Ngozi |last2=Nnanna |first2=Ndubuisi |last3=Obasi |first3=Nelson |date=June 2022 |title=Women in Internally Displaced Persons' camps, a halfway house or a purgatory: Discourse analysis of ''Embers'' and ''Preamble to Apocalypse'' |url=http://ikengajournal.com.ng/admin/img/paper/23_2-4.pdf |journal=IKENGA: International Journal of Institute of African Studies |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=1–37 |doi=10.53836/ijia/2022/23/2/004}}</ref> ''Quagmire'' ya kasance na biyu a 2010 ANA / J . Kyautar wasan kwaikwayo ta P. Clark. A wannan shekarar, littafin, ''Quagmire,'' an sanya shi cikin jerin sunayen don Kyautar NNDC don Wasan kwaikwayo. Littafin Okoro na uku mai tsawo shi ne littafin The Rape of Regina (2002), wanda Cracking the Shell ya biyo baya (2013). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Umezurike |first=Gideon Uzoma |date=June 2017 |title=Redemptive Fantasy, Restoration and the Exigencies of Kleos and Nostos in F. U. Okoro's Cracking the Shell |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317342262 |journal=The Muse |volume=45}}</ref> An sanya Cracking the Shell a cikin jerin sunayen don kyautar ANA / Jacaranda Prose ta 2009. Okoro ya buga tarin waƙoƙinsa na farko, When the Bleeding Heart Breaks, a cikin shekara ta 2006. Tarin ya zama na farko da ya zo na biyu a 2006 ANA / Cadbury Poetry Prize . An buga tarin sa na biyu, Pimples and Dimples, a shekarar 2012 kuma shi ne na farko da ya zo na biyu a 2012 ANA / Gabriel Okara Poetry Prize . [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2025}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Waƙoƙi === Okoro ya fitar da kundi uku: One More Mile, Call on Me (2008), [1] da Baby Kpurunu m Ishi .''Jariri Kunupur m Ishi.'' === Fim din === A shekara ta 2006, Okoro ta kafa Fidoko Films International . Tare da kamfanin, ya samar da fina-finai huɗu: Saved by Sin (2007), Peace of the Graveyard, Uzumagada: The Search for Inspiration, da Paradisico . [1][2]''Aljanna.'' == Rayuwa ta mutum == Fidelis Okoro ya kasance mai ibada ga Shaidun Jehobah. Ya mutu daga cutar sankara a ranar 22 ga Yuni, 2021.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2025}} == Hotunan fina-finai == * Zunubi ne ya ceci (2007) * ''Zaman Lafiya na Kabari'' * ''Uzumagada: Neman Wahayi'' * ''Aljanna'' == Littattafai == === Littattafai === *   *   === Waƙoƙi === *   *   === Wasanni === * ''Hikimar Ostrich'' (1998) *   * ''Farfesa Zemzi na Ƙarshe'' (2005) * ''Quagmire'' (2010) == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Ƙarin karantawa == * {{Cite journal |last=Nwabuisi |first=Benjamin Abia |date=December 2020 |title=When the Shell Refuses to Crack: Ambiguity as Structural Conduit in Fidelis Okoro's ''Cracking the Shell'' |url=http://guofoundationonline.com.ng/ogbazuluobodo/admin/img/paper/WHEN%20THE%20SHELL%20REFUSES%20TO%20CRACK.pdf |journal=Ogbazuluobodo: University of Nigeria Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies |volume=2 |issue=1}} * {{Cite journal |last=Ejesu |first=Onyemuche Anele |date=December 2020 |title=Ideology and Revolution in Twenty-First Century Nigerian Poetry: The Examples of Odio Odeimun and Fidelis Okoro |url=https://guofoundationonline.com.ng/ogbazuluobodo/admin/img/paper/IDEOLOGY%20AND%20REVOLUTION%20IN%20TWENTY.pdf |journal=Ogbazuluobodo: University of Nigeria Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies |volume=2 |issue=1}} == Haɗin waje == * Fidelis Uchenna Okorowallafe-wallafen da aka jera taMasanin Google {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Matattun 2021]] [[Rukuni:Mawaƙan Nijeriya]] [[Rukuni:Marubutan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5dy9cf8nxth5832nacyb3kp1ej18kd5 874307 873720 2026-07-02T11:32:18Z Ummun Sultan 23935 An kirkira ta fassara "Career" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345516650|Fidelis Uchenna Okoro]]" 874307 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{databox}} Fidelis Uchenna Okoro (ya mutu a shekara ta 2021), wanda aka fi sani da Fidoko, mawaki ne na Najeriya, marubuci, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo, mawaƙi da kuma furodusa. A matsayinsa na memba na Jami'ar Najeriya, ya rubuta litattafai biyu, tarin shayari guda biyu, da wasanni biyar. Bugu da ƙari, ya haɗu da tarin shayari, ya fitar da kundi uku, kuma ya samar da fina-finai huɗu. == Ilimi == Okoro ta kammala karatu daga [[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka|Jami'ar Najeriya]] a cikin shekarun 1990.<ref>{{Cite journal |last= |date=February 1996 |title=Notes on the Contributors |url=https://www.unn.edu.ng/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Okike-321.pdf |journal=Okike: An African Journal of New Writing |issue=32 |pages=130}}</ref> [maɓallin da ake buƙata mai zaman kansa] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs a reference to an independent source. (January 2025)">independent source needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Ayyuka == === Ilimi === Okoro ya shiga ma'aikatan koyarwa na [[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka|Jami'ar Najeriya]] a watan Mayu 1997. Ya kasance Babban malami a Sashen Nazarin Ingilishi da Littattafai a Jami'ar Najeriya.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2025}} Ya hada da ''Afirka da Littattafan Duniya: Jami'ar Najeriya Jaridar Nazarin Littattafai'' kuma ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga edita ga The ''''Muse'','' mujallar dalibai a Jami'ar Nigeria. <ref>{{Cite journal |last= |date=July 2016 |title=Contributors |url=https://brittlepaper.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/The-Muse-A-Journal-of-Creative-and-Critical-Writing-No.-44-2016.pdf |journal=The Muse |volume=44 |pages=2}}</ref> A cikin 2022, Muse ya kirkiro kyautar [[Fidelis Okoro]] don Waƙoƙi, wanda Jumma'a Romanus ya tallafawa, don girmama shi.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-12-26 |title=The 2022 Literary Arts Festival and Unveiling of The Muse no. 49 Journal |url=https://themuseunn.com/the-2022-literary-arts-festival-and-unveiling-of-the-muse-no-49-journal/ |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=The Muse Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> [maɓallin da ake buƙata mai zaman kansa]   Jami'ar Najeriya ta zabi Okoro a matsayin "Malami mai Kyau (Maza) " da kuma "Mafi Mashahuriyar Malami (Maza). <ref>{{Cite web |title=List Of Nominees |url=https://staffawards.unn.edu.ng/vote/ |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=UNN Staff Awards |language=en-US}}</ref> === Rubuce-rubuce === Okoro ya rubuta litattafai biyu, tarin shayari guda biyu, da wasanni biyar. Ya kuma hada da Apples of Gold: A Pageant of Modern Nigerian Poems tare da Emeka Joseph Otagburuagu . [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]''<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup>'' A shekara ta 1998, Okoro ya buga aikinsa na farko, wasan da ake kira Wisdom of the Ostrich . Daga baya ya buga wasan kwaikwayon Joys of War (2000), Farfesa Zemzi's Last Rehearsal (2005), <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Agu |first=Innocent |last2=Amoniyan |first2=Oluwasegun |last3=Agu |first3=Evangelist |last4=Pembi |first4=Clement |date=February 2020 |title=Portrayal of Feminine Gender in Okoro's Prof Zemzi's Last Rehearsal |journal=Fuwgestj: Journal of the General Studies Unit |publisher=[[Federal University, Wukari]] |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=5–21}}</ref> ''Quagmire'' (2010), <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ugwuanyi |first=Kingsley O. |last2=Ekeh |first2=Sosthenes N. |date=October 2015 |title=Shifting the Borders: Genre-crossing in Modern Africa Drama |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283119173 |journal=Research Innovator |volume=2 |issue=5 |pages=1–11}}</ref> da Preamble to Apocalypse (2016). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Udengwu |first=Ngozi |last2=Nnanna |first2=Ndubuisi |last3=Obasi |first3=Nelson |date=June 2022 |title=Women in Internally Displaced Persons' camps, a halfway house or a purgatory: Discourse analysis of ''Embers'' and ''Preamble to Apocalypse'' |url=http://ikengajournal.com.ng/admin/img/paper/23_2-4.pdf |journal=IKENGA: International Journal of Institute of African Studies |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=1–37 |doi=10.53836/ijia/2022/23/2/004}}</ref> ''Quagmire'' ya kasance na biyu a 2010 ANA / J . Kyautar wasan kwaikwayo ta P. Clark. A wannan shekarar, littafin, ''Quagmire,'' an sanya shi cikin jerin sunayen don Kyautar NNDC don Wasan kwaikwayo. Littafin Okoro na uku mai tsawo shi ne littafin The Rape of Regina (2002), wanda Cracking the Shell ya biyo baya (2013). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Umezurike |first=Gideon Uzoma |date=June 2017 |title=Redemptive Fantasy, Restoration and the Exigencies of Kleos and Nostos in F. U. Okoro's Cracking the Shell |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317342262 |journal=The Muse |volume=45}}</ref> An sanya Cracking the Shell a cikin jerin sunayen don kyautar ANA / Jacaranda Prose ta 2009. Okoro ya buga tarin waƙoƙinsa na farko, When the Bleeding Heart Breaks, a cikin shekara ta 2006. Tarin ya zama na farko da ya zo na biyu a 2006 ANA / Cadbury Poetry Prize . An buga tarin sa na biyu, Pimples and Dimples, a shekarar 2012 kuma shi ne na farko da ya zo na biyu a 2012 ANA / Gabriel Okara Poetry Prize . [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2025}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Waƙoƙi === Okoro ya fitar da kundi uku: One More Mile, Call on Me (2008), [1] da Baby Kpurunu m Ishi .''Jariri Kunupur m Ishi.'' === Fim din === A shekara ta 2006, Okoro ta kafa Fidoko Films International . Tare da kamfanin, ya samar da fina-finai huɗu: Saved by Sin (2007), Peace of the Graveyard, Uzumagada: The Search for Inspiration, da Paradisico . [1][2]''Aljanna.'' == Rayuwa ta mutum == Fidelis Okoro ya kasance mai ibada ga Shaidun Jehobah. Ya mutu daga cutar sankara a ranar 22 ga Yuni, 2021.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2025}} == Hotunan fina-finai == * Zunubi ne ya ceci (2007) * ''Zaman Lafiya na Kabari'' * ''Uzumagada: Neman Wahayi'' * ''Aljanna'' == Littattafai == === Littattafai === *   *   === Waƙoƙi === *   *   === Wasanni === * ''Hikimar Ostrich'' (1998) *   * ''Farfesa Zemzi na Ƙarshe'' (2005) * ''Quagmire'' (2010) == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Ƙarin karantawa == * {{Cite journal |last=Nwabuisi |first=Benjamin Abia |date=December 2020 |title=When the Shell Refuses to Crack: Ambiguity as Structural Conduit in Fidelis Okoro's ''Cracking the Shell'' |url=http://guofoundationonline.com.ng/ogbazuluobodo/admin/img/paper/WHEN%20THE%20SHELL%20REFUSES%20TO%20CRACK.pdf |journal=Ogbazuluobodo: University of Nigeria Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies |volume=2 |issue=1}} * {{Cite journal |last=Ejesu |first=Onyemuche Anele |date=December 2020 |title=Ideology and Revolution in Twenty-First Century Nigerian Poetry: The Examples of Odio Odeimun and Fidelis Okoro |url=https://guofoundationonline.com.ng/ogbazuluobodo/admin/img/paper/IDEOLOGY%20AND%20REVOLUTION%20IN%20TWENTY.pdf |journal=Ogbazuluobodo: University of Nigeria Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies |volume=2 |issue=1}} == Career == Okoro ya shiga ma'aikatan koyarwa na Jami'ar Najeriya a watan Mayu 1997.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2025}} .{{Cn|date=January 2025}} An zabi Okoro a matsayin wanda ya lashe kyautar "Malamin da ya yi fice (Namiji)" da kuma "Malamin da ya fi shahara (Namiji)". <ref>{{Cite web |title=List Of Nominees |url=https://staffawards.unn.edu.ng/vote/ |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=UNN Staff Awards |language=en-US}}</ref> .<ref>{{Cite web |title=List Of Nominees |url=https://staffawards.unn.edu.ng/vote/ |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=UNN Staff Awards |language=en-US}}</ref> === Fim din === == Haɗin waje == * Fidelis Uchenna Okorowallafe-wallafen da aka jera taMasanin Google {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Matattun 2021]] [[Rukuni:Mawaƙan Nijeriya]] [[Rukuni:Marubutan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 89na4jfq746t63rle293nfdx15hk0ie 0 123906 873821 749867 2026-07-01T21:01:11Z Ummeeterh 31568 873821 wikitext text/x-wiki Teneu (ko Thenew (Latin: Theneva), Tannoch, Thaney, Thanea, Denw, da sauransu) wata babbar waliyya ce ta Kirista wadda aka girmama ta a zamanin da, Glasgow, Scotland. A al'ada, ita gimbiyar [[Birtaniya|Britaniya]] ce ta ƙarni na shida ta tsohuwar masarautar Gododdin (a cikin abin da ya zama Lothian) kuma mahaifiyar Saint Mungo, manzo ga Turawan [[Birtaniya]] na Strathclyde kuma wanda ya kafa birnin Glas Ghu (Glasgow). Ana ɗaukarta da ɗanta a matsayin abokan hulɗar birnin, kuma ana zargin cewa Dandalin St Enoch na Glasgow yana nuna wurin da aka keɓe mata cocin zamanin da, wanda aka gina a kan ko kusa da kabarinta ("St. Enoch" a zahiri gurɓataccen "St. Teneu").[1] Ana bikin tunawa da ita kowace shekara a ranar 18 ga Yuli. == Sunan == A cikin tarihin farko da aka rubuta game da ɗanta, an ba da sunanta a '''Matsayi''' '''Thaney''' . <ref name="Durkan">{{Cite journal |last=Durkan |first=J. |year=2000 |title=What's in a Name? Thaney or Enoch |journal=Innes Review |volume=51 |pages=80–00 |doi=10.3366/inr.2000.51.1.80}}</ref> ''Vita Kentigerni'' ("Life of Saint Mungo"), <ref name="Durkan" /> wanda Bishop Jocelin na Glasgow ya ba da umarni kuma ya sake gyara shi daga baya (kimanin 1185) ta hanyar masanin addinin Jocelyn na Furness (wanda '''Ka ƙi''' iƙirarin ya sake rubuta shi daga wani labari na Glasgow da tsohuwar takardar Gaelic), ya ba ta sunanta '''Taneu'''; haka ne John Capgrave, wanda aka buga a shekara ta 1516. Bambance-bambance sun haɗa da '''Thenewe''', wanda Aberdeen Breviary ya bayar; Thennow na Kalandar Adam King; kuma Welsh Bonedd y Saint ya kira ta Denyw (ko '''Dwynwen'''). <ref name="Durkan" /> A shekara ta 1521, ta bayyana a cikin tarihin John Mair Historia Majoris Britanniae a matsayin Thametes, 'yar Sarki Lutu kuma 'yar'uwar Gawain. Wani lokaci ana ba da sunanta a matsayin '''Thameta''' ko Thenelis . Alex Woolf ya ba da shawarar cewa halin Teneu na iya samo asali ne daga Danaë, mahaifiyar jarumin gargajiya Perseus a cikin Fabulae na Gaius Julius Hyginius . == Labari == An bayyana Saint Teneu a matsayin "Wanda aka yi wa fyade na farko a Scotland, mace da aka yi wa duka da mahaifiyar da ba ta da aure".[1] An haifi ɗanta lokacin da yarima na Welsh Owain mab Urien ya yi mata fyade. Owain ya yi kama da mace, kuma bayan ya yi wa yarima fyade, sai ya rikitar da ita ta hanyar cewa: "Ba kuka ba, 'yar'uwata, domin ban san ka ba kamar yadda mutum ya saba da sanin budurwa. Shin ba mace kamar kai ba ce?" Bayan ya gano tana da ciki, mahaifinta mai fushi Sarki Lleuddun ya yanke mata hukuncin kisa kuma an jefa ta daga Dokar Traprain.[2][3] Ta hanyar Mu'ujiza ta tsira daga faduwar; lokacin da aka gano ta da rai a gindin dutsen, an sa Teneu a cikin wani coracle kuma ta yi tafiya a fadin Firth na Forth zuwa Culross, inda aka ba ta mafaka a al'ummar Saint Serf. A can ta haifi kuma ta haifi ɗanta Kentigern, wanda Serf ya ba shi lakabi Mungo, "mai ƙauna sosai". Har ila yau akwai tatsuniyoyin Welsh game da Teneu: {{Blockquote|The [[Cult (religious practice)|cult]] which grew around St Thenew in Glasgow also developed in Wales where it was held that she had other sons by her marriage to the northern Prince Dingad, son of Nudd. The earliest surviving reference to her is in fact in the ''Life of St Winifred'' (c. 1140), in which [[Winefride|Winifred]], went to St Eleri for instruction. St Eleri put Winifred in the care of his mother "'''Theonia'''" whom Winifred eventually succeeded as abbess of [[Gwytherin]] (Clwyd). Kentigern was also a cult figure in Clwyd.<ref>Woolf, Alex. [http://www.theglasgowstory.com/story.php?id=TGSAH02 "The Glasgow Story: Saint Thenew"]. Retrieved 15 April 2012.</ref>}} == Sauye-sauye na zamani == Ita ce batun littafin tarihi na Kathleen Herbert, Bride of the Spear, wani ɓangare na Dark Ages of Britain trilogy, <ref>[http://www.theglasgowstory.com/image.php?inum=TGSA01081 The Glasgow Story: "St. Enoch's Church"]. Retrieved 15 April 2012.</ref> a matsayin '''Taniu''', (1982, St Martin's Press), da kuma littafin tarihi na Nigel Tranter Druid Sacrifice (1993, Hodder & Stoughton), a matsayin '''Thanea''' . == Dubi kuma == * Itacen soyayya == Manazarta == dp2xdlv3wfb05u5618f2nic6pxxk931 0 124148 873775 750478 2026-07-01T20:18:19Z Ummeeterh 31568 873775 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nancy "Pili" Hernandez''' (An haife ta a shekara ta 1980) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Irish Chicana kuma mai fafutuka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Pili Hernández, Nancy |url=https://www.sfmoma.org/artist/Nancy_Pili_Hern%C3%A1ndez/ |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=SFMOMA |language=en-US}}</ref> Ayyukanta galibi suna nuna rashin adalci na yanayi, tare da mahimmin batun shine gurɓataccen ruwa. Ayyukanta na zane-zane an yi niyya ne don inganta canje-canje a cikin [[Manufofin canjin yanayi na Amurka|Manufofin yanayi]], da kuma yada wayar da kan jama'a game da [[Canjin yanayi]]. == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Hernandez a Pittsburg, California a cikin 1980. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Pili Hernández, Nancy |url=https://www.sfmoma.org/artist/Nancy_Pili_Hern%C3%A1ndez/ |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=SFMOMA |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.sfmoma.org/artist/Nancy_Pili_Hern%C3%A1ndez/ "Pili Hernández, Nancy"]. ''SFMOMA''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-06</span></span>.</cite></ref> Mahaifinta Chicano ne kuma mahaifiyarta Irish ce.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-09 |title=Nancy Pili: Our homegirl in the sky |url=https://eltecolote.org/content/en/nancy-pili-our-homegirl-in-the-sky/ |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=El Tecolote |language=en-US}}</ref> Rayuwar Hernandez ta farko ta sami rinjaye sosai daga fasahar da ke kewaye da ita, tana mai lura da cewa ta yi imanin cewa murals wani bangare ne na al'ada na kowane birni.<ref name=":0" /> A matsayinta na daliba a makarantar sakandare, ta zana daya daga cikin murals dinta na farko da ke ba da shawara ga [[Adalcin Muhalli|Adalci na muhalli]].<ref name=":0" /> Da zarar ta bar California, sai ta lura cewa murals sun zama mai haɗa tsakanin birane, yayin da take kallon bambancin al'adu tsakanin biranen da aka haramta murals da biranen da ake ƙarfafa murals.<ref name=":0" /> Hernandez ya sami digiri na Associate of Arts a shekara ta 2003 daga Kwalejin Birnin San Francisco, daga baya ya koma Jami'ar Jihar San Francisco kuma ya kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko a karatun La Raza, da kuma ƙarami a ilimin fasaha.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Pili Hernández, Nancy |url=https://www.sfmoma.org/artist/Nancy_Pili_Hern%C3%A1ndez/ |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=SFMOMA |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.sfmoma.org/artist/Nancy_Pili_Hern%C3%A1ndez/ "Pili Hernández, Nancy"]. ''SFMOMA''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-06</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Fasaha da gwagwarmaya == === Rubuce-rubucen Ruwa === Hernandez ya kirkiro aikin mural na "Water Writes", yana daidaita murals goma da kuma shiga cikin kirkirar murals guda biyu, Klamath River Mural, da Richmond, California Mural.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Water Writes {{!}} The Estria Foundation |url=https://estria.org/water-writes/ |access-date=2023-12-06 |language=en-US}}</ref> Klamath River Mural ya sami taimako a wani bangare daga Klamath Justice Coalition, kuma yana kan Kasuwar Orleans a Orleans, California.<ref name=":2" /> Hoton ya nuna cire madatsun ruwa na Kogin Klamath, tare da masu rawa da ke ƙoƙarin dawo da daidaituwa ga kogin tare da bikin sabunta [[duniya]]. A gefen hagu na mural ɗin, an nuna hotuna na tasirin da ya gabata na gurɓataccen masana'antu da aikin gona, da kuma yanayin kogin kafin a dawo da shi. === ''Ƙasar Indiya'' === [[Indiya|Indian]] Land, wanda aka buga a shekara ta 2010, hoto ne na allo wanda Hernandez, [[Jesus Barraza|Yesu Barraza]], da Dignidad Rebelde suka kirkira.<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |title=Nancypili Hernandez {{!}} Smithsonian American Art Museum |url=https://americanart.si.edu/artist/nancypili-hernandez-31973 |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=americanart.si.edu |language=en}}</ref> Hoton ja ne na [[Amurka ta Arewa|Arewa]], [[Central America|Tsakiya]], da [[Amurka ta Kudu|Kudancin Amurka]] a kan fararen bango, tare da kalmomin "Indian Land" da aka nuna a cikin jan haruffa da ke kewaye da gabar [[Pacific Ocean|Tekun Pacific]], daga [[Kanada]] zuwa [[Chile]]. An haɗa hoton a cikin baje kolin Printing the Revolution! The Rise and Impact of Chicano Graphics, 1965 to Now a Smithsonian American Art Museum a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]].<ref name=":32" /> === Idanu masu kyau === Jerin mural na Precita Eyes jerin murals ne da Hernandez ya kirkira tare da kungiyoyin matasa daban-daban daga Gundumar Tarihin [[San Francisco]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Community Spirit and Legacy of Precita Eyes |url=https://www.precitaeyes.org/community-spirit-and-legacy-of-precita-eyes.html |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=PRECITA EYES MURALISTS |language=en}}</ref> Wannan hadin gwiwar masu zane-zane, dalibai, da masu haya na gidaje sun ƙare a cikin ƙira da manufar jerin, an kammala su a hukumance a watan Janairun 2020. <ref name=":4" /> Hotunan suna kewaye da 344-348 Precita Avenue da ke [[San Francisco|San Francisco, California]].<ref name=":4" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] 9cgd62hz21dl0xn2jch2ylaoff3wv4a 0 124272 873662 861259 2026-07-01T14:18:54Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 873662 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Gidan ruwan [[Aljeriya]] (Faransa Barrage vert) yana nufin wani aikin da aka fara a Aljeriya a cikin shekarun 1960 don dasa miliyoyin bishiyoyi don dakatar da hamada, musamman don hana ci gaban arewacin hamadar Sahara.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Merdas |first=Saifi |last2=Boulghobra |first2=Nouar |last3=Mostephaoui |first3=Tewfik |last4=Belhamra |first4=Mohamed |last5=Fadlaoui |first5=Haroun |date=2019-07-12 |title=Assessing land use change and moving sand transport in the western Hodna basin (central Algerian steppe ecosystems) |journal=Forestist |volume=69 |issue=2 |pages=87–96 |doi=10.26650/forestist.2019.19005 |issn=2602-4039 |s2cid=199101182 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Aikin ya ci gaba kuma ya samo asali a cikin 1970s, 80s, 90s, da kuma cikin 2000s. Shingen kore yana cikin yankin pre-Saharan a Aljeriya. Ya shimfiɗa tsakanin iyakar Maroko a Yamma zuwa iyakar Tunisia a Gabas, yana rufe jimlar nisan kusan kilomita 1000. Farin shingen ya kasance daga kimanin kilomita 20 tsakanin isohyets na 300 mm a Arewa da 200 mm a Kudancin Aljeriya. Manufar aikin ita ce dawo da girman gandun daji da ke akwai don dakatar da fadada yashi. An dasa nau'ikan ciyayi guda biyu: Aleppo pine, wanda ke girma cikin sauƙi a wannan yankin, da Alfa.<ref name="Benhizia et al. 2021">{{Cite journal |last=Benhizia |first=Ramzi |last2=Kouba |first2=Yacine |last3=Szabó |first3=György |last4=Négyesi |first4=Gábor |last5=Ata |first5=Behnam |date=January 2021 |title=Monitoring the Spatiotemporal Evolution of the Green Dam in Djelfa Province, Algeria |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=13 |issue=14 |pages=7953 |bibcode=2021Sust...13.7953B |doi=10.3390/su13147953 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mihi |first=Ali |last2=Ghazela |first2=Rabeh |last3=wissal |first3=Daoud |date=August 2022 |title=Mapping potential desertification-prone areas in North-Eastern Algeria using logistic regression model, GIS, and remote sensing techniques |journal=Environmental Earth Sciences |language=en |volume=81 |issue=15 |pages=385 |bibcode=2022EES....81..385M |doi=10.1007/s12665-022-10513-7 |issn=1866-6280 |pmc=9305054 |pmid=35891927}}</ref> == Tarihi == Hadarin hamada yana barazanar yankuna masu bushewa da semi-arid a duk duniya. Girman yawan jama'a, birane, karuwa a yankunan da aka noma, wuce gona da iri, da kuma sare daji da ke kara tasirin canjin yanayi suna kara matsalolin. Rufin ciyawa na Alfa ya ragu yayin da ingancin ciyawa kanta ke kara lalacewa. A cewar UNCCD, fari da ayyukan ɗan adam, galibi yawan kiwo, sune manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da hamada (Le Houérou, 1996 <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mihi |first=Ali |last2=Ghazela |first2=Rabeh |last3=wissal |first3=Daoud |date=August 2022 |title=Mapping potential desertification-prone areas in North-Eastern Algeria using logistic regression model, GIS, and remote sensing techniques |journal=Environmental Earth Sciences |language=en |volume=81 |issue=15 |pages=385 |bibcode=2022EES....81..385M |doi=10.1007/s12665-022-10513-7 |issn=1866-6280 |pmc=9305054 |pmid=35891927}}</ref>). == Dalilan hamada == [[Fayil:Algeria_relief_location_map.jpg|thumb|Taswirar taimakon Algeria]] Tsarin sare daji da hamada ya haifar da rikici. === Amfani da ƙasa === Tun a farkon 1866, mazauna Faransa suna gunaguni ga Gwamnatin Faransa game da ƙonewar da 'yan asalin Aljeriya da ke adawa da mulkin Faransa suka yi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mihi |first=Ali |last2=Ghazela |first2=Rabeh |last3=wissal |first3=Daoud |date=August 2022 |title=Mapping potential desertification-prone areas in North-Eastern Algeria using logistic regression model, GIS, and remote sensing techniques |journal=Environmental Earth Sciences |language=en |volume=81 |issue=15 |pages=385 |bibcode=2022EES....81..385M |doi=10.1007/s12665-022-10513-7 |issn=1866-6280 |pmc=9305054 |pmid=35891927}}</ref> Wannan hangen nesa ya samo asali ne daga wani asali mai zurfi wanda ya samo asali daga tunanin haskakawa da kuma shaidar lalacewar muhalli a cikin yankuna kuma a lokacin juyin juya halin Faransa, masu kiyayewa na farko sun yi imanin cewa kiwo na Bahar Rum ya haifar da barazanar muhalli ta gaske. Sun zargi makiyaya da sare daji da kuma tasirin muhalli da zamantakewa. A farkon karni na sha tara, damuwa game da sare daji an iyakance shi ga wasu muryoyi daban-daban, kuma an magance shi a cikin dokoki da ba a aiwatar da su ba. Koyaya, wannan hangen nesa na muhalli nan da nan ya haɗu da dakarun da ke da nuna bambanci na siyasa, zamantakewa, da al'adu game da kiwo don ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar adawa da kiwo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mihi |first=Ali |last2=Ghazela |first2=Rabeh |last3=wissal |first3=Daoud |date=August 2022 |title=Mapping potential desertification-prone areas in North-Eastern Algeria using logistic regression model, GIS, and remote sensing techniques |journal=Environmental Earth Sciences |language=en |volume=81 |issue=15 |pages=385 |bibcode=2022EES....81..385M |doi=10.1007/s12665-022-10513-7 |issn=1866-6280 |pmc=9305054 |pmid=35891927}}</ref> === Sauyin yanayi === Wani dalili, wanda galibi ake ambata a baya-bayan nan, shi ne sauyin yanayi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-07-19 |title=Climate change in Algeria |access-date=2023-02-27 |website=Caritas |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chapter 3 : Desertification — Special Report on Climate Change and Land |access-date=2023-02-27}}</ref> Sauyin yanayi babban silar hanzarta kwararowar hamada ne domin yana haifar da karuwar yanayin zafi, canza yanayin ruwan sama, da kuma janyo fari mai tsanani akai-akai. Aljeriya ta fuskanci raguwar ruwan sama a hankali tun shekarar 1975, yayin da yawaitar ambaliyar ruwa ta karu. A cewar PreventionWeb, Aljeriya tana matsayi na 18 cikin kasashe 184 da suka fi fuskantar barazanar fari. Kimanin mutane 3,763,800 (kusan kashi 10%) na al'ummarta ne ke fuskantar fari. Sauyin yanayi ya haifar da fari mai tsanani akai-akai. === Sarƙaƙƙen dalilai === Bincike na zamani ya nuna cewa Hamada Sahara ba faɗaɗa take yi ba, kamar yadda har yanzu da yawa ke gaskatawa, a'a, tana faɗaɗawa ne kuma tana takurewa kusan gaba ɗaya dangane da yawan ruwan sama.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Helldén |first=Ulf |date=1991 |title=Desertification: Time for an Assessment? |journal=Ambio |volume=20 |issue=8 |pages=372–383 |issn=0044-7447}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tucker |first1=Compton J. |last2=Dregne |first2=Harold E. |last3=Newcomb |first3=Wilbur W. |date=1991-07-19 |title=Expansion and Contraction of the Sahara Desert from 1980 to 1990 |journal=Science |volume=253 |issue=5017 |pages=299–300 |pmid=17794695 |bibcode=1991Sci...253..299T |issn=0036-8075}}</ref> Wasu binciken sun gano cewa dalilan sun fi sarƙakiya kuma yanayin sararin samaniya na Arewacin Afirka kusan shekaru 3,000 da suka gabata ya yi kama da na yau.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Barker |first=Graeme |date=January 2002 |title=A tale of two deserts: Contrasting desertification histories on Rome's desert frontiers |journal=World Archaeology |language=en |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=488–507 |issn=0043-8243}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Heimann |first1=P. |last2=Miosga |first2=H. |last3=Neddermeyer |first3=H. |date=1979-03-19 |title=Occupied Surface-State Bands in sp Gaps of Au(112), Au(110), and Au(100) Faces |journal=Physical Review Letters |volume=42 |issue=12 |pages=801–804 |issn=0031-9007}}</ref> == Manufofi == Babban burin Ginin Kore (Green Dam) shi ne yaƙi da ƙwararowar hamada. Bayan 'yan shekaru na aiwatarwa, shirin ya haɓaka zuwa aiki mai rassa da yawa, wanda ya haɗa da:<ref name=":0"/> * Kariya da inganta albarkatun gandun daji da ake da su * Maido da bishiyoyin da suka ɓace • Dashen bishiyoyi * Haɓaka ƙasashen noma da kiwo * Yaƙi da kwararowar yashi da kuma daidaita tuddan yashi * Tattara albarkatun ruwa na saman ƙasa da na ƙarƙashin ƙasa * Inganta hanyoyin shiga yankunan da ke fuskantar barazanar kwararowar hamada == Aiwatarwa == An aiwatar da shirin Green Dam a matakai huɗu mabanbanta: # Daga 1970 zuwa 1982, an kafa ƙungiyoyin dawo da da kuma kare ƙasa (SRPG) kuma aka tura su zuwa yankunan soja ta yadda za su mamaye daukacin yankin Green Dam. # Tsakanin 1970 da 1979, an kafa Ƙungiyoyin Hidimar Ƙasa guda bakwai (GNS). Bayan kimanta GNS vanuit 1979 zuwa 1982, wanda ke da nufin magance matsaloli a fannin gandun daji, an kafa ƙungiyoyin gandun daji (GF) a cikin GNS. A wannan lokacin, an fi mayar da hankali ne kan dashen bishiyoyi da haɓaka abubuwan more rayuwa. An gudanar da ayyukan dashen bishiyoyin ta hanyar amfani da bishiyar Aleppo pine.• # Tsakanin 1982 da 1990, an kulla yarjejeniya tsakanin ministoci don sauƙaƙe haɗin gwiwa tsakanin mai aikin (kamar Sakataren Jiha na Gandun Daji) da mai aiwatar da aikin (Babban Hukumar Hidimar Ƙasa). An bayyana ayyukansu daki-daki dangane da tsari, kulawa, kuɗaɗe, da kariyar gadon gandun daji. Bayan kimanta nasarorin wannan lokacin, an shawo kan gibi a hankali kuma aka sami ci gaba ta hanyar karkata akalar ayyukan dawo da ƙasa, kamar buɗe hanyoyi da kariya daga zaizayar ƙasa, da kuma gabatar da sabbin nau'ikan bishiyoyi kamar Cypress, Acacia, da Atriplex.• # Daga 1990 zuwa 1993, Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta janye daga aikin Green Dam, inda ta bar Hukumar Gandun Daji ta Ƙasa ta kula da aiwatar da shi. Daga 1994 zuwa 2000, gwamnati ta farfado da aikin Green Dam ta hanyar kaddamar da sabon shirin a watan Nuwamba 1994.<ref name=":0" /> == Matsaloli da Suka == A shekarar 2021, wani binciken kimiyya ya buga binciken da ya gudanar kan Green Dam na Aljeriya, wanda ya bayyana dalilai da dama na lalacewarsa. Binciken ya kammala da cewa tsare-tsare na yanzu don dawo da Green Dam ya kamata su karkata akalar hanyoyin magance wadannan matsaloli.<ref name="Benhizia et al. 2021">{{Cite journal |last1=Benhizia |first1=Ramzi |last2=Kouba |first2=Yacine |last3=Szabó |first3=György |last4=Négyesi |first4=Gábor |last5=Ata |first5=Behnam |date=January 2021 |title=Monitoring the Spatiotemporal Evolution of the Green Dam in Djelfa Province, Algeria |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=13 |issue=14 |pages=7953 |issn=2071-1050}}</ref> Binciken, mai taken "Kula da Canje-canjen Lokaci da Wuri na Green Dam a Lardin Djelfa, Aljeriya,"<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Benhizia |first1=Ramzi |last2=Kouba |first2=Yacine |last3=Szabó |first3=György |last4=Négyesi |first4=Gábor |last5=Ata |first5=Behnam |date=2021 |title=Monitoring the Spatiotemporal Evolution of the Green Dam in Djelfa Province, Algeria |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=13 |issue=14 |pages=7953 |issn=2071-1050}}</ref> ya bincika canje-canje a cikin lalacewar ƙasa da ƙwararowar hamada (LDD) da tasirinsu a gonakin Moudjbara daga 1972 zuwa 2019. Ta amfani da bayanan da ake samu kyauta kamar hotunan Landsat da tsarin bayanan labarin ƙasa (GIS), binciken ya gano cewa kodayake aikin Green Dam ya yi tasiri na wasu shekaru, gonakin pine sun fuskanci gagarumar lalacewa bayan haka. An danganta lalacewar ne da saran daji, wuce gona da iri wajen kiwon dabbobi, da kuma yawaitar tsutsa mai cin ganyen pine. Waɗannan abubuwan sun lalata babban rabo na dashen bishiyoyin. Binciken ya yi hasashen cewa, idan lalacewar ta ci gaba da haka, aikin Green Dam zai ɓace a cikin shekaru masu zuwa a yankin da aka bincika. Domin ingantaccen iko da LDD a Aljeriya, binciken ya kammala da cewa, domin ciyar da aikin gaba cikin nasara: * Dole ne a sake duba tsarin hukumomi kuma kimiyya ta taka rawa mafi mahimmanci wajen jagorantar manufofi. * Kamata ya yi hukumomi su kula da abin da mutane ke so da abin da yanayi ke buƙata. Mayar da hankali kan dashen bishiyoyi kawai galibi ba ya biyan bukatun rayuwa na mutanen yankin. * Yin amfani da wannan tsari (dashen bishiyoyi) a matsayi babban mataki na dakatar da mamayewar yashi a busasshiyar ƙasa inda bishiyoyi ba sa girma a dabi'ance, kuma inda bishiyoyi marasa tsawo ko ciyawa su ne tsiro na asali da na dabi'a, yana buƙatar sake dubawa tunda mamayewar bishiyoyi na iya shafar ayyukan wannan mazaunin halittu mai rauni. Binciken kimiyya ya nuna cewa farfadowar dabi'a ya fi tasiri wajen dawo da busassun yankuna da suka lalace. * Guje wa mayar da hankali kan dashen bishiyoyi guda ɗaya zuwa karkata akala zuwa hanyoyin shawo kan ƙwararowar hamada da kuma amfani da hanyoyin daidaita tuddan yashi (gami da hanyoyin kanikanci, sinadarai da na halitta) yana da tasiri wajen rage guguwar yashi da kura. * Aiwatar da dabarun sarrafa kiwo mai dorewa, kamar "dakatar da kiwo", ya zama dole domin ba da damar farfadowar dabi'a na filayen da suka lalace. Diana K. Davis, a cikin kasidarta, ''Murayen 'Hamada' na Maghreb: labaran kwararowar hamada a tarihin muhalli na mulkin mallaka na Faransa a Arewacin Afirka'',<ref>Diana K. Davis, Desert 'wastes' of the Maghreb: desertification narratives in French colonial environmental history of North Africa.</ref> ta kaddamar da cewa Aikin Green Dam ya ginu ne a kan kuskuren da "masu gudanar da mulkin mallaka na Faransa, masana kimiyya da mazauna suka kafa wanda ya yi amfani da mummunan hangen nesa ga makiyayan Maghreb a matsayin masu saran daji da masu janyo kwararowar hamada a tsohon rumbun hatsi na Roma don ba da hujja da sauƙaƙe yawancin ayyukansu." Ta hanyar da'awar cewa abin da Faransawa "suka tarar lokacin da suka isa Aljeriya wani muhalli ne da ya lalace ta hanyar ƙonawa da wuce gona da iri na kiwo da 'yan ƙasar Aljeriya suka yi shekaru aru-aru, an kafa hujjar takaita ayyukan gida" da kuma cewa "wanda aka kafa a kan kuskuren tarihi, da rashin fahimtar juna game da muhalli da kuma gishiri, an gina labarin muhalli a farkon karni na sha tara, da farko a Aljeriya, kuma ya hada da daukacin Maghreb", wanda hakan ya kasance rashin gano ainihin matsalar, ya kai ga kuskuren yanke shawara game da maganinta. "Wannan labarin muhalli na mulkin mallaka ya kafu a cikin wallafe-wallafen hukuma da yawa kamar tarihai da nazarin bishiyoyi, da kuma littattafan noma da gandun daji da aka rubuta a lokacin mulkin mallaka" Wannan "ya kafa harsashi ga yawancin ilimi, bincike, manufofi da ayyuka na gaba". Tana ba da shawarar cewa "Dorewarsa (labarin mulkin mallaka) ya saba wa hujjoji masu gamsarwa cewa yawancin Arewacin Afirka ya zama hamada ta hanyar ƙonawa da kiwo na wuce gona da iri, domin yankin tabbas yana da daji a cikin shekaru 3,000 da suka gabata. Ko kaɗan ba a sanya shi cikin shakka ba" - labarin muhalli na mulkin mallaka ya bayyana a matsayin babban tarihin muhalli na bayan mulkin mallaka. Yana da ƙarfi musamman a cikin manufofi, da ayyukan da suka shafi ƙwararowar hamada. "Tsoron ƙwararowar hamada a Arewacin Afirka, wanda ke kunshe da akida da yare game da saran daji da ƙwararowar hamada mai kama da wadda aka yi amfani da ita shekaru da yawa da suka gabata, ya ci gaba da tafiyar da ayyukan muhalli marasa dacewa a yau" Ɗaya, cikin wasu da yawa da suka rage a bincika, shi ne ginin kore (green dam). "Wannan ya sami raguwar rayuwar bishiyoyi kuma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin gazawar muhalli"<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ballais |first=Jean-Louis |date=1994 |title=Aeolian Activity, Desertification and the 'Green Dam' in the Ziban Range, Algeria |language=en |pages=177|publisher=John Wiley & Sons }}</ref> == Matakan Farfadowa == Hukumar Gandun Daji ta Aljeriya (DGF) ta fara shirin sake dasa bishiyoyi sama da hekta miliyan 1.2 a yankin karkara, bisa manufofin ci gaba mai dorewa da yaki da hamada da sauyin yanayi. An hana dasa bishiyoyi iri daya kawai domin kauce wa matsaloli na baya.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 July 2020 |title=Algerie Presse Service (Algiers) |work=All Africa |access-date=27 February 2023}}</ref> Gwamnati karkashin Firayim Minista Abdelaziz Djerad ta amince da kafa hukumar da za ta kula da farfado da Green Dam da yaki da hamada. Wannan hukuma za ta kasance mai dindindin domin tsara, aiwatarwa da kuma sa ido kan aikin. Shirin ya hada da yaki da talauci ta hanyar kare albarkatun kasa, daidaita sauyin yanayi, bunkasa ci gaban karkara da kuma inganta tattalin arzikin gandun daji domin dorewar ci gaban cikin gida da samar da abinci.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 July 2020 |title=Government approves creation of body in charge of reviving Green Dam |access-date=27 February 2023 |website=Algeria Press Service}}</ref> Ministar Muhalli da Makamashi Mai Sabuntawa, Fatima Zohra Zerouati, ta bayyana bukatar sabbin hanyoyin kimiyya da fasaha domin farfado da Green Dam da yaki da hamada.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 June 2018 |title=Desertification: Algeria to revive Green Dam with new technical mechanisms |work=Algeria Press Service |access-date=5 March 2023}}</ref> Shirin Kasa na Dasa Bishiyoyi da aka kaddamar a 2000 ya ba wa bangaren gandun daji sabuwar dama, tare da hada bangaren samarwa, masana’antu da kuma nishadi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Merdas |first1=Saifi |last2=Mostephaoui |first2=Tewfik |last3=Belhamra |first3=Mohamed |date=2017-07-01 |title=Reforestation in Algeria: History, current practice and future perspectives |journal=Reforesta |issue=3 |pages=116–124 |doi=10.21750/refor.3.10.34 |issn=2466-4367|doi-access=free }}</ref> A shekarar 2021, gwamnatin Aljeriya ta ci gaba da shirin farfadowa na Green Dam wanda zai dauki shekaru da dama tare da zuba jari na dala miliyan 128.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 July 2020 |title=Government approves creation of body in charge of reviving Green Dam |work=Algeria Press Service |access-date=24 February 2023}}</ref> == Manazarta == hmrc3yovgvfroo0uey2ezklyal9u090 0 125155 873676 753469 2026-07-01T15:33:55Z Naja'atu Bintoo Usman 22641 873676 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Mutumin da ke cikin laka''''' Wani zane ne na Peter Corlett wanda ke cikin tarin Tunawa da Yaƙin [[Austriya|Australiya]] (AWM). Yana nuna wani sojan [[Austriya|Australiya]] na [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya]] zaune a filin yaƙi mai laka a Faransa. AWM ta ba da umarnin yin bikin a shekarar 1986, kuma an nuna shi a shekarar 1989. ''Mutumin da ke cikin laka'' yana da farin jini ga baƙi da suka halarci bikin Tunawa, kuma ya ci gaba da kasancewa a wurin bayan an rufe gidajen tarihi na Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya na AWM don manyan gyare-gyare a shekarar 2013. == Zane da gini == A shekarar 1986, Tunawa da Yaƙin [[Austriya|Australiya]] ya umarci Corlett da ya samar da wani fim mai suna diorama wanda ke nuna mawuyacin halin da sojojin Australiya suka sha a Yaƙin Yammacin Duniya a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya.<ref name="AWM Man in the mud diorama">{{Cite web |title=Man in the mud diorama |url=https://www.awm.gov.au/encyclopedia/man_in_mud/ |access-date=7 June 2014 |publisher=Australian War Memorial}}</ref> <ref name="AWM collection record">{{Cite web |title=Man in the mud |url=https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/ART41003/ |access-date=7 June 2014 |website=Collection |publisher=Australian War Memorial}}</ref> Corlett ya zaɓi wani hoto don jigon diorama daga na soja a cikin wani hoto a cikin tarin AWM wanda ke nuna gungun 'yan [[Austriya|Australiya]] da aka yi wa iskar gas a wani wurin share ɓarna a Faransa a watan Mayu na 1918.<ref>{{Cite web |title=E04850 |url=https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/E04850/ |access-date=7 June 2014 |website=Collection |publisher=Australian War Memorial}}</ref> An tsara diorama ta amfani da samfurin kai tsaye, wanda Corlett ya ɗauki hotonsa yana kwaikwayon yanayin da ke cikin hoton AWM. Daga baya Corlett ya ɗan canza yanayin, don ƙara matsin jikin sojan.[1] An ƙera siffar da laka da yake zaune a ciki da fiberglass.[2] [3] Sojan yana sanye da kayan zare da kwalkwali na ƙarfe, kuma bayan diorama hoton launin ruwan kasa ne na filin yaƙi mai laka.[3] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} hzez2yd0skqpjqcekcqit7lbew0mdvt 0 125174 874119 840150 2026-07-02T06:04:04Z Habibah A Jisambo 26434 874119 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} A Nightmare on Elm Street: Perchance to Dream wani labari ne mai ban tsoro na Burtaniya na 2006 wanda Natasha Rhodes ta rubuta kuma Black Flame ta buga shi.<ref> {{Cite web |date=17 March 2020 |title=10 dintre cei mai faimosi scriitori de horror |url=https://spynews.ro/actualitate/stiri-internationale/10-dintre-cei-mai-faimosi-scriitori-de-horror-222862.html |access-date=22 November 2024 |website=spynews.ro |publisher=[[Intact Media Group]]}} </ref> A tie-in zuwa jerin fina-finai masu ban tsoro na Amurka Nightmare on Elm Street, shi ne kashi na huɗu a cikin jerin litattafan Nightmare on elm Street guda biyar da Black Flame ya buga kuma ya sanya Jacob, wani saurayi da ke da ikon murkushe mafarkin wasu, a kan mai kisan kai Freddy Krueger . == Makirci. == Dan Alice Johnson, Jacob Johnson, ya kuma shafe shekaru biyar da suka gabata a asibitin Westin Hills Psychiatric, bayan an sanya shi a can lokacin da yake dan shekara 13. Freddy Krueger, mai kisan yara wanda, bayan da iyaye masu fushi suka ƙone shi har ya mutu, yanzu yana damun mafarkin mutanen Springwood, Ohio. Yakubu yana da iyawar telepathic, wanda yake amfani da shi don murkushe mafarkin mazaunan Springwood don kare su daga Freddy. Bayan Freddy ya ya yaudare shi ya kashe wasu marasa lafiya hudu na Westin Hills, Jacob ya tsere daga mafaka tare da taimakon ma'aikacinsa Jack Kane kuma ya gudu, wanda Springwood PD ya bi. Kane ya yi imanin cewa Yakubu zai iya taimaka masa ya sace ikon Freddy tare da Deathstone. Dream Demons ne suka ba shi ikon Freddy, kuma Deathstone, da zarar an kunna shi ta hanyar hadaya ta mutum, zai sanya Kane the Dream Demons sabon avatar, yayin da Freddy zai bar shi a cikin Deathstone. Bayan ya shiga Springwood, Dokta Sally Spencer, likitan kwakwalwa da 'yan sanda suka kawo don taimakawa wajen magance rikice-rikicen da rashin iya yin mafarki ya haifar, Freddy ya kai masa hari, wanda ya kashe abokin Sally, Mitchell, kuma ya fadi SUV dinta. Sally ta watsar da motarta da takardun da suka shafi Freddy da Jacob a ciki, wanda Ella Harris, mai ba da rahoto ga Jaridar ɗalibai ta Springwood High, da kuma mai laifi mai suna Mathew Irwin suka samu. Freddy ya kashe Matt bayan ya yi amfani da shi ya kira abokan karatunsa da Ella don gaya musu game da Freddy, wanda ikonsa, ya ragu saboda rashin tsoro daga jama'ar Springwood don cin abinci, za a sake cika shi yayin da sanin shi ya bazu tsakanin yaran Springwood. Yayin da Freddy ya kori abokan Ella daya bayan daya, sai ya umarce ta ta kashe Yakubu. Ella da sauran abokanta, Henry da Jennifer, Sally sun haɗu da su yayin da suke neman Yakubu, wanda Kane ya ɗauke shi. Jacob ya tafi tare da shirin Kane na sadaukar da Sarah, mai haƙuri na Westin Hills da aka sace, don kunna Deathstone. Ƙungiyar Ella da wasu jami'an 'yan sanda guda uku sun katse al'adar, kuma, a cikin rikice-rikicen da ya biyo baya, Freddy ya mallaki Kane. Freddy ya kashe Sarah, jami'an, da Sally kafin Kane ya 'yantar da kansa, bayan ya sace rabin ikon Freddy; biyun sun shiga cikin rikici na gaskiya a kan jirgin kasa mai gudu, tare da Freddy ya fito da nasara, ya dawo da ikonsa da aka sace, kuma ya kashe Kane. Yakubu yayi ƙoƙari ya kammala al'adar Deathstone tare da kansa a matsayin hadaya ta hanyar kashe kansa amma ba da gangan ya harbe Jen. Jacob sai ya shiga tunanin Freddy, inda Freddy ya nuna rayukan da aka kama na duk waɗanda ya kashe, gami da Alice. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Yakubu ya fashe Freddy tare da duk ƙarfin mafarki na Springwood, wanda ya 'yantar da dukkan rayukan da aka azabtar kuma ya mamaye Freddy, wanda ya fashe kuma an kore shi zuwa Dream World. Ella, Henry, da bikin nasarar Yakubu ba su da tsawo, yayin da aka kama su duka uku kuma aka sanya su a Westin Hills, inda Yakubu, yayin da ya fada cikin barcin da aka haifar da miyagun ƙwayoyi, Freddy ya yi masa ba'a. == Karɓar baƙi. == Louis Fowler na Bookgasm ya ji littafin, duk da shan wahala daga matsaloli kamar yawancin haruffa marasa ban sha'awa, saurin tafiya mara kyau, da Freddy Krueger da aka sake shi zuwa matsayin "banana na biyu", har yanzu yana da "babban" kuma yana "mai nishaɗi sosai, yana nuna babban alkawari ga jerin". [1] The California Bookwatch, a cikin bita biyu na Perchance to Dream da Fear the Darkness, ya yaba wa tsohon, yana mai lura, "Magoya bayan Nightmare a kan titin Elm".[2] == Manazarta. == {{Reflist}} pw7ath6tgliqdwmk3n5ly62q33gaf8o 0 125273 873881 753766 2026-07-01T21:34:46Z Ummeeterh 31568 873881 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Leslie Charlotte Benenson''', RE (13 [[Janairu]] 1941 - 18 [[Fabrairu]] 2018) ƙwararren mai fasaha ce [[Ingila|ta Ingila]] wadda ta yi aiki a fannoni daban-daban, ciki har da sassaka, [[mai]], launukan ruwa, tukwane da zane-zanen rubutu . == Rayuwa da aiki == An haifi Benenson a [[Landan]], inda ta halarci [[La Sagesse Convent High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta La Sagesse Convent]], kafin ta karanci zane-zane a Regent Street Polytechnic (1958–63) a karkashin [[Geoffrey H. Deeley]] da James Osborne . An ba ta takardar shaidar kammala karatun digiri na kasa a fannin zane a shekarar 1962. Baya ga karatunta na dindindin, Benenson ta ɗauki karatun fasahar rubutu ta sirri tare da Anthony Wood tsakanin 1963-64, bayan haka aka zaɓe ta memba a cikin Ƙungiyar Scribes & Illuminators. Bayan ya yi nasarar nuna ayyukansa a Royal Academy daga 1962, da kuma a Royal Society of Painter-Etchers and Engravers daga 1968, an zaɓe Benenson a matsayin memba na wannan cibiyar a 1978. Bugu da ƙari, Benenson yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa [[Society of Equestrian Artists|ƙungiyar masu fasaha ta dawaki]] a 1979. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Constitution |url=http://www.equestrianartists.co.uk/constitution.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081212182716/http://www.equestrianartists.co.uk/constitution.htm |archive-date=2008-12-12 |access-date=2008-09-10}}</ref> Ana nuna ta sosai, kuma ana iya samun ayyukanta a cikin tarin kayan jama'a da na masu zaman kansu da yawa, gami da Towner Art Gallery, Ashmolean, Hereford Museum da [[International Exlibriscentrum]] . == Nunin Nunin == === Solo === * 1971 - Gidan Tarihi na Rye * 1971 - Michelham Priory * 1975 - [[John Gage Gallery|Gidan Tarihi na John Gage]], Eastbourne * 1976 - Michelham Priory === Rukuni === * 1966 - Royal Academy, London * 1967 - Royal Academy, London * 1968 - Royal Society of Painter-Etchers and Engravers * 1969 - Royal Academy, London * 1970 - Royal Academy, London * 1971 - Gidan Tarihi na Victoria &amp;amp; Albert, London * 1971 - Royal Academy, London * 1972 - Royal Academy, London * 1979 - Gidan Tarihi na Victoria & Albert, London * 1980 - [[Linz]], [[Austriya|Austria]] * 1981 - Sint-Niklaas, [[Birnin Antwerp|Antwerp]], [[Beljik|Belgium]] * 1981 - Biala Podlaska, [[Poland]] == Nassoshi == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1941]] 3ahrpzw9dguhwct1jcuo8hiqlsdrit4 0 125286 874039 753870 2026-07-01T23:37:20Z Habibah A Jisambo 26434 874039 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Reflist}}{{Databox}} Tubifex Tubifex, wanda kuma ake kira tsutsotsi na laka, tsutsotsi na datti, ko kuma kawai tsutsotsi na Tubificid wanda ke zaune a cikin tafkuna da koguna a nahiyoyi da yawa. Tubifex mai yiwuwa ya haɗa da nau'o'i da yawa, amma rarrabe tsakanin su yana da wahala saboda gabobin haifuwa, waɗanda aka saba amfani da su a cikin ganewar jinsuna, ana sake su bayan haɗuwa, kuma saboda halaye na waje na tsutsotsi sun bambanta da canje-canje a cikin salinity. Wadannan tsutsotsi suna cinye turɓaya, suna narke ƙwayoyin cuta, kuma suna shan kwayoyin ta bangonjikinsu. Micro-plastic cinyewa ta Tubifex tsutsotsi yana aiki ne a matsayin babban haɗari ga canja wurin trophic da biomagnification na microplastics zuwa jerin abinci na ruwa.[1] Tsuntsaye na iya rayuwa tare da ƙananan iskar oxygen ta hanyar girgiza ƙarshen wutsiya mai wadata da Haemoglobin don amfani da duk iskar oxygen da ke akwai, kuma suna iya musayar carbon dioxide da iskar oxygen a cikin ƙananan fatarsu, a hanyar da ta yi kama da kwari. Hakanan suna iya rayuwa a wuraren da aka gurɓata sosai da kwayoyin halitta wanda kusan babu wani nau'in da zai iya jimrewa. Ta hanyar samar da kariya mai kariya da rage Yawan metabolism, T. tubifex na iya tsira daga fari da karancin abinci. Encystment na iya aiki a cikin watsawar tsutsotsi. Yawanci suna zaune a cikin ƙasa na tabkuna, koguna, kuma a wasu lokuta layin shara da hanyoyin fita.[2] == Manazarta. == <ref>Hurley, Rachel (2017). "Ingestion of microplastics by freshwater Tubifex worms". No. 2017. ACS Publications. Environmental Science and Technology. doi:10.1021/acs.est.7b03567.</ref> {{Reflist}} 0f3rn680ye9hp9lwd0tgzxxvhqog9s1 0 125636 874276 755054 2026-07-02T10:52:17Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 874276 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''HMAS ''Vampire''''' ita ce ta uku daga cikin aji uku Daring da aka gina a Ostiraliya da ke aiki a Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Royal Australian (RAN). Ɗaya daga cikin jiragen ruwa na farko da aka gina da walda a Ostiraliya, an gina ta a Cockatoo Island Dockyard tsakanin 1952 da 1959, kuma an tura ta cikin RAN kwana ɗaya bayan kammala aikinta. An tura Vampire zuwa Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya akai-akai a lokacin aikinta: an haɗa ta da Rundunar Tsaro ta Gabas ta Tsakiya sau biyar, ciki har da lokacin fafatawar Indonesia da Malaysia, kuma ta raka jigilar sojoji HMAS Sydney a kan tafiye-tafiye shida daga cikin tafiye-tafiyen sufuri ashirin da biyar na ƙarshe zuwa Kudancin Vietnam . A shekarar 1977, an tura jirgin ruwan yaƙi don raka jirgin ruwan sarki HMY Birtaniya a lokacin Sarauniya Elizabeth ta Biyu da kuma ziyarar Yarima Philip a Ostiraliya. A shekarar 1980, an sake sanya Vampire a matsayin jirgin horo . Jirgin ruwan yaƙin ya ci gaba da aiki har zuwa 1986, lokacin da aka dakatar da aikinsa aka miƙa shi ga Gidan Tarihin Jiragen Ruwa na Ƙasa na Australiya don adana shi a matsayin jirgin gidan tarihi ; babban abin da aka mallaka a gidan tarihi da aka nuna a Ostiraliya. == Gari == Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Royal Australia ta fara ba da umarnin aji huɗu DaringJaring -class jiragen ruwa masu lalata jiragen ruwa, waɗanda za a sanya musu suna bayan jiragen ruwan " Scrap Iron Flotilla " na Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. An gyara jiragen ruwan a lokacin gini: an yi yawancin canje-canje don inganta zama, gami da shigar da na'urar sanyaya daki. Jiragen ruwa ''na Vampire'' da 'yan uwanta sune jiragen ruwa na farko da aka gina da walda duka a Ostiraliya. Jirgin ruwan ''Daring'' yana da matsakaicin gudun tan 2,800, wanda ya karu zuwa tan 3,600 idan aka cika shi da kaya. ''Vendetta'' da 'yan uwanta mata suna da {{Convert|390|ft|m}} tsayi, tare da katako mai tsawon {{Convert|43|ft|m}}, da kuma zane na {{Convert|12|ft|9|in|m}} a matsakaici, da kuma {{Convert|14|ft|6|in|m}} a cikakken kaya ko zurfi.<ref name="Bastock320" /> Tsarin turawarta ya ƙunshi tukunyar ruwa guda biyu na Foster Wheeler, suna ciyar da injinan turbine guda biyu na lantarki na Ingila, waɗanda ke samar da {{Convert|54000|hp}} zuwa ga sandunan propeller guda biyu.<ref name="Bastock320" /> ''Vampire'' zai iya tafiya da sama da {{Convert|30|kn}} , kuma yana da nisan mil {{Convert|3700|nmi}} kowace awa). a {{Convert|20|kn}}.<ref name="Bastock320" /> Kamfanin jirgin ruwanta na yau da kullun ya ƙunshi jami'ai 20 da ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa 300.<ref name="Bastock320" /> === Makamai === Babban makamin Bindigogi na Mark V da aka sanya a cikin tagwayen rundunonin Mark 6 guda uku, biyu a gaba da ɗaya a baya.<ref name="Bastock320" /> <ref name="Cassells147.8" /> Kayanta na hana jiragen sama sun ƙunshi Bofors guda shida masu girman 40 mm ; hawa guda biyu a kan babban ginin gaba, da hawa biyu a kan babban ginin baya. Huɗu .50 cal. An ɗauki bindigogin Browning don kare maki. Inci biyar masu {{Convert|21|in|mm|0}} an sanya bututun torpedo a kan wani maƙallin pentad guda ɗaya na Mark IV a kan bene tsakanin manyan gine-ginen gaba da na baya.<ref name="Cassells147.8" /> Don yaƙin ƙarƙashin ruwa, an ɗauki turmi mai hana ƙarƙashin ruwa na Limbo a kan bene na baya, wanda aka daidaita zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa.<ref name="Bastock320" /> An cire tagwayen Bofors, mai harba torpedo, da turmi na Limbo duk a lokacin gyare-gyare daban-daban. An sanya tsarin makami mai linzami na Sea Cat a wani lokaci a lokacin aikinta.<ref name="Cassells147.8" /> [[Fayil:HMAS_Vampire_forward.jpg|left|thumb|Sashen gaba na ''Vampire'' . Ana iya ganin hasumiyoyin bindiga guda biyu na gaba masu inci 4.5, kuma ɗaya daga cikin Bofors mai hawa ɗaya yana kusa da gefen hagu na hoton.]] == Hotunan Hotuna == <gallery caption="Gidan hotunan ''Vampire'' na HMAS"> Fayil:HMAS_Vampire_(D11)_underway_c1962.jpg|alt=HMAS Vampire underway in c1962| An fara amfani da makamin HMAS ''Vampire'' a shekara ta 1962 Fayil:HMAS_Vampire_(D11)_underway_in_the_Red_Sea,_circa_in_1975.jpg|alt=HMAS Vampire underway in the Red Sea in c1975| An fara amfani da makamin HMAS ''Vampire'' a [[Red Sea|Tekun Bahar Maliya]] a shekarar 1975 Fayil:HMAS_Vampire_Daring_Class_Destroyer_3_(30154426023).jpg|alt=View of HMAS Vampire's two forward main 4.5-inch guns| Kallon manyan bindigogi biyu na gaba masu inci 4.5 {{'}} HMAS ''Vampire'' Fayil:HMAS_Vampire_(D11)_aft_superstructure.jpg|alt=HMAS Vampire's aft superstructure| babban ginin HMAS ''Vampire'' {{'}} bayan ginin Fayil:HMAS_Vampire_2017.jpg|alt=HMAS Vampire in 2017| ''Matukin'' HMAS a shekarar 2017 Fayil:HMAS_Vampire_(15135237624).jpg|alt=HMAS Vampire's builder plaque| Alamar ginin ''Vampire'' {{'}} HMAS Fayil:Rockingham_Naval_Memorial_Park,_Commemorative_plaque_for_HMAS_Vampire_(D11),_March_2020.jpg|alt=Commemorative plaque for HMAS Vampire at Rockingham Naval Memorial Park in March 2020| Allon tunawa da ''masu shan muggan kwayoyi'' na HMAS a wurin shakatawa na Rockingham Naval Memorial Park a watan Maris na 2020 </gallery> == Manazarta == 0yibwy4jwuz1fnm3atpq6a68qqipufh 0 126276 873833 756775 2026-07-01T21:12:55Z Ummeeterh 31568 873833 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Amy Andrea Childs''' (An haife ta 7 Yuni 1990) ƴar Ingila ce kuma mai tallata talabijin. Bayan ta bayyana a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen ITV2 na farko The Only Way Is Essex, ta fito a cikin nata jirgin sama a kan jerin shirye-'shiryen gaskiya It's All About Amy daga 2011 zuwa 2012. Childs daga nan ta zo a matsayi na huɗu a cikin jerin Channel 5 Celebrity Big Brother 8 a cikin 2011; a cikin 2014, ta shiga cikin jerin Channel 4 The Jump . Childs ya koma The Only Way Is Essex a cikin 2020. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Childs a ranar 7 ga [[Yuni]] 1990 a Barking, [[Landan|London]], kuma daga baya ya koma Brentwood, Essex . Ta halarci makarantar Raphael Independent School, inda ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar yarinya, kuma ta bar makarantar tare da cancantar GCSE guda hudu. == Ayyuka == Childs ya zama sananne a shekara ta 2010 bayan ya bayyana a cikin jerin abubuwan da suka faru na [[ITV1|ITV]]" id="mwJQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="ITV2">ITV2 The Only Way Is Essex . Daga baya ta sanya hannu a kamfanin gudanarwa na Can Associates . A matsayinta na samfurin, ta yi hoton mujallar fashion ta British Vogue . Childs ta sanya sunanta a wani shafi da aka rubuta don New! mujallar, kuma ta gabatar da sashi na yau da kullun a kan jerin ITV This Morning . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Love |first=Ryan |date=26 July 2011 |title=Amy Childs admits nerves over 'This Morning' debut |url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/tv/s143/the-only-way-is-essex/news/a331756/amy-childs-admits-nerves-over-this-morning-debut.html |access-date=19 August 2011 |website=[[Digital Spy]]}}</ref> A watan Yulin 2011, an ba ta suna Mutumin Shekara a National Reality TV Awards . Daga Disamba 2011 zuwa Janairu 2012, Childs ta bayyana a cikin jerin abubuwan da ta faru, mai taken It's All About Amy, wanda aka watsa a Channel 5. An soke jerin ne bayan jerin daya saboda karancin ƙididdiga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Love |first=Ryan |date=26 July 2011 |title=Amy Childs admits nerves over 'This Morning' debut |url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/tv/s143/the-only-way-is-essex/news/a331756/amy-childs-admits-nerves-over-this-morning-debut.html |access-date=19 August 2011 |website=[[Digital Spy]]}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2012, Childs ta yi gasa a cikin wani labari na Let's Dance for Sport Relief tare da dan uwan Harry Derbidge . Daga baya ta shiga cikin shahararren na musamman na Bankin Ayyuka a Channel 4 a watan Maris na shekara ta 2012. A cikin 2020, Childs ya kasance babban memba a jerin na takwas na shirin gaskiya na E4 ''Celebs Go Dating'' . Daga baya a wannan shekarar, an sanar da cewa za ta koma The Only Way Is Essex bayan shekaru tara, ta dawo a jerin na ashirin da shida, tare da dan uwan Harry Derbridge . <ref>{{Cite tweet|title=OH SHUT UP! 😱 A very familiar face is heading back to the world of #TOWIE! She's ditched her red hair dye and vajazzles… but what's @MissAmyChilds up to now!? 👀 Find out in #TOWIE10, back on @ITVBe later this year 😍|user=OnlyWayIsEssex|date=28 July 2020}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Childs tana cikin dangantaka da mai ginin Bradley Wright daga 2013 zuwa 2017. Ta haifi 'yarsu a shekarar 2017, amma sun rabu jim kadan bayan haihuwar. Childs ta haifi ɗanta na biyu a shekarar 2018. A cikin 2021, ta fara yin soyayya da Billy Delbosq, memba na simintin daga Dates na Farko; a cikin 2023, ta haifi tagwayen su. Childs yana da [[Rashin jituwa|dyslexia]]. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]] 3abxu3fkg9mlzfipvi4qte87r0y8m4p 0 126809 873829 836586 2026-07-01T21:08:27Z Ummeeterh 31568 873829 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Michael Thomas''' "'''Mick'''" '''McGuire''' babban janar ne na Sojojin Sama na [[Amurka]] da ya yi ritaya, kuma tsohon janar na tsaron kasa na Arizona. Wani memba na [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|Jam'iyyar Republican]], ya kasance dan takara don zabensa a zaben Sanata na [[Amurka]] na 2022 a Arizona. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == McGuire ya zauna a Arizona mafi yawan rayuwarsa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mick McGuire for U.S. Senate - Meet General McGuire |url=https://ipickmick.com/about/ |access-date=May 25, 2022 |website=Mick McGuire for U.S. Senate - Meet General McGuire |language=en}}</ref> Ya kammala karatu daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Arcadia, ya halarci Kwalejin Sojan Sama ta [[Amurka]] inda ya sami digiri na farko a fannin ilmin sunadarai.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=National Guard Biography |url=https://www.nationalguard.mil/portals/31/Features/ngbgomo/bio/2/2796.html |access-date=May 25, 2022 |website=www.nationalguard.mil |archive-date=March 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326030112/https://www.nationalguard.mil/portals/31/Features/ngbgomo/bio/2/2796.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ilimi ya hada da Makarantar Jami'an Squadron (SOS), Kwalejin Air Command da Staff (ACSC), Kwaleji ta Air War (AWC), Shirin Kwamandojin hadin gwiwa (NORTHCOM), Shirin Rundunar Kasuwanci, Shirin Babban Jagora (SLOC), CAPSTONE, Jami'ar Harvard, Babban Shugabannin Tsaro na Kasa da na Duniya (SENIS), da kuma Shirin Ci gaban Shugaba (ASLDP-SES). McGuire ya auri Deborah (née Davila), 'yar tsohon Shugaba na Vons William Davila. == Ayyukan soja == McGuire ya karbi kwamishinsa daga Kwalejin Sojan Sama ta Amurka a 1987, kuma ya kammala karatun horo a Sheppard Air Force Base.<ref name=":0"/> A matsayinsa na matukin jirgi na F-16, ya tashi a lokacin Yakin Gulf da Operation Northern Watch. McGuire ya zama babban janar na tsaron kasa na Arizona a shekarar 2013. A cikin 2020, ya kula da tattara kashi 85% na dakarunsa don tallafawa sintiri na kan iyaka, magance tashin hankali na farar hula, da kuma taimakawa wajen yaki da COVID-19.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mick McGuire for U.S. Senate - Meet General McGuire |url=https://ipickmick.com/about/ |access-date=May 25, 2022 |website=Mick McGuire for U.S. Senate - Meet General McGuire |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 8 ga watan Janairun 2021, an umarci McGuire da ya aika da sojojin tsaron kasa na Arizona zuwa [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] don mayar da martani ga harin da aka kai a Capitol na Amurka a shekarar 2021. Shi ne kawai janar janar na jihohi 54 da yankuna don kin amincewa da umarnin saboda damuwa game da halattaccen aikin. Ya yi ritaya watanni uku bayan haka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mick McGuire for U.S. Senate - Meet General McGuire |url=https://ipickmick.com/about/ |access-date=May 25, 2022 |website=Mick McGuire for U.S. Senate - Meet General McGuire |language=en}}</ref> === Ayyuka === Ayyukansa sun haɗa da F-16C, 56th Tactical Training Wing, MacDill AFB, Fla., F-16 Pilot, 4th Fighter Squadron, Hill AFB, Utah, turawa; Agusta 1990 - Maris 1991, Pilot, Desert Storm / Desert Watch, United Arab Emirates, Satumba 1992 - Satumba 1993, F-16C Instructor / Squadron Arizona, Satumba 1998, Arizona Arizona Air Squadron - Satumba 3, Arizona Squadron Azardron, Satumba, Satumba 28, Air Squad, Air Squadton, Satumba 2006, Air Squad3, Air Squadry, Air Squard, Satumba 29, Air Squadran, Satumba 31, Air Squaddon, Satumba 24, Air Squadson, Satumba 21, Air Squadrit, Satumba 2, Air Squadrid, Satumba 1, Air Squad3 / Air Squadrom, Satumba 16, Satumba 28, Satumba, Air Squatron, Satumbar, Satumba 26, Air Squad2, Air, Satumba 2001, Air Squadzon, Satumba 22, Air Squadrin Air, Satummarite, Satumba 9, Air, Satumb, Satumba 3, Air, Satemba<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mick McGuire for U.S. Senate - Meet General McGuire |url=https://ipickmick.com/about/ |access-date=May 25, 2022 |website=Mick McGuire for U.S. Senate - Meet General McGuire |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 527zfgrr8pisa5wm765avagri3rd2j2 0 127474 873597 869769 2026-07-01T12:26:52Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 873597 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Fayil:Girl_and_cat.jpg|thumb|Yarinya tare da ƙaramin cat]]{{Databox}} Humanci na dabbobi shine aikin da ake yi a cikin al'adun dabbobi na kula da dabbobi tare da matakin kulawa, kulawa, gami da kayan alatu. '''Halitta da dabbobi''' gabaɗaya tana nufin bi da dabbobi kamar dangin ɗan adam. Halin ya bazu a cikin tarihi, gami da Tsohon Girka, inda ake samun kaburbura tare da rubutun gaskiya ga karnuka, kama da kaburbura na mutane.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Andreeva |first=Eugenia |last2=Eliseeva |first2=Liubov |date=2023 |editor2-last= |editor2-first= |title='Do Not Laugh, I Beg of You, for This Is a Dog's Grave': The Human-Canine Bond in the Ancient Greek World |url=https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/77201/1/external_content.pdf#page=135 |journal=Institute of World History, Russian Academy of Sciences |pages=339–346 |via=Archaeopress Archaeology}}</ref> Har zuwa inda magani ya haɗa da samar da dabbar fiye da yadda suke godiya, ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin wani nau'i na anthropomorphism kodayake iyakokin wannan sun kasance batun buɗewa. Misali, anthropomorphism ya fi yawa tsakanin masu mallakar karnuka da sauran masu mallakar dabbobi a Romania.<ref>[https://static1.squarespace.com/static/57f414e0b8a79bc04e0a2729/t/6081b71ec312977485a24fa4/1619113759478/CD-The+Rise+of+Pet+Humanization.pdf The Rise of Pet Humanization]</ref> Hanyar yanzu na auna ɗan adam na dabba an soki ta, kamar yadda alamomi kamar masu magana da dabbobi, ko sanya kayan ado a kansu ko dai sun yadu ko kuma suna da wasu bayani. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2025}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2025)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Bastet_dame_katzenkopf.jpg|thumb|235x235px|Bastet, rabin cat da rabin mutum]] A cikin wayewa da yawa na dā, mutane sun kafa dangantaka ta kusa da dabbobi, sau da yawa suna amfani da su don dalilai daban-daban kamar farauta, kariya, abokantaka, da bautar dabbobi. Alal misali, wasu cats a tsohuwar Misira an dauke su dabbobi masu tsarki kuma an kwatanta su da allahn Bastet, kuma an ba su da jana'iza mai zurfi. Karnuka a cikin addini suna da ma'anoni daban-daban na alama da al'adu a cikin addinai daban-daban da tsarin imani. Bayan kallon siffofin karnuka na Colima na pre-Columbian, wani malamin gidan kayan gargajiya daga gidajen tarihi na tarihin halitta na Los Angeles County, [[California]] ya yi jayayya cewa "karnuka na Mesoamerica suna da dangantaka mai rikitarwa da mutane kuma galibi ana ganinsu a matsayin daidaito waɗanda suka yi muhimmiyar rawa da ayyuka a rayuwar yau da kullun".<ref>[https://static1.squarespace.com/static/57f414e0b8a79bc04e0a2729/t/6081b71ec312977485a24fa4/1619113759478/CD-The+Rise+of+Pet+Humanization.pdf The Rise of Pet Humanization]</ref> A cikin karni na 1, an san Mutanen Romawa da bi da dabbobinsu "a matsayin dangin" da kuma gina musu kaburbura a hankali.<ref>[https://static1.squarespace.com/static/57f414e0b8a79bc04e0a2729/t/6081b71ec312977485a24fa4/1619113759478/CD-The+Rise+of+Pet+Humanization.pdf The Rise of Pet Humanization]</ref> A tsakiyar Karni na 17, kalmar nan "karen shine aboki mafi kyau na mutum" ta samo asali ne daga Frederick the Great, Sarkin Prussia. A tsakiyar Karni na 20, Masana'antar dabbobi ta fadada, tana ba da samfuran da ayyuka da yawa. Wannan ya haɗa da ci gaban abinci na musamman na dabbobi, magani na dabbobi. Ayyukan gyaran jiki, har ma da kayan alatu.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2025}} == Halin zamani == Masu mallakar na iya ba da fifiko ga abinci mai kyau ko abinci na halitta, abinci na musamman da shirya abinci na gida ga dabbobi. Dabbobi suna karɓar bincike na yau da kullun, [[Alluran rigakafi|allurar rigakafi]] da kuma samun damar yin amfani da maganin dabbobi wanda ba a saba gani ba a baya. Masu mallakar na iya samar da dabbobi da kayan haɗi iri-iri kamar tufafi, ƙwallo, leashes da kayan zane. Bugu da kari, wuraren zama na dabbobi masu tsada, kamar gadajen dabbobi masu kyau ko kayan dabbobi na musamman yanzu suna samuwa. Dabbobi na iya yin bikin ranar haihuwar tare da jam'iyyun, abinci na musamman da tarurruka na jama'a. Ana yin masauki masu kyau da shirye-shiryen tafiye-tafiye don hutu ko tafiye-tallace. Wasu masu mallakar dabbobi suna ƙirƙirar bayanan kafofin sada zumunta ga dabbobi, suna gabatar da sakonni da hulɗa a madadin su. A zamanin yau, masu mallakar sau da yawa suna da alaƙa mai zurfi tare da dabbobi, suna la'akari da su a matsayin memba na iyali, suna neman abokantaka da goyon bayan motsin rai daga gare su.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2025}} == Ilimin halayyar ɗan adam == [[Fayil:Photo_of_dog.jpg|thumb|237x237px|Karnuka a hannun mai shi ɗan adam]] Ilimin halayyar dan adam a bayan ɗan adam ya haɗa da fahimtar motsin rai, motsin rai da halayyar da ke motsa mutane su bi da dabbobi a matsayin dabbobi kawai kuma a maimakon haka a matsayin masu daraja na iyali ko ma a matsayin abokan maye gurbin. Mutane suna da sha'awar halitta don samar da alaƙa ta motsin rai tare da wasu rayayyun halittu da dabbobi galibi suna ba da ƙauna marar iyaka, abokantaka, da jin daɗin kasancewa. Wannan haɗin motsin rai na iya haifar da sha'awar samar da mafi kyawun kulawa da kulawa ga dabbobi. == Masana'antar abinci ta dabbobi == [[Fayil:Pet_Food_Aisle.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|Gidan cin abinci na babban kantin sayar da kayayyaki a Brooklyn, New York]] Halitta na dabbobi yana da tasiri sosai ga masana'antar Abinci na dabbobi, wanda ke haifar da canje-canje a cikin halayyar mabukaci, kayan samfuran da dabarun talla. Yayinda masu mallakar dabbobi ke ƙara kallon dabbobi a matsayin membobin iyalansu, suna neman inganci mafi girma da zaɓuɓɓukan abinci na musamman ga abokan dabbobi.[undefined] Masu mallakar dabbobi waɗanda ke ba da [[Jerin jihohi a Nijeriya|mutunci]] ga dabbobi sau da yawa suna neman abincin dabbobi da aka yi da inganci, na halitta da kuma kayan aiki masu kyau. Wannan ya haɗa da abincin dabba "ba tare da hatsi ba", wanda FDA ta bincika kamar yadda zai iya haifar da cututtukan zuciya a cikin karnuka.[2] Ga karnuka, abinci na iya haɗawa da 'ya'yan itace da sauran abinci masu kama da mutum, wanda zai iya yin tasiri mara kyau ga cin abinci mai gina jiki.[1] == Kula da lafiyar dabbobi == [[Fayil:Surgery_performed_on_a_domestic_cat.jpg|thumb|Wani likitan dabbobi yana gudanar da tiyata a kan cat na gida.]] Halin ɗan adam na dabbobi yana da tasiri a kan kiwon lafiya na dabbobi, wanda ke haifar da canje-canje a yadda masu mallakar dabbobi ke kusantar Kula da dabbobi, musamman tsakanin matasa masu mallakar.<ref>[https://static1.squarespace.com/static/57f414e0b8a79bc04e0a2729/t/6081b71ec312977485a24fa4/1619113759478/CD-The+Rise+of+Pet+Humanization.pdf The Rise of Pet Humanization]</ref> Ci gaban inshorar dabbobi ana ɗaukarsa wani bangare ne na ɗan adam na dabbobi, saboda yana nuna haɓakar kula da dabbobi a matsayin membobin iyali ta hanyar tallafawa samun damar samun sabis na kiwon lafiya kamar na mutane. A cikin 2024, an ba da inshora na dabbobi miliyan 6.4 a Amurka, karuwar kashi 20.7% a cikin shekarar da ta gabata.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Andreeva |first=Eugenia |last2=Eliseeva |first2=Liubov |date=2023 |editor2-last= |editor2-first= |title='Do Not Laugh, I Beg of You, for This Is a Dog's Grave': The Human-Canine Bond in the Ancient Greek World |url=https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/77201/1/external_content.pdf#page=135 |journal=Institute of World History, Russian Academy of Sciences |pages=339–346 |via=Archaeopress Archaeology}}</ref> == Rashin haihuwar dabba == Mutuwar dabbobi da kuma ɗan adam na dabbobi ra'ayoyi ne guda biyu waɗanda ke da alaƙa da juna kuma galibi suna haɗuwa a cikin dangantakar ɗan adam da dabbobi. Rashin rasuwar dabbobi shine martani na motsin rai wanda masu mallakar dabbobi ke fuskanta lokacin da dabbobi suka mutu. Ya ƙunshi kewayon motsin rai mai kama da tsarin makoki ga ƙaunataccen ɗan adam.<ref>[https://static1.squarespace.com/static/57f414e0b8a79bc04e0a2729/t/6081b71ec312977485a24fa4/1619113759478/CD-The+Rise+of+Pet+Humanization.pdf The Rise of Pet Humanization]</ref> == Duba kuma == * Animal cognition - Ilimin dabbobin da ba mutane ba * Animal rights - Hakkin dabbobi * Biophilia hypothesis - Ra'ayin cewa mutane suna neman alaƙa da duniyar halitta * Blessing of animals - Albarka ta bikin aboki, noma, ko dabbobi masu aiki * Companion dog - Dog da aka nufa a matsayin abokiyar ɗan adam * Ethnobiology - Nazarin yadda al'adun mutane ke amfani da abubuwa masu rai * Human–animal communication - Sadarwar magana da ba ta magana ba tsakanin jinsuna * Human–canine bond - Dangantaka tsakanin jinsuna * Human interaction with cats * Interspecies friendship - Haɗin da aka kafa tsakanin dabbobi na nau'o'i daban-daban * Man's best friend - Magana ta yau da kullun game da karnuka na gida * Mutualism - Ma'amala mai fa'ida tsakanin jinsuna * Symbiosis - Kusan, hulɗar halittu na dogon lokaci tsakanin kwayoyin halitta daban-daban (yawanci nau'o'in) == Manazarta == 7gvsf1ljntl9044ww4o4nill3nk1g2v 0 128283 873890 762330 2026-07-01T21:44:41Z Ummeeterh 31568 873890 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Fidelia Akuabata Njeze''' (An haife ta a ranar 8 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1964) 'yar siyasar [[Najeriya]] ce kuma 'yar diflomasiyya. Ta kasance tsohuwar Jakadan [[Najeriya]] a [[Switzerland]] da [[Liechtenstein]] . An nada Njeze a matsayin ministan jirgin sama [[Najeriya|Na Najeriya]] a ranar 6 ga [[Afrilu]] 2010, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-07-04 |title=Jonathan Assigns Stella Oduah-Ogiemwonyi To Ministry Of Aviation |url=http://saharareporters.com/2011/07/04/jonathan-assigns-stella-oduah-ogiemwonyi-ministry-aviation |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=Sahara Reporters}}</ref> lokacin da mukaddashin shugaban kasar [[Goodluck Jonathan]] ya sanar da sabon majalisar ministocinsa. Kafin wannan nadin, ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Jiha na Aikin Gona da Ruwa da kuma Ministan Jihohi na Tsaro a cikin majalisar ministocin marigayi Shugaba [[Umaru Musa Yar'adua|Umaru Yar'Adua]] . <ref name="tday0407">{{Cite web |date=7 April 2010 |title=Ministers - the Profiles |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201004070116.html |access-date=2010-04-13 |website=ThisDay}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Njeze a ranar 8 ga Yuni 1964 a [[Enugu (jiha)|Jihar Enugu]] . Ta sami karatun sakandare a makarantar sakandare ta 'yan mata Awkunanaw Enugu, sannan ta ci gaba da samun BSc a Pharmacy daga [[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka|Jami'ar Najeriya]], [[Nsukka]] . Bayan aikinta na horo ya biyo bayan National Youth Service tare da Asibitin Orthopedics na Kasa, Enugu daga 1990 zuwa 1991 ta zama likitan magani tare da kantin magani na Chinors a shekarar 1992. A shekara ta 2004 an nada ta memba na Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta [[Enugu (jiha)|Jihar Enugu]] don taimakawa wajen canza bangaren kiwon lafiya na [[Enugu (jiha)|Jihar Enugu]]. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Mohammed Momoh |date=2007-09-14 |title=BIREF ON MINISTERS |url=http://africanchoicenewsusa.net/view_article.php?id=17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903101557/http://www.africanchoicenewsusa.net/view_article.php?id=17 |archive-date=September 3, 2011 |access-date=2010-04-13 |website=Nigeria News}}</ref> == Ayyukan siyasa == Albarkatarwa bayan babban sake fasalin majalisar ministoci da marigayi Shugaban ya yi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-07-04 |title=Jonathan Assigns Stella Oduah-Ogiemwonyi To Ministry Of Aviation |url=http://saharareporters.com/2011/07/04/jonathan-assigns-stella-oduah-ogiemwonyi-ministry-aviation |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=Sahara Reporters}}</ref> An nada ta Ministan Jirgin Sama a ranar 6 ga Afrilu 2010 ta mukaddashin Shugaba [[Goodluck Jonathan]] bayan ya hau mulki. A ranar Asabar, 5 ga Maris 2011, a lokacin bikin taron 23 na [[Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya Owerri Library|Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya, Owerri (FUTO)]] jami'ar ta ba da digiri na girmamawa ga Mrs. Fidelia Akuabata Njeze tana ba da Dokta na Fasaha ta Gudanarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Idachaba |first=Sunny |date=2024 |title=Christopher Kolade, Fidelia Njeze: Where are they now? |url=https://blueprint.ng/christopher-kolade-fidelia-njeze-where-are-they-now/}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Mohammed Momoh |date=2007-09-14 |title=BIREF ON MINISTERS |url=http://africanchoicenewsusa.net/view_article.php?id=17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903101557/http://www.africanchoicenewsusa.net/view_article.php?id=17 |archive-date=September 3, 2011 |access-date=2010-04-13 |website=Nigeria News}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMohammed_Momoh2007">Mohammed Momoh (2007-09-14). [https://web.archive.org/web/20110903101557/http://www.africanchoicenewsusa.net/view_article.php?id=17 "BIREF ON MINISTERS"]. ''Nigeria News''. Archived from [http://africanchoicenewsusa.net/view_article.php?id=17 the original] on September 3, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-13</span></span>.</cite></ref> An kuma karrama ta daga ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na ƙwararru, waɗanda galibinsu magunguna ne, waɗannan kyaututtukan suna ba ta ne saboda mutane da yawa suna ganinta a matsayin jakadiyar sana'a mai kyau, daga cikin kyaututtukan sana'arta da yawa akwai: Kyautar Jakadan Magunguna ta ƙungiyar Magunguna ta Najeriya (National) a 2007, Kyautar Inganta Magunguna da Ba da Lamuni na Ƙasa ta ƙungiyar Magunguna ta Najeriya a watan Maris na 2009, Kyautar Fellowship ta ƙungiyar Likitoci ta Yammacin Afirka (WAPCP) Ghana a watan Maris na 2009, Kyautar Sabis na Ƙwararru ta ƙungiyar tsofaffin ɗalibai ta UNN reshen Abuja a 2010, Kyautar tsofaffin ɗalibai na Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences UNN a watan Afrilu na 2012 . A lokacin zaɓen 2011, ta goyi bayan Shugaba [[Goodluck Jonathan]] kuma ta yi yaƙin neman zaɓe sosai. Bayan zaɓen 2011, zaɓaɓɓen Shugaba [[Goodluck Jonathan]] ya nemi Njeze ta jagoranci ɗaya daga cikin kwamitocin rantsar da shugaban ƙasa da za su jagoranci sabuwar gwamnati. Shugaba [[Goodluck Jonathan]] ya zaɓi Fidelia Akuabata Njeze a matsayin jakadiyar Najeriya a ranar 1 ga Disamba, 2011, bayan haka Majalisar Dattawa ta tantance ta kuma tabbatar da ita. Daga nan aka naɗa Njeze jakadiyar Najeriya a [[Switzerland]] da [[Liechtenstein]] a ranar 12 ga Yuni, 2012. A ranar 4 ga Satumba, 2012, Jakadiya Fidelia Akuabata Njeze ta ci gaba da miƙa wa Shugabar Ƙungiyar Swiss Confederation Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf Wasiƙunta na amincewa, sannan ta miƙa wa [[Liechtenstein]] Wasiƙunta na amincewa a ranar 14 ga Disamba, 2012. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> An zabi Njeze a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara kan Tattalin Arziki na Mutum 15 (EAC) wanda Gwamnan jihar ya kafa a ranar 21 ga Yuni, 2015. An kafa kwamitin ne don inganta daidaitattun ci gaban tattalin arziki mai ɗorewa, yin la'akari da sababbin ra'ayoyi game da batutuwan tattalin arzikin jihar, inganta saka hannun jari da shawarwarin gwamnati kan yadda za a sa jihar [[Enugu (birni)|Enugu]] ta fi dacewa da kasuwanci da tattalin arziki, a cikin neman inganta yanayin rayuwa na 'yan ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-07-04 |title=Jonathan Assigns Stella Oduah-Ogiemwonyi To Ministry Of Aviation |url=http://saharareporters.com/2011/07/04/jonathan-assigns-stella-oduah-ogiemwonyi-ministry-aviation |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=Sahara Reporters}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1964]] erg420zbj5uojurud603u8c3ranouz4 0 128756 874122 789074 2026-07-02T06:14:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 874122 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Fish_Chan.jpg|right|thumb|Chan Yik Hei a cikin littafin Hong Kong 2006]] '''Chan Yik Hei''' (an haife shi a ranar 17 ga Oktoba 1989; Sinanci: , Jyutping: can4 yik6 hei1) matashi ne a [[Hong Kong]] . Ya kammala karatu daga Makarantar Sakandare ta CCC Tam Lee Lai Fun Memorial da Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Hong Kong. Bayan haka, yana kuma aiki a kan gyaran Wikipedia na Sinanci. == Shahararren farko == A shekara ta 2004, ya sami lambar yabo ta biyu a fannin Injiniya na Intel International Science and Engineering Fair don Total Equip, [[Saƙago|robot]] don tsaron cikin gida wanda aka tsara bayan R2-D2. Sabili da haka, wani Asteroid, 20780 Chanyikhei, an sanya masa suna ta LINEAR a karkashin shirin Ceres Connection , wanda ke kiran asteroids bayan masu cin nasara na wasu gasa na kimiyya da injiniya. Komawa Hong Kong, kafofin watsa labarai na cikin gida sun kira shi "Ɗan tauraron", kuma ya zama sananne da shahara. An kaddamar da rokar ruwa na samfurinsa a bikin maraba da Fei Junlong da Nie Haisheng, 'Yan saman jannati na kasar Sin na Shenzhou 6. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2006, Ma'aikatar Injiniya da [[Injiniyan kwamfuta]] ta [[jami'a]] Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Hong Kong (HKUST) ta karbe shi don karatun digiri na shekaru 4 (ciki har da karatun shiri na shekara 1), wanda ya sa ya zama lamari mai ban mamaki da za a karɓa a jami'a ba tare da kammala kowane jarrabawar jama'a ba a Hong Kong. A watan Yulin shekara ta 2006, an buga tarihin kansa ''Chan Yik Hei, saurayin da ya kama tauraron'' (Sinanci: 摘星少年陳易希), kuma ya zama ɗaya daga cikin masu sayarwa a kan Hong Kong Book Fair . Har ila yau, shi ne masanin girmamawa na Kwalejin Priority, wanda Bankin Standard Chartered (Hong Kong) ya kirkira. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2013, ya ba da jawabi a TEDxYouth a Jami'ar Polytechnic ta Hong Kong . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Stark Chan at TEDxYouth@HongKong 2013 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j_xJLdxwSDA |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126123959/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j_xJLdxwSDA&feature=youtu.be |archive-date=2025-01-26 |website=TEDxYouth |access-date=2026-01-03 }}</ref> == Rashin jituwa == Yayin da ya zama sananne, jayayya ta taso game da shigar da shi cikin HKUST. A watan Agustan shekara ta 2006, lokacin da ya fara ki sanar da sakamakon HKCEE, [[Mai amfani da yanar gizo|masu amfani da yanar gizo]] sun nuna rashin jin daɗinsu a cikin al'ummomin kama-da-wane na gida kamar HK Golden Forum, HKEPC, da Miniforum. Akwai jita-jita cewa ya sami maki 3 kawai a cikin HKCEE, wanda aka tabbatar da ƙarya. Daga baya aka sanar da cewa ya sami digiri na F (Rashin Amfani) a cikin Sinanci da Ingilishi, E a cikin Kwamfuta da Fasahar Bayanai, D a cikin lissafi da ilmin sunadarai, C a cikin Physics da B a cikin Sadarwar Hotuna. Gabaɗaya, ya sami maki 12 kawai, dan kadan sama da matsakaici. A watan Oktoban 2006, ya "ƙirƙiro" kofi ga makafi, wanda ya sanya wa suna "kofin wayo" ( Chinese ). Ka'idar "ƙirƙirarsa" ita ce lokacin da matakin ruwa ya kai sandunan ƙarfe guda biyu, ruwan ya kammala da'irar lantarki, don haka ƙarar sauti tana yi wa mai amfani gargaɗi cewa kofin ya cika. Kafofin watsa labarai a Hong Kong sun ce wannan babban ƙirƙira ne. Duk da haka, mutane da yawa a yanar gizo sun ba da shawarar cewa ya kwafi ƙirar daga wani mai ƙirƙira na babban yankin da kuma daga wani aikin jarrabawa a HKCEE. Chan ya bayyana cewa bai taɓa ambaton ƙirar da mai ƙirƙira na babban yankin ya yi ba. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Ayyuka == Bayan kammala karatunsa daga HKUST a shekara ta 2011, ya ƙaddamar da ''Bull B Tech'', wani kamfani wanda ke ƙwarewa wajen haɓaka aikace-aikace don samfuran Apple, tare da wasu abokan tarayya. An kuma zabe shi a matsayin wakilin tsofaffi a Kwamitin Gudanar da Makaranta na tsohon makarantar sakandare. == Bayani == * ^ [https://web.archive.org/web/20040603142232/http://www.sciserv.org/isef/results/grnd2004.asp Grand Awards na Intel International Science and Engineering Fair]  * ^    * ^ [https://web.archive.org/web/20060810130458/http://www.ll.mit.edu/LINEAR/winners_2004.html Wadanda suka lashe Ceres Connection na shekara ta 2004]  * ^ [https://web.archive.org/web/20060820233741/http://www.ll.mit.edu/LINEAR/ceres.html Gabatarwa ga shirin Ceres Connection]  * ^ 陳易希 za ta yi考wa 12分 科大預備班惡補語文. Ming Pao (明報) (a cikin Sinanci). 22 ga watan Agusta 2006. An samo asali ne daga asali a ranar 29 ga Janairun 2013. An samo shi a ranar 13 ga Mayu 2012.   * ^ (a cikin Sinanci) [https://archive.today/20130105112426/http://hk.news.yahoo.com/060526/10/1o7he.html 中五陳易希破格入科大 - Shigar da shi zuwa HKUST kamar yadda aka ruwaito a Yahoo! News, tare da burinsa na EAS da aka ambata.]  * ^ 陳易希 ya ƙi rage farashin "ba daidai ba ne kawai ba za a iya yi ba". Wen Wei Po (a cikin Sinanci). 20 Maris 2012. An samo shi a ranar 13 ga Mayu 2012.   * ^ "Saice-Saice:星之子變Apps王 掘 na farko桶金". Oriental Daily (gabas ta gaba) (a cikin Sinanci). 13 ga Oktoba 2011. An samo shi a ranar 13 ga Mayu 2012.   * ^ Yanayi na siyasa:陳易希 ya koma makarantar sakandare. Oriental Daily (gabas ta gaba) (a cikin Sinanci). 11 ga Fabrairu 2012. An samo shi a ranar 13 ga Mayu 2012.   == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Editocin Wikipedia]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1989]] 7s2sc07y0gkbfx852qjyr79xylw0i1h 0 130477 873796 835540 2026-07-01T20:38:13Z Ummeeterh 31568 873796 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Joseph Patrick Jones''' (4 [[Maris]] 1955 - 22 Yuli 2025) Ya kasance ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Welsh wanda ya yi wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|cikakken baya]]. Jones ya fi buga wa [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] wasa, tare da wanda ya lashe [[UEFA Champions League|Kofin Turai]] sau biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-21 |title=Every Welsh Player To Win The Champions League {{!}} Football Stories |url=http://footballstories.co.uk/every-welsh-player-to-win-the-champions-league/ |access-date=2023-08-21 |website=Football Stories |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821212622/http://footballstories.co.uk/every-welsh-player-to-win-the-champions-league/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Har ila yau, an san shi da doguwar haɗin gwiwa tare da Wrexham, yana wasa a kulob din a lokuta uku daban-daban, kuma yana da hannu a cikin saitin horarwa a kai a kai daga farkon shekarun 1990, gami da ɗan gajeren lokaci a matsayin manajan mai kulawa a shekara ta 2001.<ref name="wafc">{{Cite web |last=Henrys |first=Colin |date=11 September 2021 |title=Club News {{!}} Club legend Joey Jones appointed youth team ambassador |url=https://www.wrexhamafc.co.uk/news/2021/september/club-news--club-legend-joey-jones-appointed-youth-team-ambassador/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240531223851/https://www.wrexhamafc.co.uk/news/2021/september/club-news--club-legend-joey-jones-appointed-youth-team-ambassador/ |archive-date=31 May 2024 |access-date=14 July 2025 |website=wrexhamafc.co.uk |publisher=Wrexham A.F.C.}}</ref> A duniya, ya wakilci Wales a lokuta 72 daga 1975 zuwa 1986. == Ayyukan kulob din == === Wrexham === An haifi Jones a Llandudno a ranar 4 ga [[Maris]] 1955, [1] kuma ya shiga Wrexham a shekarar 1971. Ya fara bugawa ne yana da shekaru 17 a gasar cin Kofin Welsh da abokan hamayyarsa na Chester City; Wrexham ya rasa 1-0. Ya yi, duk da haka, ya lashe Kofin Welsh tare da kulob din a 1975, lokacin da suka doke Cardiff City a wasan karshe. Jones ya kafa kansa a matsayin dan wasan dama kuma ya taimaka wa Wrexham zuwa wasan kusa da na karshe na FA Cup a shekara ta 1974, karo na farko da kulob din ya kai wannan matakin.[2] === Liverpool === Jones left Wrexham to join his boyhood heroes, [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] (he had a Liverbird tattoo, which he later had removed for medical reasons, on his forearm),{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2007}} when Bob Paisley paid £110,000 for his services in July 1975.<ref name="lfchistory">{{Cite web |title=Player profile: Joey Jones |url=http://www.lfchistory.net/Players/Player/Profile/338 |access-date=20 May 2011 |publisher=LFC History}}</ref> He made his debut on 16 August in a 2–0 league defeat to Queens Park Rangers at Loftus Road.<ref name="shliv">{{Cite web |title=Joey Jones: Liverpool FC 1975–1978 |url=http://www.sporting-heroes.net/football-heroes/displayhero_club.asp?HeroID=37094 |access-date=20 May 2011 |website=Football Heroes |publisher=Sporting Heroes}}</ref> He missed out on a league championship medal in 1975–76, as he did not play enough matches to qualify.<ref name="lfcprofile">{{Cite web |title=Joey Jones: Profile |url=https://members.liverpoolfc.com/history/past-players/joey-jones |access-date=20 May 2011 |publisher=Liverpool F.C.}}</ref> In 1977, Jones was part of the treble-chasing Liverpool team which won the League championship and [[UEFA Champions League|European Cup]] and reached the FA Cup Final.<ref name="lfcprofile"/> Jones scored his first goal for the club on 9 November 1976 in the 5–1 league win against [[Leicester City F.C.|Leicester City]] at [[Filin Wasa na anfield|Anfield]].<ref name="shliv"/> The treble, unprecedented in English football, was not forthcoming. Liverpool lost 2–1 in the FA Cup final at Wembley to [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]], though Jones supplied the accurate long pass for Jimmy Case to score Liverpool's goal.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2011}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2011)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> However, Jones became the first Welshman to receive a European Cup winners medal when Liverpool won their first European Cup in [[Rum|Rome]] four days later, defeating Borussia Mönchengladbach 3–1.<ref name="shliv" /> A memorable [[banner]] was unfurled by Liverpool supporters at the European Cup final in Rome which said ''"Joey Ate The Frogs Legs, Made The Swiss Roll, Now He's Munching Gladbach"''.<ref name="lfcprofile" /> === Ayyukansa na baya === Ya shiga Huddersfield a lokacin rani na 1985 daga Chelsea, kuma an ba shi suna dan wasan gari na shekara a kakar wasa ta farko.<ref name="obit">{{Cite web |date=22 July 2025 |title=Joey Jones obituary: Ex-Wales and Liverpool defender dies aged 70 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/articles/c977x1nj3geo |access-date=22 July 2025 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> Bayan shekaru biyu ya bar ya sake shiga Wrexham, inda ya yi ritaya a ƙarshen kakar 1991-92.<ref name="barmy">{{Cite web |title=The Legends: Joey Jones |url=http://www.thisisthebarmyarmy.co.uk/htafc_legends_joeyjones.htm |access-date=20 May 2011 |publisher=thisisthebarmyarmy.co.uk |archive-date=18 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318113700/http://www.thisisthebarmyarmy.co.uk/htafc_legends_joeyjones.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Joey ya fara wasan farko na Wales a watan Nuwamba 1975 a kan Austria. Ya ci gaba da lashe kwallo 72, inda ya zira kwallaye guda, aikinsa na karshe ya zo ne a wasan sada zumunci da ya yi da Kanada a watan Mayu 1986. A lokacin mutuwarsa, Jones ya kasance na 15 tare da Mark Hughes a cikin jerin sunayen 'yan wasan da aka fi rufewa a Wales.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-21 |title=Every Welsh Player To Win The Champions League {{!}} Football Stories |url=http://footballstories.co.uk/every-welsh-player-to-win-the-champions-league/ |access-date=2023-08-21 |website=Football Stories |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821212622/http://footballstories.co.uk/every-welsh-player-to-win-the-champions-league/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2025]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1955]] ===MANAZARTA=== fj0y26xka0j47oryx01cqwrei8nagcu 0 130875 873891 793517 2026-07-01T21:46:58Z Ummeeterh 31568 873891 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Juliette Suzanne Thomas''' (An haife ta 7 Yuni 1964) 'yar kasuwa ce ta Burtaniya kuma mai tsara ciki wacce aka fi sani da bayyanarta a talabijin a shirin [[BBC]] Dragons 'Den, da kuma shirin Channel 4 Millionaires 'Mansions . <ref name="Channel4">{{Cite web |date=7 April 2016 |title=Millionaires' Mansions – Episode Guide |url=http://www.channel4.com/programmes/millionaires-mansions/episode-guide |publisher=Channel 4}}</ref> Thomas shine wanda ya kafa kuma mai mallakar kasuwancin ciki mai suna, Juliette's Interiors . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Thomas a ranar 7 ga [[Yuni]] 1964 a Solihull . Ta yi karatu a Makarantar Sakandare ta Stratford-upon-Avon, ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 1992. Bayan ta bar makarantar sakandare ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar magajin garin. Ta shiga Mysis a matsayin manajan tallace-tallace a shekarar 1988 kuma ta yi aiki a can har zuwa shekara ta 1997.<ref name="IDT">{{Cite web |date=21 November 2013 |title=Juliette's Interiors |url=http://www.idnews.co.uk/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=572:juliettes-interiors&Itemid=85 |publisher=Interior Design Today}}</ref><ref name="Mirror">{{Cite web |last=Corner |first=Natalie |date=7 April 2016 |title=Single mum-of-four decides to risk last pennies on launching interior design company instead of feeding children |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/tv/tv-news/single-mum-four-decides-risk-7708766 |website=Daily Mirror}}</ref> == Sana'a == Thomas da abokin zamanta sun rabu a shekarar 2005. Thomas ta sami jimillar tanadin £1,200, wanda ta yi amfani da shi wajen siyan kayan gida don sayarwa a eBay. <ref name="NB2BC">{{Cite web |date=5 March 2016 |title=Juliette's A World Wide Success Thanks to the World Wide Web |url=https://www.nb2bc.co.uk/images/showcase/file24.pdf |publisher=The National B2B Centre}}</ref> Ta yi nasarar sayar da kayayyakin sannan daga baya ta ƙaddamar da Juliette's Interiors, wani kamfanin sayar da kayan gida na alfarma da ke Landan. Da farko kasuwancin ya kasance na kan layi ne kawai, tare da mai sayar da kayan daki na gidan yanar gizo da kuma shafin yanar gizo na zane da salon rayuwa wanda Juliette Thomas ta rubuta a cikin salon edita, tana ba da ra'ayoyin ƙirar ciki, wahayi da shawarwari tare da labarai da yanayin masana'antu. <ref name="Mirror"/> A shekarar 2008 ta bayyana a shirin talabijin na [[BBC]] Dragons' Den don neman jari don kasuwancinta. <ref name="DD">{{Cite web |date=31 August 2008 |title=BBC Two – Dragons' Den, Series 6, Episode 6 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00d7psg |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)}}</ref> Duk da cewa 'yan daba sun yaba da kasuwancinta, ba ta sami tallafin kuɗi a shirin ba lokacin da ta bayyana cewa ba ta samun albashi daga kasuwancinta ba amma tana karɓar taimakon kuɗi daga gwamnati don tallafa mata da 'ya'yanta yayin da take gina kasuwanci. Duk da cewa Dragons da jama'a sun yaba mata, ta kuma sami wasiƙun ƙiyayya bayan fitowarta amma adadin masu ziyartar gidan yanar gizon ta ya tashi daga 13,000 a kowane wata zuwa 10,000 a kowane mako bayan shirin. <ref name="freelibrary">{{Cite web |last=Laws |first=Roz. |date=14 September 2008 |title=The Job Interview From Hell – Midland contenders tell what happened when they took on TV dragons |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+job+interview+from+HELL%3B+MIDLAND+CONTENDERS+TELL+WHAT+HAPPENED...-a0184882769 |publisher=Sunday Mercury}}</ref> Deborah Meaden ta ziyarci Juliette a shirin talabijin na gaba Dragons' Den on Tour a shekarar 2009 don ba da rahoto kan yadda kasuwancinta ke ci gaba. Thomas ta kuma bayyana a shirin ƙirar cikin gida, May the Best House Win on ITV a 2011. <ref name="RT">{{Cite web |date=18 January 2011 |title=May The Best House Win – Series 2 Episode 7 – Warwickshire |url=http://www.radiotimes.com/tv-programme/e/g8sbh/may-the-best-house-win--s2-e7-warwickshire |website=Radio Times |access-date=5 January 2026 |archive-date=9 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009013221/https://www.radiotimes.com/tv-programme/e/g8sbh/may-the-best-house-win--s2-e7-warwickshire/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekara mai zuwa kamfaninta ya zama Abokin Hulɗa na Masana'antu na Cibiyar Zane-zane ta Burtaniya . <ref name="BIID">{{Cite web |date=9 November 2012 |title=Welcome To Our Newly Joined Members |url=http://biid.org.uk/news/welcome-to-our-newly-joined-members-4dd247ef-a917-473a-839d-db461009d799 |publisher=British Institute of Interior Design |access-date=5 January 2026 |archive-date=8 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008175021/https://biid.org.uk/news/welcome-to-our-newly-joined-members-4dd247ef-a917-473a-839d-db461009d799 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 2013, Thomas ta buɗe ɗakin nunin Juliettes Interiors a kan [[Kings Road|titin Kings]] da ke [[Chelsea, London|Chelsea]], Landan. Ta jawo hankalin kafofin watsa labarai na ƙasa da kafofin sada zumunta a shekarar 2016 lokacin da aka nuna ta a shirin talabijin na Channel 4 mai suna Millionaires' Mansions <ref name="RT22">{{Cite web |date=29 March 2016 |title=Millionaires' Mansions – designing Britain's most exclusive homes |url=http://www.radiotimes.com/tv-programme/e/d4g7s4/millionaires-mansions-designing-britains-most-exclusive-homes--series-1-episode-1 |website=Radio Times |access-date=5 January 2026 |archive-date=8 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008175210/https://www.radiotimes.com/tv-programme/e/d4g7s4/millionaires-mansions-designing-britains-most-exclusive-homes--series-1-episode-1/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> kuma ta fito a cikin jaridar [[Daily Mirror]] . <ref name="Mirror2">{{Cite web |last=Corner |first=Natalie |date=7 April 2016 |title=Single mum-of-four decides to risk last pennies on launching interior design company instead of feeding children |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/tv/tv-news/single-mum-four-decides-risk-7708766 |website=Daily Mirror}}</ref> A shekarar 2018, gidan Juliettes Interiors na Provence Villa ya lashe kyautar Taurari 5 mafi girma a cikin [[European Property Awards|kyaututtukan kadarorin Turai]] masu daraja <ref name="European Property Awards">{{Cite web |title=European Property Awards |url=https://propertyawards.net/european-property-awards-2018/}}</ref> don Mafi kyawun Tsarin Cikin Gida na Gidaje Masu Zaman Kansu a Faransa. A shekarar 2021 Juliette Thomas ta fito a shirin talabijin na 1 - Kashi na 6 na shirin talabijin na ITV [[Family Diaries]] . <ref name="Family Diaries">{{Cite web |title=Family Diaries |url=https://www.itv.com/hub/billie-greg-the-family-diaries/}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1964]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] fl920vh0ykuo02729xvszx77d7as7gu 0 131177 874042 769217 2026-07-01T23:39:39Z Habibah A Jisambo 26434 /* Manazarta */ 874042 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Infobox AFL biography|name=John Durnan|image=|fullname=John Durnan|birth_date={{birth date and age|1957|7|11|df=y}}|birth_place=|death_date=|death_place=|originalteam=Narrandera<ref>{{cite book|last1=Holmesby|first1=Russell|last2=Main|first2=Jim|title=The Encyclopedia Of AFL Footballers| publisher=BAS Publishing|year=2007|isbn=9781920910785}}</ref>|height=178cm|weight=80kg|position=|statsend=1982|years1=1979|club1={{AFL Gee}}|games_goals1={{0}}1 (0)|years2=1980 — 1982|club2={{AFL StK}}|games_goals2=21 (2)|games_goalstotal=22 (2)|careerhighlights=}}John ,Durnan (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga Yuli 1957) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Ostiraliya wanda ya buga wa Geelong da St Kilda wasa a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Victorian (VFL).[1] == Manazarta. == <ref>Holmesby, Russell; Main, Jim (2007). The Encyclopedia Of AFL Footballers. BAS Publishing. ISBN 9781920910785</ref>{{Reflist}} == External links == * John Durnan's playing statistics from AFL Tables * John Durnan at AustralianFootball.com [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1957]] dkj47j0omzc3mz73n2m2o0tk6ldagfm 0 131327 874090 769565 2026-07-02T05:35:19Z Ummeeterh 31568 874090 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Mildred Archer''' [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]] (28 [[Disamba]] 1911 a Landan &#x2013; 4 [[Fabrairu]] 2005) ƙwararriyar masaniyar fasahar zane ce ta Ingila wadda ta ƙware a fannin fasahar zane-zane na ƙarni na 18 da 19 a [[Birtaniya]] [[Indiya]]. Ta kasance mai kula da Bugawa da Zane-zane a ɗakin karatu na Ofishin Indiya kuma ta yi rubutu sosai game da tarin da kuma nazarinsu. An haife ta Mildred Agnes Bell, ta yi makaranta a Landan. A shekarar 1930 ta shiga Kwalejin St Hilda, Oxford tare da tallafin karatu a fannin tarihi. Ta haɗu da Bill Archer, wanda abokin ɗan'uwanta ne a Cambridge. Bill ya ci jarrabawar hidimar farar hula ta Indiya kuma yana Makarantar Nazarin Gabas ta Landan. Bill ya tafi Indiya a shekarar 1931 kuma an yi musu baiko jim kaɗan kafin ya tafi. Bayan aure Bill ya yi aiki a Bihar na kusan shekaru goma kuma bayan ya dawo Ingila ya zama Mai Kula da Zane-zanen Indiya a Gidan Tarihi na Victoria da Albert kuma babban masani ne a fannin zane-zanen kotunan Indiya da salon Kamfanin . Aikin Mildred Archer na kula da harkokin gudanarwa ya fara ne a shekarar 1954 da tattara tarin zane-zane na Kamfanin Gabashin Indiya a cikin tarin Laburaren Ofishin Indiya . Ya shafe ta tsawon shekaru 26. Sauran ayyukan sun haɗa da Hotunan Tarihin Halitta (1962), Hotunan Burtaniya (1969), Hotunan Kamfanin (1972), Hotunan Jama'ar Indiya (1977) kuma a ƙarshe (tare da Toby Falk) Hotunan Ƙananan Indiya (1981). A shekara ta 1979 ta rubuta British Portraiture 1770-1825. Littattafan da ta wallafa daga baya sun haɗa da nazarin Daniell aquatints na Indiya (1980), kundin baje kolin V & A India Observed (1982), da kuma nazarin litattafan Indiya na William Simpson (1986) da kuma bugawa da zane-zanen Kamfanin da ke da alaƙa da James da William Fraser (1989). Littafinta na karshe shi ne India Served and Observed (1994). Takardunta, tare da na mijinta, suna hannun ɗakin karatu na Burtaniya . <ref name="TNA2">{{Cite web |title=Papers of W G Archer, Indian Civil Service, Bihar 1931-47, and of his wife Mildred Archer, experts on Indian poetry and art |url=http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/bf9039b5-32b9-4142-82c5-182983d53231 |access-date=4 August 2018 |publisher=[[The National Archives (United Kingdom)|The National Archives]]}}</ref> == Littattafai == === Littattafai === *   === Takardu === * Archer, Mildred & WG Archer (1955) Zane-zanen tarihin halitta. A cikin zanen Indiya don Burtaniya 1770–1880, shafi na 1.&nbsp;91–98. Oxford, Oxford University Press. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2005]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1911]] g8niczki8zxan7estqvuyp7shoza7a0 0 131774 873778 770558 2026-07-01T20:19:31Z Ummeeterh 31568 873778 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cedric Hay Sloane''' (19 [[Oktoba]] 1915 - 6 [[Fabrairu]] 1992) ɗan wasan tsere kan dusar ƙanƙara ne na ƙasar Australiya wanda ya fafata a shekarun 1950. A gasar Olympics ta hunturu ta 1952 da aka yi a Oslo, ya kammala a matsayi na 75 a zagaye na 18 km kuma sun fafata a gasar 50 taron km, amma bai kammala ba. [1] Ya halarci Kwalejin Geelong tsakanin 1928 da 1934. [2] == Duba kuma == * Ostiraliya a Gasar Olympics ta Lokacin Sanyi ta 1952 * Mafarkin Kankara == Manazarta == <ref>"Olympic results". Archived from the original on 18 April 2020</ref> [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1915]] bma9ao2b6oo98tlqs3belqeqh4zlb1n 0 132006 874106 771112 2026-07-02T05:51:31Z Ummeeterh 31568 874106 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Troy Davis''' (An haife shi a ranar 10 ga [[Yuni]] 1992) tsohon ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar [[Asturaliya|Australiya]] wanda ya buga wa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Melbourne Football Club wasa a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar [[Asturaliya|Australia]] (AFL). == Aikin AFL == An ɗauki Davis daga Geelong Falcons a gasar TAC Cup tare da zaɓin 50 a gasar National Draft ta 2010 a matsayin mai tsaron baya mai tsayi. Duk da haka, ya rasa mafi yawan kakar wasa ta 2011 saboda ciwon thyroid da ya yi yawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Davis sidelined with thyroid disorder |url=http://www.melbournefc.com.au/news/2011-03-01/davis-sidelined-with-thyroid-disorder}}</ref> Davis bai buga wasan farko a shekarar 2011 ko 2012 ba, maimakon haka ya buga dukkan wasanninsa tare da 'yan wasan tsakiya na Melbourne, Casey Scorpions, a gasar kwallon kafa ta Victorian. Davis ya yi ta kai-tsaye tsakanin 'yan wasan gaba da na baya ga Casey a shekarar 2013, har sai da aka kira shi a ƙarshen kakar wasa inda aka yi amfani da shi a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba. Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a AFL da Gold Coast a zagaye na 20; [1] ya sake bugawa a mako mai zuwa da Fremantle inda ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a AFL, sannan aka cire shi daga baya. An cire Davis daga jerin 'yan wasa a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2013, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Davis sidelined with thyroid disorder |url=http://www.melbournefc.com.au/news/2011-03-01/davis-sidelined-with-thyroid-disorder}}</ref> duk da haka, ya sanya hannu da Casey inda ya ci gaba da bugawa a 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Davis sidelined with thyroid disorder |url=http://www.melbournefc.com.au/news/2011-03-01/davis-sidelined-with-thyroid-disorder}}</ref> Daga baya ya koma ƙungiyarsa ta matasa Kerang. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]] r0049grqmo3tak22q1f0pvnigheb341 0 132747 874058 839776 2026-07-02T01:58:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 874058 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cal Wilson''' (5 ga Oktoba 1970 - 11 ga Oktoba 2023) ta kasance mai barkwanci, marubuci, mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen rediyo da talabijin a New Zealand wanda ke zaune a [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]]. Wilson ta rubuta shirin barkwanci na New Zealand ''Willy Nilly'' daga 2001 har zuwa 2003. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Screen |first=NZ On |title=Cal Wilson {{!}} NZ On Screen |url=https://www.nzonscreen.com/profile/cal-wilson/screenography |access-date=13 October 2023 |website=nzonscreen.com |language=en |archive-date=2 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202093526/https://www.nzonscreen.com/profile/cal-wilson/screenography |url-status=dead }}</ref> Daga nan ta fito a shirye-shiryen barkwanci da talabijin da dama, ciki har da kasancewarta mai masaukin baki na ''Sleuth 101 ,'' mai masaukin baki na ''The Great Australian Bake Off ,'' kuma ta yi wa Petal da Thorn waƙa a cikin shirin talabijin na yara ''Kitty Is Not a Cat'' . <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Token Profile page |url=https://token.com.au/artist/cal-wilson/ |access-date=26 July 2019 |website=Excellence Through Guesswork}}</ref> Wilson kuma ya jagoranci shirye-shiryen rediyo da dama tare. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Wilson a New Zealand a ranar 5 ga Oktoba 1970. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=O'Brien |first=Kerrie |date=11 October 2023 |title=Comedian Cal Wilson dies, aged 53 |url=https://www.smh.com.au/culture/comedy/comedian-cal-wilson-dies-aged-53-20231011-p5ebdy.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref> Bayan kammala karatun sakandare a Christchurch, ta kammala digirin farko a fannin fasaha a Jami'ar Canterbury . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Page Title – Canterbury College – Armson Collins Architectural Drawings Collection – University of Canterbury – New Zealand |url=https://www.canterbury.ac.nz/exhibition/canterburycollege/open_doors/roll.shtml |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=canterbury.ac.nz}}</ref> == Aikin barkwanci == Wilson ta haɗu ta kafa ƙungiyar Court Jesters improv a shekarar 1990; <ref>{{Cite web |title=Page Title – Canterbury College – Armson Collins Architectural Drawings Collection – University of Canterbury – New Zealand |url=https://www.canterbury.ac.nz/exhibition/canterburycollege/open_doors/roll.shtml |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=canterbury.ac.nz}}</ref> tana cikin ƙungiyar New Zealand da ta lashe gasar World Theatresports a [[Los Angeles]] a shekarar 1994. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2016 |title=It's Cal Wilson's Line – Arts, News, Theatre |url=https://www.nzedge.com/news/its-cal-wilsons-line/ |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=NZEDGE |language=en-US |archive-date=12 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012111020/https://www.nzedge.com/news/its-cal-wilsons-line/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Daga nan Wilson ta koma yin barkwanci a matsayin mai ɗaukar hoto na cikakken lokaci, kuma a shekarar 1997 ta zama wacce ta lashe kyautar farko (tare da Ewen Gilmour ) ta kyautar barkwanci mafi daraja ta New Zealand, Billy T, saboda shirinta na ''Dirty Bitch'' . <ref name="acl-95-97">{{Cite web |title=Comedy Festival 1995 - 1997 |url=https://kura.aucklandlibraries.govt.nz/digital/collection/ephemera/id/2295/rec/8 |access-date=10 July 2025 |publisher=Auckland Council Libraries}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Page Title – Canterbury College – Armson Collins Architectural Drawings Collection – University of Canterbury – New Zealand |url=https://www.canterbury.ac.nz/exhibition/canterburycollege/open_doors/roll.shtml |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=canterbury.ac.nz}}</ref> Ta kuma fito a shirye-shiryen TV3 na ''Pulp Comedy'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Page Title – Canterbury College – Armson Collins Architectural Drawings Collection – University of Canterbury – New Zealand |url=https://www.canterbury.ac.nz/exhibition/canterburycollege/open_doors/roll.shtml |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=canterbury.ac.nz}}</ref> Daga 2003, ta fara zama a [[Melbourne]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2016 |title=It's Cal Wilson's Line – Arts, News, Theatre |url=https://www.nzedge.com/news/its-cal-wilsons-line/ |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=NZEDGE |language=en-US |archive-date=12 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012111020/https://www.nzedge.com/news/its-cal-wilsons-line/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wilson ta yi wasan kwaikwayo na ''TeleBimbo'' a shekarar 1998 a [[Auckland]], Wellington, da Christchurch. <ref name="asb-bank-98">{{Cite web |title=TeleBimbo by Cal Wilson, ASB Bank Laugh Festival, 1998 |url=https://kura.aucklandlibraries.govt.nz/digital/collection/ephemera/id/10864/rec/2 |access-date=10 July 2025 |publisher=Auckland Council Libraries}}</ref> A shekarar 1999 ta gabatar da ''Cal Wilson Is The AuntiChrist'' a NZICF. <ref name="acl-1999">{{Cite web |title=Comedy Festival 1999 |url=https://kura.aucklandlibraries.govt.nz/digital/collection/ephemera/id/4968/rec/3 |publisher=Auckland Council Libraries}}</ref> <ref name="wilson-token">{{Cite web |title=Cal Wilson |url=https://token.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/CAL-Biography-9.pdf |access-date=10 July 2025 |publisher=Token}}</ref> A shekara ta 2001, Wilson ta lashe kyautar "Mafi Kyawun Sabon Zuwa" a bikin barkwanci na kasa da kasa na Melbourne (MICF). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Page Title – Canterbury College – Armson Collins Architectural Drawings Collection – University of Canterbury – New Zealand |url=https://www.canterbury.ac.nz/exhibition/canterburycollege/open_doors/roll.shtml |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=canterbury.ac.nz}}</ref> Ta bayyana a matsayin wacce aka yaba mata a bikin Edinburgh Festival Fringe a shekara ta 2004. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Page Title – Canterbury College – Armson Collins Architectural Drawings Collection – University of Canterbury – New Zealand |url=https://www.canterbury.ac.nz/exhibition/canterburycollege/open_doors/roll.shtml |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=canterbury.ac.nz}}</ref> Wasan kwaikwayonta na 2006, ''Up There, Cal Wilson'', ya ƙare a MICF. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Page Title – Canterbury College – Armson Collins Architectural Drawings Collection – University of Canterbury – New Zealand |url=https://www.canterbury.ac.nz/exhibition/canterburycollege/open_doors/roll.shtml |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=canterbury.ac.nz}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Page Title – Canterbury College – Armson Collins Architectural Drawings Collection – University of Canterbury – New Zealand |url=https://www.canterbury.ac.nz/exhibition/canterburycollege/open_doors/roll.shtml |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=canterbury.ac.nz}}</ref> == Talabijin == A lokacin farkon aikinta, Wilson marubuciya ce ga shirin barkwanci na New Zealand ''Willy Nilly'' daga 2001 har zuwa 2003. <ref name=":2"/> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Page Title – Canterbury College – Armson Collins Architectural Drawings Collection – University of Canterbury – New Zealand |url=https://www.canterbury.ac.nz/exhibition/canterburycollege/open_doors/roll.shtml |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=canterbury.ac.nz}}</ref> A shekarar 2007, ta kasance cikin jerin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na shirin talabijin mai suna ''The Wedge'' . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=McManus |first=Bridget |date=11 February 2010 |title=Comedian has 101 moments of sleuth |url=https://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/comedian-has-101-moments-of-sleuth-20100211-ge893x.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926205619/https://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/comedian-has-101-moments-of-sleuth-20100211-ge893x.html |archive-date=26 September 2018 |access-date=26 September 2018 |website=The Age |language=en}}</ref> Ita ma marubuciya ce a shirin. A shekarar 2008, Wilson ta fito a cikin jerin shirye-shirye na takwas na ''Dancing with the Stars'' na Australiya. An haɗa ta da wanda ya lashe gasar series 7 Craig Monley. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Page Title – Canterbury College – Armson Collins Architectural Drawings Collection – University of Canterbury – New Zealand |url=https://www.canterbury.ac.nz/exhibition/canterburycollege/open_doors/roll.shtml |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=canterbury.ac.nz}}</ref> A shekara ta 2010, Wilson ta zama mai masaukin baki na shirin ''Sleuth 101'' <ref name=":0"/> kuma ta halarci Babban Muhawara a Bikin Barkwanci na Ƙasa da Ƙasa na Melbourne. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Page Title – Canterbury College – Armson Collins Architectural Drawings Collection – University of Canterbury – New Zealand |url=https://www.canterbury.ac.nz/exhibition/canterburycollege/open_doors/roll.shtml |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=canterbury.ac.nz}}</ref> A wannan lokacin Wilson ta fara fitowa a shirin barkwanci na talabijin na New Zealand ''mai suna 7 Days'' . Ta fito a shirye-shirye da dama na shirin har zuwa 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Page Title – Canterbury College – Armson Collins Architectural Drawings Collection – University of Canterbury – New Zealand |url=https://www.canterbury.ac.nz/exhibition/canterburycollege/open_doors/roll.shtml |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=canterbury.ac.nz}}</ref> Wilson ya bayyana a matsayin bako a shirin wasan barkwanci ''na QI'' na Burtaniya a shekarar 2012 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Page Title – Canterbury College – Armson Collins Architectural Drawings Collection – University of Canterbury – New Zealand |url=https://www.canterbury.ac.nz/exhibition/canterburycollege/open_doors/roll.shtml |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=canterbury.ac.nz}}</ref> kuma a shekara mai zuwa ya zama kyaftin na "Team Cal" a shirin talabijin na nishaɗin haske na Australiya ''mai suna Slide Show .'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Page Title – Canterbury College – Armson Collins Architectural Drawings Collection – University of Canterbury – New Zealand |url=https://www.canterbury.ac.nz/exhibition/canterburycollege/open_doors/roll.shtml |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=canterbury.ac.nz}}</ref> A cikin 2018, Wilson ya bayyana Petal da Thorn a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na yara Kitty Is Not a Cat . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Page Title – Canterbury College – Armson Collins Architectural Drawings Collection – University of Canterbury – New Zealand |url=https://www.canterbury.ac.nz/exhibition/canterburycollege/open_doors/roll.shtml |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=canterbury.ac.nz}}</ref> A cikin 2019 ta yi rikodin Netflix Original Comedy Special mai taken Comedians of the World wanda ke wakiltar New Zealand . Ta yi tafiya a cikin wasan kwaikwayo, Gifted Underachiever, a cikin 2019. <ref name=":32">{{Cite web |title=Token Profile page |url=https://token.com.au/artist/cal-wilson/ |access-date=26 July 2019 |website=Excellence Through Guesswork}}</ref> A cikin 2022, Wilson ya shiga cikin kakar wasa ta takwas na Australiya na I'm a Celebrity... ''[[I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (Australian TV series)|Ka fitar da ni daga nan!]]'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Page Title – Canterbury College – Armson Collins Architectural Drawings Collection – University of Canterbury – New Zealand |url=https://www.canterbury.ac.nz/exhibition/canterburycollege/open_doors/roll.shtml |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=canterbury.ac.nz}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2016 |title=It's Cal Wilson's Line – Arts, News, Theatre |url=https://www.nzedge.com/news/its-cal-wilsons-line/ |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=NZEDGE |language=en-US |archive-date=12 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012111020/https://www.nzedge.com/news/its-cal-wilsons-line/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A watan Agusta na wannan shekarar, an bayyana cewa Wilson zai dauki bakuncin kakar wasa ta bakwai ta The Great Australian Bake Off tare da [[Natalie Tran]] da sabbin alƙalai Darren Purchese da Rachel Khoo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Page Title – Canterbury College – Armson Collins Architectural Drawings Collection – University of Canterbury – New Zealand |url=https://www.canterbury.ac.nz/exhibition/canterburycollege/open_doors/roll.shtml |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=canterbury.ac.nz}}</ref> A shekara mai zuwa a tsakiyar 2023, Wilson ya fito a cikin [[SBS (Australian TV channel)|SBS]]'s Who the Bloody Hell Are You? A lokacin aikinta na talabijin Wilson ta kuma fito a wasu ''Shirin''-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo na Australiya ciki har da ''SkitHOUSE'', Rove Live, Godiya ga Allah Kuna nan, Good News Week, ''Spicks da Specks'', The Project, Celebrity Name Game, Show Me the Movie!<ref name=":0"/> , ''Shin zan yi maka ƙarya? '' Australia, ''SlideShow'', Shin kun kasance mai kula? da kuma Hughesy, Muna da matsala.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2016 |title=It's Cal Wilson's Line – Arts, News, Theatre |url=https://www.nzedge.com/news/its-cal-wilsons-line/ |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=NZEDGE |language=en-US |archive-date=12 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012111020/https://www.nzedge.com/news/its-cal-wilsons-line/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekara ta 2009, Wilson ya dauki bakuncin Mornings a kan Nova 100 (Melbourne) tare da Dylan Lewis . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Page Title – Canterbury College – Armson Collins Architectural Drawings Collection – University of Canterbury – New Zealand |url=https://www.canterbury.ac.nz/exhibition/canterburycollege/open_doors/roll.shtml |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=canterbury.ac.nz}}</ref> Ta yi murabus daga Nova 100 a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2016 |title=It's Cal Wilson's Line – Arts, News, Theatre |url=https://www.nzedge.com/news/its-cal-wilsons-line/ |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=NZEDGE |language=en-US |archive-date=12 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012111020/https://www.nzedge.com/news/its-cal-wilsons-line/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwar mutum da mutuwa == Wilson ya auri Chris Woods a shekarar 2008. Ma'auratan sun haifi ɗa kuma suna zaune a Sunshine, wani yanki na [[Melbourne]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Page Title – Canterbury College – Armson Collins Architectural Drawings Collection – University of Canterbury – New Zealand |url=https://www.canterbury.ac.nz/exhibition/canterburycollege/open_doors/roll.shtml |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=canterbury.ac.nz}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Page Title – Canterbury College – Armson Collins Architectural Drawings Collection – University of Canterbury – New Zealand |url=https://www.canterbury.ac.nz/exhibition/canterburycollege/open_doors/roll.shtml |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=canterbury.ac.nz}}</ref> Wilson ta mutu a ranar 11 ga Oktoba, 2023, a Asibitin Royal Prince Alfred da ke Camperdown, [[Sydney]], sakamakon wani nau'in cutar kansa mai saurin yaduwa, kwana shida bayan cikarta shekaru 53. Ta shafe makonni biyu a asibiti kafin rasuwarta. <ref name=":1"/> [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1970]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cjp0qsu0two4v4fbrfx73c39muind4d 0 133057 873862 837423 2026-07-01T21:26:25Z Ummeeterh 31568 873862 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Wallace Hamilton Browne, Baron Browne na Belmont''' (An haife shi a ranar 29 ga [[Oktoba]] 1947), ɗan siyasa ne na Jam'iyyar Democratist Unionist (DUP), wanda ya kasance memba na Majalisar Iyaye tun daga 2006, kuma ya kasance memba na Majalisar Arewacin Ireland (MLA) na Gabashin Belfast daga 2007 zuwa 2011. == Aikin siyasa == Browne, wanda ya daɗe yana aiki a matsayin memba na Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa na Jam'iyyar DUP; ya kasance memba na Majalisar Birnin Belfast na yankin zaɓen Victoria daga 1985 zuwa 2010. A lokacin da yake kan kujerar Majalisar Birnin Belfast, Browne ya kasance Babban Sheriff na Birnin a 2002 kuma Babban Magajin Garin Belfast a 2005–06. A shekarar 2007, an zaɓe Browne a [[2007 Northern Ireland Assembly election|zaɓen Majalisar Dokoki]] don kujerar [[Belfast East (Assembly constituency)|Gabashin Belfast]] . Ya ci gaba da zama memba na Majalisar Arewacin Ireland har zuwa 2011. A lokacin da yake Majalisar, ya wakilci jam'iyyarsa a kwamitoci daban-daban, ciki har da Kwamitin Shari'a, Kwamitin Al'adu da Fasaha da Kwamitin Binciken Kuɗi. Browne ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Kwamitin Tsarin Majalisar. Tun daga shekarar 2006, ya yi aiki a Majalisar Dattawa. Yana ɗaya daga cikin membobin farko uku na DUP da aka gabatar wa majalisar ta biyu a matsayin abokin tarayya na rayuwa, wanda hakan ya ba jam'iyyar wakilcinta na farko a Majalisar Dattawa . Sauran biyun su ne Maurice Morrow, shugaban DUP, da Eileen Paisley, matar marigayi Shugaban DUP, Ian Paisley ; duk sun zama abokan aiki na rayuwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Search for (in the 'Commons debates' OR in the 'Westminster Hall debates' OR in the 'Lords debates' OR in the 'Northern Ireland Assembly debates') speaker:Lord Browne of Belmont |url=https://www.theyworkforyou.com/search/?pid=13878&s=section:debates+section:whall+section:lords+section:ni&pop=1 |website=TheyWorkForYou}}</ref> An ɗaga Browne zuwa matsayin '''Baron Browne na Belmont''', na Belmont a Gundumar Antrim a ranar 12 ga Yuni, 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |title=London Gazette article |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/58012 |access-date=2021-05-11 |website=www.thegazette.co.uk}}</ref> Browne ya kasance abokin aiki mai himma a lokacin da yake Majalisar Dattawa, yana ba da gudummawa akai-akai ga muhawara kan batutuwa da dama, ciki har da: Maido da Cibiyoyin da Aka Raba a Arewacin Ireland, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Search for (in the 'Commons debates' OR in the 'Westminster Hall debates' OR in the 'Lords debates' OR in the 'Northern Ireland Assembly debates') speaker:Lord Browne of Belmont |url=https://www.theyworkforyou.com/search/?pid=13878&s=section:debates+section:whall+section:lords+section:ni&pop=1 |website=TheyWorkForYou}}</ref> Tsoffin Sojoji, Soja <ref>{{Cite web |title=London Gazette article |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/58012 |access-date=2021-05-11 |website=www.thegazette.co.uk}}</ref> <ref>[https://ecoxon.gb.net/ Audgaming]</ref>Brexit, Cin Zarafi da Caca na Tarihi. A cikin 2017, Browne ya sami muhawara ta farko da aka mayar da hankali a kai a Majalisar Dattawa kan batun caca ta yanar gizo. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brown |first=Thomas |date=7 September 2021 |title=Online Gambling: Problem Gamblers and the Multi-Operator Self Exclusion Scheme |url=https://lordslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/lln-2017-0082/ |via=lordslibrary.parliament.uk}}</ref> <ref>[https://www.care.org.uk/news/latest-news/northern-ireland-has-%E2%80%9Cextraordinary%E2%80%9D-rate-problem-gambling-says-northern-ireland]{{Dead link|date=May 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Online Gambling - Motion to Take Note |url=https://www.theyworkforyou.com/lords/?id=2017-11-23a.345.2 |website=TheyWorkForYou}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Northern Ireland (Executive Formation etc) Act 2019: Section 3(5) - Tuesday 7 January 2020 - Hansard - UK Parliament |url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/Lords/2020-01-07/debates/B2BFF52A-521B-462F-872F-B72989F52058/NorthernIreland(ExecutiveFormationEtc)Act2019Section3(5) |website=hansard.parliament.uk}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Historical Institutional Abuse (Northern Ireland) Bill [HL] - Monday 28 October 2019 - Hansard - UK Parliament |url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/Lords/2019-10-28/debates/008F392C-2AE3-4E0F-9E3C-7A693D2B92FB/HistoricalInstitutionalAbuse(NorthernIreland)Bill(HL) |website=hansard.parliament.uk}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Brexit: Negotiations - Tuesday 20 November 2018 - Hansard - UK Parliament |url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/Lords/2018-11-20/debates/6E1DCD35-2808-461D-8DA6-52491A5BA06F/BrexitNegotiations |website=hansard.parliament.uk}}</ref> A ranar 19 ga Oktoba, 2024, an cire hoton Browne da ke Belfast City Hall daga bango kuma gilashin da ke cikin firam ɗin ya fashe a wani taron bikin cika shekaru 20 na wata ƙungiyar masu yaren Irish . Wani ma'aikacin Majalisar Sinn Féin ya yi murabus bayan ya amince da hannu a lamarin. Daga baya ya bayyana cewa mutumin ɗan wani ɗan majalisar Sinn Féin ne. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Kafin a zaɓe shi a matsayin memba na Majalisar NI a shekarar 2007, Browne a da malamin makarantar nahawu ne. Browne kuma ya daɗe yana aiki a matsayin amintaccen ƙungiyar Somme. Browne, tsohon ɗalibi a Kwalejin Campbell, Belfast ya kammala karatunsa a Jami'ar Queen's, Belfast yana kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1970 da digiri a fannin ilimin dabbobi <ref>{{Cite web |title=Search for (in the 'Commons debates' OR in the 'Westminster Hall debates' OR in the 'Lords debates' OR in the 'Northern Ireland Assembly debates') speaker:Lord Browne of Belmont |url=https://www.theyworkforyou.com/search/?pid=13878&s=section:debates+section:whall+section:lords+section:ni&pop=1 |website=TheyWorkForYou}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1947]] imt204kbrcxhgdmm1eke3a6lcyyjnbn 0 133403 873696 774115 2026-07-01T16:24:43Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 Nayi gyara 873696 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Infobox school|name=St Joseph's College|logo=[[File:St_Josephs_College_FTG_logo.jpg|200px|St Joseph's College logo]]|motto=''Agite quae didicistis''<br /> Translating to: Put into practice those things which you have learned|established=1965|type=[[Private school|Private]]|gender=boys|religion=[[Roman Catholic]] ([[Salesians of Don Bosco]])|principal=Catherine Livingstone|rector=Jim Acreman sdb<br />Peter Tran sdb|founders=Silvio Quaranta<br />Linus Donohue|grades=7–12|enrollment=1060 (2016)|colours=Yellow and blue {{color box|#FFFF00}} {{color box|#0000FF}}|address=5 Brenock Park Drive|city=[[Ferntree Gully, Victoria|Ferntree Gully]]|state=[[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]]|zipcode=3156|country=[[Australia]]|coordinates={{coord|37|53|30|S|145|17|47|E|region:AU-VIC_type:edu|display=inline,title}}|affiliation=[[Associated Catholic Colleges]]|website=[https://www.stjosephs.com.au/ www.stjosephs.com.au]}}'''Kwalejin St Joseph''' makarantar sakandare ce ta maza 'yan [[Cocin katolika|Katolika ta Roman]] ta Sales a yankin gabashin Ferntree Gully, [[Melbourne]], Victoria, [[Ostiraliya (nahiya)|Ostiraliya]]. == Tarihi == Tarihin kwalejin yana da alaƙa da Salesians na Lysterfield (hakika, firist na cocin Ferntree Gully ya so a kira makarantar da Don Bosco ). Archdiocese na Melbourne ya kafa St Joseph's a shekarar 1965 a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin wurarenta masu mahimmanci. Azuzuwan sun fara ne a watan Fabrairu na wannan shekarar tare da ɗalibai 70 a aji na 7 da 8. Yawancin ɗalibai sun fito ne daga cocin Belgrave, Ferntree Gully, Scoresby, Boronia, da Bayswater. Ginin asali yana da azuzuwa uku da ɗakin ajiya, kuma kowace shekara a jere ana cika aji ɗaya. A shekarar 2005, St Joseph's ta buɗe harabar Valdocco, kawai ga ɗaliban aji na 9. Valdocco, wacce take a bayan kadarar, daban da babban harabar, tana da wurare na musamman kamar wurin motsa jiki, gonar inabi, da gonar dabbobi tare da alpacas da kaji, ban da azuzuwan da aka saba amfani da su don ilimin asali. Daliban aji na 9 waɗanda ke shiga harkar noman inabi suna girbe inabi daga gonar inabin, waɗanda aka mai da su ruwan inabi. Ana koya wa ɗaliban da suka zaɓi shiga harkar kiwon dabbobi yadda ake kula da dabbobi da kuma kula da su, da kuma yin aiki tare da alpacas da kaji. Duk ɗaliban aji na 9 suna cikin shirin Discovery, wanda ke ɗauke da ayyuka masu amfani kamar aikin lambu, gini, da gyaran lambu. A shekarar 2013, Cibiyar Koyon Chieri ta maye gurbin ɗakin karatu na makarantar bayan an gyara ta. Cibiyar tana da kayan daki da sarari iri-iri don ɗalibai su yi aiki tare, da kuma littattafan ɗakin karatu da kwamfutoci. An sassaka mutum-mutumin da ke gaban ginin liyafar da ke nuna [[Isa|Yesu Kiristi]] tare da St Joseph ta hannun ɗan'uwa Michael Harris sdb, kuma an buɗe shi a ranar St Joseph a shekarar 2013. A shekarar 2014, an gyara azuzuwan hawa na biyu na Aji 7 don zama Cibiyar Becchi. Kamar Cibiyar Chieri, Becchi ta shiga cikin ɗakunan gida na Aji 7 tare, inda ta ninka ɗaliban a manyan azuzuwan. == Fitattun tsofaffin ɗalibai == * Kristian Bardsley - Ɗan wasan North Melbourne / St Kilda * Joshua Begley - ɗan wasan ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Essendon * Ryan Clarke - Ɗan wasan ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Sydney Swans * Dylan Clarke - ɗan wasan ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Essendon * Darren Crocker – ɗan wasan Firimiya na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta North Melbourne kuma mataimakin koci * Damien Hardwick – ɗan wasan farko na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Essendon da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Port Adelaide kuma babban kocin ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Richmond * Matthew Larkin – ɗan wasa/kyaftin ɗin ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Arewa Melbourne * Matthew Lobbe - ɗan wasan ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Port Adelaide * Cam O'Shea - Dan wasan Port Adelaide * Jaidyn Stephenson - ɗan wasan ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Collingwood * David Stiff - Ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando na Melbourne Tigers * Ben Cavarra - ɗan wasan Western Bulldogs * Mac Andrew - ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Gold Coast Suns * Jordin Leiu - Ɗan wasan ƙungiyar ƙwallon rugby ta ƙasa ta Newtown Jets da Fiji * Sam Hayes - Dan wasan kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Port Adelaide == Manazarta == <ref>"High-profile priest jailed for sex crimes"</ref> 7jf5g1p61o7k9fdfjerancenq0fc3hm 0 133953 874132 810010 2026-07-02T07:09:21Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 874132 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Damuwa a cikin ɗaliban likitanci damuwa ce da shirye-shiryen likitanci masu wahala ke haifarwa, wanda zai iya yin tasiri ga lafiyar ɗaliban likitanci. Damuwa mai yawa a cikin horon likitanci yana sa ɗalibai su fuskanci matsaloli wajen warware rikice-rikicen da ke tsakanin mutane sakamakon damuwa da ta gabata. Kashi mai yawa na ɗaliban likitanci suna fama da matsalolin damuwa saboda tasirin damuwa na dogon lokaci akan alamun motsin rai da ɗabi'a. Ɗaliban likitanci suma suna fama da damuwa mai yawa musamman a shekarun asibiti. [1] [2] Wannan yanayin ya zama abin damuwa a ƙasa da duniya baki ɗaya, don haka layin farko na ganowa da kariya daga damuwa shine ɗaliban da kansu. Ya kamata a ba wa ɗalibai kayan aikin da za su gane da kuma magance damuwa, da kuma tabbatar musu cewa ba za su sha hukunci daga wasu ba saboda gane buƙatarsu ta neman taimako wajen magance damuwa. Malamai, masu ba da shawara da sauran membobin malamai waɗanda suka lura da alamun damuwa a cikin ɗalibi suna buƙatar kusantar ɗalibi ta hanyar da ba ta barazana ba, ba tare da hukunci ba, don ƙoƙarin taimaka wa ɗaliban likitanci su gane da kuma magance damuwarsu. == Dalilai == An bayyana damuwa a matsayin rashin daidaito tsakanin yanayin muhalli da ake buƙata don rayuwa da kuma ikon mutane na daidaitawa da waɗannan yanayi. An daɗe ana gane damuwa a cikin ɗaliban likitanci. Nazari da yawa sun binciki dalilai, sakamako da mafita. Akwai batutuwa uku da ake ganin sun fi dacewa, dangane da ci gaban damuwa a cikin ɗaliban likitanci. Ana buƙatar su koyi sabbin bayanai da yawa cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci kafin su yi jarrabawa da kimantawa. Saboda haka, ba su da lokacin yin bita kan abin da suka koya. <ref name="Yusoff">{{Cite journal |last=Yussof |first=M |last2=Baba |first2=A |year=2013 |title=Prevalence and associated factors of stress, anxiety and depression among prospective medical students |journal=Asian Journal of Psychiatry |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=128–133 |doi=10.1016/j.ajp.2012.09.012 |pmid=23466109}}</ref> Ɗaliban likitanci suna da tarin bayanai masu yawa. Suna da ɗan lokaci kaɗan don haddace duk bayanan da aka yi nazari a kansu. Yawan bayanai yana haifar da jin takaici saboda rashin iya sarrafa duk bayanan a lokaci guda da kuma samun nasara a lokacin jarrabawa. Da yawa daga cikin ɗaliban likitanci suna fama da ƙarfin kansu na biyan buƙatun manhajar likitanci. <ref name="Yusoff">{{Cite journal |last=Yussof |first=M |last2=Baba |first2=A |year=2013 |title=Prevalence and associated factors of stress, anxiety and depression among prospective medical students |journal=Asian Journal of Psychiatry |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=128–133 |doi=10.1016/j.ajp.2012.09.012 |pmid=23466109}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFYussofBaba2013">Yussof, M; Baba, A (2013). "Prevalence and associated factors of stress, anxiety and depression among prospective medical students". ''Asian Journal of Psychiatry''. '''6''' (2): <span class="nowrap">128–</span>133. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2012.09.012|10.1016/j.ajp.2012.09.012]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23466109 23466109].</cite></ref> Amsoshin damuwa ga yanayi daban-daban sun bambanta a matakai daban-daban na sani, damuwa ta tunani, da kuma damuwa ta jiki . Waɗannan wuraren damuwa na iya kasancewa da alaƙa, kuma kowannensu yana iya kasancewa a wani mataki daban. <ref name="VanDulmen">{{Cite journal |last=VanDulmen |first=S |last2=Trompb |first2=F |year=2007 |title=The impact of assessing simulated bad news consultations on medical students stress response and communication performance |journal=Psychoneuroendocrinology |volume=32 |issue=6 |pages=943–950 |doi=10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.06.016 |pmid=17689196 |s2cid=10381355 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Mutane da yawa sun yi imanin cewa lokacin da ya fi damuwa a cikin aikin ɗalibi na likitanci shine tazara tsakanin kammala karatunsa daga makarantar likitanci da kuma cancantar hukumar gudanarwa a fannin likitanci. Kwamitin Kula da Mazauna na Ƙungiyar Daraktocin Shirye-shirye a Magungunan Cikin Gida (APDIM) ya raba matsalolin zama a cikin rukuni uku: yanayi, na mutum, da na ƙwararru. <ref name="Ray">{{Cite journal |last=Ray |first=I |last2=Joseph |first2=D |year=2010 |title=Stress in medical students |url=http://www.jkscience.org/archive/volume124/Stress%20in%20Medical%20Students.pdf |journal=JK Science |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=163–164}}</ref> Abubuwan da ke haifar da damuwa a yanayi sun haɗa da yawan sa'o'i, rashin barci, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Waqas |first=Ahmed |date=2015 |title=Association of academic stress with sleeping difficulties in medical students of a Pakistani medical school: a cross sectional survey |journal=PeerJ |volume=3 |pages=e840 |doi=10.7717/peerj.840 |pmc=4369327 |pmid=25802809 |doi-access=free}}</ref> yawan aiki, nauyin malamai da na gudanarwa, rashin isasshen tallafi daga ƙwararrun likitoci, adadi mai yawa na marasa lafiya masu wahala, da kuma yanayi na koyo wanda ba shi da kyau. <ref name="Ray">{{Cite journal |last=Ray |first=I |last2=Joseph |first2=D |year=2010 |title=Stress in medical students |url=http://www.jkscience.org/archive/volume124/Stress%20in%20Medical%20Students.pdf |journal=JK Science |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=163–164}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRayJoseph2010">Ray, I; Joseph, D (2010). [http://www.jkscience.org/archive/volume124/Stress%20in%20Medical%20Students.pdf "Stress in medical students"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''JK Science''. '''12''' (4): <span class="nowrap">163–</span>164.</cite></ref> Ɗaliban aji biyu suna fuskantar wasu yanayi na damuwa saboda sun fara mu'amala da marasa lafiya. Waɗannan mu'amala sun haɗa da yanayi masu damuwa, kamar isar da labarai marasa daɗi. <ref name="VanDulmen">{{Cite journal |last=VanDulmen |first=S |last2=Trompb |first2=F |year=2007 |title=The impact of assessing simulated bad news consultations on medical students stress response and communication performance |journal=Psychoneuroendocrinology |volume=32 |issue=6 |pages=943–950 |doi=10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.06.016 |pmid=17689196 |s2cid=10381355 |hdl-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFVanDulmenTrompb2007">VanDulmen, S; Trompb, F (2007). "The impact of assessing simulated bad news consultations on medical students stress response and communication performance". ''Psychoneuroendocrinology''. '''32''' (6): <span class="nowrap">943–</span>950. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.06.016|10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.06.016]]. [[Hdl (identifier)|hdl]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[hdl:1874/29376|1874/29376]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17689196 17689196]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10381355 10381355].</cite></ref> Abubuwan da ke damun mutum sun haɗa da matsalolin iyali, abokai da dangantaka. Matsalolin kuɗi sun zama ruwan dare gama gari, domin mazauna da yawa suna da basussukan ilimi masu yawa, kuma suna jin dole su riƙe wani aiki na biyu domin biyan basussukansu. Sau da yawa keɓewa yakan tsananta ta hanyar ƙaura daga dangi da abokai. Sauran abubuwan da ke damun mutum sun haɗa da ɗan gajeren lokacin hutu don shakatawa ko haɓaka sabbin tsarin tallafi, damuwar zamantakewa da ta shafi tunanin ɗan adam da damuwar zama, da kuma rashin ƙwarewar jurewa. Abubuwan da ke damun mutum sun haɗa da alhakin kula da marasa lafiya, kula da ƙananan yara da ɗalibai, marasa lafiya masu wahala, yawan bayanai da kuma tsara aiki. <ref name="Ray">{{Cite journal |last=Ray |first=I |last2=Joseph |first2=D |year=2010 |title=Stress in medical students |url=http://www.jkscience.org/archive/volume124/Stress%20in%20Medical%20Students.pdf |journal=JK Science |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=163–164}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRayJoseph2010">Ray, I; Joseph, D (2010). [http://www.jkscience.org/archive/volume124/Stress%20in%20Medical%20Students.pdf "Stress in medical students"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''JK Science''. '''12''' (4): <span class="nowrap">163–</span>164.</cite></ref> == Aikace== Yawan damuwa a horon likitanci yana sa ɗalibai su fuskanci matsaloli wajen magance rikice-rikicen da ke tsakanin mutane, matsalolin barci, raguwar hankali, raguwar maida hankali, jarabar yin zamba a jarrabawa, baƙin ciki, rashin daidaito, ƙaruwar yawan kurakurai, da kuma rashin ɗabi'u kamar sakaci. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Waqas |first=Ahmed |date=2015 |title=Association of academic stress with sleeping difficulties in medical students of a Pakistani medical school: a cross sectional survey |journal=PeerJ |volume=3 |pages=e840 |doi=10.7717/peerj.840 |pmc=4369327 |pmid=25802809 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, damuwa a ɗaliban likitanci na iya lalata lafiyar ɗalibi kuma ya haifar da rashin lafiya. Wannan na iya haifar da ciwon kai, matsalolin ciki, cututtukan zuciya, rashin yanke hukunci, rashin zuwa makaranta, shan magunguna da barasa. <ref name="ORourke">{{Cite journal |last=O'Rourke |first=M |last2=Hammond |first2=S |year=2010 |title=The Medical Student Stress Profile: a tool for stress audit in medical training. |journal=Medical Education |volume=27 |issue=44 |pages=1027–1037 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2923.2010.03734.x |pmid=20880372 |s2cid=205358914}}</ref> Abin lura ne cewa waɗannan haɗarin suna ci gaba a duk lokacin horo, suna shafar likitoci mazauna da waɗanda ke halarta ban da ɗaliban likitanci, musamman dangane da alamun damuwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rotenstein |first=Lisa S. |last2=Ramos |first2=Marco A. |last3=Torre |first3=Matthew |last4=Segal |first4=J. Bradley |last5=Peluso |first5=Michael J. |last6=Guille |first6=Constance |last7=Sen |first7=Srijan |last8=Mata |first8=Douglas A. |date=2016-12-06 |title=Prevalence of Depression, Depressive Symptoms, and Suicidal Ideation Among Medical Students: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |journal=JAMA |volume=316 |issue=21 |pages=2214–2236 |doi=10.1001/jama.2016.17324 |issn=1538-3598 |pmc=5613659 |pmid=27923088}}</ref> <ref name="Mata">{{Cite journal |last=Douglas A. Mata |author-link=Douglas A. Mata |last2=Marco A. Ramos |author-link2=Marco A. Ramos |last3=Narinder Bansal |author-link3=Narinder Bansal |last4=Rida Khan |author-link4=Rida Khan |last5=Constance Guille |author-link5=Constance Guille |last6=Emanuele Di Angelantonio |author-link6=Emanuele Di Angelantonio |last7=Srijan Sen |author-link7=Srijan Sen |name-list-style=amp |year=2015 |title=Prevalence of Depression and Depressive Symptoms Among Resident Physicians: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis |journal=[[JAMA (journal)|JAMA]] |volume=314 |issue=22 |pages=2373–2383 |doi=10.1001/jama.2015.15845 |pmc=4866499 |pmid=26647259}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rotenstein |first=Lisa S. |last2=Torre |first2=Matthew |last3=Ramos |first3=Marco A. |last4=Rosales |first4=Rachael C. |last5=Guille |first5=Constance |last6=Sen |first6=Srijan |last7=Mata |first7=Douglas A. |date=September 18, 2018 |title=Prevalence of Burnout Among Physicians: A Systematic Review |journal=JAMA |volume=320 |issue=11 |pages=1131–1150 |doi=10.1001/jama.2018.12777 |issn=1538-3598 |pmc=6233645 |pmid=30326495}}</ref> Wani bincike da aka yi kwanan nan tsakanin ɗaliban likitancin Jamus a jami'o'in ƙasa da ƙasa ya nuna cewa haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan baƙin ciki ya fi na matsakaicin yawan jama'a sau 2.4. Kashi 23.5% na waɗannan ɗaliban likitancin Jamus sun nuna alamun baƙin ciki masu alaƙa da asibiti. Wani bincike da aka yi a mujallar Amurka mai suna ''JAMA'' ya nuna alamun baƙin ciki a cikin kashi 21% zuwa 43% na dukkan ɗaliban likitanci. <ref name="Mata">{{Cite journal |last=Douglas A. Mata |author-link=Douglas A. Mata |last2=Marco A. Ramos |author-link2=Marco A. Ramos |last3=Narinder Bansal |author-link3=Narinder Bansal |last4=Rida Khan |author-link4=Rida Khan |last5=Constance Guille |author-link5=Constance Guille |last6=Emanuele Di Angelantonio |author-link6=Emanuele Di Angelantonio |last7=Srijan Sen |author-link7=Srijan Sen |name-list-style=amp |year=2015 |title=Prevalence of Depression and Depressive Symptoms Among Resident Physicians: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis |journal=[[JAMA (journal)|JAMA]] |volume=314 |issue=22 |pages=2373–2383 |doi=10.1001/jama.2015.15845 |pmc=4866499 |pmid=26647259}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDouglas_A._MataMarco_A._RamosNarinder_BansalRida_Khan2015">[[Douglas A. Mata]]; [[Marco A. Ramos?action=edit&redlink=1|Marco A. Ramos]]; [[Narinder Bansal?action=edit&redlink=1|Narinder Bansal]]; [[Rida Khan]]; [[Constance Guille?action=edit&redlink=1|Constance Guille]]; [[Emanuele Di Angelantonio?action=edit&redlink=1|Emanuele Di Angelantonio]] & [[Srijan Sen?action=edit&redlink=1|Srijan Sen]] (2015). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4866499 "Prevalence of Depression and Depressive Symptoms Among Resident Physicians: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"]. ''[[JAMA (journal)|JAMA]]''. '''314''' (22): <span class="nowrap">2373–</span>2383. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1001/jama.2015.15845|10.1001/jama.2015.15845]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4866499 4866499]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26647259 26647259].</cite></ref> Ɗaliban suna ƙoƙarin magance tasirin yanayi mai wahala ta hanyar amfani da dabarun jurewa daban-daban. Juriyar ta haɗa da ƙoƙarin fahimta da ɗabi'a don magance matsalar damuwa da ake fuskanta yayin jarrabawa. <ref name="An">{{Cite journal |last=An |first=H |last2=Chunga |first2=S |year=2012 |title=Novelty-seeking and avoidance of coping strategies are associated with academic stress in Korean medical students |journal=Psychiatry Research |volume=200 |issue=16 |pages=464–468 |doi=10.1016/j.psychres.2012.07.048 |pmid=22901439 |s2cid=16434292 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ɗaliban likitanci waɗanda suka kasa sarrafa matakan damuwa suna da halin rashin ƙwarewa a aikinsu. Ɗaliban da ba su iya sarrafa iyakokin lokacin jarrabawa ba suna da lokacin motsa jiki da hulɗa da jama'a saboda waɗannan batutuwa biyu sun fi damuwa fiye da wariya da ake gani a kan hanya ko mutuwar marasa lafiya. <ref name="ORourke">{{Cite journal |last=O'Rourke |first=M |last2=Hammond |first2=S |year=2010 |title=The Medical Student Stress Profile: a tool for stress audit in medical training. |journal=Medical Education |volume=27 |issue=44 |pages=1027–1037 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2923.2010.03734.x |pmid=20880372 |s2cid=205358914}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFO'RourkeHammond2010">O'Rourke, M; Hammond, S (2010). "The Medical Student Stress Profile: a tool for stress audit in medical training". ''Medical Education''. '''27''' (44): <span class="nowrap">1027–</span>1037. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1365-2923.2010.03734.x|10.1111/j.1365-2923.2010.03734.x]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20880372 20880372]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205358914 205358914].</cite></ref> Daliban likitanci sau da yawa suna yawan yin tururuwa kafin jarrabawa sai dai su manta da mafi yawansu bayan jarrabawa ko kuma su tsallake tsarin gabobin jiki gaba ɗaya domin ba lallai ne a sami cikakken ilimi ba don cin jarabawa. == Tasirin jiki == Matakan damuwa suna da alaƙa mai ƙarfi da yanayin jiki. <ref name="ORourke">{{Cite journal |last=O'Rourke |first=M |last2=Hammond |first2=S |year=2010 |title=The Medical Student Stress Profile: a tool for stress audit in medical training. |journal=Medical Education |volume=27 |issue=44 |pages=1027–1037 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2923.2010.03734.x |pmid=20880372 |s2cid=205358914}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFO'RourkeHammond2010">O'Rourke, M; Hammond, S (2010). "The Medical Student Stress Profile: a tool for stress audit in medical training". ''Medical Education''. '''27''' (44): <span class="nowrap">1027–</span>1037. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1365-2923.2010.03734.x|10.1111/j.1365-2923.2010.03734.x]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20880372 20880372]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205358914 205358914].</cite></ref> Ɗaliban likitanci a lokacin jarrabawa na iya fuskantar rashin barci, gajiya, da tashin zuciya. Bugu da ƙari, gudawa ko maƙarƙashiya na shafar metabolism. Cututtukan fata, gami da kuraje, dermatitis, da psoriasis, sun zama ruwan dare a lokacin jarrabawa. Waɗannan alamun suna tasowa ne ta hanyar tsawon lokacin aiki da kuma tashin hankalin kammala kwasa-kwasan da kyakkyawan sakamako. <ref name="Rizvi">{{Cite journal |last=Rizvi |first=A |year=2010 |title=Pre-examination stress in second year medical students in a government college |journal=J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=152–5 |pmid=21702291}}</ref> An san ɗaliban likitanci suna shan abubuwan sha masu ɗauke da sinadarin caffein don su kasance masu aiki da kuma lura a lokacin karatu. Waɗannan ɗaliban suna shan kofi, shayi, cola, da abubuwan sha masu ƙarfi . Duk da cewa ƙaruwar shan maganin kafeyin na iya ƙara yawan adenosine, adrenaline, cortisol da dopamine a cikin jini, maganin kafeyin kuma yana hana shan wasu sinadarai masu gina jiki, yana ƙara yawan acidity na tsarin narkewar abinci da kuma rage yawan sinadarin calcium, magnesium, iron da sauran ma'adanai na jiki ta hanyar fitar da fitsari. Bugu da ƙari, maganin kafeyin yana rage kwararar jini zuwa kwakwalwa da kashi 30 cikin ɗari, kuma yana rage yawan insulin, wani sinadari da ke taimakawa wajen daidaita matakin sukari a cikin jini. <ref name="Rizvi">{{Cite journal |last=Rizvi |first=A |year=2010 |title=Pre-examination stress in second year medical students in a government college |journal=J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=152–5 |pmid=21702291}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRizvi2010">Rizvi, A (2010). "Pre-examination stress in second year medical students in a government college". ''J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad''. '''22''' (2): <span class="nowrap">152–</span>5. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21702291 21702291].</cite></ref> Damuwa na iya haifar da yawan sinadarin hormones kamar haka: norepinephrine, leptin, NPY, nitrite, ACTH da adrenomedullin . <ref name="Rizvi">{{Cite journal |last=Rizvi |first=A |year=2010 |title=Pre-examination stress in second year medical students in a government college |journal=J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=152–5 |pmid=21702291}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRizvi2010">Rizvi, A (2010). "Pre-examination stress in second year medical students in a government college". ''J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad''. '''22''' (2): <span class="nowrap">152–</span>5. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21702291 21702291].</cite></ref> Yawan matakan adenosine, adrenaline, cortisol da [[dopamine]] a cikin jini na iya haifar da gajiya, damuwa, canje-canje a halaye, cututtukan zuciya, matsalolin nauyi, ciwon suga, da cututtukan fata. Hakanan yana rage amsawar garkuwar jiki, wanda zai iya haifar da ƙwannafi da ciwon ciki. <ref name="An">{{Cite journal |last=An |first=H |last2=Chunga |first2=S |year=2012 |title=Novelty-seeking and avoidance of coping strategies are associated with academic stress in Korean medical students |journal=Psychiatry Research |volume=200 |issue=16 |pages=464–468 |doi=10.1016/j.psychres.2012.07.048 |pmid=22901439 |s2cid=16434292 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAnChunga2012">An, H; Chunga, S (2012). [[doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.07.048|"Novelty-seeking and avoidance of coping strategies are associated with academic stress in Korean medical students"]]. ''Psychiatry Research''. '''200''' (16): <span class="nowrap">464–</span>468. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.07.048|10.1016/j.psychres.2012.07.048]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22901439 22901439]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16434292 16434292].</cite></ref> Sinadaran hormones na zagayowar jinin al'ada ( hormone mai motsa follicle (FSH) da luteinizing hormone (LH)) a lokacin gwajin suma suna da tasiri. <ref name="Rizvi">{{Cite journal |last=Rizvi |first=A |year=2010 |title=Pre-examination stress in second year medical students in a government college |journal=J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=152–5 |pmid=21702291}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRizvi2010">Rizvi, A (2010). "Pre-examination stress in second year medical students in a government college". ''J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad''. '''22''' (2): <span class="nowrap">152–</span>5. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21702291 21702291].</cite></ref> Dalibai mata na iya samun matsala a lokacin zagayowar jinin al'ada saboda matakan FSH da LH na al'ada suna canzawa sosai. Daliban likitanci kuma suna iya samun matsala a lokacin zagayowar barci a waɗannan lokutan. <ref name="Rizvi" /> == Tasirin Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam == Ana ɗaukar matakin damuwa mafi kyau a matsayin mai kyau saboda ɗaliban likitanci suna haɓaka iyawar jurewa. <ref name="Rizvi">{{Cite journal |last=Rizvi |first=A |year=2010 |title=Pre-examination stress in second year medical students in a government college |journal=J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=152–5 |pmid=21702291}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRizvi2010">Rizvi, A (2010). "Pre-examination stress in second year medical students in a government college". ''J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad''. '''22''' (2): <span class="nowrap">152–</span>5. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21702291 21702291].</cite></ref> Duk da haka, yawan damuwa yana haifar da matsaloli. Nazarin da aka yi a baya ya ba da rahoton cewa kashi mai yawa na ɗaliban likitanci suna fama da matsalolin damuwa saboda damuwa tana da alaƙa mai ƙarfi da matsalolin motsin rai da ɗabi'a. <ref name="ORourke">{{Cite journal |last=O'Rourke |first=M |last2=Hammond |first2=S |year=2010 |title=The Medical Student Stress Profile: a tool for stress audit in medical training. |journal=Medical Education |volume=27 |issue=44 |pages=1027–1037 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2923.2010.03734.x |pmid=20880372 |s2cid=205358914}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFO'RourkeHammond2010">O'Rourke, M; Hammond, S (2010). "The Medical Student Stress Profile: a tool for stress audit in medical training". ''Medical Education''. '''27''' (44): <span class="nowrap">1027–</span>1037. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1365-2923.2010.03734.x|10.1111/j.1365-2923.2010.03734.x]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20880372 20880372]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205358914 205358914].</cite></ref> Jin takaici a fannin ilimi ya fi yawa a cikin ɗaliban da ba su da aikin da ya dace da ilimi. <ref name="Yusoff">{{Cite journal |last=Yussof |first=M |last2=Baba |first2=A |year=2013 |title=Prevalence and associated factors of stress, anxiety and depression among prospective medical students |journal=Asian Journal of Psychiatry |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=128–133 |doi=10.1016/j.ajp.2012.09.012 |pmid=23466109}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFYussofBaba2013">Yussof, M; Baba, A (2013). "Prevalence and associated factors of stress, anxiety and depression among prospective medical students". ''Asian Journal of Psychiatry''. '''6''' (2): <span class="nowrap">128–</span>133. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2012.09.012|10.1016/j.ajp.2012.09.012]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23466109 23466109].</cite></ref> Manyan matsalolin motsin rai da aka lura sun haɗa da rashin jin daɗi, rashin barci, damuwa da yawa, jin damuwa akai-akai, jin rashin jin daɗi da baƙin ciki, rashin iya mai da hankali, rashin jin daɗin ayyukan yau da kullun, rashin amincewa da kai, rashin iya shawo kan matsaloli, rashin iya fuskantar matsaloli, rashin iya yanke shawara, rashin iya taka rawa mai amfani a cikin abubuwa, da kuma yarda cewa kai ba shi da amfani. <ref name="Firth">{{Cite journal |last=Firth |first=J |year=1986 |title=Levels and sources of stress in medical students |journal=British Medical Journal |volume=292 |issue=65 |pages=1177–1180 |doi=10.1136/bmj.292.6529.1177 |pmc=1340185 |pmid=3085772}}</ref> Ganin waɗannan matsalolin motsin rai, bincike ya kuma tabbatar da cewa ɗaliban likitanci sun fi fuskantar tunanin kashe kansu fiye da ɗaliban wasu makarantu. Ɗaliban likitanci mata na iya mayar da martani ga damuwa da ƙarin bayyanar damuwa. An gano cewa abubuwan da ke haifar da damuwa ta jiki, ta tunani da kuma ta ɗabi'a suna da alaƙa da canje-canjen metabolism na jiki. <ref name="Rizvi">{{Cite journal |last=Rizvi |first=A |year=2010 |title=Pre-examination stress in second year medical students in a government college |journal=J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=152–5 |pmid=21702291}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRizvi2010">Rizvi, A (2010). "Pre-examination stress in second year medical students in a government college". ''J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad''. '''22''' (2): <span class="nowrap">152–</span>5. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21702291 21702291].</cite></ref> Damuwa kuma na iya cutar da ingancin aiki. Yana rage hankali, yana rage maida hankali, yana shafar ƙwarewar yanke shawara, kuma yana rage ikon kafa dangantaka mai ƙarfi tsakanin likitoci da marasa lafiya. <ref name="Barikana">{{Cite journal |last=Barikana |first=A |year=2007 |title=Stress in Medical Students |journal=Journal of Medical Education |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=41–44}}</ref> Ɗaliban likitanci suma sun lura da canje-canje a halayensu lokacin da suke cikin damuwa. Fushi da baƙin ciki sun zama ruwan dare a cikin ɗalibai a zangon karatu na gaba, kuma waɗannan matsalolin tunani suna ƙaruwa lokacin da aka fara jarrabawa. <ref name="Rizvi">{{Cite journal |last=Rizvi |first=A |year=2010 |title=Pre-examination stress in second year medical students in a government college |journal=J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=152–5 |pmid=21702291}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRizvi2010">Rizvi, A (2010). "Pre-examination stress in second year medical students in a government college". ''J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad''. '''22''' (2): <span class="nowrap">152–</span>5. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21702291 21702291].</cite></ref> == Magani == Ganin cewa yawan damuwa yana haifar da matsaloli, yana da mahimmanci a tantance matakin damuwar da ɗalibi zai iya fuskanta. A yau, akwai hanyoyin tantance matakin damuwar motsin rai da ɗaliban likitanci za su iya jurewa. Yana da kyau a sarrafa lokacin karatu kuma a haɗa da abinci mai kyau a duk tsawon yini. Bugu da ƙari, motsa jiki na yau da kullun na iya taimakawa wajen rage damuwa. <ref name="ORourke">{{Cite journal |last=O'Rourke |first=M |last2=Hammond |first2=S |year=2010 |title=The Medical Student Stress Profile: a tool for stress audit in medical training. |journal=Medical Education |volume=27 |issue=44 |pages=1027–1037 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2923.2010.03734.x |pmid=20880372 |s2cid=205358914}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFO'RourkeHammond2010">O'Rourke, M; Hammond, S (2010). "The Medical Student Stress Profile: a tool for stress audit in medical training". ''Medical Education''. '''27''' (44): <span class="nowrap">1027–</span>1037. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1365-2923.2010.03734.x|10.1111/j.1365-2923.2010.03734.x]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20880372 20880372]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205358914 205358914].</cite></ref> Shige-tsage kan rashin gaskiya na ilimi kamar satar fasaha shi ma yana taimakawa wajen hana haɗarin damuwa da baƙin ciki a cikin ɗaliban likitanci. Yin karatu a cikin ƙaramin rukuni kuma yana ba ɗalibai damar koyo daga juna da rage damuwar koyo ta hanyar raba ra'ayoyi. Bugu da ƙari, wasu makarantun likitanci suna ba da ilimin halayyar ɗan adam don taimakawa ɗalibai wajen sarrafa damuwa. <ref name="An">{{Cite journal |last=An |first=H |last2=Chunga |first2=S |year=2012 |title=Novelty-seeking and avoidance of coping strategies are associated with academic stress in Korean medical students |journal=Psychiatry Research |volume=200 |issue=16 |pages=464–468 |doi=10.1016/j.psychres.2012.07.048 |pmid=22901439 |s2cid=16434292 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAnChunga2012">An, H; Chunga, S (2012). [[doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.07.048|"Novelty-seeking and avoidance of coping strategies are associated with academic stress in Korean medical students"]]. ''Psychiatry Research''. '''200''' (16): <span class="nowrap">464–</span>468. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.07.048|10.1016/j.psychres.2012.07.048]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22901439 22901439]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16434292 16434292].</cite></ref> Sadarwa tsakanin ɗaliban likitanci na shekara ta uku da ta huɗu tana shirya su don magance matsalolin da ke tattare da aikin asibiti na gaske. Wannan shiri na tunani yana ƙarfafa ɗaliban su rage yawan kurakurai a cikin shawarwarin likita. <ref name="VanDulmen">{{Cite journal |last=VanDulmen |first=S |last2=Trompb |first2=F |year=2007 |title=The impact of assessing simulated bad news consultations on medical students stress response and communication performance |journal=Psychoneuroendocrinology |volume=32 |issue=6 |pages=943–950 |doi=10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.06.016 |pmid=17689196 |s2cid=10381355 |hdl-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFVanDulmenTrompb2007">VanDulmen, S; Trompb, F (2007). "The impact of assessing simulated bad news consultations on medical students stress response and communication performance". ''Psychoneuroendocrinology''. '''32''' (6): <span class="nowrap">943–</span>950. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.06.016|10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.06.016]]. [[Hdl (identifier)|hdl]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[hdl:1874/29376|1874/29376]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17689196 17689196]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10381355 10381355].</cite></ref> Ɗaliban likitanci suna shirye don gano da kuma magance marasa lafiya, amma ƙila ba su da isasshen shiri don mu'amala da matsalolin majinyacinsu, ko magance mummunan labari da kuma damuwar motsin zuciyar majinyacin yayin shawarwari. <ref name="VanDulmen" /> Hankali na motsin rai (EI) na iya zama kariya daga tasirin damuwa ta tunani, kuma yana iya inganta walwala. Duk da haka, EI ana tsara shi ta hanyar hali kuma ba a lura cewa yanayi mai wahala ya shafe shi ba. <ref name="ORourke">{{Cite journal |last=O'Rourke |first=M |last2=Hammond |first2=S |year=2010 |title=The Medical Student Stress Profile: a tool for stress audit in medical training. |journal=Medical Education |volume=27 |issue=44 |pages=1027–1037 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2923.2010.03734.x |pmid=20880372 |s2cid=205358914}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFO'RourkeHammond2010">O'Rourke, M; Hammond, S (2010). "The Medical Student Stress Profile: a tool for stress audit in medical training". ''Medical Education''. '''27''' (44): <span class="nowrap">1027–</span>1037. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1365-2923.2010.03734.x|10.1111/j.1365-2923.2010.03734.x]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20880372 20880372]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205358914 205358914].</cite></ref> Duk da haka, waɗannan ɗaliban da ke shiga ayyukan da ba na makaranta ba suna da ƙarancin damuwa fiye da waɗanda suka mai da hankali kan karatunsu kawai. <ref name="An">{{Cite journal |last=An |first=H |last2=Chunga |first2=S |year=2012 |title=Novelty-seeking and avoidance of coping strategies are associated with academic stress in Korean medical students |journal=Psychiatry Research |volume=200 |issue=16 |pages=464–468 |doi=10.1016/j.psychres.2012.07.048 |pmid=22901439 |s2cid=16434292 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAnChunga2012">An, H; Chunga, S (2012). [[doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.07.048|"Novelty-seeking and avoidance of coping strategies are associated with academic stress in Korean medical students"]]. ''Psychiatry Research''. '''200''' (16): <span class="nowrap">464–</span>468. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.07.048|10.1016/j.psychres.2012.07.048]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22901439 22901439]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16434292 16434292].</cite></ref> Don magance waɗannan matsalolin, wasu makarantun likitanci sun yi canje-canje kamar rage mako na aiki, kafa gyare-gyaren manhaja kamar samun gajerun azuzuwa, ƙarancin haddacewa, da kuma samar da ayyukan tunani. <ref name="Barikana">{{Cite journal |last=Barikana |first=A |year=2007 |title=Stress in Medical Students |journal=Journal of Medical Education |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=41–44}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBarikana2007">Barikana, A (2007). "Stress in Medical Students". ''Journal of Medical Education''. '''11''' (1): <span class="nowrap">41–</span>44.</cite></ref> Damuwa a cikin ɗaliban likitanci ta zama abin damuwa a duk duniya, inda matakin farko na gano da kare damuwar shine ɗaliban da kansu. Wasu tsoma baki sun haɗa da halartar ƙungiyoyin tallafi, don haka matakin ƙyama ya yi ƙasa da wanda ke da alaƙa da halartar jiyya ta mutum ɗaya. Wannan yana ba da tallafi na dogon lokaci da taimako ga ɗalibai don sa ido kan ci gaba da shiri don ingantaccen aiki. <ref name="ORourke">{{Cite journal |last=O'Rourke |first=M |last2=Hammond |first2=S |year=2010 |title=The Medical Student Stress Profile: a tool for stress audit in medical training. |journal=Medical Education |volume=27 |issue=44 |pages=1027–1037 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2923.2010.03734.x |pmid=20880372 |s2cid=205358914}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFO'RourkeHammond2010">O'Rourke, M; Hammond, S (2010). "The Medical Student Stress Profile: a tool for stress audit in medical training". ''Medical Education''. '''27''' (44): <span class="nowrap">1027–</span>1037. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1365-2923.2010.03734.x|10.1111/j.1365-2923.2010.03734.x]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20880372 20880372]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205358914 205358914].</cite></ref> Sauran shirye-shiryen kula da damuwa suna ba wa ɗaliban horo dabarun magance matsalolin kamar su hypnosis, hotuna, da kuma shakatawar tsoka; alaƙa da takwarorinsu, damar bayyana motsin rai da kuma ƙarfafa dangantaka da malamai. <ref name="Barikana">{{Cite journal |last=Barikana |first=A |year=2007 |title=Stress in Medical Students |journal=Journal of Medical Education |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=41–44}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBarikana2007">Barikana, A (2007). "Stress in Medical Students". ''Journal of Medical Education''. '''11''' (1): <span class="nowrap">41–</span>44.</cite></ref> Shigowar mafi yawan shirye-shiryen suna amfani da tsarin rukuni inda ɗaliban ke haɗuwa da takwarorinsu, ko kuma tare da shugabanni. Babu wani "ma'auni na zinare" da ke akwai ga abubuwan da ke cikin shirye-shiryen rage damuwa ga ɗaliban likitanci. Wasu suna ba da shawarar tsarin ƙungiyoyin tallafi da aka tsara da waɗanda ba a tsara ba, horar da shakatawa (gami da tunani da hypnosis), dabarun sarrafa lokaci da jurewa, rage damuwa bisa ga tunani, da shirye-shiryen jagoranci. <ref name="Barikana">{{Cite journal |last=Barikana |first=A |year=2007 |title=Stress in Medical Students |journal=Journal of Medical Education |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=41–44}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBarikana2007">Barikana, A (2007). "Stress in Medical Students". ''Journal of Medical Education''. '''11''' (1): <span class="nowrap">41–</span>44.</cite></ref> Kyakkyawan shiga tsakani ya haɗa da muhimman abubuwan shakatawa kamar numfashin ciki, koyon gano da kuma magance mummunan tunani, amfani da hotuna a cikin shakatawa, hanyoyin aiki don ƙara cin abinci mai kyau, gina juriya mai kyau, amfani da kalmomi masu kwantar da hankali ko kunna su yadda ya kamata, da kuma mayar da lokaci da kuzari zuwa ayyuka daban-daban bisa ga matakin mahimmanci. <ref name="Brennan">{{Cite journal |last=Brennan |first=J |year=2010 |title=Stress Management Intervention for First Year Medical Students |journal=Annals of Behavioral Science and Medical Education |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=15–19 |doi=10.1007/BF03355126 |doi-broken-date=1 July 2025}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Pamela Wible == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3go4mhuxztckreyrw0n1eamdhzg7994 0 134133 873797 811645 2026-07-01T20:39:06Z Ummeeterh 31568 873797 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ioannis Despotopoulos''' (Girkanci; 7 ga Janairun 1903 - 1 ga [[Oktoba]] 1992), wanda aka fi sani da '''Jan Despo''', [[Masanin gine-gine da zane|masanin gine-gine]] Girka ne. == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Despotopoulos a Smyrna, [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]] ([[Izmir]] ta zamani, Turkiyya) a cikin 1903. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan an haife shi, iyalinsa suka koma tsibirin ChChios ya girma. Ya koma At[[Athens]] nazarin gi[[Karatun zanen gine-gine|gine-gine]] shiga ɗalibi a JaJami'ar Fasaha ta Kasa ta Athens) har sai da ya bar ya tafi karatu a BaBauhaus WeWeimar nan sai ya koma JaJami'ar Leibniz Hannover kammala karatu daga can a 1927. [1]<ref name="bio-benaki">{{Cite web |title=Despotopoulos Ioannis(1903-1992) |url=https://www.benaki.gr/index.php?option=com_collections&view=creator&id=118&Itemid=513&lang=el&Itemid=558&collectionId=57&lang=en |access-date=2018-07-30 |website=[[Benaki Museum]]}}</ref> A shekara ta 1930, ya koma Girka.[1] A shekara ta 1943 (a lokacin da Nazi Jamus ta mamaye Girka), Ioannis Despotopoulos ya zama farfesa a Makarantar Gine-gine a NTUA A shekara ta 1946, an sallame shi daga matsayinsa a jami'ar, kuma ya koma Sweden na wani lokaci tsakanin shekarun 1947 da 1961. A lokacin da ya zauna a Sweden, ya yi aiki a matsayin masanin gine-gine kuma ya koyar a Cibiyoyin Polytechnic na Stockholm da Gothenburg . Ya koma Girka a 1961 kuma an nada shi nan da nan a matsayin farfesa a NTUA har zuwa 1968 lokacin da ya yi ritaya. Ya mutu a shekara ta 1992.[1] == Manyan ayyukan == * [[Church of the Magaziotissa|Cocin Magaziotissa]] a kan Chios * [[Municipal baths of Chios|Wurin wanka na gari na Chios]] * [[Sotiria Sanatorium, Athens|Gidan Kiwon Lafiya na Sotiria, Athens]] * [[Tripoli Sanatorium|Gidan Kiwon Lafiya na Tripoli]] * [[Asvestohori Hospital|Asibitin Asvestohori]] * [[Chios Movie Theatre|Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Chios]] * Cibiyar Makarantar Akadimia Platonos * Cibiyar Kula da Harkokin Kasuwanci ta Athens == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1903]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] k23b1mm408sivmwnxpx8t21xa6thriq 0 134200 873798 775613 2026-07-01T20:40:03Z Merjoor 14653 873798 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Reflist}} '''Abdul Ghafoor Haideri''' (Urdu; an haife shi ne a shekara ta 1957 ) [[Ulama'u|Masanin addinin Musulunci]] ne kuma ɗan siyasa. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar Dattijai ta Pakistan tun daga 12 ga watan Maris shekara ta 2015 kuma ya kasance Babban Sakatare na Jamiat Ulama-e-Islam tun daga 1995.<ref name="Senate">{{Cite web |title=Profile of Maulana Abdul Ghafoor Haideri (Deputy Chairman Senate of Pakistan) |url=http://www.senate.gov.pk/en/profile.php?uid=852&catid=1&subcatid=2&cattitle=Senators |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227092417/http://www.senate.gov.pk/en/profile.php?uid=852&catid=1&subcatid=2&cattitle=Senators |archive-date=2015-12-27 |publisher=Senate of Pakistan website}}, Retrieved 16 May 2017</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Haideri a watan Yunin shekara ta 1957 ga Muhammad Azam Lehri kuma ya sami ilimin farko a ƙauyensu da ke cikin Gundumar Kalat ta [[Balochistan]] . <ref name="pips.gov/profile2">{{Cite web |title=Molana Abdul Ghafoor Haideri profile |url=https://pips.gov.pk/molana-abdul-ghafoor-haideri |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122104755/https://pips.gov.pk/molana-abdul-ghafoor-haideri |archive-date=22 January 2018 |access-date=17 May 2017 |publisher=Pakistan Institute for Parliamentary Services}}</ref> A shekara ta 1979, ya kammala karatunsa na addini kuma ya wuce jarrabawa daga Hukumar jarrabawa ta Wafaq-ul-Madaris Al-Arabia . <ref name="pips.gov/profile">{{Cite web |title=Profile of Maulana Abdul Ghafoor Haideri (Deputy Chairman Senate of Pakistan) |url=http://www.senate.gov.pk/en/profile.php?uid=852&catid=1&subcatid=2&cattitle=Senators |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227092417/http://www.senate.gov.pk/en/profile.php?uid=852&catid=1&subcatid=2&cattitle=Senators |archive-date=2015-12-27 |publisher=Senate of Pakistan website}}, Retrieved 16 May 2017</ref> A shekara ta 1984, ya bude makarantar Jamia Shah Wali Ullah a Kalat, yana koyarwa a can daga 1985 zuwa 1990. <ref name="pips.gov/profile">{{Cite web |title=Profile of Maulana Abdul Ghafoor Haideri (Deputy Chairman Senate of Pakistan) |url=http://www.senate.gov.pk/en/profile.php?uid=852&catid=1&subcatid=2&cattitle=Senators |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227092417/http://www.senate.gov.pk/en/profile.php?uid=852&catid=1&subcatid=2&cattitle=Senators |archive-date=2015-12-27 |publisher=Senate of Pakistan website}}, Retrieved 16 May 2017</ref> == Ayyukan siyasa == Haideri ya kasance mai aiki a Tehrik-e-Khatm-e-Nabowat a 1974 da kuma Tehreek Nizam-e-Mustafa a 1977, wanda 'yan sanda suka ɗaure shi sau biyu.<ref name="pips.gov/profile">{{Cite web |title=Profile of Maulana Abdul Ghafoor Haideri (Deputy Chairman Senate of Pakistan) |url=http://www.senate.gov.pk/en/profile.php?uid=852&catid=1&subcatid=2&cattitle=Senators |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227092417/http://www.senate.gov.pk/en/profile.php?uid=852&catid=1&subcatid=2&cattitle=Senators |archive-date=2015-12-27 |publisher=Senate of Pakistan website}}, Retrieved 16 May 2017</ref> A shekara ta 1983, an zabe shi Babban Sakatare na jam'iyyar Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (F) a gundumar Quetta . An kama shi a karo na uku a ranar 14 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1983 a filin Manan a Quetta a lokacin yakin neman zaɓe na Movement for the Restoration of Democracy don 'Fill the Prisons' da kuma lalata gwamnatin Shugaba [[Muhammad Zia'ul-Haq|Zia ul-Haq]]. Sojoji sun yanke masa hukuncin bulala goma da shekara guda a kurkukun [[Sibi]].<ref name="pips.gov/profile">{{Cite web |title=Profile of Maulana Abdul Ghafoor Haideri (Deputy Chairman Senate of Pakistan) |url=http://www.senate.gov.pk/en/profile.php?uid=852&catid=1&subcatid=2&cattitle=Senators |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227092417/http://www.senate.gov.pk/en/profile.php?uid=852&catid=1&subcatid=2&cattitle=Senators |archive-date=2015-12-27 |publisher=Senate of Pakistan website}}, Retrieved 16 May 2017</ref> An zabe shi a Majalisar lardin Balochistan a Babban zaben Pakistan na 1990 kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin ministan lardin Balochistan . <ref name="pips.gov/profile">{{Cite web |title=Profile of Maulana Abdul Ghafoor Haideri (Deputy Chairman Senate of Pakistan) |url=http://www.senate.gov.pk/en/profile.php?uid=852&catid=1&subcatid=2&cattitle=Senators |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227092417/http://www.senate.gov.pk/en/profile.php?uid=852&catid=1&subcatid=2&cattitle=Senators |archive-date=2015-12-27 |publisher=Senate of Pakistan website}}, Retrieved 16 May 2017</ref> Ya tsaya takarar Babban Ministan Balochistan a babban zaben Pakistan na 1992 amma ya rasa kuri'a daya.<ref name="pips.gov/profile">{{Cite web |title=Profile of Maulana Abdul Ghafoor Haideri (Deputy Chairman Senate of Pakistan) |url=http://www.senate.gov.pk/en/profile.php?uid=852&catid=1&subcatid=2&cattitle=Senators |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227092417/http://www.senate.gov.pk/en/profile.php?uid=852&catid=1&subcatid=2&cattitle=Senators |archive-date=2015-12-27 |publisher=Senate of Pakistan website}}, Retrieved 16 May 2017</ref> A cikin Babban zaben Pakistan na 1993, an zabe shi a Majalisar Dokokin Pakistan daga mazabar Qalat . <ref name="pips.gov/profile">{{Cite web |title=Profile of Maulana Abdul Ghafoor Haideri (Deputy Chairman Senate of Pakistan) |url=http://www.senate.gov.pk/en/profile.php?uid=852&catid=1&subcatid=2&cattitle=Senators |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227092417/http://www.senate.gov.pk/en/profile.php?uid=852&catid=1&subcatid=2&cattitle=Senators |archive-date=2015-12-27 |publisher=Senate of Pakistan website}}, Retrieved 16 May 2017</ref> A shekara ta 2001, Haideri ya yi kamfen don nuna adawa da haɗin gwiwar Pakistan da gwamnatin Amurka "yakin da ta'addanci", yana yawon shakatawa a cikin kasar tare da kama shi na hudu, a wannan karon bisa laifuka bakwai na kisan kai. Ya shafe watanni biyar a gidan yari a Quetta kafin ya sake lashe zaben majalisar dokokin kasar. [ana yanayi hujja] [citation need] A shekarar 2015, an zabe shi a Majalisar Dattijai ta Pakistan . A cikin 2021, an sake zabarsa a matsayin sanata, kuma PDM ta zaba shi a matsayin mataimakin shugaban majalisar dattijai, amma daga ƙarshe ya rasa Mirza Afridi.<ref name="Senate">{{Cite web |title=Profile of Maulana Abdul Ghafoor Haideri (Deputy Chairman Senate of Pakistan) |url=http://www.senate.gov.pk/en/profile.php?uid=852&catid=1&subcatid=2&cattitle=Senators |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227092417/http://www.senate.gov.pk/en/profile.php?uid=852&catid=1&subcatid=2&cattitle=Senators |archive-date=2015-12-27 |publisher=Senate of Pakistan website}}, Retrieved 16 May 2017</ref> An zabe shi a Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa a babban zaben 2024, bayan ya kayar da sardar Akhtar Mengal . == Yaki da ta'addanci == A shekara ta 2013, ya zama Ministan Jiha na Ayyukan Wasiku. "Yana magana a taron manema labarai a nan a ranar Talata, Maulana Haideri, wanda shine Ministan Jiha na Ayyukan Wasiku, ya yi Allah wadai da harin ta'addanci a wata makaranta a Peshawar kuma ya ce jihar ba ta da damar dakatar da hukuncin kisa. JUI-F Babban Sakatare Maulana Abdul Ghafoor Haideri ya ce dakatar da hukuncin mutuwa yana ƙarfafa 'yan ta'adda kuma yana da iyakantaccen aikin yaki da ta'addancin a kasar. " Abdul Ghafour Haideri yana da cewa, "<ref name="Dawn" /> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2015, ya lashe kujerar a Majalisar Dattijai kuma daga baya ya rantsar da kansa a matsayin mataimakin shugaban majalisar dattijai. Ana sa ran zai yi aiki a wannan matsayin har zuwa Maris 2021. A watan Fabrairun 2017, hukumomin Amurka sun ki Haideri ba da biza. An shirya shi ya jagoranci tawagar mambobi biyu zuwa taron Inter Parliamentary Union a [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] a New York. A ranar 12 ga Mayu 2017, ya sami nasarar tserewa daga [[Mastung, Pakistan|Mastung]]_suicide_bombing" id="mwhA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="2017 Mastung suicide bombing">fashewar bam na ISIL jim kadan bayan ƙarshen addu'o'in Jumma'a kusa da garin Mastung wanda aka yi niyya da shi; ya ji rauni kadan ta hanyar gilashi daga gilashin iska na motarsa.<ref>{{cite news |date=5 March 2015 |title=PML-N wins 18 seats; PPPP runner up with eight |url=http://www.radio.gov.pk/05-Mar-2015/pml-n-wins-18-seats-pppp-runner-up-with-eight |accessdate=14 May 2017 |work=2015 Pakistan Senate Election results on [[Radio Pakistan]] website}}{{Dead link|date=July 2023|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Haider |first1=Mateen |date=12 March 2015 |title=JUI-F's Ghafoor Haideri takes oath as Senate Deputy Chairman |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1169083 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170514104748/https://www.dawn.com/news/1169083 |archivedate=14 May 2017 |accessdate=14 May 2017 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin Deobandis == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1957]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4x6e8xmi6q9dnhjdev89r8lj4jdiuk4 0 134388 873740 775952 2026-07-01T18:30:39Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 873740 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Beverley Palesa Ditsie''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1971) 'yar fafutukar ' [[Maɗigo|yan madigo]] ce ta Afirka ta Kudu, mai zane, kuma mai shirya fina-finai . Ditsie tana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin 'yan luwaɗi ta Gay and Lesbian Organization of Witwatersrand . A lokacin da take magana game da mahimmancin la'akari da haƙƙin LGBT a cikin mahallin [[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|haƙƙin ɗan adam]] a taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 4 kan Mata a Beijing a 1995, ta zama mace ta farko [[Maɗigo|da]] ta fito fili ta yi hakan. Wannan kuma shine karo na farko da aka yi wa [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] jawabi game da batutuwan LGBT, <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=14 August 2014 |title=Simon and I |url=http://stepsforthefuture.co.za/video/simon/ |access-date=24 February 2016 |website=Steps For the Future |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304021614/http://stepsforthefuture.co.za/video/simon/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> inda Ditsie ta ce, "idan taron duniya kan mata zai magance damuwar dukkan mata, dole ne ya fahimci cewa wariya bisa ga sha'awar jima'i take hakki ne na haƙƙin ɗan adam na asali". == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Beverly Ditsie a watan Nuwamba 1971 kuma ta girma a unguwar Orlando West, Soweto, Afirka ta Kudu. Ditsie ta fara nuna juriya ga mata masu tsauri a matsayin jinsi. Mahaifiyarta, Eaglette Ditsie, wata shahararriyar mawaƙiya mai yawon buɗe ido kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo, wacce ta gabatar da ita ga shirye-shiryen fina-finai, ta sami kwarin gwiwa. Lokacin da mahaifiyarta ta sami rawar da ta taka a wani shirin talabijin, furodusoshi suna buƙatar ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na yara wanda ya yi kama da ita. Sun yi tunanin Ditsie yaro ne kuma sun sanya ta a matsayin ɗan mahaifiyarta a kan allo. Ta rungumi waɗannan rawar, daga baya ta ce ta ji kanta fiye da kowane lokaci. A ranar haihuwarta ta 16, Ditsie ta shirya wani biki wanda ya nuna wani muhimmin lokaci a rayuwarta. A lokacin bikin, wata kawarta ta ba ta labarin Simon Tseko Nkoli, wani mai fafutukar [[Internal resistance to apartheid|kare hakkin wariyar launin fata]] da aka bayyana a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi wanda aka wanke kwanan nan a shari'ar cin amanar ƙasar Delmas bayan ta fuskanci hukuncin kisa tare da wasu shugabannin siyasa 21. Bayan halartar ɗaya daga cikin tarurrukan Simon Nkoli a [[Jami'ar Witwatersrand|Jami'ar Wits]], Ditsie ta fahimci cewa babu matsalolin LGBTQ+ a cikin gwagwarmayar yaƙi da wariyar launin fata. Nkoli ta zama mai ba ta shawara, inda ta gabatar da ita ga masu tunani na mata kamar baƙar fata kamar [[Audre Lorde]] da Barbara Smith . Tare da Nkoli da Linda Ngcobo, ta haɗu suka kafa Ƙungiyar 'Yan Luwaɗi da 'Yan Madigo ta Witwatersrand (GLOW), wadda ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tabbatar da kariyar kundin tsarin mulki ga haƙƙin LGBTQ+ a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Afirka ta Kudu na 1996. A shekarar 1990, GLOW ta shirya [[Pride parades in South Africa|zanga-zangar Pride ta farko a Afirka ta Kudu]], wadda ita ce ta farko a nahiyar Afirka, inda ta jawo hankalin mahalarta sama da 800 duk da fargabar tashin hankali da farko. Ga Ditsie, taron ya kasance wani lokaci na 'yanci mai zurfi, kodayake ya kawo mata barazana sosai bayan an nuna shi a talabijin. [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]] ==manazarta == nyf98q5kruzwtvyz3n52y6fsl2slv2l 0 134969 873646 818351 2026-07-01T13:49:30Z Ummeeterh 31568 873646 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nikos Kapetanidis''' (Pontic: Νίκος Καπετανίδης, 1889–1921, aged 32) was a Pontian Greek journalist and newspaper publisher from Rizunda. He was hanged by Turkish nationalists serving under [[Mustafa Kamal Atatürk|Mustafa Kemal]] during the Amasya trials. == Rayuwa da aiki == An haifi Kapetanidis a Rize, wani birni a Yankin Pontus na [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]] ([[Turkiyya]] ta zamani). Ya halarci Phrontisterion na Trapezous, makarantar tsakiya ta Girka a Trebizond . Ya fara sukar tsarin ilimi yayin da yake karatu a Phronsisterion na Trapezous . Kapetanidis ya yi takaici da rashin ƙwararrun malamai. A ra'ayinsa, yawancin malamai na zamani ba su karfafa tunani mai mahimmanci ko mai kirkira ba.<ref name="Photiadis">{{Cite web |last=Photiadis |first=Kostas |last2=Iliadou-Tachou |first2=Sofia |last3=Pougaridou |first3=Paraskevi-Anastasia |date=2011 |title=Οι Περί Γλώσσης Αντιλήψεις του Μητροπολίτη Τραπεζούντας Χρύσανθου Φιλιππίδη και ο Εκπαιδευτικός Δημοτικισμός της Εφημερίδας Εποχή (Τραπεζούντα 1920) |trans-title=The linguistic perceptions of the metropolitan Chrysanthos Philippides of Trabzon and the educational “demoticism” of the newspaper "Season" (Trabzon 1920) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280318202 |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |website=ResearchGate |publisher=University of Western Macedonia |pages=1, 7–8 |language=Greek}}</ref> Yawancin ra'ayoyin Kapetanidis game da ilimi sun rinjayi imaninsa na kasa. A ƙarshen 1800s da farkon 1900s, kishin ƙasa na Helenanci yana tasowa. Helenawa na Turai sune manyan masu ba da shawara ga Ma'anar Megali ("Babban Ma'anar"), wanda ya karfafa sake fasalin [[Daular Rumawa|Jihar Byzantine]] a Girka da Anatolia. Don inganta kishin kasa da girman kai a waje da Turai, Masarautar Girka ta kafa ofisoshin jakadancin Girka a Daular Ottoman. Ya kuma aika da malamai na Girka zuwa al'ummomi a Anatolia. Wannan ƙoƙari ya karfafa kishin ƙasa tsakanin wasu Helenawa na Anatolian, musamman waɗanda ke cikin manyan ɗalibai masu ilimi. Ga waɗancan Paparoma waɗanda suka rungumi ethnonationalism, asalin su na [[Turai]] ya maye gurbin tsohuwar ganewar kansu a matsayin [[Kiristoci]] na Ottoman. Photiadis da Iliadou-Tachou suna jayayya cewa haɓakar kishin ƙasa na [[Turkiyya]] a farkon shekarun 1900 ya haifar da kishin ƙasa na Girka da populism a cikin Daular Ottoman. Kapetanidis na ɗaya daga cikin 'yan Pontians waɗanda suka goyi bayan waɗannan ra'ayoyin' yan kasa.<ref name="Photiadis">{{Cite web |last=Photiadis |first=Kostas |last2=Iliadou-Tachou |first2=Sofia |last3=Pougaridou |first3=Paraskevi-Anastasia |date=2011 |title=Οι Περί Γλώσσης Αντιλήψεις του Μητροπολίτη Τραπεζούντας Χρύσανθου Φιλιππίδη και ο Εκπαιδευτικός Δημοτικισμός της Εφημερίδας Εποχή (Τραπεζούντα 1920) |trans-title=The linguistic perceptions of the metropolitan Chrysanthos Philippides of Trabzon and the educational “demoticism” of the newspaper "Season" (Trabzon 1920) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280318202 |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |website=ResearchGate |publisher=University of Western Macedonia |pages=1, 7–8 |language=Greek}}</ref> An dauki harshe a matsayin muhimmiyar karfi don hada kan Helenawa na Turai da mutanen Gabashin Girka. Ba kamar wasu daga cikin tsaransa ba, Kapetanidis yana son Girkanci ya zama harshen koyarwa na makarantun Pontian. A cikin tunaninsa, wannan zai sa ilimi ya fi dacewa ga matsakaicin mutum.<ref name="efsyn.gr">{{Cite web |last=Kapetanidis |first=Kostas N. |date=December 1, 2020 |title=Οι (διαχρονικά) εξευτελιστικοί μισθοί των Εκπαιδευτικών και η απαξίωση της Δημόσιας Εκπαίδευσης |url=https://www.efsyn.gr/node/270945 |website=Journal of the Authors |language=Greek}}</ref> Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya zama daya daga cikin fitattun 'yan jarida da membobin jaridar Girka.<ref name="Photiadis">{{Cite web |last=Photiadis |first=Kostas |last2=Iliadou-Tachou |first2=Sofia |last3=Pougaridou |first3=Paraskevi-Anastasia |date=2011 |title=Οι Περί Γλώσσης Αντιλήψεις του Μητροπολίτη Τραπεζούντας Χρύσανθου Φιλιππίδη και ο Εκπαιδευτικός Δημοτικισμός της Εφημερίδας Εποχή (Τραπεζούντα 1920) |trans-title=The linguistic perceptions of the metropolitan Chrysanthos Philippides of Trabzon and the educational “demoticism” of the newspaper "Season" (Trabzon 1920) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280318202 |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |website=ResearchGate |publisher=University of Western Macedonia |pages=1, 7–8 |language=Greek}}</ref> Kapetanidis ya buga nasa jarida, {{Lang|pnt|Epochi}}, a zahiri "Seasons". <ref name="Photiadis" /> An buga shi sau hudu a mako a Trebizond tsakanin 1918 da 1921. Yana daya daga cikin jaridu na Girka mafi tasiri a Trebizond. Sauran jaridu na Pontic na zamani sune {{Lang|pnt|Faros tis Anatolis}} a Trebizond da {{Lang|pnt|Eleftheros Pontos}} a Batumi . <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Ya yi magana game da batutuwan ilimi ta hanyar jaridarsa, yana tallafawa amfani da Girkanci na gari a makarantun yankin. Bugu da ƙari, ya nace cewa bai kamata hukumomin addini su sarrafa ilimi ba, musamman Ikilisiyar Ikklisiya ta Constantinople. Kapetanidis ya yi imanin cewa malamai ya kamata su horar da dalibai a matsayin masu tunani na kasa. A cikin tunaninsa, ilimin addini bai da mahimmanci fiye da ilimin kasa.[1] Kapetanidis ya kuma bayyana cewa malamai ya kamata su sami albashi mai yawa. A lokacin, yawancin malaman Girkanci na Pontic sun bar sana'ar saboda karancin albashi. Shekara guda kafin mutuwarsa, ya rubuta a cikin Epochi, "Domin darajarmu a matsayin [[Romawa]]...[lower-alpha 1] dole ne kada ku yi tunanin cewa koyar da mu yana nufin bara. "[2] == Mutuwa == {{Lang|pnt|Epochi}}, a cewar masanin Maria Vergeti, ita ce babbar jaridar Helenanci a Trebizond. Kapetanidis ya kasance fitaccen mutum a cikin al'ummar Girka ta Trebizond . Wasu wasu Helenawa masu tasiri na Anatolian, kamar [[Archbishop Chrysanthus of Athens|Chrysanthos]], Bishop na zamani na Trebizond, sun karfafa [[Ottomanism]]: zaman lafiya tsakanin Turks da 'yan tsiraru. Ba kamar Chrysanthos ba, Kapetanidis ya yi amfani da matsayinsa don ba da shawara kan manufofi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na kasa, kamar jihar Pontic mai zaman kanta da kuma haɗuwa da Pontos tare da Girka.<ref name="Photiadis">{{Cite web |last=Photiadis |first=Kostas |last2=Iliadou-Tachou |first2=Sofia |last3=Pougaridou |first3=Paraskevi-Anastasia |date=2011 |title=Οι Περί Γλώσσης Αντιλήψεις του Μητροπολίτη Τραπεζούντας Χρύσανθου Φιλιππίδη και ο Εκπαιδευτικός Δημοτικισμός της Εφημερίδας Εποχή (Τραπεζούντα 1920) |trans-title=The linguistic perceptions of the metropolitan Chrysanthos Philippides of Trabzon and the educational “demoticism” of the newspaper "Season" (Trabzon 1920) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280318202 |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |website=ResearchGate |publisher=University of Western Macedonia |pages=1, 7–8 |language=Greek}}</ref> A cikin 1921, gwamnatin Turkiyya ta gudanar da gwajin Amasya . A cewar Vergeti, waɗannan gwaje-gwajen "sun yanke hukuncin kisa ga jagorancin ruhaniya da siyasa na Helenawa na Pontic". Kapetanidis, wani mutum mai tsattsauran ra'ayi, an yanke masa hukuncin kisa. Koyaya, haka ma maza kamar Matthaios Kofidis, ɗan siyasa da ya shahara tsakanin [[Musulmai]] da [[Kiristoci]]. Masanin tarihi Tessa Hofmann ya kira waɗannan gwaje-gwajen "ƙarewar Helenawa na Anatolian a ƙarƙashin hujja ta doka". ==Manazarta== {{Notelist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> 8gy6drlm2lbq8lfvc92wlt2gzxrqr1m 0 135260 873791 777599 2026-07-01T20:32:25Z Ummeeterh 31568 873791 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Diane Gilpin''' ita ce wadda ta kafa kuma shugabar kamfanin Smart Green Shipping Alliance, wadda ke da nufin samar da jigilar kayayyaki a Burtaniya mai dorewa ta hanyar amfani da makamashin da ake sabuntawa don turawa. Ta yi aiki a fannin tallatawa da canja wurin fasaha a fannin sadarwa, banki da wasannin motsa jiki. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Gilpin ta girma a Teignmouth da ke gabar tekun SW England. Bayan ta bar makaranta tana da shekaru 16, ta yi aiki na tsawon shekaru da dama, sannan ta yi karatun babbar difloma a Polytechnic na Arewacin London, inda ta sami matsayi mai kyau. Daga nan ta yi karatun digiri na biyu a fannin tattalin arziki na ci gaba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Woman's Hour 14min into programme |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/m000q3mr |access-date=10 December 2020 |website=BBC Radio 4}}</ref> == Sana'a == Gilpin ta yi aiki a fannoni da dama na fasaha da ƙira, musamman tseren motoci, tseren jiragen ruwa, kayan da ake sabuntawa da jigilar kaya, duk da cewa aikinta ya fara ne a ƙungiyar ƙaddamar da wayoyin salula na Cellnet da ƙirƙirar tsarin bayanai na kuɗi na Citibank . A shekarar 1985, ita ce manajan tallan ƙaddamar da Cellnet, ɗaya daga cikin tsarin wayar hannu na farko a Burtaniya, kuma a shekarun 1990 ta shiga cikin ƙaddamar da 'Horizon', tsarin ciniki na farko na Citibank mai tushen Windows. <ref name="Capital Link Forum 2013">{{Cite web |title=3rd Annual Shipping and CRS Forum |url=https://forums.capitallink.com/csr/2013london/bios/gilpin.htm |access-date=22 November 2020 |website=Capital Link Forum}}</ref> Ta kuma jagoranci ƙungiyar tsere ta Benetton Junior Formula Three a [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] na wani lokaci a shekarun 1980 kuma ta yi aiki da ƙungiyoyin tsere na Formula One da dama ciki har da Ford da Benetton. Matsayinta ya haɗa da tallatawa da hulɗa da kafofin watsa labarai, neman tallafi, amma kuma canja wurin fasaha daga tsere zuwa motocin kan hanya. A shekarun 1990 da kuma shekaru goma da suka biyo baya ta koma kula da ƙungiyoyin tsere na jiragen ruwa kuma ta yi aiki da Logica. <ref name="Capital Link Forum 2013">{{Cite web |title=3rd Annual Shipping and CRS Forum |url=https://forums.capitallink.com/csr/2013london/bios/gilpin.htm |access-date=22 November 2020 |website=Capital Link Forum}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://forums.capitallink.com/csr/2013london/bios/gilpin.htm "3rd Annual Shipping and CRS Forum"]. ''Capital Link Forum''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="Safety4Sea">{{Cite web |title=Diane Gilpin |url=https://safety4sea.com/author/diane-gilpin/ |access-date=21 November 2020 |website=Safety4Sea}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ==manazarta == <references /> 8a41nkds0u5b0bdbwqnbx6bf091wv5t 0 135706 874089 778358 2026-07-02T05:34:27Z Habibah A Jisambo 26434 /* Hotunan Hotuna */ 874089 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Genia Berger''' ( Hebrew ; 1907–2000) wani mai zane ne na Isra'ila, wanda aka haifa a Daular Rasha. == Tarihin Rayuwa. == An haifi Genia Berger a Kharkov a shekarar 1907 ga dangin gargajiya na Sihiyona. [1] A shekarar 1925 ta koma [[Jamus]], inda ta karanci zane-zane. A shekarar 1926 ta yi ƙaura zuwa Falasdinu kuma ta fara nazarin gine-gine a Technion Montefiore da kuma zane-zane a ɗakin studio na Yitzhak Frenkel da ke Tel Aviv. A ƙarshen shekarar 1929, ta koma Berlin, inda ta fara nazarin zane-zane da tsara zane a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Fine. A shekarar 1933, ta koma Falasdinu kuma ta fara samun kuɗi ta hanyar tsara shirye-shiryen dandamali. [2] Daga 1935 zuwa 1937 ta zauna a Paris, Faransa. A shekarar 1953 ta zama ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa ƙauyen masu fasaha na Ein Hod a Arewacin Isra'ila. Ayyukan Berger na farko, waɗanda Isaac Frenkel ya yi tasiri a kansu, wanda ya koyar da salon faster zamani ta Faransa, sun kasance a salon zane-zane na bayan-impressionist. Duk da haka, tsakanin shekarun 40 zuwa 60, ta fi mai da hankali kan ƙirar saitin wasan kwaikwayo don wasan kwaikwayo da gidan wasan opera a Isra'ila. Zane-zanenta sun sami tasiri sosai daga fasahar ado ta zamani ta Rasha. Ayyukanta sun haɗa da ƙirar saitin "Sarki Solomon and the Cobbler" ( Ohel Theater, 1943), "Bar Kokhba" (Ohel Theater, 1945), "Khovanshchina" ( Israel National Opera, 1952), "Kazmirov Brothers" ( Habima, 1956) da ƙari. A cikin shekarun 1950, Berger ta koma yin zane ta fara sassaka da ƙirƙirar kayan ado na yumbu. Ayyukanta suna da alaƙa da ɓangaren ado. == Hotunan Hotuna . == <gallery> Fayil:Memorial_plaque_on_the_house_of_Yehuda_Gabai_&_Genia_Berger.JPG|alt=Memorial Plaque on the House of Yehuda Gabai & Genia Berger, 2012 Tel Aviv| Allon Tunawa a Gidan Yehuda Gabai & Genia Berger, 2012<br /><br /><br /><br /> Tel Aviv Fayil:GENIA_BERGER_017.JPG|alt=Post Office Wall, 2011 Weizmann St., Tel Aviv| Bangon Ofishin Wasiku, 2011<br /><br /><br /><br /> Weizmann St, Tel Aviv Fayil:Ceramics_pavilion_053.JPG|alt=The Ceramics Pavilion, 2012 Eretz Israel Museum| Babban Tashar Ceramics, 2012<br /><br /><br /><br /> Gidan Tarihi na Eretz na Isra'ila Fayil:Ein_hod_29-7_004-2.jpg|alt=Ceramic Wall, 1966 Relief, glazed ceramic Main Gallery, Ein Hod| Bangon Yumbu, 1966<br /><br /><br /><br /> Relief, yumbu mai gilashi<br /><br /><br /><br /> Babban Gidan Tarihi, Ein Hod </gallery> == Manazarta == <ref>Birth date determined by information from the Information Center for Israeli Art, The Israel Museum, Jerusalem. Retrieved February 2015. In addition, this is the date published by the Hevre Kaddisha</ref>{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2000]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1907]] 7c86nka9atfdyakow2v16x8r68qt197 0 136304 874049 779434 2026-07-02T00:16:25Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 874049 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Bruce Jay Wasserstein''' (Disamba 25, 1947 - Oktoba 14, 2009) ɗan bankin saka hannun jari ne na Amurka, ɗan kasuwa, kuma marubuci. Ya shahara a masana'antar haɗaka da siye-siye, wanda aka yaba masa da yin aiki a kan ma'amaloli 1,000 waɗanda jimillar darajarsu ta kai kimanin dala biliyan 250. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Wasserstein kuma ya girma a Midwood, Brooklyn, New York, ɗan Lola (née Schleifer) da Morris Wasserstein. Mahaifinsa, wani Bayahude ɗan ƙasar Poland kafin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, ya zauna a birnin New York kuma ya fara wani kamfani na ribbon. Kakansa na wajen uwa shine Simon Schleifer, malamin Yahudawa a Yeshiva da ke Wloclawek, Poland wanda daga baya ya yi ƙaura zuwa Paterson, New Jersey kuma ya zama shugaban makarantar Hebrew. Wasserstein yana da 'yan'uwa huɗu: 'yar kasuwa Sandra Wasserstein Meyer (ta mutu a shekarar 1998); Wendy Wasserstein, marubuciyar wasan kwaikwayo wacce ta lashe kyautar Pulitzer (wadda 'yarta, Lucy Jane, yake renon ta a lokacin mutuwarsa); Abner Wasserstein (ta mutu a shekarar 2011); da Georgette Levis (ta mutu a shekarar 2014), wacce ta auri likitan tabin hankali [[Albert J. Levis]] . <ref>{{Cite news |author=David Brewerton |date=October 22, 2009 |title=Bruce Wasserstein obituary |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2009/oct/22/bruce-wasserstein-obituary |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Wasserstein ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Yeshiva ta Flatbush . Ya kammala karatunsa a Makarantar McBurney, Jami'ar Michigan <ref>{{Cite news |author=David Brewerton |date=October 22, 2009 |title=Bruce Wasserstein obituary |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2009/oct/22/bruce-wasserstein-obituary |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Kasuwanci ta Harvard, da Makarantar Shari'a ta Harvard, kuma ya yi shekara guda a Jami'ar Cambridge . == Sana'a == Ya fara aikinsa a matsayin lauya a Cravath, Swaine &amp;amp; Moore, Wasserstein ya koma First Boston Corp. a shekarar 1977 kuma daga ƙarshe ya zama shugaban haɗin gwiwa na wannan kamfani a lokacin da ya fi rinjaye. A shekarar 1988, tare da abokin aikinsa [[Joseph Perella]], ya bar First Boston don kafa shagon saka hannun jari na Wasserstein Perella &amp;amp; Co., wanda ya sayar a shekarar 2000, a saman kasuwar bull ta ƙarshen shekarun 1990, zuwa Bankin Dresdner na Jamus akan kusan dala biliyan 1.4 a hannun jari. <ref>[http://www.worldwhoswho.com/views/entry.html?id=was-0215 Bio at ''International Who's Who''.] Accessed September 3, 2006.</ref> A shekarar 2002, ya bar sashin Dresdner Kleinwort Wasserstein (wanda aka kafa ta hanyar haɗa sashin Dresdner na Burtaniya Kleinwort Benson da Wasserstein Perella) don zama shugaban kamfanin ayyukan kuɗi na Lazard . A shekarar 2005, ya jagoranci bayar da Lazard na farko ga jama'a kuma ya zama shugaban farko na kamfanin gwamnati da Shugaba. Wasserstein ya mallaki Wasserstein & Co., wani kamfani mai zaman kansa da ke zuba jari a fannoni da dama, musamman kafofin watsa labarai. A shekarar 2004, ya ƙara ''mujallar New York'' a cikin daularsa ta kafofin watsa labarai. A watan Yulin 2007, ya sayar da American Lawyer Media ga Incisive Media kan kuɗi kusan dala miliyan 630. An yaba masa da kalmar " Pac-Man defense ", wadda kamfanoni da aka yi niyya ke amfani da ita a lokacin wani yunƙurin kwace iko . == Taimakon jama'a == A shekara ta 2007, Wasserstein ya bayar da gudummawar dala miliyan 25 [1] ga Makarantar Shari'a ta Harvard, don ƙirƙirar wani babban reshen ilimi na ginin Northwest Corner na makarantar, wanda aka sanya wa suna Wasserstein Hall. == Jimlar kuɗi == A cewar Forbes, ya zuwa ranar 17 ga Satumba, 2008, an kiyasta cewa dukiyar Wasserstein ta kai dala biliyan 2.3. <ref>[http://www.worldwhoswho.com/views/entry.html?id=was-0215 Bio at ''International Who's Who''.] Accessed September 3, 2006.</ref> Ya zuwa shekarar 2008, yana da gida a 927 Fifth Avenue a birnin New York, wani gida a Santa Barbara a California, wani gida a bakin teku na Atlantika a East Hampton (Long Island), wani gida a 38 Belgrave Square a Landan, da kuma wani gida a Paris. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Wasserstein ya yi aure sau huɗu kuma yana da 'ya'ya bakwai na haihuwa: * Laura Lynelle Killin (ta yi aure a shekarar 1968, ta sake ta a shekarar 1974). * Christine Parrott (ta sake aure a shekarar 1992). Suna da 'ya'ya uku: Ben, Pam da Scoop. <ref name="NYDAILYNEWS" /> Christine kwararriyar masaniyar tabin hankali ce kuma tun daga lokacin ta sake yin aure da ɗan jarida ɗan Amurka kuma mawallafin jarida Dan Rattiner . * Claude Becker (ya yi aure a shekarar 1996, ya sake ta a shekarar 2008). Sun haifi 'ya'ya maza biyu: Jack da Dash. <ref name="NYDAILYNEWS" /> Kafin aurenta da Wasserstein, Claude ta kasance mai gabatar da labarai na CBS wanda ya lashe [[Emmy Awards|kyautar Emmy Award]] . Bayan mutuwar Bruce, Claude ya auri Lucy, 'yar 'yar uwarsa Wendy. <ref name="VOGUE">{{Cite web |title=Vogue: "Claude Wasserstein's Rooftop Playhouse" by Plum Sykes |url=http://www.vogue.com/magazine/article/claude-wassersteins-rooftop-playhouse/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025004743/http://www.vogue.com/magazine/article/claude-wassersteins-rooftop-playhouse/#1 |archive-date=October 25, 2012 |access-date=October 26, 2012}}</ref> * Angela Chao (ta yi aure a shekarar 2009, har zuwa mutuwar Wasserstein). <ref name="NYDAILYNEWS" /> Ita 'yar'uwar Elaine Chao ce, wacce ke auren Sanata Mitch McConnell na Amurka. <ref name="NYDAILYNEWS" /> * Bugu da ƙari, Wasserstein ta haifi 'ya mace tare da Erin McCarthy, wata jami'ar gudanarwa ta Jami'ar Columbia, Sky Wasserstein (an haife ta a shekara ta 2008). Matsayin siyasa na Wasserstein ya kasance mai sassaucin ra'ayi. Ya kasance mai hulɗa da kafofin watsa labarai tun daga makarantar sakandare da kwaleji, lokacin da yake edita a jaridar makarantar sakandare, ''The McBurneian'' (Makarantar McBurney, New York), <ref>[http://www.worldwhoswho.com/views/entry.html?id=was-0215 Bio at ''International Who's Who''.] Accessed September 3, 2006.</ref> daga baya kuma a Jami'ar Michigan ''Michigan Daily'', sannan ya yi aikin horo a mujallar ''Forbes'' . Da wahayi daga Ralph Nader, ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin "Nader's Raiders" na ɗan gajeren lokaci. Wasserstein ya ɗauki [[Rahm Emanuel]] da Vernon Jordan aiki na ƴan shekaru. Wasserstein ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin amintaccen Makarantar Digiri ta Jarida ta Jami'ar Columbia daga 2001 har zuwa mutuwarsa. == Mutuwa == A ranar 11 ga Oktoba, 2009, an kwantar da Wasserstein a asibiti da bugun zuciyarsa ba daidai ba. Da farko an ruwaito cewa yanayinsa yana da tsanani, amma yana cikin kwanciyar hankali kuma yana murmurewa. Duk da haka, Wasserstein ya mutu a Manhattan kwana uku bayan haka, a ranar 14 ga Oktoba, yana da shekaru 61. == Littattafai == == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} * [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-10-12/wasserstein-haunts-harry-david-in-buyout-doomed-to-bankruptcy.html "Wasserstein Ta Yi Wa Harry Da David Barazana A Buyout An Yi Wa Fatarar Kudi..."] * [https://archive.today/20130505072036/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard-business/article-23756783-king-of-the-barbarians-arrives-at-the-pearly-gates.do "Sarkin Barbarians ya isa Ƙofofin Lu'u-lu'u"] * [http://www.nydailynews.com/ny_local/2009/10/14/2009-10-14_billionaire_bruce_wasserstein_lazard_ceo_and_new_york_owner_dies_at_61.html Labarin mutuwar jaridar ''New York Daily News''] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140904231958/http://www.sify.com/finance/fullstory.php?a=jkpcEphcbfa&title=Lazard_CEO_Bruce_Wasserstein_dies_at_61 "Bruce Wasserstein ya mutu yana da shekaru 61"] * [http://www.wasserco.com Shafin Wasserstein & Co.] * [http://www.westportnow.com/index.php?/v2_5/comments/bruce_wassersteins_westport_connection/ Wasserstein edita ne a jaridar makarantar sakandare The McBurneian] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121112155841/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/finance-obituaries/6339272/Bruce-Wasserstein.html Labarin mutuwar ''Daily Telegraph''] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091026001454/http://www.hlrecord.org/news/in-memoriam-bruce-wasserstein-went-from-nader-acolyte-to-wall-street-legend-1.798081 Wasserstein ya koma daga Nader acolyte zuwa fitaccen ɗan wasan Wall Street] a cikin ''Harvard Law Record.'' [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2009]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1947]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] e1eg8oydioopj4xat5kfnh8e21auqq0 0 137969 874259 782497 2026-07-02T10:27:26Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 874259 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''m.o.v.e.''' (wanda aka tsara a matsayin '''M.O.V.E''' ko m.o.v.e, kuma a baya a matsayin ''''''Motsawa'''''') ƙungiyar Jafananci ce. Kungiyar ta kunshi furodusa t-kimura (Takashi Kimura (木村貴志, Kimura Takashi)), rapper motsu (Mototaka Segawa ) da mawaƙa yuri (Yuri Masuda (益田 祐里, Masuda Yuri)). t-kimura ya bar ƙungiyar a shekara ta 2009. == Labari da tarihi == t-kimura ta kafa ƙungiyar motsa jiki kuma a shekara ta 1997 sun fito da wakarsu ta ''Farko D''"Rock It Down", amma sun sami shahara lokacin da aka yi amfani da wakarsu mai suna "Around the world" a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na farko na D. A shekara ta 2005, ƙungiyar ta canza sunansu ta hanyar ƙara alamun raguwa tsakanin haruffa kuma a halin yanzu har yanzu suna sanya hannu tare da Avex Group. A wannan shekarar, ƙungiyar ta yi tafiya zuwa Amurka kuma ta yi a taron anime USA a Arewacin Virginia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anime USA 2005 Information |url=http://www.animecons.com/events/info.shtml/776 |access-date=2008-04-21 |publisher=AnimeCons.com}}</ref> Motsawa watakila an fi saninsa da salon na musamman wanda suke haɗawa da dutse, pop, hip-hop da nau'ikan lantarki da yawa a cikin kiɗan su. Har ila yau, an san su da gudummawarsu na buɗewa da rufewa ga waƙoƙin jigogi na ''Farko D'' wasannin wasan kwaikwayo kuma a cikin wani yanayi na 3rd Stage fim ɗin inda Takumi ke ceton Natsuki daga Miki's Celica. Wadannan sun hada da "Around the World", "Rage your Dream", "Break In2 the Nite", "Blazin' Beat", "Gamble Rumble", "Strike On", "Dogfight" (wanda aka yi amfani da shi azaman gabatarwa don kakar wasa ta ƙarshe ta anime Initial D), "Blast My Desire", "Nobody Reason" da "Noizy Tribe". Har ila yau, ƙungiyar ta yi cameo a ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru na D 4th Stage na farko, "The Unmatched GTR!" da "Dogfight", inda aka ga ƙungiyar a takaice tana kallon tseren tsakanin Allah Foot da Keisuke. Sun kuma samar da taken buɗewa don jerin wasan kwaikwayo na ''Ikki Tousen'' tare da waƙar su "Drivin' Through the Night" da kuma taken ƙarshe don wasan kwaikwayo na Final Fantasy: Unlimited, "Romancing Train", da kuma ƙididdigar ƙarshe don wasan bidiyo na Koei's Dynasty Warriors 2, "Ba za a iya barin wannan!!!! Knock'em Out [SH Funk Mix]". A ranar 2 ga Disamba, 2008, t-kimura ya bayyana a shafin yanar gizon Move cewa zai mai da hankali kan samarwa, kuma kasa kan yin aiki.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070604064520/http://www.electropica.com/profile/en.html Profile :: m.o.v.e OFFICIAL WEB SITE] (archived)</ref> A ranar 10 ga Afrilu, 2009, Move ya yi tare da '''DJ T-Tashiro''' a lokacin taron anime, Kamikazecon II, a Houston, Texas; ƙungiyar ta sanar da cewa t-kimura ba za ta sake yin wasan kwaikwayo ba. A ranar 7 ga watan Disamba, 2012, ƙungiyar ta sanar a shafin yanar gizon su cewa, bayan shekaru 15, za su rabu [1] bayan wasan kwaikwayon su na karshe a ranar 16 ga watan Maris, 2013. Kundin su na karshe, Best Moves, wanda aka fara shirya za a saki a ranar 19 ga Disamba, 2012, amma an jinkirta shi saboda shawarar da aka yanke na rushewa; an saki kundin a ranar 29 ga Fabrairu, 2013, kuma an sake sunan kundin Best Moves ~ kuma ci gaba da tafiya ~. An kuma jinkirta wasan kwaikwayon "15th Anniversary Concert - Best m.o.v.e" kuma an sake masa suna "m.o.V.e - The Last Show - Champagne Fight" saboda wannan dalili. An gudanar da kide-kide a ranar 16 ga Maris, 2013, wanda ke nuna waƙoƙi 27 galibi daga Best Moves ~ kuma motsawa yana ci gaba ~ da aka yi a gaban masu sauraro 1,500. An yi rikodin wasan kwaikwayon sannan aka sake shi a DVD a ranar 5 ga Yuni, 2013. A cikin 2014, Avex ta fitar da waƙoƙi biyu da ba a fitar da su ba:'Outsoar The Rainbow and Days . <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070604064520/http://www.electropica.com/profile/en.html Profile :: m.o.v.e OFFICIAL WEB SITE] (archived)</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Anime USA 2005 Information |url=http://www.animecons.com/events/info.shtml/776 |access-date=2008-04-21 |publisher=AnimeCons.com}}</ref> Outsoar The Rainbow, wanda aka saki ta hanyar dijital a ranar 16 ga Mayu, 2014, a kan iTunes da sauran shagunan dijital na Japan, an yi amfani da shi azaman buɗewa don Mataki na D na Ƙarshe da kuma Mataki na farko na D Arcade 8 Infinity da ''Kwanaki'' an sake shi a ranar 22 ga Yuni, 2014, a iTunes da sauran kantin sayar da dijital na Japan kuma an yi amfani dashi a lokacin fitowar karshe na Mataki na ''Farko D: Mataki na Ƙarshe''. Dukkanin waƙoƙin an sake su a kan tarin farko na D na karshe mafi kyawun tarin.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070604064520/http://www.electropica.com/profile/en.html Profile :: m.o.v.e OFFICIAL WEB SITE] (archived)</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] q0qpa1jotv6umlrk2sgmei9im6yo9ya 0 138399 874073 784345 2026-07-02T05:11:54Z Ummeeterh 31568 874073 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Reder sunan mahaifi ne na [[Jamus]] . Shahararrun mutanen da ke da sunan mahaifi sun haɗa da: * Bernard Reder (1887-1964), mai zane daga Czernowitz, Bukovina * Kristiaan Reuder ko Kirista Reder (1656 – 1729), mai zanen Jamusanci * Deanna Reder, wata daliba 'yar ƙasar Kanada * An haifi Gigi Reder a Luigi Schroeder (1928 - 1998), ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Italiya * Hedwig Reder sunan farko na Hedwig Kettler (1851 - 1937), mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata 'yar Jamus * Johnny Reder (1909-1990), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ɗan [[Amurka]] * József Réder (1951 - 2008), ɗan damben Hungarian * Peter Reder (an haife shi a shekarar 1960), mai zane ɗan [[Birtaniya]] * Rudolf Reder aka Roman Robak (1881 - 1977), wanda ya tsira daga sansanin taro * Walter Reder (1915-1991), jami'in SS na Jamus == Duba kuma == * Reeder (bambanci) * Rehder g07xb6jwnfpf8o38y8p197qod796c7q 0 138418 873834 815598 2026-07-01T21:13:45Z Ummeeterh 31568 873834 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Louis Friedsell''' (An haife shi a 1863 ko 1865 - 1923) jagora ne kuma mawaƙi a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Yiddish . Friedsell was born in 1863 or 1865 in [[Dnipro|Yekaterinoslav]] in the Russian Empire Ya rubuta waƙar kusan wasanni 150 da operettas (wani ɓangare da kansa, wani ɓangare tare da sauran marubutan kiɗa). An rubuta yawancin waƙoƙinsa don operetta na tarihi da barkwanci. [1] A matsayinsa na jagoran waƙa, ya yi rikodin akalla goma sha ɗaya ga Kamfanin United Hebrew Disc and Cylinder Ya mutu a ranar 25 ga [[Yuni]], 1923, a birnin New York. == Ayyuka == * ''Goldene Madina'' <nowiki><ref> </nowiki>https://levysheetmusic.mse.jhu.edu/collection/146/102~/ref{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} > ===MANAZARTA=== o21y3albk6bot1bbnumpnstmuhejr30 0 138977 874274 785690 2026-07-02T10:48:09Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 874274 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} ''''''A'''''' (Advanced '''S''' in Innovative '''Mo''') wani mutum-mutumi ne wanda Honda ta kirkira a cikin 2000. A shekara ta 2002, an samar da raka'a 20 na samfurin ASIMO na farko; <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> nau'ikan ASIMO daban-daban guda uku daga baya sun biyo baya. Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2009, akwai fiye da 100 ASIMO raka'a. A watan Yulin 2018, Honda ta bayyana cewa za ta dakatar da duk ci gaba da samar da robots na ASIMO don mayar da hankali kan ƙarin aikace-aikace masu amfani ta amfani da fasahar da aka haɓaka ta hanyar rayuwar ASIMO. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |author=Kevin Warwick |date=2009-02-25 |title=Today it's a cute friend. Tomorrow it could be the dominant life form |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/guest_contributors/article5798625.ece |publisher=Times of London}}{{Dead link|date=September 2024}}</ref> Ya yi bayyanarsa ta ƙarshe a watan Maris na 2022, yayin da Honda ta sanar da ritaya na ASIMO don mayar da hankali kan fasahar robotic mai sarrafawa, avatar-style.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 March 2022 |title=Honda's Asimo robot retires after 20-year career wowing public |url=https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2022/03/2f1164a820ff-hondas-asimo-robot-to-retire-after-20-year-career-wowing-public.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Honda's humanoid robot Asimo bids farewell {{!}} NHK WORLD-JAPAN News |url=https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/20220331_40/ |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=NHK WORLD |language=en}}</ref> == Cigaban labarin == [[Fayil:Asimo&p3.jpg|thumb|240x240px|P3 (hagu) idan aka kwatanta da ASIMO]] Honda ta fara ƙera mutum mutumin mai kama da ɗan adam a shekarun 1980 da nufin ƙera robot mai tafiya, gami da samfura da dama da suka gabaci ASIMO. E0 ita ce samfurin farko da aka samar a matsayin wani ɓangare na Jerin Honda P, wanda shine farkon layin gwaji na robots masu tafiya da kansu tare da motsi mara waya da aka kirkira tsakanin 1986 da 1993. Wannan ya biyo bayan jerin robots na Honda P da aka samar daga 1993 zuwa 1997. Binciken da aka yi akan E- da P-series ya haifar da kirkirar ASIMO. Ci gaban ya fara ne a Cibiyar Binciken Fasaha ta Wako ta Honda a [[Japan]] a cikin 1999, kuma an bayyana ASIMO a cikin Oktoba 2000 . <ref>{{cite news |author=Kevin Warwick |date=2009-02-25 |title=Today it's a cute friend. Tomorrow it could be the dominant life form |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/guest_contributors/article5798625.ece |publisher=Times of London}}{{Dead link|date=September 2024}}</ref> === Tsarin === Tsawon ASIMO yana da santimita 130 (ƙafa 4 da inci 3) kuma yana da nauyin kilogiram 54 (119 lb). Binciken da Honda ta gudanar ya gano cewa tsayin da ya dace da robot mai taimakawa motsi yana tsakanin santimita 120 da tsayin matsakaicin babba, wanda hakan yana da amfani wajen sarrafa maɓallan ƙofa da maɓallan haske.. ASIMO tana aiki ne ta hanyar Batirin lithium-ion na 51.8 V mai caji tare da lokacin aiki na awa daya. Canja daga batirin nickel-metal hydride a shekara ta 2004 ya kara yawan lokacin da ASIMO zai iya aiki kafin sake caji.<ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> ASIMO yana da mai sarrafa kwamfuta mai girma uku wanda Honda ta kirkira wanda ya ƙunshi matattu uku, mai sarrafawa, mai canza sigina, da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Kwamfutar da ke sarrafa motsi na ASIMO tana cikin yankin wuyan robot kuma ana iya sarrafa ta ta amfani da PC, mai kula da mara waya, ko umarnin murya.<ref name="HowStuffWorks">{{Cite web |last=Obringer, Lee Ann |last2=Strickland, Jonathan |name-list-style=amp |date=11 April 2007 |title=Honda ASIMO Robot |url=http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/asimo1.htm |access-date=15 July 2011 |website=How Stuff Works}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; === ⁹Ayyuka === ASIMO tana da ikon gane abubuwa masu motsi, matsayi, alama, mahallinta, sauti, da fuskoki, wanda ke ba ta damar hulɗa da mutane. Robot ɗin na iya gano motsi na abubuwa da yawa ta hanyar amfani da bayanan gani da aka kama ta kyamara "idanu" biyu a kansa kuma ya ƙayyade nesa da shugabanci. Wannan fasalin yana bawa ASIMO damar bin ko fuska mutum lokacin da aka kusanci shi. Robot ɗin yana fassara umarnin murya da alamun ɗan adam, yana ba shi damar gane lokacin da aka ba da hannu ko lokacin da mutum ya yi raƙuman ruwa ko maki, sannan ya amsa daidai.<ref name="HowStuffWorks">{{Cite web |last=Obringer, Lee Ann |last2=Strickland, Jonathan |name-list-style=amp |date=11 April 2007 |title=Honda ASIMO Robot |url=http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/asimo1.htm |access-date=15 July 2011 |website=How Stuff Works}}</ref> Ikon ASIMO na bambance tsakanin muryoyi da sauran sautuka yana ba ta damar gane abokan hulɗarta. ASIMO tana iya amsa sunansa kuma tana gane sautukan da ke da alaƙa da abin da ke faɗuwa ko karo. Wannan yana ba robot damar fuskantar mutum idan aka yi magana da shi ko kuma ya kalli sauti. ASIMO tana amsa tambayoyi ta hanyar gyada kai ko bayar da amsa ta baki a cikin harsuna daban-daban kuma tana iya gane fuskoki daban-daban kusan 10 kuma ta magance su da sunaye..<ref name="HowStuffWorks" /> ASIMO tana da na'urori masu auna firikwensin da ke taimakawa wajen kewayawa kai tsaye. Kyamara biyu da ke cikin kanta suna aiki azaman na'urori masu auna firikwensin gani don gano cikas. Ƙasan gangar jikin tana da na'urori masu auna firikwensin ƙasa guda biyu - firikwensin laser ɗaya da firikwensin infrared ɗaya. Ana amfani da firikwensin laser don gano saman ƙasa, kuma firikwensin infrared tare da daidaitawar rufewa ta atomatik bisa ga haske ana amfani da shi don gano alamun bene guda biyu don kewaya a kan hanyoyi. Taswirar da aka riga aka ɗora da kuma gano alamun bene suna taimaka wa robot ɗin ya gano ainihin wurin da yake a yanzu kuma ya ci gaba da daidaita matsayinsa. Akwai na'urori masu auna firikwensin ultrasonic na gaba da na baya don jin cikas; firikwensin gaba yana cikin ƙananan gangar jiki tare da na'urori masu auna firikwensin ƙasa, kuma firikwensin baya yana ƙasan "jakar baya"". === Tasirin da fasaha === Ayyukan Honda tare da ASIMO sun haifar da ci gaba da bincike kan na'urorin taimakawa wajen tafiya, wanda ya haifar da nau'ikan Taimako na Gudanar da Stride da Taimako na Taimako na Jiki. A shekara ta 2004, an shigar da ASIMO cikin Carnegie Mellon Robot Hall of Fame . <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Don girmama bikin cika shekaru 10 na ASIMO a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2010, Honda ta kirkiro aikace-aikacen hannu da ake kira "Run with ASIMO", inda masu amfani ke koyon game da robot ta hanyar kusan tafiya ta hanyar matakai na tseren sannan kuma raba lokutan su a kan Twitter da Facebook. [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] maudm0hkc0x5lr9i6nlq4dj58mzn3z8 0 139195 873817 787894 2026-07-01T20:58:14Z Habibah A Jisambo 26434 873817 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''William Sidney Arnett''' (An haife shi a ranar 10 ga watan Mayu, 1939 &#x2013; 12 ga Agusta, 2020) marubuci ne, edita, mai kula da zane-zane da kuma mai tattara zane-zane da ke zaune a Atlanta wanda ya gina tarin zane-zane na Afirka, Asiya, da Afirka ta [[Amurka]] masu muhimmanci a duniya. Arnett shine wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban Gidauniyar Souls Grown Deep, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Souls Grown Deep Foundation |url=http://soulsgrowndeep.org/}}</ref> wata ƙungiya da aka sadaukar domin adanawa da kuma tattara bayanai game da zane-zanen Baƙar fata na [[Amurka]] daga Kudancin Kudu wanda ke aiki tare da manyan gidajen tarihi da malamai don samar da abubuwan ban mamaki da wallafe-wallafe ta amfani da manyan abubuwan da ke cikinta. Ƙoƙarinsa ya samar da littattafai 13 tare da kusan kasidu 100 daga marubuta 73. Gidajen tarihi 38 sun dauki nauyin manyan nune-nune, kuma ana adana manyan kayan tarihi a UNC Chapel Hill . Fadar White House ta nuna tarin. Arnett ya nuna ayyukan daga waɗannan tarin kuma ya gabatar da laccoci a gidajen tarihi da cibiyoyin ilimi sama da 100 a Amurka da ƙasashen waje. Wataƙila an fi saninsa da rubutu game da tattara ayyukan masu fasaha 'yan Afirka ta Amurka daga Kudancin Kudu. An nada Arnett a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin "Mutanen Georgia 100 Mafi Tasiri" ta mujallar Georgia Trend a watan Janairun 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2014 |title=100 Most Influential Georgians |url=http://www.georgiatrend.com/January-2015/100-Most-Influential-Georgians/}}</ref> Ya mutu a ranar 12 ga Agusta, 2020. == Rayuwar farko. == An haifi Arnett a Columbus, Georgia . Bayan ya halarci Georgia Tech da Jami'ar Pennsylvania, Arnett ya kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Georgia, inda ya sami digiri na farko a fannin Turanci. == Tarawa. == Bayan ya zauna a Turai a tsakiyar shekarun 1960, Arnett ya gina tarin kayan tarihi da kayan tarihi na zamanin Bahar Rum. Ya kuma fara sha'awar zane-zane na Asiya, kuma ya tara ayyukan da suka fara tun daga shekarar 2000 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa zuwa karni na 19. Shekaru da dama, babban abin da Arnett ya fi sha'awa shi ne Fasahar Afirka. Ya tattara fasahar al'adu daga Yamma da Tsakiyar Afirka, musamman al'adu daban-daban na [[Najeriya]], [[Benin]] (wanda a da ake kira Dahomey), da Grassfields [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|na Kamaru, da Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Kongo]] . <ref> name="Carlos-Museum">{{Cite web |title=African Art |url=http://carlos.emory.edu/african-art |access-date=14 September 2011 |publisher=Michael C. Carlos Museum. [[Emory University]]. carlos.emory.edu}}</ref> A shekarar 1978, ya rubuta kundin ''Three Rivers of Nigeria'' don Babban Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Atlanta. A shekarar 1994, ya bayar da wani kaso mai yawa na tarin fasahar Afirka ga Gidan Tarihi na Michael C. Carlos da ke Jami'ar Emory, <ref> name="Carlos-Museum" </ref> a lokacin a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Maxwell Anderson. A tsakiyar shekarun 1980, Arnett ya fara tattara ayyukan masu fasaha a Kudancin Amurka, ciki har da waƙoƙin da masu fasaha kamar Thornton Dial da Lonnie Holley suka rubuta. A tsakiyar shekarun 1990, ƙoƙarin Arnett ya haifar da wani babban aiki na bincika al'adar gani ta Kudancin Amurka ta Afirka: wani baje koli da littafi mai juzu'i biyu, mai taken Souls Grown Deep: Fasaha ta Afirka ta Amurka ta Kudu, wanda a ƙarshe aka gabatar a Gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1996 a Atlanta kuma ya kasance mafi zurfi, bincike na ilimi game da wannan lamari. Daga baya, Arnett ya ƙirƙiri jerin wallafe-wallafe masu alaƙa, gami da littattafai da yawa kan barguna da mata da ke zaune a Gee's Bend, Alabama suka ƙirƙira. Ya shirya baje kolin farko mai tasiri na waɗannan barguna a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha Mai Kyau, Houston a shekara ta 2002. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Souls Grown Deep Foundation |url=http://soulsgrowndeep.org/}}</ref> An nuna baje kolin mai taken The Quilts of Gee's Bend a manyan gidajen tarihi 13 na Amurka, ciki har da Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Amurka na Whitney, Babban Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha, MFA Boston, Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Milwaukee, Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Cleveland, Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Corcoran da Gidan Tarihi na DeYoung . A ranar 24 ga Nuwamba, 2014, Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Metropolitan ya sanar da cewa ayyuka 57 na masu fasaha 'yan Afirka na zamani daga Kudancin Amurka an ba su kyautar gidan tarihi ta hanyar Gidauniyar Souls Grown Deep daga tarin William S. Arnett. An gudanar da wani baje kolin da aka keɓe ga kyautar a Gidan Tarihi na Metropolitan a kaka ta 2016. Kamar yadda Sheena Wagstaff, Leonard A. Lauder, Shugaban Sashen Fasaha na Zamani da Zamani a Gidan Tarihi na Metropolitan, ya bayyana kyautar, "Tun daga gine-ginen magistrate na Thornton Dial zuwa waƙoƙin da aka yi wa ado da zane-zanen Gee's Bend tun daga shekarun 1930 zuwa gaba, wannan rukunin ayyuka na ban mamaki yana ba da gudummawa sosai ga wakilcin gidan kayan tarihi na ayyukan da masu fasaha na Amurka na zamani suka yi kuma yana ƙara yawan mallakar fasahar zamani a tarihi." <ref>[https://burnaway.org/bill-arnett-1939-2020/ Bill Arnett, 1939 – 2020]</ref> == Rubutu == Yayin da tarin fasahar Baƙar fata ta Arnett ke ƙaruwa, ya gamsu cewa waɗanda ake kira masu fasaha na al'adu ko na waje na Kudancin Amurka baƙar fata ƙungiya ce mai haɗin kai ta al'adu kuma ta zama muhimmin babi a cikin fasahar duniya. <ref>[https://burnaway.org/bill-arnett-1939-2020/ Bill Arnett, 1939 – 2020]</ref> Ya shafe shekaru yana tattara takardu masu yawa tare da tattara tarin ayyuka masu mahimmanci don fahimtar wannan al'adar. <ref> name="Sellman">{{Cite web |last=Sellman |first=James |date=Spring–Summer 2011 |title=Truth and Consequences: The 25-Year Friendship of Thornton Dial and Bill Arnett |url=https://folkart.org/mag/thornton-dial-and-bill-arnett |access-date=2 June 2018 |website=Folk Art Messenger |publisher=Folk Art Society of America. folkart.org}}</ref> A shekara ta 2000, a ƙoƙarin gabatar da fasahar baƙar fata ta kudanci ga masu sauraro da yawa, Arnett ya kafa Tinwood Books; <ref>[https://burnaway.org/bill-arnett-1939-2020/ Bill Arnett, 1939 – 2020]</ref> shekara guda bayan ƙaddamar da shirin wallafe-wallafensa, Jane Fonda ta zama mai mallakar kamfanin da kashi 50%. A ƙarƙashin alamar Tinwood, Arnett ya yi gyara tare da ɗansa Paul Arnett, ''Souls Grown Deep: African American Vernacular Art of the South'', wani babban littafi wanda ya ƙunshi zane-zane sama da 1800 kuma ya kai shafuka sama da 1000 a cikin juzu'i biyu. <ref>[https://burnaway.org/bill-arnett-1939-2020/ Bill Arnett, 1939 – 2020]</ref> An gabatar da wani baje kolin mai taken iri ɗaya a Wasannin Olympics na 1996 da aka yi a Atlanta. Bugu da ƙari, Arnett ya gyara da/ko ya rubuta wasu littattafai da yawa tare, ciki har da ''Gee's Bend: The Women and Their Quilts'', ''Gee's Bend: The Architecture of the Quilt'', da ''Thornton Dial in the 21st Century'' . <ref> name="Sellman">{{Cite web |last=Sellman |first=James |date=Spring–Summer 2011 |title=Truth and Consequences: The 25-Year Friendship of Thornton Dial and Bill Arnett |url=https://folkart.org/mag/thornton-dial-and-bill-arnett |access-date=2 June 2018 |website=Folk Art Messenger |publisher=Folk Art Society of America. folkart.org}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutattun 2020]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1939]] nxs6aaru80qzxm5l1yoh0eyycrqdf4d 0 139220 874069 791742 2026-07-02T05:06:07Z Ummeeterh 31568 874069 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Infobox person|suna=Raeesah Noor- Mahomed|birth_date=Shekarar 2002}} {{Databox}} '''Raeesah Noor-Mahomed''' ta kasance yar gwagwarmayar kare yanayi ne na kasar [[Afirka]] ta Kudu wanda ke zaune a kasar [[Cape Town|Cape]]. Wanda ita ce ta kafa kungiyar mai Suna wato matakin canji (Stage for Change). Town == Tarihin rayuwa == A farkon shekarar 2020 ne, ayyukan [[Greta Thunberg]] da barazanar gobarar daji na kasar [[Austriya|Australiya]] ta kawo suka yi mata wahayi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Langa |first=Phumlani S. |date=2020-02-19 |title=SA teens boycott classes on Fridays to protest climate crisis |url=https://www.news24.com/citypress/news/fri-newsletter-rebels-against-extinction-20200219 |access-date=2023-05-18 |website=City Press |language=en-US}}</ref> A matsayinta na daliba mai shekaru 17 a Makarantar 'yan mata ta Parktown, ta shiga Extinction Rebellion da kuma Yunkurin Jumma'a don A gaba, tana zanga-zanga a waje da Majalisar Dokokin Gauteng.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Heywood |first=Mark |date=2020-01-22 |title=South African student embarks on #FridaysForFuture climate strike |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-01-22-south-african-student-embarks-on-fridaysforfuture-climate-strike/ |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}</ref> A kuma watan [[Nuwamba|Nuwambar]] shekarar ta 2021, ta ba da tallafi don shiga cikin zanga-zangar a filin shakatawa na Glasgow a waje da [[Taron Canjin Yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2021|Taron Canjin Yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na shekarar 2021]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Heywood |first=Mark |date=2020-01-22 |title=South African student embarks on #FridaysForFuture climate strike |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-01-22-south-african-student-embarks-on-fridaysforfuture-climate-strike/ |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Brangham |first=William |last2=Lane |first2=Sam |date=2021-11-08 |title=What's at stake at COP26 as climate activists decry 'empty promises' |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/whats-at-stake-at-cop26-as-climate-activists-decry-empty-promises |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=PBS News |language=en-us}}</ref> Masu gwagwarmayar suna neman kulawar kafofin watsa labarai ga masu gwagwarmaya daga yankuna da al'ummomin da ke fama da mummunan sakamako na canjin yanayi, watau Mafi yawan Mutanen da Yankunan da suka shafi (MAPA). <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Evans |first=Julia |date=2021-11-03 |title='I will not be your token': SA activist Raeesah Noor-Mahomed stands up for marginalised voices at COP26 rally |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2021-11-03-i-will-not-be-your-token-sa-activist-raeesah-noor-mahomed-stands-up-for-marginalised-voices-at-cop26-rally/ |access-date=2023-05-18 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}</ref> Thunberg ta tsaya kusa da Noor-Mahomed amma ta ba da kyamarori ga masu gwagwarmayar MAPA maimakon samar da tambayoyi a kanta.<ref name=":2" /> Raeesah Noor-Mahomed tayi jayayya game da gwagwarmayar rikice-rikice, wanda ta danganta da canjin yanayi da mulkin mallaka, wariyar launin fata da [[Adalci na yanayi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Heywood |first=Mark |date=2020-01-22 |title=South African student embarks on #FridaysForFuture climate strike |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-01-22-south-african-student-embarks-on-fridaysforfuture-climate-strike/ |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Heywood |first=Mark |date=2020-01-22 |title=South African student embarks on #FridaysForFuture climate strike |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-01-22-south-african-student-embarks-on-fridaysforfuture-climate-strike/ |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}</ref> == Inda Aka samu Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] s6kui1n6hjg0buw3hq07fkgmid8jmz3 0 139634 873828 790609 2026-07-01T21:07:25Z Ummeeterh 31568 873828 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Gloria Long Anderson''' (An haife ta a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba, 1938) ita ce Farfesa Fuller E. Callaway ta fannin Sinadarai a Kwalejin Morris Brown, kuma mataimakiyar shugabar ta ce kan harkokin ilimi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Administration |url=http://www.morrisbrown.edu/01_06_administration_a.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003155300/http://www.morrisbrown.edu/01_06_administration_a.htm |archive-date=October 3, 2015 |access-date=3 October 2013 |publisher=[[Morris Brown College]]}}</ref> Ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar riƙo ta Morris Brown, kuma mataimakiyar shugabar Hukumar Kula da Watsa Labarai ta Jama'a . Ta kasance majagaba a fannin nazarin tasirin maganadisu na nukiliya, kuma an san ta da nazarin sinadarin fluorine-19 da kuma roka mai ƙarfi. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Anderson a ranar 5 ga [[Nuwamba]], 1938, a Altheimer, Arkansas, inda aka rene ta. Ita ce 'ya ta huɗu, kuma mace ɗaya tilo, a cikin iyali mai 'ya'ya shida. A wata hira da Jeanette E. Brown, ta bayyana cewa ba ta ji wani bambanci ba, duk da cewa ita kaɗai ce 'yar, domin "Na fi yin wasanni tare da su, kamar ƙwallon kwando, ƙwallon softball, da irin waɗannan abubuwa. (...) Ƙaramin ɗan'uwana zai yi wasa da ni 'yan tsana amma sauran ba za su yi ba, amma ka sani, ban yi tunani sosai a kai ba." Ita 'yar Elsie Lee Foggie Long ce, mai dinki, da Charles Long, mai raba gona, tare da karatun aji na goma da na uku, bi da bi. Sun zauna a cikin al'ummar manoma masu bambancin launin fata da na kabilanci. Daga baya, iyayenta biyu sun yi aiki a Pine Bluff Arsenal, mahaifiyarta a Sashen Armament da mahaifinta a matsayin mai gyaran gida. Tun tana ƙarama, ana sa ran za ta taimaka da aikin gona, kuma bayan shekaru, ta bayyana: "A wancan lokacin ba mu san muna rayuwa cikin talauci ba." Iyayenta sun ba ta fifiko a fannin iliminta (da kuma ilimin 'yan'uwanta mata uku tare da 'yan'uwanta mata uku suma sun halarci Jami'ar Arkansas ). Sun ba ta damar fara makarantar firamare tana da shekaru huɗu ("ba sa yin bincike sosai a wancan lokacin" ), wanda a lokacin ta riga ta koyi karatu. Ta halarci makarantun gwamnati daban-daban, ciki har da Makarantar Horarwa ta Altheimer . Ta kasance ɗaliba mai kyau wacce ta tsallake maki, ta kammala karatun digiri na biyu a makarantar sakandare tana da shekaru 16, a 1954. Malaman Makarantar Horarwa ta Altheimer gaba ɗaya 'yan Afirka ne, kuma suna ƙarfafa ɗalibansu sosai. Ta bayyana cewa malamai "sun tura mu mu yi nasara, mu yi fice, saboda suna da sha'awar fitar da ɗalibai masu nasara, masu ilimi sosai. Suna kula da mu sosai." Makarantar ba ta da ilimin kimiyya sosai, kuma ba ta da lissafi sosai. Akwai ayyuka kaɗan da ake da su ga mata 'yan Afirka-Amurka a Altheimer, don haka Anderson ta zaɓi zuwa kwaleji, tana fatan neman aiki. Ba ta da niyyar neman aiki a fannin kimiyya, amma ta yi la'akari da ayyukan da suka shafi ilimin motsa jiki da kuma kayan ado na cikin gida. == Ilimi == === Digiri na farko === Anderson ta fara karatu a Kwalejin Aikin Gona ta Arkansas, Makanikai, da kuma Normal, wata makaranta da gwamnati ke tallafawa ga 'yan Afirka. Ta sami ƙaramin tallafin karatu a shekararta ta farko, sannan ta sami tallafin karatu na Kwalejin Rockefeller Foundation tsakanin 1956 da 1958 don girmama kyawawan makinta. A matsayin wani ɓangare na tallafin karatun, ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar koyarwa, tana taimakawa a azuzuwan sinadarai. <ref> name=":3" </ref> Ta kuma yi aiki a lokacin bazara, tana aiki a masana'antar alewa a Chicago tsakanin shekarunta na farko da na ƙarshe. <ref name=":3" /> Duk da cewa ba ta yi karatun sinadarai a makarantar sakandare ba, da farko ta yi rajista a darussan sinadarai bisa ga ƙarfin hali, saboda ana ɗaukar ilimin sinadarai a matsayin babban fanni mafi wahala. Ta kammala karatunta da digiri a fannin sinadarai da lissafi a shekarar 1958, a matsayin limamin cocin, summa cum laude, na farko a aji 237. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":3" /> Dr. [[Martin Luther King|Martin Luther King Jr.]] shine mai jawabi na farko a bikin kammala karatunta, kuma ya kasance tushen wahayi a tsawon rayuwarta. <ref name=":3" /> Duk da cewa an karɓe ta zuwa digiri na biyu a [[Jami'ar Stanford]], ba ta sami damar yin karatu a can ba saboda rashin kuɗi. Daga nan aka ƙi ta don samun aiki a Kamfanin Ralston Purina a matsayin ƙwararren masanin sinadarai saboda ita baƙar fata ce. Daga baya ta ce "sun yi mini alheri ta hanyar rashin ɗaukar ni aiki, amma ban sani ba a lokacin." === Digiri na biyu === Ba tare da wata mafita ba, Anderson ta koyar da ilimin ƙasa, karatu da lissafi a aji na bakwai a wata makaranta da ke Altheimer na tsawon watanni shida (duk da cewa, ta hanyar shigarta, "Ban ma san wani abu game da ilimin ƙasa fiye da ɗaliban ba" ). Daga nan sai [[Kimuel Alonzo Huggins]], shugaban sashen sinadarai na Jami'ar Atlanta, ya ba ta tallafin Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Ƙasa don yin karatun digiri na biyu a fannin sinadarai. Bayan aurenta da Leonard Sinclair Anderson a shekarar 1960, ta kusan daina shirin saboda matsalar kuɗi, duk da zumunci. <ref name=":2" /> Dr. Huggins ya sake shiga tsakani, kuma ya ba ta kuɗin bincike don ta ci gaba da karatu a dakin gwaje-gwajensa. <ref name=":2" /> Ta yarda, duk da cewa "ba ta ji daɗin" batun bincikensa ba. <ref name=":3" /> Anderson ta sami digirinta na biyu a fannin sinadarai masu gina jiki a Atlanta a shekarar 1961, tare da takardar digirin digirgir da Dr. Huggins ya jagoranta kan wani sabon tsarin hada butadiene, mai taken: "Nazari kan 1-(4-Methylphenyl)-1,3-Butadiene". <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":2" /> Ta yi koyarwa na tsawon shekara guda a Kwalejin Jihar South Carolina da ke Orangeburg . Daga nan Anderson ya koma Atlanta, zuwa Kwalejin Morehouse . Henry Cecil Ransom McBay, "mahaifin baƙar fata masu ilimin sinadarai a Amurka" ya tuntube ta, wanda ya sanya shi a matsayin aikinsa na neman da horar da ƙwararrun masana kimiyyar sinadarai 'yan Afirka-Amurka masu hazaka. Anderson ya yi masa aiki a matsayin malamin kimiyyar sinadarai kuma mataimakin bincike na tsawon shekaru biyu. A cikin kalamanta, Anderson "yana son koyar da ilimin sinadarai masu ilimin sinadarai, domin, da farko, na koyi ilimin sinadarai masu ilimin sinadarai masu yawa yayin da nake koyar da shi." McBay ya ƙarfafa ta ta ci gaba da karatun digirinta na uku. === Digiri na uku (PhD) === Anderson ta fara karatun digirin digirgir a Jami'ar Chicago (McBay's alma mater ) a shekarar 1965, kuma ta sami aikin taimako na bincike da koyarwa. A shekararta ta farko, ita ce kaɗai ɗalibar baƙar fata, mai cikakken lokaci a fannin sinadarai na halitta. Ta koyar da ɗaliban sinadarai na mata fararen fata a shekararta ta farko, amma ta yanke shawarar mayar da hankali kan kanta lokacin da ta fahimci cewa, saboda wariyar launin fata da ta yi yawa a lokacin, suna da fa'idodi da ba ta da su. <ref name=":3" /> A cikin hirarta da Jeannette E. Brown, ta ba da labarin wani lamari inda ta faɗi jarrabawar shekara ta farko (prelims, "karo na farko da na taɓa faɗi wani abu a rayuwata") kuma ta sami shawarar cewa kada ta karɓe ta. Duk da cewa kowa a cikin ajin ya faɗi prelim, yawancinsu sun sami shawarar karɓe ta. Lokacin da ta fuskanci mai ba ta shawara, ya gaya mata cewa ta sami maki na biyu mafi girma a cikin ƙungiyar. <ref name=":3" /> Saboda haka, Anderson ta yi bazara tana neman aiki a Chicago, kuma tana bincika littafin karatun sinadarai na halitta na halitta. Daga baya ta sami kiran waya daga Jami'ar Chicago, tare da tayin aiki don yin aiki tare da Dr. Leon Stock a matsayin mataimakin bincike. <ref name=":3" /> Domin gwada ƙwarewarta, ya sanya mata aikin da babu ɗayan ɗalibansa da ya kammala zuwa yanzu: yin 9-fluora-anthracene daga wani tsari da aka bayyana a cikin wata takarda ta Faransa. Anderson, wanda bai taɓa yin karatun Faransanci ba, ya je kantin sayar da littattafai, ya sayi ƙamus na Faransanci, ya fassara takardar, kuma ya yi gwajin cikin nasara a gwajinta na farko. <ref name=":3" /> Daga baya ta sake yin gwajin farko, ta kuma ci nasara. <ref name=":3" /> Ta ji daɗin gogewarta a dakin gwaje-gwajen Dr. Stock, don haka ta ci gaba da bincikenta tare da shi, tana aiki akan tasirin maganadisu na nukiliya da kuma canjin mitar CF infrared na fluorine-19, kuma ta buga aƙalla takarda ɗaya kafin ta kammala rubutun digirinta (wanda suka rubuta "a ƙarshen mako"). Anderson za ta yi aiki a dakin gwaje-gwaje da rana, sannan ta yi aikin digirinta da daddare a gida. <ref name=":3" /> Ta kasance majagaba a fannin nazarin sinadarin fluorine Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy ("babu wanda ya san yadda ake amfani da shi sai ni"). <ref name=":3" /> A tsawon lokacin da ta yi a Jami'ar Chicago, Thomas Cole (wanda daga baya ya zama shugaban Jami'ar Clark Atlanta ) ya ba ta jagoranci. Cole tana aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar koyarwa, kuma ita ce ta koya mata muhimman abubuwan NMR. <ref name=":3" /> Anderson ta sami digirinta na Ph.D. na kimiyyar sinadarai na jiki. a shekarar 1968. Takardar karatunta mai taken: "19F Sinadaran Canji Don Kwayoyin Kekuna da Ƙamshi ". <ref name=":3" /> A cikin takardar da ta samo asali daga takardar bincikenta, ta ƙirƙiro kalmar "canji na sinadarai masu maye gurbinsu". <ref name=":3" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Administration |url=http://www.morrisbrown.edu/01_06_administration_a.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003155300/http://www.morrisbrown.edu/01_06_administration_a.htm |archive-date=October 3, 2015 |access-date=3 October 2013 |publisher=[[Morris Brown College]]}}</ref> == Sana'a == === Ilimi === A shekarar 1968, Anderson ta zaɓi gudanar da binciken digirin digirgir a wata [[Kwalejoji da Jami'o'i na Baƙar Fata a Tarihi|kwaleji ta Baƙar fata ta tarihi]] ("bai kawo wani canji ba" ) bayan kisan gillar da aka yi wa Martin Luther King Jr. a watan Afrilu na wannan shekarar, kuma ta ɗauki wannan gudunmawarta ga [[Ƙungiyar Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin jama'a]] ta Amurka. Ta san a lokacin cewa wasu daga cikin abokanta sun ɗauki wannan zaɓin a matsayin "kashe kai na ƙwararru", kuma ita da kanta ta yi imanin cewa da ta cimma abubuwa da yawa a wani yanayi daban. <ref name=":0" /> Duk da haka, ta dage kan ƙudurinta, kuma ta ƙi tayin da yawancin jami'o'in farar fata suka yi a tsawon aikinta. <ref name=":0" /> A cikin hirarta da Jeannette E. Brown, ta bayyana dalilinta: "Ina so in je kwalejin Baƙar fata don ba wa ɗaliban damar samun irin ilimin da na samu; domin na ji daga inda na fito cewa kusan ba zai yiwu ba in sami irin horon da na samu. (...) Na matsa shingen waya." <ref name=":3" /> Bisa shawarar Dr. McBay, Anderson ta nemi mukamin shugaba a sashen ilmin sunadarai na Kwalejin Morris Brown da ke Atlanta. An ba ta wannan mukamin, kuma ta zama farfesa a kwalejin. A matsayinta na shugabar sashen sinadarai, ta yi gagarumin ci gaba domin kungiyar masana sinadarai ta Amurka ta amince da shi. <ref name=":2" /> Duk da samun wasu tayin aiki, Anderson ta zabi ta ci gaba da zama a Morris Brown saboda "falsafar ilimi a Morris Brown, domin Morris Brown ta dauki wasu daga cikin daliban da suka fi hazaka a can, amma a lokaci guda, Morris Brown ta ba wa daliban da ba sa cikin manyan makarantu damar shigowa nan." <ref name=":3" /> Baya ga alkawuran koyarwa, tun daga lokacin bazara na 1969, Anderson ta gudanar da bincike bayan digirin digirgir a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Georgia, inda ta yi aiki tare da Dr. [[Charles L. Liotta]] kan "Nazari kan tsarin epoxidation". <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":3" /> Anderson ta bayyana cewa lokacin da ta shiga Morris Brown, Mataimakiyar Shugabar Harkokin Ilimi ta gaya mata cewa cibiyar koyarwa ce, kuma idan tana son yin bincike, "kina yin hakan ne a lokacinki." Don haka, ta ce: "Na yi shi ne a lokacina. Ina aiki da yamma da Asabar da Lahadi. (...) Na ƙuduri aniyar yin [bincike]. Amma mafi mahimmanci, ina son bincike, kuma har yanzu ina son bincike." <ref name=":3" /> Anderson ta ci gaba da bincikenta kan fluorine-19 da hulɗarsa da sauran ƙwayoyin halitta, tana amfani da shi don bincika halayen haɗakarwa. Binciken Anderson ya kuma rufe hanyoyin epoxidating, roka mai ƙarfi, haɗa magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta, mahaɗan magunguna masu ɗauke da fluoride, da amantadines da aka maye gurbinsu. An yi amfani da aikinta ga magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta . Ta sami haƙƙin mallaka don aikinta a 2001 da 2009. A tsawon aikinta, ta sha wahala wajen samun kuɗi, kuma ta danganta yawancin wannan da wariyar launin fata na lokacin. Ta yi amfani da kuɗi daga albashinta don ba da kuɗin bincikenta. A cikin hirarta da Jeanette E. Brown a shekarar 2009, ta bayyana: "ya bayyana a gare ni cewa idan ina Kwalejin Morris Brown, wata kwaleji da ba ta da tarihin bincike a fannin sinadarai ko ilmin halitta kamar haka, cewa babu wanda zai ba ni kuɗi don bincike. (...) Don haka, na yanke shawara, to, zan yi bincike komai ya faru. (...) Na biya [ɗalibai] daga aljihuna, kuma na caji hakan a katin kiredit dina. Har ma a yau, ban san nawa nake bin lauyoyin haƙƙin mallaka ba, amma ni da kaina na biya duk waɗannan abubuwan haƙƙin mallaka." A shekarar 1973, ta zama Farfesa Fuller E. Callaway na Kimiyyar Sinadarai da Shugaba, wanda ta koma gare shi a shekarar 1990 bayan ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar Harkokin Ilimi daga 1984 zuwa 1989. Anderson ta yi aiki a matsayin Mai Bincike na Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Ƙasa (1981) da Mai Ba da Shawara kan Bincike (1982) ga Kamfanin Lockheed Georgia, daga baya kuma ta zama Mai Bincike na SCEE na Dakin Gwaji na Rundunar Sojojin Sama ta Amurka a Edwards Air Force Base (1984). Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga IPECS Holland, wani kamfanin bincike kan sinadarai da magunguna na ƙasar Holland (1990). <ref name=":3" /> Anderson ya zama shugaban riƙo na Morris Brown sau biyu, daga 1992 zuwa 1993 da kuma a 1998, kuma shi ne shugaban kimiyya da fasaha daga 1995 zuwa 1997. Tun daga 1999 zuwa {{As of|2009}} , ita ce Farfesa Fuller E. Callaway na Kimiyyar Sinadarai. Sau biyu, ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar riƙo ta Morris Brown. Tun daga shekarar 2011, Anderson tana aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar shugaban Kwalejin Morris Brown. An ambaci Anderson a cikin masana kimiyya masu hazaka a [[Atlanta|Atlanta, Georgia]], a shekarar 1983 ta ''mujallar Atlanta'' . An kuma ambaci sunan ta a cikin Fitattun Malaman Baƙar fata a Atlanta a cikin bugun SuccessGuide na 1991. === A wajen ilimi === A wajen ilimi, Shugaba Richard Nixon ya naɗa Anderson na tsawon shekaru shida a hukumar gudanarwa ta Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Jama'a (CPB) a shekarar 1972. A gaskiya ma, ta yi aiki shekaru bakwai saboda jinkirin tabbatar da wanda zai gaje ta. A lokacin da take CPB, ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugabar kwamitoci kan Horar da 'Yan tsiraru, 'Yan tsiraru da Mata, da Ci gaban Albarkatun Bil Adama, daga baya kuma ta zama mataimakiyar shugabar hukumar daga 1977 zuwa 1979. Anderson ta yi aiki tukuru don ƙarfafa nuna kyawawan halaye na 'yan tsiraru a cikin watsa shirye-shiryen jama'a. A tsawon aikinta, Anderson ta riƙe mukamai da dama na gudanarwa da jagoranci na kwamiti, ciki har da shugabar Kwamitin Nazarin Watsa Labarai na Jama'a na Babban Atlanta (1974-1976), a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar Hukumar Watsa Labarai ta Jama'a ta Atlanta (1980-1982), da kuma a Kwalejin Morris Brown, shugabar Kwamitin Ƙorafe-ƙorafe na Ingantawa da Zamantakewa na Ad Hoc (2000), shugabar Ƙungiyar Tsare-tsaren Ilimi (2003), shugabar Ƙungiyar Kula da Malamai (2003) da kuma shugabar Majalisar Harkokin Ilimi (2004). Ta kuma kasance a kwamitin ba da shawara ga [[Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna|Hukumar Kula da Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka.]] == Rayuwa ta sirri == Ta auri Leonard Sinclair Anderson, malamin makaranta a shekarar 1960. A Chicago, yayin da Anderson ke karatun digirin digirgir, Leonard ya halarci Kwalejin Kiɗa ta Chicago, inda ya kammala karatun digiri na biyu. Da yake magana game da aurenta, Anderson ta ce: "a wancan lokacin, kun sani, ba a 'yantar da mu ba, don haka ba mu san cewa ba a kamata mu yi girki da tsaftacewa da duk waɗannan ba. Na yi duk wannan, haka kuma na kammala karatun digiri na biyu. Na yi aure. Na dawo gida. Na dafa abinci na wanke-wanke da goge-goge duk lokacin da na yi aure." Leonard da Gloria sun rabu a shekarar 1977. Anderson yana da ɗa ɗaya, Gerald (wanda aka haifa a shekarar 1961). A hirarta da Jeanette E. Brown, Anderson ta bayyana cewa: "Dole ne in tabbatar da kaina a duk inda na je. Dole ne in tabbatar da kaina a Chicago. Lokacin da na tabbatar da kaina, ban sami wata matsala ba. Lokacin da na je Georgia Tech a matsayin mai digiri na biyu, dole ne in tabbatar da kaina. Bayan na tabbatar da kaina, ban sami wata matsala ba. (...) Ma'anar ita ce, ba su kula da ni ba, domin ba su san na san komai ba. Ba su yi tunanin na san abin da nake magana a kai ba. Haka yake a duk lokacin da na gabatar da kaina a fannin ilmin sunadarai." An ruwaito Anderson yana cewa, ga ƙungiyar masana kimiyya matasa, "[Ka] iya yin duk abin da kake son yi. Za ka iya zama duk abin da kake son zama. Duk da haka, dole ne ka ƙuduri aniyar yin aiki tuƙuru. Bai kamata ka bar kowa ya bayyana ko kai wanene da abin da za ka iya yi ba." Ta ƙara da cewa, "Kamar yadda Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. ya faɗa a lokacin kammala karatuna na kwaleji, kuma ina fassara shi, 'Kada ka fita don zama ƙwararren masanin kimiyya baƙar fata, Ka fita don zama ƙwararren masanin kimiyya." == Daraja == Anderson memba ne na Ƙungiyar Sinadarai ta Amurka, Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Ƙasa, da Ƙungiyar Malaman Kimiyya ta Ƙasa . Ta sami kyaututtuka da kyaututtuka da dama, ciki har da: * Kwalejin Rockefeller, (1956-1958) * Kyautar Bugu na Shida, Babi na Atlanta, Ƙungiyar Matan Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai ta Ƙasa (1978) <ref name=":3" /> * Kyautar Shugabar Mata, Babi na Atlanta, Ƙungiyar Matan Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai ta Ƙasa (1978) <ref name=":3" /> * Kyautar Sabis na Watsa Labarai na Jama'a, Babi na Atlanta, Ƙungiyar Matan Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai ta Ƙasa (1978) <ref name=":3" /> * Fitattun Mata Baƙaƙe, Ƙungiyar Utopian (1979) <ref name=":3" /> * Ƙungiyar Bincike ta Masana'antu ta Malamai, Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Ƙasa (1981) <ref name=":3" /> * Takardar Shaidar Godiya, Jihar Georgia (1982) * Kundin Girmamawa daga Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta 'Yan Kasuwa da Mata Masu Ƙwararru ta Negro (1983) <ref name=":2" /> * Ƙungiyar Bincike ta Malamai, Cibiyar Ilimi ta Injiniyan Lantarki ta Kudu maso Gabas, Ofishin Sojan Sama don Binciken Kimiyya (1984) <ref name=":3" /> * Kyautar Godiya, Dakin Gwaji na Jirgin Sama na Rocket Propulsion (1984) <ref name=":3" /> * Bayanin Shugaban Ƙasa game da Amincewa da Kwarewar da Aka Kware da Suka Girmama My Alma Mater, Ƙungiyar Ƙasa don Daidaito Damar Ilimi Mai Girma (1986) <ref name=":3" /> * Kyautar Kyawun Taurari na Tsofaffi a fannin Ilimi, Jami'ar Arkansas da ke Pine Bluff (1987) <ref name=":3" /> * YWCA Gaisuwa ga Matan da Suka Samu Nasara (1989) <ref name=":3" /> * Kyautar Malami Mai Kyau ta UNCF, Asusun Kwalejin United Negro (1989-1990) <ref name=":3" /> * "Mata Masu Launi a Gwagwarmaya", Ƙungiyar Likitoci LTD (1991) <ref name=":3" /> * "Gaisuwa ga Iyaye Mata Baƙaƙe: Saboda Gudummawar da Suka Yi Wa Al'ummar Baƙaƙe", Limaman Baƙaƙe Masu Damuwa na Metro Atlanta, Inc. (1992, 1998) <ref name=":3" /> * Sanarwa, "Gloria Long Anderson Day", Birnin Atlanta, Georgia (1993) <ref name=":3" /> * Fitaccen ɗan ƙasar Georgia, Jihar Georgia (1998) <ref name=":3" /> * Kyautar Girmamawa ta Scroll of Honor, Jami'ar Arkansas da ke Pine Bluff (2002) Ta sami kyaututtuka da dama na koyarwa a lokacin da take Kwalejin Morris Brown, ciki har da: * Kyautar Hidima Mai Kyau, Ɗaliban Ayyuka Na Musamman, Kwalejin Morris Brown (1970) * Malami Mai Kyau, Babban Aji, Kwalejin Morris Brown (1976) <ref name=":3" /> * Kyautar Sabis Mai Kyau, Shirin Taimakon Dalibai, Kwalejin Morris Brown (1977) <ref name=":3" /> * Kyautar Malamin Shekara (1983) * Ɗakin Shahararrun Malamai/Ma'aikata, Ajin Manyan Malamai, Kwalejin Morris Brown (1983) <ref name=":3" /> * Kyauta ta Musamman ga Sabis, Kwalejin Morris Brown (1983) <ref name=":3" /> * Kyautar Godiya, Shirin Upward Bound, Kwalejin Morris Brown (1983) <ref name=":3" /> * Plaque na Godiya, Ajin Shirye-shiryen Shirye-shirye na 1985, Kwalejin Morris Brown (1985) <ref name=":3" /> * Kyautar Sabis Sama da Kai, shirye-shiryen TRIO, Kwalejin Morris Brown (1985) <ref name=":3" /> * Kyautar Godiya, Gidan Abinci na Scholars, Kwalejin Morris Brown (1989-1990) <ref name=":3" /> * Kofin Godiya, Shirin Upward Bound na Kwalejin Morris Brown (1991) <ref name=":3" /> * Kyautar Ilimi Mai Kyau, Sashen Yammacin Georgia, Ƙungiyar Tsoffin Ɗaliban Ƙasa ta Kwalejin Morris Brown (1999) <ref name=":3" /> An kuma keɓe wasu takardu na godiya domin girmama ta: * Taya murna Plaque, Arkansas Ƙungiyar Tsoffin Ɗaliban Kwalejin AM & N. (1973) * Taswirar Godiya, Ƙungiyar Watsa Labarai ta Jama'a ta 'Yan Asalin Amurka (1977) <ref name=":3" /> * Takardar Godiya, Ƙungiyar Aiki Kan Ƙananan 'Yan tsiraru a Watsa Labarai na Jama'a (1978) <ref name=":3" /> * Appreciation Plaque, Metro SYETP, DeKalb County SYETP, da Upward Bound (1985) <ref name=":3" /> * Alamar Yabo, Taron Makarantar Martin/Altheimer (1986) <ref name=":3" /> * Allon Taurari, Nasara, Bikin Ranar Kafawa ta 120, Jami'ar Arkansas da ke Pine Bluff (1993) <ref name=":3" /> * Plaque na Godiya, Shirye-shiryen TRIO na Kwalejin Morris Brown (1996, 1997) <ref name=":3" /> * Filayen Recognition, Kwalejin Morris Brown (1998) <ref name=":3" /> * Takardar Godiya, "Don godiya ga Jagorancin Malamai", Malaman Kwalejin Morris Brown (2004) <ref name=":3" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1938]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 68krxca57pqdmiwrz3dazzp1euu54ex 0 139764 874273 816836 2026-07-02T10:46:44Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 874273 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Nedra "NedRa" Bonds''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1948) 'yar Amurka ce mai gyaran gashi, mai fafutuka, kuma malamar da ta yi ritaya, an haife ta kuma ta girma a unguwar tarihi ta Quindaro da ke Kansas City, Kansas . Bonds tana ƙirƙirar barguna da tsana mai gauraye ta amfani da yadi, beads, da alamomi don bincika batutuwan da suka shafi [[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|haƙƙin ɗan adam]], launin fata, [[Mace|mata]], [[siyasa]], da [[Yanayi na halitta|muhalli]] . An fi saninta da ''Quindaro Quilt'', bargo mai tsawon {{Nowrap|4 by 6 feet}}, wanda ke bayyana muhimman tarihin unguwar Quindaro da rawar da take takawa a matsayin wani ɓangare na Tsarin [[Hanyar jirgin ƙasa ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa|Layin Dogon Ƙasa]] na Ƙasa na Hanyoyin Tarihi. <ref name="ArtistFile: Tangled Roots">{{Cite web |title=Nedra Bonds: artist file |url=http://libraryonesearch.nelson-atkins.org/SARL:Local_SARL:LHL_VOYAGER881302 |access-date=July 25, 2018 |website=Spencer Art Reference Library Catalog |publisher=Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art |pages=Article: Tangled Roots: Voices, Visions, & the Spirit of Home: NedRa Bonds (Official Website): Artist Statement |oclc=904727803 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A matsayinta na mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin al'umma da kuma mai ilimi, Bonds tana fafutukar kare doka, tana koyar da bita a cikin gida da kuma ƙasashen duniya, kuma ta halarci Taron Koli na Duniya kan Muhalli da Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a matsayin wakili a Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, a shekara ta 1992. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nedra Bonds: artist file |url=http://libraryonesearch.nelson-atkins.org/SARL:Local_SARL:LHL_VOYAGER881302 |access-date=July 25, 2018 |website=Spencer Art Reference Library Catalog |publisher=Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art |pages=Newspaper Article: ''The Kansas City Star'' 1992: "KCK's outspoken voice for the Earth" by Michael Mansur |oclc=904727803 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Bonds mai fasaha ce kuma malamar da ta yi ritaya a Kansas City, Kansas. Ayyukanta na baya-bayan nan sun haɗa da barguna ''na Common Threads'', <ref>{{Cite web |title=2014 Reasons to Believe Alumni Honor Roll: Nedra Bonds |url=https://kckps.org/index.php/nedra-bonds |access-date=August 7, 2018 |website=Kansas City Kansas Public Schools}}</ref> da Kansas City Chiefs ta ba da umarnin a yi don Arrowhead Arts Collection, da ''Wak'ó Mujeres Phụ nữ Women Mural'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Wak'ó Mujeres Phụ nữ Women Mural |url=https://rocketgrants.org/rocket-grants-projects/the-projects-2017-2018/wako-mujeres-phu-nu-women-mural/ |access-date=July 12, 2018 |website=Rocket Grants: Charlotte Street Foundation: KU Spencer Museum of Art}}</ref>, wanda Shirin Tallafin Rocket na Gidauniyar Charlotte Street ya ɗauki nauyinsa, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rocket Grants |url=http://charlottestreet.org/awards/rocket-grants/ |access-date=August 1, 2018 |website=Charlotte Street |archive-date=August 5, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805030048/http://charlottestreet.org/awards/rocket-grants/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> a Lawrence, Kansas, da kuma aikinta na cutar kansa na baya-bayan nan. Gwamnan Kansas Joan Finney ya naɗa Bonds a Hukumar Fasaha ta Kansas a shekarar 1992. <ref name="ArtistFile: Tangled Roots" /> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Bonds a unguwar tarihi ta Quindaro da ke Kansas City, Kansas, ga dangin masu gyaran gashi. Mahaifiyarta, Georgia Elizabeth Patton (née Goff), da kakarta ta uba, Juanita Patton, duk masu gyaran gashi ne. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nedra Bonds: artist file |url=http://libraryonesearch.nelson-atkins.org/SARL:Local_SARL:LHL_VOYAGER881302 |access-date=July 25, 2018 |website=Spencer Art Reference Library Catalog |publisher=Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art |pages=Newspaper Article: ''The Kansas City Star'' 1992: "KCK's outspoken voice for the Earth" by Michael Mansur |oclc=904727803 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Mahaifinta, William Patton, ya yi aiki a matsayin kyaftin na 'yan sanda. An koya wa Bonds dinki a lokacin da take da shekaru shida, yana cewa "Don haka na koyi dinki 10 a kan haɗin gwiwa na farko da ke hannuna, kuma idan ban yi 10 ba to dole ne in fitar da su in sake yin su." <ref name="BBC 2016" /> Ta ci gaba da ba wa jikokinta biyu waɗannan ƙwarewar. Bonds ta shiga makaranta a 1954, shekarar Brown da Hukumar Ilimi, tana tunawa da cewa "Na yi shekaru uku na farko a makarantu daban-daban. Sannan aka haɗa ni da makarantar da duk malamai fararen fata ne, kuma batun ba shi da alaƙa da ni." Bonds ba ta fahimci ba sai daga baya a rayuwata cewa shiga makaranta a tsakiyar [[Ƙungiyar Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Bil'adama]] ta taimaka mata wajen tsara ta a matsayin mai fasaha da mai fafutuka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=2014 Reasons to Believe Alumni Honor Roll: Nedra Bonds |url=https://kckps.org/index.php/nedra-bonds |access-date=August 7, 2018 |website=Kansas City Kansas Public Schools}}</ref> Bonds ta sami digirinta na farko a fannin fasaha a Jami'ar Kansas a fannin Nazarin Amurka da kuma digirinta na biyu a fannin Kimiyya a Jami'ar Jihar Kansas a fannin Ilimi a Birane . <ref name="ArtistFile: bio, resume, statement">{{Cite web |title=Nedra Bonds : artist file |url=http://libraryonesearch.nelson-atkins.org/SARL:Local_SARL:LHL_VOYAGER881302 |access-date=July 25, 2018 |website=Spencer Art Reference Library Catalog |publisher=Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art |pages=Packet: Artist biography, resume, and statement |oclc=904727803 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A lokacin da nake ƙarami, Bonds ya daina yin bargo don neman ƙarin matsayin masu fafutuka ta hanyar shiga cikin al'umma; "Da zarar na iya, na daina yin bargo don tayar da hankali ta kowace hanya da ta kasance mai ma'ana a gare ni a lokacin. Rubuta wasiƙu, zama a gida, kai ma ka ambaci hakan. Shekarun 1960 ne da kuma ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin jama'a." == Sana'a == [[File:Quindaro_Quilt,_created_by_Kansas_City_artist_NedRa_Bonds,_illustrates_the_history_of_Old_Quindaro_neighborhood.jpg|right|thumb|''Quindaro Quilt'' ta NedRa Bonds]] === ''Quindaro Quilt'' da ''Idan Da Dirt Zai Iya Magana'' === An yi wa takardun kuɗi kwarin gwiwa don sake fara aikin dinki a shekarar 1989, don nuna rashin amincewa da wata matsala ta doka a garin Quindaro . An gabatar da dokar da za ta ba Browning Ferris Industries damar gina wurin zubar da shara a saman wurin makabartar Quindaro ta Tsohon. Bonds sun yi mata ''Quindaro Quilt'' don nuna rashin amincewa, don jaddada tarihin Quindaro mai rikitarwa da mahimmanci a matsayin tasha a kan Tsarin Layin Dogon Jirgin Ƙasa na Ƙasa na Hanyoyin Tarihi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nedra Bonds: artist file |url=http://libraryonesearch.nelson-atkins.org/SARL:Local_SARL:LHL_VOYAGER881302 |access-date=July 25, 2018 |website=Spencer Art Reference Library Catalog |publisher=Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art |pages=Newspaper Article: ''The Kansas City Star'' 1992: "KCK's outspoken voice for the Earth" by Michael Mansur |oclc=904727803 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Bonds sun halarci tarurrukan majalisar birni kusan duk bayan makonni biyu na tsawon shekaru takwas. A waɗannan tarurrukan, za ta fitar da bargonta kuma na tsawon mintuna biyar da aka ba ta ta yi amfani da shi a matsayin abin tarihi don nuna irin "...cin zarafi ne a jefar da duk wannan da sunan wurin zubar da shara". A wannan lokacin ne Bonds ta haɗu da abokin aikinta kuma abokinta na gaba, Nancy Dawson. ''If Da Dirt Could Talk'' haɗin gwiwa ne tsakanin marubucin wasan kwaikwayo, farfesa, kuma mai wasan kwaikwayo Nancy Dawson da mai gyaran gashi da mai fafutuka NedRa Bonds. Tare da tallafin Rocket Grant na Charlotte Street Foundation, Bonds da Dawson sun ƙirƙiri jerin ayyukan da suka shafi zamantakewa waɗanda suka tattauna tarihin Old Quindaro da aka yi watsi da su. <ref name="Rocket Grants: If Da Dirt Could Talk">{{Cite web |title=If Da Dirt Could Talk |url=http://rocketgrants.org/rocket-grants-projects/the-projects-2013-2014/if-da-dirt-could-talk/ |access-date=August 2, 2018 |website=Rocket Grants: Charlotte Street Foundation: Spencer Museum of Art}}</ref> Wahayi kai tsaye ga Dawson ya fito ne daga labaran kakarta, Elizabeth Thompson, wacce ta tsere wa bauta ga Old Quindaro kuma daga ƙarshe aka binne ta a makabartar Old Quindaro. <ref name="Rocket Grants: If Da Dirt Could Talk" /> A matsayin wani ɓangare na wannan aikin, Bonds ta yi tafiya zuwa makarantun gwamnati a yankin Kansas City, tana jagorantar bita kan jaruman al'umma da tarihin gida. Ta koyar da yara game da jaruman gida, kamar mawaƙiya kuma mai wasan kwaikwayo Janelle Monae da aka haifa a Quindaro, kuma ta buga zane-zanen jaruman yara a kan zane, wanda daga nan ta haɗa su cikin ''Jaruman Jarumai'' . Bonds da Dawson sun ƙirƙiri barguna don wannan aikin, waɗanda aka haɗa su a cikin shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo na Dawson na asali, ''Stories From da Dirt'', wanda aka gudanar a Makabartar Old Quindaro. Ta hanyar yin bargo da wasan kwaikwayo, Bonds da Dawson sun yi ƙoƙarin wayar da kan al'ummominsu game da jaruman yau da kullun da kuma tarihin da ke tattare da wuraren da mutane ke zaune. A bikin bayar da kyautar Rocket na 2016 a La Esquina, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nedra Bonds: artist file |url=http://libraryonesearch.nelson-atkins.org/SARL:Local_SARL:LHL_VOYAGER881302 |access-date=July 25, 2018 |website=Spencer Art Reference Library Catalog |publisher=Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art |pages=Newspaper Article: ''The Kansas City Star'' 1992: "KCK's outspoken voice for the Earth" by Michael Mansur |oclc=904727803 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Bonds sun yi tunani kan ''"Idan Da Dirt Zai Iya Magana / Aikin Jarumi Mai Zane'' ", suna gabatar da mai zane, mai shiryawa, da kuma mai fafutuka Michael Toombs a matsayin "misali mai rai" na gwarzo na yau da kullun. <ref>{{Cite web |title=2014 Reasons to Believe Alumni Honor Roll: Nedra Bonds |url=https://kckps.org/index.php/nedra-bonds |access-date=August 7, 2018 |website=Kansas City Kansas Public Schools}}</ref> === Adalci na zamantakewa da shigar al'umma === A shekarar 2010, Bonds ta sami kyautar Inspiration Council of Metropolitan Kansas City, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nedra Bonds: artist file |url=http://libraryonesearch.nelson-atkins.org/SARL:Local_SARL:LHL_VOYAGER881302 |access-date=July 25, 2018 |website=Spencer Art Reference Library Catalog |publisher=Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art |pages=Newspaper Article: ''The Kansas City Star'' 1992: "KCK's outspoken voice for the Earth" by Michael Mansur |oclc=904727803 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> wadda ta yi amfani da ita wajen ƙirƙirar bargo don murnar cika shekaru 40 da kafa Cibiyar Mata ta UMKC, a matsayin wani ɓangare na baje kolin ''Her Art: Who Does She thought She is'', wanda ya fara daga 1 ga Afrilu zuwa 13 ga Mayu, 2011. ''Rigar Mata ta Equity'', <ref>{{Cite web |title=2014 Reasons to Believe Alumni Honor Roll: Nedra Bonds |url=https://kckps.org/index.php/nedra-bonds |access-date=August 7, 2018 |website=Kansas City Kansas Public Schools}}</ref> wani aiki na haɗin gwiwa inda Kansas City da membobin al'ummar UMKC kowannensu suka yi murabba'i ɗaya don babban bargo, an amince da ita a duk faɗin ƙasar ta Jami'ar Nebraska-Lincoln da Jami'ar Michigan a matsayin "ƙoƙarin al'umma mai kyau wajen magance adalci na zamantakewa". <ref name="ArtistFile: Tangled Roots"/> Bonds ta koyar da bita a gida ga yaran makaranta a birnin Kansas da kuma na ƙasashen duniya ga mata a [[Nairobi|Nairobi, Kenya]] ta hanyar Shirin Magance Matsalolin Al'umma na 1994, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nedra Bonds: artist file |url=http://libraryonesearch.nelson-atkins.org/SARL:Local_SARL:LHL_VOYAGER881302 |access-date=July 25, 2018 |website=Spencer Art Reference Library Catalog |publisher=Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art |pages=Newspaper Article: ''The Kansas City Star'' 1992: "KCK's outspoken voice for the Earth" by Michael Mansur |oclc=904727803 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Arusha|Arusha, Tanzania]], da [[Port-au-Prince|Port-au-Prince, Haiti]] . A shekarar 2008, ta halarci taron Ƙungiyar Nazarin Amurka a [[Istanbul|Istanbul, Turkiyya]] . Kwanan nan aka gayyaci Bonds don shiga wani musayar kuɗi a Cuba, tare da sauran masu fasaha a fannin yadi. <ref name="ArtistFile: Tangled Roots"/> Bonds ta bayyana niyyarta ta yin zane a matsayin ƙirƙirar "ƙananan canje-canje a fahimta" <ref name="ArtistFile: bio, resume, statement"/> waɗanda ke haifar da canjin zamantakewa. Ta yi amfani da canje-canjen da take yi a kan masana'anta don kwatanta matsalolin zamantakewa na yanzu, da kuma taimaka wa masu kallo su yi tunani game da su ta hanyoyi sababbi da mahimmanci. Ta kwatanta ƙananan canje-canje a cikin aikinta da ƙaramin canjin yin amfani da "R" a cikin NedRa—"Ina rubuta sunana da babban 'R' don ART… Don haka, kamar yadda canza 'R' a cikin sunana ke haifar da sabon hali gaba ɗaya, ƙananan canje-canje a fahimta, zai iya canza al'umma." <ref name="ArtistFile: bio, resume, statement" /> A yayin da take tattaunawa kan bargon da ta yi a matsayin martani ga harbin Michael Brown a Ferguson, Missouri, mai taken Fist and The Finger, Bonds ta yi tsokaci kan yadda ta yi amfani da bargon a matsayin wani dandamali mai laushi na zamantakewa: "Wannan hanya ce ta haifar da tashin hankali ba tare da tsoratar da kowa ba. Bayan haka, yadi ne kawai. Lokacin da muka shigo wannan duniyar, suna naɗe mu da zane. Idan muka bar duniya, suna naɗe mu da zane. Yadi ne kawai!" Don wannan bargon, Bonds ta haɗa da hannaye baƙi, fari, da launin ruwan kasa, waɗanda yawancinsu ana ɗaga su sama da nufin " Hannu sama, kada ku harba ", rubutun da ke bayan bargon da taken da aka ƙirƙira a kusa da kalmomi da ayyukan ƙarshe na Michael Brown. Ƙananan jaruman masu ra'ayin ra'ayi suna kewaye da dunkulewar tsakiya, suna nuna kai tsaye ga mai kallo. Masu ra'ayin ra'ayi suna wakiltar yara a makaranta, suna yi wa ƙungiya murna kuma suna ɗaga hannayensu a aji; "Ya kamata yara su ɗaga hannuwansu sama kawai don yin tambayoyi a aji ko bayar da ra'ayi. Kuma ya kamata su yi amfani da dunkulewarsu don yi wa ƙungiyarsu murna, ba faɗa a kan tituna ba." [[File:The_Fist_&_The_Finger,_mixed-media_quilt,_created_by_NedRa_Bonds,_2014.jpg|right|thumb|''Fist and The Finger'' by NedRa Bonds]] Bonds ta daɗe tana koyarwa a makarantu daban-daban a birnin Kansas, amma ta yi ritaya don ta sadaukar da kanta ga aikinta na fasaha. Har yanzu tana cikin al'ummarta, tana aiki a kan ayyukan zane-zane na haɗin gwiwa kamar ''Wak'ó Mujeres Phụ nữ Mural na Mata'' da kuma sigar ta biyu ta zane-zane na Dave Lowenstein na ''Pollinators'', <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nedra Bonds: artist file |url=http://libraryonesearch.nelson-atkins.org/SARL:Local_SARL:LHL_VOYAGER881302 |access-date=July 25, 2018 |website=Spencer Art Reference Library Catalog |publisher=Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art |pages=Newspaper Article: ''The Kansas City Star'' 1992: "KCK's outspoken voice for the Earth" by Michael Mansur |oclc=904727803 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> duka a Lawrence, Kansas. An haɗa da misalin Bonds a cikin zane mai taken ''Kansas Women Work for Justice'' a Topeka, Kansas . <ref>{{Cite web |title=2014 Reasons to Believe Alumni Honor Roll: Nedra Bonds |url=https://kckps.org/index.php/nedra-bonds |access-date=August 7, 2018 |website=Kansas City Kansas Public Schools}}</ref> === Sauran ayyuka === Bonds yana ɗaukar alama daga al'amuran siyasa da zamantakewa na zamani kuma yana yanke shi, yana manna shi, sannan ya sake dinka shi da yadi da beads. Ta ce, "Wani lokaci ina aiki kai tsaye kuma ina ƙirƙirar bargo cikin 'yan kwanaki. A wani ɓangaren kuma, ina da wanda ya ɗauki shekaru biyu. Na ƙirƙiri waɗannan ƙananan abin rufe fuska masu beads waɗanda suka kai murabba'in inci ɗaya, kuma bayan na ƙirƙiri kusan 40 daga cikinsu na yanke shawarar haɗa su duka a fuska." Wannan bargo ana kiransa ''A Kiss from the Ancestors'' - ya haɗa da kyawawan sifofi na fuskokin dangi da yaro, tare da alamomin kiɗa daban-daban, kamar ganguna, kayan kida na tagulla, da kuma treble clef, waɗanda ke nuni ga muhimmiyar rawar da Kansas City ta taka a tarihin Jazz . An haɗa wannan bargo a cikin baje kolin da aka yi kwanan nan a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Spencer da ke Lawrence, Kansas, ''And Still We Rise: Race, Culture, and Visual Conversations'', kuma gidan kayan tarihi ya saya shi. <ref name="Spencer: And Still We Rise">{{Cite web |title=And Still We Rise: Race, Culture, and Visual Conversations |url=https://spencerart.ku.edu/exhibition/and-still-we-rise-race-culture-and-visual-conversations |access-date=August 6, 2018 |website=Spencer Museum of Art: The University of Kansas}}</ref> Yayin da take shan maganin [[Sankaran Nono|cutar kansar mama]], Bonds ta kasance tana ƙirƙirar jerin ayyuka game da gwagwarmayarta da cutar kansa. Tana fatan a haɗa waɗannan ayyukan a wani baje koli a asibiti, don tallafawa waɗanda ke shan magani da kuma fara tattaunawa. Jerin farko na shirinta, ''The Hands that Heal'', hannaye ne masu sarkakiya waɗanda aka yi wa ado da duwatsu masu kauri, suna wakiltar kuma suna gane hannun kowane mutum da ya taɓa ta yayin jinyarta, musamman waɗanda galibi ake watsi da su - mataimakan ma'aikatan jinya, masu karɓar baƙi, ɗalibai, da mutanen da suka taimaka mata ta ajiye motarta. Aikinta na biyu mai taken ''The Day I Became a Barcode'' . Bonds ta kasance tana adana munduwa na wuyan hannunta na asibiti kuma tana shirin ƙirƙirar aiki mai girma uku daga gare su. Tana son mutanen da ke fama da cutar kansa su san cewa "kuna da iko akan jikinku — ya shafi yadda kuke amsawa da shi ne." <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nedra Bonds: artist file |url=http://libraryonesearch.nelson-atkins.org/SARL:Local_SARL:LHL_VOYAGER881302 |access-date=July 25, 2018 |website=Spencer Art Reference Library Catalog |publisher=Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art |pages=Newspaper Article: ''The Kansas City Star'' 1992: "KCK's outspoken voice for the Earth" by Michael Mansur |oclc=904727803 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Wani kalami da Bonds ta yi kwanan nan ya taƙaita ayyukanta na dinki da fafutuka; "Ina da shekaru 68 amma har yanzu ina ajiye takardu marasa komai da alkalami a bayan motata idan na buƙaci tsayawa na yi wa wani. Ina da injin dinki a ciki ma, domin na ga ba ka san lokacin da wani yanayi zai iya tasowa ba. Ina kiran wannan 'ka kasance a shirye'." === Nunawar kai kaɗai === * Cibiyar Fasaha ta 2011, Kansas City MO * 2011 Mid-America Arts Alliance, Kansas City MO * Otal ɗin 2011 Gidan Tarihi na Metropolitan, Paducah KY * ''Ana Nuna Yanzu a'' 2012, Kansas City MO * 2012 ''Stitches'', Miller Nichols Library, Kansas City MO * Jami'ar Missouri ta 2014, Columbia MO <ref name="ArtistFile: bio, resume, statement"/> === Nunin rukuni === * ''Bikin 2003 da Bincike'' Gidan Tarihi na Epsten na Gidan Tarihi na Yahudawa na Kansas City a Village Shalom, Kansas City KS <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nedra Bonds: artist file |url=http://libraryonesearch.nelson-atkins.org/SARL:Local_SARL:LHL_VOYAGER881302 |access-date=July 25, 2018 |website=Spencer Art Reference Library Catalog |publisher=Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art |pages=Newspaper Article: ''The Kansas City Star'' 1992: "KCK's outspoken voice for the Earth" by Michael Mansur |oclc=904727803 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * Gidan Tarihi na New England Quilt na 2011, Lowell MA * ''Mata Masu Al'ajabi na 2011: SHEROES, 'Yan Fafatawa da 'Yanci, & Mata Masu Kick Butt!'' a matsayin wani ɓangare na ''HerArt'', Kansas City MO <ref>{{Cite web |title=2014 Reasons to Believe Alumni Honor Roll: Nedra Bonds |url=https://kckps.org/index.php/nedra-bonds |access-date=August 7, 2018 |website=Kansas City Kansas Public Schools}}</ref> * 2011 ''Hasken da ke Ɗakin Ɗaya: Hasken Farko'', Canjin Hotuna, Gidan Tarihi na Jazz na Amurka, Kansas City MO * ''Abokai'' na 2012, Cocin Kirista na Ƙasar, Kansas City MO * 2012 ''Ella: Uwargidan Waƙa ta 1'', Gidan Tarihi na Jazz na Amurka, Kansas City MO <ref name="ArtistFile: bio, resume, statement"/> * ''Matan 2012 da Za Su Kallo: Mayar da Hankali Kan Zare da Yadi'', UMKC HerArt Project, Kansas City MO <ref>{{cite news |last1=Thorson |first1=Alice |date=October 25, 2014 |title=The Arrowhead Art Collection recruits some new artists and works |url=https://www.kansascity.com/entertainment/visual-arts/article3329212.html |accessdate=August 2, 2018 |website=The Kansas City Star}}</ref> * Cibiyar Al'adu ta Bruce Watkins ta 2013, Kansas City MO * 2013 ''Yadi Masu Karyewa'', Overland Park KS <ref name="ArtistFile: bio, resume, statement" /> * ''Abota Mai Rufi ta 2013: Fasahar NedRa Bonds da Nancy Dawson'', Laburare na Miller Nichols, UMKC Volker Campus, Kansas City MO <ref>{{Cite web |title=Wak'ó Mujeres Phụ nữ Women Mural |url=https://rocketgrants.org/rocket-grants-projects/the-projects-2017-2018/wako-mujeres-phu-nu-women-mural/ |access-date=July 12, 2018 |website=Rocket Grants: Charlotte Street Foundation: KU Spencer Museum of Art}}</ref> * Aikin Fasaha nata na 2014: ''MATA MASU BAN MAMAKI: SHEROES, 'Yancin Fada, & Mata Masu Kick Butt!,'' Leedy-Voulkos Arts Center, Kansas City MO <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rocket Grants |url=http://charlottestreet.org/awards/rocket-grants/ |access-date=August 1, 2018 |website=Charlotte Street |archive-date=August 5, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805030048/http://charlottestreet.org/awards/rocket-grants/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * 2014 Brown V Board of Education Cika Shekaru 60 da Kafuwa, Mulvane Arts Center, Topeka KS * 2018 ''Kuma Har Yanzu Muna Tashi: Kabila, Al'adu, da Tattaunawar Gani'', Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Spencer, Lawrence KS <ref name="Spencer: And Still We Rise"/> * ''Zane-zane na 2018: Mutane, Wurare da Abubuwa'', KC Black Arts Network a Taskar Bayanan Baƙi na Mid-America, Kansas City MO <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nedra Bonds: artist file |url=http://libraryonesearch.nelson-atkins.org/SARL:Local_SARL:LHL_VOYAGER881302 |access-date=July 25, 2018 |website=Spencer Art Reference Library Catalog |publisher=Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art |pages=Newspaper Article: ''The Kansas City Star'' 1992: "KCK's outspoken voice for the Earth" by Michael Mansur |oclc=904727803 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Tarin abubuwa === Ayyukanta suna cikin Gidan Tarihi na Jazz na Amurka, Gidan Tarihi na Spencer, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nedra Bonds: artist file |url=http://libraryonesearch.nelson-atkins.org/SARL:Local_SARL:LHL_VOYAGER881302 |access-date=July 25, 2018 |website=Spencer Art Reference Library Catalog |publisher=Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art |pages=Newspaper Article: ''The Kansas City Star'' 1992: "KCK's outspoken voice for the Earth" by Michael Mansur |oclc=904727803 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Sprint, H&amp;amp;R Block, Cibiyar Mata ta Saint Luke, da Tarin Fasaha na Arrowhead. <ref>{{Cite web |title=2014 Reasons to Believe Alumni Honor Roll: Nedra Bonds |url=https://kckps.org/index.php/nedra-bonds |access-date=August 7, 2018 |website=Kansas City Kansas Public Schools}}</ref> Bonds yana da fayil ɗin mai zane a cikin Laburaren Bayani na Spencer Art ta hanyar Shirin Fayil ɗin Masu Fasaha a Gidan Tarihi na Nelson-Atkins . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nedra Bonds: artist file |url=http://libraryonesearch.nelson-atkins.org/SARL:Local_SARL:LHL_VOYAGER881302 |access-date=July 25, 2018 |website=Spencer Art Reference Library Catalog |publisher=Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art |pages=Newspaper Article: ''The Kansas City Star'' 1992: "KCK's outspoken voice for the Earth" by Michael Mansur |oclc=904727803 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Kwamitoci da bita === * Zane mai laushi na 2011, Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Kayan Wasan Yara da Ƙananan Gidaje, Kansas City MO * 2012 Art Smart Series, Makarantar Firamare ta Briarwood, Overland Park KS * Sansanin Kayan Aski na 2011 UMKC, Kansas City MO <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nedra Bonds: artist file |url=http://libraryonesearch.nelson-atkins.org/SARL:Local_SARL:LHL_VOYAGER881302 |access-date=July 25, 2018 |website=Spencer Art Reference Library Catalog |publisher=Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art |pages=Newspaper Article: ''The Kansas City Star'' 1992: "KCK's outspoken voice for the Earth" by Michael Mansur |oclc=904727803 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * 2013 'Yar tsana a matsayin Fasaha, Gidan Tarihi na Nelson-Atkins, Kansas City MO * ''Zaren Haɗawa'' na 2013, Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Kansas City Chiefs, Kansas City MO * Jerin bita na 2013 Landon Center on Aging/ KU Med, Kansas City KS * Jawabin Bikin Juneteenth na 2017, Gidan Tarihi na Nelson-Atkins, Kansas City MO <ref>{{Cite web |title=2014 Reasons to Believe Alumni Honor Roll: Nedra Bonds |url=https://kckps.org/index.php/nedra-bonds |access-date=August 7, 2018 |website=Kansas City Kansas Public Schools}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] lum1rt1udwl05iag85mr5vllc719mon 0 139783 874260 812843 2026-07-02T10:29:16Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 874260 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Laftanar Janar '''Gwendolyn Bingham''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1959) jami'a ce mai ritaya a rundunar sojojin Amurka wadda ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakiyar Babban Hafsan Sojoji don Gudanar da Shigarwa daga 2016 zuwa 2019. Bingham ta taba yin aiki a matsayin Kwamandan Rundunar Gudanar da Zagaye ta TACOM da ke hedikwata a Detroit Arsenal da ke Warren, Michigan, da kuma Kwamandan Janar, White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico. Ta kasance Janar na 51st Quartermaster na rundunar sojojin Amurka kuma Kwamandan Makarantar Sojojin Amurka da ke Fort Lee, Virginia - jami'a mace ta farko da ta rike wadannan mukamai. A watan Maris na 2020, an zaɓi Bingham a matsayin memba na Hukumar Daraktocin Owens &amp;amp; Minor, Inc .. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gwendolyn Bingham Elected to Owens & Minor Board of Directors |url=https://www.oaoa.com/news/business/article_4eb2f103-7e6d-5e3d-bd3f-d9a2dcf2b34d.html |access-date=2020-03-03 |website=Odessa American |agency=Associated Press |archive-date=2020-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303103335/https://www.oaoa.com/news/business/article_4eb2f103-7e6d-5e3d-bd3f-d9a2dcf2b34d.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Illamantarwa== Gwen Bingham 'yar asalin Troy ce, Alabama . Ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a Jami'ar Alabama da digiri na farko a fannin gudanar da kasuwanci . An naɗa ta a matsayin laftanar ta biyu a Quartermaster Corps a matsayin fitacciyar mai digirin soja a ROTC na Soja . Tana da digiri na biyu a fannin Gudanarwa daga Jami'ar Central Michigan da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin dabarun tsaron ƙasa da albarkatu daga Jami'ar Tsaro ta Ƙasa . Makarantar koyon aikin soja ta Bingham ta haɗa da Darussan Babban Jami'in Hutu da Ci gaba; Kwas ɗin Gudanar da Ma'aikata; Makarantar Ma'aikatan Makamai da Ayyuka ta Haɗaka; Kwas ɗin Gudanar da Kwamishinonin Kwamishinonin Kwamishinonin Kwamishinonin Kwamishinonin Kwamishinonin Sojoji da Kwaleji na Janar ; Kwalejin Masana'antu ta Sojojin Sama, da Kwas ɗin Babban Sufeto Janar na Sojoji. == Aikin soja == Bingham ta yi aiki a wurare daban-daban na ma'aikata da shugabanci a tsawon aikinta, waɗanda suka haɗa da: Shugaban Platoon da Jami'in Gudanarwa, Kamfanin HQ&A, Bataliyar Sufuri ta 9, DISCOM ta 9, Fort Lewis, Washington; Bataliyar S1, Bataliyar Taimako ta 2d, Bataliyar DISCOM ta 9, Fort Lewis, Washington; Jami'in Ayyukan Fili, 1st COSCOM, Fort Bragg, North Carolina; Rukunin S1/Adjutant, 507th Sufuri Group, 1st COSCOM, Fort Bragg, North Carolina; OIC, Cibiyar Rarraba Tsakiyar Kwamishinonin, Hukumar Kwamishinonin Tsaro (DeCA), Manheim, Jamus; Babban Jami'in, Reshen Kayayyakin Jiragen Sama, Cibiyar Gudanar da Kayan Aiki ta 4th Corps, Fort Hood, Texas; Bataliyar S3 da Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa na Bataliyar, Cibiyar Gudanar da Kayan Aiki ta 4th Corps, Fort Hood, Texas; Babban Jami'in Shirye-shirye, ACofS, Kayan Aiki, 13th COSCOM, Fort Hood, Texas. Babban Jami'in, Sashen Shirye-shiryen G3, 13th COSCOM; Mataimakin Kwamanda, Rukunin Tallafin Sojoji na 64, 13th COSCOM, Fort Hood, Texas; Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa, ACofS, J1, USFK, Yongsan, Koriya; Kwamanda, Bataliya ta 266th Quartermaster, 23d Quartermaster Brigade, Fort Lee, Virginia; Babban Jami'in Ofishin Tallafi da Mataimakin Babban Sufeto Janar, Hadin Gwiwa, Pentagon; Kwamanda, Garrison na Sojojin Amurka, Fort Lee, Virginia da Babban Jami'in Hadin Gwiwa, Cibiyar Tallafin Makamai ta Haɗin gwiwa da Ci Gaba, Fort Lee, Virginia; Ayyukan 'Yanci na Iraki da Dorewa 'Yanci a matsayin Mataimaki na Musamman ga Babban Kwamandan, 1st Theatre Sustainment Command, Camp Arifjan, Kuwait; Kabul, Afghanistan da Kandahar, Afghanistan; Kwamanda, White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico. An zaɓi Bingham don samun ƙarin girma zuwa ga Brigadier Janar a ranar 27 ga Agusta, 2010, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gwendolyn Bingham Elected to Owens & Minor Board of Directors |url=https://www.oaoa.com/news/business/article_4eb2f103-7e6d-5e3d-bd3f-d9a2dcf2b34d.html |access-date=2020-03-03 |website=Odessa American |agency=Associated Press |archive-date=2020-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303103335/https://www.oaoa.com/news/business/article_4eb2f103-7e6d-5e3d-bd3f-d9a2dcf2b34d.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> kuma ta sami wannan matsayin a ranar 22 ga Afrilu, 2011. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gwendolyn Bingham Elected to Owens & Minor Board of Directors |url=https://www.oaoa.com/news/business/article_4eb2f103-7e6d-5e3d-bd3f-d9a2dcf2b34d.html |access-date=2020-03-03 |website=Odessa American |agency=Associated Press |archive-date=2020-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303103335/https://www.oaoa.com/news/business/article_4eb2f103-7e6d-5e3d-bd3f-d9a2dcf2b34d.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Shugaban ƙasa ya aika da nadinta na ƙarin girma zuwa ga Manjo Janar ga Majalisa a ranar 20 ga Maris, 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 20, 2013 |title=General Officer Announcements |url=https://www.defense.gov/Releases/Release.aspx?ReleaseID=15874 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408213458/http://www.defense.gov/releases/release.aspx?releaseid=15874 |archive-date=April 8, 2013 |access-date=January 24, 2015 |website=U.S. Department of Defense}}</ref> A ranar 25 ga Yuni, 2014, Bingham ta zama kwamanda mace ta farko a rundunar sojojin Amurka ta TACOM Life Cycle Management Command (TACOM LCMC). Bingham ta yi ritaya a shekarar 2019. == Kyaututtuka da kayan ado == {| |+Kyaututtuka da kayan ado na Gwen Bingham |{{Ribbon devices}} | Lambar Yabo ta Musamman ta Soja tare da tarin ganyen itacen oak |- | | Lambar Yabo ta Babban Sabis na Tsaro |- |{{Ribbon devices}} | Legion of Merit tare da tarin ganyen itacen oak |- |{{Ribbon devices}} | Lambar Yabo ta Tsaro Mai Girma tare da tarin ganyen itacen oak |- |{{Ribbon devices}} | Lambar Yabo ta Mujallar Sabis mai Kyau tare da gungu uku na ganyen itacen oak |- | | Lambar Yabo ta Haɗin gwiwa ta Sabis |- |{{Ribbon devices}} | Lambar Yabo ta Sojoji tare da tarin ganyen itacen oak |- | | Lambar Nasarar Sojoji |- | | Lambar Yabo ta Aikin Tsaron Ƙasa |- | | Lambar Yaƙin Neman Zaɓen Afghanistan |- | | Lambar Yaƙin Neman Zaɓen Iraki |- | | Yaƙin Duniya kan Ta'addanci |- | | Lambar Yaƙin Duniya kan Ta'addanci |- | | Lambar Yabo ta Aikin Tsaron Koriya |- | | Lambar Yabo ta Ayyukan Jin Kai |- | | Ribbon Sabis na Sojoji |- | | Ribbon Sashen Sojojin Ƙasashen Waje |- | | Lambar Yabo ta NATO |} {| |[[Fayil:Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_seal.svg|110x110px]] Alamar Shaidar Shugabannin Ma'aikata ta Haɗin gwiwa |} An ba Bingham lambar yabo ta girmamawa ta Saint Martin a shekarar 2002, kuma ta kasance cikin waɗanda aka zaɓa a matsayin mata a fannin jagoranci a fannin mata a Michigan a shekarar 2014. <ref name="WID-MI Excellence in Leadership">{{Cite web |date=August 10, 2014 |title=WID-Michigan to Honor Major General Gwen Bingham at the 6th Annual Black Tie Gala |url=http://www.wid-mi.org/index.php/news |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140816005631/http://www.wid-mi.org/index.php/news |archive-date=August 16, 2014 |publisher=WID-MI}}</ref>   == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1959]] 4cvp02xih7nsaa5l937x1wmf55rzve9 0 139941 874104 792074 2026-07-02T05:50:14Z Ummeeterh 31568 874104 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Flossie M. Byrd''' (8 Ga [[Ogusta|Agusta]], 1927 - 17 ga Maris, 2020) ta kasance masanin tattalin arziki a gida, masanin kimiyyar ayyukan iyali da masu amfani, malami, kuma shugabar farko kuma mataimakiyar shugaba a harkokin ilimi a [[Kwalejoji da Jami'o'i na Baƙar Fata a Tarihi|jami'ar baƙar fata ta]] jama'a (HBCU), Jami'ar Prairie View A&amp;amp;M (PVAMU) a Prairie View, Texas . Ta koyar a makarantun sakandare na gwamnati na Florida da kuma Jami'ar Florida A&amp;amp;M da ke [[Tallahassee|Tallahassee, Florida]] kafin ta koma PVAMU. Ta sami digirin digirgir a fannin Ilimin Tattalin Arziki na Gida tare da ƙananan yara a fannin ci gaban yara da ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da aunawa daga [[Cornell|Jami'ar Cornell]] a 1963. <ref> name="Prairie View A&M University">{{Cite web |date=May 12, 2016 |title=Down That Road: Dr. Flossie M. Byrd |url=https://www.pvamu.edu/blog/down-that-road-dr-flossie-m-byrd/ |access-date=9 June 2020 |website=Prairie View A&M University}}</ref> <ref> name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Tillman Funeral Home |title=Obituary for Dr. Flossie Marian Byrd at Tillman Funeral Home Monticello |url=http://www.tillmanfh.com/obituary/dr-flossie-byrd?lud=32488422DA596AB48F375C15F51A97E3 |access-date=9 June 2020 |website=www.tillmanfh.com |language=en}}</ref> Abubuwan da ta fi mayar da hankali a kansu sun haɗa da ƙirƙirar ra'ayi, nakasa membobin iyali, da kuma kula da albarkatun iyali. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Byrd a [[Sarasota, Florida]] kuma ita ce ta farko cikin yara 17. Ta kammala karatun digirin digirgir a [[Howard Academy High School|makarantar sakandare ta Howard Academy]] da ke Monticello, Florida a shekarar 1944 kuma ta sami digirin farko na Kimiyya a fannin tattalin arziki na gida daga Jami'ar Florida A&amp;amp;M (FAMU), inda ta kammala karatun digiri na biyu a shekarar 1948. Ta sami digirin digiri na biyu a fannin ilimin tattalin arziki na gida daga Jami'ar Jihar Pennsylvania a shekarar 1954, sannan ta sami digiri na uku a fannin Ilimin Tattalin Arziki na Gida tare da ƙananan yara a fannin ci gaban yara da ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da aunawa daga [[Cornell|Jami'ar Cornell]] a shekarar 1963. <ref> name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Tillman Funeral Home |title=Obituary for Dr. Flossie Marian Byrd at Tillman Funeral Home Monticello |url=http://www.tillmanfh.com/obituary/dr-flossie-byrd?lud=32488422DA596AB48F375C15F51A97E3 |access-date=9 June 2020 |website=www.tillmanfh.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref> name="Prairie View A&M University">{{Cite web |date=May 12, 2016 |title=Down That Road: Dr. Flossie M. Byrd |url=https://www.pvamu.edu/blog/down-that-road-dr-flossie-m-byrd/ |access-date=9 June 2020 |website=Prairie View A&M University}}</ref> Takardar digirin digirgir ɗinta mai taken, ''"Nazarin bincike kan fahimtar matasan farko game da wasu ra'ayoyi a fannin ci gaban yara."'' == Sana'a == Byrd ta fara aikinta a shekarar 1948 tana koyar da tattalin arziki a makarantun sakandare na gwamnati a Florida, sannan ta yi shekaru biyar a FAMU. Daga nan ta koma Jami'ar Prairie View A&M (PVAMU), inda ta yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Kwalejin Tattalin Arzikin Gida na tsawon shekaru 23. A shekarar 1991 aka naɗa ta mataimakiyar shugabar harkokin ilimi a PVAMU. An canza mata muƙaminta zuwa provost kuma mataimakiyar shugabar harkokin ilimi a shekarar 1993. Ita ce mutum na farko a jami'ar da aka naɗa provost. Ta yi ritaya a shekarar 1994 ta koma Florida, ta zauna a Monticello, Florida, inda ta zauna har zuwa rasuwarta a shekarar 2020. Bayan ta yi ritaya, ta kafa ƙungiyar Flossie M. Byrd Endowed Fellowship a PVAMU ga ɗaliban da ke karatun aikin gona da kimiyyar ɗan adam. Ta kuma buga littattafai biyu bayan ta yi ritaya: ''Ilimi a Gundumar Jefferson a Historical Perspective'' da ''Echoes of a Quieter Time.'' <ref> name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Tillman Funeral Home |title=Obituary for Dr. Flossie Marian Byrd at Tillman Funeral Home Monticello |url=http://www.tillmanfh.com/obituary/dr-flossie-byrd?lud=32488422DA596AB48F375C15F51A97E3 |access-date=9 June 2020 |website=www.tillmanfh.com |language=en}}</ref> === Daraja da kyaututtuka === Byrd ta lashe kyaututtuka da lakabi da dama saboda aikinta. A shekarar 1990, ta sami lambar yabo ta musamman daga Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Gida ta Amurka (wanda yanzu ita ce Ƙungiyar Kimiyyar Iyali da Masu Amfani da Kaya ta Amurka ). Ta kuma riƙe muƙaman shugabar Majalisar Gudanarwa ta Ƙasa ta Tattalin Arzikin Gida (1971–1972), shugabar Ƙungiyar Masu Gudanarwa na Tattalin Arzikin Gida (1981–83), da kuma mataimakiyar shugabar ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Gida ta Amurka (1985–1987). <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Tillman Funeral Home |title=Obituary for Dr. Flossie Marian Byrd at Tillman Funeral Home Monticello |url=http://www.tillmanfh.com/obituary/dr-flossie-byrd?lud=32488422DA596AB48F375C15F51A97E3 |access-date=9 June 2020 |website=www.tillmanfh.com |language=en}}</ref> Ta kuma kasance farfesa mai ba da shawara kan tattalin arziki na gida a Jami'ar Jihar Oregon, ta sami lambar yabo ta ɗalibi mai daraja ta Jami'ar Florida A&M, kuma an shigar da ita cikin Gidan Tarihi na Musamman na Noma da Tattalin Arzikin Gida na FAMU. Ita kuma memba ce ta Golden Life ta Delta Sigma Theta . Bayan ritaya, ta yi aiki a matsayin masanin tarihi, sakatare da shugaba, kuma a cikin kwamitin zaɓe na Ƙungiyar Malaman da suka Yi Ritaya ta Florida (FREA); a shekarar 1998 an naɗa ta a matsayin Mai Ba da Agaji na FREA na Shekara. <ref name=":0" /> == Littattafai == *   Cornell University. Dissertation. *   *   *   *   == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutattun 2020]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1927]] eqoq6nls4zdmgvj5iedmnurffi87ix3 0 140345 874124 793960 2026-07-02T06:21:07Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 874124 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Rawar Chari''' rawa ce ta al'umma a jihar [[Rajasthan]] ta Indiya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Art and culture of Rajasthan |url=http://rajasthan.gov.in/StateProfile/ArtandCulture/Pages/FolkDanceMusic.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430060526/http://rajasthan.gov.in/StateProfile/ArtandCulture/Pages/FolkDanceMusic.aspx |archive-date=30 April 2015 |access-date=14 April 2015 |website=Rajasthan.gov.in}}</ref> Rawar Chari rawa ce ta ƙungiyar mata. Tana da alaƙa da Ajmer da Kishangarh . <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 December 2012 |title=Dance Forms of Rajasthan |url=http://www.pinkcity.com/citizenblogger/dance-forms-of-rajasthan/ |access-date=14 April 2015 |website=Pinkcity.com}}</ref> Rawar Chari ta shahara a cikin al'ummar Gurjar ta Kishangarh da Ajmer kuma an san ta a ko'ina cikin Rajasthan. Ana yin rawa ta Chari a bukukuwan aure, ranar haihuwar ɗa namiji da kuma bukukuwan alheri. == Aiki == A lokacin rawa ta Chari, mata masu ado masu launuka daban-daban suna riƙe da tukwanen ƙasa ko na tagulla na Chari a kansu. Sau da yawa, ana sanya Chari a kan fitilar mai mai haske (Diya) ko kuma a zuba tsaban auduga a cikin mai. Masu rawa suna ɗauke da tukunya mai harshen wuta a kansu ba tare da taɓa ta ba, yayin da suke yin motsi mai kyau na gaɓoɓi da kuma juyawar gwiwoyi masu zurfi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dance festivals in Udaipur |url=http://www.hotelsatudaipur.com/dance-festivals-in-udaipur.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140917172232/http://www.hotelsatudaipur.com/dance-festivals-in-udaipur.html |archive-date=17 September 2014 |access-date=14 April 2015 |website=Hotelsatudaipur}}</ref> Don sa rawa ta yi kyau, ana ƙirƙirar layukan alamu masu haske yayin da masu rawa ke motsawa a hankali a ƙasa. [[Fayil:Chari_dance_in_bagore_ki_haveli.jpg|thumb|Chari_dance_in_bagore_ki_haveli]] == Asali == Rajasthan hamada ce inda mata ke tafiya na tsawon mil da yawa don dibar ruwa ga iyalansu. Suna tattara ruwansu na yau da kullun a Chari. Rawar tana murnar wannan al'ada ta tara ruwa tsawon rayuwa. [[Fayil:Chari_Dance.jpg|thumb|Chari_Dance]] == Riga da kayan ado == Masu rawa suna sanya kayan ado na zinariya na Rajasthani mai suna Hansli, Hansli, Timniya, Mogri, Punchi, Bangdi, Gajra, Armlets, Karli, Kanka da Navr. <ref name="doi">{{Cite web |title=Dances of India |url=http://www.dancesofindia.co.in/folk-dances-india/rajasthan/chari.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150411213140/http://www.dancesofindia.co.in/folk-dances-india/rajasthan/chari.html |archive-date=11 April 2015 |access-date=14 April 2015 |website=Dancesofindia.co.in}}</ref> == Kayan kida == Ana yin rawar Chari da Nagada, Dholak, Dhol Harmonium, Thali (wani kayan kida na autophonic) da Bankia . Bankia ita ce ta fi yawa. Tana fitar da sauti mai ƙarfi da ban tsoro a cikin hannaye masu ƙarfi. <ref>name="doi">{{Cite web |title=Dances of India |url=http://www.dancesofindia.co.in/folk-dances-india/rajasthan/chari.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150411213140/http://www.dancesofindia.co.in/folk-dances-india/rajasthan/chari.html |archive-date=11 April 2015 |access-date=14 April 2015 |website=Dancesofindia.co.in }}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923212539/http://www.dancesofindia.co.in/folk-dances-india/rajasthan/chari.html |date=2015-09-23 }}. ''Dancesofindia.co.in''. Archived from [http://www.dancesofindia.co.in/folk-dances-india/rajasthan/chari.html the original] on 11 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> [[Fayil:Chari_dance.jpg|thumb|Shahararrun matan Gujar ne na Rajasthan. A cikin wannan rawa, ana ƙona irin auduga a cikin tukunya kuma ana yin rawar.]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} q01g0yngfgzcgv748ttxubfodm00w53 0 140665 873910 795604 2026-07-01T22:06:52Z Habibah A Jisambo 26434 873910 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Turkiyya]] tana murna da watan Ramadan mai tsarki tare da ruhun biki da haɗin kai. Ramadan a Turkiyya ana ɗaukarsa lokaci ne mai mahimmanci da bambanci, yayin da Musulmai ke bin azumi na rana kuma suna shiga cikin ayyukan addini da zamantakewa da yawa da al'adu. Musulmai a Turkiyya suna kiran watan Ramadan "Sultan na Watanni".<ref>{{Cite web |last=السياحية |first=سفرك |date=2023-04-13 |title=رمضان في تركيا: ما أهم ما يميزه؟ |url=https://www.safaraq.com/ar/blog/ramadan-in-turkey |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607124242/https://www.safaraq.com/ar/blog/ramadan-in-turkey |archive-date=2023-06-07 |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=سفرك السياحية |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rouba.Abuamu |title=رمضان تركيا... حزنٌ لا يلغي تزيين المساجد بالمحيّا |url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/society/%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%AD%D8%B2%D9%86%D9%8C-%D9%84%D8%A7-%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%8A-%D8%AA%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%A7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509221657/https://www.alaraby.co.uk/society/%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%AD%D8%B2%D9%86%D9%8C-%D9%84%D8%A7-%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%8A-%D8%AA%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%A7 |archive-date=2023-05-09 |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=www.alaraby.co.uk/ |language=ar}}</ref> == Hadisai na Ramadan a Turkiyya. == === Sahoor da Iftar tare da Adhan === [[Sahur|Sahoor]] da [[Iftar (Budar Baki)|Iftar]] tare da [[Kiran Sallah|Adhan]] sanannen al'ada ne a Turkiyya. Musulmai suna farkawa a sahoor don cin abinci mai sauƙi kafin [[Sallar asuba|Addu'ar asuba]], kuma a lokacin da suke taruwa don shirya su ci iftar kuma su karya azumi tare da kwanakin ko zaitun sannan su fara babban hanya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=سبق |date=2023-03-19 |title=رمضان في تركيا.. عادات وثقافة وتقاليد ممزوجة بأجواء عائلية وروحانية |url=https://sabq.org/tourism/et849scdsm |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412210833/https://sabq.org/tourism/et849scdsm |archive-date=2023-04-12 |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=صحيفة سبق الالكترونية |language=ar}}</ref> === Abincin dare na yau da kullun a masallatai === Musulmai a Turkiyya suna shirya abincin dare na al'umma a [[Masallaci|Masallatai]] a lokacin Ramadan. Turkiyya sananniya ce don yin ado da [[Hasumiya|minaret]] a lokacin watan Ramadan mai tsarki, yayin da suke taruwa don cin abinci da sha bayan [[Sallan Magariba|Addu'ar Maghrib]]. Ana ba da abinci iri-iri ga mahalarta a cikin abincin dare, kuma wannan yana inganta ruhun al'umma da haɗin kai tsakanin mutane.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=https://www.fccproperty.com/new-ar/ramadan-in-turkey |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607124320/https://www.fccproperty.com/new-ar/ramadan-in-turkey |archive-date=2023-06-07 |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=www.fccproperty.com}}{{Cite web |url=https://www.fccproperty.com/new-ar/ramadan-in-turkey |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=www.fccproperty.com}} [[تصنيف:أخطاء الاستشهاد: الافتقار إلى عنوان]] [[تصنيف:أخطاء الاستشهاد: قصور في مسار]]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=أجواء شهر رمضان في تركيا {{!}} Al Huda Real Estate |url=https://www.alhudarealestate.com/news/%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1-%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928224019/https://www.alhudarealestate.com/news/%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1-%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7 |archive-date=2022-09-28 |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=Alhuda Real Estate}}</ref> === Gasar Alkur'ani Mai Tsarki === Ana gudanar da gasa ta haddace Alkur'ani da karatun a Turkiyya a lokacin Ramadan. Yara da manya suna shiga cikin waɗannan don nuna ƙwarewarsu wajen karanta Alkur'ani, kuma ana ba da kyaututtuka ga masu nasara.<ref>{{Cite web |last=الاخبارية |first=وكالة نيو ترك بوست |date=2020-02-18 |title=تركيا تعلن عن مسابقة دولية لحفظ القرآن الكريم في رمضان |url=https://newturkpost.com/news/60112-%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%86-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%A9-%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%81%D8%B8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607124339/https://newturkpost.com/news/60112-%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%86-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%A9-%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%81%D8%B8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86 |archive-date=2023-06-07 |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=newturkpost.com |language=ar}}</ref> === Bikin sadaka na Ramadan. === Bayar da bukukuwan Ramadan na sadaka wani muhimmin bangare ne na al'adun Ramadan a Turkiyya. Cibiyoyin agaji da kungiyoyi suna shirya abincin rukuni inda ake rarraba abinci ga mabukata.<ref>{{Cite web |last=«عكاظ» (الوكالات) |date=2023-03-17 |title=رمضان في تركيا.. أجواء عائلية وعادات وتقاليد مميزة |url=https://www.okaz.com.sa/economy/saudi/2129137 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430053017/https://www.okaz.com.sa/economy/saudi/2129137 |archive-date=2023-04-30 |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=Okaz |language=Arabic}}</ref> === Ziyarar Jama'a. === Ramadan a Turkiyya yana shaida ziyarar jama'a tsakanin dangi, abokai, da maƙwabta. Ana musayar gaisuwa, ana ba da kyauta, kuma ana gudanar da tarurruka na jama'a da bukukuwa na musamman waɗanda ke inganta ruhun kusanci da ƙauna a cikin wannan watan mai albarka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=الوطن |first=جريدة |last2=webmaster |date=2022-04-06 |title=أجــــواء رمضـــان في تركـــيا |url=https://www.al-watan.com/article/293559/LastPage/أجــــواء-رمضـــان-في-تركـــيا |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607124359/https://www.al-watan.com/article/293559/LastPage/%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D9%8A%D8%A7 |archive-date=2023-06-07 |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=جريدة الوطن |language=ar}}</ref> == Abinci a cikin Ramadan == Ramadan a Turkiyya kuma sananne ne ga abincin da ke nuna wannan watan mai tsarki. Daga cikin abincin da aka cinye a lokacin watan Ramadan sune:<ref>{{Cite web |title=أطباق تاريخية لا تخلو منها موائد الأتراك في رمضان |url=https://www.aljazeera.net/lifestyle/2020/5/1/%d8%a3%d8%b7%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%82-%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%ae%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d8%a7-%d8%aa%d8%ae%d9%84%d9%88-%d9%85%d9%86%d9%87%d8%a7-%d9%85%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%a6%d8%af |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607124442/https://www.aljazeera.net/lifestyle/2020/5/1/%D8%A3%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%82-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D8%A7-%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%88-%D9%85%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AF |archive-date=2023-06-07 |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=www.aljazeera.net |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-16 |title=مأكولات رمضانية في تركيا {{!}} ومازالت {{!}} تركيا شقة الاحلام |url=https://www.tdapartment.com/post/%D9%85%D8%A3%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812144246/https://www.tdapartment.com/post/%D9%85%D8%A3%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7 |archive-date=2022-08-12 |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=تركيا شقة الأحلام |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=أكلات رمضانية تركية |url=https://ar.e-leath.net/%D8%A3%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9-2022/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607123912/https://ar.e-leath.net/%D8%A3%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9-2022/ |archive-date=2023-06-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=الاخبارية |first=وكالة نيو ترك بوست |date=2023-03-26 |title=أكلات سهلة التحضير من المطبخ التركي في شهر رمضان |url=https://newturkpost.com/ |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507041648/https://www.newturkpost.com/ |archive-date=2023-05-07 |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=وكالة نيو ترك بوست الاخبارية |language=ar}}</ref> * Ishli Kebab: nama da aka gasa a kan gawayi kuma aka yi amfani da shi tare da albasa da gurasa. * Etli Kofte: naman sa mai ɗanɗano wanda aka siffanta zuwa yatsunsu masu tsawo, sannan a soya ko a gasa. Yawancin lokaci ana ba da shi tare da shinkafa da salatin. * Borek: fil fil fil fil cake cike da nama, spinach ko cuku, sannan a soya. * Lahmacun: gurasar da aka dafa a cikin sukari, sannan aka yi wa ado da kwayoyi. * àSopo na Lentil: Sopo na lentil ana ɗaukarsa ɗaya daga cikin manyan abinci na karin kumallo na Ramadan. * Katayef: Abincin zaki na Turkiyya, wanda aka shirya musamman a lokacin Ramadan. Ya ƙunshi ƙananan sutura na burodi da aka cika da walnuts ko Pistachios kuma an yi masa sukari. [[Fayil:Qatayef2.jpg|alt=صورة القطايف وهي حلوى مشهورة في رمضان محشية بالجوز أو الجبنة أو القشطة|thumb|Hoton Qatayef, sanannen abincin Ramadan cike da walnuts, cuku, ko cream.]] == Dubi kuma == * Ramadan in Pakistan * Ramadan in India * Ramadan in Russia == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == {{Commons category-inline}}{{Ramadan}} tttwg83m2awjr81tp2evaiu2b016yh3 873916 873910 2026-07-01T22:08:50Z Habibah A Jisambo 26434 873916 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Turkiyya]] tana murna da watan Ramadan mai tsarki tare da ruhun biki da haɗin kai. Ramadan a Turkiyya ana ɗaukarsa lokaci ne mai mahimmanci da bambanci, yayin da Musulmai ke bin azumi na rana kuma suna shiga cikin ayyukan addini da zamantakewa da yawa da al'adu. Musulmai a Turkiyya suna kiran watan Ramadan "Sultan na Watanni".<ref>{{Cite web |last=السياحية |first=سفرك |date=2023-04-13 |title=رمضان في تركيا: ما أهم ما يميزه؟ |url=https://www.safaraq.com/ar/blog/ramadan-in-turkey |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607124242/https://www.safaraq.com/ar/blog/ramadan-in-turkey |archive-date=2023-06-07 |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=سفرك السياحية |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rouba.Abuamu |title=رمضان تركيا... حزنٌ لا يلغي تزيين المساجد بالمحيّا |url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/society/%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%AD%D8%B2%D9%86%D9%8C-%D9%84%D8%A7-%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%8A-%D8%AA%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%A7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509221657/https://www.alaraby.co.uk/society/%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%AD%D8%B2%D9%86%D9%8C-%D9%84%D8%A7-%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%8A-%D8%AA%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%A7 |archive-date=2023-05-09 |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=www.alaraby.co.uk/ |language=ar}}</ref> == Hadisai na Ramadan a Turkiyya. == === Sahoor da Iftar tare da Adhan === [[Sahur|Sahoor]] da [[Iftar (Budar Baki)|Iftar]] tare da [[Kiran Sallah|Adhan]] sanannen al'ada ne a Turkiyya. Musulmai suna farkawa a sahoor don cin abinci mai sauƙi kafin [[Sallar asuba|Addu'ar asuba]], kuma a lokacin da suke taruwa don shirya su ci iftar kuma su karya azumi tare da kwanakin ko zaitun sannan su fara babban hanya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=سبق |date=2023-03-19 |title=رمضان في تركيا.. عادات وثقافة وتقاليد ممزوجة بأجواء عائلية وروحانية |url=https://sabq.org/tourism/et849scdsm |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412210833/https://sabq.org/tourism/et849scdsm |archive-date=2023-04-12 |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=صحيفة سبق الالكترونية |language=ar}}</ref> === Abincin dare na yau da kullun a masallatai === Musulmai a Turkiyya suna shirya abincin dare na al'umma a [[Masallaci|Masallatai]] a lokacin Ramadan. Turkiyya sananniya ce don yin ado da [[Hasumiya|minaret]] a lokacin watan Ramadan mai tsarki, yayin da suke taruwa don cin abinci da sha bayan [[Sallan Magariba|Addu'ar Maghrib]]. Ana ba da abinci iri-iri ga mahalarta a cikin abincin dare, kuma wannan yana inganta ruhun al'umma da haɗin kai tsakanin mutane.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=https://www.fccproperty.com/new-ar/ramadan-in-turkey |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607124320/https://www.fccproperty.com/new-ar/ramadan-in-turkey |archive-date=2023-06-07 |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=www.fccproperty.com}}{{Cite web |url=https://www.fccproperty.com/new-ar/ramadan-in-turkey |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=www.fccproperty.com}} [[تصنيف:أخطاء الاستشهاد: الافتقار إلى عنوان]] [[تصنيف:أخطاء الاستشهاد: قصور في مسار]]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=أجواء شهر رمضان في تركيا {{!}} Al Huda Real Estate |url=https://www.alhudarealestate.com/news/%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1-%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928224019/https://www.alhudarealestate.com/news/%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1-%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7 |archive-date=2022-09-28 |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=Alhuda Real Estate}}</ref> === Gasar Alkur'ani Mai Tsarki. === Ana gudanar da gasa ta haddace Alkur'ani da karatun a Turkiyya a lokacin Ramadan. Yara da manya suna shiga cikin waɗannan don nuna ƙwarewarsu wajen karanta Alkur'ani, kuma ana ba da kyaututtuka ga masu nasara.<ref>{{Cite web |last=الاخبارية |first=وكالة نيو ترك بوست |date=2020-02-18 |title=تركيا تعلن عن مسابقة دولية لحفظ القرآن الكريم في رمضان |url=https://newturkpost.com/news/60112-%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%86-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%A9-%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%81%D8%B8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607124339/https://newturkpost.com/news/60112-%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%86-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%A9-%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%81%D8%B8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86 |archive-date=2023-06-07 |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=newturkpost.com |language=ar}}</ref> === Bikin sadaka na Ramadan. === Bayar da bukukuwan Ramadan na sadaka wani muhimmin bangare ne na al'adun Ramadan a Turkiyya. Cibiyoyin agaji da kungiyoyi suna shirya abincin rukuni inda ake rarraba abinci ga mabukata.<ref>{{Cite web |last=«عكاظ» (الوكالات) |date=2023-03-17 |title=رمضان في تركيا.. أجواء عائلية وعادات وتقاليد مميزة |url=https://www.okaz.com.sa/economy/saudi/2129137 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430053017/https://www.okaz.com.sa/economy/saudi/2129137 |archive-date=2023-04-30 |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=Okaz |language=Arabic}}</ref> === Ziyarar Jama'a. === Ramadan a Turkiyya yana shaida ziyarar jama'a tsakanin dangi, abokai, da maƙwabta. Ana musayar gaisuwa, ana ba da kyauta, kuma ana gudanar da tarurruka na jama'a da bukukuwa na musamman waɗanda ke inganta ruhun kusanci da ƙauna a cikin wannan watan mai albarka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=الوطن |first=جريدة |last2=webmaster |date=2022-04-06 |title=أجــــواء رمضـــان في تركـــيا |url=https://www.al-watan.com/article/293559/LastPage/أجــــواء-رمضـــان-في-تركـــيا |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607124359/https://www.al-watan.com/article/293559/LastPage/%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D9%8A%D8%A7 |archive-date=2023-06-07 |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=جريدة الوطن |language=ar}}</ref> == Abinci a cikin Ramadan. == Ramadan a Turkiyya kuma sananne ne ga abincin da ke nuna wannan watan mai tsarki. Daga cikin abincin da aka cinye a lokacin watan Ramadan sune:<ref>{{Cite web |title=أطباق تاريخية لا تخلو منها موائد الأتراك في رمضان |url=https://www.aljazeera.net/lifestyle/2020/5/1/%d8%a3%d8%b7%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%82-%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%ae%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d8%a7-%d8%aa%d8%ae%d9%84%d9%88-%d9%85%d9%86%d9%87%d8%a7-%d9%85%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%a6%d8%af |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607124442/https://www.aljazeera.net/lifestyle/2020/5/1/%D8%A3%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%82-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D8%A7-%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%88-%D9%85%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AF |archive-date=2023-06-07 |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=www.aljazeera.net |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-16 |title=مأكولات رمضانية في تركيا {{!}} ومازالت {{!}} تركيا شقة الاحلام |url=https://www.tdapartment.com/post/%D9%85%D8%A3%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812144246/https://www.tdapartment.com/post/%D9%85%D8%A3%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7 |archive-date=2022-08-12 |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=تركيا شقة الأحلام |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=أكلات رمضانية تركية |url=https://ar.e-leath.net/%D8%A3%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9-2022/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607123912/https://ar.e-leath.net/%D8%A3%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9-2022/ |archive-date=2023-06-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=الاخبارية |first=وكالة نيو ترك بوست |date=2023-03-26 |title=أكلات سهلة التحضير من المطبخ التركي في شهر رمضان |url=https://newturkpost.com/ |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507041648/https://www.newturkpost.com/ |archive-date=2023-05-07 |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=وكالة نيو ترك بوست الاخبارية |language=ar}}</ref> * Ishli Kebab: nama da aka gasa a kan gawayi kuma aka yi amfani da shi tare da albasa da gurasa. * Etli Kofte: naman sa mai ɗanɗano wanda aka siffanta zuwa yatsunsu masu tsawo, sannan a soya ko a gasa. Yawancin lokaci ana ba da shi tare da shinkafa da salatin. * Borek: fil fil fil fil cake cike da nama, spinach ko cuku, sannan a soya. * Lahmacun: gurasar da aka dafa a cikin sukari, sannan aka yi wa ado da kwayoyi. * àSopo na Lentil: Sopo na lentil ana ɗaukarsa ɗaya daga cikin manyan abinci na karin kumallo na Ramadan. * Katayef: Abincin zaki na Turkiyya, wanda aka shirya musamman a lokacin Ramadan. Ya ƙunshi ƙananan sutura na burodi da aka cika da walnuts ko Pistachios kuma an yi masa sukari. [[Fayil:Qatayef2.jpg|alt=صورة القطايف وهي حلوى مشهورة في رمضان محشية بالجوز أو الجبنة أو القشطة|thumb|Hoton Qatayef, sanannen abincin Ramadan cike da walnuts, cuku, ko cream.]] == Dubi kuma == * Ramadan in Pakistan * Ramadan in India * Ramadan in Russia == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == {{Commons category-inline}}{{Ramadan}} idki495nnqwarklsiqdygm0igtx19pe 0 141304 874253 833335 2026-07-02T09:44:34Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 874253 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Christine Sharon Grant''' injiniyan sinadarai ce 'yar Amurka wacce ita ce Shugabar Ci gaban Malamai a Jami'ar Jihar North Carolina . Bincikenta ya yi la'akari da kimiyyar saman ƙasa da muhalli. Ita ce Shugabar Cibiyar Injiniyoyi Masu Sinadarai ta Amurka a shekarar 2022. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Grant a arewacin [[New York (jiha)|New York]] . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Interview with Christine Grant |url=http://ccrhq.org/sites/default/files/community/aichecommunitysite/minority-affairs-committee-mac/291906/grantctranscriptmac.pdf |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2021-02-05 |website=AIChE }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Mahaifinta yana koyar da kiɗa, mahaifiyarta kuma tana koyar da kimiyya, kuma ta girma tana yin gwaje-gwajen kimiyya a gidanta da lambunta. <ref name=":2" /> Grant ta shiga cikin Shirin Ƙara Masu Digiri a Injiniyancin Ƙananan Ƙananan Mutane (PIMEG) a General Electric, wanda ya fara gabatar da ita ga ayyukan fasaha. <ref name=":2" /> Ta sami digirin farko a Jami'ar Brown, inda take cikin rukuni na biyu na ɗalibai don yin babban digiri a injiniyancin sinadarai. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Alumna Christine Grant named AIChE president for 2022 |url=https://engineering.brown.edu/news/2021-01-13/christine-grant-84 |access-date=2021-02-05 |website=Engineering {{!}} Brown University |language=en}}</ref> A matsayinta na ɗalibi mai digiri na farko, ita ce Shugabar Ƙungiyar Injiniyoyi Baƙaƙe ta Jami'ar Brown. <ref name=":2" /> Ta ƙaura zuwa Georgia Tech don karatun digiri na biyu. Ta kammala binciken digiri na uku a shekarar 1989, a lokacin da ta yi karatun cire ma'adanai masu ƙarfi daga electro-osmotic. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Christine Grant |url=https://engineering.purdue.edu/Engr/AboutUs/News/Events/BTE/Speakers/2020/christine-grant |access-date=2021-02-05 |website=College of Engineering - Purdue University |language=en}}</ref> == Bincike da aiki == Grant ta yi nazarin hanyoyin da ke haifar da gurɓatawa da kuma kawar da gurɓatawa. Aikinta yana bincika hanyoyin sinadarai da sufuri da ke faruwa a mahaɗin sinadarai masu ƙarfi da ruwa, kuma yana haifar da samuwar da kuma cire ma'adanai. Daga cikin yankunan masana'antu da Grant ya yi la'akari da su akwai cire sinadarai masu rai daga gilashi, cire sinadarai masu sinadarin calcium daga bakin ƙarfe da kuma ajiye man shafawa a cikin haɗakar faifai. Ta nuna cewa ana iya amfani da ƙarin abubuwa don rage lalacewa da tara man shafawa a yanayin zafi mai yawa. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2015-08-15 |title=Christine Grant {{!}} Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering {{!}} NC State University |url=https://www.cbe.ncsu.edu/person/grant/ |access-date=2021-02-05 |language=en}}</ref> Ta shiga jami'ar Jihar North Carolina a 1989. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mata 'yan Afirka ta farko da aka naɗa cikakkiyar farfesa a fannin injiniyan sinadarai. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-11-20 |title=Christine S. Grant |url=https://www.aiche.org/giving/supporters/profiles/christine-s-grant |access-date=2021-02-05 |website=www.aiche.org |language=en}}</ref> == Sabis na ilimi == Grant ta himmatu wajen inganta bambancin ra'ayi da daidaito a fannin injiniyan sinadarai. An karrama ta saboda aikinta na mai ba da shawara da kuma mai koyarwa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2016-03-01 |title=Grant honored for leadership by AAAS and AIChE {{!}} College of Engineering {{!}} NC State University |url=https://www.engr.ncsu.edu/news/2016/03/01/grant-honored-for-leadership-by-aaas-and-aiche/ |access-date=2021-02-05 |language=en}}</ref> An nada ta a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar ci gaban malamai da shirye-shirye na musamman a Jami'ar Jihar North Carolina a shekarar 2008 kuma har yanzu tana aiki a wannan matsayin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Leadership- In College and Nationally – Dr. Christine Grant |url=https://drchristinegrant.wordpress.ncsu.edu/leadership/ |access-date=2021-02-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin wannan matsayin ta fara ba da jagoranci, ta kula da shirye-shiryen fadada shiga da kuma kirkirar "Telebijin na Ci gaban Malamai", wani shiri na ci gaban kwararru ga ma'aikata. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-05-12 |title=Dr. Christine Grant leads restructuring of College of Engineering Faculty Development Office {{!}} College of Engineering {{!}} NC State University |url=https://www.engr.ncsu.edu/news/2015/05/12/dr-christine-grant-leads-restructuring-of-college-of-engineering-faculty-development-office/ |access-date=2021-02-05 |language=en}}</ref> Grant shine wanda ya kafa STEM Resilience, wata kungiya da ke neman tallafawa kungiyoyin da aka ware a fannin kimiyya, fasaha da injiniyanci. <ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |title=About |url=https://www.stemresilience.com/about/ |access-date=2021-02-05 |website=Stem Resilience |language=en}}</ref> Grant ta riƙe mukamai daban-daban na shugabanci a Cibiyar Injiniyoyi Masu Sinadarai ta Amurka (AIChE): ita ce mace 'yar asalin Afirka ta farko da aka zaɓa a matsayin 'yar ƙungiyar jama'a kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Kwamitin Harkokin 'Yan tsiraru da kuma kwamitin gudanarwa. <ref name=":0"/> An zaɓe ta a matsayin shugabar ƙasa a 2021. <ref name=":0" /> Grant kuma darakta ne a fannin Fadada Shiga Injiniya (BPE) da kuma shirye-shiryen [[Kwalejoji da Jami'o'i na Baƙar Fata a Tarihi|Kwalejoji da Jami'o'i na Baƙaƙen Tarihi]] - Ingantaccen Bincike (HBCU - EIR) a Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Ƙasa (NSF). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Christine S Grant {{!}} NSF - National Science Foundation |url=https://www.nsf.gov/staff/staff_bio.jsp?lan=cgrant&org=EEC&from_org=EEC |access-date=2021-02-27 |website=www.nsf.gov |archive-date=2021-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320131416/https://www.nsf.gov/staff/staff_bio.jsp?lan=cgrant&org=EEC&from_org=EEC |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Lambobin yabo da girmamawa == * Kyautar Jagoranci ta Ƙungiyar Ci Gaban Kimiyya ta Amurka <ref name=":1"/> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=2015 AAAS Mentor Award honors Christine Grant, North Carolina State University, for Supporting African-American Doctorates in Chemical Engineering {{!}} American Association for the Advancement of Science |url=https://www.aaas.org/news/2015-aaas-mentor-award-honors-christine-grant-north-carolina-state-university-supporting |access-date=2021-02-05 |website=www.aaas.org |language=en}}</ref> * Kyautar Cibiyar Injiniyoyi Masu Sinadarai ta Amurka ga Masu Gabatar da Bambancin Bambanci <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-11-23 |title=Grant receives AIChE Pioneers of Diversity Award {{!}} College of Engineering {{!}} NC State University |url=https://www.engr.ncsu.edu/news/2015/11/23/grant-receives-aiche-pioneers-of-diversity-award/ |access-date=2021-02-27 |language=en}}</ref> * Abokin Cibiyar Injiniyoyi Masu Sinadarai ta Amurka <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-03 |title=Christine Grant |url=https://www.aiche.org/community/bio/christine-grant |access-date=2021-02-05 |website=www.aiche.org |language=en}}</ref> * Kyautar Yankin Stanley C. na Ƙungiyar Sinadarai ta Amurka <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-05 |title=Stanley C. Israel Award for Advancing Diversity in the Chemical Sciences |url=https://www.chemdiversity.org/stanley-c-israel-award-for-advancing-diversity-in-the-chemical-sciences/ |access-date=2021-02-27 |website=ChemDiversity |language=en-US}}</ref> * Kyautar Jagoranci ta Winifred Burks-Houck daga Ƙungiyar Ƙasa don Ci gaban Ƙwararrun Masana Kimiyyar Sinadarai da Injiniyoyi Masu Sinadarai (NOBChE) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Winifred Burks-Houck Awards and Lecture |url=https://www.nobcche.org/winifred-burks-houck |access-date=2021-02-27 |website=www.nobcche.org}}</ref> * Kyautar Jagorancin Ƙwararru ta Ƙungiyar Ƙasa don Ci gaban Ƙwararrun Masana Kimiyyar Sinadarai Baƙaƙe da Injiniyoyi Masu Sinadarai <ref>{{Cite web |title=Winifred Burks-Houck Awards and Lecture |url=https://www.nobcche.org/winifred-burks-houck |access-date=2021-02-05 |website=www.nobcche.org}}</ref> * Kyautar Cibiyar Injiniyoyi Masu Sinadarai ta Amurka ga Masu Gabatar da Bambancin Bambanci <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-11-23 |title=Grant receives AIChE Pioneers of Diversity Award {{!}} College of Engineering {{!}} NC State University |url=https://www.engr.ncsu.edu/news/2015/11/23/grant-receives-aiche-pioneers-of-diversity-award/ |access-date=2021-02-05 |language=en}}</ref> * Kyautar Joseph N. Cannon ta Ƙungiyar Ƙasa don Ci gaban Ƙwararrun Masana Kimiyyar Sinadarai da Injiniyoyi Baƙaƙe <ref>{{Cite web |title=Joseph N. Cannon Award in Chemical Engineering |url=https://www.nobcche.org/Joseph-N-Cannon-Award |access-date=2021-02-27 |website=www.nobcche.org |archive-date=2020-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611043652/https://www.nobcche.org/Joseph-N-Cannon-Award |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Kyautar William W. Grimes ta Cibiyar Injiniyoyi Masu Sinadarai ta Amurka don Ingantaccen Injiniyan Sinadarai <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-03-28 |title=Minority Affairs Committee's William W. Grimes Award for Excellence in Chemical Engineering |url=https://www.aiche.org/community/awards/minority-affairs-committees-william-w-grimes-award-excellence-chemical-engineering#:~:text=The%20Minority%20Affairs%20Committee%20presents,distinguished%20role%20model%20for%20minorities. |access-date=2021-02-05 |website=www.aiche.org |language=en}}</ref> * An shigar da shi cikin ƙungiyar bincike ta Sigma Xi <ref name=":3"/> * Kyautar Bambance-bambancen da Majalisar Binciken Sinadarai (CCR) ta bayar <ref name=":4" /> * An zaɓe shi don shiga taron shekara-shekara na 12 na Gabar Injiniya ta Amurka ta Kwalejin Injiniya ta Ƙasa (NAE) <ref>{{Cite web |title=2006 US Frontiers of Engineering Symposium |url=https://www.naefrontiers.org/17873/2006USFOE |access-date=2021-02-27 |website=www.naefrontiers.org}}</ref> * Kwalejin Injiniya ta Ƙasa - CASEE Boeing Senior Fellowship <ref>{{Cite web |title=Senior Fellows |url=https://nae.edu/11787/SeniorFellows |access-date=2021-02-27 |website=NAE Website }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Academy of Engineering Selects Three Engineering Education Fellows |url=http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=11042004 |access-date=2021-02-27 |website=www8.nationalacademies.org |language=en}}</ref> * Kyautar Ilimi ta Musamman ga Tsoffin Daliban Ƙasa don Digiri na Digiri na Biyu ga Ƙananan Ƙananan Masana'antu a Injiniya (GEM) <ref name=":3" /> * Kyautar Shugaban Ƙasa ta NSF don Ingantaccen Ilimi a Kimiyya, Lissafi da Jagorancin Injiniya (PAESMEM) <ref name=":4" /> == Littattafai da aka zaɓa == *   *   *   * Decuir-Cunby, Jessica T.; Grant, Christine; Gregory, Bradley. (January 2013). "Exploring career trajectories for women of color in engineering: The experiences of African American and Latina engineering professors". ''Journal of Women and Minorities in Science and Engineering''. '''19''' (3): 209–225. [http://www.dl.begellhouse.com/journals/00551c876cc2f027,227df84537ba0187,2ac11ebd7bdafa52.html doi:10.1615/JWomenMinorScienEng.2013005769].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=DeCuir-Gunby |first=Jessica T. |last2=Grant |first2=Christine |last3=Gregory |first3=Bradley B. |date=2013 |title=Exploring Career Trajectories for Women of Color in Engineering: The Experiences of African American and Latina Engineering Professors |url=http://www.dl.begellhouse.com/journals/00551c876cc2f027,227df84537ba0187,2ac11ebd7bdafa52.html |journal=Journal of Women and Minorities in Science and Engineering |language=English |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=209–225 |bibcode=2013JWMSE..19..209D |doi=10.1615/JWomenMinorScienEng.2013005769 |issn=1072-8325 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 41no276d57cwcce0prr9stx1afym6q2 0 141552 874066 798488 2026-07-02T04:12:09Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 874066 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Carol Elaine Anderson''' (an haife ta a ranar 17 ga Yuni, 1959) ƙwararriyar masaniyar Amurka ce. Ita ce farfesa Charles Howard Candler a fannin [[Nazarin baƙar fata|Nazarin Baƙar fata na Amurka]] a Jami'ar Emory . <ref> name="emory-bio">{{Cite web |title=Carol Anderson |url=http://aas.emory.edu/home/people/faculty/anderson-carol.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824092931/http://aas.emory.edu/home/people/faculty/anderson-carol.html |archive-date=August 24, 2019 |access-date=February 1, 2017 |website=[[Emory University]]}}</ref> Bincikenta ya mayar da hankali kan manufofin jama'a dangane da launin fata, adalci, da daidaito. <ref> name="emory-bio" </ref> <ref> name="nesri-bio">{{Cite web |title=Carol Anderson |url=http://www.nesri.org/about/board-of-directors/carol-anderson |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151206080204/http://www.nesri.org/about/board-of-directors/carol-anderson |archive-date=December 6, 2015 |access-date=February 1, 2017 |website=National Economic & Social Rights Initiative}}</ref> A shekarar 2023, an zaɓe ta a cikin Ƙungiyar Falsafa ta Amurka . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The American Philosophical Society Welcomes New Members for 2023 |url=https://www.amphilsoc.org/blog/american-philosophical-society-welcomes-new-members-2023}}</ref> == Ilimi == Anderson ta sami digirin farko da na biyu a Jami'ar Miami da ke Oxford, Ohio, a shekarar 1981 da 1983, bi da bi. <ref> name="miami-13jan2004">{{Cite web |date=January 13, 2004 |title=Alum Carol Anderson to speak on lynching and U.S. foreign policy |url=http://miamioh.edu/news/article/view/3215 |access-date=February 1, 2017 |website=Miami University}}</ref> <ref name="emory-bio">{{Cite web |title=Carol Anderson |url=http://aas.emory.edu/home/people/faculty/anderson-carol.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824092931/http://aas.emory.edu/home/people/faculty/anderson-carol.html |archive-date=August 24, 2019 |access-date=February 1, 2017 |website=[[Emory University]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20190824092931/http://aas.emory.edu/home/people/faculty/anderson-carol.html "Carol Anderson"]. ''[[Emory University]]''. Archived from [http://aas.emory.edu/home/people/faculty/anderson-carol.html the original] on August 24, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 1,</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Ta sami digirin PhD a tarihi daga Jami'ar Jihar Ohio a shekarar 1995. <ref name="ohhist-2005">{{Cite web |date=2004–2005 |title=Making History at The Ohio State University |url=https://history.osu.edu/sites/history.osu.edu/files/MH2005.pdf |access-date=February 1, 2017 |website=Department of History |publisher=The Ohio State University |pages=41–42}}</ref> <ref name="emory-bio" /> An ba ta lambar yabo ta karatu a [[Jami'ar Harvard]] a shekarar 2005, inda ta yi aiki a kan littafinta, ''Bourgeois Radicals: The NAACP and the Struggle for Colonial Liberation, 1941–1960'' . <ref name="ohhist-2005" /> == Sana'a == Anderson ta yi aiki a matsayin farfesa a fannin tarihi a Jami'ar Missouri da ke Columbia . <ref name="miami-13jan2004">{{Cite web |date=January 13, 2004 |title=Alum Carol Anderson to speak on lynching and U.S. foreign policy |url=http://miamioh.edu/news/article/view/3215 |access-date=February 1, 2017 |website=Miami University}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://miamioh.edu/news/article/view/3215 "Alum Carol Anderson to speak on lynching and U.S. foreign policy"]. ''Miami University''. January 13, 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 1,</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> An ba ta lambar yabo ta malanta saboda ƙwarewar koyarwa a shekarar 2001. <ref name="kempner-fellow">{{Cite web |title=William T. Kemper Fellowships for Teaching Excellence |url=http://provost.missouri.edu/awards/campus-awards/kemper.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924093427/http://provost.missouri.edu/awards/campus-awards/kemper.php |archive-date=September 24, 2017 |access-date=February 1, 2017 |website=Office of the Provost |publisher=University of Missouri}}</ref> A shekarar 2009, Anderson ta shiga sashen nazarin Afirka ta Amurka a Jami'ar Emory da ke [[Atlanta|Atlanta, Georgia]] . <ref name="emory-bio"/> A cikin wani rubutu da aka wallafa a ''jaridar The Washington Post'' a shekarar 2014, Anderson ya yi jayayya cewa yanayin da ya haifar da tashin hankali bayan harbin Ferguson a shekarar 2014 wata alama ce ta "fushi mai zafi", ko kuma martanin fararen fata kan ci gaban [[Afirkawan Amurka|'yan Afirka ta Kudu]] . Wannan shafi yana ɗaya daga cikin labaran da aka fi karantawa a shekarar, inda aka sami dubban sharhi, kuma an bai wa Anderson kwangilar littafi. <ref name="emory-31may2016">{{Cite web |last=Elaine Justice |date=May 31, 2016 |title=Anderson explores country's racial past, present in 'White Rage' |url=http://news.emory.edu/stories/2016/05/upress_white_rage_anderson/campus.html |access-date=February 1, 2017 |website=Emory University |archive-date=January 16, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116065426/http://news.emory.edu//stories/2016/05/upress_white_rage_anderson/campus.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Littafin da aka fitar, ''Farin Rage: Gaskiyar da Ba a Faɗa Ba game da Ra'ayinmu'', ya faɗaɗa tarihin wariyar launin fata da ramuwar gayya a Amurka. <ref name="emory-31may2016" /> ''White Rage'' ya zama Mafi Kyawun Siyarwa a Jaridar New York Times, kuma an jera shi a matsayin littafi mai daraja na 2016 ta ''[[New York Times|Jaridar New York Times]]'', ''Jaridar Washington Post'', ''Jaridar Boston Globe'', da kuma Jaridar ''Chicago Review of Books'' . <ref name="chicago-14dec2016">{{Cite web |last=Adam Morgan |date=December 14, 2016 |title=The Best Nonfiction Books of 2016 |url=https://chireviewofbooks.com/2016/12/14/the-best-nonfiction-books-of-2016/ |access-date=February 1, 2017 |website=Chicago Review of Books}}</ref> ''Jaridar New York Times'' ta kuma jera ''White Rage'' a matsayin Zaɓin Editoci, kuma ta lashe kyautar National Book Critics Circle Award ta 2016 don Suka. Anderson ta tattauna tarihin danne masu kada kuri'a dangane da zargin tsoratar da tsirarun masu kada kuri'a a lokacin zaben shugaban kasa na Amurka na 2016. <ref name="demo-1nov2016">{{Cite web |date=November 1, 2016 |title=Democrats Sue Trump & GOP Under 1871 KKK Act for Threatening Voters of Color |url=https://www.democracynow.org/2016/11/1/democrats_sue_trump_gop_under_1871 |access-date=February 1, 2017 |website=[[Democracy Now!]]}}</ref> Ta kuma yi ikirarin cewa "fushin farin kaya" shine dalilin zaben [[Donald Trump]] . A cikin littafinta na 2021 mai suna The Second: Race and Guns in a Fatally Unequal America, ta yi jayayya cewa Kwaskwarima ta Biyu ga Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Amurka ta ƙirƙiri "wani tsari mai ban mamaki na ma'auni biyu inda launin fata ya shafi". A cikin sharhinsa na littafin a cikin The New York Times, Randall Kennedy ya bayyana hujjar Anderson mai ma'auni biyu kamar haka: {{Blockquote|On the one hand, she claims that slaveholding founding fathers insisted on the inclusion of the Second Amendment in the [[United States Bill of Rights|Bill of Rights]] in order to assure themselves of a fighting force willing to suppress slave insurrections. On the other hand, she maintains that racist practices have deprived Blacks of access to arms that might have enabled them to defend themselves in the absence of equal protection of law.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kennedy |first=Randall |author-link=Randall Kennedy |title=Was the Constitutional Right to Bear Arms Designed to Protect Slavery? |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/28/books/review/the-second-carol-anderson.html |date=May 28, 2021}}</ref>}} Anderson ta yi zanga-zanga kan [[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|take hakkin dan adam]] da ake yi wa ma'aikatan gona a Florida, tare da kawance da Coalition of Immokalee Workers (CIW). Ta shiga CIW wajen kira ga kamfanin Publix da ya shiga cikin Shirin Abinci Mai Kyau don mayar da martani. <ref name="nesri-29oct2013">{{Cite web |date=October 29, 2013 |title="Atrocities: Not our Business" by Emory University Professor and NESRI Board Member Carol Anderson |url=http://www.nesri.org/news/2013/10/atrocities-not-our-business-by-emory-university-professor-and-nesri-board-member-carol-anderson |access-date=February 1, 2017 |website=National Economic & Social Rights Initiative}}</ref> Anderson memba ce a Kwamitin Ba da Shawara kan Tarihi na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka . <ref name="hac-jun2006">{{Cite web |date=June 2006 |title=Historical Advisory Committee – About Us |url=https://history.state.gov/about/hac/june-2006 |access-date=February 1, 2017 |website=Office of the Historian |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> Tana cikin Hukumar Daraktocin Shirin Kasa na Tattalin Arziki da Haƙƙin Jama'a (NESRI). <ref name="nesri-bod">{{Cite web |title=Board of Directors |url=http://www.nesri.org/about/board-of-directors |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226004156/https://www.nesri.org/about/board-of-directors |archive-date=February 26, 2017 |access-date=February 1, 2017 |website=National Economic & Social Rights Initiative}}</ref> An nuna Anderson a cikin shirin gaskiya na 2019 ''After Selma,'' wanda Loki Mulholland ta ba da umarni, inda ta bayyana tarihi da halin da ake ciki na danne masu jefa ƙuri'a a Amurka a yanzu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=After Selma |url=https://joantrumpauermulholland.org/shop/after-selma/ |access-date=2020-06-18 |website=Joan Trumpauer Mulholland Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> An nada Anderson a matsayin memba na WEB Dubois [https://www.aapss.org/ na Kwalejin Kimiyyar Siyasa da Zamantakewa ta Amurka] a shekarar 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-21 |title=Carol Anderson |url=https://www.aapss.org/fellow/carol-anderson/ |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=AAPSS |language=en-US}}</ref> == Littattafai == == Zaɓaɓɓun kyaututtuka da karramawa == * 2003 – Gustavus Myers Outstanding Book Award, ''Eyes Off the Prize''<ref name="gustavus-awards">{{Cite web |title=Gustavus Myers Outstanding Book Award Winners |url=http://web.mnstate.edu/schwartz/GustavusMyers.htm |access-date=February 1, 2017 |publisher=[[Minnesota State University Moorhead]]}}</ref> * 2004 – Myrna F. Bernath Book Award, ''Eyes Off the Prize''<ref name="myrna-award">{{Cite web |title=The Myrna F. Bernath Book Award |url=http://www.shafr.org/content/myrna-f-bernath-book-award |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903165111/http://www.shafr.org/content/myrna-f-bernath-book-award |archive-date=September 3, 2017 |access-date=February 1, 2017 |website=The Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations}}</ref> * 2016 – ''Politico'' 50<ref name="politico50">{{Cite web |title=Carol Anderson & Michael Tesler |url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/politico50/2016/carol-anderson-michael-tesler/ |access-date=February 1, 2017 |website=[[Politico]]}}</ref> * 2016 – Winner, National Book Critics Circle Award for Criticism, ''White Rage'' == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1959]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] r7cqr2a2y5x2ztzmpahka7dym4nij83 0 142773 873835 802458 2026-07-01T21:15:20Z Ummeeterh 31568 873835 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Katharina "Käthe" Kern''' (22 ga [[Yuli|Yulin]] 1900 - 16 ga [[Afrilu]] 1985) ta zama mai fafutukar adawa da gwamnati ta Jamus a lokacin shekarun Hitler. Bayan 1945 da sauri ta fito a matsayin babban 'yar siyasa da mai goyon bayan jam'iyya a Yankin mamayewar Soviet (bayan [[Oktoba]] 1949 Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Jamus / Gabashin Jamus). Ta yi aiki tsakanin 1946 da 1985 a matsayin memba na abin da ya zama Kwamitin Tsakiya na Jam'iyyar mai iko. Wani jagora mai tsawo a [[:de:Ministerium für Gesundheitswesen|Ma'aikatar Lafiya)]] , ta kuma yi aiki, tsakanin 1949 da 1970, a matsayin shugabar sashen "Uwar da Yara" na kasa (''"Hauptabteilung Mutter und Kind"'').<ref name="KKlautHDK">{{Cite web |last=[[Hermann Weber]] |last2=[[Andreas Herbst]] |title=Kern, Käthe (Katharina): 22.7.1900 - 16.4.1985, SED-Funktionärin |url=https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/de/recherche/kataloge-datenbanken/biographische-datenbanken/kaethe-katharina-kern |access-date=6 July 2021 |website=Wer war wer in der DDR? |publisher=Ch. Links Verlag, Berlin & Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin}}</ref><ref name="KKlautSAPMO">{{Cite web |title=Nachlass Käthe (Katharina) Kern |url=http://www.argus.bstu.bundesarchiv.de/ny4145/index.htm |access-date=6 July 2021 |website=Einleitung .... biographische Angaben |publisher=Stiftung Archiv der Parteien und Massenorganisationen der DDR im Bundesarchiv (SAPMO), Berlin-Lichterfelde}}</ref> == Rayuwa == === Tushen da farkon shekarun === An haifi Katharina "Käthe" Kern a cikin iyalin ma'aikata a Darmstadt yayin da karni na ashirin ya fara. Darmstadt, wanda kuma shine birni inda ta girma kuma ta rayu a matsayin matashi, ya zama cibiyar masana'antu, kasuwanci da al'adu mai wadata a rabi na biyu na karni na sha tara. A nan ne ta kammala karatunta na koyo don aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar kasuwanci. A cikin 1919 Käthe Kern ya shiga cikin Young Socialists . Bayan shekara guda, har yanzu ba ta da shekara 21, ta shiga jam'iyyar SPD wacce, bayan sake fasalin zabe, kwanan nan ta sami kanta a cikin sabon matsayi na kasancewa babbar jam'iyya a sabuwar majalisar dokokin Jamus kuma ta jagoranci shiga cikin gwamnatin hadin gwiwa ta Jamhuriyar Jamus Bayan mulkin mallaka. Kern memba ne na jam'iyyar mai fafutuka kuma mai sana'a ne tun daga farko. Tsakanin 1921 da 1933 ta kasance memba na "Zentralverband der Angestellten" (ZdA) , ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta ma'aikatan ma'aikata masu zaman kansu. A halin yanzu, ta tallafa wa kanta tsakanin Oktoba 1921 da Oktoba 1924 ta hanyar aiki a matsayin sakatariya ga shugaban [[:de:Landesversicherungsanstalt|Landesversicherungsanstalt]] Hessen, reshen mai ba da inshora na fansho na Hessen da ke Darmstadt.<ref name="KKlautHDK">{{Cite web |last=[[Hermann Weber]] |last2=[[Andreas Herbst]] |title=Kern, Käthe (Katharina): 22.7.1900 - 16.4.1985, SED-Funktionärin |url=https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/de/recherche/kataloge-datenbanken/biographische-datenbanken/kaethe-katharina-kern |access-date=6 July 2021 |website=Wer war wer in der DDR? |publisher=Ch. Links Verlag, Berlin & Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHermann_WeberAndreas_Herbst">[[Hermann Weber]]; [[Andreas Herbst]]. [https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/de/recherche/kataloge-datenbanken/biographische-datenbanken/kaethe-katharina-kern "Kern, Käthe (Katharina): 22.7.1900 - 16.4.1985, SED-Funktionärin"]. ''Wer war wer in der DDR?''. Ch. Links Verlag, Berlin & Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="KKlautSAPMO">{{Cite web |title=Nachlass Käthe (Katharina) Kern |url=http://www.argus.bstu.bundesarchiv.de/ny4145/index.htm |access-date=6 July 2021 |website=Einleitung .... biographische Angaben |publisher=Stiftung Archiv der Parteien und Massenorganisationen der DDR im Bundesarchiv (SAPMO), Berlin-Lichterfelde}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.argus.bstu.bundesarchiv.de/ny4145/index.htm "Nachlass Käthe (Katharina) Kern"]. ''Einleitung .... biographische Angaben''. Stiftung Archiv der Parteien und Massenorganisationen der DDR im Bundesarchiv (SAPMO), Berlin-Lichterfelde<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Tsakanin Nuwamba 1924 da 1925 Kern ya yi karatu a "Akademie der Arbeit" (a hankali, "Labour Academy"), wanda ke da alaƙa da Jami'ar Frankfurt. A shekara ta 1925 ta dauki wani aikin sakatare da gudanarwa, a wannan lokacin tare da karin dandano na siyasa, tana aiki ga Otto Suhr, sannan matashi ne a "Allgemeiner freier Angestelltenbund" (AfA-Bund) , ƙungiyar laima ta ƙungiyar kasuwanci wacce ƙungiyar ta, ZdA, ke da alaƙa da ita. Tana aiki a lokaci guda tare da memba na majalisar SPD (Reichstagsmitglied), Siegfried Aufhäuser . [1][2] Tsakanin Oktoba 1928 da tsakiyar 1933 Kern ya kasance memba na kwamitin jagorancin yankin [[One-party state|daya-]]-linkid="92" href="./Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" id="mwTA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD na Greater [[Berlin]] kuma shugaban "Sakatariyar Mata" na jam'iyya ta gida. A halin yanzu, a watan Janairun 1933, 'Yan gurguzu na kasa sun kama damar da aka gabatar ta hanyar rikice-rikicen majalisa da kuma rikice-rikice na siyasa don karɓar iko. Sun yi saurin canza Jamus zuwa mulkin kama-kariya na jam'iyya daya kuma sun fara hulɗa da sanannun 'yan gwagwarmaya na (bayan Maris 1933 da aka haramta) jam'iyyun siyasa masu adawa. An dauki Käthe Kern a takaice a cikin tsare-tsare a watan Yuni / Yuli na shekara ta 1933 . <ref name="KKlautHDK">{{Cite web |last=[[Hermann Weber]] |last2=[[Andreas Herbst]] |title=Kern, Käthe (Katharina): 22.7.1900 - 16.4.1985, SED-Funktionärin |url=https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/de/recherche/kataloge-datenbanken/biographische-datenbanken/kaethe-katharina-kern |access-date=6 July 2021 |website=Wer war wer in der DDR? |publisher=Ch. Links Verlag, Berlin & Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHermann_WeberAndreas_Herbst">[[Hermann Weber]]; [[Andreas Herbst]]. [https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/de/recherche/kataloge-datenbanken/biographische-datenbanken/kaethe-katharina-kern "Kern, Käthe (Katharina): 22.7.1900 - 16.4.1985, SED-Funktionärin"]. ''Wer war wer in der DDR?''. Ch. Links Verlag, Berlin & Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="KKlautSAPMO">{{Cite web |title=Nachlass Käthe (Katharina) Kern |url=http://www.argus.bstu.bundesarchiv.de/ny4145/index.htm |access-date=6 July 2021 |website=Einleitung .... biographische Angaben |publisher=Stiftung Archiv der Parteien und Massenorganisationen der DDR im Bundesarchiv (SAPMO), Berlin-Lichterfelde}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.argus.bstu.bundesarchiv.de/ny4145/index.htm "Nachlass Käthe (Katharina) Kern"]. ''Einleitung .... biographische Angaben''. Stiftung Archiv der Parteien und Massenorganisationen der DDR im Bundesarchiv (SAPMO), Berlin-Lichterfelde<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Bayan an sake ta ta ta yi aiki, tsakanin Disamba 1933 da Janairu 1935, a matsayin mai buga takardu ga Saar Association (''"Saar-Verein"'') a Berlin. Tsakanin Janairu 1935 da 1945 ta yi aiki da farko a matsayin mai buga takardu kuma daga baya a matsayin sakatariya ta kamfanin hakar ma'adinai "Preußische Bergwerks- und Hütten-Aktiengesellschaft" a cibiyar gudanarwa ta Berlin.<ref name="KKlautSAPMO" /> Ta shiga cikin adawa da Fascist kuma tana da hulɗa tare da ƙungiyar da ke kusa da [[Wilhelm Leuschner]] . Bayani game da sa hannu ba su da yawa, amma ya bayyana cewa ba a kama ta ba.<ref name="KKlautHDK" /><ref name="KKlautSAPMO" /> === Gina aikin siyasa a yankin mamayar Soviet / Gabashin Jamus === Yaƙin ya ƙare a cikin cin nasarar soja a watan Mayu 1945. Tare da mafarki na Nazi na shekaru goma sha biyu a ƙarshen, ba a dakatar da jam'iyyun siyasa, gami da Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party (<nowiki><i id="mwcA">"Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands"</i></nowiki> / SPD) , ba. Kusan nan da nan Kern ya shiga jam'iyyar da aka dawo da ita kuma ya zama [[:de:Liste der Mitglieder des Landtages Sachsen-Anhalt (1946–1952, 1. Wahlperiode)|memba]] na "Zentralausschuss" na kasa (kimanin, "Kwamitin Tsakiya"), wanda ke zaune a Berlin. Yammacin kashi biyu cikin uku na Jamus yanzu an raba shi zuwa yankuna huɗu na soja, kuma Berlin kanta an raba ta daban zuwa sassa huɗu da aka gudanarwa da su daban. Käthe Kern ta kafa kanta a gabashin Berlin, wanda aka gudanar a matsayin wani ɓangare na Yankin mamayewar Soviet a Jamus. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1946 an samu rikice-rikice tsakanin jam'iyyar Kwaminis da Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party (SPD) . Masu zanen gine-ginen haɗuwa na iya nufin cewa ya kamata ya fara aiki a duk faɗin yankunan Amurka, Burtaniya, Faransa da Soviet, amma a yayin da ba ta sami wata damuwa a waje da Yankin Soviet ba. A cikin yankin Soviet Käthe Kern, wanda a wannan lokacin ya fito a matsayin "Sakataren Mata" na SPD (akalla a gabas), ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga haɗakar jam'iyyar, kuma da zaran ya fara aiki ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin dubban tsoffin mambobin SPD da daruruwan dubban tsohuwar mambobin Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci waɗanda suka yi amfani da siffofin da aka riga aka buga da hukumomi suka ba su don sanya hannu kan membobinsu ga sabuwar jam'iyyar "Socialist Unity Party" ("Sozialistische Einheitsgerlands" / SED). Har ila yau a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1946 an zabe ta a matsayin memba na "Parteivorstand", kwamitin jagoranci wanda bayan 'yan shekaru ya samo asali a cikin abin da aka sani da Kwamitin Tsakiya na Jam'iyyar, ƙungiyar siyasa wacce, a lokacin mutuwarta, Käthe Kern za ta zama ɗaya daga cikin membobin da suka fi dadewa. A cikin "Parteivorstand", tare da Elli Schmidt ta jagoranci "sakatariyar mata" har zuwa 1949. Ta zama memba na sabuwar kungiyar Trades Union Federation ("Freier Deutsche Gewerkschaftsbund" / FDGB). Ta kuma zauna, tsakanin 1946 da 1950, a matsayin zaɓaɓɓen memba na ɗan gajeren lokaci na majalisar dokokin jihar [[:de:Geschichte Sachsen-Anhalts#Sowjetische_Besatzungszone_und_Deutsche_Demokratische_Republik_(1945–1990)|Saxony-Anhalt]] ("Landtag"), kodayake wannan da alama ya kasance taron da ba shi da aiki.<ref name="KKlautHDK">{{Cite web |last=[[Hermann Weber]] |last2=[[Andreas Herbst]] |title=Kern, Käthe (Katharina): 22.7.1900 - 16.4.1985, SED-Funktionärin |url=https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/de/recherche/kataloge-datenbanken/biographische-datenbanken/kaethe-katharina-kern |access-date=6 July 2021 |website=Wer war wer in der DDR? |publisher=Ch. Links Verlag, Berlin & Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHermann_WeberAndreas_Herbst">[[Hermann Weber]]; [[Andreas Herbst]]. [https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/de/recherche/kataloge-datenbanken/biographische-datenbanken/kaethe-katharina-kern "Kern, Käthe (Katharina): 22.7.1900 - 16.4.1985, SED-Funktionärin"]. ''Wer war wer in der DDR?''. Ch. Links Verlag, Berlin & Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="KKlautSAPMO">{{Cite web |title=Nachlass Käthe (Katharina) Kern |url=http://www.argus.bstu.bundesarchiv.de/ny4145/index.htm |access-date=6 July 2021 |website=Einleitung .... biographische Angaben |publisher=Stiftung Archiv der Parteien und Massenorganisationen der DDR im Bundesarchiv (SAPMO), Berlin-Lichterfelde}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.argus.bstu.bundesarchiv.de/ny4145/index.htm "Nachlass Käthe (Katharina) Kern"]. ''Einleitung .... biographische Angaben''. Stiftung Archiv der Parteien und Massenorganisationen der DDR im Bundesarchiv (SAPMO), Berlin-Lichterfelde<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Tsarin wutar lantarki a yankin mamayar Soviet - wanda aka sake shi a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1949 yayin da Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Jamus (Gabas ta Jamus) ta dauki nauyin Soviet - da sauri ya zama tsakiya sosai, har sai a shekarar 1952 an kawar da tsarin gwamnati na matakin jihohi, gami da majalisun jihohi.<ref name="AuflösungLänder">{{Cite web |date=22 July 1952 |title=Gesetz über die weitere Demokratisierung des Aufbaus und der Arbeitsweise der staatlichen Organe in den Ländern der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik. |url=http://www.documentarchiv.de/ddr/1952/aufloesung-laender_ges.html |access-date=7 July 2021 |website=Quelle: Gesetzblatt der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik 1952, pp. 613-614 |publisher=Kai Riedel i.A. documentArchiv.de, Chemnitz}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1985]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1900]] ioehjy27ozin5t8uthl2x91pm8aavw9 0 143219 873647 803713 2026-07-01T13:52:37Z Ummeeterh 31568 873647 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Julie Anne Smith''' (An haife ta a ranar 3 ga watan [[Disamba]], shekara ta 1960), wacce aka fi sani da '''Julianne Moore''', 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta [[Amurka]]. An san ta musamman da hotunan mata masu damuwa da damuwa. Tana da yawa a fina-finai masu zaman kansu da kuma masu tayar da kayar baya tun farkon shekarun 1990, ita ce mai karɓar kyaututtuka da yawa, gami da Kyautar Kwalejin, Kyautar BAFTA, Kyautar Emmy guda biyu, da Kyautar Golden Globe guda biyu. Tana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo guda biyu da suka lashe kyautar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo mafi kyau a duk manyan bukukuwan fina-finai guda uku na Turai - Bikin Fim na Cannes, Bikin Fim na Berlin, da Bikin Fim na Venice . {{Efn|After [[Juliette Binoche]].}} Bayan karatun wasan kwaikwayo a ''Sa'o'i''<nowiki/>'ar [[Boston]], ta taka leda a kai a kai a wasan kwaikwayo na sabulu As the World Turns daga 1985 zuwa 1988, inda ta sami lambar yabo ta Daytime Emmy . Moore ta sami ci gaba ''Tsaro'' da fim din Robert Altman mai suna Short Cuts (1993), wanda ya biyo bayan wasan kwaikwayon da aka yaba da shi a cikin Todd Haynes' Safe (1995). Matsayi mai mahimmanci a cikin blockbusters Nine Months (1995) da The Lost World: Jurassic Park (1997) ya kafa ta a matsayin jagorar mace ta [[Hollywood]]. Ta sami gabatarwa ta Oscar saboda rawar da ta taka a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta batsa ta 1970 a fim din wasan kwaikwayo na ''Boogie Nights'' (1997) da kuma matan gida marasa gamsuwa a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na lokacin The End of the Affair (1999), Far from Heaven (2002), da The Hours (2002). Ayyukan Moore sun ci gaba tare da matsayi a cikin The Big Lebowski (1998), ''Magnolia'' (1999), ''Hannibal'' (2001), Children of Men (2006), A Single Man (2009), The Kids Are All Right (2010), Crazy, Stupid, Love (2011), da Maps to the Stars (2014). Ta lashe kyautar Primetime Emmy don wasa da Sarah Palin a cikin fim din HBO Game Change (2012), da kuma kyautar Kwalejin don Mafi kyawun Actress don nunawar mai haƙuri na Alzheimer a Still Alice (2014). Sakamakon da ta fi samun kudade ya zo ne tare da fina-finai biyu na karshe a cikin jerin fina-falla na Wasannin Yunwa (2014-2015) da fim din leken asiri Kingsman: The Golden Circle (2017). Tun daga wannan lokacin ta fito a fina-finai masu zaman kansu da ayyukan yawo ciki har da wasan kwaikwayo na Haynes ''Mayu Disamba'' (2023), wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi Mary & George (2024), da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na baki mai suna ''Sirens'' (2025). Baya ga yin wasan kwaikwayo, Moore ya rubuta jerin littattafan yara game da wani hali mai suna ''Freckleface Strawberry'' . Ta auri darektan Bart Freundlich kuma suna da 'ya'ya biyu. A cikin 2015, Time ya sanya ta cikin mutane 100 mafi tasiri a cikin jerin duniya kuma a cikin 2020, The New York Times ya sanya ta ɗaya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na karni na 21. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Julie Anne Smith a ranar 3 ga Disamba, 1960, a Fort Bragg, North Carolina . Mahaifinta, Peter Moore Smith, mai fashewa a cikin Sojojin Amurka a lokacin Yaƙin Vietnam, ya kai matsayin kolonel kuma ya zama alƙali na soja. Mahaifiyarta, Anne (née Love 1940-2009), masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam ne kuma ma'aikaciyar zamantakewa daga Greenock, Scotland, wacce ta yi ƙaura tare da iyalinta zuwa Amurka a shekara ta 1951. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 3, 2009 |title=Anne Love Smith Obituary |url=http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/washingtonpost/obituary.aspx?n=anne-love-smith&pid=126843460 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227011229/http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/washingtonpost/obituary.aspx?n=anne-love-smith&pid=126843460 |archive-date=February 27, 2015 |access-date=January 15, 2015}}</ref><ref name="obit" /> Moore yana da ƙaramar 'yar'uwa da ƙaramin ɗan'uwa, marubucin littafin Peter Moore Smith . <ref name="obit" /> Da yake tana da mahaifiyar Scotland, Moore ta yi ikirarin zama 'yar ƙasar Birtaniya a 2011 don girmama ta.<ref name="fabulous" /><ref name="arts desk">{{Cite web |last=Rees |first=Jasper |date=July 24, 2010 |title=Q&A: Actress Julianne Moore |url=http://www.theartsdesk.com/film/theartsdesk-qa-actress-julianne-moore |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117010149/http://www.theartsdesk.com/film/theartsdesk-qa-actress-julianne-moore |archive-date=January 17, 2013 |access-date=February 19, 2013 |website=The Arts Desk}}</ref> [[Fayil:WTB_Boston_University_Theater.jpg|thumb|Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Huntington Avenue, wanda ya kasance na Jami'ar Boston, inda Moore ta horar da ita don zama 'yar wasan kwaikwayo]] Saboda aikin mahaifinta, Moore ta sau da yawa tana tafiya a Amurka tun tana yarinya. Ta kasance kusa da iyalinta a sakamakon haka, amma ta ce ba ta taɓa jin cewa tana fitowa daga wani wuri ba. Iyalin sun zauna a wurare da yawa ciki har da Alabama, Georgia, Texas, Panama, Nebraska, Alaska, New York, da Virginia, kuma Moore ya halarci makarantu daban-daban guda tara. Kullum motsi ya sa ta zama yarinya mara tsaro, kuma ta yi ƙoƙari ta kafa abota.<ref name="cry" /> Duk da matsalolin, Moore ta ce salon rayuwa mai tafiya yana da fa'ida ga aikinta na gaba: "Lokacin da kake motsawa da yawa, kuna koyon cewa halayyar tana canzawa. Zan canzawa, dangane da inda nake... Yana koya muku kallo, sake kirkirar, wannan hali na iya canzawa. " Lokacin da Moore ke da shekaru 16, iyalin suka ƙaura daga Falls Church, Virginia, inda Moore ke halartar Makarantar Sakandare ta JEB Stuart, zuwa Frankfurt, Jamus ta Yamma, inda ta tafi makarantar sakandare na Amurka ta Frankfurt.[1][2] Ta kasance mai basira da karatu, mai kiran kanta "yarinya mai kyau", kuma ta shirya zama likita.[3] Ba ta taɓa yin la'akari da yin wasan kwaikwayo ko ma halartar gidan wasan kwaikwayo ba, amma ta kasance mai karatu mai ƙwazo wanda ya kai ta ga fara yin wasan kwaikwayo a cikin shirye-shiryen makaranta.[2][4][5] Moore ta bayyana a cikin wasannin da yawa ciki har da Tartuff da Medea, kuma tare da ƙarfafawar malaminta na Turanci, ta zaɓi neman aikin wasan kwaikwayo.[6] Iyayenta sun goyi bayan shawarar da ta yanke, amma sun nemi ta horar da ita a jami'a don samar da ƙarin tsaro na digiri na kwaleji.[3] An yarda da ita a Boston_University_College_of_Fine_Arts" id="mw9A" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Boston University College of Fine Arts">Kwalejin Fine Arts ta Jami'ar Boston a Boston kuma ta kammala a 1983 tare da Bachelor na Fine Arts a wasan kwaikwayo.[6] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]] buwtnskg5fvm9knjq94w67ct9ai5m7x 0 143230 874103 803731 2026-07-02T05:48:36Z Habibah A Jisambo 26434 874103 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nora ta Kelmendi''' wata tatsuniya ce ta Albaniya ta ƙarni na 17 saboda kyawunta da jarumtarta. Wani lokaci ana kiranta "Helen na [[Albaniya|Albania]]" saboda kyakkyawa ta haifar da babban yaki. Har ila yau ana kiranta Brünhilde ta Albania, domin ita kanta ita ce babbar mace mai jarumi a tarihin Albania. Akwai nau'o'i biyu na labarin Nora; dukansu sun ƙare tare da Nora ta kashe Pasha, shugaban Sojojin [[Daular Usmaniyya|Ottoman]], wanda ya yi rantsuwa da rage Highland (Albanian: Malsia, kuma Malcia ko Maltsia game da yaren Gheg) zuwa toka idan Nora ba ta zama matarsa ba. == Labari. == In the tale dating back to around 1637, or possibly 1638 or 1639 according to some sources, Nora, a girl from Malësia, was abandoned at an orphanage at birth by her father, a noble warrior who desired a son to fight the [[Daular Usmaniyya|Ottoman Empire]]. Raised as a boy by her aunt, Nora grew up to be exceptionally beautiful, likened to a Zana, a mythical mountain fairy.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Labarin kyawun Nora ya isa ga pasha na Rozafati Castle da ke Shkodra, asalin Bosnia, waɗanda suka nemi aurenta a ƙarƙashin al'adar Albaniya. Duk da haka, iyalan Nora sun ƙi, suna ambaton haramcin Kanun na Albaniya game da aure da waɗanda ba Albaniya ba. Ba tare da saba da irin wannan ƙin yarda ba, pasha mai fushi ta yi barazanar lalata Malësia idan Nora ba ta aure shi ba. [ ana buƙatar ambato ] Daga nan sai pasha ya jagoranci sojojinsa suka kewaye Malësia. Domin ceton ƙasarta, Nora ta tsara wani shiri. A wani sigar, ta yi kamar ta yarda da shawarar pasha, sanye da rigar gargajiya ta mata ta Arewacin Albaniya, sannan ta shiga tantinsa. A can, ta yi amfani da wuka ta gado ta raunata shi yayin da hankalinsa ya tashi. Daga nan sai ta gudu, kuma kamar yadda aka tsara, sojojin Malësia suka kai wa Ottoman hari, suka yi nasara ta wucin gadi a kansu. A wani sigar kuma, Nora ta jagoranci wata ƙungiyar mata 300 a yaƙi da Ottomans. A lokacin yaƙin, ta fuskanci pasha a cikin faɗa, ta kashe shi. Dukansu sigar sun kira pasha da Vutsi Pasha daga Bosnia. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Abubuwan da suka faru a tarihi. == Majiyoyin tarihi sun ba da labarin ba tare da wata almara ba, suna mai da hankali kan gwagwarmayar da ake yi sama da shekaru goma tsakanin Ottomans da Clementi landers da farko saboda haɗin gwiwarsu da [[Montenegro|Montenegrins]], da kuma shahararsu a matsayin mafi taurin kai tsakanin ƙabilun Albania, maimakon hoton Nora ko wata jarumar gida, kodayake sun ambaci cewa mata ma sun yi yaƙi. A cewar ''Cuneus Prophetarum'' na Pjetër Bogdani, akwai kimanin Kelmendi 500 da suka kai hari ga rundunar Ottoman mai mutane 12,000. [[François Lenormant]] a cikin littafinsa ''Turcs et Monténégrins'' ( [[Faris|Paris]], 1866) ya ambaci rundunar Ottoman mai sojoji sama da 30,000 tare da 900 a gefen Clementi, yayin da rikicin ya fara a 1624 kuma ya karu a 1638. Wani bayanin ya fito ne daga Father F. Arcangelo da Salto, masanin tauhidi kuma mai ba da shawara ga Savoy kuma mai ba da shawara na Holy See, wanda ya ambaci Clementi kusan 700, da kuma asarar Ottoman kusan 4,000, wanda aka buga a cikin ''Vita del Venerabile Padre Fr.'' ''Bonaventura da Palazzuolo Riformato'', vol.II, Venice, Oktoba 1722. == Duba kuma. == * Yanitza Martinay * Diva Grabovčeva == Manazarta. == <ref>Edi Shukriu (2000). Gra të shquara shqiptare [Distinguished Albanian women] (in Albanian). Vol. 1. Prishtina: Teuta. p. 36. OCLC 630465842. Retrieved 9 November 2013.</ref>{{Reflist}} p9nglwggs24lhnvfgoolpk4000yrcnq 0 143436 873988 804253 2026-07-01T22:52:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 873988 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bouaré Fily Sissoko''' (an haife ta a ranar 22 ga watan Agusta 1955) 'yar siyasa ce 'yar ƙasar Mali. Ta kasance Ministar Harkokin Ƙasa da Harkokin Ƙasa daga shekarun 2000 zuwa 2002, Ministar Sadarwa daga shekarun 2001 zuwa 2002 da kuma Ministar Kuɗi daga shekarun 2013 zuwa 2015. An yanke mata hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru goma a gidan yari a shekarar 2025. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Sissoko a ranar 22 ga watan Agusta 1955 a [[Dakar]], [[Faransanci Yammacin Afirka|Faransa a Yammacin Afirka]]. Tana jin [[Faransanci]], [[Turanci]], [[Harshen Bambara|Bambara]], Khassonké da [[Yare Wolof|Ouolof]]. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Fily SISSOKO (Ministre de l’Economie et des Finances) - aBamako.com - Qui est qui ? |url=http://www.abamako.com/qui/profil.asp?id=106 |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=Abamako |language=fr}}</ref> Sissoko ta yi karatu a [[Ségou]]. <ref name=":1"/> Daga nan ta yi karatun digiri na farko a fannin tattalin arziki a Makarantar Gudanarwa ta Ƙasa da ke Mali da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin shari'ar ci gaba a Jami'ar Nice-Sophia-Antipolis da ke [[Nice]], Faransa. Ta kuma yi karatun takardar shaidar dabarun kwastam a Cibiyar Ci gaban Ɗan Adam ta Max Planck da ke [[Berlin]], Jamus. Kafin ta shiga gwamnatin Mali, Sissoko ta yi aiki a gwamnatin Mali, ciki har da mataimakiyar shugaban sashin da ke kula da haɗakar yankunan Afirka, manajan ayyuka a Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziki, Kuɗi da Tsare-tsare, mataimakin babban darakta na kwastam, da kuma mai kula da harkokin gwamnati. Sissoko ta kasance ministar harkokin ƙasa da harkokin ƙasa daga ranar 21 ga watan Fabrairu, 2000, sannan aka kuma naɗa ta ministar sadarwa daga ranar 23 ga watan Yuni, 2001, tana aiki a waɗannan muƙamai har zuwa ranar 14 ga watan Yuni, 2002. Sisoko ta yi aiki a Ofishin Jakadancin Bankin Duniya da ke Mali daga shekarun 2004 zuwa 2013. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Portrait de femmes célèbres : Ce numéro est consacré à Mme Bouaré Fily Sissoko |url=https://malijet.com/people-mali/actualite-people-mali/269660-portrait-de-femmes-celebres-ce-numero-est-consacre-a-mme-bouare-.html |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=malijet.com |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Sisoko ta koma gwamnati a shekarar 2013, inda ta yi aiki a matsayin ministar kuɗi daga ranar 8 ga watan Satumba 2013 zuwa 10 ga Janairu 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mali Ministers |url=https://guide2womenleaders.com/Mali.htm |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=guide2womenleaders.com}}</ref> Ta jagoranci wata tawagar Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya (IMF) a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington DC]], Amurka, a shekarar 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Press Release: Statement at the Conclusion of a visit to the IMF by Mali&#8217;s Minister of Economy and Finance |url=https://www.imf.org/en/news/articles/2015/09/14/01/49/pr14290 |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=[[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) |language=en}}</ref> Sissoko ta kasance wakiliyar Mali a [[Kungiyar Tattalin Arziki da Kudi ta Yammacin Afirka|Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziki da Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka]] (UEMOA) daga watan Mayu na shekara ta 2017. <ref name=":2"/> A watan Agusta na 2021, an tsare Sissoko a wani ɓangare na binciken cin hanci da rashawa da tsarin shari'a na Mali ya gudanar, zuwa shari'o'i biyu: siyan jirgin saman shugaban kasa na Boeing da kuma kwangilolin kayan aikin soja da suka wuce kima. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-30 |title=Mali: Bouaré Fily Sissoko écrit au président Goita pour être jugée rapidement |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20220830-mali-bouar%C3%A9-fily-sissoko-%C3%A9crit-au-pr%C3%A9sident-goita-pour-%C3%AAtre-jug%C3%A9e-rapidement |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=RFI |language=fr}}</ref> An tsare ta a gidan yari na tsawon shekaru uku kafin a fara shari'a a Cibiyar Kula da Mata ta Bollé. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-27 |title=Mali: Supreme Court indefinitely postpones Fily Sissoko’s corruption trial |url=https://wadr.org/mali-supreme-court-indefinitely-postpones-fily-sissokos-corruption-trial/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=[[West Africa Democracy Radio]] (WADR) |language=en-US}}</ref> An yanke mata hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru goma a gidan yari, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-09 |title=Mali: Ten years in prison for former Minister of Economy and Finance, Bouaré Fily Sissoko, in the presidential Boeing case |url=https://www.financialafrik.com/en/2025/07/09/mali-ten-years-in-prison-for-former-minister-of-economy-and-finance-bouare-fily-sissoko-in-the-presidential-boeing-case/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=Financial Afrik |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-09 |title=Mali - Affaire de l'avion présidentiel et des équipements militaires: Bouaré Fily Sissoko condamnée à 10 ans de prison ferme |url=https://www.newafrique.net/articles/4iWHblPgAGyBKYBPK7fb |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=New Afrique |language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Affaire de l’avion présidentiel au Mali : l’ancienne ministre de l’Économie écope de dix ans de prison |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1704712/politique/affaire-de-lavion-presidentiel-au-mali-lancienne-ministre-de-leconomie-ecope-de-dix-ans-de-prison/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=[[Jeune Afrique]] |language=fr-FR}}</ref> tare da tarar [[CFA franc ( sefar yammaci Afirka)|CFA]] 500,000. A watan Maris na 2025, lauyan Sissoko ta shigar da buƙatar sakin ta na wucin gadi ga Kotun Koli da Kotun Ɗaukaka Ƙara bisa dalilai na lafiya, saboda tabarbarewar lafiyar da [[Ƙwayoyin Cutar Sikila|cututtukan sikila]], [[Cutar zuciya|matsalolin zuciya]], [[hawan jini]] da kuma [[osteoarthritis]] ke haifarwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Baché |first=David |date=2025-03-24 |title=Mali: la santé de l’ex-ministre Bouaré Fily Sissoko, en prison depuis trois ans et demi, se dégrade gravement |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250324-mali-la-sant%C3%A9-de-l-ex-ministre-bouar%C3%A9-fily-sissoko-en-prison-depuis-trois-ans-et-demi-se-d%C3%A9grade-gravement |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=RFI |language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Baché |first=David |date=2024-11-26 |title=Procès de l’avion présidentiel au Mali: pourvoi en cassation pour la libération de l'ex-ministre Bouaré Fily Sissoko |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20241126-proc%C3%A8s-de-l-avion-pr%C3%A9sidentiel-au-mali-pourvoi-en-cassation-pour-la-lib%C3%A9ration-de-l-ex-ministre-bouar%C3%A9-fily-sissoko |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=RFI |language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Thiam |first=Aliou |date=2025-03-25 |title=Mali : L’avocat de Bouaré Fily Sissoko alerte sur son état de santé en prison |url=https://wadr.org/fr/mali-lavocat-de-bouare-fily-sissoko-alerte-sur-son-etat-de-sante-en-prison/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=West Africa Democracy Radio (WADR) |language=fr-FR}}</ref> An ƙi buƙatar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bouaré Fily Sissoko : Une Liberté Provisoire Refusée, L’Ancienne Ministre de l’Économie du Mali Reste en Prison |url=https://bamada.net/bouare-fily-sissoko-une-liberte-provisoire-refusee-lancienne-ministre-de-leconomie-du-mali-reste-en-prison |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=Bamada.net |language=fr-FR}}</ref> A watan Afrilun 2025, an kwantar da ita a asibiti a [[Bamako]] bayan ta sha fama da [[Ciwon zuciya|bugun zuciya]] a gidan yari. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-09 |title=Mali: «On ne sait pas quand Bouaré Fily Sissoko sortira des urgences», indique son avocat |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250409-mali-on-ne-sait-pas-quand-bouar%C3%A9-fily-sissoko-sortira-des-urgences-indique-son-avocat |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=RFI |language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kane |first=Mahamadou |date=2025-04-10 |title=Au Mali, Fily Bouaré Sissoko hospitalisée en toute urgence |url=https://www.dw.com/fr/au-mali-fily-bouar%C3%A9-sissoko-hospitalisee-en-toute-urgence/a-72209634 |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=[[Deutsche Welle]] |language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ngomo |first=Chancelle |date=2025-04-11 |title=Mali : l’ex-ministre de l’économie et des finances séquestré depuis 2021, Bouaré Fily Sissoko, a été admise à l’hôpital |url=https://journal-lerouge.com/mali-lex-ministre-de-leconomie-et-des-finances-sequestre-depuis-2021-bouare-fily-sissoko-a-ete-admise-a-lhopital/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=Le rouge |language=fr-FR}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1955]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jhp49j2nz7t3933upil1ymagar1fqjv 0 144337 873757 806575 2026-07-01T19:01:08Z Merjoor 14653 873757 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A cikin tarihin tatsuniyoyi na Girka, '''Lampsace''' ko '''Lampsake''' ( Ancient Greek ) shine sunan birnin Lampsacus, wanda aka girmama a matsayin jaruma kuma daga baya aka girmama shi. Labarin da ya shafi ta, wanda aka sani daga ayyukan Plutarch da Polyaenus, shine kamar haka. Lampsace 'yar Mandron ce, sarkin Bebryces a Pityussa (tsohon suna na Lampsacus). Phobus na Phocaea ne ya taimaka wa mahaifinta a wani rikici na soja da mutanen da ke makwabtaka da ita, kuma, a matsayin lada, an ba wa Phobus wani ɓangare na masarautarsa, inda na ƙarshe ya jagoranci wani yanki daga Phocaea. Daga baya 'yan mulkin mallaka suka jagoranci yaƙin neman zaɓe na soja da dama kuma suka sami kyaututtuka da yawa, wanda ya sa al'ummar Pityussa ta tsorata su da kuma yi musu hassada. Daga nan sai Bebrycians suka ƙirƙiro makirci don korar Helenawa daga ƙasarsu idan babu Mandron. Lampsace ta fahimci makircin kuma ta ba da rahoto ga Helenawa, waɗanda suka hana 'yan baranda ta hanyar ƙirƙirar dabarun kansu: sun gayyaci Bebrycians zuwa wani liyafa na hadaya kuma lokacin da suka bugu, rabin Helenawa sun kashe su yayin da sauran rabin ke iko da ganuwar birnin. Daga nan sai Helenawa suka gayyaci Mandron ya yi mulki a kansu amma ya zaɓi ya tafi, ya ɗauki mata da 'ya'yan waɗanda aka kashe tare da shi. An girmama Lampsace sosai saboda sanar da Girkawa game da barazanar da ke tafe, amma ta yi rashin lafiya ta mutu. 'Yan ƙasar sun yi mata jana'iza mai ban mamaki kuma suka ci gaba da bauta mata a matsayin jaruma, suna sake mata suna Pityussa zuwa Lampsacus don girmama ta; daga baya aka yi ƙuri'a domin ɗaukaka ta i’zuwa matsayin allahiya. Saboda haka ana girmama ta tun zamanin Plutarch. [1] [2] [3] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} * Grimal, Pierre . Kamus Mai Takaitaccen Bayani game da tatsuniyoyi na Gargajiya. Basil Blackwell Ltd, 1990. - shafi na 236 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110720034913/http://press.princeton.edu/books/lyons/appendix.html Lyons, Deborah. Jinsi da Rashin Mutuwa: Karin Bayani - Kundin Jarumai, Princeton University Press, 1996, a ƙarƙashin ''Lampsake''] An shiga 7 Afrilu 2012 ot58a6fe27ogp8kk28pouolacyebr66 0 144519 874096 834661 2026-07-02T05:42:20Z Ummeeterh 31568 874096 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Helmar Gunter Frank''' (19 Ga [[Fabrairu]] 1933, Waiblingen – 15 ga [[Disamba]] 2013, Paderborn ) ƙwararren masanin lissafi ne kuma masanin tarbiyya na Jamus.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-12-19 |title=Forpasis Helmar Frank |url=http://www.liberafolio.org/2013/forpasis-helmar-frank |access-date=20 December 2013 |publisher=Libera Folio |language=Esperanto |archive-date=2013-12-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219224746/http://www.liberafolio.org/2013/forpasis-helmar-frank/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yana cikin masana kimiyya na farko da suka yi amfani da hanyoyin lissafi a koyarwa da ilimin halayyar ɗan adam. Ya kafa wata hanya don auna hankali a kan sikelin cikakke kuma iri ɗaya maimakon ta hanyar kwatantawa tsakanin mutane, duba ka'idar sarrafa bayanai, kuma ta haka ne ya zama wanda ya kafa Makarantar Ilimin Halayyar Bayanai ta Erlangen . Frank ya sami digirinsa na [[PhD]] daga [[University of Stuttgart|Jami'ar Stuttgart]] a shekarar 1959, yana aiki a kan ka'idodin ƙwarewar bayanai. Daga 1961 zuwa 1963 ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar bincike kan "koyon atomatik" a [[University of Karlsruhe|Jami'ar Karlsruhe]] . A shekara ta 1963 an nada shi farfesa a fannin kimiyyar bayanai (daga baya [[cybernetics]]) a Pädagogische Hochschule [[Berlin]] (ya kasancewar shi ne farfesa mafi ƙanƙanta a Jamus, yana da shekaru 30) kuma ya kafa Cibiyar Cybernetics. A shekara ta 1972 ya zama ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Jami'ar Paderborn inda ya ci gaba da aikinsa a kan ka'idar cybernetic na ilimin halayyar mutum da koyarwa. A shekara ta 1985 ya kafa, tare da Reinhard Selten, Ivo Lapenna, [[Fabrizio Pennacchietti]], [[Humphrey Tonkin]], da sauransu, Akademio Internacia de la Sciencoj San Marino (AIS), makarantar kimiyya ta duniya. Ya kasance shugabanta har zuwa Disamba 2007. A ƙarshen 1970s da farkon 1980s shi ne mai farawa da kuma mai kimanta kimiyya na gwajin koyarwa na kasa da kasa akan darajar propaedeutic na Esperanto. A shekara ta 1998 an ba shi lambar yabo ta 1st class Bundesverdienstkreuz . Frank ya koyar a matsayin baƙo ko farfesa mai daraja a Technische Universität Berlin da jami'o'in Guangzhou, Nitra, Prague, Rosario, da Sibiu. Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma babban editan mujallar kimiyya ''Grundlagenstudien aus Kybernetik und Geisteswissenschaft.'' Matar Frank, [[Věra Barandovská-Frank]], sananniyar yar Czech ce. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2013]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1933]] jan6767jgoisc5pmq9qs0azqlv4xqr7 0 144730 873793 839299 2026-07-01T20:35:04Z Ummeeterh 31568 873793 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Brigitta Stockinger''', FMedSci, FRS, Masanin rigakafi kwayoyin ne a Cibiyar Francis Crick da ke [[Landan|London]]. Lab din Stockinger yana mai da hankali kan fahimtar yadda wasu kwayoyin rigakafi, da ake kira T cells, ke tasowa da aiki tare da bincika yadda abinci da sauran abubuwan muhalli zasu iya shafar yadda tsarin rigakafi ke aiki.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Gitta Stockinger |url=https://www.crick.ac.uk/research/find-a-researcher/gitta-stockinger |access-date=2020-09-16 |website=Crick |language=en |archive-date=2020-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026160155/https://www.crick.ac.uk/research/find-a-researcher/gitta-stockinger |url-status=dead }}</ref> Stockinger yana mai da hankali kan wani nau'in kwayar rigakafi wanda ke taimakawa wajen sarrafa martani na rigakafi ga ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta da sauran ƙwayoyin cututtuka, wanda ake kira CD4 T cell. Binciken Stockinger ya ba da haske game da wani nau'in CD4 T cell, wanda ake kira Th17 cell, yana kallon dalilin da ya sa wasu daga cikin waɗannan sel suka zama kumburi kuma suna haifar da lalacewa a cikin jiki. Labinta ya gano wani mai karɓa, mai karɓar aryl hydrocarbon (AhR), wanda ke haɗa abubuwan da ke motsa muhalli da tsarin rigakafi.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] == Ilimi == Stockinger ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Mainz, inda aka ba ta PhD a fannin ilmin halitta . Daga nan sai ta yi karatun postdoctoral a London, Cambridge da kuma Cibiyar Nazarin Ciwon daji a Heidelberg . <ref name=":0"/> == Ayyuka == * 1985 - 1991 - Cibiyar Nazarin Rigakafi ta Basel (Memba) * 1991 - 2015 - Sashen Kwayar Kwayar Kwayoyin Kwayar Kwalejin (yanzu wani bangare na Cibiyar Francis Crick), Cibiyar Nazarin Kiwon Lafiya ta MRC (Shugaba) * 2015-yanzu - Babban Mai Bincike a Cibiyar Francis Crick . Stockinger ya shiga ƙungiyar jagorancin kimiyya ta Cibiyar a matsayin Mataimakin Darakta na Bincike a watan Yulin 2020. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Gitta Stockinger appointed Associate Research Director |url=https://www.crick.ac.uk/news/2020-07-01_gitta-stockinger-appointed-associate-research-director |access-date=2020-09-16 |website=Crick |language=en}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da girmamawa == An zabi Stockinger a matsayin Fellow na Royal Society a shekarar 2013. Zaben da ta yi ya ce: {{Cquote|Brigitta Stockinger has contributed insights regulation and maintenance of peripheral [[T cell]] immune responses. She was the first to define mechanisms underlying the differentiation of [[T helper 17 cell|Th17]] cells and demonstrated substantial pasticity in TH17 cell function depending on the inflammatory environment. Stockinger identified the [[aryl hydrocarbon receptor|Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)]] as connector between the immune system and environmental stimuli, showing that it shapes the functional differentiation of Th17 effector cells. The AhR links their role in host defence as well as their role in [[autoimmunity]] to environmental factors. Research into the physiological roles of AhR in the immune system beyond its role in toxicology provides a major breakthrough for both disciplines.<ref name="royal">{{Cite web | url=http://royalsociety.org/people/brigitta-stockinger/ | title=&#124; Royal Society}}</ref>}} A shekara ta 2008, an zabe ta memba na European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO). Har ila yau, ita ma 'yar'uwar Kwalejin Kimiyya ce ta Kiwon Lafiya .<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":0"/> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] epyi22ponarqt9c0zs4lh9532w4iun7 0 145575 874072 810072 2026-07-02T05:10:44Z Ummeeterh 31568 874072 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Terry Lee Gabreski''' ( Née aka '''haifa''' a shekarar 1952) babban jami'i ce mai ritaya a [[United States Air Force|rundunar sojin saman Amurka]] (USAF). Ita ce mace ta biyu da ta riƙe muƙamin Laftanar Janar a USAF. <ref name="ltg">{{Cite web |title=Columbus Ohio to celebrate Air Force Heritage Week |url=https://www.af.mil/News/story/storyID/123042375/ |access-date=15 May 2007 |website=United States Air Force |publisher=Air Force Link}}. Her spouse is Col. Donald F. Gabreski.</ref> Ita ce Mataimakiyar Kwamanda, Kwamandan Kayan Sojan Sama, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, [[Ohio (jiha)|Ohio]], wanda ke gudanar da bincike, haɓakawa, gwaji da kimantawa, kuma yana ba da tallafin sarrafa saye da jigilar kayayyaki da ake buƙata don kiyaye tsarin makamai na rundunar sojin sama a shirye don yaƙi. Ita 'yar Brigadier Janar Alonzo Walter mai ritaya ce <ref name="ltg" /> kuma surukar tsohon soja na Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu kuma ɗan yaƙin [[Koriya]], Kanar Gabby Gabreski . == Ilimi da rayuwar mutum == An haifi Gabreski a shekarar 1952, 'yar [[United States Air Force|rundunar sojin sama ta Amurka]] (USAF) Brigadier Janar Alonzo J. Walter, Jr. (1928–2022), sannan ta zama matukin jirgi mai gwaji, da kuma Doris Walter, wacce ita ma jami'a ce mai aiki. Bayan kammala digirinta na farko a fannin fasaha a [[tarihi]] a Jami'ar Jihar Louisiana, inda ta kasance memba a Delta Delta Delta, Gabreski ta shiga USAF, ta halarci Makarantar Horar da Jami'an Sojojin Sama, kuma aka nada ta a matsayin Laftanar na biyu a ranar 10 ga Satumba, 1974. Daga baya ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Gudanar da Jama'a daga Jami'ar Golden Gate a shekarar 1978. Gabreski ta kuma halarci Shirin Zartarwa na Manyan Jami'ai a Tsaron Kasa wanda aka gudanar a shekarar 1994 ta Makarantar Gwamnati ta John F. Kennedy, [[Jami'ar Harvard]], Cambridge, Massachusetts da kuma Shirin Babban Manaja, Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts a shekarar 2002. A shekarar 1983 aka zaɓe ta a matsayin Jami'ar Shekara ta USAF a Kamfanin Kula da Jiragen Sama, kuma an ba ta lambar yabo ta Eugene M. Zuckert Management Award a shekarar 1999 saboda ƙwarewarta ta musamman a fannin kula da Sojojin Sama. A shekarar 1989 ta auri Kanar Donald Francis Gabreski (an haife ta a shekarar 1949), wani matukin jirgin sama mai ritaya na USAF, babban ɗan Yaƙin [[Duniya]] na Biyu kuma jarumin Yaƙin Koriya, Kanar Francis S. "Gabby" Gabreski, kuma sun haifi 'ya'ya maza biyu, waɗanda aka haifa a shekarar 1992 da 1995. Bayan ta yi ritaya, Gabreski ta lura cewa ta nemi horon matukan jirgi sau uku amma an ƙi ta a kowane lokaci saboda, kasancewarta tsayin ƙafa biyar kacal, ba ta iya cika ƙa'idodin tsayi mafi ƙanƙanta na mai horar da T-38 Talon ba. == Ayyuka == Kafin aikinta na ƙarshe, Gabreski ta yi aiki a matsayin kwamandan Cibiyar Kula da Jiragen Sama ta Oklahoma City da ke Tinker Air Force Base daga Disamba 2003 zuwa Agusta 2005, wanda shine farkon shigar Rundunar Sojan Sama da ta aiwatar da Tsarin Ma'aikatan Tsaron Ƙasa . ] Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin Daraktan Kula da Jiragen Sama, Hedikwatar Rundunar Kayan Sojojin Sama daga Agusta 2001 zuwa Disamba 2003, da kuma Daraktan Kulawa na Mataimakin Shugaban Ma'aikata don Shigarwa da Kayayyaki a Hedikwatar Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Amurka daga Janairu 2000 zuwa Agusta 2001. Baya ga waɗannan ayyukan, ta jagoranci sassan kula da jiragen sama guda biyu, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da kula da jiragen sama a sassa uku, ta jagoranci rundunonin kula da jiragen sama uku da kuma rukunin jigilar kayayyaki, sannan ta yi aiki a matakin Ma'aikatan Sama, Sakataren Rundunar Sojan Sama da kuma Ma'aikatan Haɗin gwiwa. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1952]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] tkfh5n7bpqpuxk8s57twxqo25jowzoo 0 145660 873832 810319 2026-07-01T21:11:00Z Habibah A Jisambo 26434 873832 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Imonda''' yare ne na Papuan na [[Sandaun Province|Lardin Sandaun]], [[Sabuwar Gini Papuwa|Papua New Guinea]] . Yana da tsarin sautin sauƙi da tsarin wasula mai rikitarwa ba tare da sautunan sauti ba. Imonda yana da ma'ana sosai kuma ba ya nuna sunaye don lamba ko jinsi amma yana nuna lamba a kan aikatau don batun, abu, da sauran nau'ikan kalmomi. Ana kuma nuna lokacin magana, fasalin, ƙin yarda, da tambayoyi a wani bangare akan aikatau. Akwai jigon jigon da ke da tsayi sosai, wanda za'a iya amfani dashi a kan kalmomi, adverbs, ko verbs. Harshen ba shi da haɗin kai ko haɗin kai kuma ya cika waɗannan matsayi tare da wasu hanyoyin. == Fasahar sauti. == A cikin kusurwar kusurwa shine romanization Walter Seiler da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin harshen 1985 na harshe, wanda shine mafi yawan makircin. Inda ba a ba da romanization ba, romanization iri ɗaya ne da IPA. === Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi === {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 0; text-align:center" |+Alamun sautin Imonda ! !Labari !Alveolar !Velar |- !Dakatar da |p, b |t, d |K, ɡ |- !Fricative |Sanya <f> |s |x <h> |- !Hanci |m |n | |- !Ruwa | |l, (r) | |} === Sautin sautin === Imonda tana da wasula 10, wanda shine mafi yawa ga kowane yaren iyaka kuma fiye da yawancin sauran yarukan Papuan.<ref name="Foley-Sepik">{{Cite book|last3=William A. Foley}}</ref> == Tarihi. == A ƙarshen karni na 19, masu magana da Imonda suna da iyakantaccen hulɗa tare da 'yan kasuwa na Malay, waɗanda ake kira '''Sue-na-id''' (mutane na wuta). Kodayake a wasu yankuna na New Guinea, mazauna yankin sun zama masu iya magana da Malay a lokacin, ya bayyana cewa babu irin wannan tasiri ga masu magana da Imonda. Ma'amala ta gaba tare da baƙi ta faru ne a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II . Sojojin Japan da ke tserewa daga Amurkawa a bakin tekun sun zauna a Imonda na 'yan kwanaki. An yi fada kuma an kashe masu magana da Imonda guda biyu, an ƙone wasu gidaje, kuma an yi wa mazauna ƙauyen fyade. Daga baya, akwai wasu hulɗa tare da Dutch, waɗanda suka hayar mazauna yankin a matsayin masu ɗaukar kaya ko don aiki a garuruwa. A wannan lokacin yawancin masu magana da Imonda sun koyi Malay (musamman ba tare da sanin cewa suna da wani hulɗa da shi ba) kuma sun fallasa al'adun Yamma. Har zuwa 1962, ana magana da harshen Imonda kusan kawai a cikin ƙauye ɗaya yanzu da ake kira "Imonda a kan duwatsu". A wannan ranar, 'yan Australia sun karɓi iko daga Dutch New Guinea, kuma Imonda sun rabu zuwa ƙungiyoyi biyu kuma sun kafa ƙauyuka biyu a wurare masu sauƙi: '''Mol''' (ɗan) da Põs (''ciyawa''). An tattara jerin kalmomi don dukkan yarukan Waris ciki har da Imonda kafin 1973. Walter Seiler ya yi nazarin harshe na harshe dalla-dalla a cikin Ph.D. rubutun (1984) da kuma littafin da ya biyo baya (1985). <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Seiler|1985}}</ref> Ba kamar yawancin yankuna makwabta ba, ba a taɓa koyar da Malay a hankali ga masu magana da Imonda ba duk da cewa ana amfani da wasu kalmomin aro daga Malay. A lokacin Seiler's 1985 grammar of the language, lokacin da tattaunawa da makwabcin Waris ya faru, ana gudanar da shi sau da yawa a cikin Tok Pisin inda duk masu magana da Imonda suke da kyau kuma daga abin da Imonda ke karɓar kalmomin aro da yawa. ==manazarta.== 9kqas97eoswxcerh3bkruun8sdkhjxr 0 145678 873819 810369 2026-07-01T20:59:48Z Ummeeterh 31568 873819 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Reflist}} '''Klara Zamenhof''' (née Silbernik; 6 ga [[Oktoba]] 1863 - 6 ga Disamba 1924) ta kasance Esperantist ta Poland. Ta auri L. L. Zamenhof, wanda ya kirkiro harshen [[Esperanto]]. == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Klara Silbernik a ranar 6 ga Oktoba 1863 a Kovno, Lithuania, sannan wani ɓangare na Daular Rasha. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Christer Kiselman |title=ESPERANTO: ITS ORIGINS AND EARLY HISTORY |url=http://www2.math.uu.se/~kiselman/pau2008.pdf |website=math.uu.se}}</ref> Ita ce 'yar fari ta Alexander Sender Silbernik da Golda Silbernik, masu arziki Yahudawa daga Kovno.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Voyager en Pologne à travers sa culture et ses US |url=http://www.culturepolonaise.eu/3,2,765,en,100th_anniversary_of_the_death_of_L_ZAMENHOF_the_creator_of_the_Esperanto}}</ref> == Gudummawa ga Esperanto == Bayan rasuwar mijinta a ranar 14 ga [[Afrilu]] 1917, ta karɓi ci gaban Esperanto. Ta ci gaba da ci gaban al'ummar da ke kewaye da yaren kuma ta goyi bayan 'yarta [[Lidia Zamenhof|Lidia]], wacce ta horar da ita a matsayin malamin Esperanto a Turai da Amurka. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Ta auri Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof a shekara ta 1887, <ref>{{Cite web |title=100th anniversary of the death of L. ZAMENHOF, the creator of the Esperanto |url=http://www.culturepolonaise.eu/3,2,765,en,100th_anniversary_of_the_death_of_L_ZAMENHOF_the_creator_of_the_Esperanto |website=PolishCulture.eu}}</ref> kuma ta haifi 'ya'ya uku: Adamu, Lidia, da Zofia . Dukkanin ukun 'yan Nazi ne suka kashe su. Ta mutu a [[Wosaa|Warsaw]] a ranar 6 ga [[Disamba]] 1924, kuma an binne ta a Kabarin Yahudawa a can. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1924]] <references /> 56vttesbnwl1pgkc3swhjj2gm267vb0 0 146442 873815 827398 2026-07-01T20:55:52Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 873815 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Hayati binti Haji Mohd Salleh''' (ko kuma kawai '''Hayati Salleh''' ) <ref name="Grandossi 27.8.2017">{{Cite web |last=Grandossi |first=Eve |date=27 August 2017 |title=Brunei, ¿una fábrica de felicidad? &#124; Reportajes &#124; MG Magazine |url=http://www.magazinedigital.com/historias/reportajes/brunei-una-fabrica-felicidad |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413235154/http://www.magazinedigital.com/historias/reportajes/brunei-una-fabrica-felicidad |archive-date=13 April 2021 |access-date=24 July 2022 |website=www.magazinedigital.com |language=es}}</ref> alkali ce a Brunei kuma babbar lauya mace ta farko a Brunei, wacce ta yi aiki daga 2009 zuwa 2018. Ita ce kuma alkali mace ta farko a Brunei, haka kuma ita ce alkali mace ta farko a Babbar Kotun Koli a Brunei . Ita ce kuma mace ta farko 'yar asalin Brunei 'yar asalin Malay da aka kira zuwa ga Lauyan Ingila . <ref name="Inspire Apr-Jun 2014" /> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2016-02-02 |title=Datin Seri Paduka Hjh. Hayati |url=https://inspirebn.wordpress.com/datin-hjh-hayati/ |access-date=2023-08-26 |website=YES Inspire {{!}} Magazines |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Biography:HER EXCELLENCY MRS HAYATI SALLEH ATTORNEY GENERAL BRUNEI DARUSSALAM |url=http://www.iap-association.org/Conferences/Annual-Conferences/Programme-16th-Annual-IAP-Conference,-Seoul-2011/AC16_P4_Bio_Hayati_Salleh-(1).aspx }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 20, 2008 |title=Princess Hjh Masna presents eight women with special achievement awards |url=http://www.sultanate.com/news_server/2008/20_aug_2.html |access-date=2017-12-15 |publisher=sultanate.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Berhormat |first=Yang |date=2018 |title=DATIN SERI PADUKA HAJAH HAYATI BINTI POKSDSP HAJI MOHD SALLEH ATTORNEY GENERAL |url=https://www.agc.gov.bn/AGC%20Images/downloads/speech/IWD2018.pdf |website=KEY NOTE SPEECH AT INTERNATIONAL WOMEN’S DAY EVENT (2018): ‘PRESS FOR PROGRESS’}}</ref> Baya ga ayyukanta na shari'a, tana aiki a kwamitoci da dama, kamar Kwamitin Gyaran Dokoki, Majalisar Ilimi ta Ƙasa, da kuma "Badan Perencana Kemajuan Jangka Panjang," wanda aka ɗora wa alhakin tsara dabarun ci gaba na dogon lokaci na Brunei da kuma kula da aiwatar da shi. Haka kuma tana aiki a matsayin shugabar kwamitin aiki na Dokar Ƙwarewar Shari'a. ==Labarin ilimi== Makarantar Malay ta Raja Isteri Fatimah (SMRIF), Makarantar Sakandare ta 'Yan Mata ta Raja Isteri (STPRI), da Kwalejin Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien da ke Brunei ne suka samar da ilimin farko ga Hayati. Bayan ta sami tallafin karatu na Gwamnatin Brunei a shekarar 1974, ta ci gaba da kammala karatunta na 'A' a Kwalejin Exeter ta Karatu a [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]], daga karshe ta sami digirin farko na Fasaha ( Law ) daga Jami'ar Exeter a shekarar 1979. Ta zama [[Barrister|lauya mai]] lasisi a Lincoln's Inn a shekarar 1980. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2005 |title=Datin Hayati |url=https://www.bruneiresources.com/profiles/datin_hayati.html |access-date=2023-08-26 |website=Program Book BIMP-EAGA}}</ref> == Sana'a == Hayati ta fara aiki a matsayin [[Lauya|lauya mai kare hakkin]] jama'a da kuma mataimakiyar mai gabatar da kara a zauren babban lauya. Daga nan ta koma Sashen Shari'a na Jiha inda ta yi aiki a matsayin majistare kafin ta zama babban majistare kuma mataimakiyar babban magatakarda na Kotun Koli, babban magatakarda kuma alkali na kotun tsakiya, da kuma kwamishinan shari'a na Kotun Koli. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta sami irin wannan girmamawa lokacin da [[Hassanal Bolkiah|Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah]] ya naɗa ta a matsayin Alkalin Babbar Kotu a ranar 1 ga Janairun 2001. <ref name=":1"/> A ranar 4 ga Agustan 2009, ta sake zama mace ta farko da aka zaɓa a matsayin Babban Lauya . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sultanate - News {{!}} Negara Brunei Darussalam {{!}} Sultan appoints first Bruneian Chief Justice |url=http://www.sultanate.com/news_server/2009/5_aug_1.html |access-date=2023-08-26 |website=www.sultanate.com}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Mayun 2010, an ɗaga wannan matsayin zuwa matsayin Minista. <ref name=":0"/> Ta kasance memba a majalisar ministoci a cikin sauye-sauyen 2005, 2010, <ref name="Ubaidillah 30.10.2022">{{Cite web |last=Masri |first=Ubaidillah |date=30 May 2010 |title=HM reshuffles Cabinet, appoints first woman deputy minister &#124; The BT Archive |url=https://btarchive.org/news/national/2010/05/30/hm-reshuffles-cabinet-appoints-first-woman-deputy-minister |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719130135/https://btarchive.org/news/national/2010/05/30/hm-reshuffles-cabinet-appoints-first-woman-deputy-minister |archive-date=19 July 2022 |access-date=23 July 2022 |website=btarchive.org}}</ref> 2015, da 2018. Ita ce ke da alhakin kula da aiwatar da [[Shari'a|dokokin shari'a]] a Brunei. Ga tsarin shari'a na Brunei, aiwatar da Dokar Dokokin Shari'a ta 2013 yana wakiltar babban ci gaba. Samar da adalci daidai da tsarin doka shine babban burin dokar shari'a. Laifukan laifuka galibi suna ƙarƙashin ikon kotunan farar hula da kotunan addini. Dokar Shari'a ta ba kotunan shari'a ikon sauraron shari'o'in da suka shafi laifukan da suka shafi [[Musulunci]], kamar shan giya mai maye, rashin bayar da ''[[zakka]]'' ( sadaka ), ko rashin girmama Ramadan . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-11-30 |title=Datin Seri Paduka Hayati Salleh, Attorney General, on the introduction of sharia legal principles: Viewpoint - Asia 2014 - Oxford Business Group |url=https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/articles-interviews/maintaining-stability-datin-seri-paduka-hayati-salleh-attorney-general-on-the-introduction-of-sharia-legal-principles-viewpoint |access-date=2023-08-26 |language=en-US}}</ref> Bisa buƙatar Datin Hayati, Farfesa Cao Jianming ya ziyarci Brunei don kasuwanci daga 24 zuwa 26 ga Nuwamba 2017. Lauyan Jama'a na Kotun Koli da kuma Babban Lauyan Gwamnati na Brunei sun sanya hannu kan wata sanarwa ta haɗin gwiwa bayan sun amince da ƙara haɓaka sadarwa da haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ofisoshin masu gabatar da ƙara biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Delegation of the Supreme People's Procuratorate of China Visited Brunei |url=http://bn.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zwgx/201711/t20171127_10118574.htm |access-date=2023-08-26 |website=bn.china-embassy.gov.cn}}</ref> A ranar 24 ga Janairu 2018, shugaban ƙungiyar lauyoyi ta Brunei Darussalam, On Hung Zheng, ya ziyarci Datin Hayati a ginin lauyoyi. Sun yi magana game da batutuwan da suka shafi juna, ciki har da hanyoyin inganta ayyukan shari'a a Brunei Darussalam da kuma hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Attorney General, Law Society President hold fruitful talks – Law Society of Brunei Darussalam |url=https://bruneilawsociety.com/2018/01/25/attorney-general-law-society-president-hold-fruitful-talks/ |access-date=2023-08-26 |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 9 ga Agusta 2018, Mai Martaba ya amince da nadin Dato Hairol Arni a matsayin Babban Lauya domin maye gurbin Datin Hayati bisa ga umarnin Sarkin Brunei. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-10 |title=Pelantikan peguam negara dan pegawai kanan » Media Permata Online |url=https://mediapermata.com.bn/pelantikan-peguam-negara-dan-pegawai-kanan/ |access-date=2023-08-26 |website=Pelantikan peguam negara dan pegawai kanan |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Datin Hayati ita ce babbar 'yar aristocrat kuma ɗan siyasa, ''Pehin Orang Kaya Shahbandar'' Dato Seri Paduka Salleh . <ref name=":0"/> == Lambobin yabo da girmamawa == A ranar 15 ga Yuli 1999, an ba ta lambar yabo ta ''Datin Paduka'', wacce aka kuma yi mata lakabi da ''Yang Berhormat'' ( Mai Girma ). Daga baya aka ɗaukaka mata lambar yabo zuwa ga ''Datin Seri Paduka'' a ranar 15 ga Yuli 2011. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=HM 65th Birthday Awards |url=http://bruneiresources.blogspot.com/2011/07/hm-65th-birthday-awards.html |access-date=2023-08-26 |website=HM 65th Birthday Awards}}</ref> A tsawon aikinta, Hayati ta sami lambobin yabo kamar haka: <ref name=":1"/> === Kyaututtuka === * Gaisuwa ga lambar yabo ta Brunei Women Achievers Award (wanda Asia Inc Forum ta bayar; 2008) <ref name=":0"/> === Daraja === An ba Hayati waɗannan kyaututtukan: * [[Fayil:First_Class_of_the_Order_of_Seri_Paduka_Mahkota_Brunei_(SPMB).svg|50x50px]] Order na Seri Paduka Mahkota Brunei First Class (SPMB; 15 Yuli 2011) - ''Datin Seri Paduka'' ; <ref name=":3"/> * [[Fayil:Second_Class_of_the_Order_of_Seri_Paduka_Mahkota_Brunei_(DPMB).svg|50x50px]] Odar Seri Paduka Mahkota Brunei Ajin Na Biyu (DPMB; 15 Yuli 1999) - ''Datin Paduka'' * [[Fayil:Meritorious_Service_Medal_(PJK).svg|50x50px]] Lambar Yabo ta Sabis (PJK) * [[Fayil:Excellent_Service_Medal_(PIKB).svg|50x50px]] Kyakkyawan Lambar Sabis (PIKB) * [[Fayil:Long_Service_Medal_(PKL).svg|50x50px]] Lamba Mai Dogon Aiki (PKL) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 4t824j3pzrqw49d4p1xrzuixpagufce 0 149338 873836 830925 2026-07-01T21:16:35Z Ummeeterh 31568 873836 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Zamalek SC icon.png|thumb]] {{Infobox}} '''Zamalek Sporting Club''' kulob ne na kwallon kafa da ke birnin [[Kairo|Cairo]] a kasar [[Misra|Masar]]. An kafa shi a shekarar 1911, kuma yana daga cikin manyan kungiyoyin kwallon kafa mafi shahara a Afirka. Kulob din yana taka leda a gasar Firimiya ta Masar, wadda ita ce babbar gasar kwallon kafa a kasar. <ref>Zamalek SC official history</ref> Kulob din Zamalek yana daya daga cikin kungiyoyin da suka fi samun nasara a nahiyar [[Afirka]], inda ya lashe kofunan CAF Champions League sau da dama. Haka kuma yana daya daga cikin manyan abokan hamayya na kulob din Al Ahly, wanda suke fafatawa a wani shahararren wasa da ake kira Cairo Derby. <ref>CAF records and statistics</ref> Filin wasan gida na Zamalek shi ne Filin wasan kasa da kasa na Cairo, wanda yana daya daga cikin manyan filayen wasa a Afirka. Wannan fili yana daukar dubban magoya baya, kuma ana amfani da shi wajen manyan wasanni na kasa da kasa da na cikin gida. <ref>Egyptian Stadium Authority</ref> Zamalek ya shahara wajen fitar da fitattun 'yan wasa da suka taka rawar gani a duniya, ciki har da hazikan 'yan wasan Masar da suka wakilci kasar a gasannin duniya. Kulob din yana da tarihin horar da matasa da bunkasa kwallon kafa a kasar. <ref>FIFA player development report</ref> A cikin gida, Zamalek ya lashe kofin lig na Masar sau da dama, da kuma kofunan FA na kasar. Nasarorin da ya samu sun sa ya zama daya daga cikin kungiyoyin da suka fi tasiri a tarihin kwallon kafa na Masar. <ref>Egyptian FA archives</ref> Magoya bayan Zamalek suna daga cikin mafi aminci da jajircewa a Afirka, kuma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen goyon bayan kungiyar a dukkan wasanninta. Wannan goyon baya yana kara karfin gwiwar 'yan wasa a filin wasa. <ref>African football fan culture study</ref> == Duba kuma == * Al Ahly SC * Egyptian Premier League * [[CAF Champions League]] == Manazarta == <references/> ott8cr385al7nokrr51rrm75oup0enq 0 149424 874109 830732 2026-07-02T05:54:03Z Ummeeterh 31568 874109 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Julius Adaramola''' Listenⓘ (An haife shi a ranar 4 ga [[Afrilu]] 1990) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na [[Najeriya]] wanda ke buga wa R 32% IL . A baya Adaramola ya buga wa Olimpia Bălți da Fredrikstad FK wasa. == Ayyuka == === Kungiyar === A cikin kakar 2010-2011, ya buga dukkan wasannin cancanta guda hudu a gasar UEFA Europa League na Olimpia kuma ya zira kwallaye guda, sabili da haka shine mafi girman kulob din da kuma mafi yawan 'yan wasa, tare da wasu. A lokacin rani na shekara ta 2013, Adaramola ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya ta dindindin tare da FFK, bayan matsin lamba na waje daga jama'a da muhalli. A watan Mayu 2016, Adaramola ya shiga R 32% IL, <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 May 2016 |title=Spilte 23 kamper for FFK i fjor - nå er han klar for Råde i 4. divisjon |url=https://www.nrk.no/ostfold/julius-adaramola-klar-for-rade-il-1.12945720 |access-date=24 April 2018 |website=nrk.no |publisher=NRK |language=Norwegian}}</ref> ya sanya hannu kan sabon kwangilar shekaru uku tare da R 32% a watan Yulin 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2017 |title=Julius Adaramola skrev treårskontrakt med Råde |url=https://www.f-b.no/sport/fotball/rade-il/julius-adaramola-skrev-trearskontrakt-med-rade/s/5-59-814101 |access-date=24 April 2018 |website=f-b.no |publisher=Fredrikstad Blad |language=Norwegian}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]] dhrdca9ae8lwv54ke7i2zwe4n40svyz 0 149688 874048 831672 2026-07-01T23:55:46Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 874048 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bridget Twar''' (an haife ta a ranar 16 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 1966) 'yar siyasar [[Najeriya]] ce kuma Kwamishinan Harkokin Mata da Ci gaban Yara a [[Jahar Taraba|Jihar Taraba]], Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bridget Twar News Today December 25, 2022 |url=https://nnn.ng/tag/bridget-twar/ |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=NNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Taraba Demands Justice for Indigene Assaulted by Associate Professor |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/10/30/taraba-demands-justice-for-indigene-assaulted-by-associate-professor/ |access-date=2022-12-25 |newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-07-21 |title=Tiv declare support for PDP guber candidate in Taraba |url=https://guardian.ng/news/tiv-declare-support-for-pdp-guber-candidate-in-taraba/ |access-date=2022-12-26 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Andrew Ojih |date=2022-07-20 |title=Taraba 2023: Tiv people declare support for PDP candidate |url=https://www.blueprint.ng/taraba-2023-tiv-people-declare-support-for-pdp-candidate/ |access-date=2022-12-30 |language=en-US |location=Abuja, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Blueprint (newspaper)|Blueprint]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Online |first=Tribune |date=2022-08-10 |title=Poverty alleviation: Taraba govt empowers 77,306 women with skills, funds |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/poverty-alleviation-taraba-govt-empowers-77306-women-with-skills-funds/ |access-date=2022-12-30 |language=en-GB |newspaper=[[Nigerian Tribune]]}}</ref> == Ilimi == Twar ta halarci makarantar firamare ta Ashitsa a [[Wukari]] a 1971 kuma ta kammala a 1978. A shekara ta 1979, an shigar da ita a makarantar sakandare ta Gwamnatin Mbiya Takum kuma ta kammala a shekara ta 1983. Daga nan sai ta ci gaba zuwa Adamawa State Polytechnic, Yola a 1991 inda ta sami difloma a cikin Gudanar da Jama'a a 1993. Daga baya, ta sami izinin karatun Gudanar da Jama'a a [[Jami'ar Abuja]] inda ta kammala a shekara ta 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministry of Women Affairs and Child Development |url=https://www.tarabastate.gov.ng/ministry-of-women-affairs-and-child-development/ |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=TARABA STATE GOVERNMENT |language=en-GB |archive-date=2022-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225074454/https://www.tarabastate.gov.ng/ministry-of-women-affairs-and-child-development/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == An haifi Twar kuma ta girma a [[Gassol]] . Tana da aure kuma tana da 'ya'ya hudu. == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Ƴan siyasan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1966]] 7j7ugdstth43c3y0rdzasspoonkbk9p 0 149756 873758 831863 2026-07-01T19:04:20Z Merjoor 14653 873758 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Antony Matheus dos Santos''' (an haife shi ne a ranar 24 ga watan Fabrairu 2000), wanda aka fi sani da '''Antony''' ( ), <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Forvo |title=Antony Matheus dos Santos |url=https://forvo.com/word/antony_matheus_dos_santos/#pt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218192901/https://forvo.com/word/antony_matheus_dos_santos/#pt |archive-date=18 February 2024 |access-date=18 February 2024 |website=Forvo.com}}</ref> ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na ƙasar Brazil wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe na dama]] a ƙungiyar Laliga ta Real Betis da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Brazil. Antony ya kammala karatunsa ne daga makarantar koyon aikin soja ta São Paulo kuma ya fara buga wasan sa ne a babbar ƙungiya a shekara ta 2018. Ya ƙaura zuwa ƙasar waje zuwa Ajax a lokacin bazara na shekarar 2020, inda ya lashe kofuna biyu na Eredivisie da kuma Kofin KNVB guda ɗaya a cikin kakar wasa biyu da ya yi. Wasan da Antony ya yi a Netherlands ya sa aka sayar da shi kan kuɗi har Yuro 95.&nbsp;miliyan ( £ 82)&nbsp;miliyan) ga ƙungiyar [[Premier League]] [[Manchester United F.C.|ta Manchester United]], mafi girman kuɗin da aka biya don ɗan wasan Eredivisie. Ya faɗi a matsayin wanda ba shi da farin jini a Manchester United bayan da aka maye gurbin kocin [[Erik ten Hag]], wanda ya jagoranci Antony a Ajax, da Ruben Amorim a watan Nuwamba na 2024. An ba shi aro ga Real Betis a watan Janairu na 2025 don sauran kakar wasa ta 2024-25, kafin ya koma ƙungiyar har abada a wannan bazarar. Antony ya lashe lambar zinare tare da tawagar ' yan ƙasa da shekara 23 ta Brazil a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2020. Daga nan ya fara buga wasa a manyan ƙasashe kuma ya zira kwallaye a raga a kan Venezuela a watan Oktoban 2021, inda ya wakilci Brazil a [[Kofin Duniya na FIFA 2022|gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2022]] . == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Antony a [[Osasco]], São Paulo, kuma ya girma a Inferninho, wani wuri mai nisa da tsakiyar birnin. Tun yana girma, yana buga ƙwallon ƙafa duk inda zai iya a kan tituna ko a gidansa, yana haɗa ƙaunarsa ga futsal da ƙwallon ƙafa a kan titi da kuma halartar wasannin São Paulo akai-akai tare da goggonsa. == Aikin kulob == === Sao Paulo === Ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa tun yana ƙarami, kuma São Paulo ya gan shi, wanda ya ba shi kwangila a shekarar 2010, yana ɗan shekara 10, kuma aka shigar da shi makarantar horar da matasa. [1] A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, Antony ya sha wahala wajen samun lokacin wasa kuma yana gab da korarsa daga ƙungiyar matasa, amma ma'aikatan sun shawo kan manajansa ya ci gaba da riƙe shi. [ an yi ambato ] A lokacin da yake makarantar matasa, Antony ya haɗu da Helinho da Igor Gomes, inda suka zama abokai a cikin wannan tsari. A watan Satumba na 2018, Antony ya taimaka wa ƙungiyarsa ta lashe gasar J-League Challenge a Japan, kuma ya sanya masa suna mafi kyawun ɗan wasa a gasar. [2] Daga baya a wannan watan, a ranar 26 ga Satumba, Antony, tare da Helinho da Igor Gomes, an haɓaka shi zuwa babbar ƙungiyar, <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2018 |title=Garotos da base são promovidos e treinam no São Paulo; Everton corre de novo no gramado |trans-title=Base boys are promoted and trained in São Paulo; Everton runs back on the lawn |url=https://globoesporte.globo.com/futebol/times/sao-paulo/noticia/garotos-da-base-promovidos-treinam-no-sao-paulo-everton-fica-no-reffis.ghtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930175051/https://globoesporte.globo.com/futebol/times/sao-paulo/noticia/garotos-da-base-promovidos-treinam-no-sao-paulo-everton-fica-no-reffis.ghtml |archive-date=30 September 2020 |access-date=19 November 2018 |publisher=Globo Esporte |language=pt-BR}}</ref> kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwangila har zuwa Satumba 2023. <ref name="MOT">{{Cite web |last=Ana Luiza Rosa |date=17 September 2018 |title=U-17 is champion of the J League Challenge Cup |url=http://www.saopaulofc.net/noticias/noticias/futebol-de-base/2018/9/17/sub-17-e-campeao-da-j-league-challenge-cup |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917230926/http://www.saopaulofc.net/noticias/noticias/futebol-de-base/2018/9/17/sub-17-e-campeao-da-j-league-challenge-cup |archive-date=17 September 2018 |access-date=21 September 2022 |publisher=[[São Paulo FC|São Paulo]]}}</ref> A ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar farko, inda ya maye gurbin Helinho a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Grêmio . <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 November 2018 |title=Com apoio de Lucas Moura, Antony celebra estreia pelo São Paulo |trans-title=With support from Lucas Moura, Antony celebrates his debut for São Paulo |url=https://www.gazetaesportiva.com/times/sao-paulo/com-apoio-de-lucas-moura-antony-celebra-estreia-pelo-sao-paulo/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930204759/https://www.gazetaesportiva.com/times/sao-paulo/com-apoio-de-lucas-moura-antony-celebra-estreia-pelo-sao-paulo/ |archive-date=30 September 2020 |access-date=19 November 2018 |publisher=Gazeta Esportiva |language=pt-BR}}</ref> An rage shi zuwa ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 20 ta ƙungiyar, don shiga gasar Copa São Paulo de Futebol Júnior, wadda ƙungiyarsa ta yi nasara. Ya zura kwallaye a wasan ƙarshe da Vasco da Gama, kuma ya zaɓi ɗan wasa mafi kyau a gasar, saboda kwallaye 4 da ya zura da kuma taimakawa a wasanni 6 da ya buga a gasar. <ref name="Copinnha">{{Cite web |date=25 January 2019 |title=Assistance, goal and cup: Antony is the star of São Paulo and Copinha |url=http://www.lance.com.br/sao-paulo/show-todo-dele-com-assistencia-gol-antony-craque-copinha.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922095653/https://www.lance.com.br/sao-paulo/show-todo-dele-com-assistencia-gol-antony-craque-copinha.html |archive-date=22 September 2022 |access-date=21 September 2022 |language=pt-BR}}</ref> Bayan ya nuna bajintarsa a gasar, Antony ya koma ƙungiyar farko, kuma yayin da São Paulo ke fama da wahala a Campeonato Paulista, ya fara buga wasanni da yawa a ƙungiyar farko. Ya zira ƙwallonsa ta farko a ranar 21 ga Maris, a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da São Caetano, inda ''Tricolor'' ya zura ƙwallo a [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|lokacin dakatarwa]] . Ya zira ƙwallaye biyu, ciki har da ɗaya a wasan ƙarshe da Corinthians wata guda bayan haka, inda ƙungiyarsa ta sha kashi 2-1 a jimilla. <ref>{{Cite web |last=João Prata |date=21 April 2019 |title=Vagner Love scores in the end, Corinthians beats São Paulo and is three-time champion of São Paulo |url=https://esportes.estadao.com.br/noticias/futebol,vagner-love-marca-no-fim-corinthians-bate-sao-paulo-e-e-tricampeao-paulista,70002798844 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422123751/https://esportes.estadao.com.br/noticias/futebol,vagner-love-marca-no-fim-corinthians-bate-sao-paulo-e-e-tricampeao-paulista,70002798844 |archive-date=22 April 2019 |access-date=29 November 2019 |publisher=Estadão}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga Yuli, ya amince da tsawaita wasa har zuwa 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2019 |title=São Paulo announces renewal of Antony's contract until June 2024 |url=https://globoesporte.globo.com/futebol/times/sao-paulo/noticia/sao-paulo-fica-proximo-de-renovar-contrato-de-antony.ghtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721160225/https://globoesporte.globo.com/futebol/times/sao-paulo/noticia/sao-paulo-fica-proximo-de-renovar-contrato-de-antony.ghtml |archive-date=21 July 2019 |access-date=22 July 2019 |website=Globoesporte.globo.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2019 |title=Manchester City, European siege and money: Antony decides to renew and becomes an example in São Paulo |url=https://globoesporte.globo.com/futebol/times/sao-paulo/noticia/manchester-city-assedio-europeu-e-dinheiro-antony-decide-renovar-e-vira-examplo-no-sao-paulo.ghtml |access-date=22 July 2019 |website=Globoesporte.globo.com}}</ref> A ranar 5 ga Maris 2020, Antony ya fara buga wasansa na farko a Copa Libertadores, inda ya fara da rashin nasara da São Paulo ta yi da kungiyar Binacional ta Peru da ci 2-1. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Binacional 2 x 1 São Paulo – Copa Libertadores round 1 – Real Time – Globo Esporte |url=https://ge.globo.com/sp/futebol/libertadores/jogo/05-03-2020/binacional-sao-paulo.ghtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724183625/https://ge.globo.com/sp/futebol/libertadores/jogo/05-03-2020/binacional-sao-paulo.ghtml |archive-date=24 July 2021 |access-date=24 July 2021 |website=ge.globo |language=pt-br}}</ref> Bayan barkewar [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|annobar COVID-19]], an dakatar da kakar wasa na tsawon watanni daban-daban, kuma saboda haka Antony ya buga wasansa na karshe a kungiyar a ranar 14 ga Maris, inda ya buga wasan da suka yi da Santos da ci 2-1 a wasan da suka yi da ''San-São'' derby. <ref>{{Cite web |title=São Paulo 2 x 1 Santos – Campeonato Paulista round 10 – Real Time – Globo Esporte |url=https://ge.globo.com/sp/futebol/campeonato-paulista/jogo/14-03-2020/sao-paulo-santos.ghtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724183626/https://ge.globo.com/sp/futebol/campeonato-paulista/jogo/14-03-2020/sao-paulo-santos.ghtml |archive-date=24 July 2021 |access-date=24 July 2021 |website=ge.globo |language=pt-br}}</ref> === Ajax === A ranar 23 ga Fabrairu 2020, Ajax ta sayi Antony kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyar, wadda za ta fara aiki daga ranar 1 ga Yuli 2020, kan farashin farko na £13.&nbsp;miliyan, wanda zai iya tashi zuwa £18.2&nbsp;miliyan. Ya fara buga wa kulob din wasa a ranar 13 ga Satumba, 2020, inda ya zura kwallo daya tilo da ya ci a wasan da suka yi da Sparta Rotterdam a waje. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 September 2020 |title=Sparta Rotterdam 0–1 Ajax Amsterdam |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/match?gameId=574815 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913151426/https://www.espn.com/soccer/match?gameId=574815 |archive-date=13 September 2020 |access-date=13 September 2020 |publisher=ESPN}}</ref> Ya fara buga wa kulob din wasa a [[UEFA Champions League|gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA]] a ranar 27 ga Oktoba, a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 2-2 da Atalanta, inda ya bar filin wasa a minti na 90, bayan karo da Ruslan Malinovskyi, <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 October 2020 |title=Atalanta 2–2 Ajax |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/54710288 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027155017/https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/54710288 |archive-date=27 October 2020 |access-date=5 September 2022 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> kafin ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar a ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, 2020, a wasan da suka yi da Midtjylland a waje da ci 2-1. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2020 |title=Midtjylland 1–2 Ajax |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/match/2029421/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928191802/https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/match/2029421/ |archive-date=28 September 2021 |access-date=4 November 2020 |publisher=[[UEFA]]}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta 2020-21, Antony ya fafata da David Neres don samun gurbi a cikin 'yan wasan farko, daga ƙarshe ya bayyana sau 46. Ya kammala kakar wasa da kwallaye 11 da kuma taimakawa 10, ciki har da kwallo daya a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Vitesse da ci 3-1 a wasan ƙarshe na gasar cin kofin gida, wanda ya taimaka wa Ajax lashe gasar Eredivisie da kuma gasar KNVB . <ref name="football-oranje.com">{{Cite web |date=18 April 2021 |title=Ajax strike late to down Vitesse and lift their 20th KNVB Cup |url=http://www.football-oranje.com/ajax-strike-late-to-down-vitesse-and-lift-their-20th-knvb-cup/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419115859/http://www.football-oranje.com/ajax-strike-late-to-down-vitesse-and-lift-their-20th-knvb-cup/ |archive-date=19 April 2021 |access-date=19 April 2021 |website=Football Oranje}}</ref> <ref name="espn.com">{{Cite web |date=2 May 2021 |title=Ajax crowned Dutch champions after thumping win over Emmen |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/report/_/gameId/574238 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503195113/https://www.espn.com/soccer/report/_/gameId/574238 |archive-date=3 May 2021 |access-date=3 May 2021 |publisher=ESPN}}</ref> A kakar wasa mai zuwa, duk da sayen Mohamed Daramy da Steven Berghuis, Antony ya ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin 'yan wasan farko, kuma da kwallaye biyu da ya zura da kuma taimakawa wajen taimakawa Sporting CP da Borussia Dortmund, Ajax ta zama kulob na farko na Holland da ya lashe dukkan wasanni shida na rukuni na gasar zakarun Turai a tarihin gasar. Kwallaye uku da ya zura da kuma taimako daya sun sa ya zama gwarzon dan wasan gasar da kuma gwarzon watan Disamba. <ref name="PTM">{{Cite web |date=7 January 2021 |title=Antony named Eredivisie player of the month |url=https://eredivisie.nl/en-us/highlighted/antony-named-eredivisie-player-of-the-month |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119050508/https://eredivisie.nl/en-us/highlighted/antony-named-eredivisie-player-of-the-month |archive-date=19 January 2021 |access-date=5 September 2022 |website=eredivisie.nl}}</ref> A ranar 20 ga Maris, Antony ya zura kwallo a wasan da suka yi nasara a kan abokan hamayyarsa na De Klassieker Feyenoord a Eredivisie da ci 3-2, mintuna biyar bayan karin lokaci, kafin a kore shi, bayan ya sami katin rawaya na biyu bayan dakika biyu saboda ɓata lokaci. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 March 2022 |title=Throwback to when Antony got sent off for time wasting after being grabbed by Dusan Tadic |url=https://tribuna.com/en/news/football-2022-03-22-ajax-star-antony-gets-sent-off-for-time-wasting-after-being-grabbed-by-dusan-tadic/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905023545/https://tribuna.com/en/news/football-2022-03-22-ajax-star-antony-gets-sent-off-for-time-wasting-after-being-grabbed-by-dusan-tadic/ |archive-date=5 September 2022 |access-date=5 September 2022 |website=tribuna.com}}</ref> Kwanaki tara bayan haka, yayin da yake aikin kasa da kasa ga tawagar kasar Brazil, a lokacin wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya, Antony ya ji rauni a idon sawunsa, wanda hakan ya hana shi buga wasa har zuwa sauran kakar wasa. Ya kawo karshen kakar wasa da kwallaye 12 da kuma taimakawa wajen zura kwallaye 10, yayin da Ajax ta ci gaba da rike kambun gasar Eredivisie. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Coombs |first=Dan |date=27 July 2022 |title=Antony thrilled to make return after four months battling injury |url=https://www.unitedinfocus.com/news/antony-thrilled-to-make-return-after-four-months-battling-injury/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220802212303/https://www.unitedinfocus.com/news/antony-thrilled-to-make-return-after-four-months-battling-injury/ |archive-date=2 August 2022 |access-date=5 September 2022 |website=United in Focus}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 2000]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3l3b5srshi40pmhcwnuz9gmdcoisile 0 150273 873995 833379 2026-07-01T22:55:06Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 873995 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Lens - Marseille (22-01-2022) 17.jpg|thumb]] {{Infobox dan kwallon kafa | suna = Boubacar Kamara | hoto = Boubacar Kamara 2022.jpg | cikakken_suna = Boubacar Bernard Kamara | ranar_haihuwa = {{Haihuwa da shekaru|1999|11|23}} | wurin_haihuwa = Marseille, Faransa | tsawo = 1.84 m | matsayi = Mai tsaron baya na tsakiya / Dan wasan tsakiya mai kare baya | kungiyar_yanzu = Aston Villa | lamba = 44 | shekarun_matasa1 = 2005–2017 | kungiyoyin_matasa1 = Marseille | shekaru1 = 2016–2018 | kungiyoyi1 = Marseille II | wasa1 = 28 | kwallaye1 = 0 | shekaru2 = 2016–2022 | kungiyoyi2 = Marseille | wasa2 = 130 | kwallaye2 = 3 | shekaru3 = 2022– | kungiyoyi3 = Aston Villa | wasa3 = 88 | kwallaye3 = 2 | shekarun_kasa1 = 2015–2016 | kungiyar_kasa1 = Faransa U17 | wasa_kasa1 = 9 | kwallaye_kasa1 = 0 | shekarun_kasa2 = 2016–2017 | kungiyar_kasa2 = Faransa U18 | wasa_kasa2 = 9 | kwallaye_kasa2 = 0 | shekarun_kasa3 = 2017–2018 | kungiyar_kasa3 = Faransa U19 | wasa_kasa3 = 14 | kwallaye_kasa3 = 0 | shekarun_kasa4 = 2018–2019 | kungiyar_kasa4 = Faransa U20 | wasa_kasa4 = 7 | kwallaye_kasa4 = 0 | shekarun_kasa5 = 2019–2021 | kungiyar_kasa5 = Faransa U21 | wasa_kasa5 = 9 | kwallaye_kasa5 = 0 | shekarun_kasa6 = 2022– | kungiyar_kasa6 = Faransa | wasa_kasa6 = 5 | kwallaye_kasa6 = 0 }} '''Boubacar Bernard Kamara''' ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Faransa wanda aka haifa a ranar 23 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta 1999 a birnin Marseille na ƙasar Faransa. Yana taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kare baya ko kuma mai tsaron baya na tsakiya ga ƙungiyar Aston Villa ta gasar Firimiya ta Ingila da kuma tawagar ƙasar Faransa. An san shi da ƙwarewa wajen kwace ƙwallo, tsare baya, da kuma iya rarraba ƙwallaye daga tsakiyar fili.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boubacar_Kamara|title=Boubacar Kamara|website=Wikipedia}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Kamara a Marseille daga mahaifi ɗan asalin Senegal da mahaifiya ‘yar Corsica. Ya taso ne a yankin La Soude dake Marseille, inda tun yana ƙarami yake bibiyar wasannin kungiyar Olympique de Marseille tare da mahaifiyarsa. Tun yana ƙarami ya nuna ƙwarewa a wasan ƙwallon ƙafa wanda hakan ya sa aka saka shi makarantar horas da matasa ta Marseille yana ɗan shekara biyar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boubacar_Kamara|title=Boubacar Kamara|website=Wikipédia}}</ref> == Aikin ƙungiya == === Marseille === Kamara ya shiga makarantar horas da matasa ta Marseille a shekara ta 2005, inda ya taso a matakai daban-daban har zuwa kungiyar manya. A shekarar 2016 ya fara bugawa kungiyar Marseille II wasa kafin daga baya ya samu damar taka leda a babbar kungiyar Marseille.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boubacar_Kamara|title=Boubacar Kamara|website=Wikipedia}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasan sa na farko a hukumance ga Marseille a ranar 13 ga watan Disamba 2016 a gasar Coupe de la Ligue da kungiyar Sochaux. Duk da ƙarancin shekarunsa a lokacin, ya nuna bajinta wajen kare baya da sarrafa wasan daga tsakiyar fili.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boubacar_Kamara#Club_career|title=Boubacar Kamara – Club career|website=Wikipedia}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta 2017–18, Kamara ya taimaka wa Marseille kaiwa wasan ƙarshe na UEFA Europa League. Bayan wannan kakar, ya zama ɗaya daga cikin muhimman ‘yan wasan kungiyar musamman a matsayin mai kare baya da kuma ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kare baya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boubacar_Kamara|title=Boubacar Kamara|website=Wikipédia}}</ref> A lokacin da yake Marseille, Kamara ya buga wasanni sama da 170 a dukkan gasa. Ya yi aiki tare da masu horaswa daban-daban kuma yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kare baya da kuma taimakawa wajen gina hari daga baya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boubacar_Kamara#Marseille|title=Boubacar Kamara – Marseille career|website=Wikipedia}}</ref> === Aston Villa === A ranar 23 ga watan Mayu 2022, kungiyar Aston Villa ta sanar da ɗaukar Kamara daga Marseille a matsayin ɗan wasa kyauta bayan karewar kwantiraginsa. Ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyar tare da kungiyar ta Ingila.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/61548645|title=Aston Villa sign Boubacar Kamara|website=BBC Sport}}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Kamara ya fara taka leda a Aston Villa a watan Agustan 2022. Cikin kankanin lokaci ya zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun ‘yan wasan kungiyar saboda yadda yake kare baya da kuma daidaita wasan tsakiyar fili. Masu sharhi da dama sun yaba da rawar da yake takawa a tsarin wasan mai horaswa Unai Emery.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boubacar_Kamara#Aston_Villa|title=Boubacar Kamara – Aston Villa|website=Wikipedia}}</ref> A shekarar 2024 ya samu mummunar raunin gwiwa (ACL) wanda ya sa ya shafe watanni ba ya wasa. Duk da haka, bayan dawowarsa daga jinya ya ci gaba da taka muhimmiyar rawa a kungiyar Aston Villa.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2026/jan/21/aston-villa-loftus-cheek-kamara-transfer-window|title=Aston Villa consider move after Kamara injury|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa == Kamara ya wakilci Faransa a matakan matasa daban-daban ciki har da U17, U18, U19, U20 da U21. Ya taka rawa a gasar FIFA U-20 World Cup ta shekarar 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boubacar_Kamara#International_career|title=Boubacar Kamara – International career|website=Wikipedia}}</ref> Duk da cewa yana da damar bugawa Senegal wasa saboda asalin mahaifinsa, Kamara ya zaɓi wakiltar Faransa. A shekarar 2022 ya fara bugawa babbar tawagar Faransa wasa a gasar UEFA Nations League a wasan da suka yi da Croatia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boubacar_Kamara|title=Boubacar Kamara|website=Wikipedia}}</ref> == Salon wasa == Kamara ana kallonsa a matsayin ɗan wasa mai iya taka rawa a wurare da dama. Yana taka leda a matsayin mai kare baya na tsakiya da kuma ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kare baya. Ana yabonsa saboda nutsuwarsa da iya kwace ƙwallo ba tare da kuskure ba, tare da iya rarraba ƙwallo cikin sauri daga baya zuwa gaba.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boubacar_Kamara#Style_of_play|title=Boubacar Kamara – Style of play|website=Wikipedia}}</ref> Masana ƙwallon ƙafa sun bayyana shi a matsayin ɗan wasa mai ƙarfin jiki, hangen nesa, da kuma iya karanta wasan cikin sauri. Wannan ya sa yake zama ginshiƙi a tsarin wasan Aston Villa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11677/12828488/why-boubacar-kamara-is-key-for-aston-villa|title=Why Boubacar Kamara is key for Aston Villa|website=Sky Sports}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta kashin kai == Kamara Musulmi ne kuma yana alfahari da asalinsa na Senegal da Corsica. Yana da yara tare da abokiyar rayuwarsa Coralie Porrovecchio.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boubacar_Kamara#Personal_life|title=Boubacar Kamara – Personal life|website=Wikipedia}}</ref> == Girmamawa == === Marseille === * UEFA Europa League: Wanda ya zo na biyu (2017–18)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/44113764|title=Atletico Madrid 3–0 Marseille|website=BBC Sport}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin waje == * [https://www.avfc.co.uk/players/boubacarkamara/ Boubacar Kamara a shafin Aston Villa] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boubacar_Kamara Boubacar Kamara a Wikipedia ta Turanci] {{Dan_kwallon_kafa_stub}} 8vj4zhnywi4rtivhwkh0xog10zq7z2y 0 150763 874099 834638 2026-07-02T05:45:22Z Habibah A Jisambo 26434 Hi 874099 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sabitra Bhandari''' ( Nepali , ), wanda aka fi sani da '''Samba''', <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhandari on course of becoming all-time best |url=https://kathmandupost.com/sports/2019/03/21/bhandari-on-course-of-becoming-all-time-best |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719131235/https://kathmandupost.com/sports/2019/03/21/bhandari-on-course-of-becoming-all-time-best |archive-date=19 July 2020 |access-date=2020-07-19 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-02 |title=Nepal's all-time top scorer Sabitra Bhandari 'Samba' features in FIFA.com |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/sports/nepals-all-time-top-scorer-sabitra-bhandari-samba-features-in-fifa-com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719194027/https://thehimalayantimes.com/sports/nepals-all-time-top-scorer-sabitra-bhandari-samba-features-in-fifa-com/ |archive-date=19 July 2020 |access-date=2020-07-19 |website=The Himalayan Times |language=en-US}}</ref> ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne ɗan ƙasar Nepal wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba a ƙungiyar A-League Women ta Wellington Phoenix kuma yana jagorantar ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Nepal . Ita ce 'yar wasan da ta fi zura kwallaye a tarihin kwallon kafa ta Nepal kuma ta karya tarihin zama 'yar wasan da ta fi zura kwallaye a Kudancin Asiya, inda ta zura kwallaye 53. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhandari leads women goalscorers in South Asia |url=https://kathmandupost.com/football/2024/02/28/bhandari-is-the-leading-women-s-goalscorer-in-south-asia |access-date=2025-07-17 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref> Ta kafa tarihi ta hanyar zama 'yar wasan Nepal ta farko da ta buga wasa kuma ta ci kwallaye a manyan gasar Turai. Ita ce kuma 'yar wasan Asiya ta farko da ta ci kwallaye uku a manyan gasar Turai. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Guingamp 3-2 St. Etienne (7 May, 2025) Final Score - ESPN (UK) |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/football/match/_/gameId/715854/saint-etienne-guingamp |access-date=2025-07-17 |website=ESPN |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-08 |title=Nepal's pride Samba shines again in France - Nepal Samaj |url=https://nepalsamaj.com/en/nepals-pride-samba-shines-again-in-france/ |access-date=2025-07-17 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Sana'a. == A matakin kulob, Bhandari ta buga wasa a ƙungiyar APF Club . Bhandari ta shiga ƙungiyar ƙasa ta Nepal a gasar cin kofin ƙwallon ƙafa ta Kudancin Asiya ta 2014 kuma ta fara buga wasa a ƙasashen waje da Bhutan, inda ta fito daga benci ta kuma yi nasara da ci 8-0 a matsayin ƴar shekara 17. === Sethu FC. === Ta koma ƙungiyar Sethu FC ta ƙungiyar mata ta Indiya a kakar wasa ta 2018-19 a gasar mata ta Indiya . <ref>{{Cite web |title=सावित्रा र अनिता भारत प्रस्थान |url=https://www.khelpati.com/football/8150 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506150943/https://www.khelpati.com/football/8150// |archive-date=6 May 2019 |access-date=2019-04-29 |website=deshsanchar.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=पहिलो पटक इन्डियन लिग खेल्न जाँदै सावित्रा र अनिता |url=https://www.khelpati.com/football/8150 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506150943/https://www.khelpati.com/football/8150// |archive-date=6 May 2019 |access-date=2019-04-28 |website=deshsanchar.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=भारतमा सावित्रा र अनिता |url=https://baahrakhari.com/news-details/193245/2019-05-03 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620044715/https://baahrakhari.com/news-details/193245/2019-05-03 |archive-date=20 June 2021 |access-date=2019-05-03 |website=baahrakhari.com}}</ref> A wasanta na farko ta zira kwallaye 4 a ƙungiyar a wasan da ta buga da ƙungiyar 'yan sanda ta Manipur a ranar 6 ga Mayu 2019. An kuma ba ta lambar yabo ta mata mafi kyau a wasan a wasanta na farko da Sethu FC . Ta ci matsakaicin kwallaye biyu a wasa a lokacin da take a Indiya, wanda hakan ya sa Sethu FC ta lashe gasar cin kofin mata ta Indiya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Baniya |first=Sudesh |date=5 March 2024 |title=Feeding cattle to breaking barriers: Nepal goal machine Sabitra Bhandari |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2024/mar/05/feeding-cattle-to-breaking-barriers-nepal-goal-machine-sabitra-bhandari |website=The Guardian}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhandari's journey from barefoot dreamer to Nepal dazzler |url=https://inside.fifa.com/news/bhandari-s-journey-from-barefoot-dreamer-to-nepal-dazzler |website=inside.fifa.com |language=en}}</ref> === Gokulam Kerala FC. === Bhandari ya koma Gokulam Kerala FC a kakar wasa ta 2019-2020, kuma daga ƙarshe ya lashe gasar League kuma shi ne ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar da kwallaye 16. Bayan ta koma Gokulam Kerala FC a kakar wasa ta 2023, ta kasance babbar mai zura kwallaye a gasar da kwallaye 31, ciki har da kwallaye uku-uku biyar. Kwarewarta ta taimaka wa kungiyar lashe gasar, inda ta zama zakara a gasar mata ta Indiya ta uku. === Hapoel Ra'anana. === A watan Yunin 2023, Bhandari ta shiga ƙungiyar Hapoel Ra'anana ta Isra'ila inda sanarwar ta sami ra'ayoyi sama da 800 da kuma dubban ra'ayoyi yayin da ofishin jakadancin Isra'ila da ke Kathmandu ya gayyace ta don taya ta murna da kanta. Bhandari ta fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar a watan Agusta, inda ta buga wasan kofi da Maccabi Kishronot Hadera, inda ta zura ƙwallo a minti na 90 a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci 2-0. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 August 2023 |title=SAMBA Starts With A Debut Goal For Hapoel Raanana Women FC |url=https://goalnepal.com/news/detail/16330 |website=Goal Nepal}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2023 |title=גביע אתנה מחזור 2 - פרטי המשחק - מכבי כשרונות חדרה 0 : 2 הפועל רעננה |trans-title=Athena Cup Round 2 - Match details - Maccabi Kishronot Hadera 0 : 2 Hapoel Ra'anana |url=https://www.football.org.il/leagues/games/game/?season_id=25&game_id=866945 |publisher=[[Israel Football Association]] |language=he}}</ref> Ta fara kakar wasa [[2024–25 Ligat Nashim|ta 2024-25 ta Ligat Nashim]] da kyau, inda ta zura ƙwallaye 4 a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci 4-0 a kan Ramat HaSharon . <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 September 2023 |title=ליגת על נשים מחזור 1 - פרטי המשחק - מ.כ. רמת השרון 0 : 4 הפועל רעננה |trans-title=Ligat Nashim Round 1 - Match details - F.C. Ramat HaSharon 0 : 4 Hapoel Ra'anana |url=https://www.football.org.il/leagues/games/game/?game_id=870314 |publisher=[[Israel Football Association]] |language=he}}</ref> Ta kuma zura ƙwallaye a wasanta na biyu, inda suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Hapoel Petah Tikva . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bar |first=Yuval |date=14 September 2023 |title=כבר לא מושלמות: 1:1 בין הפועל פ"ת לרעננה |trans-title=Not perfect anymore: 1:1 between Hapoel PT and Ra'anana |url=https://www.one.co.il/Article/445304.html |website=[[One (website)|One]] |language=he}}</ref> Bayan haka ta zura ƙwallo a daidai lokacin rauni a kan Hapoel Katamon Jerusalem, wacce ta zo ta biyu a kakar wasa ta bara. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2023 |title=בדקה ה-91: צפו בשער האדיר של רעננה נשים |trans-title=In the 91st minute: Watch the amazing goal of Ra'anana Women |url=https://www.sport5.co.il/articles.aspx?FolderID=4178&docID=450133 |website=[[Sport 5]] |language=he}}</ref> Bayan hare-haren ranar 7 ga Oktoba, an rage wa Bhandari damar yin wasa <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2023 |title=SAMBA: I Am Taking Refuge With The Staff At Nepalese Embassy |url=https://goalnepal.com/news/detail/16595 |website=Goal Nepal}}</ref> bayan ya zura kwallaye shida a wasanni hudu na gasar lig da kuma kwallo daya a wasanni uku na kofin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=סביטרה בנדרי |trans-title=Sabitra Bhandari |url=https://www.football.org.il/players/player/?player_id=265778&season_id=25 |access-date=27 February 2025 |publisher=[[Israel Football Association]] |language=he}}</ref> === En Avant Guingamp. === Ta fara buga wasa a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu, 2024, bayan ta yi canjin 'yan wasa a minti na 78. Ta zura kwallonta ta farko a kan Lille OSC a ranar 2 ga Maris, 2024. A kakar wasa ta farko, ta zura kwallo 1 a wasanni 10 da ta buga wa Guingamp . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sabitra Bhandari Goal Logs |url=https://fbref.com/en/players/2c50e10b/goallogs/all_comps/Sabitra-Bhandari-Goal-Log |access-date=2025-07-17 |website=FBref.com |language=en}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta 2024–25, ta zura kwallaye 6 a wasanni 19, wanda hakan ya sa ta zama babbar mai zura kwallaye a Guingamp a kakar wasa ta 2024–25 . A ranar 21 ga Maris, 2025, Bhandari ta zura kwallaye biyu a ragar Paris Saint-Germain FC . Ta kuma zura kwallaye uku a ragar AS Saint-Étienne, wanda hakan ya sa ta zama 'yar wasa ta farko 'yar Nepal kuma 'yar Kudancin Asiya da ta ci kwallaye uku a gasar zakarun Turai. === Wellington Phoenix. === A watan Yulin 2025, Wellington Phoenix ta sanar da sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2025 |title=Proven goal scorer joins the Nix |url=https://wellingtonphoenix.com/news/proven-goal-scorer-joins-the-nix/ |website=[[Wellington Phoenix FC|Wellington Phoenix]]}}</ref> A ranar 20 ga Disamba 2025, Sabitra Bhandari ta zura kwallaye biyu kuma ta taimaka wa Wellington Phoenix a wasan da suka buga da Sydney FC a [https://wellingtonphoenix.com/match/a-league-women/wellington-phoenix-vs-sydney-20-12-2025/ gasar mata ta A-League] . Wasan ya nuna yadda ta yi wasa na hudu a kungiyar, inda ta samu kwallon a karon farko. Da wannan wasan, Bhandari ta zama 'yar wasan kwallon kafa ta Nepal ta farko da ta zura kwallo a gasar mata ta A-League . == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa. == Bhandari ta wakilci Nepal a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa. Ta shiga gasar cin kofin mata ta SAFF ta 2014, har ma ta zira kwallo a raga a kan Bhutan. Ta wakilci ƙasar a wasannin Kudancin Asiya na 2016, inda ta zira kwallaye biyu a kan Sri Lanka. Ta zira kwallo ɗaya tilo a wasan sada zumunci da ta yi da Malaysia a ranar 17 ga Disamba, 2016. Daga nan Bhandari ta buga wasa na farko a gasar cin kofin mata ta SAFF ta Nepal a shekarar 2016 da Bhutan . Ta zira kwallaye shida yayin da Nepal ta yi nasara da ci 8-0 a bude gasar sannan ta zira kwallaye 5 a kan Maldives a wasan rukuni na biyu. == Ƙididdigar aiki. == === Kulob === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanar da kwallayen da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta duniya ta zura, kakar wasa da kuma gasa ! rowspan="2" | Kulob ! rowspan="2" | Kakar wasa ! colspan="3" | Gasar League ! colspan="2" | Kofin ƙasa ! colspan="2" | Nahiyar Nahiyar ! colspan="2" | Wani ! colspan="2" | Jimilla |- ! Sashe ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye |- | rowspan="2" | Sethu FC | 2018–19 | Ƙungiyar Mata ta Indiya | 7 | 15 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 7 | 15 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 7 ! 15 ! colspan="2" | — ! colspan="2" | — ! colspan="2" | — ! 7 ! 15 |- | rowspan="3" | Gokulam Kerala | 2019–20 | rowspan="2" | Ƙungiyar Mata ta Indiya | 7 | 16 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 7 | 16 |- | 2022–23 | 10 | 31 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 10 | 31 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 17 ! 45 ! colspan="2" | — ! colspan="2" | — ! colspan="2" | — ! 17 ! 45 |- | rowspan="2" | Hapoel Ra'anana | 2023–24 | Liga Alef Arewa | 4 | 6 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 4 | 6 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 4 ! 6 ! colspan="2" | — ! colspan="2" | — ! colspan="2" | — ! 4 ! 6 |- | rowspan="3" | En Avant Guingamp | 2023–24 | rowspan="2" | Gasar Premier | 4 | 1 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 4 | 1 |- | 2024–25 | 25 | 6 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 25 | 6 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 29 ! 7 ! colspan="2" | — ! colspan="2" | — ! colspan="2" | — ! 29 ! 7 |- | rowspan="2" | Wellington Phoenix | 2025–26 | rowspan="1" | Matan A-League | 4 | 2 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 4 | 2 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 4 ! 2 ! colspan="2" | — ! colspan="2" | — ! colspan="2" | — ! 4 ! 2 |- ! colspan="3" | Jimillar aiki ! 61 ! 75 ! colspan="2" | — ! colspan="2" | — ! colspan="2" | — ! 61 ! 75 |} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1996]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ==manazarta.== 0xmg1xnvyv6ym39mabf0573pmo1f2c2 0 150906 873925 835006 2026-07-01T22:14:09Z Habibah A Jisambo 26434 873925 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jiju Jacob''' (An haife shi a ranar 25 ga Disamba 1967) tsohon ɗan wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] na Indiya ne wanda ya buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|mai tsaron baya]] . Jiju ya fito ne daga Kozhikode, [[Kerala]] kuma ya wakilci Indiya a wasanni da dama, ciki har da Kofin Nehru a 1997 <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Indian Senior Team at the 1997 Kochi Nehru Cup |url=http://www.indianfootball.de/specials/india/indianteam/1997nehrucup.html |access-date=2021-01-17 |website=www.indianfootball.de}}</ref> da Wasannin [[Asiya]] na Bangkok na 1998. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Strack-Zimmermann |first=Benjamin |title=Jiju Jacob |url=http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/62512/Jiju_Jacob.html |access-date=2021-01-17 |website=www.national-football-teams.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Indian Senior Team at the 1998 Bangkok Asian Games |url=http://www.indianfootball.de/specials/india/indianteam/1998asiangames.html |access-date=2021-01-17 |website=www.indianfootball.de}}</ref> A halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin mai sharhi da sharhi a kan hanyar sadarwa ta Star Sports . == Girmamawa. == * Gasar SAFF : 1993 ; <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chaudhuri |first=Arunava |title=The Indian Senior Team at the 1993 Lahore SAARC Cup |url=http://www.indianfootball.de/specials/india/indianteam/1993saarccup.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013172349/http://www.indianfootball.de/specials/india/indianteam/1993saarccup.html |archive-date=13 October 2018 |website=Indianfootball.de}}</ref> wanda ya zo na biyu: 1995 * Lambobin azurfa na Wasannin Kudancin Asiya : 1993 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1967]] ar2z82hlq6lqqo208ccxoknsaerhgrp 0 151160 874142 835889 2026-07-02T08:02:09Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 5 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 874142 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Leon Balogun | caption = Balogun a shekarar 2018 | fullname = Leon Aderemi Balogun | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1988|6|28|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Berlin]], Jamus ta Yamma | height = 1.90 m | position = [[Mai tsaron baya]] | currentclub = Rangers | clubnumber = 27 | youthyears1 = 1995–2004 | youthclubs1 = Hertha BSC | youthyears2 = 2004–2006 | youthclubs2 = Tasmania Berlin | years1 = 2006–2007 | clubs1 = Tasmania Berlin | caps1 = 15 | goals1 = 0 | years2 = 2007–2008 | clubs2 = Hannover 96 II | caps2 = 16 | goals2 = 0 | years3 = 2008–2010 | clubs3 = Werder Bremen II | caps3 = 33 | goals3 = 1 | years4 = 2010–2014 | clubs4 = Fortuna Düsseldorf II | caps4 = 16 | goals4 = 0 | years5 = 2010–2014 | clubs5 = Fortuna Düsseldorf | caps5 = 49 | goals5 = 0 | years6 = 2014–2015 | clubs6 = Darmstadt 98 | caps6 = 14 | goals6 = 0 | years7 = 2015–2018 | clubs7 = Mainz 05 | caps7 = 58 | goals7 = 1 | years8 = 2018–2020 | clubs8 = Brighton & Hove Albion | caps8 = 8 | goals8 = 0 | years9 = 2020–2022 | clubs9 = Rangers | caps9 = 65 | goals9 = 1 | years10 = 2022–2023 | clubs10 = Queens Park Rangers | caps10 = 14 | goals10 = 0 | years11 = 2023– | clubs11 = Rangers | caps11 = 20 | goals11 = 0 | nationalyears1 = 2014– | nationalteam1 = Najeriya | nationalcaps1 = 46 | nationalgoals1 = 1 }} '''Leon Aderemi Balogun''' (an haife shi a ranar 28 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1988) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar [[Najeriya]] wanda yake taka leda a matsayin [[mai tsaron baya]] ga ƙungiyar Rangers ta ƙasar Scotland da kuma tawagar ƙasar Najeriya, wato Super Eagles. An san shi da ƙwarewa wajen kare gida, iya bugun sama da kuma jagoranci a cikin fili.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rangers.co.uk/player/leon-balogun/ |title=Leon Balogun Profile |publisher=Rangers FC |access-date=14 May 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Leon Balogun a birnin [[Berlin]] na ƙasar Jamus daga mahaifi ɗan Najeriya da mahaifiya ‘yar Jamus. Ya taso ne a Jamus inda ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa tun yana ƙarami. Balogun ya fara koyon ƙwallo a makarantar matasa ta Hertha BSC kafin daga baya ya ci gaba da taka leda a wasu ƙananan ƙungiyoyi na Jamus.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/44570529 |title=Leon Balogun: Nigeria defender profile |publisher=BBC Sport |access-date=14 May 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Aikin ƙungiya == === Farkon rayuwa a Jamus === Balogun ya fara taka leda a matakin manya tare da Tasmania Berlin kafin daga baya ya koma Hannover 96 II da Werder Bremen II. Duk da cewa bai samu damar taka leda sosai a manyan ƙungiyoyi ba a farkon rayuwarsa, ya ci gaba da nuna jajircewa da ƙwazo wanda ya taimaka masa wajen samun damar taka leda a manyan matakai.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/leon-aderemi-balogun/40554/ |title=Leon Balogun Career Statistics |publisher=Soccerway |access-date=14 May 2026}}</ref> === Fortuna Düsseldorf === A shekarar 2010 Balogun ya koma Fortuna Düsseldorf inda ya fara samun damar buga wasa akai-akai a Bundesliga ta Jamus. Ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar wajen samun nasarori da dama ciki har da hawa gasar Bundesliga ta farko. A lokacin yana ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu tsaron baya a ƙungiyar saboda ƙarfin jikinsa da iya karanta wasa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.transfermarkt.com/leon-balogun/profil/spieler/41631 |title=Leon Balogun - Transfermarkt Profile |publisher=Transfermarkt |access-date=14 May 2026}}</ref> === Darmstadt 98 === Bayan barin Fortuna Düsseldorf, Balogun ya koma Darmstadt 98 a shekarar 2014. Duk da cewa ya yi ɗan gajeren lokaci a ƙungiyar, ya taimaka wajen kare baya da kuma ƙarfafa tsarin tsaron ƙungiyar a gasannin Jamus.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/leon-balogun/ |title=Leon Balogun Career History |publisher=WorldFootball.net |access-date=14 May 2026}}</ref> === Mainz 05 === A shekarar 2015 Balogun ya koma Mainz 05 inda ya yi fice sosai a Bundesliga. Ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu tsaron bayan ƙungiyar kuma ya buga wasanni da dama a gasar Bundesliga. A lokacin da yake Mainz, ya kara samun kwarewa wajen taka leda da manyan kungiyoyi a Jamus.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bundesliga.com/en/bundesliga/player/leon-balogun |title=Leon Balogun Bundesliga Profile |publisher=Bundesliga |access-date=14 May 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Brighton & Hove Albion === A shekarar 2018 Balogun ya koma ƙungiyar Brighton & Hove Albion ta gasar Premier League ta Ingila. Wannan ne karo na farko da ya taka leda a gasar Ingila. Duk da cewa bai samu yawan buga wasa ba, ya nuna kwarewa da jajircewa lokacin da aka ba shi dama.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.premierleague.com/players/4630/Leon-Balogun/overview |title=Leon Balogun Premier League Profile |publisher=Premier League |access-date=14 May 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Rangers === Balogun ya koma Rangers ta ƙasar Scotland a shekarar 2020. A karkashin jagorancin koci Steven Gerrard, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen taimaka wa Rangers lashe gasar Firimiya ta Scotland ba tare da an doke su ba a kakar 2020–21. Magoya bayan ƙungiyar sun yaba masa saboda ƙwarewa, ƙarfi da jagoranci.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rangers.co.uk/article/leon-balogun-signs-for-rangers/5G0rS7jWvL0M9B7v2mR8mM |title=Leon Balogun signs for Rangers |publisher=Rangers FC |access-date=14 May 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Bayan wani ɗan lokaci a Queens Park Rangers, Balogun ya sake komawa Rangers a shekarar 2023 domin ci gaba da taka leda a ƙungiyar ta Scotland.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11788/12914563/leon-balogun-rangers-re-sign-defender-after-qpr-exit |title=Rangers re-sign Leon Balogun |publisher=Sky Sports |access-date=14 May 2026}}</ref> == Aikin tawagar ƙasa == Balogun ya fara bugawa tawagar ƙasar Najeriya wasa a shekarar 2014. Ya buga wasansa na farko ne a karawar sada zumunci da ƙasar Mexico. Tun daga wannan lokaci ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu tsaron bayan Super Eagles.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/56389/Leon_Balogun.html |title=Leon Balogun International Career |publisher=National Football Teams |access-date=14 May 2026}}</ref> Ya wakilci Najeriya a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta shekarar 2018 da aka gudanar a Rasha. Haka kuma ya taka rawa a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka ta AFCON inda Najeriya ta samu matsayi na uku a shekarar 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/tournaments/mens/worldcup/russia2018/teams/nigeria |title=Nigeria Squad - FIFA World Cup 2018 |publisher=FIFA |access-date=14 May 2026}}</ref> == Salon taka leda == An san Leon Balogun da ƙarfin jiki, iya bugun sama da kuma iya karanta wasan abokan hamayya. Yakan taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya na tsakiya, amma kuma yana iya taka rawa a tsarin masu tsaron baya uku. Kwarewarsa da gogewarsa sun sa yake taimakawa matasan ‘yan wasa a ƙungiyoyin da yake bugawa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/who-is-leon-balogun-the-super-eagles-defender/blt5c1e1e76b1d7b6f2 |title=Who is Leon Balogun? |publisher=Goal.com |access-date=14 May 2026}}</ref> == Nasarori == === Rangers === * Scottish Premiership: 2020–21 * Scottish Cup: 2021–22 === Najeriya === * Matsayi na uku a AFCON: 2019 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin waje == * {{Official website}} * {{Soccerbase}} * {{Transfermarkt}} * {{National football team player}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Balogun, Leon}} [[Category:Haihuwar 1988]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Yan wasan kwallon kafa na Najeriya]] [[Category:Masu tsaron baya na kwallon kafa]] [[Category:Yan wasan Rangers F.C.]] [[Category:Yan wasan Brighton & Hove Albion F.C.]] [[Category:Yan wasan Bundesliga]] [[Category:Yan wasan Premier League]] [[Category:Yan wasan Najeriya na duniya]] 2xvcyea1k6dn5fhu2hs46f2eq5kpfde 0 151237 874056 836043 2026-07-02T01:38:27Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 5 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 874056 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club | clubname = COD United F.C. | image = | fullname = COD United Football Club | nickname = | founded = 2007 | ground = Onikan Stadium | capacity = 5,000 | owner = Christian Outreach Ministries | chairman = | manager = | league = Nigeria National League }} '''COD United F.C.''' ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta ƙasar Najeriya wacce take da hedikwata a birnin [[Legas]], Najeriya. Ƙungiyar ta shahara wajen bai wa matasa damar haɓaka ƙwarewarsu a harkar ƙwallon ƙafa tare da taimaka musu zuwa manyan ƙungiyoyi na cikin gida da ƙasashen waje.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/cod-united-owners-unveil-plans-for-youth-football/|title=COD United owners unveil plans for youth football|website=Goal.com|access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> An kafa ƙungiyar ne a shekarar 2007 ta hannun cocin Christian Outreach Ministries domin amfani da wasanni wajen bunƙasa tarbiyya da ci gaban matasa. Tun daga kafuwarta, ƙungiyar ta mayar da hankali wajen gano matasa masu baiwa tare da horas da su bisa ƙa’idojin ƙwararrun ‘yan wasa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201202150521.html|title=Nigeria: COD United and Youth Football Development|website=AllAfrica|access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> COD United ta yi suna sosai a gasar matasa da kuma ƙananan rukunan lig na Najeriya. A wasu lokuta ƙungiyar ta taka rawa a gasar [[Nigeria National League]], wacce ita ce mataki na biyu a tsarin lig ɗin ƙwallon ƙafa na Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesn/nig2012.html|title=Nigeria 2012 League Tables|website=RSSSF|access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> Ƙungiyar ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin kungiyoyin da suka fi mayar da hankali kan ci gaban matasa a jihar Legas. Ta kafa shirye-shirye na horaswa da makarantar ƙwallon ƙafa domin bai wa yara da matasa damar koyon dabarun wasa tare da ilimin rayuwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://guardian.ng/sport/cod-united-focuses-on-youth-development/|title=COD United focuses on youth development|website=The Guardian Nigeria|access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> A tsawon shekaru, wasu daga cikin ‘yan wasan da suka fito daga COD United sun samu damar komawa manyan ƙungiyoyi a Najeriya da wajen ƙasar. Wannan ya sa ƙungiyar ta samu suna a matsayin wata muhimmiyar cibiyar bunƙasa matasa masu baiwar ƙwallon ƙafa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2015/09/16/cod-united-and-the-rise-of-young-talents/|title=COD United and the Rise of Young Talents|website=ThisDay|access-date=2026-05-14}}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> COD United tana gudanar da wasanninta na gida a filin wasa na Onikan Stadium da ke Legas. Filin wasan yana daga cikin tsofaffin filayen wasa a Najeriya kuma yana karɓar wasannin kungiyoyi daban-daban na cikin jihar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.brila.net/onikan-stadium-history/|title=History of Onikan Stadium|website=Brila FM|access-date=2026-05-14}}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ƙungiyar ta kuma shiga wasu gasannin sada zumunta da na ci gaban matasa domin ƙarfafa gogewa ga ‘yan wasanta. Hakan ya taimaka wajen ƙara musu ƙwarewa da kuma jawo hankalin masu neman hazikan ‘yan wasa daga ƙasashen waje.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/08/cod-united-targets-youth-football-growth/|title=COD United targets youth football growth|website=Vanguard Nigeria|access-date=2026-05-14}}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Tarihi == A farkon shekarun kafuwarta, COD United ta fi mayar da hankali ne kan shirye-shiryen horas da matasa da kuma shiga ƙananan gasanni a jihar Legas. Daga baya ƙungiyar ta fara samun ci gaba wanda ya kai ta shiga manyan gasa na matakin ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kickoffnigeria.com/news/24174/cod-united-building-for-the-future|title=COD United building for the future|website=Kick Off Nigeria|access-date=2026-05-14}}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A shekarun 2011 zuwa 2013, ƙungiyar ta samu karɓuwa sosai sakamakon kyakkyawan tsarin horas da matasa da take aiwatarwa. Wasu masu sharhi a harkar wasanni sun yaba da yadda ƙungiyar ke haɗa ilimi, tarbiyya da wasanni wajen gina rayuwar matasa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/cod-united-and-youth-football/|title=COD United and youth football|website=The Nation Nigeria|access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> == Filin wasa == COD United tana amfani da Onikan Stadium a matsayin filin wasanta na gida. Filin wasan yana cikin birnin Legas kuma yana da tarihin karɓar manyan wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa tun shekaru da dama da suka gabata.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.completesports.com/onikan-stadium-lagos/|title=Onikan Stadium Lagos|website=Complete Sports|access-date=2026-05-14}}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manufofi == Babbar manufar ƙungiyar ita ce gano matasa masu baiwar ƙwallon ƙafa tare da ba su damar samun horo mai inganci. Haka kuma ƙungiyar tana ƙoƙarin amfani da wasanni wajen rage matsalolin zamantakewa tsakanin matasa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://leadership.ng/cod-united-empowers-youths-through-football/|title=COD United empowers youths through football|website=Leadership Newspaper|access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Nigeria National League]] * [[Legas]] * [[Ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Football clubs in Nigeria]] [[Category:Football clubs in Lagos]] [[Category:Association football clubs established in 2007]] [[Category:2007 establishments in Nigeria]] 27fdjzb3d7scnd40y11ryl5p47il1cp 0 151238 874059 836045 2026-07-02T01:59:58Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 874059 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club | clubname = Calabar Rovers | fullname = Calabar Rovers Football Club | nickname = Rovers | founded = 1976 | ground = [[U. J. Esuene Stadium]] | capacity = 16,000 | league = Nigeria National League | chairman = Maurice Inok | manager = Bob Osim | city = [[Calabar]], [[Cross River State]], Najeriya }} '''Calabar Rovers Football Club''' ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Najeriya wadda ke da hedikwata a birnin [[Calabar]] na jihar [[Cross River State]]. Ƙungiyar tana buga wasanninta na gida ne a filin wasa na [[U. J. Esuene Stadium]], wanda yake ɗaya daga cikin manyan filayen wasa a yankin kudu maso kudancin Najeriya. Calabar Rovers ta kasance daga cikin tsofaffin ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa da suka taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bunƙasa wasan ƙwallo a Najeriya musamman tsakanin shekarun 1980 zuwa 1990.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabar_Rovers_F.C. |title=Calabar Rovers F.C. |publisher=Wikipedia |access-date=14 Mayu 2026}}</ref> An kafa ƙungiyar ne a shekarar 1976 domin wakiltar jihar Cross River a manyan gasannin ƙwallon ƙafa na Najeriya. Tun bayan kafuwarta, ƙungiyar ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin kungiyoyin da suka fara shiga gasar Nigerian Second Division lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da ita a shekarar 1979. A ƙarƙashin jagorancin kocin Brazil mai suna Paulo Luiz Campos, ƙungiyar ta yi fice da salon wasa mai saurin kai hari wanda ya taimaka mata samun matsayi mai kyau a gasar cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://roversfc.sitesng.com/en_History.html |title=History of Calabar Rovers Football Club |publisher=Rovers FC Official Site |access-date=14 Mayu 2026 |archive-date=2022-12-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209132045/https://roversfc.sitesng.com/en_History.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 1981, Calabar Rovers ta samu hawa zuwa babbar gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya bayan ta kammala gasar mataki na biyu a matsayi na biyu. Wannan nasara ta sanya ƙungiyar cikin fitattun kungiyoyin Najeriya a lokacin. A cikin shekarun 1980 da farkon shekarun 1990, ƙungiyar ta kasance mai fafatawa da manyan kungiyoyi kamar [[Enugu Rangers]], Bendel Insurance da Shooting Stars.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabar_Rovers_F.C. |title=Calabar Rovers F.C. |publisher=Wikipedia |access-date=14 Mayu 2026}}</ref> Calabar Rovers ta kai wasan kusa da na ƙarshe na gasar FA Cup ta Najeriya sau biyu, kodayake ba ta taɓa lashe babban kofin ƙasa ba. Duk da rashin samun manyan kofuna, ƙungiyar ta kasance sananniya wajen haɓaka matasa ‘yan wasa da kuma samar da fitattun ‘yan ƙwallon ƙafa ga Najeriya. Wasu daga cikin ‘yan wasan da suka taka leda a ƙungiyar sun samu damar wakiltar ƙasar a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/club/5065/1989/Calabar_Rovers.html |title=Calabar Rovers (1989) |publisher=National Football Teams |access-date=14 Mayu 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 1993, ƙungiyar ta fuskanci koma baya bayan da aka mayar da ita ƙananan rukunan gasar Najeriya. Wannan ya kawo ƙarshen shekaru masu yawa da ta shafe tana taka leda a babban matakin gasar ƙasar. Duk da ƙoƙarin da aka yi wajen dawo da martabarta, ƙungiyar ta ci gaba da fama da matsalolin kuɗi da rashin ingantaccen tallafi.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en-academic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/9992628 |title=Calabar Rovers |publisher=En-academic |access-date=14 Mayu 2026}}</ref> Daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi jawo cece-kuce a tarihin ƙungiyar shi ne wasan da ta buga da Akwa United a ranar 12 ga watan Agustan 2006, inda ta sha kashi da ci 13–0. Wannan sakamako ya janyo muhawara sosai a ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya saboda yadda bambancin ƙwallaye ya taimaka wa Akwa United samun hawa zuwa babbar gasar Najeriya. Bayan wannan lamari, Calabar Rovers ta rushe na wani lokaci saboda matsalolin gudanarwa da kuɗi.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabar_Rovers_F.C. |title=Calabar Rovers F.C. |publisher=Wikipedia |access-date=14 Mayu 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2008, gwamnatin jihar Cross River tare da kamfanin United Cement Company (UNICEM) suka taimaka wajen dawo da ƙungiyar. An sake shigar da ita cikin Nigeria National League bayan cimma yarjejeniya da Dankat FC ta jihar Kano. Wannan haɗin gwiwa ya bai wa ƙungiyar damar sake dawowa harkokin ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasa bayan shekaru biyu tana cikin matsala.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://roversfc.sitesng.com/en_History.html |title=History of Calabar Rovers Football Club |publisher=Rovers FC Official Site |access-date=14 Mayu 2026 |archive-date=2022-12-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209132045/https://roversfc.sitesng.com/en_History.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Filin wasan ƙungiyar, wato '''U. J. Esuene Stadium''', yana cikin birnin Calabar kuma yana ɗaukar kusan mutane 16,000. An buɗe filin wasan a shekarar 1977 tare da wasan da aka yi tsakanin Calabar Rovers da Bendel Insurance. Filin wasan ya karɓi manyan wasanni da dama ciki har da wasu wasannin gasar cin kofin duniya ta ‘yan ƙasa da shekaru 17 ta FIFA a shekarar 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U._J._Esuene_Stadium |title=U. J. Esuene Stadium |publisher=Wikipedia |access-date=14 Mayu 2026}}</ref> Calabar Rovers ta kasance muhimmiyar ƙungiya a tarihin ƙwallon ƙafa na yankin kudu maso kudu na Najeriya. Duk da cewa ba ta cikin manyan kungiyoyin da suka fi cin kofuna a Najeriya, tarihin ƙungiyar ya nuna yadda ta taimaka wajen bunƙasa matasan ‘yan wasa da kuma ci gaban wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a jihar Cross River da Najeriya baki ɗaya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://roversfc.sitesng.com/ |title=Calabar Rovers Football Club |publisher=Rovers FC Official Site |access-date=14 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 21u8lb7qvu2wpxgrrlz308hvftoldq1 0 151391 874113 839784 2026-07-02T05:56:17Z Ummeeterh 31568 874113 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Emmanuel Ifeanyi Ogude''' (An haife shi a ranar 29 ga [[Maris]] 1993) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na [[Najeriya]] wanda ke buga wa ƙungiyar Nykøbing ta Denmark wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba . == Aikin kulob == === B.93 === Ogude ya sanya hannu kan kwangila da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Denmark ta uku B.93 a watan Disamba na 2015, yana da shekaru 21, bayan ya buga wasa a [[Isra'ila]] na tsawon shekaru. Wasansa na farko a ƙungiyar farko ya kasance a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa da B1908 a ranar 24 ga Maris 2016, wasan da B.93 ta yi nasara da ci 3-1. <ref name="X. Emmanuel Ogude">{{Cite web |date=31 December 2016 |title=X. Emmanuel Ogude |url=http://b93prof.dk/project/x-emmanuel-ogude/ |access-date=13 April 2018 |publisher=B.93 |archive-date=24 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124175832/https://b93prof.dk/project/x-emmanuel-ogude/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bayan an ba shi kyautar ɗan wasan shekara a matakin rukuni na uku na Denmark, Ogude ya jawo hankalin ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Denmark Superliga Brøndby IF wanda hakan ya sa aka gwada shi. === Vendsyssel === A ranar 7 ga Yulin 2017, Ogude ya sanya hannu a kulob din Vendsyssel FF na Denmark a kan yarjejeniyar shekaru uku. Ya fara buga wa Vendsyssel wasa a gasar lig a ranar 30 ga Yulin 2017 da Fremad Amager, inda ya maye gurbin Jeppe Illum a ƙarshen kakar wasa. A kakar wasa ta farko da ya yi a kulob din ta haifar da ci gaba zuwa Superliga. Ogude ya ƙare kakar wasa da wasanni 27 inda ya zura kwallaye 10. <ref name="Soccerway">{{Cite web |title=E. Ogude |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/ogude-emmanuel-ifeanyi/310506/ |access-date=15 March 2020 |website=int.soccerway.com |publisher=Perform Group}}</ref> Ogude ya fara bayyana a matakin Denmark mafi girma a ranar 15 ga Yuli 2018, a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin Sebastian Czajkowski a minti na 82 yayin da Vendsyssel ya ci OB &#x2013; a gida. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vendsyssel vs. OB – 15 July 2018 – Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2018/07/15/denmark/superliga/fc-hjorring/odense-boldklub/2790408/ |access-date=15 March 2020 |website=int.soccerway.com |publisher=Perform Group}}</ref> Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a matakin mafi girma daga bugun fenariti a ranar 26 ga Agusta a wasan da Brøndby IF ta sha kashi a gida da ci &#x2013; . Faretin ya haifar da wani yanayi mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce, inda magoya bayan Brøndby da ke adawa suka jefa kwallo a filin wasa da nufin su yi wa Ogude ihu a lokacin da ake harbi. <ref name="penalty">{{Cite web |last=Hoffskov |first=Ole |date=27 August 2018 |title=Vendsyssel-træner håber på hård straf til Brøndby-fan |url=https://www.tipsbladet.dk/nyhed/superliga/vendsyssel-traener-haaber-paa-haard-straf-til-broendby-fan |access-date=15 March 2020 |website=tipsbladet.dk |publisher=Tipsbladet}}</ref> Ogude da kansa ya bayyana cewa bai lura da lamarin ba, amma an jefa masa fitilar wuta daga magoya bayan abokan hamayya. <ref name="penalty" /> Lamarin ya haifar da tarar <small>DKK</small> 25,000 ga Brøndby. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hoffskov |first=Ole |last2=Jensen |first2=Kenneth |date=20 September 2018 |title=FC København og Brøndby straffet med bøder |url=https://www.tipsbladet.dk/nyhed/superliga/fc-koebenhavn-og-broendby-straffet-med-boeder |access-date=15 March 2020 |website=tipsbladet.dk |publisher=Tipsbladet}}</ref> A ranar 5 ga Satumba, Ogude ya zira kwallaye shida yayin da Vendsyssel ta doke [[Egen UI]] ta Denmark a matakin rukuni na shida da jimillar kwallaye &#x2013; . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Blond |first=Mikael |date=5 September 2018 |title=Ogude førte an i Vendsyssels 9-1-nedsabling |url=https://www.bold.dk/fodbold/nyheder/ogude-foerte-an-i-vendsyssels-9-1-nedsabling/ |access-date=15 March 2020 |website=bold.dk}}</ref> Ya kammala kakar wasa da wasanni 27 inda ya zira kwallaye tara, yayin da Vendsyssel ta sha kashi a faduwa daga gasar bayan shekara guda a matakin mafi girma. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2019 |title=Lyngby rykker op i Superligaen og sender Vendsyssel ned |url=https://www.dr.dk/sporten/fodbold/superliga/lyngby-rykker-op-i-superligaen-og-sender-vendsyssel-ned |access-date=15 March 2020 |website=dr.dk |publisher=[[Danmarks Radio]]}}</ref> Kungiyar ta tabbatar a ranar 12 ga Agusta 2020 cewa Ogude ya bar kungiyar. === Al Tadhamon === A watan Satumba na 2020, Ogude ya rattaba hannu da kulob din Kuwait Premier League Al Tadhamon . [1] A lokacin bazara na 2021, Ogude ya ji rauni a gwiwarsa ta gaba . [2] Kwantiraginsa bai tsawaita ba, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama dan wasa mai zaman kansa a watan Yulin 2021. [2] === Komawa zuwa B.93 === A watan Maris na 2022, Ogude ya koma B.93 . A ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2024 kulob din ya tabbatar da cewa Oguda ya tafi bisa yarjejeniyar da aka cimma. === VPS === Bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci tare da Al-Qasim a gasar Iraqi Stars League, a ranar 19 ga Agusta 2024, Ogude ya sanya hannu da ƙungiyar Veikkausliiga ta Finland Vaasan Palloseura (VPS) har zuwa sauran kakar wasa ta 2024. === Nykøbing FC === A ranar 22 ga Maris 2025, Ogude ya koma ƙungiyar Nykøbing FC ta ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Denmark a kan yarjejeniyar har zuwa watan Yunin 2026. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1994]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] chxwk0n067q9cyyxpxmbn1rxjfpruf1 0 151515 873678 837027 2026-07-01T15:36:52Z Naja'atu Bintoo Usman 22641 873678 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ifeanyi Mathew''' (An haife shi a ranar 20 ga [[Janairu]] 1997) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] na [[Najeriya]] wanda ke bugawa ƙungiyar Azerbaijan Premier League Neftçi . <ref name="soccerway">{{Soccerway|ifeanyi-matthew/405530|accessdate=}}</ref> == Sana'a == === Kulob === A watan [[Yuli|Yulin]] 2016, Mathew ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru huɗu da ƙungiyar Tippeligaen ta Lillestrøm . [1] == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Kulob === {{Updated|match played 19 July 2022}}<ref name="soccerway" /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Bayyanar da kwallaye a raga ta kulob, kakar wasa da kuma gasa ! rowspan="2" | Kulob ! rowspan="2" | Kakar wasa ! colspan="3" | Gasar League ! colspan="2" | Kofin Ƙasa ! colspan="2" | Nahiyar Nahiyar ! colspan="2" | Wani ! colspan="2" | Jimilla |- ! Sashe ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye |- | rowspan="8" valign="center" | Lillestrøm | 2016 | rowspan="1" valign="center" | Tippeligaen | 8 | 2 | 0 | 0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | 8 | 2 |- | 2017 | rowspan="3" valign="center" | Eliteserien | 30 | 3 | 7 | 1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | 37 | 4 |- | 2018 | 30 | 4 | 6 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 39 | 7 |- | 2019 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | 11 | 0 |- | 2020 | rowspan="1" valign="center" | OBOS-ligaen | 29 | 0 | 0 | 0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | 29 | 0 |- | 2021 | rowspan="2" valign="center" | Eliteserien | 30 | 2 | 2 | 1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | 32 | 3 |- | 2022 | 15 | 2 | 3 | 1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | 18 | 3 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 153 ! 13 ! 18 ! 6 ! 2 ! 0 ! 1 ! 0 ! 174 ! 19 |- | rowspan="2" valign="center" | Osmanlıspor (rance) | 2018–19 | rowspan="1" valign="center" | Gasar TFF ta Farko | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | 8 | 2 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 10 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! - ! - ! - ! - ! 10 ! 0 |- ! colspan="3" | Jimillar aiki ! 163 ! 13 ! 18 ! 6 ! 2 ! 0 ! 1 ! 0 ! 184 ! 19 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]] 3prrsneesuikmrk2feqvm07h1f605pu 0 151736 874055 837921 2026-07-02T01:30:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 874055 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:FC Masar vs Edo Queens 1.jpg|thumb]] {{Infobox football competition | name = CAF Women's Champions League | organiser = [[Confederation of African Football]] (CAF) | founded = 2021 | region = Afirka | number_of_teams = 8 (a matakin ƙarshe) | current_champions = | most_successful_club = }} '''CAF Women's Champions League''' wata gasa ce ta ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata wadda hukumar [[Confederation of African Football]] (CAF) ke shirya ta. An ƙirƙire ta a shekarar 2021 domin bunƙasa ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata a nahiyar Afirka da kuma bai wa ƙungiyoyi damar fafatawa a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa a cikin nahiyar. Gasa ce mafi girma ga ƙungiyoyin mata a Afirka kuma ana ɗaukarta a matsayin kwatankwacin [[UEFA Women's Champions League]] a Turai.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cafonline.com/caf-womens-champions-league/ |title=CAF Women’s Champions League |publisher=CAF Official Website |access-date=19 May 2026}}</ref> [[File:Football stadium women's match.jpg|thumb|right|Wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na mata a filin wasa (misali na gasa irin ta CAF Women's Champions League)]] == Tarihi == CAF ta ƙaddamar da gasar ne a shekarar 2021 bayan ƙaruwa da sha’awar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata a Afirka. An fara gasar ne da tsarin cancanta ta yankuna daban-daban kafin a kai matakin ƙarshe na ƙungiyoyi 8. Wannan tsarin yana tabbatar da cewa kowace yanki a Afirka tana da wakilci a gasar ƙarshe.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/africa/59000000 |title=CAF launches Women’s Champions League |publisher=BBC Sport |access-date=19 May 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Tsarin gasar == Gasar tana da matakai biyu: * Matakin cancanta na yanki (regional qualifiers) * Matakin ƙarshe (final tournament) wanda ƙungiyoyi 8 ke fafatawa Ƙungiyoyin da suka yi nasara a yankunansu ne ke samun tikitin shiga matakin ƙarshe. A matakin ƙarshe, ana raba ƙungiyoyi zuwa rukuni biyu kafin a kai zagayen knockout (semi-final da final).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cafonline.com/news/caf-womens-champions-league-format-explained/ |title=CAF Women’s Champions League format explained |publisher=CAF Official Website |access-date=19 May 2026}}</ref> == Muhimmanci == CAF Women's Champions League tana da matuƙar muhimmanci wajen: * Inganta ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata a Afirka * Samar da damar kasuwanci da tallafi ga ƙungiyoyin mata * Ƙara ƙwarewar 'yan wasa a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa * Taimakawa wajen gano sabbin hazikai a ƙwallon ƙafa Gasar ta kuma taimaka wajen haɓaka martabar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata a nahiyar Afirka a idon duniya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/sports/2022/11/15/caf-womens-champions-league-growth-africa |title=How CAF Women’s Champions League is growing women’s football in Africa |publisher=Al Jazeera Sports |access-date=19 May 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Zakaru == Wasu daga cikin ƙungiyoyin da suka yi nasara sun haɗa da: * [[Mamelodi Sundowns Ladies F.C.]] * AS FAR (Morocco) * Hasaacas Ladies (Ghana) == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Duba kuma == * [[CAF]] * [[UEFA Women's Champions League]] * [[FIFA Women's World Cup]] [[Category:CAF competitions]] [[Category:Women's football competitions]] [[Category:Football competitions in Africa]] jjjeyr2usyp1sksq7nbkv94mwpxw86c 0 151808 873879 838121 2026-07-01T21:32:45Z Ummeeterh 31568 873879 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Richard Daddy Owubokiri''' (An haife shi a ranar 16 ga Yuli 1961), wanda aka fi sani da '''Ricky''', tsohon [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon]] ƙafa ne na [[Najeriya]] wanda ya buga wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba . == Sana'a == An haifi Ricky a [[Port Harcourt]], [[Jihar Rivers]], kuma ya fara aikinsa a ƙasarsa ta haihuwa kafin ya buga wasanni huɗu a Brazil, inda ya buga wa America Football Club (RJ) da Esporte Clube Vitória, ƙungiyar da ya koma a shekarar 1994 a gasar Série A ta Brazil . Ya yi wasa a Faransa tare da Stade Lavallois da FC Metz . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ricky |url=http://futpedia.globo.com/jogadores/ricky |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328112846/http://futpedia.globo.com/jogadores/ricky |archive-date=28 March 2020 |access-date=3 September 2009 |publisher=Futpédia |language=pt}}</ref> Ricky ya koma Portugal don bugawa SL Benfica wasa, a watan Disamba na 1988, amma ba kasafai yake bayyana a cikin kungiyar ba a kakar wasa ta 1988-89, inda ya zira kwallaye shida kacal, duk a wasan cin kofin Portugal da Atlético Riachense. [ an buƙata ] Ya koma CF Estrela da Amadora, inda ya buga wasa a kakar wasa ta 1989-90 da 1990-91, inda ya lashe gasar Taça de Portugal a 1990. Daga nan ya koma arewa zuwa Boavista FC, a kakar wasa ta 1991-92. Tasirinsa ya kasance nan take, inda ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar ta kare a matsayi na uku a kakar wasa ta farko tare da ƙarawa Taça de Portugal, yayin da ɗan wasan ya zura kwallaye 30 a gasar Primeira Liga, inda ya zama babban ɗan wasan da ya fi zura kwallaye. Ricky ya yi ritaya a shekarar 1997 yana da shekaru 36, bayan ya shafe shekara guda yana aiki da CF Os Belenenses, Al-Arabi Sports Club da kuma [[Al Hilal SFC|Al-Hilal FC]] . Ya buga wa [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|Najeriya]] wasanni 23, inda ya zura kwallo ɗaya tilo. An zaɓi Owubokiri a gasar cin kofin ƙasashen [[Afirka]] ta 1982 a Libya, amma bai buga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 1994 ba . == Ƙididdigar aiki == : Tushe: {| class="wikitable" !# ! Kwanan wata ! Wuri ! Abokin hamayya ! Ci ! Sakamako ! Gasar |- | 1. | 10 Oktoba 1992 | [[Filin wasa na kasa, Legas|Filin wasa na Surulere]], [[Lagos (birni)|Lagos]], Najeriya |{{Fb|RSA|1928}} | 4–0 | Nasara | Gasar neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 1994 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1961]] pbzim3acurooxijkg5uudqnwq7bgphf 0 152055 874140 839260 2026-07-02T07:27:07Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 874140 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | honorific_prefix = | name = Chelagat Mutai | birth_date = {{birth date|1949|1|29}} | birth_place = [[Kenya]] | death_date = {{death date|2013|7|6}} | death_place = [[Nairobi, Kenya]] | citizenship = Kenyan | occupation = {{ubl|Politician|Journalist|Activist}} | known_for = Pro-democracy activism, exile politics, women's political leadership | party = Kenya African National Union (KANU) | office = Member of Parliament for Eldoret North | term_start = 1974 | term_end = 1979 | successor = Nicanor Kimurgor Sirma | profession = [[Journalist]] }} '''Philomena Chelagat Mutai''' (29 ga Janairu, 1949 – 6 ga Yuli, 2013) fitacciyar ‘yar siyasar Kenya ce kuma mai kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam wadda ta shahara saboda kalamai masu ƙarfi da jarumtaka a ciki da wajen Majalisar Dokokin Kenya. An fi saninta da suna “Chelagat Mutai”. Ta fara ne a matsayin mai fafutukar ɗalibai kuma ‘yar jarida mai faɗin albarkacin baki, daga baya ta shiga harkar siyasa tun tana matashiya, inda ta zama babbar mai sukar gwamnatin Kenya. Ta zama fursuna na [[Amnesty International]] saboda lamiri lokacin da gwamnatin Shugaba [[Jomo Kenyatta]] ta yi watsi da rashin amincewa kuma ta jefa ta a kurkuku. Daga bisani aka kore ta daga Kenya ta shiga cikin 'yan adawa na Kenya da ke tserewa daga mulkin [[Jomo Kenyatta|Mzee Jomo Kenyatta]] Da Daniel Ni. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1974, tana da shekaru 25, ta zama ƙaramar yarinya da aka zaba a majalisar dokokin Kenya, inda ta kayar da 'yan takarar maza 11 a cikin tseren tseren Eldoret North. Nan da nan ta shiga siyasar hagu ta Kenya, ta zama mai sukar gwamnatin Kenyatta, kuma an ɗaure ta a kurkuku a sakamakon haka. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan da aka ɗaure ta, ta koma siyasa ta dawo da kujerar da ta rasa. Ba za ta daɗe ba kuma za a kore ta daga Kenya, ta guje wa abin da ta yi imanin cewa wani zagaye ne na tsare-tsare na siyasa. Ta yi shekaru da yawa a gudun hijira a Tanzania . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chelagat Mutai – Team Courage |url=https://teamcourage.co.ke/heroes/chelagat-mutai/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205193439/https://teamcourage.co.ke/heroes/chelagat-mutai/ |archive-date=2018-12-05 |access-date=2018-12-05}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Okemwa |first=Joshua Ogeto |date=2016 |title=ROLE OF WOMEN IN THE MAKING OF KENYAN POLITICAL HISTORY: A CASE OF CHELAGAT MUTAI AMONG THE NANDI, 1949-2013 |url=http://library.kisiiuniversity.ac.ke:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/347 |url-status=dead |journal=Kisii University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724045443/http://library.kisiiuniversity.ac.ke:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/347 |archive-date=2019-07-24 |access-date=2018-12-05}}</ref> Ta goyi bayan hada mata a cikin siyasar Kenya da al'umma, kuma a matsayin mai fafutuka na rayuwa don kyakkyawan shugabanci. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Chelagat Mutai a ranar 29 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1949, a Terige Sublocation, Lessos Location a Nandi County . Ita ce 'yar karshe ta [[Antony Kimutai araap Kogo]] wani fitaccen manomi na gida da [[Paulina Kogo]] . Iyalinta sun kasance Katolika ne sosai kuma a ranar 6 ga Fabrairu, 1949, an yi mata baftisma a Cocin Katolika na St. Joseph's Chepterit ta shugaban firist Fr. John Daley . An ba ta sunan 'Filomena' wanda daga baya ta rubuta Philomena . An haifi Chelagat ne a cikin iyali mai aiki a siyasa. Mahaifinta ya kasance a wani lokaci memba na majalisar Nandi Local Native Council (LNC) a Kapsabet . Kakanta [[Michael Kibet Rongoei]] ya yi aiki a [[Rift Valley Regional Assembly|Majalisar Yankin Rift Valley]] da kuma [[Sirikwa County Council|Majalisar Gundumar Sirikwa]] a matsayin wakilin. Kakan mahaifiyarta [[William Morogo Saina]] daga baya za ta zama memba na Majalisar [[Eldoret North|Eldoret ta Arewa]] kuma wanda za ta yi nasara lokacin da ta shiga siyasa. Babban ɗan'uwanta Eng [[Jan Mutai]] (1945-2020) sanannen ma'aikacin gwamnati ne wanda a wani lokaci ya kasance Manajan Darakta na babbar [[Kenya Posts & Telecommunications Corporation|Kamfanin Kenya Posts & Telecommunications]] Corporation (KPTC). == Ilimi == Chelagat ta fara karatunta na firamare a Makarantar Firamare ta Terige a shekarar 1956. Ta yi karatu a can har zuwa 1960, sannan ta koma Makarantar Firamare ta Chepterit wadda mishan Katolika suka kafa a Nandi. Ta ci gaba da zama ɗaliba a can har zuwa 1962, lokacin da ta zauna jarrabawar Kenya African Preliminary Examination (KAPE) kuma ta ci ta. A shekarar da ta biyo baya, wato 1963, ta shiga Makarantar Sakandare ta ’Yan Mata ta St. Joseph’s Chepterit, wadda kuma mishan Mill Hill ke gudanarwa a Nandi. A 1966 ta zauna jarrabawar East Africa Certificate of Education (EACE) ta shekara ta huɗu kuma ta ci ta. Kwarewarta ta shugabanci da fafutuka sun fara bayyana tun tana makaranta. A lokacin sakandare, tana yawan fito wa da rashin adalci daga shugabancin makaranta, har ma tana jagorantar yajin halartar darasi idan ta ga an tauye haƙƙin ɗalibai. Sau da yawa ana tura ta gida saboda tsaurin ra’ayi, amma hakan bai hana ta ci gaba da kasancewa hazikiyar ɗaliba ba, domin kullum tana cikin sahun farko a aji. Duk da yawan rashin halartar makaranta, ta ci jarabawarta a Chepterit sannan ta wuce makarantar Highlands Girls High School da ke Eldoret, wacce a yau ake kira Moi Girls High School Eldoret. Har a sabuwar makarantar, ta ci gaba da tunkarar shugabannin makaranta, abin da ya sa ta shiga matsaloli sau da dama. Har ma ta rubuta jarabawar A-level daga waje bayan ta samu sabani da shugabancin makaranta. Duk da haka, ta sake cin jarabawar da sakamako mai kyau, sannan aka karɓe ta a [[Jami'ar Nairobi]] a shekarar 1970 domin yin digiri a fannin [[Kimiyyar siyasa|Kimiyya ta siyasa]] (Political Science). == Rayuwa a Jami'ar == Chelagat ta zama ɗaya daga cikin mata na farko ’yan Kalenjin da aka karɓa a sabuwar Jami’ar Nairobi da aka kafa. Ta isa babban harabar jami’ar a watan Satumba na shekarar 1970 domin fara karatun digiri nata. Kafin haka, ta riga ta samu aikin wucin gadi a wata fitacciyar jarida ta Nairobi mai suna ''The East African Standard'', inda take aiki a matsayin ’yar jarida. Ta fi yin rahotonta ne a cikin birnin Nairobi. Ta yi murabus daga aikin ne jim kaɗan kafin ta shiga jami’a, bayan ta yi watanni shida kacal tana aiki. A lokacin, mata kaɗan ne kawai a harabar jami’ar, kuma mata daga ƙabilarta ta Kalenjin sun fi ƙaranci sosai. Duk da kasancewarta a cikin ’yan tsiraru, kasancewarta a jami’ar ta fito sosai, domin tana da baiwar iya magana a bainar jama’a, tana gabatar da jawaban zafi a lokacin ''kamukunji'' (wato tarurrukan ɗalibai na tattauna batutuwan da ke tasowa da shafar ɗalibai)..<ref>{{Cite web |title=The girl who fought 'men wars' at varsity, against Kenyatta |url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/1056-1909162-11lhvr6z/index.html |access-date=2018-12-05 |website=Daily Nation |language=en}}</ref> [[Fayil:Chelagat_Mutai_at_the_UoN.jpg|thumb|Chelagat Mutai a Jami'ar Nairobi 1971]] A shekara ta 1972, ta tsunduma sosai cikin siyasar ɗalibai, kuma ta zama mace ta farko da ta taɓa zama edita na mujallar ɗalibai mai suna ''The Anvil''. Ta yi amfani da iliminta a fannin jarida wajen rubuta labarai da ke sukar shugabancin jami’a da kuma yanke shawarorin da ke shafar jin daɗin ɗalibai. A farkon shekarar 1973, ta buga rahotanni masu tayar da hankali a cikin jaridarta, waɗanda aka ɗora musu alhakin haddasa tarzomar ɗalibai a Jami’ar. Nan take aka kore ta daga jami’a kuma aka umarce ta da ta fice daga harabar makarantar. A lokacin, ta kusa fara zangon karatu na uku, tana da semester ɗaya kacal ta kammala karatunta. Ba tare da wata dama ta samun aiki a Nairobi ba, ta koma garinsu na Terige a gundumar Nandi, inda ta fara koyarwa a makarantar sakandare ta yankin.<ref>Sang Godfrey K.,(20 Just for Today: The Life and Times of Jean-Marie Seroney, 2nd Edition, Gapman Publications, p. 421</ref> == Ƙin Fasfo == Da yake fahimtar babban damar da take da ita, daya daga cikin malaman kasashen waje na Amurka waɗanda ta saba da su, ta shirya don cikakken tallafin karatu a [[Jami'ar Harvard]]. An yi niyyar bayar da rahoto a watan Satumbar 1973 don ci gaba da inda ta tafi. Bayan ta yi aikin takarda, wasikar shigarwa da tikitin ta iso ba da daɗewa ba. Abin da take bukata shi ne fasfo. [[Kenya Immigration Department|Ma'aikatar Shige da Fice ta Kenya]] tana karkashin ma'aikatun Harkokin Cikin Gida, karkashin jagorancin Mataimakin Shugaban kasa Daniel Arap Ni. Duk da ziyarar da ta kai ofishin sau da yawa, ta koyi daga daya daga cikin jami'an cewa Moi da kansa ta kira fayil dinta kuma ta hana bayar da fasfo.<ref>Interview with Chelagat Mutai by Godfrey K. Sang on December 8, 2011 at Nairobi.</ref> Chelagat ya je ya gan shi game da fasfo dinta kuma duk da abin da ta yi don roƙonsa, ya ki amincewa da bayar da shi. Babu wanda zai daina da sauƙi, ta shirya wa wani dangi mai suna Stanley Some wanda da kansa ya san Mataimakin Shugaban kasa Moi don ya roki shari'arta a gabansa. Wasu sun yi aiki a rundunar sojin saman Kenya a matsayin ma'aikacin farar hula. Ya yi hanyarsa don ganin Moi a wannan lokacin, Moi ya ki kuma wannan shine ƙarshen labarin.<ref>Ibid.</ref> == Yunkurin siyasa == Matsalolin siyasa na Chelagat tare da gwamnatin Kenyatta sun fara ne tun lokacin da take daliba a [[Highlands Girls High School|Makarantar Sakandaren 'yan mata ta Highlands]]. Mataimakin Shugaban kasa Moi ya riga ya zama shugaban kwamitin. An gano Chelagat a matsayin mai kawo matsala ta hanyar gudanar da makarantar. A cikin nuna ƙarfin hali mai ban mamaki ta taɓa yin jayayya mai zafi tare da Shugaban makarantar Turai kuma an dakatar da ita daga makaranta. An dakatar da ita kuma ta zauna a gida na ɗan lokaci kafin ta koma makaranta, har ma a lokacin, ta zama saman ajin ta. Halin da take da shi ya ragu sosai ta hanyar basirarta. Ta kasance ba tare da ƙoƙari ba a saman aji ba duk abin da ƙalubalen yake. Moi ne zai ba ta lambar yabo ta Merit a lokacin kwanakin bayar da kyaututtuka. Dakatar da ita ba ta farko ba ce, an dakatar da ita a makarantar O-Levels Chepterit Girls saboda 'amsa malamai. " An kuma dakatar da ita ne a makarantar A-Leveles don ɗaukar shugaban makarantar har ma a Jami'ar za a kore ta saboda gwagwarmayarta. A Gabashin Afirka, ta rubuta labaru da yawa da ke nuna yanayin siyasa da zamantakewa na wannan lokacin. Daga aikin jarida ne aka nada ta editan mujallar kwalejin, amma aikinta ne a can ya sa aka kore ta daga Jami'ar. Babban hutu ya zo ne lokacin da ta sami tallafin karatu a Harvard a lokacin da aka dakatar da ita. Rashin iya samun fasfo saboda dalilai na siyasa ya sa ta rasa tallafin karatu. Ta koma ƙauyen gidanta a hankali kuma ta koyar a makarantar sakandare da ke kusa. == Shigar da siyasa == Bayan da shirinta na tafiya zuwa Amurka ya rushe, ta nemi Ministan Ilimi [[Taaita Toweett]], wanda ya sauya korarta don haka ta sami damar kammala karatun jami'a a shekara ta 1974. A lokacin da take Jami'ar Nairobi ne ta saba da dan majalisa mai suna Tinderet [[Jean-Marie Seroney]], wanda ke ba gwamnatin Kenyatta dare mara barci. A wannan lokacin, kawunta Eldoret North MP [[William Morogo Saina]] wanda shi ma babban aboki ne na Seroney, an daure shi kan zargin satar kayan aiki don kayan aikin gona. Chelagat Mutai, kusan daga Jami'ar, Seroney ta nemi ta gudu don kujerar Eldoret ta Arewa a cikin babban zaben da ke zuwa. Seroney yanzu ita ce mai kula da siyasa. An kira Babban Zabe a ranar 14 ga Oktoba, 1974. Wannan shi ne karo na biyu da Kenya ke gudanar da Babban Zabe a karkashin Gwamnatin Kanu. A cikin ƙasa, jimlar 'yan takara 733 suna neman kujeru 158 tare da' yan takara goma sha biyar mata.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Remembering Philomena Chelagat Mutai four years after her death |url=http://kariron.com/Home/Article/50074 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129050427/http://kariron.com/Home/Article/50074 |archive-date=2018-11-29 |access-date=2018-11-29 |website=kariron.com}}</ref> Tsoron farawarta ta siyasa, Seroney ya tabbatar mata har ma ya yi alkawarin cewa zai yi mata kamfen. Amma a taron su na farko a Ziwa, Seroney kawai ya gabatar da ita ga mutane kuma ya bar ta ita kadai. An tura ta zuwa zurfin ƙarshen tafkin. Da yake ita ce kadai 'yar takarar mata, ta ratsa mazabar tana yin jawabai masu ban sha'awa kuma ta fara juyawa kan 'yan siyasa masu ƙwarewa. Tare da filin maza 11 masu fafatawa, ta fito a saman tare da kuri'u 10,432 wanda ke wakiltar kashi 40.20% na kuri'un da aka jefa. Ba wai kawai ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mata huɗu da aka zaba a majalisar ba amma ita ce ƙaramar mutum da aka taɓa zabarwa a Kenya a wannan lokacin. Tana da shekaru 25, watanni 8, makonni 2 da rana 1. Rubuce-rubucen da ta yi a matsayin mace mafi ƙanƙanta da aka zaba, ya kasance har zuwa 9 ga Agusta, 2022, lokacin da [[Linet Chepkorir Toto]] ta karya rikodin lokacin da a shekara 24 aka zabe ta ta zama wakilin mata na Bomet County . Rubuce-rubucen Chelagat ya kasance na shekaru 47, watanni 9, makonni 3, da kwanaki 5. An karya ta ne kawai bayan mutuwarta. Ita ce kuma mace ta farko ta Kalenjin da aka zaba a majalisar, rikodin da ta rike har zuwa 2002 tare da zaben [[Alice Chelaite]] a matsayin Rongai MP a kan tikitin Narc. == Fursunoni na siyasa == Lokacin da aka tsare Seroney a ranar 15 ga Oktoba, 1975, Chelagat Mutai yana tare da shi kuma a farkon ranar ya sanar da gidan da kasancewar 'baƙi' a cikin majalisa. Ta gaya wa gidan cewa "sun yi niyyar kama Seroney. " Ya zama cewa su jami'an 'yan sanda ne da ke sanye da tufafi masu kyau waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin umarni don kama Seroney da Martin Shikuku. Bayan kama su, Chelagat zai zama mutum daya da ke ci gaba da yin gwagwarmaya don 'yancinsu a bene na House. Iyalin Seroney sun zo wurin ta neman taimako don samun Gwamnati ta ba su damar zuwa gare shi. Mutai ya zama sabon ƙaya a cikin nama ga Jiha. Matsalolin Mutai da kansa ba su da nisa sosai. A watan Janairun 1976 ta kada kuri'a a kan gyaran kundin tsarin mulki da aka tsara don ba da ƙarin iko ga Shugaban kasa. Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan haka a ranar 25 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1976, an kama ta kuma an tuhume ta da tayar da hankali lokacin da masu zaman kansu a mazabarta suka mamaye gonar sisal wanda mai shi ya sayar musu. Bayan karbar kuɗin, mai shi a bayyane ya sami ƙafafun sanyi kuma ya kasa canja ƙasar ga masu siye na gaskiya wanda ya haifar da masu ba da haƙuri don mamayewa. Chelagat ya yi sulhu da yarjejeniyar kuma ya biya mai mallakar ƙasar kowane cent na ƙarshe da ya nema. "Na gabatar da daruruwan tsoffin bayanan da aka yi amfani da su a cikin ƙungiyoyi daban-daban daga squatters don siyan ƙasar. " Kuma har ma bayan da squatters suka koma ciki, ya dace ga Jiha ta gabatar da tuhuma a kanta bayan da ta kada kuri'a a kan muhimmiyar gyare-gyare.<ref name="Sang" /> == 'Rashin mamayewa' gonar Ziwa Sisal == A ranar 12 ga Satumba, 1975, Chelagat ya gudanar da taro tare da squatters a Ziwa Estate Sisal Plantation har ma ya gayyaci Seroney a matsayin babban baƙo a wani taron tara kuɗi da aka gudanar a makarantar firamare ta Kerotet. A cikin tarihin Keya, gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta gabatar da Squatterism don tabbatar da samar da ma'aikata a gonaki. An tilasta wa 'yan Afirka barin ƙauyukansu su zauna a matsayin masu aiki a wani sashi na gonar don samar da aiki ga manomi mai zama. A Independence a 1963, yawancin squatters sun sami kansu ba tare da ƙasa ba kuma duk da haka ba za su iya mallakar ƙasar da suka mamaye shekaru da yawa ba yayin da aka sayar da ita ga sababbin masu mallakar. Da yawa daga cikinsu, waɗanda ke da da'awar tarihi ga ƙasar da suka mamaye, sun ƙare ba tare da ƙasa ba saboda yawan kuɗin da suke samu sau da yawa kaɗan ne ko kuma ba daidai ba ne don siyan kowane ƙasa. Wadanda suka fi dacewa sun hada da ƙananan kuɗin da suka sayi gonakin da manoma suka kasance mallakar su. Wannan shi ne yanayin da gonar Ziwa Sisal mallakar manomi na Asiya. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan taron, masu squatters sun mamaye gonar kuma sun raba kansu a ciki bisa ga hannun jarin su. Maimakon a kama su nan da nan; sun jira watanni huɗu bayan taron. An kama ta ne kawai watanni uku bayan tsare Seroney kuma tana adawa da Dokar Gwamnati. === Tsaro daga Jiha === An kama Chelagat kuma an tsare shi a ofishin 'yan sanda na Nairobi yana jiran shari'a. An tuhume ta da tayar da tashin hankali a Nakuru a gaban Babban Majalisa [[V.S. Dhir]] . Ta yi ikirarin cewa ba ta da laifi kuma lauyanta [[Paul Birech]] ya yi ƙoƙari ya ba ta belin amma majistare ya ki. An shirya shari'ar ne a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu, 1976, wanda ke nufin za a tsare ta na makonni biyu kafin shari'ar. Mai ba da shawara Paul Birech ya roki majistare cewa za ta kai rahoto ga 'yan sanda kowace rana idan hakan zai gamsar da majistare wanda ya cancanci a ba ta belin. Ya ƙi. Tun daga wannan lokacin, bayyanarta a kotu za ta kasance daga kurkuku. Ko da a matsayin wanda aka tsare, za a gabatar da Seroney a kotu a matsayin mai ba da shawara amma hakan bai taimaka ba. Chelagat ta canza tawagar tsaron ta ta kawo manyan lauyoyi [[Lee Muthoga]] da S.M. Otieno wadanda suka yi gwagwarmaya don 'yancinta. Ta rasa shari'ar kuma Dhir ya yanke mata hukuncin shekaru biyu da rabi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Criminal Appeal 109 of 1976 - Kenya Law |url=http://kenyalaw.org/caselaw/cases/view/38319 |access-date=2018-12-05 |website=kenyalaw.org |archive-date=2023-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209071052/http://kenyalaw.org/caselaw/cases/view/38319/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An tsare ta a gidan yarin mata na Langata a ranar 10 ga Maris, 1976, kuma ta yi aiki a gidan yaren Nakuru. Nan da nan ta gabatar da sabon shari'a a Babban Kotun a gaban Mai Shari'a Allan Hancox da Mai Shari'ar James Wicks . Ta sake rasa shari'ar. Daga nan sai ta koma [[East Africa Court of Appeal|Kotun daukaka kara ta Gabashin Afirka]] sannan ta kasance a [[Dar es Salaam]] . Shari'arta ta zo ne a gaban Alkalai [[Samuel Wambuzi]], [[Abdulla Mustafa]] da Eric Ewan Law . Kotun daukaka kara ta ba da hukuncin a ranar 6 ga Mayu, 1977, tana tabbatar da shawarar da kotun ta yanke. A wannan lokacin ta riga ta yi shekara guda a kurkuku. === Lokaci a Kurkuku === A lokacin da take kurkuku, amininta na kusa, Memba na Kitutu [[George Moseti|George Anyona]] ya yi yaƙi don jin daɗin ta. A bayyane yake, an hana dangin Chelagat da wasu 'yan majalisa damar ganin ta amma Anyona ta tura Jiha da wuya ta sami iyakantaccen damar zuwa gare ta. Chelagat ta yi amfani da lokacinta a kurkuku gaba ɗaya kuma ba ta sami parole ko gafarar shugaban kasa kamar yadda yawancin fursunoni na ɗan gajeren lokaci zasu yi ba. Ta kasance mafi yawa a cikin kaɗaici kuma an bar ta zuwa filin aiki inda aka ba ta aikin karya duwatsu ta amfani da guduma mai nauyi. Ayyukansa sun kasance masu banƙyama kuma daga baya za ta koyi cewa Mataimakin Shugaban kasa Moi (wanda ke kula da tsarin Kurkuku) da kansa ya tsara jadawalin aikinta da nauyin aiki. An kuma kai ta kurkuku mai zaman kanta kuma ta yi aiki tuƙuru a gonakin kurkuku yayin da duk sauran, wasu daga cikinsu suka yi aiki don manyan laifuka, suna da aiki mai sauƙi a masana'antun masana'antu na Nairobi.<ref>Interview with Chelagat Mutai by Godfrey K. Sang op cit.</ref><ref>Ibid.</ref> == Komawa zuwa Siyasa == A sakamakon lokacin da take kurkuku, ta rasa kujerarta ta Eldoret ta Arewa daidai da canjin Tsarin Mulki na Fabrairu 1966 wanda ya ba da cewa wani dan majalisa da ya kasa halartar zaman majalisa takwas a jere zai rasa kujerarsu. A ranar 25 ga Yuni, 1977, manomi na Eldoret [[Nicanor Kimurgor araap Sirma]] ya lashe zaben ta hanyar jefa kuri'u 2,339 a cikin zaben da aka nuna ta hanyar ƙarancin masu jefa kuri'a.<ref>The Constitution of Kenya (Amendment) Act No. 17 of 1966</ref><ref>Daily Nation, June 27, 1977, Nation Newspapers Ltd., p. 1</ref> A ranar 9 ga Satumba, 1978, an sake ta kuma a wannan lokacin, Moi ya zama shugaban kasa. An sake ta a daidai lokacin da za ta yi takara a lokacin zaben 1979. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lexis® - Sign In {{!}} LexisNexis |url=https://advance.lexis.com/document/?pdmfid=1516831&crid=d66245cf-b94d-49a1-a213-9fe30d346970&pddocfullpath=/shared/document/news/urn:contentItem:58W4-1831-DYR8-33HG-00000-00&pddocid=urn:contentItem:58W4-1831-DYR8-33HG-00000-00&pdcontentcomponentid=8320&pdteaserkey=sr1&pditab=allpods&ecomp=5ynk&earg=sr1&prid=ea27ed35-4f37-4ddc-bcf8-6e63809f1f9b |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=advance.lexis.com}}</ref> Ta tsaya takara a zaben 1979 don tsohon kujerarta kuma ta koma majalisar yayin da tsohon Seroney ya rasa kujerarsa. A zaben 1979, ta kori Sirma ba tare da ƙoƙari ba. === Ƙarin matsaloli === Nasararta ba ta daidaita da gwamnatin Moi ba saboda har yanzu ana daukar ta a matsayin 'yar tawaye. Ta ci gaba da sukar da ta yi wa gwamnati kuma ta yi magana game da rashin isasshen martani na gwamnati a lokacin yunwa ta 1980. Ba da daɗewa ba ta shiga cikin matsala. A watan Satumbar 1981 ta sami wasu bayanan sirri cewa za a kama ta biyo bayan zarge-zargen da ake yi wa majalisa game da motarta. Ba ita kaɗai ba ce, wasu 'yan majalisa da yawa suna karkashin bincike amma waɗanda aka ɗauka masu adawa da gwamnati, an yi niyya. A ranar 19 ga Satumba, 1981, Wakilin Arewacin Nakuru Koigi wa Wamwere da Wakilin Gabashin Kitutu [[Abuya Abuya]] da Wakilin Wundanyi [[Mashengu Mwachofi]] sun bukaci a san a majalisar dalilin da ya sa 'yan sanda ke binciken su. Sun sanar da majalisar cewa Chelagat Mutai da Nyando MP [[Onyango Midika]], Bungoma South MP Lawrence Sifuna da Lurambi South MP, [[Wasike Ndombi]] duk suna karkashin bincike. Dukansu sun kasance masu sukar Gwamnati. Kashegari ta gabatar da kanta ga 'yan sanda wadanda suka karɓi sanarwa daga gare ta kuma suka ɗaure ta don bayyana a kotu. A ranar 21 ga Satumba, 1981, an tuhume shi da laifuka 48 na yin ikirarin mil na ƙarya wanda ya kai Sh. 69,345. Ta musanta zargin a gaban Babban Alkalin Fidahussein E. Abdullah kuma an sake ta a kan Sh. 50,000 bond. An shirya sauraron ne a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba, 1981. Mataimakin mai gabatar da kara Sharad Rao ne ya jagoranci karar yayin da lauya Kirumba Mwaura ya jagoranci kare ta. Amma ta san cewa za a ɗaure ta sosai, kuma ba ta da mahimmanci ko da'awar gaskiya ne ko a'a. Da ta tuna abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin da ta kasance a kurkuku, ba ta so ta dauki dama kuma ta zaɓi gudun hijira. Ta hau bas a hankali kuma ta yi tafiya ba tare da saninsa ba zuwa kudu zuwa iyakar Tanzania. Ta isa tashar iyakar Namanga kuma ta haye zuwa Tanzania ta ƙare a Dar es Salaam . Lokacin da ta isa, ta ba da rahoton ga hukumomi a Dar cewa ta tsere daga Kenya. A ranar 19 ga Oktoba, 1981, Babban Alkalin Shari'a Mista [[Fidahussein Abdullah]] ya ba da izinin kama ta bayan ta kasa bayyana a Kotun. An tambayi tambayoyi da yawa a majalisa game da bacewarta tare da mutane da yawa suna tsoron cewa ana iya sace ta ko ma an kashe ta. Koyaya, a ranar 29 ga Oktoba, 1981, Ministan Tsaro na Cikin Gida [[G.G. Kariuki]] ya sanar a majalisar cewa Mutai ya tsere daga ƙasar zuwa Tanzania. Bayan ta zauna daga majalisa na zaman majalisa na takwas a jere, Kakakin Fred Mati ya ayyana kujerarta babu kowa. A cikin zaɓen da za a maye gurbin ta, kawunta William Morogo Saina ta hana ta jam'iyyar Kanu mai mulki daga yin takara kuma wannan ya ba da dama ga mai nasara [[Nicanor Kimurgor Sirma]].<ref>Daily Nation, September 20, 1977, Nation Newspapers Ltd., p. 1</ref><ref>Ibid.</ref><ref>Daily Nation, September 22, 1981, Nation Newspapers Ltd., p. 1</ref><ref>Ibid.</ref> == Rayuwa a Balaguro == Bayan ta isa Tanzania, hukumomi sun kira ta kuma sun tambaye ta dalilin da ya sa ta sauya sheka. Sun yi mata alheri kuma sun karbe ta da kyau. A fannin siyasa, Kenya da Tanzania sun kasance da rikice-rikice sosai bayan rushewar Ƙungiyar Gabashin Afirka a 1977. Wannan ya sanar da zaɓin Chelagat na Tanzania don zuwa gudun hijira saboda damar fitarwa ba ta da yawa. Bayan tambayoyinta, an kai ta ga saduwa da Shugaban Tanzania [[Julius Nyerere]] da kansa kuma ya bayyana masa abin da ke faruwa da ita. Ya yi tambaya game da halin da ake ciki na siyasa a Kenya. Mwalimu Nyerere ta ba da umarnin a ba ta aiki kuma ta zaɓi yin aiki a matsayin 'yar jarida. An sanya ta a daya daga cikin manyan jaridu a Tanzania inda ayyukanta galibi edita ne. Nyerere ta yi watsi da rokon Kenya na mika ta. Bayan kwanaki na hasashe, musamman a Kenya, Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida na Tanzania Brig. Muhidin Kimario ya tabbatar da kasancewar Chelagat a Tanzania. A ranar 11 ga Nuwamba, 1981, Babban Lauyan Joseph Kamere ya yi kira ga dawo da ita daga Tanzania amma Brig. Kimario ya bayyana cewa ana la'akari da bukatar Chelagat na mafaka ta siyasa a karkashin ka'idojin kasa da kasa. Brigaider Janar Kimario, wanda ya kasance jarumi na yakin Tanzania-Uganda wanda ya ga korar [[Idi Amin]] na Uganda, ya ki fitar da Chelagat.<ref>Daily Nation, November 4, 1981, Nation Newspapers Ltd., p. 1</ref><ref>Daily Nation, November 12, 1981, Nation Newspapers Ltd., p. 1</ref> Ko da yake tana da nisa, ta bi siyasar Kenya sosai. A lokacin da ake shirin yin rajistar sabuwar jam'iyya da George Anyona da Oginga Odinga suka shirya, Anyona ta sadu da Seroney a kokarin daukar shi amma shi (Seroney) ya fita daga ciki kuma a maimakon haka ya ci gaba da kasancewa da ƙarancin siyasa. Sun amince cewa Chelagat zai zama kyakkyawan goyon baya ga sabuwar jam'iyyar. Tare da Seroney, Anyona ta yi kira ta tarho tana roƙon ta ta koma Kenya kuma ta shiga cikin jam'iyyar adawa da aka tsara amma ta ƙi cikin ladabi.<ref>Interview with Godfrey K. Sang op cit.</ref> Yunkurin kaddamar da wannan Jam'iyyar - wanda aka fi sani da [[Kenya African Socialist Alliance]] (KASA), ya sa George Anyona a kurkuku kuma Oginga Odinga a cikin gidan kama. A ranar 2 ga Yuni, 1982, an kama Anyona yayin da yake tafiya zuwa otal na gida don sanar da kafa sabuwar jam'iyyar. An tsare shi ba tare da shari'a ba har tsawon shekaru da yawa. Idan Chelagat ya amince kuma ya dawo, ba tare da wata shakka ba, da ta ƙare a kurkuku. Kira ta waya tare da Seroney shine karo na farko da ta yi magana da shi tun lokacin da ta gudu. Zai zama na karshe. Seroney ya mutu a ranar 6 ga Disamba, 1982, a karkashin yanayi mai ban mamaki. == Rayuwa bayan gudun hijira == Chelagat ta kasance a gudun hijira har zuwa 1984, kuma bayan da ta yanke hukunci cewa yanayin siyasa a Kenya ya sanyaya, sai ta dawo. Chelagat ya zaɓi ya kasance cikin shiru yana kallon halin da ake ciki na siyasa ba tare da yin magana ba. Ta koma jam'iyyar KANU kuma an nada ta zuwa matsayi a Bankin Kasuwancin Kenya da ke aiki a KICC a Nairobi (Hedikwatar KANU a lokacin). Daga baya aka nada ta a cikin Kwamitin Dindindin kan 'Yancin Dan Adam amma Shugaba Moi ya kore ta ta ta hanyar sanarwar rediyo a watan Yunin 1999. Ta koma zama a gonar mahaifinta. A cikin hatsarin hanya na shekara ta 2006 Chelagat ya sami raunuka da yawa da karyewa. An kuma gano ta da matsalar kashin baya wanda ta yi jinya amma ta ci gaba da maimaitawa. Ta kasa tafiya. Ta koma Nairobi don magani amma yanayinta ya juya zuwa mafi muni ta ƙare tana zaune a cikin ɗaki ɗaya na aboki a wani yanki mai ƙarancin kuɗi na Nairobi. A watan Yunin 2011 an kwantar da ita a asibitin Spinal Injury bayan sa hannun tsohon Firayim Minista [[Raila A Odinga|Raila Odinga]] . Ta ci gaba da warkewa a cikin wani gida a Ngong Road wanda masu ba da gudummawa suka shirya mata. Makonni bayan haka, an kwantar da ita a asibiti tare da ciwon huhu mai tsanani. An sallame ta bayan mako guda kuma ta koma gida, amma yanayinta ya kara muni kuma an gaggauta dawo da ita. A ranar 6 ga Yuli, 2013, ta mutu a asibiti. == Kyauta == Chelagat Mutai ya yi yaƙi don 'yanci na tsarin mulki, [[Dokokin doka|mulkin doka]], kuma ya yi yaƙin cin hanci da rashawa, cin zarafin iko da kisan gillar siyasa. Ta tsaya don adalci na zamantakewa kuma ta kasance mai kare dimokuradiyya da haƙƙin mata kuma ta biya shi tare da lokacin da take kurkuku da gudun hijira. Da yake ta fito ne daga al'umma mai tsattsauran ra'ayi kuma mace ce marar aure, ta shawo kan yiwuwar zama mace ta farko ta Kalenjin da aka zaba a majalisar kuma ita ce mafi ƙanƙanta a lokacinta. Ta kasance babbar wahayi ga mata da matasa. Majalisar dokoki ta 10 (2008-2013) ta ga zaben mafi yawan mata na Kalenjin a karkashin tsohuwar Kundin Tsarin Mulki. Daga cikin mata 22 da aka zaba a majalisar dokoki ta 10, an zabi kashi ɗaya bisa uku (bakwai a cikin adadi) daga yawancin mazabu na Kalenjin waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa mafi yawan mata da aka samo daga al'umma ɗaya. Wadannan sune [[Beatrice Kones]], Farfesa [[Hellen Sambili]], [[Joyce Laboso]], Linah Jebii Kilimo, Farfesa [[Margaret Kamar]], [[Peris Simam]], da Dokta [[Sally Kosgei|Sally Kosgey]]. Joyce Laboso ta ci gaba da zama mace ta farko Mataimakin Kakakin Majalisar Dokokin Kenya.<ref>Mburia P., Thuo, J., Nyambala M., (2011), Journey to Leadership: Women Legislators In Kenya’s Tenth Parliament, AMWIK, Nairobi.</ref> Mutuwar Chelagat Mutai ta kasance mai ban sha'awa, saboda ta nuna faduwar daya daga cikin 'Swararrun 'Swarzon Gashi Bakwai', sunan da aka danganta ga tsohon Babban Lauyan Charles Njonjo wanda ke kwatanta mambobin majalisar dokokin Kenya masu adawa. Wadannan mutane sun tayar da muhimman batutuwa da suka shafi 'yan Kenya kuma wadanda gwamnatin Kenyatta ba ta so. Membobin wannan ƙungiyar sun haɗa da Koigi wa Wamwere, Lawrence Sifuna, [[Abuya Abuya]], Chelagat Mutai, [[George Moseti|George Anyona]], James Orengo, [[Chibule wa Tsuma]] da [[Mashengu wa Mwachofi]] . <ref name="Tanui">{{Cite web |last=Tanui |first=Kipkoech |title=What broke Chelagat Mutai's spirit and drove her deep into despair |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2000087990/what-broke-chelagat-mutai-s-spirit-and-drove-her-deep-into-despair |access-date=2018-12-05 |website=The Standard}}</ref> Ta kasance jarumi na 'yanci na biyu duk da cewa ta mutu cikin talauci ba ta iya amfana daga shekaru da yawa na fafutukar zamantakewa ba. Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Kenya na 2010 yana ɗauke da muryoyin masu gwagwarmayar zamantakewa da siyasa da yawa a cikin shekaru. Yana ɗauke da muryar Chelagat ma. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2013]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1949]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rmlzado5f1qxgi8rhl5xoi7olw9vucj 0 152591 873625 865949 2026-07-01T13:18:04Z Ummeeterh 31568 /* */ 873625 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Victoria_Nyanza.jpg|thumb|Victoria Nyanza. Layin baƙar fata yana nuna hanyar Stanley.]] '''Tafkin Victoria''' yana ɗaya daga cikin Manyan Tafkunan [[Afirka]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Victoria {{!}} AGLI |url=https://www.africangreatlakesinform.org/page/lake-victoria |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=www.africangreatlakesinform.org}}</ref> Yana da faɗin fili na kimanin {{Cvt|59947|km2|sqmi}},<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuart |first=Hamilton |date=2016-10-05 |title=Shoreline, Lake Victoria, vector polygon, ~2015 |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |language=en |doi=10.7910/dvn/pwfw26}}</ref> Tafkin Victoria shine tafki mafi girma a [[Afirka]] ta fannin yanki, tafki mafi girma a duniya ta fannin [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|wurare masu zafi]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=Saundry |first=Peter |title=Lake Victoria |url=http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/154134/}}</ref> kuma tafki mafi girma na biyu a duniya ta fannin ruwa bayan Tafkin Superior a Arewacin Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Victoria |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Victoria |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref> Dangane da yawan ruwa, Tafkin Victoria shine tafki na tara mafi girma a duniya, wanda ya ƙunshi kimanin {{Cvt|2424|km3|acre ft}} na ruwa. <ref name="auto3">{{Cite book}}</ref> <ref name="auto4">{{Cite journal |last=Stuart |first=Hamilton |last2=Taabu |first2=Anthony Munyaho |last3=Noah |first3=Krach |last4=Sarah |first4=Glaser |date=2018-05-17 |title=Bathymetry TIFF, Lake Victoria Bathymetry, raster, 2017, V7 |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |language=en |doi=10.7910/dvn/soeknr}}</ref> Tafkin Victoria yana da wani yanki mai zurfi a Afirka. Tafkin yana da matsakaicin zurfin {{Cvt|40|m|ft}} da kuma zurfin mafi girman {{Cvt|80 - 81|m|ft}} . <ref name="auto3" /> <ref name="auto4" /> Yankin [[Ruwan ruwa|magudanar ruwansa]] ya ƙunshi {{Cvt|169858|km2|sqmi}} . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuart |first=Hamilton |date=2017-11-12 |title=Basin, Lake Victoria Watershed (inside), vector polygon, ~2015 |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |language=en |doi=10.7910/dvn/z5rmyd}}</ref> Tafkin yana da bakin teku na {{Cvt|7142|km|mi}} lokacin da aka sanya shi cikin dijital a matakin 1:25,000, tare da tsibiran da suka ƙunshi kashi 3.7% na wannan tsawon. Yankin tafkin ya rabu zuwa ƙasashe uku: [[Tanzaniya]] tana da kashi 49% ( {{Cvt|33,700|km2|sqmi}} ), [[Uganda]] 45% ( {{Cvt|31,000|km2|sqmi}} ), da [[Kenya]] 6% ( {{Cvt|4,100|km2|sqmi}}. Tafkin gida ne ga nau'ikan kifi da yawa waɗanda ba sa rayuwa a wani wuri, musamman cichlids. Kifi masu mamayewa, irin su Nilu perch, sun kori nau'o'in halittu da yawa zuwa [[Karewar kwayoyin halitta|halaka]]. == Sunayen == Duk da cewa yana da sunaye da yawa na yaren gida ( Swahili ; Dholuo ; Luganda ; Kinyarwanda ), <ref name="WDL1">{{Cite web |year=1899 |title=The Victoria. The Land, the Races and their Customs, with Specimens of Some of the Dialects |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2557 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529091640/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/2557/ |archive-date=29 May 2016 |access-date=18 February 2013 |publisher=[[World Digital Library]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Ukerewe |url=https://ntz.info/gen/n01545.html |access-date=17 October 2020 |website=nTZ: An Information Resource for Northern Tanzania |publisher=David Marsh}}</ref> An sake wa tafkin suna da sunan [[Sarauniya Victoria]] ta hanyar mai binciken John Hanning Speke, ɗan Birtaniya na farko da ya rubuta shi a shekarar 1858, yayin da yake kan wani balaguro tare da Richard Francis Burton . <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Alan Moorehead}}</ref> == Ilmin ƙasa == {{Refimprove science | section | date = Disamba 2024}} [[File:Topography of Lake Victoria.png|thumb|Taswirar yanayin ƙasa (topography) na Tafkin Victoria]] Dan jaridan hotuna [[John Reader]], wanda ya rubuta littafinsa mai suna ''Africa: A Biography of a Continent'' wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Alan Paton Literary Award,<ref>{{cite news | author = The Times Staff | date= 26 February 2009 | orig-date= 4 June 2007 | title = Previous Winners of the Alan Paton Award and the Sunday Times Fiction Prize | newspaper = The Times (Johannesburg) | url = http://www.thetimes.co.za/SpecialReports/BookAwards/Article.aspx?id=482608 | access-date = 26 December 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090226215141/http://www.thetimes.co.za/SpecialReports/BookAwards/Article.aspx?id=482608 | archive-date = 2009-02-26 | quote = Previous Literary Awards winners / Previous Winners of the Alan Paton Award / 1998: Africa: A Biography of a Continent by John Reader, published by Penguin SA }}</ref> ya bayyana Tafkin Victoria a matsayin tafki mai sabuwar samuwa a tarihin ilimin ƙasa, mai kimanin shekaru 400,000—wanda ya samo asali ne sakamakon yadda koguna da ke kwarara zuwa yamma suka toshe lokacin da wani ɓangare na ɓawon ƙasan duniya (earth’s crust) ya karkata a kan layin [[Great Rift Valley]], wanda ya ɗaga gefensa na yamma.<ref name="Reader">{{cite book | author = Reader, John | date = 2001 | orig-date = 1998 | title=Africa: A Biography of a Continent | location=Washington, DC | publisher=[[National Geographic Society]] | via = Archive.org | isbn=978-0-7922-7681-4 | pages=227f | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/africa0000read | access-date = 26 December 2024}}</ref>{{better source|date = December 2024}} Wani bincike na asali da aka yi kan yadda koguna ke rarrabuwa a yankin Tafkin Victoria ya fitar da wasu ƙiyasta. Na farko, a zamanin [[Miocene]], yankin da yanzu ke zama kwarin tafkin yana gefen yammacin wani tudu da ya kasance rabe-raben ruwa na nahiyar, inda koguna daga yamma ke kwarara zuwa [[Kogin Kongo]], yayin da na gabas ke nufi zuwa Tekun Indiya. Na biyu, yayin da tsarin [[East African Rift]] ke samuwa, bangon gabas na [[Albertine Rift]] (ko Western Rift) ya ɗaga, wanda a hankali ya sauya kwararar ruwa zuwa yankin da yanzu ke Tafkin Victoria. Na uku, buɗewar manyan rabe-raben ƙasa na East African Rift da Albertine Rift ya jawo yankin da ke tsakaninsu ya nutse, yayin da gefuna ke tashi, wanda ya samar da kwarin da ke ɗauke da Tafkin Victoria a yau.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ouma |first=J. P. B. M. |date=1970 |title=Fluvial Differentiation in the Basin of Lake Victoria |journal=Journal of Hydrology (New Zealand) |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=221–223 |jstor=43944206}}</ref> A cikin tarihin ilimin ƙasa, Tafkin Victoria ya fuskanci sauye-sauye daga kasancewa ƙaramar kwari mai zurfi kaɗan zuwa yiwuwar zama jerin ƙananan tafkuna a lokuta daban-daban.<ref name="Hickling61"/>{{page needed|date = December 2024}} Binciken ƙasan tafkin ya nuna cewa Tafkin Victoria ya bushe gaba ɗaya aƙalla sau uku tun lokacin da ya samo asali.<ref name="Reader"/>{{better source|date = December 2024}} Wadannan lokutan bushewa ana danganta su da zamanin kankara (ice ages), lokacin da yawan ruwan sama a duniya ke raguwa sosai.<ref name="Reader"/>{{better source|date = December 2024}} A cewar wani bincike na daban, Tafkin Victoria ya ƙarshe bushewa kimanin shekaru 17,300 da suka wuce, sannan ya sake cika kimanin shekaru 14,700 da suka wuce—lokacin da [[African humid period]] ya fara.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=deMenocal |first1=Peter |last2=Ortiz |first2=Joseph |last3=Guilderson |first3=Tom |last4=Adkins |first4=Jess |last5=Sarnthein |first5=Michael |last6=Baker |first6=Linda |last7=Yarusinsky |first7=Martha |title=Abrupt Onset and Termination of the African Humid Period |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |date=January 2000 |volume=19 |issue=1–5 |pages=347–361 |doi=10.1016/S0277-3791(99)00081-5}}</ref> == Ruwa == [[Fayil:Lake_Vic_Bathy.jpg|thumb|Tsarin ruwa na Lake Victoria <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hamilton |first=Stuart |last2=Munyaho |first2=Anthony Taabu |last3=Krach |first3=Noah |last4=Glaser |first4=Sarah |date=2018-05-17 |title=Bathymetry TIFF, Lake Victoria Bathymetry, raster, 2016 – LakeVicFish Dataverse |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |doi=10.7910/dvn/soeknr}}</ref>]] Tafkin tafki ne mai zurfi idan aka yi la'akari da babban yankin da ke da zurfin kusan mita 80 (260 da matsakaicin zurfin mita 40 (130 . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hamilton, S.E. |date=2016 |title=Creation of a Bathymetric Map of Lake Victoria, Africa |url=http://faculty.salisbury.edu/~sehamilton/LV_Bathy/ |journal=Salisbury.edu |location=Salisbury, MD |publisher=Salisbury University |doi=10.7910/DVN/SOEKNR |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025050539/http://faculty.salisbury.edu/~sehamilton/LV_Bathy/ |archive-date=2016-10-25 |access-date=26 December 2024}}</ref> Aikin 2016 ya ƙididdige maki dubu goma kuma ya kirkiro taswirar bathymetric ta farko ta tafkin.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hamilton |first=Stuart |last2=Munyaho |first2=Anthony Taabu |last3=Krach |first3=Noah |last4=Glaser |first4=Sarah |date=2018-05-17 |title=Bathymetry TIFF, Lake Victoria Bathymetry, raster, 2016 – LakeVicFish Dataverse |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |doi=10.7910/dvn/soeknr}}</ref> Sashe mafi zurfi na tafkin yana da iyaka zuwa gabashin tafkin kusa da Kenya kuma tafkin gabaɗaya ba shi da zurfi a yamma tare da bakin tekun Uganda da kudu tare da bakin Tekun Tanzania.<ref name=":0" /> ==Hydrology da Limnology== Tafkin Victoria yana samun kashi 80 cikin 100 na ruwansa kai tsaye daga ruwan sama.<ref name="Hickling61"/>{{page needed|date = December 2024}} Matsakaicin ƙaƙƙarfan fitar ruwa (evaporation) a tafkin yana tsakanin {{convert|2.0| and |2.2|m}} a kowace shekara, kusan ninki biyu na ruwan sama da ake samu a yankunan da ke kusa da koguna (riparian).<ref>{{cite book|author=Ominde, Simeon H. |year=1971|chapter=Rural Economy in West Kenya| chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WgamvCA98usC&pg=PA220 |title=Studies in East African Geography and Development| pages=207–29| editor=S.H. Ominde|location=London|publisher=Heinemann Educational |isbn=978-0-520-02073-3}}</ref> Tafkin Victoria yana kuma samun ruwa daga koguna da dubban ƙananan rafuka (streams). Kogin Kagera shi ne mafi girma daga cikin kogunan da ke shiga cikin wannan tafki, kuma bakinsa yana a gefen yammacin tafkin. Tafkin Victoria yana samun hanyar fitar ruwa ne kawai ta Kogin Nilu kusa da Jinja, Uganda a arewacin gefen tafkin.<ref name="Fishery">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA291|title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Issue 18, Volume 1|last1=vanden Bossche|first1=J.-P.|last2=Bernacsek|first2=G.M.|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]], [[United Nations]]|year=1990|isbn=978-92-5-102983-1|page=291|access-date=4 January 2016}}</ref> [[File:Rift en.svg|thumb|right|Tafkin Victoria da Kwarin Babbar Rift Valley]] A ɓangaren Kenya, manyan kogunan da ke shigowa tafkin sun haɗa da Sio, Nzoia, Yala, Nyando, Sondu Miriu, Mogusi, da Migori. Kogin da ke fita daga Tafkin Victoria kaɗai shi ne Kogin Nilu, wanda ke fita daga tafkin kusa da Jinja, Uganda. Dangane da yawan ruwan da yake samu, wannan ya sa Tafkin Victoria ya zama babban tushen babban reshen Kogin Nilu mafi tsawo. Sai dai tushen mafi nisa na Kogin Nilu, kuma a matsayin ainihin tushen Nilu, yawanci ana ɗaukar shi ɗaya daga cikin kogunan da ke ciyar da Kogin Kagera (ko wanne reshe daga cikinsu ba a tabbatar da shi gaba ɗaya ba), wanda ke farawa a Rwanda ko Burundi. Sashen sama na Nilu ana kiransa Victoria Nile har sai ya isa Tafkin Albert. Ko da yake yana cikin tsarin kogi ɗaya da ake kira White Nile, kuma a wasu lokuta ana kiran shi haka, wannan suna ba ya fara aiki sai bayan kogi ya tsallaka iyakar Uganda zuwa Sudan ta Kudu a arewa. Tafkin yana nuna yanayin eutrophication. A shekarun 1990–1991, matakan oxygen a cikin saman ruwa sun fi na 1960–1961, tare da kusan ci gaba da wuce kima (supersaturation) na oxygen a ruwan saman. Matakan oxygen a cikin ruwan zurfi (hypolimnetic waters), wato ɓangaren ruwa da ke ƙasa da thermocline wanda ba ya gaurayuwa kuma yana kasancewa sanyi a kullum, sun yi ƙasa a 1990–1991 fiye da na 1960–1961, inda wasu lokuta suka kai ƙasa da 1 mg a kowace lita (< 0.4 gr/cu ft) a zurfin ruwa har zuwa {{convert|40|m|ft}} idan aka kwatanta da fiye da {{convert|50|m|ft}} a 1961. Ana ganin canjin oxygen ɗin ya dace da ƙarin yawan algae da haɓakar samar da halittu a cikin ruwa.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240845630 | author1=R.E. Hecky | author2=F.W.B. Bugenyi | author3=P. Ochumba | author4=J.F. Talling | author5=R. Mugidde | author6=M. Gophen | author7=L. Kaufman | year=1994 | title=Deoxygenation of the deep water of Lake Victoria, East Africa | journal=[[Limnology and Oceanography]] | volume=39 | issue=6 |pages=1476–81 | jstor=2838147 | doi=10.4319/lo.1994.39.6.1476| bibcode=1994LimOc..39.1476H | doi-access=free }}</ref> Wadannan sauye-sauye sun faru ne saboda dalilai da dama: ci gaba da kona da ake yi a cikin yankin da ke kewaye da tafkin,<ref>{{Cite journal | author=R.E. Hecky | year=1993 | title=The eutrophication of Lake Victoria | journal=[[Verhandlungen der Internationale Vereinigung für Limnologie]] | volume=25 | issue=1 | pages=39–48 | doi=10.1080/03680770.1992.11900057| bibcode=1993SILP...25...39H }}</ref> inda toka da hayaki suka shiga suka zauna a faɗin tafkin; ƙarin shigar sinadarai masu gina jiki (nutrients) daga koguna,<ref name="OchumbaKibaara">{{cite journal | author1=Peter B. O. Ochumba | author2=David I. Kibaara | year=1989 | title=Observations on blue-green algal blooms in the open waters of Lake Victoria, Kenya | journal=[[African Journal of Ecology]] | volume=27 | issue=1 | pages=23–34 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.1989.tb00925.x| bibcode=1989AfJEc..27...23O }}</ref> da kuma ƙarin gurbatar muhalli da ke da alaƙa da matsugunin mutane a bakin tafkin.<ref>{{Cite news|date=March 2018|title=Environmental and Social Management Framework-ESMF|work=World Bank Document - Early Warning System|url=https://ewsdata.rightsindevelopment.org/files/documents/82/WB-P163782_3UJvON4.pdf|access-date=26 May 2020}}</ref> Tsakanin 2010 da 2022, girman saman Tafkin Victoria ya ƙaru da kashi 15%,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Keriako |first=Tobiko |date=2021 |title=Rising Water Levels in Kenya's Rift Valley Lakes, Turkwel Gorge Dam and Lake Victoria |url=http://www.environment.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/MENR_Scoping_Report_Latest-5-07-21.pdf |access-date=2022-03-16 |website=Government of Kenya and UNDP |archive-date=28 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428030814/http://www.environment.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/MENR_Scoping_Report_Latest-5-07-21.pdf }}</ref> wanda ya haddasa ambaliya a ƙauyukan da ke bakin tafkin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baraka |first=Carey |date=2022-03-17 |title=A drowning world: Kenya's quiet slide underwater |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/17/kenya-quiet-slide-underwater-great-rift-valley-lakes-east-africa-flooding |access-date=2022-03-17 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> == Tsawon ƙasa (Bathymetry) == [[File:Lake Vic Bathy.jpg|thumb|Taswirar tsawon ƙasa ta Tafkin Victoria<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal | title=Bathymetry TIFF, Lake Victoria Bathymetry, raster, 2016 – LakeVicFish Dataverse | doi=10.7910/dvn/soeknr| date=2018-05-17 | last1=Hamilton | first1=Stuart | last2=Munyaho | first2=Anthony Taabu | last3=Krach | first3=Noah | last4=Glaser | first4=Sarah |type = Data Set|journal = Harvard Dataverse}}</ref>]] Tafkin Victoria tafki ne mai faɗi amma ba shi da zurfi sosai, yana da matsakaicin zurfi kusan {{convert|80|m|ft}} da matsakaicin zurfi kusan {{convert|40|m|ft}}.<ref>{{Cite journal | author = Hamilton, S.E. | date = 2016 | title = Creation of a Bathymetric Map of Lake Victoria, Africa | journal = Salisbury.edu | location = Salisbury, MD | publisher = Salisbury University | access-date = 26 December 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161025050539/http://faculty.salisbury.edu/~sehamilton/LV_Bathy/ | archive-date = 2016-10-25 | doi = 10.7910/DVN/SOEKNR}}</ref> A cikin 2016, an digitize wurare dubu goma kuma aka ƙirƙiri taswirar tsawon ƙasa ta farko ta gaskiya na tafkin.<ref name=":0"/> Mafi zurfin ɓangaren tafkin yana gabas kusa da Kenya, kuma tafkin ya fi zama mai sauƙi a yammacin bakin Uganda da kuma kudu a bakin Tanzaniya.<ref name=":0"/> ===Sauran kifaye=== Kifayen da ba cichlid ba na asali sun haɗa da tetras na Afirka (''[[Brycinus]]''), cyprinids (''[[Enteromius]]'', ''[[Garra]]'', ''[[Labeo]]'', ''[[Labeobarbus]]''), da sauransu. Waɗannan kifaye suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a tsarin rayuwar tabkin, musamman wajen sarrafa abinci da kuzari a cikin ruwa. A tarihi, Tabkin Victoria ya kasance yana da yalwar kifaye masu yawa, ciki har da nau’o’in da ba a same su a ko’ina ba (endemics). Sai dai yawancin waɗannan nau’o’in sun ɓace tun daga shekarun 1940.<ref name="Witte1992">{{cite journal | last1 = Witte | last2 = Goldschmidt | last3 = Goudswaard | last4 = Ligtvoet | last5 = van Oijen | last6 = Wanink | year = 1992 | title = Species extinction and concomitant ecological changes in Lake Victoria | journal = Netherlands Journal of Zoology | volume = 42 | issue = 2–3| pages = 214–32 | doi = 10.1163/156854291X00298 }}</ref> Babban rukuni na kifi a Tabkin Victoria shi ne kifayen cichlid na haplochromine (''[[Haplochromis]]'' ''[[sensu lato]]''), wanda ya ƙunshi fiye da nau’o’i 500, kusan dukkaninsu na musamman ga wannan yankin ne.<ref name="Verheyen2003"/><ref name="Meier2017">{{cite journal | last1 = Meier | last2 = Marques | last3 = Mwaiko | last4 = Wagner | last5 = Excoffier | last6 = Seehausen | year = 2017 | title = Ancient hybridization fuels rapid cichlid fish adaptive radiations | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 8 | article-number = 14363 | doi = 10.1038/ncomms14363 | pmid = 28186104 | pmc = 5309898 | bibcode = 2017NatCo...814363M }}</ref> Wannan ya sa Tabkin Victoria ya zama ɗaya daga cikin wurare mafi arziki da nau’in kifi a duniya, sai dai [[Tabkin Malawi]].<ref name="Turner2001">{{cite journal |last1=Turner |last2=Seehausen |last3=Knight |last4=Allender |last5=Robinson |year=2001 |title=How many species of cichlid fishes are there in African lakes? |journal=Molecular Ecology |volume=10 |issue=3|pages=793–806 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01200.x |pmid=11298988 |s2cid=12925712 }}</ref> Wannan bambancin nau’o’i ya samo asali ne sakamakon saurin **samuwar sabbin nau’o’i ta hanyar juyin halitta (adaptive radiation)** a cikin kusan shekaru 15,000 da suka gabata.<ref name="Verheyen2003"/><ref name="Meier2017"/> Kifayen haplochromine na Victoria suna nuna bambance-bambancen jima’i (males suna da launuka masu haske, mata kuma ba su da haske sosai),<ref>{{Cite journal | author = Rijssel | author2 = Moser | author3 = Frei | author4 = Seehausen | title = Prevalence of disruptive selection predicts extent of species differentiation in Lake Victoria cichlids | journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences | volume = 285 | issue = 1871 | date = 2018 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2017.2630 | pmid = 29367400 | pmc = 5805951 }}</ref> kuma suna da bambancin rayuwa sosai, suna cin abinci iri-iri kamar: masu cin ragowar abinci (detritivores), masu cin plankton (zooplanktivores), masu cin kwari (insectivores), masu cin ƙananan jatan ruwa (prawn-eaters), masu cin katantanwa (molluscivores), da masu cin sauran kifi (piscivores).<ref name="Lowe2009"/> Sakamakon shigowar [[Nile perch]] da kuma gurɓacewar ruwa (eutrophication), an yi kiyasin cewa aƙalla nau’o’i 200 na haplochromine sun ɓace, wanda ya kai kusan kashi 40% na jinsin da ke tabkin.<ref name="DeWeerdt2004"/><ref name="Lowe2009"/><ref name="Rijssel2013">{{cite journal |last1=van Rijssel |last2=Witte |year=2013 |title=Adaptive responses in resurgent Lake Victoria cichlids over the past 30 years |journal=Evol. Ecol. |volume=27 |issue=2|pages=253–67 |doi=10.1007/s10682-012-9596-9 }}</ref> Wasu nau’o’in sun ɓace gaba ɗaya, wasu kuma sun rage sosai, yayin da wasu suka tsira a ƙananan tabkuna na gefe, ko kuma a wuraren duwatsu da ciyayi na papyrus da ke kare su daga mafarauta.<ref name="Chapman1996">{{cite journal | last1 = Chapman | last2 = Chapman | last3 = Chandler | year = 1996 | title = Wetland ecotones as refugia for endangered fishes | journal = Biological Conservation | volume = 78 | issue = 3| pages = 263–70 }}</ref> Wasu kuma sun daidaita da sabbin yanayi a tabkin, kamar samun manyan gill don jure ƙarancin iskar oxygen, sauye-sauyen siffar baki, da ingantaccen gani a ruwa mai datti.<ref name="Witte2000"/><ref name="Lowe2009"/> A yau, wasu daga cikin waɗannan kifaye suna rayuwa ne kawai a cikin gidajen adana dabbobi (zoos da aquaria), yayin da wasu suka riga sun ɓace gaba ɗaya daga yanayi.<ref name="Sayer2018"/> ===Crustaceans=== Nau’o’in [[ƙadangaren ruwa mai ɗanɗano (freshwater crab)|ƙadangaren ruwa mai ɗanɗano]] guda huɗu an san su a cikin [[Tabkin Victoria]]. Daga cikinsu, ''[[Potamonautes niloticus]]'' yana yaɗuwa a cikin tabkin, kuma ''[[Potamonautes emini|P. emini]]'' an ruwaito samuwarsa a yankin [[Bukoba]] a Tanzaniya, amma dukkansu ana samun su a wasu wurare a Afirka kuma.<ref>Cumberlidge, N. (2009). "Freshwater Crabs and Shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda) of the Nile Basin". Chapter 27, pp. 547–61 in : Dumony, H.J. (editor). ''The Nile. Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use. Monographiae Biologicae'', Vol. 89. Springer, New York. {{ISBN|978-1-4020-9726-3}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite iucn | author = Cumberlidge, N. | title = ''Potamonautes emini'' | volume = 2016 | article-number = e.T44523A84352263 | date = 2016 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T44523A84352263.en | access-date = 14 January 2018}}</ref> Nau’o’in na ƙarshe guda biyu an fara bayyana su a kimiyyance a shekarar 2017, kuma har yanzu ba a san abubuwa da yawa game da su ba: ''[[Potamonautes entebbe|P. entebbe]]'' kawai an san shi daga yankin kusa da [[Entebbe]] (samfurin da aka tattara shi kaɗai a 1955, kuma ba a tabbatar ko an samo shi cikin ko kusa da tabkin ba), sannan ''[[Potamonautes busungwe|P. busungwe]]'' kuma an same shi ne kawai a Tsibirin Busungwe a arewa maso yammacin tabkin. Wannan nau’i na ƙarshe yana iya zama mafi ƙanƙanta ƙadangaren ruwa a Afirka, tare da faɗin ƙwaryar jikinsa (carapace) har zuwa kusan {{cvt|1.6|cm|in|1}}, kodayake ''[[Potamonautes kantsyore|P. kantsyore]]'' na Kogin Kagera da kuma ''[[Platythelphusa]] maculata'' da ''P. polita'' na Tabkin Tanganyika suna kusa da wannan ƙanƙantar.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Cumberlidge | first1 = N. | last2 = Clark | first2 = P.F. | year = 2017 | title = Description of three new species of Potamonautes MacLeay, 1838 from the Lake Victoria region in southern Uganda, East Africa (Brachyura: Potamoidea: Potamonautidae) | journal = European Journal of Taxonomy | issue = 371| pages = 1–19 | doi = 10.5852/ejt.2017.371 | doi-access = free | hdl = 10141/622400 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> [[File:Lake Victoria IMG 20200202 145633.jpg|alt=Tabkin Victoria.|thumb|Tabkin Victoria daga nesa mai faɗi.]] Shrimp/prawn guda ɗaya da ake samu shi ne ''[[Caridina nilotica]]'',<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Goudswaard | first1 = K. | last2 = Witte | first2 = F. | last3 = Wanink | first3 = J.H. | year = 2006 | title = The shrimp Caridina nilotica in Lake Victoria (East Africa), before and after the Nile perch increase | journal = Hydrobiologia | volume = 563 | issue = 1| pages = 31–44 | doi = 10.1007/s10750-005-1385-9 | bibcode = 2006HyBio.563...31G | s2cid = 40935454 }}</ref> wanda yake da yawa kuma ya yaɗu a cikin Tabkin Victoria.<ref name="Lowe2009"/> ===Molluscs (Dabbobin ƙwarya)=== Tabkin Victoria na ɗauke da nau’o’in [[katantanwar ruwa mai ɗanɗano]] 28 (misali: ''[[Bellamya (gastropod)|Bellamya]]'', ''[[Biomphalaria]]'', ''[[Bulinus]]'', ''[[Cleopatra (gastropod)|Cleopatra]]'', ''[[Gabbiella]]'', da ''[[Melanoides]]''), ciki har da nau’o’i 12 da ke musamman ga wannan wuri (endemic).<ref name="Darwall2011">{{Cite book | editor1=Darwall, W. | editor2=Smith, K. | editor3=Allen, D. | editor4=Holland, R. | editor5=Harrison, I. | editor6=Brooks, E. | year=2011 | title=The Diversity of Life in African Freshwaters: Under Water, Under Threat. An Analysis of the Status and Distribution of Freshwater Species Throughout Mainland Africa | author1=Seddon, M. | author2=Appleton, C. | author3=Van Damme, D. | author4=Graf, D. | chapter=Freshwater Molluscs of Africa: Diversity, Distribution, and Conservation | pages=92–119 | isbn=978-2-8317-1345-8 }}</ref><ref>Brown, D. (1994). ''Freshwater Snails of Africa and Their Medical Importance.'' 2nd edition. {{ISBN|0-7484-0026-5}}{{full|date = December 2024}}</ref>{{page needed|date = December 2024}} Haka kuma akwai nau’o’in [[bivalves]] 17 (misali: ''[[Corbicula]]'', ''[[Coelatura]]'', ''[[Sphaerium]]'', da ''[[Byssanodonta]]''), ciki har da nau’o’i 6 da ke musamman ga wannan wuri.<ref name="Darwall2011"/><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Mwambungu | first1 = J.A. | year = 2004 | title = The diversity of benthic molluscs of Lake Victoria and Lake Burigi | journal = Tanzania Journal of Science| volume = 30 | issue = 1| pages = 21–32 | doi = 10.4314/tjs.v30i1.18384 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Wataƙila har yanzu akwai nau’o’in katantanwa da ba a bayyana su a kimiyya ba. A gefe guda kuma, binciken kwayoyin halitta ya nuna cewa wasu nau’o’in da aka riga aka bambanta a zahiri (morphology) na iya kasancewa bambance-bambancen nau’i guda ne kawai.<ref name="Sayer2018"/> Nau’o’in katantanwa biyu, ''Biomphalaria'' da ''Bulinus'', suna ɗauke da [[tsutsar bilharzia (schistosomiasis)|parasite]] da ke haifar da cutar [[bilharzia]]. Kamuwa da wannan cuta a yankin Tabkin Victoria ya zama ruwan dare.<ref>{{cite news |author=Senthilingam, M. |date=9 February 2016 |title=The Snails Spreading Fever Across Africa | url=https://edition.cnn.com/2016/02/09/health/snails-spread-schistosomiasis-in-africa/index.html | publisher=CNN | access-date=16 May 2018}}</ref> Wannan na iya ƙaruwa sakamakon yawaitar [[ruwan ciyawar hyacinth (water hyacinth)]], wanda ke zama wurin da katantanwa ke rayuwa sosai,<ref>{{cite web |author=Chege, N. |date=1995 |title=Lake Victoria: A Sick Giant |url=http://faculty.fgcu.edu/twimberley/EnviroPhilo/LakeVictoriaCrisis.pdf |publisher=People & the Planet |access-date=16 May 2018 |archive-date=17 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517153755/http://faculty.fgcu.edu/twimberley/EnviroPhilo/LakeVictoriaCrisis.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> da kuma raguwar kifayen cichlid masu cin katantanwa a cikin tabkin.<ref>{{cite web |author=Pomerantz, J. |date=19 September 2015 |title=Haplochromine Cichlids of Lake Victoria |url=https://www.ecologycenter.us/natural-history-2/haplochromine-cichlids-of-lake-victoria.html |publisher=ecologycenter.us |access-date=16 May 2018 |archive-date=4 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804140824/https://www.ecologycenter.us/natural-history-2/haplochromine-cichlids-of-lake-victoria.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Gizo-gizo=== ''[[Evarcha culicivora]]'' wani nau’in gizo-gizo ne mai tsalle (family [[Salticidae]]) da ake samu kawai a kewayen Tabkin Victoria a Kenya da Uganda. Yana cin abinci musamman sauro mata.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nelson|first1=Ximena J.|last2=Jackson|first2=Robert R.|last3=Sune|first3=Godfrey|date=2005|title=Use of Anopheles-Specific Prey-Capture Behavior by the Small Juveniles of Evarcha culicivora, a Mosquito-Eating Jumping Spider|journal=The Journal of Arachnology|volume=33|issue=2|pages=541–548|doi=10.1636/05-3.1|issn=0161-8202|jstor=4129852|s2cid=55244513|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/228863}}</ref> == Kamun kifi == [[File:Ugandan fishing boats.jpg|thumb|Masunta da jiragen su a bakin Tafkin Victoria]] Tafkin Victoria yana tallafawa babbar kamun kifi ta cikin ƙasa a Afirka (tun daga 1997).<ref name="Geheb97">{{cite thesis |author=Kim Geheb |year=1997 |title=The Regulators and the regulated: fisheries management, options and dynamics in Kenya's Lake Victoria Fishery |degree=PhD |publisher=University of Sussex |access-date=12 October 2010 |archive-date=7 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007142331/http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.336275 }}</ref> A farko kamun kifin ya ƙunshi nau’o’in asali, musamman tilapia da haplochromine cichlids, amma har da catfish (''Bagrus'', ''Clarias'', ''Synodontis'' da silver butter catfish), elephantfish, ningu (''Labeo victorianus'') da marbled lungfish (''Protopterus aethiopicus'').<ref name="LVFO2016">Lake Victoria Fisheries Organization (2016). {{cite web |title=Lake Victoria Fisheries: An introduction |access-date=2017-03-27 |archive-date=15 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915061916/http://www.lvfo.org/index.php/lvfo/lvfo-secretariat/5-lake-victoria-fisheries-an-introduction }}</ref><ref name="Njiru2005">{{cite journal | last1 = Njiru | last2 = Waithaka | last3 = Muchiri | last4 = van Knaap | last5 = Cowx | year = 2005 | title = Exotic introductions to the fishery of Lake Victoria: What are the management options? | journal = Lakes & Reservoirs: Research and Management | volume = 10 | issue = 3 | pages = 147–55 | doi = 10.1111/j.1440-1770.2005.00270.x | archive-date = 2 February 2021 | access-date = 20 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202102022/https://karuspace.karu.ac.ke/handle/20.500.12092/2060 }}</ref> Wasu daga cikin waɗannan, ciki har da tilapia da ningu (''Labeo victorianus''), sun ragu tun farkon karni na 20 saboda kamun fiye da kima.<ref name="Lowe2009"/><ref>{{Cite iucn | author = FishBase team RMCA & Geelhand, D. | title = ''Labeo victorianus'' | volume = 2016 | article-number = e.T60318A47182908 | date = 2016 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T60318A47182908.en | access-date = 14 January 2018}}</ref> Don ƙara yawan kamun kifi, an shigo da nau’o’in tilapia da Nile perch a cikin 1950s. Duk da haka, nau’o’in asali sun ci gaba da mamaye kamun kifi har zuwa 1970s inda raguwar su ya sa aka koma sosai ga Nile tilapia (yanzu kashi 7 cikin 100 na kamun), Nile perch (kashi 60 cikin 100) da sardine na Tafkin Victoria (kashi 30 cikin 100).<ref name="Lowe2009"/><ref name="Njiru2005"/> Saboda ƙaramin girman sa, sardine mai yawa a cikin tafkin bai tallafawa manyan kamun kifi ba sai bayan raguwar sauran nau’o’in asali.<ref name="Njiru2005"/> A kololuwa a farkon shekarun 1990s, ton 500,000 na Nile perch ana kamawa kowace shekara a Tafkin Victoria, amma wannan ya ragu sosai a baya-bayan nan.<ref name="Lowe2009"/> == Matsalolin Muhalli == Akwai matsalolin muhalli da dama da ke da alaƙa da Tafkin Victoria, kuma bacewar yawancin nau’in kifin cichlid na asali an kira shi “mafi girman misali na halakar halittu da ɗan adam ya haddasa a cikin wani muhalli”.<ref name="Fiedler1998"/> === Kifayen da aka shigo da su (Invasive fish) === Tun daga shekarun 1950, an shigo da nau’o’in kifi da dama cikin Tafkin Victoria, inda suka zama masu mamaye muhalli (invasive) kuma suka zama babban dalilin bacewar yawancin kifin cichlid na asali.<ref name="Witte1992"/> Daga cikin kifayen da aka shigo da su akwai nau’o’in tilapia da dama: redbreast (Coptodon rendalli), redbelly (C. zillii), Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) da blue-spotted tilapia (O. leucostictus).<ref name="Lowe2009"/><ref name="Njiru2005"/><ref name="Pringle2005"/> Ko da yake waɗannan kifaye sun taimaka wajen sauya tsarin muhalli ta hanyar yin gasa da kifayen asali da rage yawansu, har ma a wasu lokuta (musamman Nile tilapia) ana zargin sun yi haɗuwa da kifayen tilapia na asali da ke cikin haɗarin bacewa, mafi shahara daga cikin shigarwar ita ce babban kifin cin nama mai ƙarfi, wato Nile perch (Lates niloticus).<ref name="Witte1992"/><ref name="Lowe2009"/><ref name="Njiru2005"/> [[File:Lates niloticus 2.jpg|thumb|Nile perch an shigo da shi Tafkin Victoria domin kamun kifi, kuma yana iya kaiwa tsayin mita 2 da nauyin kilo 200.<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Lates | species = niloticus | month = March| year = 2017}}</ref>]] Tun farkon shekarun 1920, an fara ba da shawarar shigo da babban kifin cin nama kamar Nile perch domin inganta kamun kifi a tafkin. Amma an kuma yi gargaɗi cewa hakan na iya haifar da babbar illa ga kifayen asali, don haka aka buƙaci a yi bincike sosai kafin aiwatarwa.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> Waɗannan gargaɗi sun fi mayar da hankali kan tilapia na asali (O. esculentus), domin ƙananan kifin haplochromine (duk da muhimmancinsu a kamun kifi na gida) an ɗauke su a matsayin “kifin sharar gida” a lokacin mulkin mallaka.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, matsin lamba na shigo da Nile perch ya ci gaba, haka kuma gargaɗi game da illarsa.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> Shigar farko a yankin, da Hukumar Kula da Dabbobin da Kamun Kifi ta Uganda ta yi (a lokacin tana ƙarƙashin gwamnatin mulkin mallaka), ya faru ne a saman Murchison Falls bayan kammala Dam ɗin Owen Falls a 1954, wanda ya ba shi damar ya bazu zuwa Tafkin Kyoga.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> Daga baya kuma an ƙara sakin shi a Kyoga a 1955, amma ba a fara shi kai tsaye a Victoria ba.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> Masana sun yi kira a dakata har sai an fahimci tasirin sa, amma a ƙarshen shekarun 1950 an fara kama Nile perch a Tafkin Victoria.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> Da yake ya riga ya shiga tafkin, ba a yi tsayayya sosai ba lokacin da aka ƙara shigar da shi a 1962–63 domin ƙara yawan sa.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> Asalin yadda Nile perch ya fara shiga Tafkin Victoria ba cikakke ba ne kuma babu tabbataccen hujja. Jami’an Hukumar Kula da Dabbobin da Kamun Kifi ta Uganda sun musanta hannu, amma wasu hujjoji da shaidun ma’aikatan da aka yi amfani da su a hukumar sun nuna cewa an shigo da shi a 1954–55 bisa umarnin manyan jami’ai.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> Wasu sun ce kifin ya iya wucewa ta Dam ɗin Owen Falls ne lokacin gyara, amma masana da dama sun ɗauki wannan a matsayin abu mai wahala sosai.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> Nile perch ya bazu cikin duk tafkin zuwa shekarar 1970.<ref name="Lowe2009"/> A farko yawan sa ya yi ƙasa, amma daga baya ya ƙaru sosai ya kai kololuwa a shekarun 1980, sannan ya fara raguwa daga shekarun 1990.<ref name="Lowe2009"/> === Mamayar ruwan hyacinth === Ruwan hyacinth ya zama babbar matsalar shuke-shuke masu mamaye muhalli a Tafkin Victoria. Zubar da ruwan datti ba tare da tacewa ba, da kuma ruwan noma da masana’antu kai tsaye cikin tafkin a cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata ya ƙara sinadaran nitrogen da phosphorus, wanda ya jawo girman shukar ruwan hyacinth mai yawa a ƙarshen shekarun 1990.<ref name="Luilo"/><ref>...</ref> Wannan shuka tana rage iskar oxygen a cikin ruwa, tana hana ruɓar shuke-shuke yadda ya kamata, tana ƙara guba da cututtuka ga kifi da mutane. Haka kuma tana hana jiragen ruwa motsi, tana toshe bakin ruwa, tana hana samar da wutar lantarki, da hana shan ruwa ga masana’antu.<ref name="Luilo"/> A gefe guda, tarin shukar na iya samar da wurin buya ga kifaye daga kamun kifi, har ma an ga dawowar wasu nau’o’in kifaye da ake tunanin sun ɓace. Amma har yanzu tasirinta gaba ɗaya ba a tabbatar da shi ba.<ref/> An fara lura da yawan ta daga 1993, ta kai kololuwa a 1997, sannan ta fara raguwa a 2001.<ref/> An yi ƙoƙarin cire ta da hannu, amma ta sake girma da sauri. Daga baya aka fara amfani da kwari na halitta da jiragen yanka shuka, wanda ya fi tasiri.<ref/> Haka kuma an kafa wata tashar makamashi a Kisumu a 2013 da ke amfani da hyacinth wajen samar da gas da taki.<ref/> === Gurɓatar muhalli === Gurɓatar Tafkin Victoria na faruwa ne sakamakon zubar da ruwan datti kai tsaye cikin tafkin, da zubar da shara daga gidaje da masana’antu, da sinadaran taki daga gonaki. Birane da garuruwa da dama a kewayen tafkin suna fitar da ruwan datti ba tare da tsarkakewa ba, wanda ke ƙara lalata ruwa da jawo eutrophication, wanda kuma ke taimakawa yaduwar ruwan hyacinth.<ref/> Yawan sare dazuka ya rage ikon ƙasa na tace gurɓataccen ruwa, wanda ya ƙara lalata ingancin ruwan tafkin.<ref/> === Bayanai na muhalli === Akwai ma’ajiyar bayanan muhalli na Tafkin Victoria tun daga 2016, wanda ke ɗauke da bayanan bakin teku, zurfin ruwa, gurɓatawa, zafin ruwa, iska da sauran muhimman bayanai. A shekarar 2026 an ƙara faɗaɗa wannan tsarin bayanai tare da sabon rahoton yanayin tafkin na 2025, wanda ya nuna yadda ake sa ido kan sauyin muhalli da yanayi ga miliyoyin mutane da ke rayuwa a yankin tafkin. == Tarihi da Bincike == [[File:The National Archives UK - CO 1069-3-183.jpg|thumb|Bismarck Rock]] Bayanan farko da aka rubuta game da Tafkin Victoria sun fito ne daga ’yan kasuwar [[Larabawa]] da ke bin hanyoyin cikin nahiyar don neman [[zinariya]], [[hauren giwa]], wasu muhimman kayayyaki masu daraja, da kuma [[bauta]]. [[File:Africa Lake Victoria 10 006.jpg|left|thumb|Tafkin kamar yadda ake ganinsa daga gabar Speke Resort a Kampala, Uganda]] Yawancin ƙabilun Afirka suna zaune a yankin da ke kewaye da tafkin. Turawan [[Turai]] na farko da ya fara ganin tafkin shi ne a shekarar 1858, lokacin da mai binciken Birtaniya [[John Hanning Speke]] ya isa kudancin gabar tafkin yayin tafiyarsa tare da [[Richard Francis Burton]] domin binciken Afirka ta tsakiya da gano Manyan Tafkuna. Speke ya yi imanin cewa ya gano tushen kogin [[Nile]] ne lokacin da ya ga wannan “babban shimfidar ruwa mai faɗi” a karon farko, don haka ya sanya wa tafkin suna na Sarauniya Victoria. Burton, wanda a lokacin yana jinya kuma yana hutawa a Kazeh (kusa da [[Tabora]] ta yau),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Millard |first=Candice |title=River of the Gods |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group}}{{full|date = December 2024}}</ref>{{page needed|date = December 2024}} ya fusata sosai saboda Speke ya yi ikirarin cewa ya tabbatar da gano tushen Kogin Nile, abin da Burton ya ɗauka har yanzu ba a tabbatar da shi ba. Wannan ya haifar da babbar rigima a fili, wadda ta tayar da muhawara mai zafi a cikin masana kimiyya na wancan lokaci, tare da ƙara sha’awar wasu masu bincike da ke son tabbatarwa ko karyata binciken Speke.<ref name = "DNB">{{DNB Cite|wstitle=Speke, John Hanning}}</ref> [[File:View at Lake Victoria (Uganda).jpg|thumb|Karamar jirgin ruwa mai motsi a Tafkin Victoria, kusa da gabar Uganda]] A ƙarshen shekarun 1860, shahararren mai bincike kuma mishan ɗin [[David Livingstone]] ya kasa tabbatar da gano Speke, sai dai ya karkata zuwa yamma fiye da kima har ya shiga tsarin Kogin [[Congo]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.jambokenya.com/jambo/location/victoria.htm| archive-url=https://archive.today/19970617231906/http://www.jambokenya.com/jambo/location/victoria.htm| archive-date=17 June 1997| title=Kenya, Africa – Lake Victoria in Kenya| publisher=Jambo Kenya Network| access-date=14 July 2008}}</ref> Daga ƙarshe, mai binciken Birtaniya-Amurka [[Henry Morton Stanley]], a cikin balaguron da jaridar ''[[New York Herald]]'' ta ɗauki nauyi, ya tabbatar da gaskiyar abin da Speke ya gano, inda ya zagaya tafkin tsakanin 1875–1876 kuma ya ruwaito babban hanyar fitar ruwan da ke [[Ripon Falls]] a arewacin gabar tafkin. == Amfani da Ruwa == Yawancin garuruwa da birane sun dogara da Tafkin Victoria wajen samun ruwan sha, noma da sauran amfani.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lake Victoria {{!}} Size, Map, Countries, & Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Victoria|access-date=2020-08-24|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> === Tsarin Ruwan Lamadi === Tsarin ruwan Lamadi wani aikin ruwa da tsafta ne da ke yi wa biranen Mwanza da ƙananan garuruwan Lamadi, Misungwi, Magu, Bukoba, da Musoma hidima a bakin Tafkin Victoria. Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai ya fara aikin a shekarar 2013 da nufin kare lafiyar muhalli na tafkin, ta hanyar inganta ruwa da tsafta a garuruwan da gurɓataccen ruwansu ke taimakawa lalacewar tafkin. Aikin yana nufin samar da ruwan sha mai tsafta ga kimanin mutane miliyan guda, da kuma inganta tsafta ga mutane 100,000. Ana tace laka da ƙazanta da ke cikin ruwa ta amfani da yashi wanda ke aiki kamar matatar tacewa. Daga nan ruwan yana shirye don a saka masa sinadarin chlorin ko a bi wasu hanyoyin tsarkake shi. Tacewar yashi na taimakawa rage cututtukan da ke yaduwa ta ruwa, kuma yana amfani da albarkatun muhalli na yankin.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Development Solutions: Creative flow|url=https://www.eib.org/en/essays/creative-development-solutions|access-date=2020-08-24|website=European Investment Bank|language=en}}</ref> === Dam ɗin Nalubaale === [[File:From top of Nalubaale Power Station.jpg|thumb|right|Tashar wutar lantarki ta [[Nalubaale Hydroelectric Power Station]] a [[Njeru]], Uganda.]] Wurin da ruwan Tafkin Victoria ke fita shi ne a Jinja, Uganda, inda ya zama Kogin Victoria Nile. Shekaru sama da 12,000 ana samun fitar ruwan ta kan wata dutsen halitta mai kama da shinge. A shekarar 1952, injiniyoyi na gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta [[British Uganda]] sun fashe wannan dutsen domin maye gurbinsa da wani ginin da aka yi da hannu (barrage) don sarrafa matakin ruwan tafkin da rage lalacewar dutsen. An kafa ƙa’ida mai suna “agreed curve” domin kwaikwayon tsohon tsarin fitar ruwan, inda aka kayyade yawan ruwan da ke fita tsakanin mita kubik 300 zuwa 1,700 a cikin dakika ɗaya dangane da matakin ruwan tafkin. A shekarar 2002, Uganda ta kammala gina wani sabon tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na ruwa a yankin, wato Kiira Hydroelectric Power Station, tare da taimakon Bankin Duniya. Zuwa shekarar 2006, matakin ruwan Tafkin Victoria ya kai mafi ƙanƙanta cikin shekaru 80, kuma Daniel Kull, wani masanin ilimin ruwa mai zaman kansa da ke zaune a Nairobi, Kenya, ya ƙiyasta cewa Uganda na fitar da ruwa sau biyu fiye da adadin da aka amince da shi,<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=mg18925384.100 |title=Uganda pulls plug on Lake Victoria |journal=[[New Scientist]] |date=9 February 2006 |author=Fred Pearce |volume=2538 |page=12 |access-date=2 September 2017 |archive-date=13 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013113221/http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=mg18925384.100 }}</ref> kuma hakan shi ne babban dalilin raguwar matakin ruwan tafkin a kwanan nan. == Sufuri == [[File:Ukerewe-Mwanza Ferry.jpg|thumb|Jirgin ruwan Ukerewe-Mwanza Ferry.]] Tun daga shekarun 1900s, jiragen ruwan Tafkin Victoria sun kasance muhimmin hanyar sufuri tsakanin Uganda, Tanzaniya da Kenya. Manyan tashoshin jirgin ruwa a tafkin sun haɗa da Kisumu, Mwanza, Bukoba, Entebbe, Port Bell, da Jinja. Har zuwa 1963, mafi saurin da sabuwar jirgin ruwan MV Victoria (1959) an ayyana shi a matsayin Royal Mail Ship. A cikin 1966, an kafa sabis na jirgin ƙasa tsakanin Kenya da Tanzaniya tare da gabatar da MV Uhuru da MV Umoja. Jirgin ruwan MV Bukoba ya nutse a tafkin a ranar 21 ga Mayu 1996 inda aka rasa rayukan mutane tsakanin 800 zuwa 1,000, wanda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan haɗuran ruwa a Afirka.<ref>{{cite news|title=Diver's recover 180 bodies from Africa's worst ferry disaster|date=29 September 2002|work=Panama City News Herald|location=Panama city, Florida|page=8|last=Harris|first=Edward|access-date=6 April 2018}}</ref> Wani mummunan haɗari ya faru kwanan nan a ranar 20 ga Satumba 2018 wanda ya shafi jirgin ruwan fasinja MV Nyerere daga Tanzaniya wanda ya jawo mutuwar fiye da mutane 200.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ferry tragedy: More than 200 feared dead in Tanzania|website=The East African|language=en|access-date=2020-02-18}}</ref> A ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 2022, Tafkin Victoria ya kasance wurin hatsarin jirgin fasinja na kasuwanci. Jirgin Precision Air Flight 494, ATR 42–500 mai ɗauke da fasinjoji 39 da ma’aikata 4, ya yi hatsari yayin da yake kusantar Bukoba Airport, wanda ya jawo mutuwar mutane 19.<ref>{{cite news|title=19 dead after commercial aircraft crashes into Lake Victoria in Tanzania |date=6 November 2022|first1=Idris|last1=Mukhtar|first2=Lauren|last2=Said-Moorhouse|first3=Larry|last3=Madowo|work=CNN|access-date=6 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Passenger plane crashes into Lake Victoria in Tanzania, 19 dead|first=Nuzulack|last=Dausen|date=6 November 2022|work=Reuters|access-date=6 November 2022}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} == Mahaɗu == {{Commons category|Lake Victoria}} {{EB1911 Poster|Victoria Nyanza|Lake Victoria}} * [http://www.ugpulse.com/articles/daily/homepage.asp?ID=306 Decreasing levels of Lake Victoria Worry East African Countries] * [https://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=mg18925384.100 New Scientist article] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013113221/http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=mg18925384.100 |date=13 October 2008 }} on Uganda's violation of the agreed curve for hydroelectric water flow. * [http://internationalrivers.org/en/node/1056 Dams Draining Lake Victoria] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310044431/http://internationalrivers.org/en/node/1056 |date=10 March 2012 }} * [https://archive.org/details/naturalistonlake00carp ''A Naturalist on Lake Victoria, with an Account of Sleeping Sickness and the Tse-tse Fly''] (1920). T.F. Unwin Ltd, London; Biodiversity Archive * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v9VJ6cezlnU Video of Lake Victoria] * Institutions of the East African Community: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120213132137/http://www.lvfo.org/ Lake Victoria Fisheries Organisation] 1g7frnenmc5k9ob5bhxezz1sk7eenwr 873628 873625 2026-07-01T13:19:10Z Ummeeterh 31568 /* */ 873628 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Victoria_Nyanza.jpg|thumb|Victoria Nyanza. Layin baƙar fata yana nuna hanyar Stanley.]] '''Tafkin Victoria''' yana ɗaya daga cikin Manyan Tafkunan [[Afirka]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Victoria {{!}} AGLI |url=https://www.africangreatlakesinform.org/page/lake-victoria |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=www.africangreatlakesinform.org}}</ref> Yana da faɗin fili na kimanin {{Cvt|59947|km2|sqmi}},<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuart |first=Hamilton |date=2016-10-05 |title=Shoreline, Lake Victoria, vector polygon, ~2015 |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |language=en |doi=10.7910/dvn/pwfw26}}</ref> Tafkin Victoria shine tafki mafi girma a [[Afirka]] ta fannin yanki, tafki mafi girma a duniya ta fannin [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|wurare masu zafi]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=Saundry |first=Peter |title=Lake Victoria |url=http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/154134/}}</ref> kuma tafki mafi girma na biyu a duniya ta fannin ruwa bayan Tafkin Superior a Arewacin [[Amurka]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Victoria |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Victoria |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref> Dangane da yawan ruwa, [[Tafkin Victoria]] shine tafki na tara mafi girma a [[duniya]], wanda ya ƙunshi kimanin {{Cvt|2424|km3|acre ft}} na ruwa. <ref name="auto3">{{Cite book}}</ref> <ref name="auto4">{{Cite journal |last=Stuart |first=Hamilton |last2=Taabu |first2=Anthony Munyaho |last3=Noah |first3=Krach |last4=Sarah |first4=Glaser |date=2018-05-17 |title=Bathymetry TIFF, Lake Victoria Bathymetry, raster, 2017, V7 |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |language=en |doi=10.7910/dvn/soeknr}}</ref> Tafkin Victoria yana da wani yanki mai zurfi a [[Afirka]]. Tafkin yana da matsakaicin zurfin {{Cvt|40|m|ft}} da kuma zurfin mafi girman {{Cvt|80 - 81|m|ft}} . <ref name="auto3" /> <ref name="auto4" /> Yankin [[Ruwan ruwa|magudanar ruwansa]] ya ƙunshi {{Cvt|169858|km2|sqmi}} . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuart |first=Hamilton |date=2017-11-12 |title=Basin, Lake Victoria Watershed (inside), vector polygon, ~2015 |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |language=en |doi=10.7910/dvn/z5rmyd}}</ref> Tafkin yana da bakin teku na {{Cvt|7142|km|mi}} lokacin da aka sanya shi cikin dijital a matakin 1:25,000, tare da tsibiran da suka ƙunshi kashi 3.7% na wannan tsawon. Yankin tafkin ya rabu zuwa ƙasashe uku: [[Tanzaniya]] tana da kashi 49% ( {{Cvt|33,700|km2|sqmi}} ), [[Uganda]] 45% ( {{Cvt|31,000|km2|sqmi}} ), da [[Kenya]] 6% ( {{Cvt|4,100|km2|sqmi}}. Tafkin gida ne ga nau'ikan kifi da yawa waɗanda ba sa rayuwa a wani wuri, musamman cichlids. Kifi masu mamayewa, irin su Nilu perch, sun kori nau'o'in halittu da yawa zuwa [[Karewar kwayoyin halitta|halaka]]. == Sunayen == Duk da cewa yana da sunaye da yawa na yaren gida ( Swahili ; Dholuo ; Luganda ; Kinyarwanda ), <ref name="WDL1">{{Cite web |year=1899 |title=The Victoria. The Land, the Races and their Customs, with Specimens of Some of the Dialects |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2557 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529091640/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/2557/ |archive-date=29 May 2016 |access-date=18 February 2013 |publisher=[[World Digital Library]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Ukerewe |url=https://ntz.info/gen/n01545.html |access-date=17 October 2020 |website=nTZ: An Information Resource for Northern Tanzania |publisher=David Marsh}}</ref> An sake wa tafkin suna da sunan [[Sarauniya Victoria]] ta hanyar mai binciken John Hanning Speke, ɗan Birtaniya na farko da ya rubuta shi a shekarar 1858, yayin da yake kan wani balaguro tare da Richard Francis Burton . <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Alan Moorehead}}</ref> == Ilmin ƙasa == {{Refimprove science | section | date = Disamba 2024}} [[File:Topography of Lake Victoria.png|thumb|Taswirar yanayin ƙasa (topography) na Tafkin Victoria]] Dan jaridan hotuna [[John Reader]], wanda ya rubuta littafinsa mai suna ''Africa: A Biography of a Continent'' wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Alan Paton Literary Award,<ref>{{cite news | author = The Times Staff | date= 26 February 2009 | orig-date= 4 June 2007 | title = Previous Winners of the Alan Paton Award and the Sunday Times Fiction Prize | newspaper = The Times (Johannesburg) | url = http://www.thetimes.co.za/SpecialReports/BookAwards/Article.aspx?id=482608 | access-date = 26 December 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090226215141/http://www.thetimes.co.za/SpecialReports/BookAwards/Article.aspx?id=482608 | archive-date = 2009-02-26 | quote = Previous Literary Awards winners / Previous Winners of the Alan Paton Award / 1998: Africa: A Biography of a Continent by John Reader, published by Penguin SA }}</ref> ya bayyana Tafkin Victoria a matsayin tafki mai sabuwar samuwa a tarihin ilimin ƙasa, mai kimanin shekaru 400,000—wanda ya samo asali ne sakamakon yadda koguna da ke kwarara zuwa yamma suka toshe lokacin da wani ɓangare na ɓawon ƙasan duniya (earth’s crust) ya karkata a kan layin [[Great Rift Valley]], wanda ya ɗaga gefensa na yamma.<ref name="Reader">{{cite book | author = Reader, John | date = 2001 | orig-date = 1998 | title=Africa: A Biography of a Continent | location=Washington, DC | publisher=[[National Geographic Society]] | via = Archive.org | isbn=978-0-7922-7681-4 | pages=227f | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/africa0000read | access-date = 26 December 2024}}</ref>{{better source|date = December 2024}} Wani bincike na asali da aka yi kan yadda koguna ke rarrabuwa a yankin Tafkin Victoria ya fitar da wasu ƙiyasta. Na farko, a zamanin [[Miocene]], yankin da yanzu ke zama kwarin tafkin yana gefen yammacin wani tudu da ya kasance rabe-raben ruwa na nahiyar, inda koguna daga yamma ke kwarara zuwa [[Kogin Kongo]], yayin da na gabas ke nufi zuwa Tekun Indiya. Na biyu, yayin da tsarin [[East African Rift]] ke samuwa, bangon gabas na [[Albertine Rift]] (ko Western Rift) ya ɗaga, wanda a hankali ya sauya kwararar ruwa zuwa yankin da yanzu ke Tafkin Victoria. Na uku, buɗewar manyan rabe-raben ƙasa na East African Rift da Albertine Rift ya jawo yankin da ke tsakaninsu ya nutse, yayin da gefuna ke tashi, wanda ya samar da kwarin da ke ɗauke da Tafkin Victoria a yau.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ouma |first=J. P. B. M. |date=1970 |title=Fluvial Differentiation in the Basin of Lake Victoria |journal=Journal of Hydrology (New Zealand) |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=221–223 |jstor=43944206}}</ref> A cikin tarihin ilimin ƙasa, Tafkin Victoria ya fuskanci sauye-sauye daga kasancewa ƙaramar kwari mai zurfi kaɗan zuwa yiwuwar zama jerin ƙananan tafkuna a lokuta daban-daban.<ref name="Hickling61"/>{{page needed|date = December 2024}} Binciken ƙasan tafkin ya nuna cewa Tafkin Victoria ya bushe gaba ɗaya aƙalla sau uku tun lokacin da ya samo asali.<ref name="Reader"/>{{better source|date = December 2024}} Wadannan lokutan bushewa ana danganta su da zamanin kankara (ice ages), lokacin da yawan ruwan sama a duniya ke raguwa sosai.<ref name="Reader"/>{{better source|date = December 2024}} A cewar wani bincike na daban, Tafkin Victoria ya ƙarshe bushewa kimanin shekaru 17,300 da suka wuce, sannan ya sake cika kimanin shekaru 14,700 da suka wuce—lokacin da [[African humid period]] ya fara.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=deMenocal |first1=Peter |last2=Ortiz |first2=Joseph |last3=Guilderson |first3=Tom |last4=Adkins |first4=Jess |last5=Sarnthein |first5=Michael |last6=Baker |first6=Linda |last7=Yarusinsky |first7=Martha |title=Abrupt Onset and Termination of the African Humid Period |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |date=January 2000 |volume=19 |issue=1–5 |pages=347–361 |doi=10.1016/S0277-3791(99)00081-5}}</ref> == Ruwa == [[Fayil:Lake_Vic_Bathy.jpg|thumb|Tsarin ruwa na Lake Victoria <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hamilton |first=Stuart |last2=Munyaho |first2=Anthony Taabu |last3=Krach |first3=Noah |last4=Glaser |first4=Sarah |date=2018-05-17 |title=Bathymetry TIFF, Lake Victoria Bathymetry, raster, 2016 – LakeVicFish Dataverse |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |doi=10.7910/dvn/soeknr}}</ref>]] Tafkin tafki ne mai zurfi idan aka yi la'akari da babban yankin da ke da zurfin kusan mita 80 (260 da matsakaicin zurfin mita 40 (130 . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hamilton, S.E. |date=2016 |title=Creation of a Bathymetric Map of Lake Victoria, Africa |url=http://faculty.salisbury.edu/~sehamilton/LV_Bathy/ |journal=Salisbury.edu |location=Salisbury, MD |publisher=Salisbury University |doi=10.7910/DVN/SOEKNR |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025050539/http://faculty.salisbury.edu/~sehamilton/LV_Bathy/ |archive-date=2016-10-25 |access-date=26 December 2024}}</ref> Aikin 2016 ya ƙididdige maki dubu goma kuma ya kirkiro taswirar bathymetric ta farko ta tafkin.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hamilton |first=Stuart |last2=Munyaho |first2=Anthony Taabu |last3=Krach |first3=Noah |last4=Glaser |first4=Sarah |date=2018-05-17 |title=Bathymetry TIFF, Lake Victoria Bathymetry, raster, 2016 – LakeVicFish Dataverse |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |doi=10.7910/dvn/soeknr}}</ref> Sashe mafi zurfi na tafkin yana da iyaka zuwa gabashin tafkin kusa da Kenya kuma tafkin gabaɗaya ba shi da zurfi a yamma tare da bakin tekun Uganda da kudu tare da bakin Tekun Tanzania.<ref name=":0" /> ==Hydrology da Limnology== Tafkin Victoria yana samun kashi 80 cikin 100 na ruwansa kai tsaye daga ruwan sama.<ref name="Hickling61"/>{{page needed|date = December 2024}} Matsakaicin ƙaƙƙarfan fitar ruwa (evaporation) a tafkin yana tsakanin {{convert|2.0| and |2.2|m}} a kowace shekara, kusan ninki biyu na ruwan sama da ake samu a yankunan da ke kusa da koguna (riparian).<ref>{{cite book|author=Ominde, Simeon H. |year=1971|chapter=Rural Economy in West Kenya| chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WgamvCA98usC&pg=PA220 |title=Studies in East African Geography and Development| pages=207–29| editor=S.H. Ominde|location=London|publisher=Heinemann Educational |isbn=978-0-520-02073-3}}</ref> Tafkin Victoria yana kuma samun ruwa daga koguna da dubban ƙananan rafuka (streams). Kogin Kagera shi ne mafi girma daga cikin kogunan da ke shiga cikin wannan tafki, kuma bakinsa yana a gefen yammacin tafkin. Tafkin Victoria yana samun hanyar fitar ruwa ne kawai ta Kogin Nilu kusa da Jinja, Uganda a arewacin gefen tafkin.<ref name="Fishery">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA291|title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Issue 18, Volume 1|last1=vanden Bossche|first1=J.-P.|last2=Bernacsek|first2=G.M.|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]], [[United Nations]]|year=1990|isbn=978-92-5-102983-1|page=291|access-date=4 January 2016}}</ref> [[File:Rift en.svg|thumb|right|Tafkin Victoria da Kwarin Babbar Rift Valley]] A ɓangaren Kenya, manyan kogunan da ke shigowa tafkin sun haɗa da Sio, Nzoia, Yala, Nyando, Sondu Miriu, Mogusi, da Migori. Kogin da ke fita daga Tafkin Victoria kaɗai shi ne Kogin Nilu, wanda ke fita daga tafkin kusa da Jinja, Uganda. Dangane da yawan ruwan da yake samu, wannan ya sa Tafkin Victoria ya zama babban tushen babban reshen Kogin Nilu mafi tsawo. Sai dai tushen mafi nisa na Kogin Nilu, kuma a matsayin ainihin tushen Nilu, yawanci ana ɗaukar shi ɗaya daga cikin kogunan da ke ciyar da Kogin Kagera (ko wanne reshe daga cikinsu ba a tabbatar da shi gaba ɗaya ba), wanda ke farawa a Rwanda ko Burundi. Sashen sama na Nilu ana kiransa Victoria Nile har sai ya isa Tafkin Albert. Ko da yake yana cikin tsarin kogi ɗaya da ake kira White Nile, kuma a wasu lokuta ana kiran shi haka, wannan suna ba ya fara aiki sai bayan kogi ya tsallaka iyakar Uganda zuwa Sudan ta Kudu a arewa. Tafkin yana nuna yanayin eutrophication. A shekarun 1990–1991, matakan oxygen a cikin saman ruwa sun fi na 1960–1961, tare da kusan ci gaba da wuce kima (supersaturation) na oxygen a ruwan saman. Matakan oxygen a cikin ruwan zurfi (hypolimnetic waters), wato ɓangaren ruwa da ke ƙasa da thermocline wanda ba ya gaurayuwa kuma yana kasancewa sanyi a kullum, sun yi ƙasa a 1990–1991 fiye da na 1960–1961, inda wasu lokuta suka kai ƙasa da 1 mg a kowace lita (< 0.4 gr/cu ft) a zurfin ruwa har zuwa {{convert|40|m|ft}} idan aka kwatanta da fiye da {{convert|50|m|ft}} a 1961. Ana ganin canjin oxygen ɗin ya dace da ƙarin yawan algae da haɓakar samar da halittu a cikin ruwa.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240845630 | author1=R.E. Hecky | author2=F.W.B. Bugenyi | author3=P. Ochumba | author4=J.F. Talling | author5=R. Mugidde | author6=M. Gophen | author7=L. Kaufman | year=1994 | title=Deoxygenation of the deep water of Lake Victoria, East Africa | journal=[[Limnology and Oceanography]] | volume=39 | issue=6 |pages=1476–81 | jstor=2838147 | doi=10.4319/lo.1994.39.6.1476| bibcode=1994LimOc..39.1476H | doi-access=free }}</ref> Wadannan sauye-sauye sun faru ne saboda dalilai da dama: ci gaba da kona da ake yi a cikin yankin da ke kewaye da tafkin,<ref>{{Cite journal | author=R.E. Hecky | year=1993 | title=The eutrophication of Lake Victoria | journal=[[Verhandlungen der Internationale Vereinigung für Limnologie]] | volume=25 | issue=1 | pages=39–48 | doi=10.1080/03680770.1992.11900057| bibcode=1993SILP...25...39H }}</ref> inda toka da hayaki suka shiga suka zauna a faɗin tafkin; ƙarin shigar sinadarai masu gina jiki (nutrients) daga koguna,<ref name="OchumbaKibaara">{{cite journal | author1=Peter B. O. Ochumba | author2=David I. Kibaara | year=1989 | title=Observations on blue-green algal blooms in the open waters of Lake Victoria, Kenya | journal=[[African Journal of Ecology]] | volume=27 | issue=1 | pages=23–34 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.1989.tb00925.x| bibcode=1989AfJEc..27...23O }}</ref> da kuma ƙarin gurbatar muhalli da ke da alaƙa da matsugunin mutane a bakin tafkin.<ref>{{Cite news|date=March 2018|title=Environmental and Social Management Framework-ESMF|work=World Bank Document - Early Warning System|url=https://ewsdata.rightsindevelopment.org/files/documents/82/WB-P163782_3UJvON4.pdf|access-date=26 May 2020}}</ref> Tsakanin 2010 da 2022, girman saman Tafkin Victoria ya ƙaru da kashi 15%,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Keriako |first=Tobiko |date=2021 |title=Rising Water Levels in Kenya's Rift Valley Lakes, Turkwel Gorge Dam and Lake Victoria |url=http://www.environment.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/MENR_Scoping_Report_Latest-5-07-21.pdf |access-date=2022-03-16 |website=Government of Kenya and UNDP |archive-date=28 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428030814/http://www.environment.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/MENR_Scoping_Report_Latest-5-07-21.pdf }}</ref> wanda ya haddasa ambaliya a ƙauyukan da ke bakin tafkin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baraka |first=Carey |date=2022-03-17 |title=A drowning world: Kenya's quiet slide underwater |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/17/kenya-quiet-slide-underwater-great-rift-valley-lakes-east-africa-flooding |access-date=2022-03-17 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> == Tsawon ƙasa (Bathymetry) == [[File:Lake Vic Bathy.jpg|thumb|Taswirar tsawon ƙasa ta Tafkin Victoria<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal | title=Bathymetry TIFF, Lake Victoria Bathymetry, raster, 2016 – LakeVicFish Dataverse | doi=10.7910/dvn/soeknr| date=2018-05-17 | last1=Hamilton | first1=Stuart | last2=Munyaho | first2=Anthony Taabu | last3=Krach | first3=Noah | last4=Glaser | first4=Sarah |type = Data Set|journal = Harvard Dataverse}}</ref>]] Tafkin Victoria tafki ne mai faɗi amma ba shi da zurfi sosai, yana da matsakaicin zurfi kusan {{convert|80|m|ft}} da matsakaicin zurfi kusan {{convert|40|m|ft}}.<ref>{{Cite journal | author = Hamilton, S.E. | date = 2016 | title = Creation of a Bathymetric Map of Lake Victoria, Africa | journal = Salisbury.edu | location = Salisbury, MD | publisher = Salisbury University | access-date = 26 December 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161025050539/http://faculty.salisbury.edu/~sehamilton/LV_Bathy/ | archive-date = 2016-10-25 | doi = 10.7910/DVN/SOEKNR}}</ref> A cikin 2016, an digitize wurare dubu goma kuma aka ƙirƙiri taswirar tsawon ƙasa ta farko ta gaskiya na tafkin.<ref name=":0"/> Mafi zurfin ɓangaren tafkin yana gabas kusa da Kenya, kuma tafkin ya fi zama mai sauƙi a yammacin bakin Uganda da kuma kudu a bakin Tanzaniya.<ref name=":0"/> ===Sauran kifaye=== Kifayen da ba cichlid ba na asali sun haɗa da tetras na Afirka (''[[Brycinus]]''), cyprinids (''[[Enteromius]]'', ''[[Garra]]'', ''[[Labeo]]'', ''[[Labeobarbus]]''), da sauransu. Waɗannan kifaye suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a tsarin rayuwar tabkin, musamman wajen sarrafa abinci da kuzari a cikin ruwa. A tarihi, Tabkin Victoria ya kasance yana da yalwar kifaye masu yawa, ciki har da nau’o’in da ba a same su a ko’ina ba (endemics). Sai dai yawancin waɗannan nau’o’in sun ɓace tun daga shekarun 1940.<ref name="Witte1992">{{cite journal | last1 = Witte | last2 = Goldschmidt | last3 = Goudswaard | last4 = Ligtvoet | last5 = van Oijen | last6 = Wanink | year = 1992 | title = Species extinction and concomitant ecological changes in Lake Victoria | journal = Netherlands Journal of Zoology | volume = 42 | issue = 2–3| pages = 214–32 | doi = 10.1163/156854291X00298 }}</ref> Babban rukuni na kifi a Tabkin Victoria shi ne kifayen cichlid na haplochromine (''[[Haplochromis]]'' ''[[sensu lato]]''), wanda ya ƙunshi fiye da nau’o’i 500, kusan dukkaninsu na musamman ga wannan yankin ne.<ref name="Verheyen2003"/><ref name="Meier2017">{{cite journal | last1 = Meier | last2 = Marques | last3 = Mwaiko | last4 = Wagner | last5 = Excoffier | last6 = Seehausen | year = 2017 | title = Ancient hybridization fuels rapid cichlid fish adaptive radiations | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 8 | article-number = 14363 | doi = 10.1038/ncomms14363 | pmid = 28186104 | pmc = 5309898 | bibcode = 2017NatCo...814363M }}</ref> Wannan ya sa Tabkin Victoria ya zama ɗaya daga cikin wurare mafi arziki da nau’in kifi a duniya, sai dai [[Tabkin Malawi]].<ref name="Turner2001">{{cite journal |last1=Turner |last2=Seehausen |last3=Knight |last4=Allender |last5=Robinson |year=2001 |title=How many species of cichlid fishes are there in African lakes? |journal=Molecular Ecology |volume=10 |issue=3|pages=793–806 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01200.x |pmid=11298988 |s2cid=12925712 }}</ref> Wannan bambancin nau’o’i ya samo asali ne sakamakon saurin **samuwar sabbin nau’o’i ta hanyar juyin halitta (adaptive radiation)** a cikin kusan shekaru 15,000 da suka gabata.<ref name="Verheyen2003"/><ref name="Meier2017"/> Kifayen haplochromine na Victoria suna nuna bambance-bambancen jima’i (males suna da launuka masu haske, mata kuma ba su da haske sosai),<ref>{{Cite journal | author = Rijssel | author2 = Moser | author3 = Frei | author4 = Seehausen | title = Prevalence of disruptive selection predicts extent of species differentiation in Lake Victoria cichlids | journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences | volume = 285 | issue = 1871 | date = 2018 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2017.2630 | pmid = 29367400 | pmc = 5805951 }}</ref> kuma suna da bambancin rayuwa sosai, suna cin abinci iri-iri kamar: masu cin ragowar abinci (detritivores), masu cin plankton (zooplanktivores), masu cin kwari (insectivores), masu cin ƙananan jatan ruwa (prawn-eaters), masu cin katantanwa (molluscivores), da masu cin sauran kifi (piscivores).<ref name="Lowe2009"/> Sakamakon shigowar [[Nile perch]] da kuma gurɓacewar ruwa (eutrophication), an yi kiyasin cewa aƙalla nau’o’i 200 na haplochromine sun ɓace, wanda ya kai kusan kashi 40% na jinsin da ke tabkin.<ref name="DeWeerdt2004"/><ref name="Lowe2009"/><ref name="Rijssel2013">{{cite journal |last1=van Rijssel |last2=Witte |year=2013 |title=Adaptive responses in resurgent Lake Victoria cichlids over the past 30 years |journal=Evol. Ecol. |volume=27 |issue=2|pages=253–67 |doi=10.1007/s10682-012-9596-9 }}</ref> Wasu nau’o’in sun ɓace gaba ɗaya, wasu kuma sun rage sosai, yayin da wasu suka tsira a ƙananan tabkuna na gefe, ko kuma a wuraren duwatsu da ciyayi na papyrus da ke kare su daga mafarauta.<ref name="Chapman1996">{{cite journal | last1 = Chapman | last2 = Chapman | last3 = Chandler | year = 1996 | title = Wetland ecotones as refugia for endangered fishes | journal = Biological Conservation | volume = 78 | issue = 3| pages = 263–70 }}</ref> Wasu kuma sun daidaita da sabbin yanayi a tabkin, kamar samun manyan gill don jure ƙarancin iskar oxygen, sauye-sauyen siffar baki, da ingantaccen gani a ruwa mai datti.<ref name="Witte2000"/><ref name="Lowe2009"/> A yau, wasu daga cikin waɗannan kifaye suna rayuwa ne kawai a cikin gidajen adana dabbobi (zoos da aquaria), yayin da wasu suka riga sun ɓace gaba ɗaya daga yanayi.<ref name="Sayer2018"/> ===Crustaceans=== Nau’o’in [[ƙadangaren ruwa mai ɗanɗano (freshwater crab)|ƙadangaren ruwa mai ɗanɗano]] guda huɗu an san su a cikin [[Tabkin Victoria]]. Daga cikinsu, ''[[Potamonautes niloticus]]'' yana yaɗuwa a cikin tabkin, kuma ''[[Potamonautes emini|P. emini]]'' an ruwaito samuwarsa a yankin [[Bukoba]] a Tanzaniya, amma dukkansu ana samun su a wasu wurare a Afirka kuma.<ref>Cumberlidge, N. (2009). "Freshwater Crabs and Shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda) of the Nile Basin". Chapter 27, pp. 547–61 in : Dumony, H.J. (editor). ''The Nile. Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use. Monographiae Biologicae'', Vol. 89. Springer, New York. {{ISBN|978-1-4020-9726-3}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite iucn | author = Cumberlidge, N. | title = ''Potamonautes emini'' | volume = 2016 | article-number = e.T44523A84352263 | date = 2016 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T44523A84352263.en | access-date = 14 January 2018}}</ref> Nau’o’in na ƙarshe guda biyu an fara bayyana su a kimiyyance a shekarar 2017, kuma har yanzu ba a san abubuwa da yawa game da su ba: ''[[Potamonautes entebbe|P. entebbe]]'' kawai an san shi daga yankin kusa da [[Entebbe]] (samfurin da aka tattara shi kaɗai a 1955, kuma ba a tabbatar ko an samo shi cikin ko kusa da tabkin ba), sannan ''[[Potamonautes busungwe|P. busungwe]]'' kuma an same shi ne kawai a Tsibirin Busungwe a arewa maso yammacin tabkin. Wannan nau’i na ƙarshe yana iya zama mafi ƙanƙanta ƙadangaren ruwa a Afirka, tare da faɗin ƙwaryar jikinsa (carapace) har zuwa kusan {{cvt|1.6|cm|in|1}}, kodayake ''[[Potamonautes kantsyore|P. kantsyore]]'' na Kogin Kagera da kuma ''[[Platythelphusa]] maculata'' da ''P. polita'' na Tabkin Tanganyika suna kusa da wannan ƙanƙantar.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Cumberlidge | first1 = N. | last2 = Clark | first2 = P.F. | year = 2017 | title = Description of three new species of Potamonautes MacLeay, 1838 from the Lake Victoria region in southern Uganda, East Africa (Brachyura: Potamoidea: Potamonautidae) | journal = European Journal of Taxonomy | issue = 371| pages = 1–19 | doi = 10.5852/ejt.2017.371 | doi-access = free | hdl = 10141/622400 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> [[File:Lake Victoria IMG 20200202 145633.jpg|alt=Tabkin Victoria.|thumb|Tabkin Victoria daga nesa mai faɗi.]] Shrimp/prawn guda ɗaya da ake samu shi ne ''[[Caridina nilotica]]'',<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Goudswaard | first1 = K. | last2 = Witte | first2 = F. | last3 = Wanink | first3 = J.H. | year = 2006 | title = The shrimp Caridina nilotica in Lake Victoria (East Africa), before and after the Nile perch increase | journal = Hydrobiologia | volume = 563 | issue = 1| pages = 31–44 | doi = 10.1007/s10750-005-1385-9 | bibcode = 2006HyBio.563...31G | s2cid = 40935454 }}</ref> wanda yake da yawa kuma ya yaɗu a cikin Tabkin Victoria.<ref name="Lowe2009"/> ===Molluscs (Dabbobin ƙwarya)=== Tabkin Victoria na ɗauke da nau’o’in [[katantanwar ruwa mai ɗanɗano]] 28 (misali: ''[[Bellamya (gastropod)|Bellamya]]'', ''[[Biomphalaria]]'', ''[[Bulinus]]'', ''[[Cleopatra (gastropod)|Cleopatra]]'', ''[[Gabbiella]]'', da ''[[Melanoides]]''), ciki har da nau’o’i 12 da ke musamman ga wannan wuri (endemic).<ref name="Darwall2011">{{Cite book | editor1=Darwall, W. | editor2=Smith, K. | editor3=Allen, D. | editor4=Holland, R. | editor5=Harrison, I. | editor6=Brooks, E. | year=2011 | title=The Diversity of Life in African Freshwaters: Under Water, Under Threat. An Analysis of the Status and Distribution of Freshwater Species Throughout Mainland Africa | author1=Seddon, M. | author2=Appleton, C. | author3=Van Damme, D. | author4=Graf, D. | chapter=Freshwater Molluscs of Africa: Diversity, Distribution, and Conservation | pages=92–119 | isbn=978-2-8317-1345-8 }}</ref><ref>Brown, D. (1994). ''Freshwater Snails of Africa and Their Medical Importance.'' 2nd edition. {{ISBN|0-7484-0026-5}}{{full|date = December 2024}}</ref>{{page needed|date = December 2024}} Haka kuma akwai nau’o’in [[bivalves]] 17 (misali: ''[[Corbicula]]'', ''[[Coelatura]]'', ''[[Sphaerium]]'', da ''[[Byssanodonta]]''), ciki har da nau’o’i 6 da ke musamman ga wannan wuri.<ref name="Darwall2011"/><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Mwambungu | first1 = J.A. | year = 2004 | title = The diversity of benthic molluscs of Lake Victoria and Lake Burigi | journal = Tanzania Journal of Science| volume = 30 | issue = 1| pages = 21–32 | doi = 10.4314/tjs.v30i1.18384 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Wataƙila har yanzu akwai nau’o’in katantanwa da ba a bayyana su a kimiyya ba. A gefe guda kuma, binciken kwayoyin halitta ya nuna cewa wasu nau’o’in da aka riga aka bambanta a zahiri (morphology) na iya kasancewa bambance-bambancen nau’i guda ne kawai.<ref name="Sayer2018"/> Nau’o’in katantanwa biyu, ''Biomphalaria'' da ''Bulinus'', suna ɗauke da [[tsutsar bilharzia (schistosomiasis)|parasite]] da ke haifar da cutar [[bilharzia]]. Kamuwa da wannan cuta a yankin Tabkin Victoria ya zama ruwan dare.<ref>{{cite news |author=Senthilingam, M. |date=9 February 2016 |title=The Snails Spreading Fever Across Africa | url=https://edition.cnn.com/2016/02/09/health/snails-spread-schistosomiasis-in-africa/index.html | publisher=CNN | access-date=16 May 2018}}</ref> Wannan na iya ƙaruwa sakamakon yawaitar [[ruwan ciyawar hyacinth (water hyacinth)]], wanda ke zama wurin da katantanwa ke rayuwa sosai,<ref>{{cite web |author=Chege, N. |date=1995 |title=Lake Victoria: A Sick Giant |url=http://faculty.fgcu.edu/twimberley/EnviroPhilo/LakeVictoriaCrisis.pdf |publisher=People & the Planet |access-date=16 May 2018 |archive-date=17 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517153755/http://faculty.fgcu.edu/twimberley/EnviroPhilo/LakeVictoriaCrisis.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> da kuma raguwar kifayen cichlid masu cin katantanwa a cikin tabkin.<ref>{{cite web |author=Pomerantz, J. |date=19 September 2015 |title=Haplochromine Cichlids of Lake Victoria |url=https://www.ecologycenter.us/natural-history-2/haplochromine-cichlids-of-lake-victoria.html |publisher=ecologycenter.us |access-date=16 May 2018 |archive-date=4 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804140824/https://www.ecologycenter.us/natural-history-2/haplochromine-cichlids-of-lake-victoria.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Gizo-gizo=== ''[[Evarcha culicivora]]'' wani nau’in gizo-gizo ne mai tsalle (family [[Salticidae]]) da ake samu kawai a kewayen Tabkin Victoria a Kenya da Uganda. Yana cin abinci musamman sauro mata.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nelson|first1=Ximena J.|last2=Jackson|first2=Robert R.|last3=Sune|first3=Godfrey|date=2005|title=Use of Anopheles-Specific Prey-Capture Behavior by the Small Juveniles of Evarcha culicivora, a Mosquito-Eating Jumping Spider|journal=The Journal of Arachnology|volume=33|issue=2|pages=541–548|doi=10.1636/05-3.1|issn=0161-8202|jstor=4129852|s2cid=55244513|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/228863}}</ref> == Kamun kifi == [[File:Ugandan fishing boats.jpg|thumb|Masunta da jiragen su a bakin Tafkin Victoria]] Tafkin Victoria yana tallafawa babbar kamun kifi ta cikin ƙasa a Afirka (tun daga 1997).<ref name="Geheb97">{{cite thesis |author=Kim Geheb |year=1997 |title=The Regulators and the regulated: fisheries management, options and dynamics in Kenya's Lake Victoria Fishery |degree=PhD |publisher=University of Sussex |access-date=12 October 2010 |archive-date=7 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007142331/http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.336275 }}</ref> A farko kamun kifin ya ƙunshi nau’o’in asali, musamman tilapia da haplochromine cichlids, amma har da catfish (''Bagrus'', ''Clarias'', ''Synodontis'' da silver butter catfish), elephantfish, ningu (''Labeo victorianus'') da marbled lungfish (''Protopterus aethiopicus'').<ref name="LVFO2016">Lake Victoria Fisheries Organization (2016). {{cite web |title=Lake Victoria Fisheries: An introduction |access-date=2017-03-27 |archive-date=15 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915061916/http://www.lvfo.org/index.php/lvfo/lvfo-secretariat/5-lake-victoria-fisheries-an-introduction }}</ref><ref name="Njiru2005">{{cite journal | last1 = Njiru | last2 = Waithaka | last3 = Muchiri | last4 = van Knaap | last5 = Cowx | year = 2005 | title = Exotic introductions to the fishery of Lake Victoria: What are the management options? | journal = Lakes & Reservoirs: Research and Management | volume = 10 | issue = 3 | pages = 147–55 | doi = 10.1111/j.1440-1770.2005.00270.x | archive-date = 2 February 2021 | access-date = 20 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202102022/https://karuspace.karu.ac.ke/handle/20.500.12092/2060 }}</ref> Wasu daga cikin waɗannan, ciki har da tilapia da ningu (''Labeo victorianus''), sun ragu tun farkon karni na 20 saboda kamun fiye da kima.<ref name="Lowe2009"/><ref>{{Cite iucn | author = FishBase team RMCA & Geelhand, D. | title = ''Labeo victorianus'' | volume = 2016 | article-number = e.T60318A47182908 | date = 2016 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T60318A47182908.en | access-date = 14 January 2018}}</ref> Don ƙara yawan kamun kifi, an shigo da nau’o’in tilapia da Nile perch a cikin 1950s. Duk da haka, nau’o’in asali sun ci gaba da mamaye kamun kifi har zuwa 1970s inda raguwar su ya sa aka koma sosai ga Nile tilapia (yanzu kashi 7 cikin 100 na kamun), Nile perch (kashi 60 cikin 100) da sardine na Tafkin Victoria (kashi 30 cikin 100).<ref name="Lowe2009"/><ref name="Njiru2005"/> Saboda ƙaramin girman sa, sardine mai yawa a cikin tafkin bai tallafawa manyan kamun kifi ba sai bayan raguwar sauran nau’o’in asali.<ref name="Njiru2005"/> A kololuwa a farkon shekarun 1990s, ton 500,000 na Nile perch ana kamawa kowace shekara a Tafkin Victoria, amma wannan ya ragu sosai a baya-bayan nan.<ref name="Lowe2009"/> == Matsalolin Muhalli == Akwai matsalolin muhalli da dama da ke da alaƙa da Tafkin Victoria, kuma bacewar yawancin nau’in kifin cichlid na asali an kira shi “mafi girman misali na halakar halittu da ɗan adam ya haddasa a cikin wani muhalli”.<ref name="Fiedler1998"/> === Kifayen da aka shigo da su (Invasive fish) === Tun daga shekarun 1950, an shigo da nau’o’in kifi da dama cikin Tafkin Victoria, inda suka zama masu mamaye muhalli (invasive) kuma suka zama babban dalilin bacewar yawancin kifin cichlid na asali.<ref name="Witte1992"/> Daga cikin kifayen da aka shigo da su akwai nau’o’in tilapia da dama: redbreast (Coptodon rendalli), redbelly (C. zillii), Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) da blue-spotted tilapia (O. leucostictus).<ref name="Lowe2009"/><ref name="Njiru2005"/><ref name="Pringle2005"/> Ko da yake waɗannan kifaye sun taimaka wajen sauya tsarin muhalli ta hanyar yin gasa da kifayen asali da rage yawansu, har ma a wasu lokuta (musamman Nile tilapia) ana zargin sun yi haɗuwa da kifayen tilapia na asali da ke cikin haɗarin bacewa, mafi shahara daga cikin shigarwar ita ce babban kifin cin nama mai ƙarfi, wato Nile perch (Lates niloticus).<ref name="Witte1992"/><ref name="Lowe2009"/><ref name="Njiru2005"/> [[File:Lates niloticus 2.jpg|thumb|Nile perch an shigo da shi Tafkin Victoria domin kamun kifi, kuma yana iya kaiwa tsayin mita 2 da nauyin kilo 200.<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Lates | species = niloticus | month = March| year = 2017}}</ref>]] Tun farkon shekarun 1920, an fara ba da shawarar shigo da babban kifin cin nama kamar Nile perch domin inganta kamun kifi a tafkin. Amma an kuma yi gargaɗi cewa hakan na iya haifar da babbar illa ga kifayen asali, don haka aka buƙaci a yi bincike sosai kafin aiwatarwa.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> Waɗannan gargaɗi sun fi mayar da hankali kan tilapia na asali (O. esculentus), domin ƙananan kifin haplochromine (duk da muhimmancinsu a kamun kifi na gida) an ɗauke su a matsayin “kifin sharar gida” a lokacin mulkin mallaka.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, matsin lamba na shigo da Nile perch ya ci gaba, haka kuma gargaɗi game da illarsa.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> Shigar farko a yankin, da Hukumar Kula da Dabbobin da Kamun Kifi ta Uganda ta yi (a lokacin tana ƙarƙashin gwamnatin mulkin mallaka), ya faru ne a saman Murchison Falls bayan kammala Dam ɗin Owen Falls a 1954, wanda ya ba shi damar ya bazu zuwa Tafkin Kyoga.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> Daga baya kuma an ƙara sakin shi a Kyoga a 1955, amma ba a fara shi kai tsaye a Victoria ba.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> Masana sun yi kira a dakata har sai an fahimci tasirin sa, amma a ƙarshen shekarun 1950 an fara kama Nile perch a Tafkin Victoria.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> Da yake ya riga ya shiga tafkin, ba a yi tsayayya sosai ba lokacin da aka ƙara shigar da shi a 1962–63 domin ƙara yawan sa.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> Asalin yadda Nile perch ya fara shiga Tafkin Victoria ba cikakke ba ne kuma babu tabbataccen hujja. Jami’an Hukumar Kula da Dabbobin da Kamun Kifi ta Uganda sun musanta hannu, amma wasu hujjoji da shaidun ma’aikatan da aka yi amfani da su a hukumar sun nuna cewa an shigo da shi a 1954–55 bisa umarnin manyan jami’ai.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> Wasu sun ce kifin ya iya wucewa ta Dam ɗin Owen Falls ne lokacin gyara, amma masana da dama sun ɗauki wannan a matsayin abu mai wahala sosai.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> Nile perch ya bazu cikin duk tafkin zuwa shekarar 1970.<ref name="Lowe2009"/> A farko yawan sa ya yi ƙasa, amma daga baya ya ƙaru sosai ya kai kololuwa a shekarun 1980, sannan ya fara raguwa daga shekarun 1990.<ref name="Lowe2009"/> === Mamayar ruwan hyacinth === Ruwan hyacinth ya zama babbar matsalar shuke-shuke masu mamaye muhalli a Tafkin Victoria. Zubar da ruwan datti ba tare da tacewa ba, da kuma ruwan noma da masana’antu kai tsaye cikin tafkin a cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata ya ƙara sinadaran nitrogen da phosphorus, wanda ya jawo girman shukar ruwan hyacinth mai yawa a ƙarshen shekarun 1990.<ref name="Luilo"/><ref>...</ref> Wannan shuka tana rage iskar oxygen a cikin ruwa, tana hana ruɓar shuke-shuke yadda ya kamata, tana ƙara guba da cututtuka ga kifi da mutane. Haka kuma tana hana jiragen ruwa motsi, tana toshe bakin ruwa, tana hana samar da wutar lantarki, da hana shan ruwa ga masana’antu.<ref name="Luilo"/> A gefe guda, tarin shukar na iya samar da wurin buya ga kifaye daga kamun kifi, har ma an ga dawowar wasu nau’o’in kifaye da ake tunanin sun ɓace. Amma har yanzu tasirinta gaba ɗaya ba a tabbatar da shi ba.<ref/> An fara lura da yawan ta daga 1993, ta kai kololuwa a 1997, sannan ta fara raguwa a 2001.<ref/> An yi ƙoƙarin cire ta da hannu, amma ta sake girma da sauri. Daga baya aka fara amfani da kwari na halitta da jiragen yanka shuka, wanda ya fi tasiri.<ref/> Haka kuma an kafa wata tashar makamashi a Kisumu a 2013 da ke amfani da hyacinth wajen samar da gas da taki.<ref/> === Gurɓatar muhalli === Gurɓatar Tafkin Victoria na faruwa ne sakamakon zubar da ruwan datti kai tsaye cikin tafkin, da zubar da shara daga gidaje da masana’antu, da sinadaran taki daga gonaki. Birane da garuruwa da dama a kewayen tafkin suna fitar da ruwan datti ba tare da tsarkakewa ba, wanda ke ƙara lalata ruwa da jawo eutrophication, wanda kuma ke taimakawa yaduwar ruwan hyacinth.<ref/> Yawan sare dazuka ya rage ikon ƙasa na tace gurɓataccen ruwa, wanda ya ƙara lalata ingancin ruwan tafkin.<ref/> === Bayanai na muhalli === Akwai ma’ajiyar bayanan muhalli na Tafkin Victoria tun daga 2016, wanda ke ɗauke da bayanan bakin teku, zurfin ruwa, gurɓatawa, zafin ruwa, iska da sauran muhimman bayanai. A shekarar 2026 an ƙara faɗaɗa wannan tsarin bayanai tare da sabon rahoton yanayin tafkin na 2025, wanda ya nuna yadda ake sa ido kan sauyin muhalli da yanayi ga miliyoyin mutane da ke rayuwa a yankin tafkin. == Tarihi da Bincike == [[File:The National Archives UK - CO 1069-3-183.jpg|thumb|Bismarck Rock]] Bayanan farko da aka rubuta game da Tafkin Victoria sun fito ne daga ’yan kasuwar [[Larabawa]] da ke bin hanyoyin cikin nahiyar don neman [[zinariya]], [[hauren giwa]], wasu muhimman kayayyaki masu daraja, da kuma [[bauta]]. [[File:Africa Lake Victoria 10 006.jpg|left|thumb|Tafkin kamar yadda ake ganinsa daga gabar Speke Resort a Kampala, Uganda]] Yawancin ƙabilun Afirka suna zaune a yankin da ke kewaye da tafkin. Turawan [[Turai]] na farko da ya fara ganin tafkin shi ne a shekarar 1858, lokacin da mai binciken Birtaniya [[John Hanning Speke]] ya isa kudancin gabar tafkin yayin tafiyarsa tare da [[Richard Francis Burton]] domin binciken Afirka ta tsakiya da gano Manyan Tafkuna. Speke ya yi imanin cewa ya gano tushen kogin [[Nile]] ne lokacin da ya ga wannan “babban shimfidar ruwa mai faɗi” a karon farko, don haka ya sanya wa tafkin suna na Sarauniya Victoria. Burton, wanda a lokacin yana jinya kuma yana hutawa a Kazeh (kusa da [[Tabora]] ta yau),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Millard |first=Candice |title=River of the Gods |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group}}{{full|date = December 2024}}</ref>{{page needed|date = December 2024}} ya fusata sosai saboda Speke ya yi ikirarin cewa ya tabbatar da gano tushen Kogin Nile, abin da Burton ya ɗauka har yanzu ba a tabbatar da shi ba. Wannan ya haifar da babbar rigima a fili, wadda ta tayar da muhawara mai zafi a cikin masana kimiyya na wancan lokaci, tare da ƙara sha’awar wasu masu bincike da ke son tabbatarwa ko karyata binciken Speke.<ref name = "DNB">{{DNB Cite|wstitle=Speke, John Hanning}}</ref> [[File:View at Lake Victoria (Uganda).jpg|thumb|Karamar jirgin ruwa mai motsi a Tafkin Victoria, kusa da gabar Uganda]] A ƙarshen shekarun 1860, shahararren mai bincike kuma mishan ɗin [[David Livingstone]] ya kasa tabbatar da gano Speke, sai dai ya karkata zuwa yamma fiye da kima har ya shiga tsarin Kogin [[Congo]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.jambokenya.com/jambo/location/victoria.htm| archive-url=https://archive.today/19970617231906/http://www.jambokenya.com/jambo/location/victoria.htm| archive-date=17 June 1997| title=Kenya, Africa – Lake Victoria in Kenya| publisher=Jambo Kenya Network| access-date=14 July 2008}}</ref> Daga ƙarshe, mai binciken Birtaniya-Amurka [[Henry Morton Stanley]], a cikin balaguron da jaridar ''[[New York Herald]]'' ta ɗauki nauyi, ya tabbatar da gaskiyar abin da Speke ya gano, inda ya zagaya tafkin tsakanin 1875–1876 kuma ya ruwaito babban hanyar fitar ruwan da ke [[Ripon Falls]] a arewacin gabar tafkin. == Amfani da Ruwa == Yawancin garuruwa da birane sun dogara da Tafkin Victoria wajen samun ruwan sha, noma da sauran amfani.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lake Victoria {{!}} Size, Map, Countries, & Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Victoria|access-date=2020-08-24|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> === Tsarin Ruwan Lamadi === Tsarin ruwan Lamadi wani aikin ruwa da tsafta ne da ke yi wa biranen Mwanza da ƙananan garuruwan Lamadi, Misungwi, Magu, Bukoba, da Musoma hidima a bakin Tafkin Victoria. Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai ya fara aikin a shekarar 2013 da nufin kare lafiyar muhalli na tafkin, ta hanyar inganta ruwa da tsafta a garuruwan da gurɓataccen ruwansu ke taimakawa lalacewar tafkin. Aikin yana nufin samar da ruwan sha mai tsafta ga kimanin mutane miliyan guda, da kuma inganta tsafta ga mutane 100,000. Ana tace laka da ƙazanta da ke cikin ruwa ta amfani da yashi wanda ke aiki kamar matatar tacewa. Daga nan ruwan yana shirye don a saka masa sinadarin chlorin ko a bi wasu hanyoyin tsarkake shi. Tacewar yashi na taimakawa rage cututtukan da ke yaduwa ta ruwa, kuma yana amfani da albarkatun muhalli na yankin.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Development Solutions: Creative flow|url=https://www.eib.org/en/essays/creative-development-solutions|access-date=2020-08-24|website=European Investment Bank|language=en}}</ref> === Dam ɗin Nalubaale === [[File:From top of Nalubaale Power Station.jpg|thumb|right|Tashar wutar lantarki ta [[Nalubaale Hydroelectric Power Station]] a [[Njeru]], Uganda.]] Wurin da ruwan Tafkin Victoria ke fita shi ne a Jinja, Uganda, inda ya zama Kogin Victoria Nile. Shekaru sama da 12,000 ana samun fitar ruwan ta kan wata dutsen halitta mai kama da shinge. A shekarar 1952, injiniyoyi na gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta [[British Uganda]] sun fashe wannan dutsen domin maye gurbinsa da wani ginin da aka yi da hannu (barrage) don sarrafa matakin ruwan tafkin da rage lalacewar dutsen. An kafa ƙa’ida mai suna “agreed curve” domin kwaikwayon tsohon tsarin fitar ruwan, inda aka kayyade yawan ruwan da ke fita tsakanin mita kubik 300 zuwa 1,700 a cikin dakika ɗaya dangane da matakin ruwan tafkin. A shekarar 2002, Uganda ta kammala gina wani sabon tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na ruwa a yankin, wato Kiira Hydroelectric Power Station, tare da taimakon Bankin Duniya. Zuwa shekarar 2006, matakin ruwan Tafkin Victoria ya kai mafi ƙanƙanta cikin shekaru 80, kuma Daniel Kull, wani masanin ilimin ruwa mai zaman kansa da ke zaune a Nairobi, Kenya, ya ƙiyasta cewa Uganda na fitar da ruwa sau biyu fiye da adadin da aka amince da shi,<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=mg18925384.100 |title=Uganda pulls plug on Lake Victoria |journal=[[New Scientist]] |date=9 February 2006 |author=Fred Pearce |volume=2538 |page=12 |access-date=2 September 2017 |archive-date=13 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013113221/http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=mg18925384.100 }}</ref> kuma hakan shi ne babban dalilin raguwar matakin ruwan tafkin a kwanan nan. == Sufuri == [[File:Ukerewe-Mwanza Ferry.jpg|thumb|Jirgin ruwan Ukerewe-Mwanza Ferry.]] Tun daga shekarun 1900s, jiragen ruwan Tafkin Victoria sun kasance muhimmin hanyar sufuri tsakanin Uganda, Tanzaniya da Kenya. Manyan tashoshin jirgin ruwa a tafkin sun haɗa da Kisumu, Mwanza, Bukoba, Entebbe, Port Bell, da Jinja. Har zuwa 1963, mafi saurin da sabuwar jirgin ruwan MV Victoria (1959) an ayyana shi a matsayin Royal Mail Ship. A cikin 1966, an kafa sabis na jirgin ƙasa tsakanin Kenya da Tanzaniya tare da gabatar da MV Uhuru da MV Umoja. Jirgin ruwan MV Bukoba ya nutse a tafkin a ranar 21 ga Mayu 1996 inda aka rasa rayukan mutane tsakanin 800 zuwa 1,000, wanda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan haɗuran ruwa a Afirka.<ref>{{cite news|title=Diver's recover 180 bodies from Africa's worst ferry disaster|date=29 September 2002|work=Panama City News Herald|location=Panama city, Florida|page=8|last=Harris|first=Edward|access-date=6 April 2018}}</ref> Wani mummunan haɗari ya faru kwanan nan a ranar 20 ga Satumba 2018 wanda ya shafi jirgin ruwan fasinja MV Nyerere daga Tanzaniya wanda ya jawo mutuwar fiye da mutane 200.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ferry tragedy: More than 200 feared dead in Tanzania|website=The East African|language=en|access-date=2020-02-18}}</ref> A ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 2022, Tafkin Victoria ya kasance wurin hatsarin jirgin fasinja na kasuwanci. Jirgin Precision Air Flight 494, ATR 42–500 mai ɗauke da fasinjoji 39 da ma’aikata 4, ya yi hatsari yayin da yake kusantar Bukoba Airport, wanda ya jawo mutuwar mutane 19.<ref>{{cite news|title=19 dead after commercial aircraft crashes into Lake Victoria in Tanzania |date=6 November 2022|first1=Idris|last1=Mukhtar|first2=Lauren|last2=Said-Moorhouse|first3=Larry|last3=Madowo|work=CNN|access-date=6 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Passenger plane crashes into Lake Victoria in Tanzania, 19 dead|first=Nuzulack|last=Dausen|date=6 November 2022|work=Reuters|access-date=6 November 2022}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} == Mahaɗu == {{Commons category|Lake Victoria}} {{EB1911 Poster|Victoria Nyanza|Lake Victoria}} * [http://www.ugpulse.com/articles/daily/homepage.asp?ID=306 Decreasing levels of Lake Victoria Worry East African Countries] * [https://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=mg18925384.100 New Scientist article] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013113221/http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=mg18925384.100 |date=13 October 2008 }} on Uganda's violation of the agreed curve for hydroelectric water flow. * [http://internationalrivers.org/en/node/1056 Dams Draining Lake Victoria] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310044431/http://internationalrivers.org/en/node/1056 |date=10 March 2012 }} * [https://archive.org/details/naturalistonlake00carp ''A Naturalist on Lake Victoria, with an Account of Sleeping Sickness and the Tse-tse Fly''] (1920). T.F. Unwin Ltd, London; Biodiversity Archive * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v9VJ6cezlnU Video of Lake Victoria] * Institutions of the East African Community: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120213132137/http://www.lvfo.org/ Lake Victoria Fisheries Organisation] d629jv5bjn89tnu286h3l34ritwsorp 0 152647 874093 865765 2026-07-02T05:38:56Z Habibah A Jisambo 26434 /* Aikin kulob */ 874093 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Stephen Obayan Sunday''' (an haife shi a ranar 17 ga Satumba 1988), wanda aka yi wa lakabi da '''Sunny''', tsohon [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon]] ƙafa ne na Najeriya wanda ya taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya na tsaron gida]] . == Aikin kulob. == === Shekarun farko. === An haife shi a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], Sunny ya fara aikinsa a Najeriya tare da Ebedei da Jegede Babes. A shekara ta 2003, ya halarci gasar matasa guda biyu a Sweden da Spain: a ƙarshe ya bayyana a gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekara-shekara ta [[Madrid]] ta uku, inda ya burge shi sosai aka ba shi kwangilar shekaru biyar tare da Polideportivo Ejido, a gasar Segunda División . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Okeleji |first=Oluwashina |date=20 March 2007 |title=Stephen's Latin love |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/africa/6470975.stm |access-date=7 April 2009 |publisher=[[BBC Sport]]}}</ref> === Valencia. === Sunny ya zama ɗan wasa na yau da kullun a ƙungiyar [[Andalusia]], inda ya buga wasanni 65 a gasa a cikin shekaru biyu da ya yi yana wasa kuma ya sanya hannu a [[Valencia CF|Valencia]] a lokacin bazara, amma bayan kakar wasa ɗaya inda ba a saba amfani da shi ba, an ba shi aro ga ƙungiyar [[La Liga]] ta Osasuna . A ƙarshen Janairun 2009, an danganta shi da komawa Portsmouth ta Ingila, amma daga ƙarshe yarjejeniyar ta wargaje saboda matsalolin kuɗi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2009 |title=Sunny no-go for Pompey |url=http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,11661_4864964,00.html |access-date=7 April 2009 |publisher=[[Sky Sports]]}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Yuni 2009, bayan kakar wasa da ta yi rauni, <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2009 |title=Sunny: "En Osasuna jugué poco, pero fue por sufrir varias lesiones" |trans-title=Sunny: "I played little at Osasuna, but it was because I suffered several injuries" |url=http://www.navarrasport.com/noticias/sunny-en-osasuna-jugue-poco-pero-fue-por-sufrir-varias-lesiones |access-date=1 June 2016 |publisher=Navarra Sport |language=es}}</ref> An ba Sunny aro ga Betis na tsawon shekara guda da nufin komawa kulob din na dindindin na tsawon shekaru hudu. Haka kuma bai bayyana ba sosai a lokacin kakar wasa ta biyu, saboda ''Verdiblancos'' sun kasa komawa saman teburi (wasanni bakwai cikin 42). A watan Yulin 2010, Sunny ya yi gwaji a Ingila tare da sabuwar ƙungiyar [[Premier League]] Blackpool, inda ya buga wasan sada zumunta da [[Crewe Alexandra FC|Crewe Alexandra]] a ranar 27 ga Yuli da kuma kwana huɗu bayan haka da Bristol City, amma babu abin da ya faru. === Numancia. === Sunny ya yi watannin farko na sabuwar kakar wasa yana atisaye shi kaɗai, bayan da kocin Valencia [[Unai Emery]] ya ɗauke shi a matsayin wanda ya fi ƙarfin 'yan wasa. A ranar 19 ga Janairu 2011 aka sake ba shi aro, inda ya koma Numancia daga rukuni na biyu. A cikin shekaru biyu da suka biyo baya, har yanzu yana cikin wannan matakin kuma a matsayin wanda ya sanya hannu na dindindin, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Escarabajano |first=José Luis |date=14 July 2011 |title=Mercado: Sunny se desvincula del Valencia y el Numancia le ficha como agente libre |trans-title=Market: Sunny cuts ties with Valencia and Numancia sign him as a free agent |url=http://www.goal.com/es/news/21/fichajes/2011/07/14/2575224/mercado-sunny-se-desvincula-del-valencia-y-el-numancia-le |access-date=15 January 2014 |publisher=[[Goal (website)|Goal]] |language=es}}</ref> Sunny shine wanda ya fara zaban Sorians . A ranar 11 ga Mayu 2011 ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a matsayinsa na babban dan wasa, inda ya zura kwallon da ta yi nasara a kan Albacete da ci 2-1. === Bnei Sakhnin / CSKA Sofia. === A ranar 30 ga Yuli 2013, Sunny ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu da kulob din [[Isra'ila]] Bnei Sakhnin . <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 August 2013 |title=Presenting: the 2013/14 Israeli Premier League |url=http://www.maccabi-tlv.co.il/en/news/news-articles/presenting-the-season-2013/14-israeli-premier-league/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014000825/http://www.maccabi-tlv.co.il/en/news/news-articles/presenting-the-season-2013/14-israeli-premier-league/ |archive-date=14 October 2013 |access-date=26 August 2013 |publisher=Maccabi Tel Aviv}}</ref> A ranar 3 ga Janairu na shekarar da ta biyo baya, ya sake sauya ƙungiyoyi da ƙasashe, inda ya koma CSKA Sofia ta Bulgaria bayan ya amince da yar jejeniyar shekaru biyu da rabi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2014 |title=Съни вече е футболист на ЦСКА, подписа за 2,5 години |trans-title=Sunny is now a CSKA player, he signed for 2,5 years |url=http://www.gong.bg/view_article.php?article_id=394877 |access-date=3 January 2014 |publisher=[[Gong.bg]] |language=bg}}</ref> === Tafkin Salt na Gaske. === Bayan fara kakar wasa a Turkiyya tare da Alanyaspor, Sunny ya koma Real Salt Lake a ranar 21 ga Janairun 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 January 2016 |title=Real Salt Lake signs Nigerian MF Sunday Stephen Obayan |url=http://www.rsl.com/post/2016/01/21/real-salt-lake-signs-nigerian-mf-sunday-stephen-obayan |access-date=21 January 2016 |publisher=Real Salt Lake}}</ref> Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar Major League Soccer a ranar 12 ga Maris, inda ya taimaka wajen doke Seattle Sounders FC da ci 2-1 a gida. An saki Sunny bayan yakin neman zaben 2018. === Pafos === A watan Yulin 2019, Sunny ya rattaba hannu a kulob din Pafos na farko na Cyprus . <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 July 2019 |title=Sunny welcome |url=https://pafosfc.com.cy/archives/2862 |access-date=15 July 2019 |publisher=Pafos FC |archive-date=14 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714180535/https://pafosfc.com.cy/archives/2862 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa. == [[Fayil:2007-07-01URU_vs_SPA213.jpg|thumb|Lahadi (tsakiya) tana wasa a gasar cin kofin duniya ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 2007 da Uruguay .]] Sunday, wanda aka haifa a Najeriya, ya cancanci bugawa Spain wasa a ƙarƙashin dokokin [[FIFA]] wanda ke ba wa 'yan wasa 'yan ƙasa biyu kuma ba su da cikakkiyar damar buga wa ƙasar wasa ta ƙasa damar canza sheƙa kafin su kai shekara 21.. Bayan ya fara bayyana a ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 19, ƙasar da ya karɓe ta ta kira shi zuwa gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 20 a Kanada a shekarar 2007, <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 July 2007 |title=Sunny, el centrocampista español que llegó de África |trans-title=Sunny, the Spanish midfielder who came from Africa |url=http://es.fifa.com/u20worldcup/news/y=2007/m=7/news=sunny-centrocampista-espanol-que-llego-africa-544808.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625121439/http://es.fifa.com/u20worldcup/news/y=2007/m=7/news=sunny-centrocampista-espanol-que-llego-africa-544808.html |archive-date=25 June 2016 |access-date=1 June 2016 |publisher=FIFA |language=es}}</ref> ya buga wasanni huɗu yayin da ƙungiyar ta fice a zagayen kwata na biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2009 |title=2007, Mundial sub'20 (y III): Una dura caída |trans-title=2007, Under-20 World Cup (and III): A hard fall |url=http://recuerdosdenigeria.blogspot.pt/2009/08/2007-mundial-sub20-y-iii-una-dura-caida.html |access-date=1 June 2016 |publisher=Recuerdos de Nigeria |language=es}}</ref> A watan Satumba na 2010, an kira Sunny don buga wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin Afirka ta 2012 da Najeriya za ta yi a Guinea a wata mai zuwa. [1] Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a wannan wasan a matsayin wanda ya fara wasa, a wasan da suka sha kashi 1-0 a Conakry . [2] == Daraja == '''Valencia''' * Copa del Rey : 2007-08 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qusqojxwaoqsnjx5rm7idn40fzscs6p 0 153918 874057 844695 2026-07-02T01:44:49Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 874057 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Caculo Cabaça Hydroelectric Power Station''' tashar wutar lantarki ce ta 2,172 MW da ake ginawa a [[Angola]]. Lokacin da aka kammala, zai fi 2,070 MW Laúca Hydroelectric Power Station, mafi girman tashar wutar lantarki a kasar, tun daga watan Yulin 2017.<ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Michael Harris |date=8 July 2017 |title=Angolan officials break ground on 2,170-MW Caculo Cabaca hydropower plant, generation begins at 2,070-MW Lauca |url=https://www.renewableenergyworld.com/energy-business/new-project-development/angolan-officials-break-ground-on-2-170-mw-caculo-cabaca-hydropower-plan-generation-begins-at-2-070-mw-lauca |access-date=14 Oct 2025 |publisher=renewableenergyworld.com}}</ref> == Wurin da yake == Tashar wutar lantarki tana cikin ƙauyen São Pedro da Quilemba, kusa da birnin Dondo, a Lardin Cuanza Norte . <ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Daniela Del Bene |date=24 September 2017 |title=Hydroelectric Project Caculo Cabaça, Angola |url=https://ejatlas.org/conflict/hydroelectric-project-caculo-cabaca-angola |access-date=21 June 2020 |publisher=[[Environmental Justice Atlas]]}}</ref> Wannan wurin yana da kimanin kilomita 195 (121 , ta hanyar hanya, kudu maso gabashin [[Luanda]], babban birnin kuma birni mafi girma na Angola. Yanayin ƙasa na Caculo Cabaça Hydroelectric Power Station sune: 09°46'50.0"S, 14°32'58.0"E (Latitude:-9.780556; Longitude:14.549444). == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == A watan Agustan 2017, an fara gini a wannan tashar wutar lantarki, ta hanyar dan kwangila da aka zaba, China Gezhouba Group Company Limited, tare da wani bangare na kudade daga Bankin Masana'antu da Kasuwanci na kasar Sin (ICBC). Tsarin tsara da aka tsara a Caculo Cabaça shine 2,172 megawatts, don amfani da shi a Angola da kuma fitarwa zuwa ƙasashe a Kudancin Afirka.<ref name="2R"/> Ana sa ran ginin zai dauki akalla watanni 80.<ref name="1R"/> A watan Oktoba na 2019, Kamfanin Dillancin Labaran Angola ya ba da rahoton cewa ana sa ran fara aiki da wannan tashar wutar lantarki a cikin shekara ta 2024.<ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=Angola Press News Agency |date=16 October 2019 |title=Caculo Cabaça dam starts producing power by 2024 |url=http://www.angop.ao/angola/en_us/noticias/economia/2019/9/42/Caculo-Cabaca-dam-starts-producing-power-2024,31ee869c-7bd5-4d53-8485-d7644b9c84f2.html |access-date=21 June 2020 |publisher=[[Angola Press News Agency]]}}</ref> Babban madatsar ruwan zai kasance mita 103 (338 a tsawo, tare da faɗin mita 553 (1,814 , samar da tafkin tafki wanda ke auna kilomita 16.3 (10 a tsawon, tare da yanki na kilomita 16.6 (6 sq . == Kudin gini da kudade == Jimlar kudin aikin an tsara shi a dala biliyan 4.5, kashi 85 cikin dari daga ICBC. Kamfanin gine-gine, Gezhouba Group, zai mallaki, aiki da kuma kula da tashar wutar lantarki aƙalla shekaru huɗu bayan ƙaddamar da kasuwanci. A cikin waɗannan shekaru huɗu, China Gezhouba za ta horar da injiniyoyi da masu fasaha na Angola kan yadda za a gudanar da tashar wutar lantarki. Ana sa ran za a hayar ma'aikata 10,000 a lokacin ginin.<ref name="1R"/> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2023 an sake fasalin kasafin kudin gini zuwa dala biliyan 5.2, tare da dala biliyan 3.8 da aka ware ga madatsar ruwan da dala biliyo 1.4 da aka ware don samar da wutar lantarki da kayan watsawa. Gwamnatin [[Jamus]] ta amince da ba da rancen dala biliyan 1.16 ga gwamnatin Angola don tallafawa sayarwa da shigar da turbines da kayan aikin lantarki masu alaƙa da kamfanin Voith Hydro na Jamus.<ref name="WorkR">{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=29 May 2023 |title=Angola: China's CGGC launches work on the Caculo Cabaça dam (2 GW) |url=https://www.e-mc2.gr/el/news/angola-chinas-cggc-launches-work-caculo-cabaca-dam-2-gw |access-date=14 Oct 2025 |website=e-mc2.gr }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A watan Janairun 2024, an tuntubi Voith Hydro don samar da turbines na Francis guda huɗu tare da fitarwa na 530MW kowannensu da ƙarin turbine na Francis guda ɗaya tare da fitar da 52MW, tare da kayan aiki masu alaƙa. Lokacin da aka ba da izinin tashar wutar lantarki ta Kasuwanci, kashi 67 cikin 100 na ƙarfin ƙarni na ƙasar Angola za a samo shi daga hanyoyin samar da wutar lantarki. An gano tushen kudaden Turai a matsayin Commerzbank da UniCredit, tare da tabbacin gwamnati ga gwamnati da Tarayyar Jamus ta bayar. Umurnin samarwa ga Voith ya wuce dala biliyan 1.<ref name="SoR">{{Cite web |last=ARBT |date=1 January 2024 |title=Voith To Equip Large-Scale Hydropower Plant In Angola |url=https://africanreview.com/energy/voith-to-equip-large-scale-hydropower-plant-in-angola |access-date=2 July 2024 |website=African Review of Business & Technology (ARBT)}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Angola == Manazarta == jmrz9p0xjt6hgkggg694fp5o8fgaokd 0 153935 874051 844743 2026-07-02T00:39:03Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 874051 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Buenavista''' wata [[Michoacán]]<nowiki/>karamar hukuma ce a jihar Michoacán ta Mexico . == Ƙungiyar siyasa == Garin yana cikin jihar Michoacán na Ocampo, a yammacin [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]], kilomita (145 daga babban bir jihar Morelia . Yana da yanki na murabba'in kilomita 922.15 (356.04 mi2), yana kan iyaka da kananan hukumomin Peribán, Tancítaro, Apatzingán, Aguililla da Tepalcatepec, tare da jihar Jalisco zuwa yamma. A cikin 2020, karamar hukumar tana da jimlar mazauna 45,538. Daga cikin wadannan, 23,007 maza ne (50.5%) kuma 22,531 mata ne (49.5%). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Buenavista: Economy, employment, equity, quality of life, education, health and public safety |url=https://www.economia.gob.mx/datamexico/en/profile/geo/buenavista |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=Data México |language=en}}</ref> Gidan [[Buenavista Tomatlán]], tare da yawan mutane kusan 8,500. Wannan wurin zama yana aiki a matsayin karamar hukuma ga dukan yankin, tare da shugaban birni, syndic, da wakilai 7 da ake kira regidores. Sauran manyan al'ummomi sun hada da Carillo Puerto, {{Interlanguage link|Santa Ana Amatlán|es}}, Pizándaro da 18 de Marzo.[es] Babban ayyukan tattalin arziki na kananan hukumomi shine noma da kiwo.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2010 |title=Buenavista |url=http://www.inafed.gob.mx/work/enciclopedia/EMM16michoacan/municipios/16012a.html |access-date=October 14, 2015 |website=Enciclopedia de los Municipios y delegaciones de México |publisher=INAFED |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304121259/http://www.inafed.gob.mx/work/enciclopedia/EMM16michoacan/municipios/16012a.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == Yana da matsakaicin tsawo na mita 450 (1,480 sama da matakin teku, yana kan tuddai na Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt da kwarin da Kogin Tepalcatepec ya kafa. Shahararrun tsaunuka sun haɗa da tuddai da ake kira Zirapatiro, Del Azucar, Felipe Catlan, Los Osotes da Polon. Wannan kogi yana da mafi yawan ruwan da ke cikin gari, tare da sauran da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da rafi suka bayar. === Yanayi === Yanayin yanayi ne mai zafi tare da yanayin zafi wanda ke tsakanin digiri 18 zuwa 36 C. Yana da bushewa, tare da ruwan sama a lokacin rani. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara shine 745.2mm.<ref name=":0"/> === Tsire-tsire da dabbobi === Tsarin halittu ya mamaye gandun daji na wurare masu zafi, tare da nau'o'in kamar pine da itacen oak a cikin tsaunuka mafi girma tare da kapok, ''parota'', te Mintje, mango da ''Zapote'' (''Diospyros digyna'' da ''Casimiroa edulis''). Har ila yau, akwai yankunan da ke da ƙaya mai zafi. Kayan dabbobi na al'ada sun haɗa da nau'o'in kamar cacomistle, skunks, squirrels, coyotes, foxes, Eurasian sparrowhawk, doves da sauran tsuntsaye.<ref name=":0"/> == Tarihi == Sunan yana nufin "ra'ayi mai kyau" a cikin Mutanen Espanya. Sunan asali shine Tomatlán Buenavista, tare da sunan farko daga Nahuatl wanda ke nufin "wurin tumatir". Yankin ya fara zama a hukumance ta hanyar Mexicas a lokacin pre-Hispanic, amma yawan jama'arta sun haɗu da na Purhepecha da [[Pirinda]]. Wannan al'umma ta kasance a arewacin wurin zama na gari na yanzu, wanda yanzu shine wurin binciken tarihi a wani ranch da ake kira Pueblo Viejo . Bayan nasarar Mutanen Espanya, wurin garin Buenavista na yanzu ya fara ne a matsayin hacienda. Bayan samun 'Yancin kai, ya zo ƙarƙashin ikon karamar hukumar Apatzingán. An kafa karamar hukumar ta yanzu a 1927, ta karɓi ƙasa daga garuruwan Apatzingán da Tancítaro, tare da wurin zama mai suna Buenavista Tomatlán . <ref name=":0"/> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} iowwwcj2lqarb2k8m2syd3ss6b7t5sv 0 154142 874080 845171 2026-07-02T05:22:49Z Ummeeterh 31568 874080 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Wole Seun Agunbiade | image = | caption = Wole Seun Agunbiade | nationality = Nigerian | citizenship = Nigeria | occupation = Lawyer | profession = Legal Practitioner | known_for = Senior Advocate of Nigeria (SAN) | alma_mater = | years_active = | title = Senior Advocate of Nigeria }} '''Wole Seun Agunbiade''' lauya ne ɗan [[Najeriya]] kuma fitaccen masani a fannin shari'a wanda ya samu lambar girmamawa ta '''Senior Advocate of Nigeria (SAN)''', wadda ita ce mafi girman matsayi ga lauyoyi masu zaman kansu a [[Najeriya]]. Ya shahara saboda gudummawar da yake bayarwa a harkokin shari'a da kuma kasancewarsa cikin manyan lauyoyin ƙasar. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://dailypost.ng/2018/07/12/31-lawyers-appointed-senior-advocate-nigeria-see-full-list/|title=31 lawyers appointed Senior Advocate of Nigeria [See full list]|work=Daily Post Nigeria|date=12 July 2018|access-date=2 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.tori.ng/news/101364/31-lawyers-appointed-senior-advocates-of-nigeria-s.html|title=31 Lawyers Appointed Senior Advocates Of Nigeria|work=Tori.ng|date=12 July 2018|access-date=2 June 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2018, Kwamitin Bai wa Lauyoyi Matsayin SAN na [[Najeriya]] (Legal Practitioners' Privileges Committee – LPPC) ya sanya sunan Wole Seun Agunbiade cikin jerin lauyoyi da suka tsallake matakan tantancewa domin samun matsayin SAN. Sunansa ya bayyana a cikin jerin waɗanda aka tantance bayan nazarin cancanta, ƙwarewa da gudummawar da suka bayar ga harkokin shari'a a [[Najeriya]]. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.signalng.com/human-rights-lawyer-adegboruwa-63-other-lawyers-short-listed-for-san/amp/|title=Human Rights Lawyer Adegboruwa, 63 Other Lawyers Short-listed For SAN|work=Signal NG|date=23 April 2018|access-date=2 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://barristerng.com/breaking-nba-gs-isiaka-olagunju-ebun-olu-adegboruwa-62-others-shortlisted-for-san/|title=64 Others Shortlisted for SAN|work=BarristerNG|date=22 April 2018|access-date=2 June 2026}}</ref> Daga bisani a watan Yulin 2018, LPPC ta sanar da Wole Seun Agunbiade a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin lauyoyi 31 da aka amince da su domin karɓar lambar '''Senior Advocate of Nigeria (SAN)'''. Wannan matsayi ana ba shi ne ga lauyoyin da suka nuna ƙwarewa ta musamman, nagarta da kuma gudummawa mai muhimmanci ga ci gaban tsarin shari'a a Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://dailypost.ng/2018/07/12/31-lawyers-appointed-senior-advocate-nigeria-see-full-list/|title=31 lawyers appointed Senior Advocate of Nigeria|work=Daily Post Nigeria|date=12 July 2018|access-date=2 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.legit.ng/1180204-31-lawyers-appointed-senior-advocates-nigeria-full-list.html|title=31 lawyers appointed Senior Advocates of Nigeria|work=Legit.ng|date=12 July 2018|access-date=2 June 2026}}</ref> Wole Agunbiade ya kuma kasance cikin lauyoyin da ke shiga tattaunawa da gabatar da takardu kan muhimman batutuwan doka da ɗabi'a a Najeriya. A shekarar 2019, ya gabatar da muƙala a yayin Makon Lauyoyi na Kungiyar Lauyoyin Najeriya (NBA) reshen Kaduna, inda ya yi bayani kan alakar doka da ɗabi'a musamman game da kare waɗanda ake zargi da aikata laifukan ta'addanci da garkuwa da mutane. A jawabinsa ya jaddada muhimmancin kare haƙƙin kowanne mutum a gaban kotu bisa tanadin doka. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://blueprint.ng/san-urges-colleagues-to-devote-expertise-in-serving-clients/|title=SAN urges colleagues to devote expertise in serving clients|work=Blueprint Newspapers|date=25 June 2019|access-date=2 June 2026}}</ref> Matsayin SAN da Wole Seun Agunbiade ya samu ya sanya shi cikin jerin manyan lauyoyin Najeriya da ke da hurumin bayyana a manyan kotunan ƙasar tare da bayar da gudummawa wajen bunƙasa aikin lauya da tsarin shari'a. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://dailypost.ng/2018/07/12/31-lawyers-appointed-senior-advocate-nigeria-see-full-list/|title=31 lawyers appointed Senior Advocate of Nigeria|work=Daily Post Nigeria|date=12 July 2018|access-date=2 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.tori.ng/news/101364/31-lawyers-appointed-senior-advocates-of-nigeria-s.html|title=31 Lawyers Appointed Senior Advocates Of Nigeria|work=Tori.ng|date=12 July 2018|access-date=2 June 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 42hjnzo1lomq7fn6sb2sev1effpze24 0 154728 873814 846786 2026-07-01T20:55:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 873814 wikitext text/x-wiki      {{Databox}} '''Birnin Brisbane''' yanki ne na karamar hukuma (LGA) wanda ya ƙunshi ɓangaren ciki na Greater Brisbane, babban birnin Queensland, Ostiraliya . Hukumar da ke kula da ita ita ce Majalisar Birnin Brisbane . Ƙungiyoyin LGAs a sauran manyan jihohin ƙasar (Sydney, Melbourne, Perth da Adelaide) gabaɗaya suna da alhakin gundumomin kasuwanci na tsakiya kawai da kuma unguwannin ciki na waɗannan biranen. Koyaya, Birnin Brisbane yana gudanar da wani yanki mai mahimmanci na Yankin Ƙididdiga na Babban Babban Birnin Brisbane (GCCSA), wanda ya kai kusan rabin yawan jama'arta. Don haka, tana da yawan jama'a fiye da kowace karamar hukuma a Ostiraliya. Birnin Brisbane ita ce karamar hukumar Ostireliya ta farko da ta kai fiye da mutane miliyan daya. Yawanta ya yi kusan daidai da yawan mutanen Tasmania, Babban Birnin Australiya da Yankin Arewa a hade. A cikin 2016-2017, majalisa ta gudanar da kasafin kuɗi fiye da dala biliyan 3, [3] mafi girma a kasafin kuɗi idan aka kwatanta da na City of Sydney da City of Melbourne LGAs. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2017 |title=Council Annual Plan and Budget 2016–17 |url=https://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/about-council/council-information-rates/news-publications/council-annual-plan-budget-2016-17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619002513/https://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/about-council/council-information-rates/news-publications/council-annual-plan-budget-2016-17 |archive-date=19 June 2017 |access-date=19 June 2017 |publisher=Brisbane City Council}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=City of Sydney Annual Report General Purpose Financial Statements 2016/17 |url=https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/-/media/corporate/files/publications/annual-reports/previous-annual-reports/financial-reports-2016-17.pdf?download=true |access-date=4 May 2024 |website=City of Sydney |pages=4-5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Annual Plan and Budget 2016-2017 |url=https://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/sitecollectiondocuments/annual-plan-budget-2016-17.pdf |access-date=4 May 2024 |website=City of Melbourne |pages=18-20 |archive-date=4 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240504221907/https://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/sitecollectiondocuments/annual-plan-budget-2016-17.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Birnin ya samo asali ne daga birane, garuruwa da yankuna waɗanda suka haɗu a 1925. Babban ofisoshin da babban ɗakin karatu na majalisa suna a 266 George Street, wanda aka fi sani da Brisbane Square. Gidan Birnin Brisbane yana da Gidan Majalisar, ofisoshin Ubangiji Mayor da Mataimakin Mayor, dakunan taro da karɓar baƙi da Gidan Tarihi na Brisbane. A cikin ƙidayar jama'a ta 2021, Birnin Brisbane yana da yawan mutane 1,242,825. Birnin Brisbane ya hada da wadannan ƙauyuka: === Yankunan da ke cikin gida ===  Tarihi[[Fayil:Map_of_Brisbane_at_time_of_amalgamation_(8072989293).jpg|thumb|Taswirar Brisbane a lokacin hadewa]] [[Fayil:Brisbane_CBDandSB.jpg|thumb|Story Bridge da Kogin Brisbane, 2006]] [[Fayil:Queensland_State_Archives_169_Brisbane_City_Hall_Adelaide_Street_Brisbane_c_1932.png|thumb|Birnin Brisbane a cikin shekarun 1930]] [[Fayil:Brisbane_Administration_Centre.jpg|thumb|Tsohon ofisoshin majalisa, 2010]] Gwamnatin Queensland ta ƙirƙiri birnin Brisbane da nufin haɗa yankin babban birnin Brisbane a ƙarƙashin tsari guda ɗaya da tsarin mulki. Dokar Birnin Brisbane ta 1924 ta sami izini daga Gwamna a ranar 30 ga Oktoba 1924. A ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1925, an soke kananan hukumomi ashirin masu girma dabam kuma aka hade su cikin sabuwar birnin. wato: * '''Birane''': Brisbane Kudancin Brisbane ** Brisbane ** Kudancin Brisbane * '''Garuruwa''': Hamilton Ithaca Sandgate Toowong Windsor Wynnum ** Hamilton ** Itaca ** Sandgate ** Toowong ** Windsor ** Wynnum * '''Shires''': Balmoral Belmont Coorparoo Enoggera Kedron Moggill Sherwood Stephens Taringa Tingalpa Toombul Yeerongpilly ** Balmoral ** Belmont ** Coorparoo ** Enoggera ** Kedron ** Moggill ** Sherwood ** Stephens ** Taringa ** Tingalpa ** Toombul ** Yeerongpilly Har ila yau, majalisar ta ɗauki alhakin hukumomin gwamnati masu cin gashin kansu da yawa, kamar Brisbane Tramways Trust. == Yawan jama'a == {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="7" |Selected historical census data for City of Brisbane local government area ! |- ! colspan="3" |Census year !2001 !2006 !2011 !2016 !2021 |- | colspan="2" rowspan="4" |Population |Estimated residents on census night | align="right" |873,780 | align="right" |956,129 | align="right" |1,041,839 | align="right" |1,131,155 |1,242,825 |- | align="right" |LGA rank in terms of size within Queensland | align="right" | | align="right" |1{{Small|st}} | align="right" |{{Steady}}&nbsp;1{{Small|st}} | align="right" |{{Steady}}&nbsp;1{{Small|st}} | |- | align="right" |% of Queensland population | align="right" |24.37% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;24.49% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;24.05% | align="right" |{{Steady}}&nbsp;24.05% | |- | align="right" |% of Australian population | align="right" |4.66% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;4.82% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;4.84% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;4.83% | |- ! colspan="3" |Cultural and language diversity ! ! ! ! ! |- | colspan="2" rowspan="5" |Ancestry,<br /><br />top responses |English | align="right" | | align="right" | | align="right" |25.0% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;24.3% | |- |Australian | align="right" | | align="right" | | align="right" |23.1% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;20.2% | |- |Irish | align="right" | | align="right" | | align="right" |9.5% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;9.7% | |- |Scottish | align="right" | | align="right" | | align="right" |7.4% | align="right" |{{Steady}}&nbsp;7.4% | |- |Chinese | align="right" | | align="right" | | align="right" |4.1% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;5.2% | |- | colspan="2" rowspan="7" |Language,<br /><br />top responses<br /><br />(other than English) |[[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] | align="right" |1.4% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;1.9% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;2.6% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;4.1% | |- |Cantonese | align="right" |1.4% | align="right" |{{Steady}}&nbsp;1.4% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;1.5% | align="right" |{{Steady}}&nbsp;1.5% | |- |Vietnamese | align="right" |1.3% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;1.4% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;1.5% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;1.6% | |- |Italian | align="right" |1.1% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;0.9% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;0.8% | align="right" | | |- |Greek | align="right" |0.8% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;0.7% | align="right" | | align="right" | | |- |Spanish | align="right" | | align="right" | | align="right" |0.7% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;0.9% | |- |Korean | align="right" | | align="right" | | align="right" | | align="right" |1.0% | |- ! colspan="3" |Religious affiliation ! ! ! ! ! |- | colspan="2" rowspan="6" |Religious affiliation,<br /><br />top responses |Catholic | align="right" |28.0% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;27.1% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;26.3% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;23.1% | |- |Anglican | align="right" |19.5% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;17.2% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;14.8% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;11.0% | |- |No religion | align="right" |15.0% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;18.5% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;23.3% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;31.6% | |- |Uniting | align="right" |7.8% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;6.6% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;5.6% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;4.0% | |- |Presbyterian | align="right" |3.7% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;3.2% | align="right" | | align="right" | | |- |[[Buddha|Buddhism]] | align="right" | | align="right" | | align="right" |3.0% | align="right" | | |- ! colspan="3" |Median weekly incomes ! ! ! ! ! |- | colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Personal income |Median weekly personal income | align="right" | | align="right" |A$556 | align="right" |A$696 | align="right" |A$770 | |- | align="right" |% of Australian median income | align="right" | | align="right" |119.3% | align="right" |120.6% | align="right" |116.3% | |- | colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Family income |Median weekly family income | align="right" | | align="right" |A$1403 | align="right" |A$1873 | align="right" |A$2091 | |- | align="right" |% of Australian median income | align="right" | | align="right" |119.8% | align="right" |126.5% | align="right" |120.6% | |- | colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Household income |Median weekly household income | align="right" | | align="right" |A$1157 | align="right" |A$1547 | align="right" |A$1746 | |- | align="right" |% of Australian median income | align="right" | | align="right" |112.7% | align="right" |125.4% | align="right" |121.4% | |- ! colspan="3" |Dwelling structure ! ! ! ! ! |- | colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Dwelling type |Separate house | align="right" |74.7% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;71.9% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;70.9% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;67.4% | |- |Semi-detached, terrace or townhouse | align="right" |6.7% | align="right" |7.9%{{Increase}}&nbsp; | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;9.7% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;10.4% | |- |Flat or apartment | align="right" |17.2% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;19.3% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;18.8% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;21.3% | |} Majalisar Birnin Brisbane tana kula da Brisbane Local Heritage Register, jerin wuraren da aka zaba waɗanda suka gamsu da ka'idodin al'adun majalisa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=QUEENSLAND HERITAGE ACT 1992 – SECT 113 |url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/qld/consol_act/qha1992188/s113.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222125934/http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/qld/consol_act/qha1992188/s113.html |archive-date=22 February 2014 |access-date=14 September 2012 |website=Queensland Consolidated Acts |publisher=Queensland Government}}</ref> == Gudanarwa == Birnin Brisbane yana ƙarƙashin ikon Majalisar Birni na Brisbane, mafi girman majalisa a Ostiraliya. Majalisar birnin Brisbane tana da ikonta da aka raba tsakanin magajin gari, majalisa irin ta majalisa mai kansiloli ashirin da shida masu wakiltar gundumomi guda 30,000 kusan masu jefa kuri'a 30,000 (daidai da girman masu zabe na jihohi), da majalisar ministocin farar hula da ta hada da magajin gari, mataimakin magajin gari (wanda aka zabo daga mafi rinjaye a majalisa) da kuma shugabannin kwamitocin majalisa bakwai. Saboda matsayin birnin Brisbane a matsayin karamar karamar hukuma mafi girma a kasar, babban magajin gari ne aka zaba ta mafi girma mai wakilai daya a Ostiraliya. Kamar duk masu unguwanni a Queensland, magajin gari yana da ikon zartarwa mai faɗi sosai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sansom |first=Graham |date=September 2012 |title=Australian Mayors: What Can and Should They Do? |url=https://www.uts.edu.au/sites/default/files/1349323703_Mayors_Discussion_Paper.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418000019/https://www.uts.edu.au/sites/default/files/1349323703_Mayors_Discussion_Paper.pdf |archive-date=18 April 2017 |access-date=2017-04-17 |website=University of Technology, Sydney}}</ref> The Brisbane City Council operates under the ''City of Brisbane Act 2010'', while other local governments in Queensland are governed by the ''Local Government Act 2009''. Council meetings are held at Level 2, City Hall, 64 Adelaide Street, Brisbane City<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meeting dates & locations |url=http://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/about-council/governance-strategy/committees-meetings-minutes/meeting-dates-locations |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808010441/http://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/about-council/governance-strategy/committees-meetings-minutes/meeting-dates-locations |archive-date=8 August 2014 |access-date=21 March 2010 |publisher=Brisbane City Council}}</ref> every Tuesday at 2pm except during recess and holiday periods. This temporary venue is in use due to the restoration work being performed on the traditional venue Brisbane City Hall.<ref>{{Cite web |title=City Hall Restoration |url=http://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/facilities-recreation/parks-venues/brisbane-city-hall/brisbane-city-hall-restoration-2010-2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140807151113/http://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/facilities-recreation/parks-venues/brisbane-city-hall/brisbane-city-hall-restoration-2010-2013 |archive-date=7 August 2014 |access-date=21 March 2010 |publisher=Brisbane City Council}}</ref> Council Meetings generally open to the public, excluding the Civic Cabinet.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2025}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2025)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Wards == {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" |Jam'iyyar ! colspan="1" |Wards ! colspan="1" |Gidan Gida na yanzu (Dotal 26 Wards) '' (Dukan 26 Wards) '' |- | {{Australian party style|LNP}} | |Ƙasar Liberal| {{bartable|19||20||background:{{Australian politics/party colours|LNP}}}} |- | {{Australian party style|Labor}} | |Aiki| {{bartable|5||20||background:{{Australian politics/party colours|Labor}}}} |- | {{Australian party style|Greens}} |  |Green| {{bartable|2||20||background:{{Australian politics/party colours|Greens}}}} |- | {{Australian party style|Independent}} | |Mai zaman kansa| {{bartable|1||20||background:{{Australian politics/party colours|Independent}}}} |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! colspan="2" |Wuri !Jam'iyyar !Mai ba da shawara |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |Rashin Bracken |LNP |Sandy Landers |- | {{Australian party style|Labor}} |  |Calamvale |Aiki |Emily Kim |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |Tsakiya |LNP |Vicki Howard |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |Chandler |LNP |Ryan Murphy |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |Coorparoo |LNP |Fiona Cunningham |- | {{Australian party style|Labor}} |  |Deagon |Aiki |Jared Cassidy |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |Doboy |LNP |Lisa Atwood |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |Enoggera |LNP |Andrew Wines |- | {{Australian party style|Labor}} |  |Tafkin daji |Aiki |Charles Strunk |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |Hamilton |LNP |Julia Dixon |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |Gidan shakatawa na Holland |LNP |Krista Adams |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |Jamboree |LNP |Sarah Hutton |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |MacGregor |LNP |Steven Huang |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |Mai tafiya |LNP |Fiona Hammond |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |McDowall |LNP |Tracy Davis |- | {{Australian party style|Labor}} |  |Moorooka |Aiki |Steve Griffiths |- | {{Australian party style|Labor}} |  |Safiya |Aiki |Lucy Collier |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |Northgate |LNP |Adam Allan |- | {{Australian party style|Greens}} |  |Paddington |Green |Alamar Chong Wah |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |Pullenvale |LNP |Greg Adermann |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |Runcorn |LNP |Kim Marx |- | {{Australian party style|Independent}} |  |Tennyson |Mai zaman kansa |Nicole Johnston |- | {{Australian party style|Greens}} |  |Gabba |Green |Trina Massey |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |Rashin daidaituwa |LNP |Steven Toomey |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |Walter Taylor |LNP |Penny Wolff |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |Wynnum Manly |LNP |Alex Givney |} == Heraldry == [[Fayil:CoA_of_Brisbane.svg|thumb|180x180px|Alamar makamai ta Brisbane]] Taken Birnin Brisbane shine ''Meliora sequimur'', [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] don ''Muna da niyyar abubuwa mafi kyau''. Taken kamfanonin majalisa ''An sadaukar da shi ga Brisbane mafi kyau''. Launuka na birnin sune shuɗi da zinariya. An gabatar da tambarin kamfaninsa a 1982 a shirye-shiryen Wasannin Commonwealth da aka shirya a Brisbane a wannan shekarar. Yana da fasalin salo na Brisbane City Hall wanda aka buɗe a cikin 1930. Alamun furanni na birnin sune (baƙon abu) poinsettia da Brisbane wattle, kuma alamun dabbobi sune kwari mai kyau da koala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Symbols used by Council |url=https://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/about-council/council-information-and-rates/council-history/symbols-used-by-council |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326023556/https://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/about-council/council-information-and-rates/council-history/symbols-used-by-council |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=13 November 2023 |website=Brisbane City Council}}</ref> == Abubuwan more rayuwa == Brisbane City Council yana aiki da dakunan karatu a Annerley, Ashgrove, Banyo, Bracken Ridge, Brisbane CBD (Brisbane Square), Bulimba, Carina, Carindale (Westfield Carindale), Chermside, Coopers Plains, Corinda, Everton Park, Fairfield, Upper Dutsen Gravatt (Garden City), Grange, Hollandoo Inala, Hamilly Inala Kenala, Grange, Hollandoo Inala, Hamilly, Hamilton, Inala Kenala Mitchelton, Dutsen Coot-tha (Lambunan Botanic), Dutsen Gravatt, Dutsen Ommaney, Sabon Farm, Nundah, Sandgate, Duwatsu Corner, Sunnybank Hills, Toowong, West End, Wynnum, da Zillmere.[1] Bugu da kari, yana aiki da sabis na ɗakin karatu na wayar hannu zuwa Aspley, Bellbowrie, Brighton, Ellen Grove, Lake Forest, Manly West, Dutsen Crosby da Gap.[2] Hakanan akwai ɗakin karatu mai faɗowa wanda ke halartar al'amuran al'umma da bukukuwa, da kuma ziyartar wuraren shakatawa daban-daban a kusa da Brisbane don zaman tarihin yara (an buga jerin ranaku da wuraren da aka buga wasu watanni kafin nan.). <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2017 |title=The Pop-up Library |url=https://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/facilities-recreation/libraries/opening-hours-locations/pop-library |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129140929/https://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/facilities-recreation/libraries/opening-hours-locations/pop-library |archive-date=29 January 2018 |access-date=29 January 2018 |website=[[Brisbane City Council]]}}</ref> == Biranen 'yan uwa == Biranen 'yan uwa na Brisbane sune: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Brisbane Sister Cities |url=https://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/about-council/governance-and-strategy/business-in-brisbane/growing-brisbanes-economy/international-business/brisbane-sister-cities |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602234907/https://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/about-council/governance-and-strategy/business-in-brisbane/growing-brisbanes-economy/international-business/brisbane-sister-cities |archive-date=2 June 2022 |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=Brisbane City Council}}</ref> Nice, Faransa ta kasance 'yar'uwar Brisbane har sai an yanke dangantakar a 1995 a matsayin zanga-zanga game da shawarar da gwamnatin [[Jacques Chirac|Chirac]] ta yanke na ci gaba da gwajin nukiliya a cikin Tekun Pacific. [[Bangkok]] ta zama 'yar'uwar Brisbane a shekarar 1997, amma haɗin gwiwar ta ƙare a shekarar 2017 a ƙarshe.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Sister Cities – Brisbane City Council<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/BCC:STANDARD:928382335:pc=PC_71 |access-date=19 June 2017}}{{Dead link|date=August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Brisbane |url=http://iad.bangkok.go.th/en/showsister_cities?id=35 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418083018/http://iad.bangkok.go.th/en/showsister_cities?id=35 |archive-date=18 April 2017 |website=International Affairs Division – Bangkok Metropolitan Administration}}</ref> n1uibkddknhl03ezqyk2ccl2bikh62w 0 154939 874077 847342 2026-07-02T05:19:04Z Ummeeterh 31568 874077 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Kehinde Awofeso | occupation = Visual artist | known_for = Contemporary painting, queer-themed visual storytelling, participation in Obodo Artist Fund programs | nationality = Nigerian }} '''Kehinde Awofeso''' (An haife shi a [[Najeriya]]) ɗan fasaha ne na zamani wanda ke amfani da zane-zane wajen bayyana batutuwan da suka shafi jinsi (gender), al’adu, da kuma bambancin rayuwar ɗan adam. Ayyukansa sun haɗa da hotuna da zane-zane da ke nuna motsin rai, ƙalubalen zamantakewa, da kuma neman ‘yanci na bayyana kai. == Aiki da Salon Fasaha == Kehinde Awofeso yana cikin masu zane-zane na zamani (contemporary artists) da ke amfani da launuka da siffofi wajen bayyana tunani game da: * Identity (wanda mutum yake) * Gender expression (yadda mutum ke bayyana jinsinsa) * Social norms da kalubalen al’umma A cewar bayanan nune-nunen fasaha, ayyukansa suna nuna “movement and expansion of freedom” ta hanyar hoton mutane da ke nuna canjin hali da tunani cikin al’umma. <ref name="Artsy">{{cite web |title=Kehinde Awofeso – In Tune (2023) |url=https://www.artsy.net/artwork/kehinde-awofeso-in-tune |publisher=Artsy |access-date=2026-06-05}}</ref> == Dangantaka da Queer Creative Spaces == Kehinde Awofeso yana da alaƙa da wasu shirye-shiryen fasaha da ke goyon bayan masu fasaha LGBTQ+ a Najeriya, musamman ta hanyar **Obodo Artist Fund**, wani shiri da ke tallafawa masu fasaha da ke aiki a kan batutuwan: * ‘yancin LGBTQ+ * adalcin zamantakewa * tarihi da counter-archiving * labaran da ake danne su Obodo yana bayyana kansa a matsayin cibiyar da ke tallafawa “queer artists and cultural workers” domin ƙarfafa su a fannin fasaha da kuma kare haƙƙin su. <ref name="ObodoPrograms">{{cite web |title=Programs – Obodo Artist Fund |url=https://www.obodonigeria.org/programs |publisher=Obodo Nigeria |access-date=2026-06-05}}</ref> Shirin Obodo Artist Fund (OAF) yana ba da: * tallafin kuɗi * horo da mentorship * damar baje kolin ayyuka * wuraren yin bincike da kirkira <ref name="ObodoPrograms2">{{cite web |title=Obodo Artist Fund (OAF) |url=https://obodonigeria.org/ |publisher=Obodo Nigeria |access-date=2026-06-05}}</ref> == Muhimmancin Aikinsa == Aikin Kehinde Awofeso yana cikin sabon ƙarni na fasahar Najeriya da ke: * haɗa fasaha da siyasa (art activism) * tattauna batun identity da gender * ƙalubalantar tsoffin ra’ayoyi na al’umma * amfani da fasaha wajen labarta ƙwarewar LGBTQ+ a Afirka == Kammalawa == Kehinde Awofeso na ɗaya daga cikin matasan masu fasaha da ke fitowa a Najeriya a fannin queer contemporary art, inda yake amfani da zane-zane wajen bayyana rayuwa, ‘yanci, da bambancin mutum a cikin al’umma. == References == <references /> * Obodo Nigeria – Programs and Artist Fund (2024–2025) https://www.obodonigeria.org/programs * Obodo Artist Fund official site https://obodonigeria.org/ * Artsy – Kehinde Awofeso, “In Tune” (2023) https://www.artsy.net/artwork/kehinde-awofeso-in-tune l8k1u6wi1rhj5lnu3eaw54dd183xdni 0 155006 874265 861781 2026-07-02T10:35:08Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 874265 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Manufofin Kula da magunguna reshe ne na Manufofin kiwon lafiya wanda ke hulɗa da ci gaba, samarwa da amfani da magunguna a cikin Tsarin kiwon lafiya. Ya ƙunshi magunguna (sunan alama da na gama gari), ilmin halitta (kayayyakin da aka samo daga tushen rayuwa, sabanin sinadarai), allurar rigakafi da kayayyakin kiwon lafiya na halitta. ==Tallafin bincike a cikin kimiyyar rayuwa== A kasashe da yawa, wata hukuma ta gwamnatin kasa (a Amurka NIH, a Burtaniya MRC, kuma a Indiya DST) tana tallafawa masu binciken jami'a don nazarin abubuwan da ke haifar da cututtuka, wanda a wasu lokuta ke haifar da ci gaban abubuwan da aka gano wanda za'a iya canja shi zuwa kamfanonin magunguna da kamfanonin biotechnology a matsayin tushen ci gaban magunguna. Ta hanyar saita kasafin kudin ta, abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci a binciken ta da kuma yanke shawara game da wane masu bincike za su tallafawa, za a iya samun tasiri sosai a kan yawan ci gaban sabbin magunguna da kuma wuraren cututtukan da ake bunkasa sabbin magungunan. Misali, babban saka hannun jari da NIH ta yi a cikin bincike kan cutar kanjamau a cikin shekarun 1980 tabbas za a iya kallon shi a matsayin muhimmin tushe ga magungunan rigakafi da yawa da aka haɓaka daga baya.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_policy#cite_note-1:~:text=Aggarwal%2C%20Rashmi%2C%20Kaur%2C%20Rajinder%2C%20Patent%20Law%20and%20Intellectual%20Property%20in%20the%20Medical%20Field.%20IGI%20Global%2C%20Jun%2030%2C%202017%20p67%2D73</ref> ==Dokar Haƙƙin Mallaka== Duk da yake an rubuta dokokin patent don amfani da duk abubuwan kirkirar, ko na inji, na magunguna, ko na lantarki, fassarorin dokar patent da hukumomin bayar da patent na gwamnati suka yi (Ofishin Patent da Trademark na Amurka, alal misali) da kotuna, na iya zama takamaiman batun da ke da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan abubuwan da ke motsawa don ci gaban magunguna da kuma wadatar magungunan magunguna masu ƙarancin farashi. Misali, wani yanke shawara na baya-bayan nan da Kotun daukaka kara ta Amurka ta yanke a cikin Tarayyar Tarayya a cikin Pfizer v. Apotex, 480 F.3d 1348 (Fed.Cir.2007), ya riƙe takardar shaidar a kan tsarin "gishiri na magani" na sinadarin da aka ba da izini a baya. Idan Kotun Koli ta Amurka ba ta soke wannan shawarar ba, nau'ikan magungunan da ke cikin rikici, Norvasc (amlodipine besylate) za su kasance a baya. Idan an yi amfani da hujja na Tarayyar Tarayya a cikin shari'ar gabaɗaya ga wasu takardun shaida a kan tsarin magunguna, zai sami babban tasiri wajen saurin samun magunguna (kuma, akasin haka, wasu mummunan tasiri a kan abubuwan da ke motsawa da kudade don bincike da ci gaban sabbin<ref>Janice M. Mueller. Mueller on Patent Law: Patentability and Validity. Wolters Kluwer Law & Business, 2012</ref> magunguna). =Badda lasisi= Wannan ya haɗa da amincewa da samfurin don sayarwa a cikin iko. Yawanci wata hukuma ta kasa kamar Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka (musamman, Cibiyar Bincike da Bincike na Magunguna, ko CDER), Hukumar Kula da Magunguna da Kayayyakin Kiwon Lafiya ta Burtaniya ko Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Kanada ko Hukumar Rijistar Magunguna ta Ukraine<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.drugmed.gov.ua/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-06-05 |archive-date=2003-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031220125726/http://www.drugmed.gov.ua/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> tana da alhakin sake duba samfurin da amincewa da shi don siyarwa. Tsarin tsari yawanci yana mai da hankali kan inganci, aminci da inganci. Don a amince da shi don sayarwa samfurin dole ne ya nuna cewa yana da aminci gabaɗaya (ko yana da ƙwarewar haɗari / fa'ida mai kyau dangane da yanayin da aka nufa ya bi da shi), cewa yana yin abin da mai ƙera ya ce kuma an samar da shi zuwa ƙa'idodi masu girma. Ma'aikatan ciki da kwamitocin ba da shawara na ƙwararru suna nazarin samfuran. Da zarar an amince da shi, ana ba da samfurin wasika ta amincewa ko kuma an bayar da shi tare da sanarwa na bin doka, yana nuna cewa yanzu ana iya sayar da shi a cikin iko. A wasu lokuta, irin wannan amincewa na iya samun yanayin da aka haɗe, yana buƙatar, alal misali ƙarin 'bayan tallace-tallace' gwaje-gwaje don bayyana batun (kamar inganci a wasu masu haƙuri ko hulɗa tare da wasu samfuran) ko ka'idojin da ke iyakance samfurin ga wasu amfani. ==Farashi== A yankuna da yawa ana tsara farashin miyagun ƙwayoyi. Misali, a cikin Burtaniya an yi amfani da Shirin Gudanar da Farashin Magunguna don tabbatar da cewa Hukumar Lafiya ta Kasa tana iya siyan magunguna a "farashi mai kyau". A Kanada, Hukumar Binciken Farashin Magunguna ta Patented ta bincika farashin magani, ta kwatanta farashin Kanada da aka gabatar da shi da na wasu kasashe bakwai kuma ta tantance ko farashin ya kasance "ya wuce gona da iri" ko a'a. A cikin waɗannan yanayi, masu ƙera magunguna dole ne su gabatar da farashin da aka tsara ga hukumar da ta dace ==Biyan Kudi== Da zarar wata hukumar da ke kula da ita ta tantance fa'idar asibiti da amincin samfurin da farashi an tabbatar da shi (idan ya cancanta), mai samar da magunguna zai gabatar da shi don kimantawa ta wani mai biyan kuɗi na wani nau'i. Masu biyan kuɗi na iya zama tsare-tsaren inshora masu zaman kansu, gwamnatoci (ta hanyar samar da shirye-shiryen fa'idodi ga jama'a masu inshora ko ƙungiyoyi na musamman kamar Ciwon daji Ontario, wanda ke ba da kuɗin magungunan cutar kanjamau a asibiti) ko kungiyoyin kiwon lafiya kamar asibitoci. A wannan lokacin babban batun shine ingancin farashi. Wannan shi ne inda ake amfani da horo na tattalin arziki da magunguna. Wannan wani yanki ne na musamman na tattalin arzikin kiwon lafiya wanda ke kallon farashi / fa'idar samfurin dangane da ingancin rayuwa, madadin jiyya (magunguna da wadanda ba miyagun ƙwayoyi ba) da rage farashi ko gujewa a wasu sassan tsarin kiwon lafiya (alal misali, magani na iya rage buƙatar shiga tsakani na tiyata, don haka adana kuɗi). Tsarin kamar Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya da Kwarewar Asibiti ta Burtaniya da Kwarewa ta Kanada suna kimanta samfuran ta wannan hanyar. Wasu hukunce-hukunce, duk da haka, ba sa kimanta kayayyaki don ingancin farashi. A wasu lokuta, shirye-shiryen amfanin miyagun ƙwayoyi (ko masu gudanar da su) na iya kimanta kayayyaki. Bugu da ƙari, asibitoci na iya samun kwamitocin bita na kansu (wanda ake kira kwamitin Pharmacy da Therapeutics (P & T) don yanke shawara game da waɗanne magunguna ne za su tallafawa daga kasafin kuɗin asibiti. Masu gudanar da shirin miyagun ƙwayoyi na iya amfani da nasu ka'idojin farashi a waje da abin da hukumomin farashi na ƙasa suka saita. Misali, British Columbia tana amfani da samfurin farashi da ake kira farashi na asali don saita farashin kwayoyi a wasu azuzuwan. Yawancin manajojin amfanin kantin magani na Amurka (PBMs) suna amfani da dabaru kamar tsari mai mahimmanci da jerin sunayen da aka fi so don ƙarfafa gasa da matsin farashi mai saukowa, wanda ke haifar da ƙananan farashi don shirye-shiryen fa'idodi. Kasuwanci na gasa na wannan nau'in ya zama ruwan dare tsakanin manyan masu siye kamar Hukumar Lafiya ta Tsohon Amurka. ==Gudanar Da Tsari== A cikin mafi yawan tsarin biyan kuɗi shine jerin magunguna, ko tsari. Gudanar da wannan jerin na iya haɗawa da hanyoyi daban-daban. Jerin da ba su dace ba - kayayyakin da ba a biya su ba a kowane yanayi ana amfani da su a wasu yankuna (cf. Jamus). Ƙarin tsari mai ƙarfi na iya samun jerin sunayen digiri kamar tsarin lissafin yanayi na Ontario na baya-bayan nan. Kamar yadda aka ambata, ana iya amfani da tsari don fitar da zabi don rage farashin magunguna ta hanyar tsara sikelin biyan kuɗi wanda ke son samfuran da ba su da rahusa ko waɗanda ke da yarjejeniya mai mahimmanci tare da masana'anta. Wannan shine ka'idar da ke tattare da jerin magungunan da aka fi so da aka yi amfani da su a yawancin shirye-shiryen Medicaid na Amurka. Wasu hukunce-hukunce da tsare-tsare (kamar Italiya) na iya rarraba kwayoyi bisa ga 'muhimmancin su' kuma su ƙayyade matakin biyan kuɗin da shirin zai samar da kuma ɓangaren da ake sa ran mai haƙuri zai biya. Formularies na iya raba magunguna a cikin rukunoni waɗanda ake buƙatar izini na gaba. Ana yin wannan ne don iyakance amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi masu tsada ko wanda ke da damar yin amfani da shi ba daidai ba (wani lokacin ana kiransa 'off-label' saboda ya haɗa da amfani da samfurin don magance wasu yanayi ba tare da waɗanda aka ba da lasisi ba). A wannan yanayin mai ba da kiwon lafiya dole ne ya nemi izini don rubuta samfurin ko kuma likitan magani zai sami izini kafin ya rarraba shi. ==Samun Cancanta== Formularies na iya raba magunguna a cikin rukunoni waɗanda ake buƙatar izini na gaba. Ana yin wannan ne don iyakance amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi masu tsada ko wanda ke da damar yin amfani da shi ba daidai ba (wani lokacin ana kiransa 'off-label' saboda ya haɗa da amfani da samfurin don magance wasu yanayi ba tare da waɗanda aka ba da lasisi ba). A wannan yanayin mai ba da kiwon lafiya dole ne ya nemi izini don rubuta samfurin ko kuma likitan magani zai sami izini kafin ya rarraba shi. ==Bayyanawa== Manufofin magunguna na iya ƙoƙarin tsarawa da sanar da ba da magani. Ana iya iyakance umarni ga likitoci ko kuma ya haɗa da wasu nau'o'in masu ba da kiwon lafiya kamar likitocin jinya da likitocin magunguna. Akwai iyakokin da aka sanya a kowane aji na mai ba da sabis. Wannan na iya ɗaukar nau'in tsara ka'idoji don magani, iyakance tsara shi ga wani nau'in likitan ƙwararru misali (kamar kwayoyin HIV / AIDS ga likitocin da ke da horo mai zurfi a wannan yanki), ko kuma yana iya haɗawa da jerin magunguna na musamman waɗanda takamaiman mai ba da kulawa da lafiya (kamar likitan likita) zai iya tsarawa daga. Shirye-shiryen na iya neman tasiri ga ba da umarni ta hanyar samar da bayanai ga masu ba da umarnin. Wannan aikin ana kiransa 'ƙididdigar ilimi' don rarrabe shi daga cikakkun bayanai (bayar da bayanan magani) da kamfanonin magunguna suka yi. Kungiyoyi irin su Hukumar Kula da Magunguna ta Kasa ta Ostiraliya suna nuna wannan dabarar, suna ba da bayanai masu zaman kansu, gami da kwatancen kai da kai da kuma bayanin tasirin farashi ga masu ba da magunguna don rinjayar zaɓin su ==Manazarta== f5z9488g9ep35pvh81c0povx3mkmric 0 155117 874047 847861 2026-07-01T23:52:14Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 874047 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ruwan Bridal Veil''' yana da nisan kilomita shida daga Sabie, Mpumalanga a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Tsawonsa ya kai mita 70. Ruwan yana gudana a hankali a ƙarƙashin yanayi na yau da kullun wanda hakan ya sa ya yi kama da mayafi, shi ya sa aka san shi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-09 |title=Bridal Veil Falls {{!}} SAFCOL |url=http://www.safcol.co.za/what-we-offer/ecotourism/bridal-veil-falls/ |access-date=2020-11-19 |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513015407/http://www.safcol.co.za/what-we-offer/ecotourism/bridal-veil-falls/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yana ɗaya daga cikin ruwan da ke kwarara a yankin da ke kan Kogin Sabie kuma sanannen wurin yawon buɗe ido ne. Ana iya isa gare shi ta mota, tare da wurin ajiye motoci da wurin shakatawa a filin SAFCOL. Daga wurin ajiye motoci, hanyar tafiya ta ratsa cikin dajin 'yan asalin ƙasar na tsawon kimanin mita 750 (tafiya ta mintuna 15) kai tsaye zuwa ga ruwan. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Sabie River Route |url=https://www.sabie.co.za/tour/sabie-route.html#bidal%20veil%20falls |access-date=2020-11-18 |website=www.sabie.co.za}}</ref> == Yawon Bude Ido == Ruwan Bridal Veil yana kan hanyar Panorama kuma yana cikin yankin da ke ɗauke da ruwan sama fiye da kowane yanki na Kudancin Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Sabie Waterfalls Route - A Waterfall Wonderland {{!}} Mpumalanga (NA) |url=https://www.southafrica.net/na/en/travel/article/the-sabie-waterfalls-route-a-waterfall-wonderland |access-date=2020-11-19 |website=www.southafrica.net}}</ref> Masu yawon buɗe ido na rana suna ziyartar waɗannan ruwan sama akai-akai kuma suna biyan kuɗi kaɗan don kallon su. <ref name=":0" /> Ruwan Bridal Veil shima abin jan hankali ne a kan tafiyar '''Loerie Trail''' ta yini wanda tsawonsa ya kai kilomita 10 amma kuma yana da ɗan gajeren zaɓi na kimanin kilomita 6 wanda ya fara kuma ya ƙare a ruwan sama da kansu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hiking Trails in the Sabie Valley, near Kruger National Park |url=http://greater.krugerpark.co.za/Activities_Guide-travel/hiking-trails-sabie-valley.html |access-date=2020-11-18 |website=greater.krugerpark.co.za}}</ref> Ruwan kuma wani ɓangare ne na sanannen '''hanyar tafiya ta Fanie Botha''' wacce hanya ce ta tafiya ta kwana biyar gaba ɗaya, amma tana da gajerun hanyoyin da ake da su. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Walks and Hikes - Sabie |url=https://sabie.co.za/about/hiking/#bridal |access-date=2020-11-18 |website=sabie.co.za}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin ruwan magudanan ruwa * Jerin magudanan ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu == Manazarta == ik13xgm5bskjasw65y22t3a7ns0ugvy 0 155143 874144 861145 2026-07-02T08:08:45Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 874144 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kula da lafiya mai biyan kuɗi ɗaya''' nau'in [[Kula da lafiyar duniya|kula da lafiya ne na gama gari]], wanda tsarin gwamnati ɗaya ne ke biyan kuɗin [[kula da lafiya]] mai mahimmanci ga dukkan mazauna (don haka "mai biyan kuɗi ɗaya"). <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 23, 2017 |title=single-payer system definition |url=https://www.healthinsurance.org/glossary/single-payer-system/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002035003/https://www.healthinsurance.org/glossary/single-payer-system/ |archive-date=October 2, 2017 |access-date=December 12, 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=the definition of single-payer |url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/single-payer |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802124034/http://www.dictionary.com/browse/single-payer |archive-date=August 2, 2017 |access-date=December 12, 2017 |website=Dictionary.com}}</ref> Tsarin masu biyan kuɗi ɗaya na iya yin kwangila don ayyukan kiwon lafiya daga ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (kamar yadda yake a [[Kanada]] ) ko kuma su mallaki kuma su yi amfani da albarkatun kiwon lafiya da ma'aikata (kamar yadda yake a [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] ). "Mai biyan kuɗi ɗaya" yana bayyana hanyar da ake biyan kula da lafiya ta hanyar hukuma ɗaya, ba hukuma mai zaman kanta ba, ko kuma gaurayen duka biyun. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Flieger |first=Signe Peterson |year=2017 |title=What We Talk About When We Talk About Single Payer |url=https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/forefront.20170919.062040 |journal=Health Affairs Forefront |doi=10.1377/forefront.20170919.062040 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 26, 2014 |title=What is single-payer health care? |url=https://www.vox.com/cards/single-payer/what-is-single-payer-health-care |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171022142239/https://www.vox.com/cards/single-payer/what-is-single-payer-health-care |archive-date=October 22, 2017 |access-date=December 12, 2017}}</ref><templatestyles src="Template:TOC limit/styles.css" />  == Labari da bayani == A cikin tsarin kula da lafiya mai biyan kuɗi ɗaya, gwamnati ɗaya ko wata majiya da ta shafi gwamnati tana biyan duk ayyukan kiwon lafiya da aka rufe. Gwamnatoci suna amfani da wannan dabarar don cimma manufofi da dama, ciki har da [[Kula da lafiyar duniya|kiwon lafiya na duniya baki ɗaya]], rage nauyin tattalin arziki na kula da lafiya, da kuma inganta sakamakon kiwon lafiya ga jama'a. A cikin 2010, ƙasashen membobin [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] sun ɗauki kiwon lafiya na duniya baki ɗaya a matsayin manufa; <ref>{{Cite web |title=Health systems financing: the path to universal coverage |url=https://www.who.int/whr/2010/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021141619/http://www.who.int/whr/2010/en/ |archive-date=October 21, 2017 |access-date=2017-10-31 |website=World Health Organization |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Babban Taron Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ya kuma amince da wannan burin a 2015 a matsayin wani ɓangare na Ajandar Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa ta 2030. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/post2015/transformingourworld |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171205210925/https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/post2015/transformingourworld |archive-date=December 5, 2017 |access-date=2017-11-01 |website=sustainabledevelopment.un.org |language=en}}</ref> Tsarin kiwon lafiya mai biyan kuɗi ɗaya yana kafa wani yanki na haɗari guda ɗaya, wanda ya ƙunshi dukkan al'ummar yankin yanki ko siyasa. Hakanan yana kafa tsari guda ɗaya na ƙa'idoji don ayyukan da ake bayarwa, ƙimar biyan kuɗi, farashin magunguna, da mafi ƙarancin ƙa'idodi don ayyukan da ake buƙata. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hsiao |first=William C. |last2=Cheng |first2=Shou-Hsia |last3=Yip |first3=Winnie |year=2016 |title=What can be achieved with a single-payer NHI system: The case of Taiwan |journal=Social Science & Medicine |volume=233 |pages=265–271 |doi=10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.12.006 |pmid=29054594 |s2cid=29973659}}</ref>i A ƙasashe masu arziki, kulawar lafiya mai biyan kuɗi ɗaya yawanci tana samuwa ga duk 'yan ƙasa da mazauna doka. Misalan sun haɗa da Hukumar Lafiya ta Ƙasa ta Burtaniya, Medicare ta Ostiraliya, Medicare ta Kanada, Tsarin Lafiya na Ƙasa na Spain, Inshorar Lafiya ta Ƙasa ta Taiwan da Tsarin Lafiya na Ƙasa na Italiya (SSN Servizio Sanitario Nazionale ). === Tarihin kalmar === An ƙirƙiro kalmar a shekarun 1990 domin bayyana bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin tsarin kiwon lafiyar Kanada da waɗanda suka haɗa da NHS na Burtaniya. A tsarin kiwon lafiyar Kanada, gwamnati tana biyan hukumomi masu zaman kansu don samar da kiwon lafiya ga mutanen da suka cancanta. A wasu tsare-tsare, gwamnati tana ba da kuɗi kuma tana ba da kulawa. <ref name="Liu 2017">{{Cite journal |last=Liu J. L., Brook R. H. |year=2017 |title=What is single-payer health care? A review of definitions and proposals in the U.S |url= |journal=Journal of General Internal Medicine |volume=32 |issue=7 |pages=822–831}}</ref> Yawanci, "kulawa mai biyan kuɗi ɗaya" yana nufin inshorar lafiya da aka bayar a matsayin hidimar jama'a kuma ana bayarwa ga 'yan ƙasa da mazauna doka; yawanci ba ya nufin isar da ayyukan kiwon lafiya. Gwamnati na iya sarrafa asusun kai tsaye ko a matsayin hukuma mallakar gwamnati kuma mai iko da iko. Mai biyan kuɗi ɗaya ya bambanta da sauran hanyoyin samar da kuɗi kamar "mai biyan kuɗi da yawa" (majiyoyi da yawa na jama'a da/ko masu zaman kansu), "mai matakai biyu" (wanda aka ayyana ko dai a matsayin tushen jama'a tare da zaɓin amfani da inshorar masu zaman kansu mai cancanta azaman madadin, ko kuma a matsayin tushen jama'a don kulawar bala'i da inshorar masu zaman kansu ke tallafawa don kulawar lafiya ta gama gari), da "umarnin inshora" (ana buƙatar 'yan ƙasa su sayi inshorar masu zaman kansu wanda ya cika ƙa'idar ƙasa kuma wanda gabaɗaya ake ba da tallafi). Wasu tsarin sun haɗa abubuwan waɗannan hanyoyin samar da kuɗi guda huɗu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Single-payer is great but it's not the only option |url=http://www.40thdems.org/blog/2017/5/15/single-payer-is-great-but-its-not-the-only-option |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171022193522/http://www.40thdems.org/blog/2017/5/15/single-payer-is-great-but-its-not-the-only-option |archive-date=October 22, 2017 |access-date=December 12, 2017}}</ref> Sabanin yadda ake amfani da kalmar a matsayin tsari, wasu marubuta suna bayyana duk tsarin da gwamnati ke gudanarwa a matsayin "tsarin biyan kuɗi ɗaya", wasu kuma sun bayyana duk wani tsarin kiwon lafiya wanda ke da niyyar rufe dukkan al'umma, kamar tsare-tsaren bayar da takardar shaidar, a matsayin "tsarin biyan kuɗi ɗaya", kodayake waɗannan amfani gabaɗaya ba su cika ƙa'idodin ma'anar kalmar ba. == Yankuna masu tsarin biyan kuɗi ɗaya == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  Kasashe da dama a duniya suna da shirye-shiryen inshorar lafiya na biyan kuɗi ɗaya. Waɗannan shirye-shiryen gabaɗaya suna ba da wani nau'i na [[Kula da lafiyar duniya|kula da lafiya na duniya baki]] ɗaya, wanda ake aiwatarwa ta hanyoyi daban-daban. A wasu lokuta likitoci suna aiki kuma gwamnati ce ke gudanar da asibitoci, kamar a Burtaniya ko Spain. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Socolovsky |first=Jerome |date=August 19, 2009 |title=What Makes Spain's Health Care System The Best? |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=112014770 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319212430/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=112014770 |archive-date=March 19, 2014 |access-date=21 September 2014 |website=NPR}}</ref> A madadin haka, gwamnati na iya siyan ayyukan kiwon lafiya daga ƙungiyoyin waje, kamar hanyar da aka bi a Kanada . === Kanada === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>☁Ana bayar da kulawar lafiya a Kanada ta hanyar tsarin [[Kula da lafiyar jama'a|kula da lafiya na gwamnati]], wanda galibi kyauta ne a lokacin amfani kuma yana da yawancin ayyukan da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu ke bayarwa. An kafa tsarin ne bisa tanadin Dokar Lafiya ta Kanada ta 1984. <ref name="Canada Health Act">{{Cite web |title=Overview of the Canada Health Act |url=http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hcs-sss/medi-assur/cha-lcs/overview-apercu-eng.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414052008/http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hcs-sss/medi-assur/cha-lcs/overview-apercu-eng.php |archive-date=April 14, 2009}}</ref> Gwamnati tana tabbatar da ingancin kulawa ta hanyar ƙa'idodin tarayya. Gwamnati ba ta shiga cikin kulawa ta yau da kullun ko tattara duk wani bayani game da lafiyar mutum, wanda ke kasancewa sirri tsakanin mutum da likitansa. Tsarin Medicare na lardin Kanada yana da inganci sosai saboda sauƙin gudanarwarsu. A kowace lardi, kowane likita yana kula da da'awar inshorar da ake yi wa kamfanin inshora na lardin. Babu buƙatar mutumin da ke samun damar kula da lafiya ya shiga cikin lissafin kuɗi da kuma dawo da kuɗi. Gabaɗaya, ana biyan kuɗaɗe ta hanyar kuɗaɗen shiga daga harajin samun kuɗi. Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Lardin tana ba da katin lafiya ga kowane mutum da ya yi rajista a shirin kuma kowa yana samun irin wannan matakin kulawa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Provincial/Territorial Role in Health |url=http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hcs-sss/delivery-prestation/ptrole/index-eng.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140206214055/http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hcs-sss/delivery-prestation/ptrole/index-eng.php |archive-date=February 6, 2014}}</ref> Babu buƙatar tsare-tsare iri-iri domin kusan dukkan muhimman kulawa ta asali ana biyan su, gami da matsalolin haihuwa da rashin haihuwa. Dangane da lardin, kulawar hakori da ta gani ba za a iya biyan su ba amma galibi ana ba su inshora ta hannun ma'aikata ta hanyar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. A wasu larduna, ana samun tsare-tsaren ƙarin masu zaman kansu ga waɗanda ke son ɗakunan zama na kansu idan an kwantar da su a asibiti. Tiyatar kwalliya da wasu nau'ikan tiyatar zaɓi ba a ɗaukar su a matsayin kulawa mai mahimmanci ba kuma gabaɗaya ba a rufe su ba. Ana iya biyan waɗannan daga aljihu ko ta hanyar kamfanonin inshora masu zaman kansu. Rashin ko canjin aiki ba ya shafar inshorar lafiya, kuma babu iyaka ko keɓancewa na tsawon rai ga yanayin da ya riga ya kasance. Ana biyan [[Magani|kuɗin]] gwamnati ne ta hanyar asusun gwamnati, ko kuma ta hanyar inshorar sirri ta hanyar aiki. Gwamnatin tarayya tana tattaunawa da masu samar da magunguna don sarrafa farashi. Likitocin iyali (wanda aka fi sani da likitoci na yau da kullun ko kuma likitocin iyali a Kanada) mutane ne ke zaɓen su. Idan majiyyaci yana son ganin ƙwararre ko kuma aka ba shi shawara ya ga ƙwararre, likita zai iya tura shi ta hanyar likita. 'Yan ƙasar Kanada suna jiran wasu jiyya da ayyukan bincike. Matsakaicin lokacin jira don ayyukan bincike kamar MRI da CAT scans {{NoteTag|Diagnostic tests defined as the following: non-emergency magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) devices; computed tomography (CT or CAT) scans; and angiographies that use X-rays to examine the inner opening of blood-filled structures such as veins and arteries.}} makonni biyu ne, tare da 86.4% suna jira ƙasa da watanni uku. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Section from Healthy Canadians: A Federal report on Comparable Health Indicators |url=http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hcs-sss/pubs/system-regime/2006-fed-comp-indicat/2006-fed-comp-indicat-3-eng.php#a1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080604194222/http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hcs-sss/pubs/system-regime/2006-fed-comp-indicat/2006-fed-comp-indicat-3-eng.php#a1 |archive-date=June 4, 2008}}</ref> Matsakaicin lokacin jira don tiyata shine makonni huɗu, tare da 82.2% suna jira ƙasa da watanni uku. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gray |first=Charlotte |date=October 19, 1999 |title=How bad is the brain drain? |url=http://www.cmaj.ca/content/161/8/1028 |url-status=live |journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal |volume=161 |issue=8 |pages=1028–1029 |pmc=1230682 |pmid=10551204 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213081819/http://www.cmaj.ca/content/161/8/1028 |archive-date=December 13, 2017 |access-date=December 12, 2017 |via=www.cmaj.ca}}</ref> Duk da cewa kudin shigar likitoci ya fara karuwa bayan aiwatar da shirin biyan albashi ɗaya, an samu raguwar albashin likitoci, wanda mutane da yawa ke fargabar zai zama sakamakon kiwon lafiya na dogon lokaci da gwamnati ke gudanarwa. Duk da haka, a farkon karni na 21, kwararrun likitoci sun sake kasancewa cikin manyan masu samun kudin shiga a Kanada. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Duffin |first=Jacalyn |date=2016-11-17 |title=The Impact of Single-Payer Health Care on Physician Income in Canada, 1850–2005 |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=101 |issue=7 |pages=1198–1208 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2010.300093 |issn=0090-0036 |pmc=3110239 |pmid=21566029}}</ref> === Taiwan === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Babban Yuan ce ke kula da harkokin kiwon lafiya a Taiwan. Kamar sauran [[Developed country|ƙasashe masu ci gaba]], mutanen Taiwan suna da isasshen abinci mai gina jiki amma suna fuskantar matsalolin lafiya kamar [[kiba]] mai tsanani da [[Cutar zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]] . <ref name="cp">{{Cite web |date=March 2005 |title=Taiwan country profile |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Taiwan.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512172454/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Taiwan.pdf |archive-date=May 12, 2008 |access-date=2008-05-04 |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] [[Federal Research Division]]}} ''This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the [[public domain]].''</ref> A shekara ta 2002, Taiwan tana da likitoci kusan 1.6 da gadajen asibiti 5.9 ga kowace al'umma 1,000, kuma akwai jimillar asibitoci 36 da asibitoci 2,601 a tsibirin. <ref name="cp"/> Kudaden kiwon lafiya sun kai kashi 5.8% na GDP a shekara ta 2001, wanda kashi 64.9% daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga kudaden gwamnati. <ref name="cp" /> Duk da farkon girgizar tattalin arzikin Taiwan sakamakon karuwar farashin fadada tsarin kula da lafiya, tsarin biyan albashi daya ya samar da kariya daga manyan hadurra na kudi kuma ya sa harkokin kiwon lafiya ya fi samun karbuwa ga jama'a, wanda hakan ya haifar da daidaiton gamsuwar jama'a da kashi 70%. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Lu |first=Jui-Fen Rachel |last2=Hsiao |first2=William C. |date=2003-05-01 |title=Does Universal Health Insurance Make Health Care Unaffordable? Lessons From Taiwan |journal=Health Affairs |language=en |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=77–88 |doi=10.1377/hlthaff.22.3.77 |issn=0278-2715 |pmid=12757274}}</ref> An kafa tsarin kiwon lafiya na yanzu a Taiwan, wanda aka sani da Inshorar Lafiya ta Ƙasa (NHI), a shekarar 1995. NHI wani shiri ne na inshorar zamantakewa na dole wanda ke biyan kuɗi ɗaya tilo wanda ke mai da hankali kan rarraba kuɗaɗen kula da lafiya. Tsarin ya yi alƙawarin samun daidaito ga dukkan 'yan ƙasa don kula da lafiya, kuma yawan jama'a ya kai kashi 99% a ƙarshen 2004. Ana samun kuɗin NHI ne ta hanyar biyan kuɗi, wanda aka gina bisa ga harajin albashi, kuma ana ƙara masa kuɗaɗen da za a biya daga aljihu da kuma kuɗaɗen gwamnati kai tsaye. A matakin farko, kuɗin sabis ya mamaye masu samar da sabis na gwamnati da masu zaman kansu. Yawancin masu samar da lafiya suna aiki a ɓangaren masu zaman kansu kuma suna samar da kasuwa mai gasa a ɓangaren samar da lafiya. Duk da haka, masu samar da kiwon lafiya da yawa sun yi amfani da tsarin ta hanyar bayar da ayyuka marasa amfani ga adadi mai yawa na marasa lafiya sannan suka yi wa gwamnati lissafin kuɗi. A yayin da ake fuskantar karuwar asara da kuma buƙatar rage farashi, NHI ta canza tsarin biyan kuɗi daga kuɗin sabis zuwa kasafin kuɗi na duniya, wani nau'in tsarin biyan kuɗi mai zuwa, a shekara ta 2002. Nasarar da Taiwan ta samu tare da shirin inshorar lafiya mai biyan kuɗi ɗaya yana da alaƙa da albarkatun ɗan adam na ƙasar da ƙwarewar gwamnati ta ƙungiya, wanda hakan ke ba da damar gudanar da shirin inshorar lafiya mai inganci da inganci na gwamnati. <ref name=":0"/> === Koriya ta Kudu === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Koriya ta Kudu ta kasance tana da tsarin inshorar lafiyar jama'a na biyan kuɗi da yawa, kamar tsarin da ake amfani da shi a ƙasashe kamar Japan da Jamus, tare da ƙungiyoyin kiwon lafiya suna ba da inshorar lafiyar jama'a ga dukkan jama'a. Kafin 1977, ƙasar tana da inshorar lafiya mai zaman kansa na son rai, amma gyare-gyaren da aka fara a 1977 sun haifar da inshorar lafiya ta duniya baki ɗaya a 1989. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lee |first=Jong-Chan |date=January 1, 2003 |title=Health Care Reform in South Korea: Success or Failure? |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=93 |issue=1 |pages=48–51 |doi=10.2105/ajph.93.1.48 |pmc=1447690 |pmid=12511383}}</ref> Wani babban garambawul na kuɗaɗen kiwon lafiya a 2000 ya haɗa dukkan ƙungiyoyin kiwon lafiya cikin Sabis na Inshorar Lafiya na Ƙasa. Wannan sabon sabis ya zama tsarin kiwon lafiya mai biyan kuɗi ɗaya a 2004. <ref>{{Cite web |title=h-well NHIS |url=http://www.nhic.or.kr/static/html/wbd/g/a/wbdga0101.html |access-date=2016-12-03 |website=www.nhic.or.kr}}</ref> == Yankuna masu tsarin "Beveridge Model" == === Kasashen Nordic === A wasu lokutan ana ɗaukar ƙasashen Nordic a matsayin suna da ayyukan kiwon lafiya na biyan kuɗi ɗaya, sabanin inshorar kiwon lafiya ta ƙasa mai biyan kuɗi ɗaya kamar Taiwan ko Kanada. Wannan wani nau'i ne na tsarin kiwon lafiya na " Beveridge Model " wanda ke ɗauke da masu samar da lafiyar jama'a ban da inshorar lafiyar jama'a. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Health Care Systems - Four Basic Models - Physicians for a National Health Program |url=http://www.pnhp.org/single_payer_resources/health_care_systems_four_basic_models.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031123300/http://www.pnhp.org/single_payer_resources/health_care_systems_four_basic_models.php |archive-date=October 31, 2017 |access-date=December 12, 2017 |website=www.pnhp.org}}</ref> Kalmar "samfurin Scandinavian" ko "samfurin Nordic" na tsarin kiwon lafiya yana da wasu siffofi da suka zama ruwan dare: galibin masu samar da ayyukan gwamnati, ƙarancin inshorar lafiya na masu zaman kansu, da kuma tsarin da yankuna ke gudanarwa, wanda gwamnatin tsakiya ke da hannu a ciki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=WHO/Europe &#124; Home |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/98417/E93429.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809195038/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/98417/E93429.pdf |archive-date=August 9, 2017 |access-date=2017-10-22}}</ref> Saboda wannan siffa ta uku, ana iya jayayya cewa su masu biyan kuɗi ɗaya ne kawai a matakin yanki, ko kuma tsarin biyan kuɗi da yawa, sabanin tsarin kiwon lafiya da ake gudanarwa a ƙasa da ake samu a Taiwan da Koriya ta Kudu. === Ƙasar Ingila === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Kula da lafiya a Burtaniya lamari ne da aka raba shi, ma'ana Ingila, Scotland, Wales, da Arewacin Ireland duk suna da nasu tsarin [[Kula da lafiyar jama'a|kula da lafiya na sirri da na gwamnati]], wanda galibi ake kira Hukumar Lafiya ta Ƙasa (NHS). Tare da masu samar da lafiya na gwamnati ko na gwamnati, wannan kuma ya dace da "Tsarin Beveridge" na tsarin kula da lafiya, wanda wani lokacin ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin mai biyan kuɗi ɗaya, tare da ƙaramin hannun masu zaman kansu idan aka kwatanta da sauran tsarin duniya baki ɗaya. Kowace ƙasa tana da manufofi da fifiko daban-daban ya haifar da bambance-bambance daban-daban tsakanin tsarin. Duk da haka, kowace ƙasa tana ba da kulawar lafiyar jama'a ga duk mazauna Burtaniya na dindindin waɗanda ke da kyauta a wurin amfani, ana biyan su daga haraji na gabaɗaya. Bugu da ƙari, kowannensu yana da wani kamfani mai zaman kansa wanda ya fi ƙanƙanta da na gwamnati, tare da samar da kiwon lafiya mai zaman kansa da aka samu ta hanyar inshorar lafiya mai zaman kansa, wanda aka ba da kuɗi a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin kiwon lafiya wanda ma'aikaci ke ɗaukar nauyinsa ko kuma wanda abokin ciniki ke biyansa kai tsaye, kodayake ana iya iyakance tanadin ga waɗanda ke da cututtuka kamar HIV / [[Kanjamau|AIDS]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bob Wachter, MD |date=January 16, 2012 |title=The Awkward World of Private Insurance in the UK |url=http://thehealthcareblog.com/blog/2012/01/16/the-awkward-world-of-private-insurance-in-the-uk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116164308/http://thehealthcareblog.com/blog/2012/01/16/the-awkward-world-of-private-insurance-in-the-uk/ |archive-date=November 16, 2016 |publisher=The Health Care Blog}}</ref> Tsarin guda ɗaya sune: * Ingila: Hukumar Lafiya ta Ƙasa (NHS) * Scotland: NHS Scotland * Wales: NHS Wales * Arewacin Ireland: Lafiya da Kula da Jama'a (HSC) A Ingila, ana amfani da kuɗaɗen haraji na gabaɗaya ta hanyar NHS England, wacce ke da alhakin ba da umarni ga ayyukan ƙwararru da kulawa ta farko, da kuma Ƙungiyoyin Gudanar da Asibiti (CCGs), waɗanda ke kula da kashi 60% na kasafin kuɗi kuma suna da alhakin ba da umarnin ayyukan kiwon lafiya ga al'ummar yankinsu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Commissioning |first=NHS |title=NHS Commissioning |url=https://www.england.nhs.uk/commissioning/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151216223927/https://www.england.nhs.uk/commissioning/ |archive-date=December 16, 2015}}</ref> Waɗannan hukumomin da ke ba da umarni ba sa bayar da ayyuka kai tsaye, amma suna samun su daga NHS Trusts da Foundation Trusts, da kuma masu samar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, na sa kai, da na zamantakewa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Choices |first=NHS |title=The structure of the NHS in England |url=http://www.nhs.uk/NHSEngland/thenhs/about/Pages/nhsstructure.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220171503/http://www.nhs.uk/NHSEngland/thenhs/about/Pages/nhsstructure.aspx |archive-date=February 20, 2016 |access-date=2016-02-23 |website=www.nhs.uk}}</ref> == Yankuna masu tsarin inshorar masu biyan kuɗi ɗaya/na masu zaman kansu == === Ostiraliya === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Kula da lafiya a Ostiraliya yana gudana ne ta hanyar cibiyoyin masu zaman kansu da na gwamnati. Medicare kamfani ne na [[Kula da lafiyar duniya|kula da lafiya na duniya]] baki ɗaya da gwamnati ke tallafawa. An kafa shi a shekarar 1984 kuma yana rayuwa tare da tsarin kiwon lafiya mai zaman kansa. Misali, Medicare yana biyan duk kuɗin da ɗan ƙasar Ostiraliya ke kashewa a asibiti na gwamnati, yayin da yake biyan kashi 75% kawai na kuɗin da ake kashewa a asibiti mai zaman kansa . Medicare wani ɓangare ne na kuɗin harajin shiga na kashi 2% (banda ga masu ƙarancin kuɗi), amma galibi daga cikin kuɗin shiga na gabaɗaya. Ana sanya ƙarin kashi 1% ga masu samun kuɗi mai yawa ba tare da [[inshorar lafiya]] mai zaman kansa ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Medicare levy increase to fund DisabilityCare Australia |url=https://www.ato.gov.au/General/New-legislation/In-detail/Direct-taxes/Income-tax-for-individuals/Medicare-Levy-increase-to-fund-DisabilityCare/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402123923/https://www.ato.gov.au/General/New-legislation/In-detail/Direct-taxes/Income-tax-for-individuals/Medicare-Levy-increase-to-fund-DisabilityCare/ |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |access-date=28 February 2015 |website=www.ato.gov.au}}</ref> Baya ga Medicare, akwai wani Tsarin Fa'idodin Magunguna daban-daban wanda ke ba da tallafi sosai ga nau'ikan magungunan da likita ya rubuta. Ministan Lafiya yana gudanar da manufofin kiwon lafiya na ƙasa, waɗanda jihohi daban-daban ke kula da su (kamar gudanar da asibitoci). === Indiya === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Indiya tana da tsarin kula da lafiya mai biyan kuɗi da yawa wanda ake biyan kuɗi ta hanyar haɗin inshorar lafiya na gwamnati da na masu zaman kansu tare da ɓangaren asibitocin gwamnati kusan gaba ɗaya waɗanda ke biyan haraji. <ref name="Zodpey et al 2018">{{Cite journal |last=Zodpey |first=Sanjay |last2=Farooqui |first2=Habib Hasan |date=2018 |title=Universal Health Coverage in India: Progress achieved & the way forward |journal=The Indian Journal of Medical Research |volume=147 |issue=4 |pages=327–329 |doi=10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_616_18 |pmc=6057252 |pmid=29998865 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Tsarin asibitocin gwamnati kyauta ne ga duk mazauna Indiya banda ƙananan biyan kuɗi na haɗin gwiwa a wasu ayyuka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 5, 2020 |title=India &#124; Commonwealth Fund |url=https://www.commonwealthfund.org/international-health-policy-center/countries/india |website=www.commonwealthfund.org}}</ref> A matakin tarayya, Gwamnatin Indiya ta ƙaddamar da wani shirin inshorar lafiya na ƙasa a cikin 2018, mai suna Ayushman Bharat . Wannan yana da nufin rufe ƙasa da kashi 50% (mutane miliyan 500) na al'ummar ƙasar da ke aiki a ɓangaren da ba shi da tsari (kamfanoni waɗanda ke da ƙasa da ma'aikata 10) kuma yana ba su magani kyauta ko da a asibitoci masu zaman kansu. <ref name="Zodpey et al 2018" /> Ga mutanen da ke aiki a ɓangaren da aka tsara (kamfanoni waɗanda ke da ma'aikata sama da 10) kuma suna samun albashin wata-wata har zuwa Rs 21000, tsarin inshorar zamantakewa na Inshorar Jiha na Ma'aikata wanda ke ba da kuɗin kula da lafiyarsu gaba ɗaya (tare da fa'idodin fansho da rashin aikin yi), duka a asibitoci na gwamnati da na masu zaman kansu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 21, 2021 |title=Covid is an opportunity to make structural changes to our largest health insurance and pension schemes |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/covid-india-pension-scheme-health-insurance-7282123/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 March 2022 |title=Coverage |url=https://www.esic.gov.in/coverage |access-date=25 September 2023 |website=esic.gov.in |archive-date=5 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240705172817/https://www.esic.gov.in/coverage |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mutanen da ke samun fiye da wannan adadin suna samun inshorar lafiya daga ma'aikatansu ta hanyar kamfanonin inshora na gwamnati ko na masu zaman kansu da yawa. Ya zuwa shekarar 2020, 'yan Indiya miliyan 300 ne ke da inshorar da aka saya daga ɗaya daga cikin kamfanonin inshora na gwamnati ko na masu zaman kansu ta hanyar ma'aikatansu a matsayin tsarin rukuni ko na mutum ɗaya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 20, 2021 |title=Why you should not miss out on your health insurance renewal |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/why-you-should-not-miss-out-on-your-health-insurance-renewal-7281399/}}</ref> Mutanen da ba su da aikin yi ba tare da inshora ba suna da inshorar inshorar jiha daban-daban idan ba su da hanyar biyan kuɗin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=17 Government Health Insurance Schemes in India: Govt Mediclaim Policy |url=https://www.godigit.com/content/godigit/directportal/en/health-insurance/government-health-insurance-schemes.html |website=Digit Insurance}}</ref> A shekarar 2019, jimillar kudaden da gwamnati ta kashe kan harkokin kiwon lafiya sun kai dala biliyan 36 ko kuma kashi 1.23% na GDP dinta. Tun bayan samun 'yancin kai na kasar, tsarin asibitocin gwamnati gaba daya ana daukar nauyinsa ta hanyar haraji na gama gari. === Isra'ila === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Kula da lafiya a Isra'ila abu ne [[Kula da lafiyar duniya|na kowa da kowa]] kuma shiga cikin tsarin inshorar lafiya dole ne. Duk mazauna [[Isra'ila]] suna da haƙƙin samun kulawar lafiya ta asali a matsayin haƙƙi na asali. Tsarin kula da lafiyar Isra'ila ya dogara ne akan Dokar Inshorar Lafiya ta Ƙasa ta 1995, wanda ya umarci duk 'yan ƙasar da ke zaune a ƙasar su shiga ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin inshorar lafiya guda huɗu na hukuma, waɗanda aka sani da Kupat Holim (קופת חולים - " ''Sick Funds'' ") waɗanda ake gudanarwa a matsayin ƙungiyoyi marasa riba kuma doka ta hana su shiga duk wani zama na zama ɗan Isra'ila. Isra'ilawa na iya ƙara ɗaukar nauyin lafiyarsu da inganta zaɓuɓɓukan su ta hanyar siyan inshorar lafiya mai zaman kansa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharon Segel |date=October 2009 |title=Can universal healthcare work? A look at Israel's successful model |url=http://www.physiciansnews.com/2009/10/01/can-universal-healthcare-work-a-look-at-israels-successful-model/ |access-date=3 August 2015 |publisher=Physicians News Digest}}</ref> A cikin wani bincike da aka gudanar a ƙasashe 48 a shekarar 2013, [[Tsarin kiwon lafiya|tsarin lafiyar]] Isra'ila ya kasance na huɗu a duniya dangane da inganci, kuma a shekarar 2014 ya kasance na bakwai cikin 51. <ref name="bloomberg">{{Cite web |date=25 August 2014 |title=Most Efficient Health Care 2014: Countries - Bloomberg Best (and Worst) |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/infographics/most-efficient-health-care-around-the-world.html |access-date=3 August 2015 |publisher=Bloomberg}}</ref> A shekarar 2020, [[Tsarin kiwon lafiya|tsarin lafiyar]] Isra'ila ya kasance na uku mafi inganci a duniya. A shekarar 2015, an sanya Isra'ila a matsayi na shida a cikin ƙasashe mafi koshin lafiya a duniya a cikin jerin Bloomberg <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 October 2015 |title=Singapore ranked world's healthiest country, UK fails to make top 20 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/singapore-ranked-worlds-healthiest-country-uk-fails-to-make-top-20-a6716281.html |website=The Independent}}</ref> kuma ta zo ta takwas a fannin tsawon rai. === Sipaniya === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>A shekarar 1963, gwamnatin Spain ta kafa tsarin kula da lafiya mai biyan kuɗi ɗaya a Spain. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Seguridad Social:Conócenos |url=http://www.seg-social.es/Internet_1/LaSeguridadSocial/HistoriadelaSegurid47711/index.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130103055711/http://www.seg-social.es/Internet_1/LaSeguridadSocial/HistoriadelaSegurid47711/index.htm |archive-date=January 3, 2013}}</ref> An ci gaba da wannan tsarin ta hanyar gudummawar ma'aikata, kuma an rufe su da waɗanda ke ƙarƙashinsu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 23, 2013 |title=Historia de la Sanidad Pública española. Revisión bibliográfica&nbsp;– Revista Médica Electrónica PortalesMedicos.com |url=http://www.revista-portalesmedicos.com/revista-medica/historia-de-la-sanidad-publica-espanola-revision-bibliografica/2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224170219/http://www.revista-portalesmedicos.com/revista-medica/historia-de-la-sanidad-publica-espanola-revision-bibliografica/2/ |archive-date=December 24, 2014}}</ref> An kafa tsarin duniya baki ɗaya daga baya a shekarar 1986. A lokaci guda kuma, an tura kula da lafiyar jama'a ga al'ummomi daban-daban masu cin gashin kansu a ƙasar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=La protección de la salud en España |url=http://www.msssi.gob.es/organizacion/sns/docs/proteccion08.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918015821/http://www.msssi.gob.es/organizacion/sns/docs/proteccion08.pdf |archive-date=September 18, 2017 |access-date=May 5, 2018 |website=msssi.gob.es}}</ref> Duk da cewa a da ba haka lamarin yake ba, a shekarar 1997 an tabbatar da cewa hukumomin gwamnati za su iya ba da gudummawar kula da lafiyar jama'a ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Documento BOE-A-1997-9021 |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-1997-9021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224164536/https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-1997-9021 |archive-date=December 24, 2014 |publisher=BOE.es |pages=13449–13450}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, a layi ɗaya da tsarin kula da lafiya mai biyan kuɗi ɗaya, akwai kamfanonin inshora masu zaman kansu, waɗanda ke ba da inshora ga wasu likitoci masu zaman kansu da asibitoci. Wani lokaci ma'aikata za su ba da inshorar lafiya mai zaman kansu a matsayin fa'ida, inda kashi 14.8% na al'ummar Spain ke ƙarƙashin inshorar lafiya mai zaman kanta a cikin 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Informe IDIS, Análisis de situación 2013 |url=http://www.fundacionidis.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/AnalisisSituacion_2013.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224164343/http://www.fundacionidis.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/AnalisisSituacion_2013.pdf |archive-date=December 24, 2014}}</ref> A shekarar 2000, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta ayyana tsarin kula da lafiya na Spain a matsayin na 7 mafi kyau a duniya. Tsarin kula da lafiya na Spain yana matsayi na 19 a Turai bisa ga ma'aunin masu amfani da lafiya na Euro na 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |title=2018 European Health Consumer Index |url=https://healthpowerhouse.com/media/EHCI-2018/EHCI-2018-report.pdf |access-date=9 April 2020 |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112031255/https://healthpowerhouse.com/media/EHCI-2018/EHCI-2018-report.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Amurka === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[Fayil:Medicare_for_All_Rally_(35372493482).jpg|thumb|Tawagar neman Medicare ga kowa a [[Los Angeles]] a shekarar 2017]] Medicare a Amurka tsarin kula da lafiyar jama'a ne, amma an takaita shi ga mutanen da suka kai shekara 65 zuwa sama, mutanen da ke ƙasa da shekara 65 waɗanda ke da nakasa ta musamman, da duk wanda ke da cutar koda ta ƙarshe . An gabatar da shawarwari da dama don tsarin kula da lafiyar jama'a mai biyan kuɗi ɗaya a Amurka. An gabatar da Dokar Medicare for All Act a Majalisar Wakilai a watan Fabrairun 2003; an sake gabatar da ita sau da yawa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Galvani |first=Alison P. |last2=Parpia |first2=Alyssa S. |last3=Foster |first3=Eric M. |last4=Singer |first4=Burton H. |last5=Fitzpatrick |first5=Meagan C. |date=2020-02-15 |title=Improving the prognosis of health care in the USA |journal=The Lancet |language=en |volume=395 |issue=10223 |pages=524–533 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(19)33019-3 |issn=0140-6736 |pmc=8572548 |pmid=32061298 |s2cid=211105345}}</ref> A watan Yulin 2018, 'yan Democrat sama da 60 a Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka sun sanar da kafa Dokar Medicare for All Caucus . A ranar 17 ga Maris, 2021, daidai shekara guda bayan COVID-19 ya bayyana a kowace [[Jihohin Tarayyar Amurka|jiha ta Amurka]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jayapal, Dingell to Unveil Medicare for All Act Exactly One Year After 1st Covid Cases Confirmed in Every State |url=https://www.commondreams.org/news/2021/03/13/jayapal-dingell-unveil-medicare-all-act-exactly-one-year-after-1st-covid-cases |access-date=2021-03-18 |website=Common Dreams |language=en}}</ref> 'Yan Democrat na Majalisar sun gabatar da Dokar Medicare for All Act ta 2021 tare da magoya baya 112. <ref>{{Cite web |title='Everyone In, Nobody Out': Jayapal, Dingell Introduce Medicare for All Act With 112 Co-Sponsors |url=https://www.commondreams.org/news/2021/03/17/everyone-nobody-out-jayapal-dingell-introduce-medicare-all-act-112-co-sponsors |access-date=2021-03-18 |website=Common Dreams |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Progressive Democrats Revive Medicare-for-All Campaign |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/politics/medicare-for-all-gets-renewed-push-after-pandemic-devastation/ar-BB1eGtlY |access-date=2021-03-18 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=House Democrats bring back Medicare-for-all, seeking to push Biden left |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/politics/house-democrats-bring-back-medicare-for-all-seeking-to-push-biden-left/ar-BB1eEOdh |access-date=2021-03-18 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Henney |first=Megan |date=2021-03-17 |title=House Dems renew push for 'Medicare-for-all,' pressure Biden to move left |url=https://www.foxbusiness.com/politics/house-dems-renew-push-for-medicare-for-all |access-date=2021-03-18 |website=FOXBusiness |language=en-US}}</ref> Masu fafutuka sun yi jayayya cewa kashe kuɗin kula da lafiya na rigakafi na iya adana ɗaruruwan biliyoyin daloli a kowace shekara saboda kulawar lafiya ta jama'a za ta amfani ma'aikata da masu amfani, cewa ma'aikata za su amfana daga tarin abokan ciniki masu yawa kuma masu ɗaukar ma'aikata za su iya biyan ƙasa da haka, za a kare su daga kuɗaɗen gudanarwa, kuma rashin daidaito tsakanin ma'aikata zai ragu. Babban dalilin da ya sa Amurkawa ke ba da kuɗi mai yawa shine babban dalilin da ya sa Amurkawa ke ba da matsalolin samun kulawar lafiya. <ref name="dpeaflcio.org">{{Cite web |date=August 15, 2016 |title=The U.S. Health Care System: An International Perspective - DPEAFLCIO |url=http://dpeaflcio.org/programs-publications/issue-fact-sheets/the-u-s-health-care-system-an-international-perspective/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328093811/http://dpeaflcio.org/programs-publications/issue-fact-sheets/the-u-s-health-care-system-an-international-perspective/ |archive-date=March 28, 2018 |website=dpeaflcio.org}}</ref> A sama da miliyan 27, adadin mutanen da ba su da inshorar lafiya a Amurka yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan damuwar da masu fafutukar sake fasalin kiwon lafiya ke fuskanta. Rashin inshorar lafiya yana da alaƙa da ƙaruwar mace-mace - kimanin mace-mace 60,000 da za a iya hanawa kowace shekara, ya danganta da binciken. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 22, 2017 |title="There will be deaths": Atul Gawande on the GOP plan to replace Obamacare |url=https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2017/6/22/15857482/atul-gawande-gop-health-plan-bcra |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731190845/https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2017/6/22/15857482/atul-gawande-gop-health-plan-bcra |archive-date=July 31, 2017}}</ref> Wani bincike da aka yi a Makarantar Likitanci ta Harvard tare da Cambridge Health Alliance ya nuna cewa kusan mace-mace 45,000 a shekara suna da alaƙa da rashin inshorar lafiyar marasa lafiya. Binciken ya kuma gano cewa Amurkawa masu aiki marasa inshora suna da haɗarin mutuwa kusan kashi 40% mafi girma idan aka kwatanta da Amurkawa masu inshorar sirri. Masu tallafawa masu biyan kuɗi ɗaya ko Medicare for All sun lura cewa tsiraru da talakawa, da kuma mazauna karkara gabaɗaya, ba su da ƙarfin biyan inshorar lafiya mai zaman kansa, kuma waɗanda za su iya dole ne su biya manyan kuɗaɗen da za a cire daga asusun inshorar lafiya da kuma biyan kuɗi na haɗin gwiwa waɗanda ke barazana ga iyalai da lalacewar kuɗi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-08-22 |title=Health Care In Rural America |url=https://www.cfra.org/Healthcare |access-date=2020-06-01 |website=Center for Rural Affairs |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 17, 2015 |title=Single-Payer Health Reform: A Step Toward Reducing Structural Racism in Health Care {{!}} Harvard Public Health Review: A Student Publication |url=http://harvardpublichealthreview.org/single-payer-health-reform-a-step-toward-reducing-structural-racism-in-health-care/ |access-date=2020-06-01 |website=harvardpublichealthreview.org |archive-date=2020-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610175254/http://harvardpublichealthreview.org/single-payer-health-reform-a-step-toward-reducing-structural-racism-in-health-care/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Masu fafutuka sun kiyasta tanadi na dogon lokaci wanda ya kai kashi 40% na duk kuɗaɗen kiwon lafiya na ƙasa saboda tsawaita lokacin kula da lafiyar rigakafi, kodayake ƙididdiga daga Ofishin Kasafin Kuɗi na Majalisa da ''Jaridar New England ta Medicine'' sun gano cewa kulawar rigakafi ta fi tsada saboda ƙaruwar amfani da ita. <ref name="canadasavings">{{Cite journal |last=Hogg |first=W. |last2=Baskerville |first2=N |last3=Lemelin |first3=J |year=2005 |title=Cost savings associated with improving appropriate and reducing inappropriate preventive care: cost-consequences analysis |journal=BMC Health Services Research |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=20 |doi=10.1186/1472-6963-5-20 |pmc=1079830 |pmid=15755330 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Duk wani tsarin ƙasa za a biya shi ta hanyar haraji wanda zai maye gurbin kuɗin inshora, amma masu fafutuka kuma sun yi imanin cewa za a cimma tanadi ta hanyar kulawa ta rigakafi da kuma kawar da kuɗaɗen kamfanin inshora da kuɗin biyan kuɗi na asibiti. <ref name="nytimes">{{Cite web |last=Krugman |first=Paul |date=June 13, 2005 |title=One Nation, Uninsured |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/13/opinion/13krugman.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113102609/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/13/opinion/13krugman.html |archive-date=November 13, 2013 |access-date=December 4, 2011 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> Wani bincike na 2008 game da lissafin mai biyan kuɗi ɗaya da Likitoci suka yi don Shirin Lafiya na Ƙasa ya kiyasta cewa tanadin nan take zai kai dala biliyan 350 a kowace shekara. Asusun Commonwealth ya yi imanin cewa, idan Amurka ta amince da tsarin kula da lafiya na duniya baki ɗaya, adadin mace-mace zai inganta kuma ƙasar za ta adana kusan dala biliyan 570 a shekara. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Friedman |first=Gerald |author-link=Gerald Friedman (economist) |title=Funding a National Single-Payer System "Medicare for All" Would save Billions, and Could Be Redistributive |journal=[[Dollars & Sense]]}}</ref> ==== Manufofi da shawarwari na ƙasa ==== Gwamnati na ƙara shiga cikin kashe kuɗin kula da lafiya na Amurka, tana biyan kusan kashi 45% na dala tiriliyan 2.2 da ƙasar ta kashe kan kula da lafiyar mutane a shekarar 2004. Duk da haka, bincike ya nuna cewa kason da gwamnati ke bayarwa na kiwon lafiya a Amurka na iya kusan kusan kashi 60% a shekarar 2002. A cewar masanin tattalin arziki a fannin lafiya na Jami'ar Princeton, Uwe Reinhardt, masanin tattalin arziki na Medicare, Medicaid, da kuma Shirin Inshorar Lafiyar Yara na Jiha (SCHIP) suna wakiltar "nau'ikan ' inshorar zamantakewa ' tare da tsarin isar da lafiya mai zaman kansa" maimakon nau'ikan " maganin zamantakewa ". Sabanin haka, ya bayyana tsarin kula da lafiyar Tsohon Soji a matsayin cikakken nau'in maganin zamantakewa saboda "gwamnati ce ke da shi, ke gudanarwa kuma tana ba da kuɗi." A cikin wata takarda da aka yi nazari a kanta da aka buga a cikin ''Annals of Internal Medicine'', masu bincike na RAND Corporation sun ba da rahoton cewa ingancin kulawar da marasa lafiya na Tsohon Soji suka samu ya fi yawa a jimilla fiye da ma'auni makamancin haka ga marasa lafiya da ke amfani da Medicare na Amurka a halin yanzu. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Asch SM, McGlynn EA, Hogan MM, et al |date=December 2004 |title=Comparison of quality of care for patients in the Veterans Health Administration and patients in a national sample |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=141 |issue=12 |pages=938–45 |doi=10.7326/0003-4819-141-12-200412210-00010 |pmid=15611491 |s2cid=35973709 |doi-access=}}</ref> Dokar Medicare for All wani tsari ne da aka daɗe ana amfani da shi a Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka wanda a wancan lokacin, John Conyers (D-MI) ya gabatar sau da yawa a Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka . Dokar za ta kafa tsarin kula da lafiya na kowa da kowa wanda ke biyan kuɗi ɗaya a Amurka, wanda yayi daidai da Medicare na Kanada, Hukumar Lafiya ta Ƙasa ta Burtaniya, da Ofishin Inshorar Lafiya ta Ƙasa na [[Taiwan]], da sauran misalai. An fara gabatar da dokar a shekarar 2003 kuma an sake gabatar da ita a kowace Majalisa tun daga lokacin. <ref name="intro2013" /> A lokacin muhawarar kula da lafiya ta 2009 game da dokar da ta zama Dokar Kare Marasa Lafiya da Kulawa Mai Sauƙi, ana sa ran Majalisar za ta yi muhawara a kanta kuma ta kaɗa ƙuri'a a kan HR 676 a watan Satumba na 2009, amma ba a taɓa yin muhawara a kanta ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=H.R. 676: United States National Health Care Act or the Expanded and Improved Medicare for All Act (Govtrack.us) |url=http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=h111-676 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100131101240/http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=h111-676 |archive-date=January 31, 2010 |access-date=December 1, 2009}}</ref> Bayan yakin neman zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Bernie Sanders na 2016, inda aka nuna himma ga kula da lafiya ta duniya, shawarwarin masu biyan kuɗi ɗaya sun sami karɓuwa. Conyers ya sake gabatar da kudirinsa a Majalisar Wakilai a watan Janairun 2017. Bayan watanni hudu, kudirin ya samu goyon bayan masu tallafawa 112, wanda ya zarce kashi 25% na tallafin hadin gwiwa. <ref name="hr676/2017">{{Cite web |title=H.R.676 - Expanded & Improved Medicare For All Act |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/676?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22John+conyers%22%5D%7D&r=12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918155538/https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/676?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22John+conyers%22%5D%7D&r=12 |archive-date=September 18, 2017 |access-date=September 18, 2017}}</ref> A watan Satumba na wannan shekarar, Sanders da kansa, tare da masu tallafawa 16, sun gabatar da kudirin Medicare-for-all a Majalisar Dattawa (S. 1804). <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 13, 2017 |title=S.1804 - A bill to establish a Medicare-for-all health insurance program |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/senate-bill/1804?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22Bernard+Sanders%22%5D%7D |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180505224729/https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/senate-bill/1804?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22Bernard+Sanders%22%5D%7D |archive-date=May 5, 2018 |access-date=September 18, 2017}}</ref> Wani bincike da aka gudanar a Cibiyar Mercatus kan shawarar da masanin tattalin arziki Jeffrey Sachs ya gabatar a shekarar 2017 ya gano cewa "ya kammala da gaskiya kuma kai tsaye cewa M4A za ta samar da ƙarin inshorar lafiya a farashi mai rahusa fiye da yadda take a yanzu, yana hasashen raguwar kashe kuɗin kiwon lafiya na ƙasa da dala tiriliyan 2 a cikin shekaru 10 (2022-2031), yayin da kuma ke ba da damar ƙara yawan inshorar kiwon lafiya." Duk da haka, masanin Mercatus Robert Graboyes ya nuna cewa binciken ya ɗauki zato na masu fafutukar kudirin da gangan don kawai a yi jayayya: "Idan M4A ta samar da kowace fa'ida da kuma tanadin da Sanders ya yi hasashen zai faru, ta yaya kuɗaɗen gwamnatin tarayya za su canza?" Ya ci gaba da cewa: "Sanders ya ɗauka cewa za mu iya sukar likitoci, ma'aikatan jinya, asibitoci, kamfanonin magunguna, da sauransu da rage albashi mai yawa, amma duk da haka muna tsammanin za su samar da ayyuka da kayayyaki da farin ciki fiye da yadda suke yi yanzu. Ya kuma ɗauka cewa ma'aikatan gwamnati na tarayya ... za su zama abin koyi ga ingantaccen gudanarwa." Ofishin Kasafin Kudi na Majalisa da hukumomin gwamnati masu alaƙa sun ƙididdige kuɗin tsarin kula da lafiya mai biyan kuɗi ɗaya sau da yawa tun daga 1991. Ofishin Kula da Hakkin Gwamnati ya buga wani rahoto a 1991 yana lura da cewa "[Idan] Amurka za ta koma ga tsarin kula da lafiya na duniya da mai biyan kuɗi ɗaya, kamar yadda yake a Kanada, tanadin kuɗaɗen gudanarwa [kashi 10 cikin 100 na kashe kuɗi na lafiya] zai isa ya rage kuɗin kula da lafiya na duniya." Babban Bankin Duniya ya ƙididdige kuɗin a shekarar 1991, yana mai lura da cewa "yawan mutanen da ba su da inshora a halin yanzu za a iya biyan su ba tare da ƙara yawan kuɗin da ake kashewa a ƙasa kan lafiya ba" kuma "dukkan mazauna Amurka za su iya samun inshorar lafiya na kusan matakin kashe kuɗi na yanzu ko ma ƙasa da haka, saboda tanadi a cikin kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da ƙarancin kuɗin biyan kuɗi don ayyukan da masu inshorar masu zaman kansu ke amfani da su." Rahoton CBO a shekarar 1993 ya bayyana cewa "<nowiki>[[t]]</nowiki> kuɗaɗen da ake kashewa wajen cimma tsarin inshorar duniya a ƙarƙashin wannan tsarin biyan kuɗi ɗaya zai zama mara kyau" a wani ɓangare saboda "kuɗin da masu amfani za su biya don lafiya zai faɗi da $1,118 ga kowane mutum, amma haraji dole ne ya ƙaru da $1,261 ga kowane mutum" domin biyan kuɗin shirin. Wani sakamako na watan Yulin 1993 ya kuma haifar da sakamako mai kyau, inda CBO ta bayyana cewa, "[a]s shirin ya fara aiki a mataki na farko, tanadin gudanarwa daga canzawa zuwa tsarin biyan kuɗi ɗaya zai daidaita yawancin buƙatun ayyukan kiwon lafiya da ake buƙata." Daga baya, iyaka kan ci gaban kasafin kuɗin kiwon lafiya na ƙasa zai riƙe ƙimar ci gaban kashe kuɗi ƙasa da tushen tushe." Babban Bankin Ƙasa ya kuma ba da takardar shaidar Dokar Lafiya da Tsaro ta Amurka ta Sanata Paul Wellstone ta 1993 a watan Disamba 1993, inda ya gano cewa "a shekara ta biyar (da kuma a cikin shekaru masu zuwa) sabon tsarin zai yi ƙasa da farashin tushe." Wani bincike da aka buga a shekarar 2014 a mujallar BMC Medical Services Research ta James Kahn, da sauransu, ya gano cewa ainihin nauyin gudanarwa na kula da lafiya a Amurka shine kashi 27% na duk kuɗaɗen kiwon lafiya na ƙasa. Binciken ya binciki kuɗaɗen kai tsaye da kamfanonin inshora ke caji don riba, gudanarwa da tallatawa, amma kuma nauyin da ba na kai tsaye ba da aka ɗora wa masu samar da kiwon lafiya kamar asibitoci, gidajen jinya da likitoci saboda kuɗaɗen da suka kashe wajen aiki da kamfanonin inshorar lafiya masu zaman kansu, gami da tattaunawar kwangila, harkokin kuɗi da kuma rikodin asibiti (mai canzawa da kuma na musamman ga kowane mai biyan kuɗi). Kahn, da sauransu, sun kiyasta cewa ƙarin kuɗin da aka kashe wa tsarin kiwon lafiyar masu zaman kansu a Amurka ya kai kimanin dala biliyan 471 a shekarar 2012 idan aka kwatanta da tsarin biyan kuɗi ɗaya kamar na Kanada. Wannan ya wakilci sama da kashi 20% na jimillar kuɗin kula da lafiya na ƙasa a shekarar 2012. Kahn ya yi iƙirarin cewa wannan ƙarin kuɗin gudanarwa zai ƙaru a ƙarƙashin Dokar Kulawa Mai Sauƙi tare da dogaro da samar da inshorar lafiya ta hanyar tsarin biyan kuɗi da yawa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kahn |first=James |date=2014 |title=Billing and insurance-related administrative costs in US healthcare |journal=BMC Health Services Research |volume=14 |page=556 |doi=10.1186/s12913-014-0556-7 |pmc=4283267 |pmid=25540104 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wani bincike da aka yi a watan Fabrairun 2020 wanda aka buga a ''jaridar The Lancet'' ya gano cewa dokar Medicare for All Act da aka tsara za ta ceci rayuka 68,000 da kuma dala biliyan 450 a cikin kuɗin kula da lafiya na ƙasa kowace shekara. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Galvani |first=Alison P |last2=Parpia |first2=Alyssa S |last3=Foster |first3=Eric M |last4=Singer |first4=Burton H |last5=Fitzpatrick |first5=Meagan C |date=February 13, 2020 |title=Improving the prognosis of health care in the USA |journal=The Lancet |volume=395 |issue=10223 |pages=524–533 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(19)33019-3 |pmc=8572548 |pmid=32061298 |s2cid=211105345}}</ref> A cewar wani bincike da aka yi a shekarar 2022 da aka buga a cikin Littafin ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America'', tsarin kula da lafiya na duniya mai biyan kuɗi ɗaya zai ceci rayuka 212,000 kuma ya hana sama da dala biliyan 100 na kuɗin likita a lokacin annobar COVID-19 a Amurka a shekarar 2020 kawai. Kusan kashi 16% na dukkan mace-macen COVID-19 sun faru ne a Amurka, duk da cewa kashi 4% ne kawai na yawan jama'ar duniya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Galvani |first=Alison P. |last2=Parpia |first2=Alyssa S. |display-authors=etal. |date=2022 |title=Universal healthcare as pandemic preparedness: The lives and costs that could have been saved during the COVID-19 pandemic |journal=PNAS |volume=119 |issue=25 |bibcode=2022PNAS..11900536G |doi=10.1073/pnas.2200536119 |pmc=9231482 |pmid=35696578 |s2cid=249645274 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> l9dvuhxakrjemfg1kcf67oqwsnbqinc 0 155528 873807 849677 2026-07-01T20:48:05Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 873807 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Clear}} {{Authority control}}{{Clear}}<gallery mode="packed"> Fayil:Late_Western_Zhou_Jade_Necklace.jpg|Necklace, Late Zhou dynasty (c.1046 to 256 BC), [[Sin|China]] Fayil:Tiffany_Opal_Necklace.jpg|Tiffany Opal Necklace Fayil:Minoan_gold_necklace_archmus_Heraklion.jpg|Minoan Gold Necklace (Archmus Heraklion) Fayil:Napoleon-diamond-necklace.jpg|Napoleonic-era Diamond Necklace Fayil:Post_Emerald_Necklace_01.jpg|Emerald Necklace Fayil:Egyptian_carnelian_necklace.JPG|Carnelian, Limestone, and Quartz Egyptian necklace Fayil:Ancient_Byzantine_gold_necklace_(Met).jpg|Gold Ancient Byzantine Necklace with Pendants Fayil:KHM_Wien_VIIb_133_-_Golden_Vandal_necklace,_c._300_AD.jpg|Gold and Glass Vandal necklace, c. AD 300 Fayil:Getty_Villa_-_Necklace_with_relief_pendant_-_83.AM.225(1).jpg|Necklace with Relief Pendant Fayil:KHM_Wien_VIIa_2_-_Silver_necklace,_600-650_AD.jpg|Silver necklace, c. AD 600-650 Fayil:Beads_from_a_Necklace_MET_dp30573.jpg|Frankish Glass Bead Necklace Fayil:Necklace_MET_ES1799.jpg|Gold and Platinum Necklace Fayil:Necklace_with_Pendant_Crosses_MET_dp30693.jpg|Byzantine Christian cross necklace Fayil:Necklace_MET_2014.294_d.jpg|German Metal Necklace Fayil:Sea_necklace.jpg|Necklace made from crochet lace, pearls, and sterling silver. Fayil:Necklace_MET_DT5736.jpg|Gold and Platinum French Necklace Fayil:Glass_necklace_BM_WA_133334.jpg|Glass Necklace Fayil:Rosaline_Pearl_Necklace.jpg|Rosaline Pearl Necklace Fayil:Dirce_Repossi_White_Gold_and_Diamonds_Necklace.jpg|Dirce Repossi White Gold and Diamonds Necklace Fayil:Roman_-_Necklace_with_Pendant_Coins_-_Walters_571600.jpg|Gold Roman Necklace with Pendant Coins and Braided Chain- Walters 571600 Fayil:Uranium-glass-necklace.jpg|Uranium glass necklace, circa 1940/1950. Uranium glass glows bright green under ultraviolet light. </gallery> [[Fayil:Dasaneh_girls.JPG|thumb|Daasanach girls wearing necklaces]] Wani wuyan wuyan kayan ado ne wanda ake sawa a wuyan. Wataƙila '''wuyan wuyan wuyansa''' na ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan kayan ado na farko da mutane suka sa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Davenport |first=Cyril |year=1902 |title=Journal of the Society for Arts, Vol. 50, no. 2595 |journal=The Journal of the Society of Arts |volume=50 |issue=2595 |pages=769–780 |jstor=41335652}}</ref> Sau da yawa suna yin bikin, [[addini]], sihiri, ko dalilai na jana'iza kuma ana amfani da su azaman alamun wadata da matsayi, saboda yawanci ana yin su da ƙarfe da duwatsu masu daraja. Babban bangare na wuyan hannu shine band, sarkar, ko igiya da ke kewaye da wuyan. Wadannan galibi ana fassara su a cikin karafa masu daraja kamar [[Zinare|zinariya]], azurfa, da platinum. Sau da yawa wuyan wuyan wuyansa suna da ƙarin haɗe-haɗe da aka dakatar ko saka a cikin wuyan wuya kanta. Wadannan haɗe-haɗe yawanci sun haɗa da pendants, lockets, amulet, giciye, da kayan aiki masu daraja da masu mahimmanci kamar lu'u-lu'u, lu'u'u, rubies, emeralds, garnets, da sapphires. Ana yin su da nau'ikan kayan aiki daban-daban kuma ana amfani da su don abubuwa da yawa kuma wani lokacin ana rarraba su azaman tufafi. == Gwargwadon tarihi == [[Fayil:Neolithic_talc_necklace_-_PRE.2009.0.237.1.IMG_1833-black.jpg|left|thumb|200x200px|Neolith Talc Necklace]] === Kayan wuyan da suka gabata === Mutanen da suka gabata galibi suna amfani da kayan halitta kamar gashin tsuntsaye, ƙashi, harsashi, da kayan shuka don ƙirƙirar ƙwallo. Shaidar farkon wuyan wuyan [[Upper Paleolithic]] da aka yi a kudancin Afirka da gabashin Afirka ya samo asali ne daga 50,000 BP.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McKie |first=McKie |date=16 January 2022 |title=Trail of African bling reveals 50,000-year-old social network |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2022/jan/16/trail-of-african-bling-reveals-50000-year-old-social-network |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116075302/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2022/jan/16/trail-of-african-bling-reveals-50000-year-old-social-network |archive-date=16 January 2022 |access-date=16 January 2022 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> A lokacin Bronze Age kayan ado na ƙarfe sun maye gurbin kayan ado na karfe. An fara nuna wuyan hannu a cikin mutum-mutumi da fasaha na Tsohon Gabas ta Tsakiya, kuma an kirkiro wuyan hannu na farko da aka yi da ƙarfe masu daraja tare da duwatsu a Turai. === Al'adda gargajiya === [[Fayil:Broad_Collar_of_Wah_MET_DP307898.jpg|thumb|Kayan kwalliya mai laushi na Masar na jami'in daular 12 Wah daga kabarinsa na Theban]] A Tsohon Mesopotamiya, ana amfani da hatimi na cylinder kuma ana sawa a matsayin kayan ado.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cylinder seal and modern impression: hunting scene {{!}} Work of Art {{!}} Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History {{!}} The Metropolitan Museum of Art |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/41.160.192/ |access-date=7 November 2017 |website=The Met's Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History}}</ref> A Tsohon Babila, ana yin ƙwallo da Carnelian, lapis lazuli, Agate, da [[Zinare|zinariya]], wanda kuma aka sanya shi cikin sarkar zinariya. [[Sumer|Tsohon Sumerians]] sun kirkiro ƙuƙwalwa da Beads daga zinariya, azurfa, lapis lazuli da carnelian.<ref name="Tait 1986" /> A tsohuwar Misira, an sa nau'ikan wuyan wuyan wuya daban-daban. Tsohon Masarawa na zamani sun sa ƙuƙwalwar kayan halitta ko kayan ado masu daraja don addini, bikin, da dalilai na jana'iza.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Model collar of Hapiankhtifi {{!}} Work of Art {{!}} Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History {{!}} The Metropolitan Museum of Art |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/12.183.16/ |access-date=7 November 2017 |website=The Met's Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History}}</ref> Wadannan ƙuƙwalwar sau da yawa ana yin ado da su da ƙananan, gilashi, tukwane, da kuma beads. Ana kuma haɗa beads da aka yi daga abubuwa masu daraja da kayan da ke da daraja don ƙirƙirar ƙwallo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Necklace of Gold Ball Beads {{!}} Work of Art {{!}} Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History {{!}} The Metropolitan Museum of Art |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/40.3.17/ |access-date=7 November 2017 |website=The Met's Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History}}</ref> Zinariya da aka tsara a cikin tsire-tsire masu salo, dabba, da siffofin kwari sun zama ruwan dare. An kuma juya Amulets zuwa wuyan hannu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Egyptian Amulets Essay Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History The Metropolitan Museum of Art |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/egam/hd_egam.htm |archive-date= |access-date=7 November 2017 |website=The Met's Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History}}</ref> A Tsohon tsibirin tsibirin tsibiri duk ɗalibai ne ke sawa; manoma suna sa duwatsu a kan zaren flax yayin da masu arziki ke sa beads na agate, lu'u-lu'u, carnelian, amethyst, da dutse mai lu'u.<ref name="Bigelow 1979" /> An kuma sa pendants da aka siffanta a cikin tsuntsaye, dabbobi, da mutane, ban da takalma.<ref name="Bigelow 1979" /> [[Fayil:Greek_-_Necklace_with_Butterfly_Pendant_-_Walters_57386.jpg|left|thumb|Wani wuyan wuyan Girkanci mai launi da aka yi da maciji Krishna Roy]] A Tsohon Girka, ana amfani da ƙwallo na [[Zinare|Zinariya]] da aka kirkira tare da repoussé da wayoyin zinariya.<ref name="Bigelow 1979">{{Cite book}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana yin ado da waɗannan ƙwallo tare da rosettes masu launin shudi ko kore, siffofin dabbobi, ko siffofin tukunya waɗanda galibi ana ba da cikakken bayani tare da gefuna.<ref name="Bigelow 1979" /> Har ila yau, ya zama ruwan dare a sa dogon sarƙoƙi na zinariya tare da cameos da aka dakatar da su da ƙananan kwantena na turare.<ref name="Bigelow 1979" /> An gabatar da sabbin abubuwa a zamanin Hellenistic; an ba da izinin duwatsu masu launi don ɓangarorin poly-chromatic, kuma an rataye ƙwanƙolin kawunan dabba da masu kama da mashi ko bud daga sarƙoƙi. Tsohon Etruscans sun yi amfani da granulation don ƙirƙirar beads na zinariya wanda aka ɗaure shi da gilashi da beads na faience don ƙirƙirar ƙuƙwalwa masu launi.<ref name="Tait 1986" /> A cikin Tsohon Roma, ƙwallo suna daga cikin nau'ikan kayan ado da yawa da Romawa suka sa. Sau da yawa ana yin ado da ƙwallo na zinariya da azurfa tare da abubuwa masu daraja na Ƙarshen waje kamar amber, lu'u-lu'u, amethyst, Safir, da lu'u'u-ulu'u.<ref name="The Met's Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History 2017">{{Cite web |title=Luxury Arts of Rome {{!}} Essay {{!}} Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History {{!}} The Metropolitan Museum of Art |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luxu/hd_luxu.htm |access-date=7 November 2017 |website=The Met's Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History}}</ref> Bugu da kari, ana amfani da igiyoyin lu'ulu'u, faranti na zinariya da aka saka tare da enamel, da duwatsu masu haske da aka saita a cikin filigree na zinariya. Yawancin manyan wuyan wuyan wuyansa da kayan da suka yi wa wuyan wuyar wuyan wuya sun shigo da su daga Gabas ta Tsakiya.Kusan Gabas. [[Fayil:Necklace_with_Pendant_Cross_MET_40502.jpg|thumb|185x185px|Ƙarƙashin gicciye na Kirista na Byzantine]] A baya daga baya a daular, bayan hare-haren barbarawa, kayan ado masu launuka da haske suka fara shahara. A zamanin Daular Biyzantiyum, ana yawan amfani da igiyoyi na lu'ulu'u da sarkoki na zinari da aka kawata, amma sabbin hanyoyi kamar amfani da '''niello''' (wani irin baƙin sinadari da ake amfani da shi wajen kawata zinariya) sun ba da damar yin sarkoki da duwatsu masu daraja waɗanda ke bayyana sosai da haske. A farkon zamanin Biyzantiyum, an fara karkata zuwa kayan ado na Kiristanci waɗanda ke nuna alamomin sabuwar addinin Kirista. === Jerin lokaci na ƙwallo na Turai da ba na gargajiya ba === 2000 BC - AD 400: amulet na tagulla da aka yi da murjani sun zama ruwan dare. A cikin Celtic da Gallic Turai, ƙwallo mafi mashahuri shine ƙarfe mai nauyi, wanda aka yi sau da yawa daga tagulla, amma wani lokacin daga azurfa, zinariya, ko gilashi ko beads na amber. [[Fayil:Torque_à_tampons_Somme-Suippe_Musée_Saint-Remi_120208.jpg|left|thumb|Bronze-century 4 BC buffer-type torc daga Faransa&nbsp;]] '''AD 400 - 1300''': Ƙungiyoyin [[Bagidaje|barbarians]] na farko na Turai sun fi son ƙuƙwalwar zinariya mai faɗi, mai rikitarwa ba kamar ƙuƙwalwa ba. Ƙabilun Jamusanci galibi suna sa zinariya da azurfa tare da cikakkun bayanai kuma an saka su da gilashi mai launi da duwatsu masu daraja, musamman garnet. Ƙungiyoyin Anglo-Saxon da Scandinavian sun yi aiki galibi a cikin azurfa, saboda rashi na zinariya, da kuma siffofin dabbobi da siffofin dabba a cikin zoben wuyansa. A cikin zamanin Gothic ƙwallo ba a saba gani ba, kodayake akwai wasu bayanan lu'u-lu'u, ruby, da lu'u'u-lub'u.<ref name="Gregorietti 1969" /> Ba har sai da aka karɓi ƙananan wuyan wuyan wuyansa daga baya a [[Zamanin Tsakiya]] ba ne ƙwallo ya zama ruwan dare. 1400-1500: A lokacin [[Renaissance]] ya kasance mai kyau ga maza su sa sarƙoƙi da yawa, takardu, da pendants a wuyansu, kuma a ƙarshen karni na 15 maza mafi arziki za su sa manyan, kafadu da ke rufe wuyan da aka yi da lu'u-lu'u. Mata galibi suna sa abubuwa masu sauki, kamar sarƙoƙi na zinariya, ko lu'u-lu'u. A ƙarshen lokacin, mafi girma, mafi ƙanƙanta kayan ado sun zama ruwan dare a tsakanin masu arziki, musamman a Italiya.<ref name="Gregorietti 1969" /> 1500-1600: Ana amfani da igiyoyi masu tsawo da sarƙoƙi tare da duwatsu masu daraja. A ƙarshen rabin karni, an haɗa kayan ado na halitta, kamar murjani da lu'u-lu'u, tare da enamel da karafa don ƙirƙirar abubuwan da suka dace.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pendant in the Form of Neptune and a Sea Monster {{!}} Work of Art {{!}} Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History {{!}} The Metropolitan Museum of Art |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/1982.60.378/ |access-date=8 November 2017 |website=The Met's Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History}}</ref> Kyakkyawan kayan ado, kayan ado na cameo da aka tsara da kyau sun shahara. Chokers, na ƙarshe da aka saba sawa a zamanin d ̄ a, suma sun sake farfadowa a wannan lokacin. 1600-1700: Maza kalilan ne a zamanin [[Baroque]] suka sa kayan ado, kuma ga mata ƙwallo ba su da ƙwarewa, sau da yawa lu'u-lu'u masu sauƙi ko kuma an haɗa su da kyau da kuma kyawawan igiyoyin ƙarfe tare da ƙananan duwatsu. Daga baya a cikin karni, bayan kirkirar sabbin dabarun yankan lu'u-lu'u, an ba da fifiko ga kayan ado da kansu a karon farko, ba saitunan su ba; ya zama ruwan dare ga kayan ado a sanya su a cikin layin baƙar fata. Har ila yau, ƙananan abubuwa sun karu da shahara, kuma galibi ana sanya su cikin [[Hoto (Portrait)|hoton]] ko makullin.<ref name="Tait 1986" /> 1700-1800: Har yanzu ana amfani da hotunan hoto, kuma a cikin saitunan kayan ado masu ban sha'awa. Sabbin masu arziki sun yi farin ciki da kayan ado, kuma sabbin duwatsu masu kama da zinariya sun ba su damar samun damar yin amfani da ƙwallo na lokacin.<ref name="Tait 1986" /> A farkon karni, salon da ya fi dacewa shine layin velvet tare da pendants da aka dakatar da kuma wuyan wuyan rivière, jere ɗaya na manyan duwatsu masu daraja.<ref name="Tait 1986" /> A tsakiyar ƙarni mai launi, ƙuƙwalwa ƙuƙwalwa da aka yi da ainihin kayan ado na kwaikwayon sun shahara, kuma ƙarshen ƙarni ya ga sake farfadowa na neo-Classical.<ref name="Tait 1986" /> A cikin Age of Enlightenment riguna sau da yawa suna nuna wuyan wuyan wuyansa wanda mata ke nunawa da layin wuyan wuya maimakon wuyan gargajiya, amma wasu mata sun sa chokers da aka saka da rubies da lu'u-lu'u. An gabatar da lu'ulu'u na tsaba a Amurka a lokacin Tarayyar Tarayya, wanda ya haifar da karuwar lu'ulu-lu'u.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Necklace {{!}} Work of Art {{!}} Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History {{!}} The Metropolitan Museum of Art |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/2003.350.2/ |access-date=9 November 2017 |website=The Met's Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History}}</ref> '''1800-1870:''' Ƙananan wuyan kayan ado na kotu na gaye a wannan lokacin ya haifar da amfani da manyan sarƙoƙi da aka kafa tare da kayan ado masu daraja. A cikin kotun [[Napoleon]] cewa tsohon salon Girka ya kasance na gaye, kuma mata suna sanya lu'u-lu'u na lu'u-lu'u ko sarƙoƙi na zinariya tare da ramuka da kayan ado. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Parure: tiara, necklace, and brooch {{!}} Luigi Saulini, John Gibson {{!}} 40.20.55a-c {{!}} Work of Art {{!}} Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History {{!}} The Metropolitan Museum of Art |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/40.20.55a-c/ |access-date=8 November 2017 |website=The Met's Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History}}</ref> A cikin [[Romanticism|lokacin Romantic]] sarƙaƙƙiya sun kasance masu ban sha'awa: an yi ado da kayan ado mai ma'ana, abin wuya mai lu'u-lu'u tare da madaidaicin pendants na lu'u-lu'u da kuma rosettes na duwatsu masu daraja tare da iyakokin lu'u-lu'u. <ref name="Bigelow 1979" /> Har ila yau, ya zama ruwan dare don sa kayan ado na ado da aka makala a wuyan wuyansa. <ref name="Bigelow 1979" /> An yi wasu ƙullun don a wargaje su kuma a sake daidaita su zuwa guntun wuyan wuyan wuyan wuyan hannu, [https://www.anuradhaartjewellery.com/blog/gauhar-khan-wedding-look-out-amazing-jewellery-costume-inspiration/ tsintsiya], da abin wuya. <ref name="Gregorietti 1969" /> Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwaƙwalwa na Ƙaƙwalwa na Ƙaƙwal na Ƙaƙwal na Ƙaƙwal na Ƙaƙwal na Ƙaƙwal ) da aka yi daga Ingila ya nuna kullun, layi na tsaye da kuma babban taimako na cathedrals. <ref name="Gregorietti 1969" /> Empress Eugénie ta shahara bare kayan kwalliya tare da sarƙaƙƙiya masu yawa akan makogwaro, kafadu, da ƙirji. <ref name="Bigelow 1979" /> Har ila yau, akwai sha'awar zamanin da; An sake yin kayan ado na mosaic da sarƙoƙi na Roman da Girkanci. Kayan ado da injina da aka yi da lantarki sun ba da izinin kwararar abin wuyan kwaikwayo mara tsada. <ref name="Gregorietti 1969" /> 1870-1910: Zamanin Edwardian ya ga sake farfado da ƙwallo na lu'u-lu'u, ban da salon ƙwallo-ƙwallo na kare da aka yi da zinariya ko platinum tare da lu'u'u-ulu'u, emeralds, ko rubies. Motsi na Art Nouveau ya yi wahayi zuwa ga alamomi, zane-zane tare da kayan halitta da dabbobi. Abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su - gilashi, porcelain, tagulla, hauren giwa, mahaifiyar lu'u-lu'u, ƙaho, da enamel - ba a yi amfani da ita ba don darajar su, amma don bayyanar su. <ref name="Tait 1986" /> 1910-1970: Chanel ya shahara da kayan ado na kayan ado, kuma igiyoyin gilashin gilashi sun zama ruwan dare. Motsi na Art Deco ya haifar da kayan ado masu yawa, waɗanda suka haɗu da nau'ikan lu'u-lu'u da ƙarfe. A cikin shekarun 1960 an sa kayan ado na kayan ado a ko'ina, wanda ya haifar da yanayi, sauye-sauye na ƙwallo da sauran kayan ado. Kyakkyawan kayan ado da aka saba da su a wannan lokacin sun haɗa da ƙuƙwalwar azurfa ta ƙuƙwalwa ko ƙuƙwan ƙuƙwasawa ta ƙuɓɓugar azurfa, da ƙuɓɓuka masu daraja da aka saita a cikin platinum ko ƙuɓɓukan zinariya waɗanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare su a lokacin Daular Faransa.<ref name="Bigelow 1979" /> Beads na soyayya (wani igiya na dutse ko gilashi) da ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa (yawanci ana yin su da igiyoyin fata ko sarƙoƙi na ƙarfe tare da ƙuɓɓugar ƙarfe) sun zama sanannun kuma maza ne suka sa su.<ref name="Bigelow 1979" /> == Gabashin Asiya == === China === ==== Chaozhu ==== {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}}A cikin Daular Qing [[Sin|China]], ƙwallo na kotu da ake kira Chinese-language romanization" typeof="mw:Transclusion">chaozhu (Sinanci: 朝珠), sarakunan daular Qing da sauran mambobin gidan sarauta ne suka sa shi. Kayan kwalliya na kotu ya samo asali ne daga rosary na Buddha wanda Dalai Lama ya aiko a 1643 ga sarki na farko na daular Qing. Wannan wuyan ya ƙunshi ƙananan beads 108, tare da manyan beads 4 na duwatsu daban-daban don nuna alamar yanayi 4, kuma an sanya shi tsakanin kungiyoyi na beads 27. Har ila yau, ƙwallo yana da amfani kamar yadda za'a iya amfani dashi don lissafin lissafi ba tare da abacus ba. {{Reflist}} ==== Mugun da ke da maɓallin kulle mai tsawo ==== [[Fayil:2021657_200354_Museon.jpg|thumb|168x168px|Kayan kwalliya na kasar Sin tare da kulle na tsawon rai]] A kasar Sin, akwai al'ada ta sanya wuyan wuyan wuyansa tare da maɓallin kulle na tsawon lokaci. Wadannan kayan kwalliya a wasu lokuta ana ɗaure su a wuyan yara ta hanyar firistocin Buddha ko Taoist.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ancient Chinese Lock Charms |url=https://primaltrek.com/locks.html |access-date=30 August 2022 |website=primaltrek.com}}</ref> An san da {{Transl|zh|changmingsuo}} (lit. 'kulle na tsawon rayuwa') kuma muhimmiyar nau'i ce ta amulet ga yara na dubban shekaru a al'adun kasar Sin. Dangane da imanin kasar Sin, {{Transl|zh|changmingsuo}} yana kare yara daga mugayen ruhohi da rashin sa'a ta hanyar kulle ran wanda ke ɗauke da shi da rayuwarsa a cikin kulle.<ref name="ChinaFetching.com 2022">{{Cite web |title=Chinese Pendant Accessories {{!}} ChinaFetching |url=https://www.chinafetching.com/tradition-of-china-pendant |access-date=30 August 2022 |website=ChinaFetching.com |language=en}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana yin changmingsuo da kayan daraja, kamar zinariya, azurfa, da jade, kuma suna da kalmomi masu kyau da aka sassaƙa a kai.<ref name="ChinaFetching.com 2022" /> Ana ci gaba da sanya wannan nau'in wuyan a kasar Sin ta yanzu.{{Authority control}} ==== Yingluo ==== [[Fayil:同心湖のほとりで写真を写す漢服愛好家ふたり.jpg|thumb|Yarinya da ke sanye da Hanfu da salon zamani, lu'u-lu'u {{Transl|zh|yingluo}} (hagu), 2021]] '''Yingluo''' (Harshen Sin: 璎珞 a sauƙaƙe; 瓔珞 a na gargajiya) wata irin abin wuya ce da aka fi kama da zobba ko sarka mai kyau, wanda asalinta na da tushe daga kayan ado na addinin Buddah da ake nunawa a cikin fasahar addinin Buddah (misali: cikin mutum-mutumi da zane-zane) a kasar Sin. Asalin ''yingluo'' yana da tushe ne daga tsohuwar kasar '''Indiya''', inda ake da irin wannan kayan ado mai suna ''keyūra'' a matsayin samfurin farko. An fara shigo da zane-zanen ''keyūra'' zuwa kasar Sin ne tare da zuwan '''addinin Buddah'''. Zane-zanen ''yingluo'' da aka samu a kasar Sin, misali a '''Dunhuang''', sun samo salo da siffofi iri-iri waɗanda suka nuna hadewar al’adun ƙetare (wato marasa asalin Sin) da kuma al’adun asalin kasar Sin, sakamakon yanayin musamman na gabar ƙasar. ''Yingluo'' ta canza daga kasancewa kayan ado na fasahar addinin Buddah zuwa sarka ta gaske da ake sawa a jiki a zamanin '''daular Tang'''. Daga nan ta zama sarka ta gargajiya da ake amfani da ita a cikin al’umar Sinawa tsawon ƙarni da dama. Yanzu ma har yanzu ana ci gaba da sa ''yingluo'', musamman a matsayin wani nau’in kayan ado da ake haɗawa da '''Hanfu''' (tufafin gargajiyar Sinawa) daga lokacin da aka fara '''Gwagwarmayar Hanfu'''. ''Yingluo'' tana zuwa cikin siffofi, salo, da kayan aiki masu yawa daban-daban.{{Authority control}} == Oceania == === Tasmania === ==== Gilashin kwalliya ==== Mata 'yan asalin Tasmania suna yin ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa daga ƙuƙwanƙwalwar magajin gari (''Phasianotrochus irisodontes'') aƙalla shekaru 2,600, tare da wasu manyan tarin a gidajen tarihi. Ci gaba da aikin yana fuskantar barazanar rage wadata, kuma mace ta Palawa ta shida Lola Greeno ta damu da cewa aikin zai mutu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trans |first=Jeppe |date=9 August 2020 |title=Fears Indigenous Tasmanian necklaces could become lost art |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-08-09/traditional-aboriginal-shell-necklace-making-under-threat/12537904 |access-date=11 August 2020 |website=ABC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Greeno |first=Aunty Lolo |date=26 May 2020 |title=Tasmanian Aboriginal shell necklaces |url=https://australian.museum/learn/first-nations/tasmanian-aboriginal-shell-necklaces/ |access-date=12 August 2020 |website=The Australian Museum}}</ref> == Tsawon wuyan wuyan == Ana rarraba wuyan hannu ta tsawon: [[Fayil:Chain_length.jpg|thumb|Hoton tsawon wuyan hannu]] ; Ƙarƙashin ƙwallo : Kimanin 30~33 centimeters (12~13-inch) tsawo kuma yana zaune a wuyansa. ; Mai cin abinci : Kusan kusa, gajere, 35~41 centimeters (14~16 in) tsawo. ; Yarima mai wuyan wuyan wuyar wuyan wuya : 45~50 centimeters (18~20 in) tsawo. ; Kayan kwalliya na safe : 56~58 centimeters (22~23 in) tsawo. ; Kayan kwalliya na opera : 75~90 centimeters (30~35 in) tsawo kuma yana zaune a ƙirjin. ; Ɗauki na igiya : Duk wani abu da ya fi tsayi fiye da tsawon opera. ; Kayan kwalliya : Bambanci mai tsawo a kan igiya, ba tare da ɗaurewa ba, sau da yawa ana sawa sau da yawa a wuyan. == Gidan wasan kwaikwayo == {{Authority control}} == Irin waɗannan abubuwa == [[Fayil:Cowon_iAUDIO_T2.jpg|thumb|mai kunna sauti na dijital (DAP) wanda aka tsara don a sa shi a wuyansa]] '''Kayan ado na kirji''' kayan ado ne waɗanda ake amfani da su kamar ƙwallo, kamar su reimiro, da tsoffin kayan ado na Masar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pectoral Ornament |url=https://philamuseum.org/collection/object/327238 |access-date=11 July 2024 |website=[[Philadelphia Museum of Art]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pectoral Ornament with Dotted Decoration |url=https://art.thewalters.org/detail/613/pectoral-with-dotted-decoration/ |access-date=11 July 2024 |website=[[Walters Art Museum]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pectoral Ornament |url=https://peabody.harvard.edu/media-gallery/detail/1423883/1122768 |access-date=11 July 2024 |website=[[Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology|Peabody Museum]]}}</ref> .Abubuwan da ba kayan ado ba, alal misali lanyards, don riƙe lambobin da katunan, suna kama da wuyan wuyan kuma ana sawa a wuyan. == Dubi kuma == * Gidan ƙwallo na giciye * Mai cin abinci * Ƙarƙashin ƙwallo * Sashin Figaro * Sashin kayan ado * Livery collar * Locket * Beads na soyayya * A lokacin * Tushen * Ruwan Usekh == Ƙarin karantawa == * Kyautar Shekaru 7,000 ed. Hugh Tait .{{ISBN|0-8109-8103-3}} * Kyautar ta hanyar Zamanin Guido Gregorietti. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/0-8281-0007-1|<bdi>0-8281-0007-1</bdi>]].{{ISBN|0-8281-0007-1}} * Shekaru 20,000 na Fashion: Tarihin Costume da kayan ado na Francois Boucher . [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/0-8109-1693-2|<bdi>0-8109-1693-2</bdi>]].{{ISBN|0-8109-1693-2}} == Manazarta == {{Clear}}{{Authority control}}{{Clear}}{{Authority control}} 02wpbuanasbgxvcizp38itidf6fzm1r 0 155872 874275 867071 2026-07-02T10:50:16Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 874275 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Magungunan rauni na jima'i shine maganin likita da na tunanin mutum da aka bayar ga wadanda suka tsira daga tashin hankali na jima'in da nufin magance raunin jikinsu da kuma magance raunin tunani wanda taron ya haifar. Misalan tashin hankali na jima'i sun haɗa da duk wani aikin jima'i da ba a so kamar cin zarafin jima'i, cin zarafi, [[fyade]], da yaduwar abubuwan jima'i ba tare da izini ba.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Garcia-Moreno |first=Claudia |last2=Guedes |first2=Alessandra |last3=Knerr |first3=Wendy |date=2012 |title=Sexual violence |url=https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/77434/WHO_RHR_12.37_eng.pdf;jsessionid=5A5836706C2CE16745B3E5FC1EAD300E?sequence=1 |access-date=31 March 2021 |website=WHO}}</ref> Ana iya amfani da nau'o'i daban-daban na maganin rauni na jima'i a duk lokacin warkarwa. Ana ba da magani nan take ga waɗanda suka tsira don magance raunin, tattara shaidu, da kuma hana kamuwa da cuta ta jima'i (STIs) da [[Juna biyu|ciki]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Garcia-Moreno |first=Claudia |last2=Guedes |first2=Alessandra |last3=Knerr |first3=Wendy |date=2012 |title=Sexual violence |url=https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/77434/WHO_RHR_12.37_eng.pdf;jsessionid=5A5836706C2CE16745B3E5FC1EAD300E?sequence=1 |access-date=31 March 2021 |website=WHO}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGarcia-MorenoGuedesKnerr2012">Garcia-Moreno, Claudia; Guedes, Alessandra; Knerr, Wendy (2012). [https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/77434/WHO_RHR_12.37_eng.pdf;jsessionid=5A5836706C2CE16745B3E5FC1EAD300E?sequence=1 "Sexual violence"]. ''WHO''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Bugu da ƙari, ana amfani da hanyoyin maganin tunani ga mutanen da ke da cututtukan kwakwalwa da waɗanda ke fama da sakamakon motsin rai sakamakon abubuwan da suka faru.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=American Psychiatric Association |date=2019 |title=What is Psychotherapy? |url=https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/psychotherapy |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=www.psychiatry.org}}</ref> Magungunan ilimin halayyar dan adam sun hada da maganin halayyar mutum, maganin halayya mai da hankali kan rauni (TF-CBT), rashin jin daɗi na motsi da maganin sake sarrafawa (EMDR), <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Cowan |first=Allison |last2=Ashai |first2=Ali |last3=Gentile |first3=Julie P. |date=2020-01-01 |title=Psychotherapy with Survivors of Sexual Abuse and Assault |journal=Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience |volume=17 |issue=1–3 |pages=22–26 |issn=2158-8333 |pmc=7239557 |pmid=32547843}}</ref> maganin wasa, <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Devlin |first=James M. |last2=Hill |first2=Lisa |last3=Berry |first3=Jordan |last4=Felder |first4=Kerri |last5=Wilson |first5=Clara |date=2019 |title=Therapeutic Practices for Sexually Abused Children and Adolescents: Resources for Marriage, Family, and Couples' Counselors |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1066480719844017 |journal=The Family Journal |language=en |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=359–365 |doi=10.1177/1066480719844017 |issn=1066-4807 |s2cid=155630729 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> da kuma maganin jima'i.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last=Barnes |first=Michael F. |date=1995 |title=Sex therapy in the couples context: Therapy issues of victims of sexual trauma |journal=The American Journal of Family Therapy |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=351–360 |doi=10.1080/01926189508251365 |via=EBSCOhost}}</ref> == Magunguna na Kiwon Lafiya == === Magani da raunin jiki === Rashin rauni na jiki da na hanci na al'ada ya zama ruwan dare a cikin wadanda suka tsira daga tashin hankali na jima'i; ana buƙatar kulawa ta likita idan mutum ya sami kowane irin rauni na likita. Dangane da tsananin yanayin, za a bi da mutumin da ya shafa daidai. Ana ci gaba da raunin al'aura sakamakon shiga cikin jima'i, inda raunin yawanci ya haɗa da ja, abrasions da tsagewa. Koyaya, akwai bambancin yaduwar nau'in da wurin rauni na jiki da aka gabatar a cikin waɗanda suka tsira. Ana iya bayar da wannan bayanin ta hanyar cikakken bincike. Mutane da yawa da suka tsira daga cin zarafin jima'i suna neman kulawar likita a matsayin hanyar tattara shaidar shari'a.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Jina |first=Ruxana |last2=Jewkes |first2=Rachel |last3=Vetten |first3=Lisa |last4=Christofides |first4=Nicola |last5=Sigsworth |first5=Romi |last6=Loots |first6=Lizle |date=2015 |title=Genito-anal injury patterns and associated factors in rape survivors in an urban province of South Africa: a cross-sectional study |journal=BMC Women's Health |volume=15 |doi=10.1186/s12905-015-0187-0 |pmc=4396864 |pmid=25887051 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Jarabawar likita ta cin zarafin jima'i === Bayan harin, wadanda suka tsira na iya zabar karbar jarrabawar likita ta jima'i. A lokacin tsari, wanda ya tsira na iya tsayawa, tsayawa ko tsallake matakai a duk lokacin da ya cancanta.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=What Is a Sexual Assault Forensic Exam? |url=https://www.rainn.org/articles/rape-kit |access-date=31 March 2021 |publisher=RAINN}}</ref> Wadannan gwaje-gwaje suna tattara shaidu na jiki kamar hotuna, samfurori na DNA ta hanyar binciken ciki, swabbing na waje na jiki, jini, fitsari da samfurori. Gwaje-gwaje na ciki sun haɗa da bincika baki, al'aura da hanci. <ref name=":11" /> Kayan binciken shari'a, wanda aka fi sani da "Kayan fyade" ko kayan shaida na cin zarafin jima'i (SAEK) ya ƙunshi umarni, takardu da kwantena don samfurori da aka tattara da adana, ta ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya. Abubuwan da ke cikin kayan sun bambanta da yankuna.<ref name=":11" /> Zaɓin karɓar jarrabawar likita ta cin zarafin jima'i na iya ƙara yiwuwar gurfanar da shi tunda shaidar DNA ta zama sananne a kotu. Za a iya gabatar da rahoto game da abin da ya faru na cin zarafin jima'i idan wanda ya tsira yana so.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=What Is a Sexual Assault Forensic Exam? |url=https://www.rainn.org/articles/rape-kit |access-date=31 March 2021 |publisher=RAINN}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.rainn.org/articles/rape-kit "What Is a Sexual Assault Forensic Exam?"]. RAINN<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> === Gwaje-gwaje da kuma kula da cututtukan da aka samu ta hanyar jima'i === [[Fayil:Emergency_contraceptive_(cropped).jpg|thumb|222x222px|Magungunan hana daukar ciki na gaggawa.]] STIs irin su chlamydia, [[Ciwon sanyi|gonorrhoea]], kamuwa da Kwayar cutar rigakafin mutum (HIV) da kamuwa da cutar papillomavirus ta mutum (HPV) wasu yiwuwar tasirin tashin hankali ne na jima'i. Idan an bar cutar ba tare da magani ba, wanda ya tsira na iya ɗaukar nauyin matsaloli na dogon lokaci wanda ya haɗa da: cututtukan kumburi na pelvic, rashin haihuwa, da wasu nau'ikan cututtukani. == Medical Treatment == === Magani da raunin jiki === Rashin rauni na jiki da na hanci na al'ada ya zama ruwan dare a cikin wadanda suka tsira daga tashin hankali na jima'i; ana buƙatar kulawa ta likita idan mutum ya sami kowane irin rauni na likita.[1] Dangane da tsananin yanayin, za a bi da mutumin da ya shafa daidai. Ana ci gaba da raunin al'aura sakamakon shiga cikin jima'i, inda raunin yawanci ya haɗa da ja, abrasions da tsagewa. Koyaya, akwai bambancin yaduwar nau'in da wurin rauni na jiki da aka gabatar a cikin waɗanda suka tsira. Ana iya bayar da wannan bayanin ta hanyar cikakken bincike. Mutane da yawa da suka tsira daga cin zarafin jima'i suna neman kulawar likita a matsayin hanyar tattara shaidar shari'a.[2] == Medical Treatment == === Magani da raunin jiki === Rashin rauni na jiki da na hanci na al'ada ya zama ruwan dare a cikin wadanda suka tsira daga tashin hankali na jima'i; ana buƙatar kulawa ta likita idan mutum ya sami kowane irin rauni na likita.[1] Dangane da tsananin yanayin, za a bi da mutumin da ya shafa daidai. Ana ci gaba da raunin al'aura sakamakon shiga cikin jima'i, inda raunin yawanci ya haɗa da ja, abrasions da tsagewa. Koyaya, akwai bambancin yaduwar nau'in da wurin rauni na jiki da aka gabatar a cikin waɗanda suka tsira. Ana iya bayar da wannan bayanin ta hanyar cikakken bincike. Mutane da yawa da suka tsira daga cin zarafin jima'i suna neman kulawar likita a matsayin hanyar tattara shaidar shari'a.[2] === Jarabawar likita ta cin zarafin jima'i === Bayan harin, wadanda suka tsira na iya zabar karbar jarrabawar likita ta jima'i. A lokacin tsari, wanda ya tsira na iya tsayawa, tsayawa ko tsallake matakai a duk lokacin da ya cancanta.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=What Is a Sexual Assault Forensic Exam? |url=https://www.rainn.org/articles/rape-kit |access-date=31 March 2021 |publisher=RAINN}}</ref> Wadannan gwaje-gwaje suna tattara shaidu na jiki kamar hotuna, samfurori na DNA ta hanyar binciken ciki, swabbing na waje na jiki, jini, fitsari da samfurori. Gwaje-gwaje na ciki sun haɗa da bincika baki, al'aura da hanci. <ref name=":11" /> == Medical Treatment == === Magani da raunin jiki === Rashin rauni na jiki da na hanci na al'ada ya zama ruwan dare a cikin wadanda suka tsira daga tashin hankali na jima'i; ana buƙatar kulawa ta likita idan mutum ya sami kowane irin rauni na likita.[1] Dangane da tsananin yanayin, za a bi da mutumin da ya shafa daidai. Ana ci gaba da raunin al'aura sakamakon shiga cikin jima'i, inda raunin yawanci ya haɗa da ja, abrasions da tsagewa. Koyaya, akwai bambancin yaduwar nau'in da wurin rauni na jiki da aka gabatar a cikin waɗanda suka tsira. Ana iya bayar da wannan bayanin ta hanyar cikakken bincike. Mutane da yawa da suka tsira daga cin zarafin jima'i suna neman kulawar likita a matsayin hanyar tattara shaidar shari'a.[2] === Jarabawar likita ta cin zarafin jima'i === Bayan harin, wadanda suka tsira na iya zabar karbar jarrabawar likita ta jima'i. A lokacin tsari, wanda ya tsira na iya tsayawa, tsayawa ko tsallake matakai a duk lokacin da ya cancanta.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=What Is a Sexual Assault Forensic Exam? |url=https://www.rainn.org/articles/rape-kit |access-date=31 March 2021 |publisher=RAINN}}</ref> Wadannan gwaje-gwaje suna tattara shaidu na jiki kamar hotuna, samfurori na DNA ta hanyar binciken ciki, swabbing na waje na jiki, jini, fitsari da samfurori. Gwaje-gwaje na ciki sun haɗa da bincika baki, al'aura da hanci. <ref name=":11" /> Kayan binciken shari'a, wanda aka fi sani da "Kayan fyade" ko kayan shaida na cin zarafin jima'i (SAEK) ya ƙunshi umarni, takardu da kwantena don samfurori da aka tattara da adana, ta ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya. Abubuwan da ke cikin kayan sun bambanta da yankuna.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=What Is a Sexual Assault Forensic Exam? |url=https://www.rainn.org/articles/rape-kit |access-date=31 March 2021 |publisher=RAINN}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.rainn.org/articles/rape-kit "What Is a Sexual Assault Forensic Exam?"]. RAINN<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> == Medical Treatment == === Magani da raunin jiki === Rashin rauni na jiki da na hanci na al'ada ya zama ruwan dare a cikin wadanda suka tsira daga tashin hankali na jima'i; ana buƙatar kulawa ta likita idan mutum ya sami kowane irin rauni na likita.[1] Dangane da tsananin yanayin, za a bi da mutumin da ya shafa daidai. Ana ci gaba da raunin al'aura sakamakon shiga cikin jima'i, inda raunin yawanci ya haɗa da ja, abrasions da tsagewa. Koyaya, akwai bambancin yaduwar nau'in da wurin rauni na jiki da aka gabatar a cikin waɗanda suka tsira. Ana iya bayar da wannan bayanin ta hanyar cikakken bincike. Mutane da yawa da suka tsira daga cin zarafin jima'i suna neman kulawar likita a matsayin hanyar tattara shaidar shari'a.[2] === Jarabawar likita ta cin zarafin jima'i === Bayan harin, wadanda suka tsira na iya zabar karbar jarrabawar likita ta jima'i. A lokacin tsari, wanda ya tsira na iya tsayawa, tsayawa ko tsallake matakai a duk lokacin da ya cancanta.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=What Is a Sexual Assault Forensic Exam? |url=https://www.rainn.org/articles/rape-kit |access-date=31 March 2021 |publisher=RAINN}}</ref> Wadannan gwaje-gwaje suna tattara shaidu na jiki kamar hotuna, samfurori na DNA ta hanyar binciken ciki, swabbing na waje na jiki, jini, fitsari da samfurori. Gwaje-gwaje na ciki sun haɗa da bincika baki, al'aura da hanci. <ref name=":11" /> Kayan binciken shari'a, wanda aka fi sani da "Kayan fyade" ko kayan shaida na cin zarafin jima'i (SAEK) ya ƙunshi umarni, takardu da kwantena don samfurori da aka tattara da adana, ta ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya. Abubuwan da ke cikin kayan sun bambanta da yankuna.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=What Is a Sexual Assault Forensic Exam? |url=https://www.rainn.org/articles/rape-kit |access-date=31 March 2021 |publisher=RAINN}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.rainn.org/articles/rape-kit "What Is a Sexual Assault Forensic Exam?"]. RAINN<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Zaɓin karɓar jarrabawar likita ta cin zarafin jima'i na iya ƙara yiwuwar gurfanar da shi tunda shaidar DNA ta zama sananne a kotu. Za a iya gabatar da rahoto game da abin da ya faru na cin zarafin jima'i idan wanda ya tsira yana so.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=What Is a Sexual Assault Forensic Exam? |url=https://www.rainn.org/articles/rape-kit |access-date=31 March 2021 |publisher=RAINN}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.rainn.org/articles/rape-kit "What Is a Sexual Assault Forensic Exam?"]. RAINN<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> == Medical Treatment == === Magani da raunin jiki === Rashin rauni na jiki da na hanci na al'ada ya zama ruwan dare a cikin wadanda suka tsira daga tashin hankali na jima'i; ana buƙatar kulawa ta likita idan mutum ya sami kowane irin rauni na likita.[1] Dangane da tsananin yanayin, za a bi da mutumin da ya shafa daidai. Ana ci gaba da raunin al'aura sakamakon shiga cikin jima'i, inda raunin yawanci ya haɗa da ja, abrasions da tsagewa. Koyaya, akwai bambancin yaduwar nau'in da wurin rauni na jiki da aka gabatar a cikin waɗanda suka tsira. Ana iya bayar da wannan bayanin ta hanyar cikakken bincike. Mutane da yawa da suka tsira daga cin zarafin jima'i suna neman kulawar likita a matsayin hanyar tattara shaidar shari'a.[2] === Jarabawar likita ta cin zarafin jima'i === Bayan harin, wadanda suka tsira na iya zabar karbar jarrabawar likita ta jima'i. A lokacin tsari, wanda ya tsira na iya tsayawa, tsayawa ko tsallake matakai a duk lokacin da ya cancanta.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=What Is a Sexual Assault Forensic Exam? |url=https://www.rainn.org/articles/rape-kit |access-date=31 March 2021 |publisher=RAINN}}</ref> Wadannan gwaje-gwaje suna tattara shaidu na jiki kamar hotuna, samfurori na DNA ta hanyar binciken ciki, swabbing na waje na jiki, jini, fitsari da samfurori. Gwaje-gwaje na ciki sun haɗa da bincika baki, al'aura da hanci. <ref name=":11" /> Kayan binciken shari'a, wanda aka fi sani da "Kayan fyade" ko kayan shaida na cin zarafin jima'i (SAEK) ya ƙunshi umarni, takardu da kwantena don samfurori da aka tattara da adana, ta ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya. Abubuwan da ke cikin kayan sun bambanta da yankuna.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=What Is a Sexual Assault Forensic Exam? |url=https://www.rainn.org/articles/rape-kit |access-date=31 March 2021 |publisher=RAINN}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.rainn.org/articles/rape-kit "What Is a Sexual Assault Forensic Exam?"]. RAINN<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Zaɓin karɓar jarrabawar likita ta cin zarafin jima'i na iya ƙara yiwuwar gurfanar da shi tunda shaidar DNA ta zama sananne a kotu. Za a iya gabatar da rahoto game da abin da ya faru na cin zarafin jima'i idan wanda ya tsira yana so.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=What Is a Sexual Assault Forensic Exam? |url=https://www.rainn.org/articles/rape-kit |access-date=31 March 2021 |publisher=RAINN}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.rainn.org/articles/rape-kit "What Is a Sexual Assault Forensic Exam?"]. RAINN<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> === Gwaje-gwaje da kuma kula da cututtukan da aka samu ta hanyar jima'i === [[Fayil:Emergency_contraceptive_(cropped).jpg|thumb|222x222px|Magungunan hana daukar ciki na gaggawa.]] == Medical Treatment == === Magani da raunin jiki === Rashin rauni na jiki da na hanci na al'ada ya zama ruwan dare a cikin wadanda suka tsira daga tashin hankali na jima'i; ana buƙatar kulawa ta likita idan mutum ya sami kowane irin rauni na likita.[1] Dangane da tsananin yanayin, za a bi da mutumin da ya shafa daidai. Ana ci gaba da raunin al'aura sakamakon shiga cikin jima'i, inda raunin yawanci ya haɗa da ja, abrasions da tsagewa. Koyaya, akwai bambancin yaduwar nau'in da wurin rauni na jiki da aka gabatar a cikin waɗanda suka tsira. Ana iya bayar da wannan bayanin ta hanyar cikakken bincike. Mutane da yawa da suka tsira daga cin zarafin jima'i suna neman kulawar likita a matsayin hanyar tattara shaidar shari'a.[2] === Jarabawar likita ta cin zarafin jima'i === Bayan harin, wadanda suka tsira na iya zabar karbar jarrabawar likita ta jima'i. A lokacin tsari, wanda ya tsira na iya tsayawa, tsayawa ko tsallake matakai a duk lokacin da ya cancanta.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=What Is a Sexual Assault Forensic Exam? |url=https://www.rainn.org/articles/rape-kit |access-date=31 March 2021 |publisher=RAINN}}</ref> Wadannan gwaje-gwaje suna tattara shaidu na jiki kamar hotuna, samfurori na DNA ta hanyar binciken ciki, swabbing na waje na jiki, jini, fitsari da samfurori. Gwaje-gwaje na ciki sun haɗa da bincika baki, al'aura da hanci. <ref name=":11" /> Kayan binciken shari'a, wanda aka fi sani da "Kayan fyade" ko kayan shaida na cin zarafin jima'i (SAEK) ya ƙunshi umarni, takardu da kwantena don samfurori da aka tattara da adana, ta ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya. Abubuwan da ke cikin kayan sun bambanta da yankuna.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=What Is a Sexual Assault Forensic Exam? |url=https://www.rainn.org/articles/rape-kit |access-date=31 March 2021 |publisher=RAINN}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.rainn.org/articles/rape-kit "What Is a Sexual Assault Forensic Exam?"]. RAINN<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Zaɓin karɓar jarrabawar likita ta cin zarafin jima'i na iya ƙara yiwuwar gurfanar da shi tunda shaidar DNA ta zama sananne a kotu. Za a iya gabatar da rahoto game da abin da ya faru na cin zarafin jima'i idan wanda ya tsira yana so.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=What Is a Sexual Assault Forensic Exam? |url=https://www.rainn.org/articles/rape-kit |access-date=31 March 2021 |publisher=RAINN}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.rainn.org/articles/rape-kit "What Is a Sexual Assault Forensic Exam?"]. RAINN<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> === Gwaje-gwaje da kuma kula da cututtukan da aka samu ta hanyar jima'i === [[Fayil:Emergency_contraceptive_(cropped).jpg|thumb|222x222px|Magungunan hana daukar ciki na gaggawa.]] STIs irin su [[chlamydia]], [[Ciwon sanyi|gonorrhoea]], kamuwa da Kwayar cutar rigakafin mutum (HIV) da kamuwa da cutar papillomavirus ta mutum (HPV) wasu yiwuwar tasirin tashin hankali ne na jima'i. Idan an bar cutar ba tare da magani ba, wanda ya tsira na iya ɗaukar nauyin matsaloli na dogon lokaci wanda ya haɗa da: cututtukan kumburi na pelvic, rashin haihuwa, da wasu nau'ikan cututtukani. == Medical Treatment == === Magani da raunin jiki === Rashin rauni na jiki da na hanci na al'ada ya zama ruwan dare a cikin wadanda suka tsira daga tashin hankali na jima'i; ana buƙatar kulawa ta likita idan mutum ya sami kowane irin rauni na likita.[1] Dangane da tsananin yanayin, za a bi da mutumin da ya shafa daidai. Ana ci gaba da raunin al'aura sakamakon shiga cikin jima'i, inda raunin yawanci ya haɗa da ja, abrasions da tsagewa. Koyaya, akwai bambancin yaduwar nau'in da wurin rauni na jiki da aka gabatar a cikin waɗanda suka tsira. Ana iya bayar da wannan bayanin ta hanyar cikakken bincike. Mutane da yawa da suka tsira daga cin zarafin jima'i suna neman kulawar likita a matsayin hanyar tattara shaidar shari'a.[2] === Jarabawar likita ta cin zarafin jima'i === Bayan harin, wadanda suka tsira na iya zabar karbar jarrabawar likita ta jima'i. A lokacin tsari, wanda ya tsira na iya tsayawa, tsayawa ko tsallake matakai a duk lokacin da ya cancanta.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=What Is a Sexual Assault Forensic Exam? |url=https://www.rainn.org/articles/rape-kit |access-date=31 March 2021 |publisher=RAINN}}</ref> Wadannan gwaje-gwaje suna tattara shaidu na jiki kamar hotuna, samfurori na DNA ta hanyar binciken ciki, swabbing na waje na jiki, jini, fitsari da samfurori. Gwaje-gwaje na ciki sun haɗa da bincika baki, al'aura da hanci. <ref name=":11" /> Kayan binciken shari'a, wanda aka fi sani da "Kayan fyade" ko kayan shaida na cin zarafin jima'i (SAEK) ya ƙunshi umarni, takardu da kwantena don samfurori da aka tattara da adana, ta ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya. Abubuwan da ke cikin kayan sun bambanta da yankuna.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=What Is a Sexual Assault Forensic Exam? |url=https://www.rainn.org/articles/rape-kit |access-date=31 March 2021 |publisher=RAINN}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.rainn.org/articles/rape-kit "What Is a Sexual Assault Forensic Exam?"]. RAINN<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Zaɓin karɓar jarrabawar likita ta cin zarafin jima'i na iya ƙara yiwuwar gurfanar da shi tunda shaidar DNA ta zama sananne a kotu. Za a iya gabatar da rahoto game da abin da ya faru na cin zarafin jima'i idan wanda ya tsira yana so.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=What Is a Sexual Assault Forensic Exam? |url=https://www.rainn.org/articles/rape-kit |access-date=31 March 2021 |publisher=RAINN}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.rainn.org/articles/rape-kit "What Is a Sexual Assault Forensic Exam?"]. RAINN<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> === Gwaje-gwaje da kuma kula da cututtukan da aka samu ta hanyar jima'i === [[Fayil:Emergency_contraceptive_(cropped).jpg|thumb|222x222px|Magungunan hana daukar ciki na gaggawa.]] STIs irin su [[chlamydia]], [[Ciwon sanyi|gonorrhoea]], kamuwa da Kwayar cutar rigakafin mutum (HIV) da kamuwa da cutar papillomavirus ta mutum (HPV) wasu yiwuwar tasirin tashin hankali ne na jima'i. Idan an bar cutar ba tare da magani ba, wanda ya tsira na iya ɗaukar nauyin matsaloli na dogon lokaci wanda ya haɗa da: cututtukan kumburi na pelvic, rashin haihuwa, da wasu nau'ikan cututtukani. Ana ba da shawarar gwajin gaggawa da zaɓaɓɓu ga mutanen da suka zaɓi karɓar gwajin likita bayan taron don ba da damar gudanarwa da magani da wuri. Magani da STIs ya bambanta tsakanin mutane da nau'in kamuwa da cuta. Likitan zai yi la'akari da tarihin kiwon lafiya da hanyoyin da za su hana sake fashewa ga wanda ya tsira. Wasu nau'ikan jiyya da aka ba da shawarar sun haɗa da maganin rigakafi don kamuwa da ƙwayoyin cuta da rigakafin gaggawa don cutar kanjamau, HPV da [[Hepatitis B]]. == Medical Treatment == === Magani da raunin jiki === Rashin rauni na jiki da na hanci na al'ada ya zama ruwan dare a cikin wadanda suka tsira daga tashin hankali na jima'i; ana buƙatar kulawa ta likita idan mutum ya sami kowane irin rauni na likita.[1] Dangane da tsananin yanayin, za a bi da mutumin da ya shafa daidai. Ana ci gaba da raunin al'aura sakamakon shiga cikin jima'i, inda raunin yawanci ya haɗa da ja, abrasions da tsagewa. Koyaya, akwai bambancin yaduwar nau'in da wurin rauni na jiki da aka gabatar a cikin waɗanda suka tsira. Ana iya bayar da wannan bayanin ta hanyar cikakken bincike. Mutane da yawa da suka tsira daga cin zarafin jima'i suna neman kulawar likita a matsayin hanyar tattara shaidar shari'a.[2] === Jarabawar likita ta cin zarafin jima'i === Bayan harin, wadanda suka tsira na iya zabar karbar jarrabawar likita ta jima'i. A lokacin tsari, wanda ya tsira na iya tsayawa, tsayawa ko tsallake matakai a duk lokacin da ya cancanta.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=What Is a Sexual Assault Forensic Exam? |url=https://www.rainn.org/articles/rape-kit |access-date=31 March 2021 |publisher=RAINN}}</ref> Wadannan gwaje-gwaje suna tattara shaidu na jiki kamar hotuna, samfurori na DNA ta hanyar binciken ciki, swabbing na waje na jiki, jini, fitsari da samfurori. Gwaje-gwaje na ciki sun haɗa da bincika baki, al'aura da hanci. <ref name=":11" /> Kayan binciken shari'a, wanda aka fi sani da "Kayan fyade" ko kayan shaida na cin zarafin jima'i (SAEK) ya ƙunshi umarni, takardu da kwantena don samfurori da aka tattara da adana, ta ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya. Abubuwan da ke cikin kayan sun bambanta da yankuna.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=What Is a Sexual Assault Forensic Exam? |url=https://www.rainn.org/articles/rape-kit |access-date=31 March 2021 |publisher=RAINN}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.rainn.org/articles/rape-kit "What Is a Sexual Assault Forensic Exam?"]. RAINN<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Zaɓin karɓar jarrabawar likita ta cin zarafin jima'i na iya ƙara yiwuwar gurfanar da shi tunda shaidar DNA ta zama sananne a kotu. Za a iya gabatar da rahoto game da abin da ya faru na cin zarafin jima'i idan wanda ya tsira yana so.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=What Is a Sexual Assault Forensic Exam? |url=https://www.rainn.org/articles/rape-kit |access-date=31 March 2021 |publisher=RAINN}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.rainn.org/articles/rape-kit "What Is a Sexual Assault Forensic Exam?"]. RAINN<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> === Gwaje-gwaje da kuma kula da cututtukan da aka samu ta hanyar jima'i === [[Fayil:Emergency_contraceptive_(cropped).jpg|thumb|222x222px|Magungunan hana daukar ciki na gaggawa.]] STIs irin su [[chlamydia]], [[Ciwon sanyi|gonorrhoea]], kamuwa da Kwayar cutar rigakafin mutum (HIV) da kamuwa da cutar papillomavirus ta mutum (HPV) wasu yiwuwar tasirin tashin hankali ne na jima'i. Idan an bar cutar ba tare da magani ba, wanda ya tsira na iya ɗaukar nauyin matsaloli na dogon lokaci wanda ya haɗa da: cututtukan kumburi na pelvic, rashin haihuwa, da wasu nau'ikan cututtukani. Ana ba da shawarar gwajin gaggawa da zaɓaɓɓu ga mutanen da suka zaɓi karɓar gwajin likita bayan taron don ba da damar gudanarwa da magani da wuri. Magani da STIs ya bambanta tsakanin mutane da nau'in kamuwa da cuta. Likitan zai yi la'akari da tarihin kiwon lafiya da hanyoyin da za su hana sake fashewa ga wanda ya tsira. Wasu nau'ikan jiyya da aka ba da shawarar sun haɗa da maganin rigakafi don kamuwa da ƙwayoyin cuta da rigakafin gaggawa don cutar kanjamau, HPV da [[Hepatitis B]]. === Rigakafi ko taimako ga ciki === [[Fayil:IUD_with_scale.jpg|thumb|193x193px|Na'urar intrauterine ta jan ƙarfe (IUD).]] == Medical Treatment == === Magani da raunin jiki === Rashin rauni na jiki da na hanci na al'ada ya zama ruwan dare a cikin wadanda suka tsira daga tashin hankali na jima'i; ana buƙatar kulawa ta likita idan mutum ya sami kowane irin rauni na likita.[1] Dangane da tsananin yanayin, za a bi da mutumin da ya shafa daidai. Ana ci gaba da raunin al'aura sakamakon shiga cikin jima'i, inda raunin yawanci ya haɗa da ja, abrasions da tsagewa. Koyaya, akwai bambancin yaduwar nau'in da wurin rauni na jiki da aka gabatar a cikin waɗanda suka tsira. Ana iya bayar da wannan bayanin ta hanyar cikakken bincike. Mutane da yawa da suka tsira daga cin zarafin jima'i suna neman kulawar likita a matsayin hanyar tattara shaidar shari'a.[2] === Jarabawar likita ta cin zarafin jima'i === Bayan harin, wadanda suka tsira na iya zabar karbar jarrabawar likita ta jima'i. A lokacin tsari, wanda ya tsira na iya tsayawa, tsayawa ko tsallake matakai a duk lokacin da ya cancanta.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=What Is a Sexual Assault Forensic Exam? |url=https://www.rainn.org/articles/rape-kit |access-date=31 March 2021 |publisher=RAINN}}</ref> Wadannan gwaje-gwaje suna tattara shaidu na jiki kamar hotuna, samfurori na DNA ta hanyar binciken ciki, swabbing na waje na jiki, jini, fitsari da samfurori. Gwaje-gwaje na ciki sun haɗa da bincika baki, al'aura da hanci. <ref name=":11" /> Kayan binciken shari'a, wanda aka fi sani da "Kayan fyade" ko kayan shaida na cin zarafin jima'i (SAEK) ya ƙunshi umarni, takardu da kwantena don samfurori da aka tattara da adana, ta ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya. Abubuwan da ke cikin kayan sun bambanta da yankuna.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=What Is a Sexual Assault Forensic Exam? |url=https://www.rainn.org/articles/rape-kit |access-date=31 March 2021 |publisher=RAINN}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.rainn.org/articles/rape-kit "What Is a Sexual Assault Forensic Exam?"]. RAINN<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Zaɓin karɓar jarrabawar likita ta cin zarafin jima'i na iya ƙara yiwuwar gurfanar da shi tunda shaidar DNA ta zama sananne a kotu. Za a iya gabatar da rahoto game da abin da ya faru na cin zarafin jima'i idan wanda ya tsira yana so.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=What Is a Sexual Assault Forensic Exam? |url=https://www.rainn.org/articles/rape-kit |access-date=31 March 2021 |publisher=RAINN}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.rainn.org/articles/rape-kit "What Is a Sexual Assault Forensic Exam?"]. RAINN<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> === Gwaje-gwaje da kuma kula da cututtukan da aka samu ta hanyar jima'i === [[Fayil:Emergency_contraceptive_(cropped).jpg|thumb|222x222px|Magungunan hana daukar ciki na gaggawa.]] STIs irin su [[chlamydia]], [[Ciwon sanyi|gonorrhoea]], kamuwa da Kwayar cutar rigakafin mutum (HIV) da kamuwa da cutar papillomavirus ta mutum (HPV) wasu yiwuwar tasirin tashin hankali ne na jima'i. Idan an bar cutar ba tare da magani ba, wanda ya tsira na iya ɗaukar nauyin matsaloli na dogon lokaci wanda ya haɗa da: cututtukan kumburi na pelvic, rashin haihuwa, da wasu nau'ikan cututtukani. Ana ba da shawarar gwajin gaggawa da zaɓaɓɓu ga mutanen da suka zaɓi karɓar gwajin likita bayan taron don ba da damar gudanarwa da magani da wuri. Magani da STIs ya bambanta tsakanin mutane da nau'in kamuwa da cuta. Likitan zai yi la'akari da tarihin kiwon lafiya da hanyoyin da za su hana sake fashewa ga wanda ya tsira. Wasu nau'ikan jiyya da aka ba da shawarar sun haɗa da maganin rigakafi don kamuwa da ƙwayoyin cuta da rigakafin gaggawa don cutar kanjamau, HPV da [[Hepatitis B]]. === Rigakafi ko taimako ga ciki === [[Fayil:IUD_with_scale.jpg|thumb|193x193px|Na'urar intrauterine ta jan ƙarfe (IUD).]] Kowane mutum na iya amfani da maganin hana daukar ciki na gaggawa don taimakawa hana daukar ciki bayan cin zarafin jima'i. Wannan na iya haɗawa da shan magungunan rigakafin haihuwa na gaggawa ko saka na'urar jan ƙarfe ta gaggawa (IUD). Suna da tasiri har zuwa kwanaki biyar bayan taron.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Massachusetts Department of Public Health |date=2014 |title=Emergency Contraception after Sexual Assault: Five Key Facts for Survivors |url=https://www.astho.org/Maternal-and-Child-Health/Long-Acting-Reversible-Contraception/Emergency-Contraception-Patient-Fact-Sheet-Massachusetts/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429111603/https://www.astho.org/Maternal-and-Child-Health/Long-Acting-Reversible-Contraception/Emergency-Contraception-Patient-Fact-Sheet-Massachusetts/ |archive-date=29 April 2021 |access-date=31 March 2021 |publisher=Massachusetts Department of Public Health}}</ref> Don tabbatar da sakamakon, ana iya ɗaukar gwajin ciki kwana goma ko fiye, bayan taron.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cleveland Clinic |date=2017 |title=Pregnancy Test Information |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/9703-your-guide-to-pregnancy-tests |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=Cleveland Clinic}}</ref> Idan mutum ya yi ciki saboda cin zarafin jima'i, za su iya yanke shawarar dakatar da ciki ko ɗaukar shi zuwa cikakken lokaci. Idan mutum ya ci gaba da daukar ciki, za su iya yanke shawarar ko za su sanya yaron don tallafi ko kuma su tayar da yaron kuma su kula da kulawa.<ref name=":10" /> Hanyar da aka yanke shawarar ta dogara da dokokin zubar da ciki da dokokin tallafi na wurin da mutum yake zaune. == Medical Treatment == === Magani da raunin jiki === Rashin rauni na jiki da na hanci na al'ada ya zama ruwan dare a cikin wadanda suka tsira daga tashin hankali na jima'i; ana buƙatar kulawa ta likita idan mutum ya sami kowane irin rauni na likita.[1] Dangane da tsananin yanayin, za a bi da mutumin da ya shafa daidai. Ana ci gaba da raunin al'aura sakamakon shiga cikin jima'i, inda raunin yawanci ya haɗa da ja, abrasions da tsagewa. Koyaya, akwai bambancin yaduwar nau'in da wurin rauni na jiki da aka gabatar a cikin waɗanda suka tsira. Ana iya bayar da wannan bayanin ta hanyar cikakken bincike. Mutane da yawa da suka tsira daga cin zarafin jima'i suna neman kulawar likita a matsayin hanyar tattara shaidar shari'a.[2] === Jarabawar likita ta cin zarafin jima'i === Bayan harin, wadanda suka tsira na iya zabar karbar jarrabawar likita ta jima'i. A lokacin tsari, wanda ya tsira na iya tsayawa, tsayawa ko tsallake matakai a duk lokacin da ya cancanta.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=What Is a Sexual Assault Forensic Exam? |url=https://www.rainn.org/articles/rape-kit |access-date=31 March 2021 |publisher=RAINN}}</ref> Wadannan gwaje-gwaje suna tattara shaidu na jiki kamar hotuna, samfurori na DNA ta hanyar binciken ciki, swabbing na waje na jiki, jini, fitsari da samfurori. Gwaje-gwaje na ciki sun haɗa da bincika baki, al'aura da hanci. <ref name=":11" /> Kayan binciken shari'a, wanda aka fi sani da "Kayan fyade" ko kayan shaida na cin zarafin jima'i (SAEK) ya ƙunshi umarni, takardu da kwantena don samfurori da aka tattara da adana, ta ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya. Abubuwan da ke cikin kayan sun bambanta da yankuna.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=What Is a Sexual Assault Forensic Exam? |url=https://www.rainn.org/articles/rape-kit |access-date=31 March 2021 |publisher=RAINN}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.rainn.org/articles/rape-kit "What Is a Sexual Assault Forensic Exam?"]. RAINN<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Zaɓin karɓar jarrabawar likita ta cin zarafin jima'i na iya ƙara yiwuwar gurfanar da shi tunda shaidar DNA ta zama sananne a kotu. Za a iya gabatar da rahoto game da abin da ya faru na cin zarafin jima'i idan wanda ya tsira yana so.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=What Is a Sexual Assault Forensic Exam? |url=https://www.rainn.org/articles/rape-kit |access-date=31 March 2021 |publisher=RAINN}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.rainn.org/articles/rape-kit "What Is a Sexual Assault Forensic Exam?"]. RAINN<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> === Gwaje-gwaje da kuma kula da cututtukan da aka samu ta hanyar jima'i === [[Fayil:Emergency_contraceptive_(cropped).jpg|thumb|222x222px|Magungunan hana daukar ciki na gaggawa.]] STIs irin su [[chlamydia]], [[Ciwon sanyi|gonorrhoea]], kamuwa da Kwayar cutar rigakafin mutum (HIV) da kamuwa da cutar papillomavirus ta mutum (HPV) wasu yiwuwar tasirin tashin hankali ne na jima'i. Idan an bar cutar ba tare da magani ba, wanda ya tsira na iya ɗaukar nauyin matsaloli na dogon lokaci wanda ya haɗa da: cututtukan kumburi na pelvic, rashin haihuwa, da wasu nau'ikan cututtukani. Ana ba da shawarar gwajin gaggawa da zaɓaɓɓu ga mutanen da suka zaɓi karɓar gwajin likita bayan taron don ba da damar gudanarwa da magani da wuri. Magani da STIs ya bambanta tsakanin mutane da nau'in kamuwa da cuta. Likitan zai yi la'akari da tarihin kiwon lafiya da hanyoyin da za su hana sake fashewa ga wanda ya tsira. Wasu nau'ikan jiyya da aka ba da shawarar sun haɗa da maganin rigakafi don kamuwa da ƙwayoyin cuta da rigakafin gaggawa don cutar kanjamau, HPV da [[Hepatitis B]]. === Rigakafi ko taimako ga ciki === [[Fayil:IUD_with_scale.jpg|thumb|193x193px|Na'urar intrauterine ta jan ƙarfe (IUD).]] Kowane mutum na iya amfani da maganin hana daukar ciki na gaggawa don taimakawa hana daukar ciki bayan cin zarafin jima'i. Wannan na iya haɗawa da shan magungunan rigakafin haihuwa na gaggawa ko saka na'urar jan ƙarfe ta gaggawa (IUD). Suna da tasiri har zuwa kwanaki biyar bayan taron.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Massachusetts Department of Public Health |date=2014 |title=Emergency Contraception after Sexual Assault: Five Key Facts for Survivors |url=https://www.astho.org/Maternal-and-Child-Health/Long-Acting-Reversible-Contraception/Emergency-Contraception-Patient-Fact-Sheet-Massachusetts/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429111603/https://www.astho.org/Maternal-and-Child-Health/Long-Acting-Reversible-Contraception/Emergency-Contraception-Patient-Fact-Sheet-Massachusetts/ |archive-date=29 April 2021 |access-date=31 March 2021 |publisher=Massachusetts Department of Public Health}}</ref> Don tabbatar da sakamakon, ana iya ɗaukar gwajin ciki kwana goma ko fiye, bayan taron.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cleveland Clinic |date=2017 |title=Pregnancy Test Information |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/9703-your-guide-to-pregnancy-tests |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=Cleveland Clinic}}</ref> Idan mutum ya yi ciki saboda cin zarafin jima'i, za su iya yanke shawarar dakatar da ciki ko ɗaukar shi zuwa cikakken lokaci. Idan mutum ya ci gaba da daukar ciki, za su iya yanke shawarar ko za su sanya yaron don tallafi ko kuma su tayar da yaron kuma su kula da kulawa.<ref name=":10" /> Hanyar da aka yanke shawarar ta dogara da dokokin zubar da ciki da dokokin tallafi na wurin da mutum yake zaune. === Magunguna don maganin lafiyar kwakwalwa === Bayan tashin hankali na jima'i, wadanda suka tsira na iya fuskantar mummunan sakamako na lafiyar kwakwalwa, gami da amma ba a iyakance su ba: == Medical Treatment == === Magani da raunin jiki === Rashin rauni na jiki da na hanci na al'ada ya zama ruwan dare a cikin wadanda suka tsira daga tashin hankali na jima'i; ana buƙatar kulawa ta likita idan mutum ya sami kowane irin rauni na likita.[1] Dangane da tsananin yanayin, za a bi da mutumin da ya shafa daidai. Ana ci gaba da raunin al'aura sakamakon shiga cikin jima'i, inda raunin yawanci ya haɗa da ja, abrasions da tsagewa. Koyaya, akwai bambancin yaduwar nau'in da wurin rauni na jiki da aka gabatar a cikin waɗanda suka tsira. Ana iya bayar da wannan bayanin ta hanyar cikakken bincike. Mutane da yawa da suka tsira daga cin zarafin jima'i suna neman kulawar likita a matsayin hanyar tattara shaidar shari'a.[2] === Jarabawar likita ta cin zarafin jima'i === Bayan harin, wadanda suka tsira na iya zabar karbar jarrabawar likita ta jima'i. A lokacin tsari, wanda ya tsira na iya tsayawa, tsayawa ko tsallake matakai a duk lokacin da ya cancanta.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=What Is a Sexual Assault Forensic Exam? |url=https://www.rainn.org/articles/rape-kit |access-date=31 March 2021 |publisher=RAINN}}</ref> Wadannan gwaje-gwaje suna tattara shaidu na jiki kamar hotuna, samfurori na DNA ta hanyar binciken ciki, swabbing na waje na jiki, jini, fitsari da samfurori. Gwaje-gwaje na ciki sun haɗa da bincika baki, al'aura da hanci. <ref name=":11" /> Kayan binciken shari'a, wanda aka fi sani da "Kayan fyade" ko kayan shaida na cin zarafin jima'i (SAEK) ya ƙunshi umarni, takardu da kwantena don samfurori da aka tattara da adana, ta ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya. Abubuwan da ke cikin kayan sun bambanta da yankuna.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=What Is a Sexual Assault Forensic Exam? |url=https://www.rainn.org/articles/rape-kit |access-date=31 March 2021 |publisher=RAINN}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.rainn.org/articles/rape-kit "What Is a Sexual Assault Forensic Exam?"]. RAINN<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Zaɓin karɓar jarrabawar likita ta cin zarafin jima'i na iya ƙara yiwuwar gurfanar da shi tunda shaidar DNA ta zama sananne a kotu. Za a iya gabatar da rahoto game da abin da ya faru na cin zarafin jima'i idan wanda ya tsira yana so.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=What Is a Sexual Assault Forensic Exam? |url=https://www.rainn.org/articles/rape-kit |access-date=31 March 2021 |publisher=RAINN}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.rainn.org/articles/rape-kit "What Is a Sexual Assault Forensic Exam?"]. RAINN<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> === Gwaje-gwaje da kuma kula da cututtukan da aka samu ta hanyar jima'i === [[Fayil:Emergency_contraceptive_(cropped).jpg|thumb|222x222px|Magungunan hana daukar ciki na gaggawa.]] STIs irin su [[chlamydia]], [[Ciwon sanyi|gonorrhoea]], kamuwa da Kwayar cutar rigakafin mutum (HIV) da kamuwa da cutar papillomavirus ta mutum (HPV) wasu yiwuwar tasirin tashin hankali ne na jima'i. Idan an bar cutar ba tare da magani ba, wanda ya tsira na iya ɗaukar nauyin matsaloli na dogon lokaci wanda ya haɗa da: cututtukan kumburi na pelvic, rashin haihuwa, da wasu nau'ikan cututtukani. Ana ba da shawarar gwajin gaggawa da zaɓaɓɓu ga mutanen da suka zaɓi karɓar gwajin likita bayan taron don ba da damar gudanarwa da magani da wuri. Magani da STIs ya bambanta tsakanin mutane da nau'in kamuwa da cuta. Likitan zai yi la'akari da tarihin kiwon lafiya da hanyoyin da za su hana sake fashewa ga wanda ya tsira. Wasu nau'ikan jiyya da aka ba da shawarar sun haɗa da maganin rigakafi don kamuwa da ƙwayoyin cuta da rigakafin gaggawa don cutar kanjamau, HPV da [[Hepatitis B]]. === Rigakafi ko taimako ga ciki === [[Fayil:IUD_with_scale.jpg|thumb|193x193px|Na'urar intrauterine ta jan ƙarfe (IUD).]] Kowane mutum na iya amfani da maganin hana daukar ciki na gaggawa don taimakawa hana daukar ciki bayan cin zarafin jima'i. Wannan na iya haɗawa da shan magungunan rigakafin haihuwa na gaggawa ko saka na'urar jan ƙarfe ta gaggawa (IUD). Suna da tasiri har zuwa kwanaki biyar bayan taron.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Massachusetts Department of Public Health |date=2014 |title=Emergency Contraception after Sexual Assault: Five Key Facts for Survivors |url=https://www.astho.org/Maternal-and-Child-Health/Long-Acting-Reversible-Contraception/Emergency-Contraception-Patient-Fact-Sheet-Massachusetts/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429111603/https://www.astho.org/Maternal-and-Child-Health/Long-Acting-Reversible-Contraception/Emergency-Contraception-Patient-Fact-Sheet-Massachusetts/ |archive-date=29 April 2021 |access-date=31 March 2021 |publisher=Massachusetts Department of Public Health}}</ref> Don tabbatar da sakamakon, ana iya ɗaukar gwajin ciki kwana goma ko fiye, bayan taron.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cleveland Clinic |date=2017 |title=Pregnancy Test Information |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/9703-your-guide-to-pregnancy-tests |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=Cleveland Clinic}}</ref> Idan mutum ya yi ciki saboda cin zarafin jima'i, za su iya yanke shawarar dakatar da ciki ko ɗaukar shi zuwa cikakken lokaci. Idan mutum ya ci gaba da daukar ciki, za su iya yanke shawarar ko za su sanya yaron don tallafi ko kuma su tayar da yaron kuma su kula da kulawa.<ref name=":10" /> Hanyar da aka yanke shawarar ta dogara da dokokin zubar da ciki da dokokin tallafi na wurin da mutum yake zaune. === Magunguna don maganin lafiyar kwakwalwa === Bayan tashin hankali na jima'i, wadanda suka tsira na iya fuskantar mummunan sakamako na lafiyar kwakwalwa, gami da amma ba a iyakance su ba: * [[Rashin damuwa bayan rauni|Rashin jituwa bayan rauni (PTSD)]] * [[Matsalar damuwa|Rashin damuwa]] * Mawuyacin hali * Rashin cin abinci * [[Rashin bacci]] * Yunkurin kashe kansa Ana iya amfani da magani tare da maganin kwakwalwa don taimakawa mutum a kan gajeren lokaci, tare da maganin maganin kwakwalwa shine babban nau'in warkewar lafiyar kwakwalwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chivers-Wilson |first=Kaitlin A. |date=2006 |title=Sexual assault and posttraumatic stress disorder: A review of the biological, psychological and sociological factors and treatments |journal=McGill Journal of Medicine |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=111–118 |issn=1201-026X |pmc=2323517 |pmid=18523613}}</ref> == Manazarta == qp0ngebe7hqbg9ucbr8dg5a2syibyun 0 156246 874282 861694 2026-07-02T10:58:32Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 874282 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A fannin kiwon lafiya, mutanen [[Maɗigo|'yan madigo]], 'yan luwadi, masu bisexual, masu transgender, da kuma 'yan queer ( [[Mutanen LGBTQ|LGBQ]] ) suna fuskantar ƙalubale da wahalhalu na musamman waɗanda ke sa samun damar kiwon lafiya ya zama ƙasa da adalci. A cewar Ƙungiyar Likitoci ta 'Yan Luwadi da 'Yan Madigo [[Tarayyar Amurka|ta Amurka]] (GLMA), wasu daga cikin batutuwan da suka fi shafar '''lafiyar LGBTQ''' sune HIV / [[Kanjamau|AIDS]], ciwon daji [[Sankaran Nono|na nono]] da [[Ciwon daji na mahaifa|mahaifa]], [[Ciwon Hanta|ciwon hanta]], lafiyar kwakwalwa, matsalolin amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi, shan barasa, shan taba, [[Babban rashin damuwa|baƙin ciki]], samun kulawar mutanen da suka canza jinsi, batutuwan da suka shafi [[Aure na jinsi ɗaya|aure]] da gane iyali, [[Magani na juyawa|maganin juyowa]], dokokin ƙin yarda, da kuma dokokin da aka yi niyya don "yi wa ƙwararrun kula da lafiya rigakafi daga ɗaukar alhakin nuna wariya ga mutanen da ba su amince da su ba." <ref name="About GLMA">{{Cite web |title=About GLMA |url=http://www.glma.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=Page.viewPage&pageId=532 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119215650/http://www.glma.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=Page.ViewPage |archive-date=2020-11-19 |access-date=2008-12-28 |publisher=Gay and Lesbian Medical Association}}</ref> Waɗannan munanan ra'ayoyin zamantakewa da matsin lamba da kafofin watsa labarai ke gabatarwa suna da alaƙa da ƙaruwar mummunan hoton jiki da raguwar darajar kai, wanda zai iya haɗuwa da haɓakar matsalolin cin abinci da kuma tasirin kiba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Body Image |url=https://login.lmunet.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=OVIC&u=tel_a_lmu&id=GALE%7CPC3010999221&v=2.1&it=r&sid=bookmark-OVIC&asid=cd0964ec |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=login.lmunet.idm.oclc.org}}</ref> Mutanen LGBTQ na iya fuskantar cikas ga samun kulawar lafiya bisa ga yanayin jima'i da/ko [[asalin jinsi]] ko bayyanarsa. <ref name="Elk 2021">{{Cite journal |date=July 2021 |editor-last=Ramalingam |editor-first=Suresh S. |title=The intersection of racism, discrimination, bias, and homophobia toward African American sexual minority patients with cancer within the health care system |journal=[[Cancer (journal)|Cancer]] |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] on behalf of the [[American Cancer Society]] |volume=127 |issue=19 |pages=3500–3504 |doi=10.1002/cncr.33627 |lccn=50001289 |oclc=01553275 |pmid=34287834 |s2cid=236158145 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mutane da yawa suna gujewa ko samun kulawa mara kyau saboda ƙin jinin 'yan luwaɗi, ƙin jinin transsexual, ko wariya daga masu samar da kiwon lafiya da cibiyoyi. <ref name="Elk 2021" /> <ref name="Guidelines">{{Cite web |title=Guidelines for care of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender patients |url=http://ce54.citysoft.com/_data/n_0001/resources/live/GLMA%20guidelines%202006%20FINAL.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060826192204/http://ce54.citysoft.com/_data/n_0001/resources/live/GLMA%20guidelines%202006%20FINAL.pdf |archive-date=August 26, 2006 |access-date=2008-12-28 |publisher=Gay and Lesbian Medical Association}}</ref> A wata ma'anar, abubuwan da suka faru na rashin kyau na mutum, ko tsoron fuskantar wariya na iya hana waɗannan mutane samun kulawa. == Matsalolin lafiya na gabaɗaya da ke shafar mutanen LGBTQ == A cewar Kwamitin Kula da Matsalolin Lafiya na 'Yan Madigo, 'Yan Luwadi, Masu Juna Biyu da Masu Canza Sheka da Damar Bincike, akwai matsaloli da dama wajen gudanar da binciken lafiya kan al'ummar LGBTQ. Waɗannan ƙalubalen sun haɗa da sarkakiyar bayyana yanayin jima'i da rashin bin ƙa'ida ga jinsi, da kuma jinkirin amsa tambayoyi game da waɗannan batutuwa. Sauran ƙalubalen da aka fuskanta sun haɗa da ƙalubalen dabaru da na kuɗi na ɗaukar isassun samfura don yin nazari mai ma'ana, idan aka yi la'akari da wahalar ƙaramin adadin mutanen LGBTQ a tsakanin al'umma gabaɗaya. Sau da yawa ana haɗa 'yan madigo, 'yan luwadi, masu bisexual, da kuma masu canza jinsi a cikin bincike da tattaunawa. Wannan na iya zama matsala saboda kowannensu ƙungiyoyi ne daban-daban waɗanda ba su haɗa dukkan waɗanda ba 'yan madigo ba ko kuma waɗanda ba su dace da jinsi ba. A wasu nazarin, an haɗa mutanen 'yan madigo, 'yan luwadi, masu bisexual, da masu biquer a ƙarƙashin lakabin "ba 'yan madigo ba", yayin da a cikin binciken HIV, mahalarta za a iya haɗa su wuri ɗaya a cikin rukunoni waɗanda suka haɗa da asali daban-daban. <ref name=":03" /> Yawancin bincike sun fi mai da hankali kan mata 'yan madigo da maza 'yan madigo, tare da ƙarancin kulawa ga mutanen bisexual, masu transgender, masu intersex, masu asexual, da sauran mutanen queer, wanda ke haifar da ƙarin matakan wariya. <ref name=":03" /> Waɗannan bambance-bambancen a cikin bincike da ra'ayoyin LGBTQ a matsayin monolith yana share keɓancewar kowane asali. Wani bita da aka yi a Arewacin Amurka ya gano cewa mutanen LGBTQ galibi suna ba da rahoton rashin lafiyar da suka fi dacewa da kansu, ƙarin alamun lafiyar jiki, da kuma ƙaruwar wasu yanayi na lafiya, ciki har da ciwon suga, asma da hawan jini, idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda ba su da alaƙa da maza da mata. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Bränström |first=Richard |last2=Hatzenbuehler |first2=Mark L. |last3=Pachankis |first3=John E. |date=February 2016 |title=Sexual orientation disparities in physical health: age and gender effects in a population-based study |journal=Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology |language=en |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=289–301 |doi=10.1007/s00127-015-1116-0 |issn=0933-7954 |pmc=4747986 |pmid=26298574}}</ref> Waɗannan bambance-bambancen sun fi bayyana a tsakanin matasa da matasa, tare da ƙananan bambance-bambance tsakanin tsofaffin ƙungiyoyi. An gano cewa abubuwan da suka shafi lafiyar jiki da kuma abubuwan da suka shafi wariya, cin zarafi, da tashin hankali tsakanin tsirarun jinsi suna taimakawa wajen haifar da waɗannan bambance-bambancen a lafiyar jiki. <ref name=":4" /> Lafiyar kwakwalwa ta fi muni a tsakanin mutanen LGBTQ fiye da na sauran jama'a, inda baƙin ciki, damuwa, cutar da kai, da kuma tunanin kashe kai suka fi yawa fiye da na sauran jama'a. <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=A. Jess |last2=Jones |first2=Christopher |last3=Arcelus |first3=Jon |last4=Townsend |first4=Ellen |last5=Lazaridou |first5=Aikaterini |last6=Michail |first6=Maria |date=2021 |title=A systematic review and meta-analysis of victimisation and mental health prevalence among LGBTQ+ young people with experiences of self-harm and suicide |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=16 |issue=1 |bibcode=2021PLoSO..1645268W |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0245268 |pmc=7822285 |pmid=33481862 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan ya samo asali ne daga wariya ta zamantakewa, son zuciya, da kuma wariya da suke fuskanta. <ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last=Shaikh |first=Aman |last2=Kamble |first2=Prafull |last3=Daulatabad |first3=Vandana |last4=Singhal |first4=Anish |last5=Madhusudhan |first5=U. |last6=John |first6=Nitin Ashok |date=September 2024 |title=Mental health challenges within the LGBTQ community: A societal imperative |journal=Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care |language=en-US |volume=13 |issue=9 |pages=3529–3535 |doi=10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_321_24 |issn=2249-4863 |pmc=11504819 |pmid=39464965 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kimanin kashi 30 cikin 100 na dukkan kashe kai da aka kammala an danganta su da rikicin asalin jima'i. Daliban da suka faɗa cikin ƙungiyoyin asali na 'yan luwaɗi, masu bisexual, 'yan madigo ko masu jinsi daban-daban sun ba da rahoton cewa sun fi fuskantar yiwuwar rashin zuwa makaranta sau biyar saboda suna jin rashin tsaro bayan an zalunce su saboda yanayin jima'insu. Waɗannan bambance-bambancen lafiyar kwakwalwa kuma suna bayyana a cikin matasan LGBTQ+, inda kashi 65% na matasan LGBQ da kashi 46% na matasan [https://www.abct.org/fact-sheets/transgender-and-gender-nonconforming-youth/ TGNC] suka ruwaito suna cutar da kansu. <ref name=":5" /> Bincike ya nuna cewa akwai wasu shinge da ke raba marasa lafiya da ƙwararrun LGBTQ da kwararrun likitoci, wanda wataƙila ya faru ne saboda ƙiyayya ga 'yan luwaɗi, zato game da rashin jituwa tsakanin maza da mata, da kuma rashin ilimi game da mutanen LGBTQ da buƙatunsu. An kuma gano cewa akwai shinge a cikin cibiyoyi a matsayin illa ga kiwon lafiya na LGBTQ, gami da batutuwa kamar isar da sako mara dacewa, rashin sirrin marasa lafiya, dakatar da kulawa, rashin takamaiman kiwon lafiya na LGBTQ, da kuma rashin horon ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da ya dace da jima'i. <ref name="UCL">{{Cite journal |last=King |first=Michael B |last2=Semlyen |first2=Joanna |last3=See Tai |first3=Sharon |last4=Killaspy |first4=Helen |last5=Osborn |first5=David |last6=Popelyuk |first6=Dmitri |last7=Nazareth |first7=Irwin |date=September 2008 |title=Mental disorders, suicide, and deliberate self harm in lesbian, gay and bisexual people: a systematic review of the literature |journal=BMC Psychiatry |publisher=Department of Mental Health Sciences, Royal Free and University College Medical School, University College London |volume=8 |issue=1 |page=70 |doi=10.1186/1471-244X-8-70 |pmc=2533652 |pmid=18706118 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bincike ya nuna matsalolin da aka fuskanta tun suna ƙanana, kamar 'yan tsiraru masu jinsi da jinsi da ake kai wa hari, cin zarafi, da [[wariya]], a matsayin abubuwan da ke taimakawa sosai ga baƙin ciki, [[Kisan kai|kashe kai]] da sauran matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa a lokacin balaga. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Warner |first=James |last2=Mckeown |first2=Éamonn |last3=Griffin |first3=Mark |last4=Johnson |first4=Katherine |last5=Ramsay |first5=Angus |last6=Cort |first6=Clive |last7=King |first7=Michael |date=December 2004 |title=Rates and predictors of mental illness in gay men, lesbians and bisexual men and women: Results from a survey based in England and Wales |journal=British Journal of Psychiatry |volume=185 |issue=6 |pages=479–485 |doi=10.1192/bjp.185.6.479 |pmid=15572738 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="RIVERS1">{{Cite journal |last=Rivers |first=I |year=2001 |title=The bullying of sexual minorities at school: Its nature and long-term correlates. |journal=Educational and Child Psychology |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=32–46 |doi=10.53841/bpsecp.2001.18.1.32 |s2cid=164869191}}</ref> <ref name="RIVERS2">{{Cite journal |last=Rivers |first=I |year=2004 |title=Recollections of Bullying at School and Their Long-Term Implications for Lesbians, Gay Men, and Bisexuals |journal=Crisis |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=169–175 |doi=10.1027/0227-5910.25.4.169 |pmid=15580852 |s2cid=32996444}}</ref> Binciken zamantakewa ya nuna cewa mutanen LGBTQ suna fuskantar ayyukan wariya wajen samun kulawar lafiya. <ref name="WILT2">{{Cite journal |last=Wilton |first=Tamsin |year=1999 |title=Towards an understanding of the cultural roots of homophobia in order to provide a better midwifery service for lesbian clients |journal=Midwifery |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=154–164 |doi=10.1016/s0266-6138(99)90060-8 |pmid=10776240}}</ref> <ref name="WILT3">{{Cite journal |last=Wilton |first=T. |last2=Kaufmann |first2=T. |year=2001 |title=Lesbian mothers' experiences of maternity care in the UK |journal=Midwifery |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=203–211 |doi=10.1054/midw.2001.0261 |pmid=11502140}}</ref> Hanya ɗaya da mutanen LGBTQ suka yi ƙoƙarin magance matsalolin kiwon lafiya masu wariya ita ce ta hanyar neman masu ba da kiwon lafiya masu "sauƙi". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hudak |first=Nicole |last2=Bates |first2=Benjamin R. |date=3 July 2019 |title=In Pursuit of 'queer-friendly' Healthcare: An Interview Study of How Queer Individuals Select Care Providers |journal=Health Communication |volume=34 |issue=8 |pages=818–824 |doi=10.1080/10410236.2018.1437525 |pmid=29482359 |s2cid=3584158}}</ref> === Dalilan da ke haifar da rashin daidaiton lafiya tsakanin LGBTQ === Bincike ya bayyana cewa bambancin kiwon lafiya a tsakanin mutanen LGBTQ yana iya faruwa ne saboda damuwa ta tsiraru . <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Singh |first=Akanksha |last2=Dandona |first2=Anu |last3=Sharma |first3=Vibha |last4=Zaidi |first4=S. Z. H. |date=January 2023 |title=Minority Stress in Emotion Suppression and Mental Distress Among Sexual and Gender Minorities: A Systematic Review |journal=Annals of Neurosciences |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=54–69 |doi=10.1177/09727531221120356 |issn=0972-7531 |pmc=10259152 |pmid=37313338}}</ref> <ref name=":32">{{Cite journal |last=Hughes |first=Tonda L. |last2=Bochicchio |first2=Lauren |last3=Drabble |first3=Laurie |last4=Muntinga |first4=Maaike |last5=Jukema |first5=Jan S. |last6=Veldhuis |first6=Cindy B. |last7=Bruck |first7=Sunčica |last8=Bos |first8=Henny |date=2023-12-18 |title=Health disparities in one of the world's most progressive countries: a scoping review of mental health and substance use among sexual and gender minority people in the Netherlands |journal=BMC Public Health |volume=23 |issue=1 |page=2533 |doi=10.1186/s12889-023-17466-x |issn=1471-2458 |pmc=10729573 |pmid=38110908 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name=":23">{{Cite journal |last=Layland |first=Eric K |last2=Carter |first2=Joseph A |last3=Perry |first3=Nicholas S |last4=Cienfuegos-Szalay |first4=Jorge |last5=Nelson |first5=Kimberly M |last6=Bonner |first6=Courtney Peasant |last7=Rendina |first7=H Jonathon |date=2020-10-12 |title=A systematic review of stigma in sexual and gender minority health interventions |journal=Translational Behavioral Medicine |volume=10 |issue=5 |pages=1200–1210 |doi=10.1093/tbm/ibz200 |issn=1869-6716 |pmc=7549413 |pmid=33044540}}</ref> 'Yan tsiraru suna nufin nauyin fuskantar munanan halaye na al'umma da martanin da suka shafi jinsi da asalin mutum. Ya haɗa da damuwa da ke tattare da wariya ta zamantakewa da kyama, wanda ke haifar da mummunan tasirin lafiyar kwakwalwa. Ka'idar damuwa ta tsiraru ta bayyana yadda abubuwan da suka faru na cin zarafi da suka shafi jinsi da rashin bin ka'ida ta jima'i ke taimakawa ga matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa da ta kwakwalwa tsakanin mutanen LGBT. <ref name=":12" /> <ref name=":32" /> Wannan damuwa ta samo asali ne daga mu'amalar zamantakewa mara kyau kuma, idan ta daɗe, tana iya yin tasiri sosai ga lafiyar kwakwalwa, wanda ke haifar da halaye kamar shan muggan kwayoyi, tunanin kashe kai, rashin sadarwa mai kyau, da ayyukan da ba a yi niyya ba. Bincike ya nuna sakamako mara kyau daban-daban na lafiyar kwakwalwa da ke da alaƙa da abubuwan da suka faru na damuwa ta tsiraru. <ref name=":12" /> 'Abin da Muka Sani' ya yi bitar dubban nazarin da aka yi wa takwarorinsa kuma ya gano alaƙa mai ƙarfi tsakanin wariya da cutarwa ga lafiyar mutanen LGBT. <ref>{{Cite web |title=What does the scholarly research say about the effects of discrimination on the health of LGBT people? |url=https://whatweknow.inequality.cornell.edu/topics/lgbt-equality/what-does-scholarly-research-say-about-the-effects-of-discrimination-on-the-health-of-lgbt-people/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604154442/https://whatweknow.inequality.cornell.edu/topics/lgbt-equality/what-does-scholarly-research-say-about-the-effects-of-discrimination-on-the-health-of-lgbt-people/ |archive-date=2021-06-04 |access-date=2024-02-22 |website=What We Know |language=en-US}}</ref> Binciken ya nuna cewa kasancewar wariya, kyama, da kuma nuna wariya yana haifar da yanayi na zamantakewa mai cike da ƙiyayya wanda ke ƙara haɗarin rashin lafiyar hankali da ta jiki, har ma ga waɗanda ba a fallasa su kai tsaye ga wariyar ba. Wani bincikai da'akiyi mai zurfi kan hanyoyin samun damar kula da lafiya ga mutanen LGBTQ ya gano cewa sau da yawa suna fama da rashin sadarwa da masu samar da kiwon lafiya saboda tsoron zato da kuma kunya game da yanayin jima'i. Wannan, tare da ƙin jinin 'yan luwaɗi a fannin kiwon lafiya, yana haifar da wariya da wariya, yana rage halartarsu da shiga cikin kula da jiki da shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya na rigakafi. <ref name=":23"/> A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, ƙungiyar LGBTQ a Amurka da ma duniya baki ɗaya ta ba da gudummawa ga ƙaruwar fahimtar jama'a da karɓuwa ga al'umma. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-25 |title=Views of Homosexuality Around the World |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/06/25/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701105248/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/06/25/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists/ |archive-date=2022-07-01 |access-date=2020-11-13 |website=Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Public Attitudes toward Homosexuality and Gay Rights across Time and Countries |url=https://www.norc.org/PDFs/PubAttExecSumm.pdf}}</ref> Rahotanni daga Cibiyar Magunguna, Cibiyoyin Lafiya na Ƙasa ta Amurka da sauran ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sun yi kira da a magance gibin da ke cikin horo da ilimi ga ƙwararrun ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya na LGBT. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Health {{!}} Healthy People 2020 |url=https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-objectives/topic/lesbian-gay-bisexual-and-transgender-health?topicid=25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114003737/https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-objectives/topic/lesbian-gay-bisexual-and-transgender-health?topicid=25 |archive-date=2020-11-14 |access-date=2020-11-13 |website=www.healthypeople.gov}}</ref> Binciken da ake yi a yanzu ya nuna cewa mutanen LGBT suna fuskantar rashin daidaito idan aka kwatanta da takwarorinsu na maza da mata da kuma na mata dangane da samun damar zuwa wuraren kiwon lafiya, halaye, da sakamakon magani. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hswen |first=Yulin |last2=Sewalk |first2=Kara C. |last3=Alsentzer |first3=Emily |last4=Tuli |first4=Gaurav |last5=Brownstein |first5=John S. |last6=Hawkins |first6=Jared B. |date=October 2018 |title=Investigating inequities in hospital care among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) individuals using social media |journal=Social Science & Medicine |volume=215 |pages=92–97 |doi=10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.08.031 |pmid=30219749 |s2cid=52308985}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bonvicini |first=Kathleen A. |date=December 2017 |title=LGBT healthcare disparities: What progress have we made? |journal=Patient Education and Counseling |volume=100 |issue=12 |pages=2357–2361 |doi=10.1016/j.pec.2017.06.003 |pmid=28623053}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aleshire |first=Mollie E. |last2=Ashford |first2=Kristin |last3=Fallin-Bennett |first3=Amanda |last4=Hatcher |first4=Jennifer |date=March 2019 |title=Primary Care Providers' Attitudes Related to LGBTQ People: A Narrative Literature Review |journal=Health Promotion Practice |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=173–187 |doi=10.1177/1524839918778835 |pmid=29947564 |s2cid=206741186}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana nuna cewa dalilin hakan shine rashin jituwa tsakanin jinsi daban-daban a fannin kula da lafiya da bincike. {{Blockquote|"Heterosexism can be purposeful (decreased funding or support of research projects that focus on sexual orientation) or unconscious (demographic questions on intake forms that ask the respondent to rate herself or himself as married, divorced, or single). These forms of discrimination limit medical research and negatively impact the health care of LGB individuals. This disparity is particularly extreme for lesbians (compared to homosexual men) because they have a double minority status, and experience oppression for being both female and homosexual."<ref>{{cite journal |title=Lesbian perinatal depression and the heterosexism that affects knowledge about this minority population |author=S. Trettin |author2=E. L. Moses-Kolko |author3=K. L. Wisner |url=https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/lesbian-perinatal-depression-and-the-heterosexism-that-affects-kn |journal=Archives of Women's Mental Health |date=March 2006 |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=67–73 |doi=10.1007/s00737-005-0106-8 |pmid=16172835 |s2cid=9552331 |access-date=April 26, 2021 |archive-date=April 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426235133/https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/lesbian-perinatal-depression-and-the-heterosexism-that-affects-kn |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} === Cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya da tallafin zamantakewa na LGBTQ === Sakamakon lafiyar LGBTQ+ yana da tasiri sosai ta hanyar hanyoyin tallafawa zamantakewa, takwarorinsu, da iyali. Misali ɗaya na hanyar sadarwa ta tallafi da ake da ita yanzu ga wasu matasan LGBTQ+ sun haɗa da Gay-Straight Alliances (GSAs), waɗanda ƙungiyoyi ne da ke aiki don inganta yanayin matasa LGBTQ+ a makarantu da kuma ilmantar da ɗalibai da ma'aikata game da matsalolin da al'ummar LGBTQ+ ke fuskanta. Bincike ya nuna cewa ɗaliban da ke zuwa makarantu tare da GSAs suna da sakamako mafi kyau ga lafiyar gaba ɗaya, musamman lafiyar kwakwalwa, ga matasan LGBTQ+. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Heck |first=Nicholas C. |last2=Flentje |first2=Annesa |last3=Cochran |first3=Bryan N. |date=August 2013 |title=Offsetting risks: High school gay-straight alliances and lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) youth. |journal=Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity |volume=1 |issue=S |pages=81–90 |doi=10.1037/2329-0382.1.s.81}}</ref> Binciken ya kuma nuna cewa ɗaliban LGBTQ+ waɗanda ke da damar shiga GSA suna jin daɗin kasancewa tare da su. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Heck |first=Nicholas C. |last2=Flentje |first2=Annesa |last3=Cochran |first3=Bryan N. |date=August 2013 |title=Offsetting risks: High school gay-straight alliances and lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) youth. |url=https://doi.apa.org/doi/10.1037/2329-0382.1.S.81 |journal=Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity |language=en |volume=1 |issue=S |pages=81–90 |doi=10.1037/2329-0382.1.S.81 |issn=2329-0390 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Hanyoyin lafiyar kwakwalwa na matasan LGBTQ+ suna da alaƙa sosai da hanyoyin sadarwar iyali da zamantakewa da suke da su. Kin amincewa da iyali sakamakon wani matashin LGBTQ+ da ya fito yana da yuwuwar haifar da mummunan sakamako ga lafiya. A gaskiya ma, matasan LGBTQ+ da suka fuskanci kin amincewa da iyali sun fi saurin yunƙurin kashe kansu, sau 5.9 sun fi fuskantar ƙarin damuwa, kuma sau 3.4 sun fi fuskantar haɗarin shan miyagun ƙwayoyi fiye da matasan LGBTQ+ waɗanda 'yan uwa suka karɓe su. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ryan |first=Caitlin |last2=Huebner |first2=David |last3=Diaz |first3=Rafael M. |last4=Sanchez |first4=Jorge |date=1 January 2009 |title=Family Rejection as a Predictor of Negative Health Outcomes in White and Latino Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Young Adults |journal=Pediatrics |volume=123 |issue=1 |pages=346–352 |doi=10.1542/peds.2007-3524 |pmid=19117902 |s2cid=33361972}}</ref> Kin amincewa da iyali wani lokacin yana sa matasa su gudu daga gida ko kuma a kore su daga gidajensu, wanda ke da alaƙa da yawan rashin matsuguni da matasan LGBTQ+ ke fuskanta. A gefe guda kuma, rashin matsuguni yana da alaƙa da wasu sakamako marasa kyau na lafiya waɗanda wani lokacin ke faruwa ne sakamakon ƙaruwar shigar matasan LGBTQ+ marasa matsuguni cikin [[karuwanci]] da [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7334079/#:~:text=Survival%20sex%20trading%20(SST)%20has,1999%3B%20Whyte%2C%202006). jima'i] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Saewyc |first=Elizabeth M. |date=March 2011 |title=Research on Adolescent Sexual Orientation: Development, Health Disparities, Stigma, and Resilience |journal=Journal of Research on Adolescence |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=256–272 |doi=10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00727.x |pmc=4835230 |pmid=27099454}}</ref> Wani bincike na tsawon lokaci da aka yi kan matasa 248 a cikin shekaru 5.5 ya gano cewa matasan LGBTQ+ waɗanda ke da ƙarfin goyon bayan iyali da takwarorinsu suna fuskantar ƙarancin damuwa a kowane lokaci idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda ke da ƙarancin goyon bayan iyali da takwarorinsu. A tsawon lokaci, damuwar tunanin da matasan LGBTQ+ ke fuskanta ta ragu, ba tare da la'akari da adadin goyon bayan iyali da takwarorinsu da suka samu a lokacin samartaka ba. Duk da haka, raguwar damuwa ta fi girma ga matasa waɗanda ke da ƙarancin goyon bayan takwarorinsu da iyalansu fiye da waɗanda ke da babban tallafi. A shekaru 17, waɗanda ba su da tallafin iyali amma suna da babban goyon bayan takwarorinsu sun nuna mafi girman matakan damuwa, amma wannan matakin damuwa ya ragu zuwa kusan matakin da waɗanda ke ba da rahoton babban tallafi a cikin 'yan shekaru. Waɗannan matasan LGBTQ+ waɗanda ba su da tallafin iyali amma tare da babban goyon baya daga takwarorinsu sun ba da rahoton ƙaruwar tallafin iyali tsawon shekaru duk da cewa sun ba da rahoton mafi ƙarancin tallafin iyali a lokacin da suka kai shekaru 17. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=McConnell |first=Elizabeth A. |last2=Birkett |first2=Michelle |last3=Mustanski |first3=Brian |date=December 2016 |title=Families Matter: Social Support and Mental Health Trajectories Among Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Youth |journal=Journal of Adolescent Health |volume=59 |issue=6 |pages=674–680 |doi=10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.07.026 |pmc=5217458 |pmid=27707515}}</ref> Hakazalika, wani bincike da aka yi kan matasa 232 'yan LGBTQ+ tsakanin shekaru 16-20 ya gano cewa waɗanda ke da ƙarancin goyon bayan iyali da zamantakewa sun ba da rahoton yawan rashin bege, kaɗaici, baƙin ciki, damuwa, son zuciya, [[Kisan kai|kashe kai]], tsananin duniya, da alamun [[Babban rashin damuwa|babban rashin jin daɗi]] (MDD) fiye da waɗanda suka sami tallafi mai ƙarfi na iyali da wanda ba na iyali ba. Akasin haka, waɗanda suka sami tallafin da ba na iyali ba kawai sun ba da rahoton mummunan sakamako ga duk sakamakon lafiya da aka auna sai dai damuwa da rashin bege, wanda babu wani bambanci a cikinsu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=McConnell |first=Elizabeth A. |last2=Birkett |first2=Michelle A. |last3=Mustanski |first3=Brian |date=March 2015 |title=Typologies of Social Support and Associations with Mental Health Outcomes Among LGBT Youth |journal=LGBT Health |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=55–61 |doi=10.1089/lgbt.2014.0051 |pmc=4855776 |pmid=26790019}}</ref> Wasu bincike sun gano cewa rashin sakamako mafi muni ga lafiyar kwakwalwa ga mutanen da ke da luwaɗi da 'yan madigo, wanda a wani mataki za a iya danganta shi da rashin karɓuwa da kuma tabbatar da wannan al'umma a ciki da wajen al'ummar LGBTQ. Waɗanda suka gane kansu a matsayin masu luwaɗi galibi suna ba da rahoton jin kamar matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwansu za a iya gano su ne ta hanyar wariya da ƙin yarda da juna da ke da alaƙa kai tsaye da asalinsu na masu luwaɗi. <ref name="ler">{{Cite journal |last=Ross |first=Lori E. |last2=Dobinson |first2=Cheryl |last3=Eady |first3=Allison |date=March 2010 |title=Perceived Determinants of Mental Health for Bisexual People: A Qualitative Examination |journal=American Journal of Public Health |language=en |volume=100 |issue=3 |pages=496–502 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2008.156307 |issn=0090-0036 |pmc=2820049 |pmid=20075326}}</ref> Mutane da yawa suna ba da rahoton jin kamar don a gan su a matsayin masu inganci a cikin al'ummomin LGBTQ ko kuma a gane asalinsu ta hanyar masu luwaɗi, dole ne su yi aiki da son rai ɗaya kawai, ko kuma sha'awar jinsi ɗaya kawai. <ref name="ler" /> Wannan ra'ayi za a iya danganta shi da gogewar maza da mata, ko kuma sanya wa mutanen da ke da luwaɗi lakabi da waɗanda ke da abubuwan da ba su dace ba na LGBT, wanda hakan ke sa su ji kamar ba a gani. <ref name="hs">{{Cite journal |last=Stewart |first=Heather |date=December 2021 |title=We're Here, We're ... Queer? On the Enduring Harms of Bisexual Erasure |journal=Dialogue |language=en |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=423–433 |doi=10.1017/S0012217321000287 |issn=0012-2173 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan gogewar na iya bayyana a cikin nau'in ƙananan zalunci, ko maganganu ko maganganu marasa ma'ana waɗanda a zahiri ke haifar da mummunar illa ga al'umma ko ƙungiyar da aka ware da ake niyya. <ref name="hs" /> Waɗannan ra'ayoyin al'umma na iya zama abubuwan da suka faru akai-akai ko ra'ayoyi waɗanda daga ƙarshe ke bayyana a ciki, suna yin mummunan tasiri ga amincewar mutum da girman kansa na masu luwaɗi. <ref name="hs" /> Domin magance matsalolin karɓuwa da kai, mahalarta sun ba da shawarar rungumar ruhaniya, motsa jiki, fasaha, da sauran ayyukan da ke haɓaka lafiyar motsin rai. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ross |first=Lori E. |last2=Dobinson |first2=Cheryl |last3=Eady |first3=Allison |date=March 2010 |title=Perceived Determinants of Mental Health for Bisexual People: A Qualitative Examination |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=100 |issue=3 |pages=496–502 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2008.156307 |pmc=2820049 |pmid=20075326}}</ref> === Fasahar haihuwa da aka taimaka === Mutane LGBTQ+ suna fuskantar matsaloli na musamman wajen samun 'ya'yan halitta waɗanda maza da mata masu jinsi ɗaya ba su fuskanta ba. A al'ada, sau da yawa ana ganin iyaye a matsayin abin da ba zai yiwu ba ga ma'aurata masu jinsi ɗaya kuma ana ƙarfafa ɗaukar LGBT a matsayin mai yiwuwa, amma a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, masana ilimin halittu na ci gaba suna bincike da haɓaka dabarun da za su sauƙaƙa haihuwar jinsi ɗaya, wanda zai iya ba da damar ma'aurata masu jinsi ɗaya su zama iyaye na halitta tare. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2010 |title=Breakthrough raises possibility of genetic children for same-sex couples |url=http://www.gizmag.com/possibility-of-genetic-children-from-same-sex-couples/17228/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409194948/http://www.gizmag.com/possibility-of-genetic-children-from-same-sex-couples/17228/ |archive-date=9 April 2016 |access-date=26 July 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Timeline of same-sex procreation scientific developments |url=http://www.samesexprocreation.com/timeline.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110208053033/http://samesexprocreation.com/timeline.htm |archive-date=2011-02-08 |access-date=2021-10-20 |publisher=samesexprocreation.com}}</ref> == Matsalolin da ke shafar mata 'yan madigo == === Lafiyar haihuwa da jima'i === Mata 'yan madigo, masu bisexual, da kuma masu biquar suna da buƙatu iri ɗaya na lafiyar haihuwa da ta jima'i kamar mata masu maza da mata. Duk da haka, mata masu biquar suna fuskantar rashin daidaito idan ana maganar lafiyar haihuwa da ta jima'i. Wannan na iya kasancewa saboda ƙarancin matsayin tattalin arziki da ƙarancin inshora, musamman ga mutanen da ke bisexual. Bugu da ƙari, ilimin jima'i (a Amurka) galibi yana da alaƙa da juna kuma yana iya ba da bayanai masu dacewa ga mutanen LGBTQ (duba ilimin jima'i na LGBTQ ). Masu ba da kiwon lafiya na iya ba su da isasshen ilimi game da yanayin jima'i, don haka ƙila ba sa ba wa marasa lafiyarsu ayyukan da suka dace da kuma waɗanda ake buƙata. A cikin wani bincike da aka yi wa mazauna Ob/Gyn, kashi 50% sun ba da rahoton jin rashin shiri don kula da marasa lafiya 'yan madigo ko masu bisexual kuma kashi 92% sun ba da rahoton sha'awar ƙarin ilimi kan yadda za a samar da kiwon lafiya ga marasa lafiya na LGBTQ. <ref name="Guerrero-Hall Muscanell Garg et al 2021">{{Cite journal |last=Guerrero-Hall |first=Karla Daniela |last2=Muscanell |first2=Rebecca |last3=Garg |first3=Namrata |last4=Romero |first4=Iris L. |last5=Chor |first5=Julie |date=April 2021 |title=Obstetrics and Gynecology Resident Physician Experiences with Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Queer Healthcare Training |journal=Medical Science Educator |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=599–606 |doi=10.1007/s40670-021-01227-9 |pmc=8368479 |pmid=34457914}}</ref> ==== Ciwon daji na mahaifa ==== Rashin gwajin cutar kansar mahaifa yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi bayyana kuma mafi haɗari ga mata 'yan madigo, masu bisexual, da kuma masu biquer wajen haifar da cutar kansar mahaifa a ƙarshen mataki. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-21 |title=LGBT health care discrimination (& other rainbow health concerns) |url=https://www.urevolution.com/blogs/magazine/lgbt-health-care-discrimination |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001182657/https://www.urevolution.com/blogs/magazine/lgbt-health-care-discrimination |archive-date=2023-10-01 |access-date=2023-07-23 |website=Uncomfortable Revolution |language=en-US}}</ref> Mata 'yan madigo, masu bisexual, da masu biquer ba su da damar samun gwajin da ya dace don cutar kansar mahaifa fiye da mata masu maza da mata, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Waterman |first=Lindsay |last2=Voss |first2=Joachim |date=16 January 2015 |title=HPV, cervical cancer risks, and barriers to care for lesbian women |journal=The Nurse Practitioner |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=46–53 |doi=10.1097/01.NPR.0000457431.20036.5c |pmid=25437384 |s2cid=205414490}}</ref> wanda ke haifar da gano cutar kansar mahaifa daga baya. ==== Maganin hana haihuwa ==== Mata 'yan madigo, masu bisexual, da kuma masu biquer suna buƙatar samun damar yin amfani da hanyoyin hana daukar ciki, duka don hana daukar ciki da kuma don fa'idodi daban-daban waɗanda ba sa ɗauke da maganin hana daukar ciki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Noncontraceptive Benefits of Birth Control Pills |url=https://www.reproductivefacts.org/news-and-publications/patient-fact-sheets-and-booklets/documents/fact-sheets-and-info-booklets/noncontraceptive-benefits-of-birth-control-pills/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913013344/https://www.reproductivefacts.org/news-and-publications/patient-fact-sheets-and-booklets/documents/fact-sheets-and-info-booklets/noncontraceptive-benefits-of-birth-control-pills/ |archive-date=2022-09-13 |access-date=2020-07-28 |website=www.reproductivefacts.org}}</ref> Kiyasi ya nuna cewa mata miliyan 3.8 'yan madigo, masu bisexual da kuma masu biquer na iya amfani da hanyoyin hana daukar ciki a Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Reproductive Health Care and LBT Adults |url=https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/publications/lbt-reproductive-health/ |access-date=2020-07-28 |website=Williams Institute |language=en-US}}</ref> Duk da haka, mata 'yan madigo, masu bisexual, da masu biquer ba sa amfani da hanyoyin hana daukar ciki, koda kuwa suna yin jima'i wanda zai iya haifar da ciki. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Charlton |first=Brittany M. |last2=Corliss |first2=Heather L. |last3=Missmer |first3=Stacey A. |last4=Rosario |first4=Margaret |last5=Spiegelman |first5=Donna |last6=Austin |first6=S. Bryn |date=2013 |title=Sexual orientation differences in teen pregnancy and hormonal contraceptive use: an examination across 2 generations |journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology |language=en |volume=209 |issue=3 |pages=204.e1–204.e8 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2013.06.036 |pmc=3758403 |pmid=23796650}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Everett |first=Bethany G. |last2=Higgins |first2=Jenny A. |last3=Haider |first3=Sadia |last4=Carpenter |first4=Emma |date=January 2019 |title=Do Sexual Minorities Receive Appropriate Sexual and Reproductive Health Care and Counseling? |journal=Journal of Women's Health |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=53–62 |doi=10.1089/jwh.2017.6866 |pmc=6343198 |pmid=30372369}}</ref> ==== Zubar da ciki ==== Mata 'yan madigo, masu bin maza biyu, masu luwaɗi, da kuma waɗanda suka yi kama da 'yan tsiraru suna neman kulawar zubar da ciki. Cibiyar Guttmacher ta kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 5% na marasa lafiya da ke zubar da ciki a Amurka suna bayyana kansu a matsayin 'yan madigo, masu bin maza biyu, ko kuma masu luwaɗi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=Rachel K. |last2=Jerman |first2=Jenna |last3=Charlton |first3=Brittany M. |date=September 2018 |title=Sexual Orientation and Exposure to Violence Among U.S. Patients Undergoing Abortion |journal=Obstetrics & Gynecology |volume=132 |issue=3 |pages=605–611 |doi=10.1097/AOG.0000000000002732 |pmc=10552916 |pmid=30095763 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Nazarin da aka yi kan matakan zubar da ciki da kansu ya nuna cewa zubar da ciki ya zama ruwan dare a rayuwar mata 'yan luwaɗi. Matasa masu luwaɗi biyu sun fi iya dakatar da ciki fiye da takwarorinsu na maza biyu, wani bambanci da ke ci gaba har zuwa girma. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tornello |first=Samantha L. |last2=Riskind |first2=Rachel G. |last3=Patterson |first3=Charlotte J. |date=2014 |title=Sexual Orientation and Sexual and Reproductive Health Among Adolescent Young Women in the United States |journal=Journal of Adolescent Health |language=en |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=160–168 |doi=10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.08.018 |pmid=24157195}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Everett |first=Bethany G. |last2=McCabe |first2=Katharine F. |last3=Hughes |first3=Tonda L. |date=2017 |title=Sexual Orientation Disparities in Mistimed and Unwanted Pregnancy Among Adult Women: Sexual Orientation and Unintended Pregnancy |journal=Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health |language=en |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=157–165 |doi=10.1363/psrh.12032 |pmc=5819992 |pmid=28598550}}</ref> A tsawon rayuwarsu, matan da ke nuna kansu a matsayin 'yan tsiraru sun fi fuskantar ciki da ba a so ko kuma sun daina daukar ciki fiye da mata masu jinsi ɗaya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Charlton |first=Brittany M. |last2=Everett |first2=Bethany G. |last3=Light |first3=Alexis |last4=Jones |first4=Rachel K. |last5=Janiak |first5=Elizabeth |last6=Gaskins |first6=Audrey J. |last7=Chavarro |first7=Jorge E. |last8=Moseson |first8=Heidi |last9=Sarda |first9=Vishnudas |last10=Austin |first10=S. Bryn |date=March 2020 |title=Sexual Orientation Differences in Pregnancy and Abortion Across the Lifecourse |journal=Women's Health Issues |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=65–72 |doi=10.1016/j.whi.2019.10.007 |pmc=7071993 |pmid=31810786}}</ref> === Kula da lafiyar mata masu juna biyu ga 'yan madigo === Kula da mata masu juna biyu 'yan madigo wani batu ne da ake yawan mantawa da shi a fannin kiwon lafiya. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ana samun karuwar bincike da bincike da aka gudanar domin masu kula da lafiya su sami kayan aiki mafi kyau don kula da wadannan marasa lafiya. An gudanar da wani bincike game da abubuwan da suka faru na kula da lafiyar mata masu juna biyu 'yan madigo a shekarar 2009 a Sweden. Mahalarta binciken sun so masu kula da lafiyarsu su tabbatar kuma su gane iyayen biyu, ba kawai uwa ba. Sun kuma so masu kula da lafiyarsu su yi tambayoyi game da "salon rayuwarsu" don nuna bayyanannen ra'ayinsu game da jima'i. Yawancin matan da ke cikin binciken sun yi tsokaci cewa suna da kyawawan gogewa game da kiwon lafiya. Duk da haka, ilimin haihuwa ya fi mayar da hankali kan yanayin uwa da uba. Siffofin da aka yi amfani da su kuma sun fi mayar da hankali kan bambancin jinsi (duba Heterosexism ), suna ba da damar gane uwa da uba kawai. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Larsson |first=Anna-Karin |last2=Dykes |first2=Anna-Karin |date=December 2009 |title=Care during pregnancy and childbirth in Sweden: Perspectives of lesbian women |journal=Midwifery |volume=25 |issue=6 |pages=682–690 |doi=10.1016/j.midw.2007.10.004 |pmid=18222576}}</ref> Don yin la'akari da waɗannan bambance-bambancen, mai binciken, Singer, ta ƙirƙiri takarda game da yadda za a inganta kula da mata 'yan madigo a lokacin daukar ciki a Amurka. Ta gano cewa sha'awar jima'i ga majiyyaci na iya ɗaukar alƙawari, wani lokacin yana sanya majiyyaci cikin yanayin da za su iya ilmantar da mai ba da sabis. Don zama mai haɗaka, Singer ta ba da shawarar cewa masu kula da lafiya su ƙara haɗaka a cikin tattaunawarsu ta farko ta hanyar tambayar matar yadda ta yi ciki. Masu kula da lafiya, a cewar Singer, ya kamata, a cewar Singer, su yi amfani da harshe mai haɗaka wanda za a iya amfani da shi ga kowane nau'in marasa lafiya. Masu kula da lafiya ba su san nawa ne kudin kula da lafiyar haihuwa ga ma'aurata 'yan madigo ba, kuma ya kamata su fahimci wannan matsalar a fili ga marasa lafiyar 'yan madigo. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Singer |first=Randi Beth |date=October 2012 |title=Improving Prenatal Care for Pregnant Lesbians |journal=International Journal of Childbirth Education |location=Minneapolis |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=37–40 |id={{ProQuest|1095482667}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> Masu bincike Pharris, Bucchio, Dotson, da Davidson sun kuma bayar da shawarwari kan yadda za a tallafa wa ma'aurata 'yan madigo a lokacin daukar ciki. Ya kamata masu koyar da haihuwa su guji ɗauka cewa iyaye maza da mata ne ko kuma ma'aurata marasa aure. Sun ba da shawarar yin amfani da harshe mai tsaka-tsaki lokacin da ake tattaunawa kan abubuwan da iyaye ke so. Fom, aikace-aikace, da sauran bayanai da aka rarraba ya kamata su haɗa da iyayen 'yan madigo. Sun ba da shawarar amfani da kalmomi kamar "uwa mara haihuwa, uwa ɗaya, uwa ɗaya, uwa ɗaya da uwa ta biyu". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pharris |first=Angela |last2=Bucchio |first2=Justin |last3=Dotson |first3=Carmelita |last4=Davidson |first4=Wanda |date=July 2016 |title=Supporting Lesbian Couples During Pregnancy |journal=International Journal of Childbirth Education |location=Minneapolis |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=23–24 |id={{ProQuest|1819099907}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> Baya ga ƙaruwar bincike ga mata masu juna biyu 'yan madigo, ungozoma da Doulas sun yi tasiri a tsakanin mata a cikin al'ummar 'yan luwaɗi don ƙoƙarinsu na inganta kula da ma'aurata masu juna biyu 'yan madigo, suna ilmantar da kansu ta hanyar horo musamman ga waɗannan mutane. An ɗauki ungozoma a matsayin masu ba da shawara masu taimako tare da sauran masu samar da kiwon lafiya da suka haɗu da su. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ross |first=Lori E. |last2=Steele |first2=Leah S. |last3=Epstein |first3=Rachel |date=June 2006 |title=Service Use and Gaps in Services for Lesbian and Bisexual Women During Donor Insemination, Pregnancy, and the Postpartum Period |journal=Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada |volume=28 |issue=6 |pages=505–511 |doi=10.1016/S1701-2163(16)32181-8 |pmid=16857118}}</ref> Ungozoma kuma sun tattauna ra'ayoyinsu. Röndahl, Bruhner, da Lindhe sun gudanar da wani bincike a shekarar 2009 game da abubuwan da suka faru a cikin mata masu juna biyu a Norway. Sun gano cewa ungozoma su ne ke da alhakin ƙirƙirar sarari don tattauna jima'i. Duk da haka, ungozoma a cikin binciken sun ji cewa ba su da isasshen kayan aikin sadarwa don ƙirƙirar wannan sararin. Bugu da ƙari, masu binciken sun gano cewa ana ganin ma'aurata 'yan madigo daban-daban idan aka kwatanta da ma'aurata madaidaiciya. Abokan hulɗa suna da jin daɗin ƙauna da abota. An kuma ga bambance-bambancen su lokacin da ake ƙoƙarin nemo matsayin uwayen 'yan madigo (uwaye marasa ilimin halitta), saboda harshe da tambayoyin da aka yi ba su dace da matsayinsu ba. A ƙarshe, masu binciken sun gano cewa akwai buƙatar a sami daidaito na yin tambayoyi da kuma yin tsayin daka. Ungozoma za su iya yin tambayoyi game da jima'i na marasa lafiya, amma yin tambayoyi da yawa yana haifar da rashin jin daɗi ga marasa lafiya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Röndahl |first=Gerd |last2=Bruhner |first2=Elisabeth |last3=Lindhe |first3=Jenny |date=November 2009 |title=Heteronormative communication with lesbian families in antenatal care, childbirth and postnatal care |url=https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-20809 |journal=Journal of Advanced Nursing |volume=65 |issue=11 |pages=2337–2344 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2648.2009.05092.x |pmid=19737324}}</ref> === Ciwon nono === A wani bita na tsari da aka gudanar a shekarar 2013 a Burtaniya da Amurka, wanda ya duba bincike tara, ya gano cewa gaba daya babu wani bambanci mai mahimmanci a yawan kamuwa da cutar kansar mama a tsakanin mata 'yan madigo da maza masu bibiyar mata idan aka kwatanta da mata masu jinsi daya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Meads |first=Catherine |last2=Moore |first2=David |date=December 2013 |title=Breast cancer in lesbians and bisexual women: systematic review of incidence, prevalence and risk studies |journal=BMC Public Health |language=en |volume=13 |issue=1 |page=1127 |doi=10.1186/1471-2458-13-1127 |issn=1471-2458 |pmc=3890640 |pmid=24313963 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Duk da haka, akwai kuma takardun manufofi daga Birtaniya da Gwamnatin Amurka waɗanda suka bayyana cewa akwai yiwuwar samun ƙaruwar cutar kansar mama a tsakanin mata 'yan madigo da masu luwaɗi duk da rashin isassun shaidu. A cikin wani rahoto na 2009 da ƙungiyar 'yan majalisa ta Burtaniya All Party Group on Cancer's Inquiry in Inequalities in Cancer, an bayyana cewa "Masu luwaɗi na iya samun ƙarin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansar mama". === Damuwa da damuwa === Ana tsammanin damuwa da damuwa suna shafar 'yan madigo a mafi girma fiye da na sauran jama'a. Wani lokaci ana tattauna waɗannan batutuwan lafiyar kwakwalwa kamar suna da kamanceceniya a tsakanin mata daban-daban a cikin al'umma, kodayake matan 'yan madigo suna fuskantar wani nau'in baƙin ciki da damuwa na musamman saboda abubuwan da suka fuskanta a matsayin mata 'yan luwaɗi. Abubuwan da suka fuskanta na musamman ne saboda ba wai kawai suna fuskantar wahalhalun da ke tattare da gane mace a cikin al'umma ba, har ma suna jure wahalhalun da ke tattare da gane mace a matsayin 'yar madigo. Wannan na iya ƙara tsananta waɗannan damuwar lafiyar kwakwalwa tsakanin mata 'yan madigo, ganin cewa suna da shingaye da yawa da ake tilasta musu su shawo kansu idan aka ware su a cikin al'umma. <ref name="Routledge" /> === Matsalar amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi === 'Yan madigo galibi suna da yawan shan ƙwayoyi, ciki har da magungunan nishaɗi, barasa da taba. Bincike ya nuna cewa mata 'yan madigo da masu luwaɗi suna da yuwuwar shan taba kashi 200% fiye da sauran mata. <ref name="Guidelines"/> Waɗannan yawan shan ƙwayoyi na iya zama hanyar magance matsalolin da ke tattare da su a rayuwarsu ta yau da kullun da kuma a fannin kiwon lafiya. <ref name=":9"/> == Matsalolin da suka shafi jinsin maza == === Damuwa, damuwa, da kashe kai === Maza 'yan luwaɗi sun fi fuskantar matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa fiye da sauran a cikin al'ummar LGBT. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Slimowicz |first=Joseph |last2=Siev |first2=Jedidiah |last3=Brochu |first3=Paula M. |date=28 February 2020 |title=Impact of Status-Based Rejection Sensitivity on Depression and Anxiety Symptoms in Gay Men |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=17 |issue=5 |page=1546 |doi=10.3390/ijerph17051546 |pmc=7084542 |pmid=32121193 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bincike ya nuna cewa baƙin ciki da damuwa suna shafar maza 'yan luwaɗi fiye da sauran jama'a. <ref name="10 men">{{Cite web |title=TEN THINGS GAY MEN SHOULD DISCUSS WITH THEIR HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS |url=http://www.glma.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=Page.viewPage&pageID=690 |access-date=2008-12-28 |publisher=Gay and Lesbian Medical Association}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.glma.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=Page.viewPage&pageID=690 "TEN THINGS GAY MEN SHOULD DISCUSS WITH THEIR HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS"]. Gay and Lesbian Medical Association<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-12-28</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="Depression">{{Cite web |title=Depression in the Gay Community |url=http://www.gay.com/news/roundups/package.html?sernum=1355&navpath=/channels/health/special/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907050524/http://www.gay.com/news/roundups/package.html?sernum=1355&navpath=%2Fchannels%2Fhealth%2Fspecial%2F |archive-date=2008-09-07 |access-date=2008-12-28 |publisher=Gay.com News |url-status=bot: unknown }}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">. Gay.com News. Archived from [http://www.gay.com/news/roundups/package.html?sernum=1355&navpath=/channels/health/special/ the original] on 2008-09-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-12-28</span></span>.</cite></ref> Matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa na iya zama mafi bayyana a cikin mazan 'yan luwaɗi waɗanda ba su da isasshen tsarin tallafawa zamantakewa ko waɗanda ba su bayyana jima'i ga abokai ko dangi ba. [[Samartaka|Matasa]] da matasa na iya kasancewa cikin haɗarin [[Kisan kai|kashe kansu]] musamman saboda waɗannan damuwar. Ayyukan kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa masu la'akari da al'ada waɗanda aka keɓe musamman ga mazan 'yan luwaɗi na iya zama mafi tasiri wajen rigakafi, gano da wuri, da kuma magance waɗannan yanayi. <ref name="10 men"/> Masu bincike a Jami'ar California da ke San Francisco sun gano cewa manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da baƙin ciki a cikin mazan 'yan luwaɗi da masu luwaɗi sun haɗa da gogewar da aka samu kwanan nan na [[Rikicin da aka yi wa mutanen LGBTQ|tashin hankali ko barazanar hana 'yan luwaɗi]], rashin bayyana kansu a matsayin 'yan luwaɗi, ko jin bare daga al'ummar 'yan luwaɗi. <ref name="Depression"/> Sakamakon wani bincike da Stonewall Scotland ta gudanar a farkon shekarar 2012 ya nuna cewa kashi 3% na maza 'yan luwadi sun yi yunkurin kashe kansu a cikin shekarar da ta gabata. <ref name="news.stv.tv">{{Cite web |date=April 25, 2012 |title=Suicide rates among gay men eight times higher |url=http://news.stv.tv/scotland/304764-suicide-rates-among-gay-men-eight-times-higher/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615022546/http://news.stv.tv/scotland/304764-suicide-rates-among-gay-men-eight-times-higher/ |archive-date=June 15, 2013 |website=STV}}</ref> Duk da ci gaba a fannin kare hakkin LGBT a duniya, maza 'yan luwadi suna ci gaba da fuskantar yawan kadaici da damuwa bayan sun fito fili. <ref name="Hobbes2017">{{Cite web |last=Hobbes |first=Michael |date=2017-03-01 |title=Together Alone: the Epidemic of Gay Loneliness |url=https://highline.huffingtonpost.com/articles/en/gay-loneliness/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617191417/https://highline.huffingtonpost.com/articles/en/gay-loneliness/ |archive-date=2020-06-17 |access-date=2019-12-03 |website=The Huffington Post Highline}}</ref> Yawan kashe kai tsakanin maza a cikin dangantakar jinsi daya ya ragu sosai a Sweden da Denmark bayan halatta [[Aure na jinsi ɗaya|auren jinsi daya]] . Mai bincike Annette Erlangsen ta ba da shawarar cewa tare da sauran dokokin kare hakkin 'yan luwadi, auren jinsi daya na iya rage jin kyamar da ake nunawa a tsakanin wasu 'yan luwadi kuma damar yin aure na iya inganta yanayin lafiyar kwakwalwa a cikin wannan al'umma. === HIV/AIDS === Maza da ke yin jima'i da maza sun fi saurin kamuwa da kwayar cutar HIV sau sittin a Yammacin Duniya ta zamani, Japan, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistics from the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare |url=http://www.japanetwork.org/aidsnews/stats/06jul-sep.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081213003434/http://www.japanetwork.org/aidsnews/stats/06jul-sep.html |archive-date=2008-12-13}}</ref> Indiya, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Go |first=Vivian F. |last2=Srikrishnan |first2=Aylur K. |last3=Sivaram |first3=Sudha |last4=Murugavel |first4=G. Kailapuri |last5=Galai |first5=Noya |last6=Johnson |first6=Sethulakshmi C. |last7=Sripaipan |first7=Teerada |last8=Solomon |first8=Suniti |last9=Celentano |first9=David D. |date=1 March 2004 |title=High HIV Prevalence and Risk Behaviors in Men Who Have Sex With Men in Chennai, India |journal=Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=314–319 |doi=10.1097/00126334-200403010-00014 |pmid=15076248 |s2cid=26020807 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Taiwan, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lee |first=Hsin-Chun |last2=Ko |first2=Nai-Ying |last3=Lee |first3=Nan-Yao |last4=Chang |first4=Chia-Ming |last5=Ko |first5=Wen-Chien |date=1 May 2008 |title=Seroprevalence of Viral Hepatitis and Sexually Transmitted Disease Among Adults with Recently Diagnosed HIV Infection in Southern Taiwan, 2000–2005: Upsurge in Hepatitis C Virus Infections Among Injection Drug Users |journal=Journal of the Formosan Medical Association |volume=107 |issue=5 |pages=404–411 |doi=10.1016/S0929-6646(08)60106-0 |pmid=18492625 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hung |first=C. C. |last2=Ji |first2=D. D. |last3=Sun |first3=H. Y. |last4=Lee |first4=Y. T. |last5=Hsu |first5=S. Y. |last6=Chang |first6=S. Y. |last7=Wu |first7=C. H. |last8=Chan |first8=Y. H. |last9=Hsiao |first9=C. F. |last10=Liu |first10=W. C. |last11=Colebunders |first11=R. |date=February 27, 2008 |title=Increased Risk for Entamoeba histolytica Infection and Invasive Amebiasis in HIV Seropositive Men Who Have Sex with Men in Taiwan |journal=PLOS Negl. Trop. Dis. |volume=27 |issue=2 |doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0000175 |pmc=2254204 |pmid=18301730 |doi-access=free}}</ref> da sauran ƙasashe masu ci gaba fiye da na sauran jama'a a Amurka. <ref name="FDA">{{Cite journal |last=Research |first=Center for Biologics Evaluation and |date=2019-04-11 |title=Questions about Blood - Revised Recommendations for Reducing the Risk of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Transmission by Blood and Blood Products - Questions and Answers |url=https://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/BloodBloodProducts/QuestionsaboutBlood/ucm108186.htm |journal=FDA |access-date=2026-06-09 |archive-date=2016-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330080857/https://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/BloodBloodProducts/QuestionsaboutBlood/ucm108186.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> An kiyasta cewa kashi 62% na maza 'yan Amurka manya da matasa da ke zaune tare da HIV/AIDS sun kamu da cutar ta hanyar saduwa da wasu maza. <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 1, 2008 |title=Estimated numbers of persons living with HIV/AIDS at the end of 2006, by race/ethnicity, sex, and transmission category—33 states with confidential name-based HIV infection reporting |url=https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/reports/2006report/table9.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080504153154/https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/reports/2006report/table9.htm |archive-date=May 4, 2008 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> Ƙazanta da ke da alaƙa da HIV tana da alaƙa da rashin lafiyar jiki da ta hankali a cikin PLHIV (mutanen da ke zaune tare da HIV). Sunan farko da aka gabatar don abin da yanzu aka sani da "AIDS" shine ''ƙarancin garkuwar jiki da ke da alaƙa da 'yan luwaɗi'', ko ''GRID'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The History of AIDS and ARC |url=http://biotech.law.lsu.edu/Books/lbb/x590.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709142045/http://biotech.law.lsu.edu/Books/lbb/x590.htm |archive-date=July 9, 2011 |access-date=May 6, 2021}}</ref> An gabatar da wannan sunan a cikin 1982, bayan da masana kimiyyar lafiyar jama'a suka lura da tarin Kaposi's sarcoma da <nowiki><i id="mwAgw">Pneumocystis</i></nowiki> pneumonia tsakanin maza 'yan luwaɗi a [[California]] da [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]] . <ref name="CDC1">{{Cite journal |last=Centers for Disease Control (CDC) |date=18 June 1982 |title=A cluster of Kaposi's sarcoma and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia among homosexual male residents of Los Angeles and Orange Counties, California. |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001114.htm |url-status=live |journal=Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report |volume=31 |issue=23 |pages=305–307 |pmid=6811844 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080224023702/http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001114.htm |archive-date=24 February 2008 |access-date=9 September 2017}}</ref> Wasu maza 'yan luwadi ba za a yi musu gwajin cutar HIV/AIDS ba saboda tsoron kin amincewa da jima'i, rashin sanin inda ko yadda za a yi musu gwajin, da kuma tsoron abokai/iyali su nisanta kansu bayan an gano cutar. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Iott |first=Bradley E. |last2=Loveluck |first2=Jimena |last3=Benton |first3=Akilah |last4=Golson |first4=Leon |last5=Kahle |first5=Erin |last6=Lam |first6=Jason |last7=Bauermeister |first7=José A. |last8=Veinot |first8=Tiffany C. |date=9 March 2022 |title=The impact of stigma on HIV testing decisions for gay, bisexual, queer and other men who have sex with men: a qualitative study |journal=BMC Public Health |volume=22 |issue=1 |page=471 |doi=10.1186/s12889-022-12761-5 |pmc=8908600 |pmid=35264132 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Duk da cewa adadin maza 'yan luwadi da ke kamuwa da cutar HIV ya fi na sauran al'ummomi yawa, yawancin bincike da bincike kan cutar HIV sun dogara ne kawai akan yawan 'yan luwadi maimakon manyan ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Murchu |first=Eamon O. |last2=Marshall |first2=Liam |last3=Teljeur |first3=Conor |last4=Harrington |first4=Patricia |last5=Hayes |first5=Catherine |last6=Moran |first6=Patrick |last7=Ryan |first7=Mairin |date=2022-05-01 |title=Oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) to prevent HIV: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical effectiveness, safety, adherence and risk compensation in all populations |url=https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/12/5/e048478 |journal=BMJ Open |language=en |volume=12 |issue=5 |doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2020-048478 |issn=2044-6055 |pmc=9096492 |pmid=35545381 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Rigakafin kamuwa da cutar HIV, ko "PrEP", magunguna ne da ake amfani da su wajen hana kamuwa da cutar HIV a cikin mutanen da ke cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar, kamar manya masu yin jima'i ko mutanen da ke yin allurar magunguna. <ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Consolidated guidelines on HIV prevention, testing, treatment, service delivery and monitoring: recommendations for a public health approach |url=https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/9789240031593 |access-date=2024-02-23 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Sau da yawa, ana shan waɗannan magungunan ta baki a matsayin haɗin tenofovir da emtricitabine. <ref name=":3"/> An nuna cewa PrEP yana da tasiri sosai, yana rage haɗarin kamuwa da cutar HIV ta hanyar jima'i har zuwa kashi 99% da kuma ta hanyar amfani da allurar magani da kashi 74% idan aka yi amfani da shi kamar yadda aka umarta. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-08 |title=Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) {{!}} HIV Risk and Prevention {{!}} HIV/AIDS |url=https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/risk/prep/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113224839/https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/risk/prep/index.html |archive-date=2019-11-13 |access-date=2024-02-23 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}</ref> Yana da tasiri musamman ga maza suna yin jima'i da maza. Duk da haka, wannan tasiri ya dogara ne akan bin ƙa'ida. A cewar wasu bincike, raguwar kashi 10% a bin ƙa'ida ya rage ingancin PrEP da kashi 13% <ref name=":3" /> Waɗannan matsalolin bin ƙa'ida sun haifar da rashin bayanai kan ingancin PrEP ga mutanen da ke da jinsi ɗaya. Duk da cewa MSM tana cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar HIV, tallan irin waɗannan magungunan yana iyakance ilimin kan albarkatun lafiyar jima'i kuma yana ci gaba da nuna wariya ga gwajin HIV da rigakafinsa ga maza masu luwaɗi. Akwai kuma rashin bayanai kan sauran mutanen da ke cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kamar masu aikin jima'i, mata masu canza jinsi (kashi 1% na mahalarta a wani bincike da aka gano a matsayin mata masu canza jinsi <ref name=":3" /> ), da kuma ma'aurata masu bambancin jinsi (a cikin binciken da aka yi, akwai rashin bin ƙa'ida sosai <ref name=":3" /> ) === Sauran cututtukan da ake dauka ta hanyar jima'i (STIs) === Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka ta Amurka ta ba da shawarar a yi gwajin cutar [[Tunjere|syphilis]], [[Ciwon sanyi|gonorrhea]], HIV da chlamydia a kowace shekara ga mazan da ke yin jima'i da maza. <ref name="Guidelines"/> Maza baƙaƙe 'yan luwaɗi suna da haɗarin kamuwa da cutar HIV da sauran cututtukan da suka shafi jima'i fiye da maza fararen 'yan luwaɗi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wolitski |first=Richard J. |last2=Fenton |first2=Kevin A. |date=April 2011 |title=Sexual Health, HIV, and Sexually Transmitted Infections among Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men in the United States |journal=AIDS and Behavior |volume=15 |issue=S1 |pages=9–17 |doi=10.1007/s10461-011-9901-6 |pmid=21331797 |s2cid=31770928}}</ref> Duk da haka, adadin da aka ruwaito na yin jima'i ta dubura ba tare da kariya ba ya yi kama da na mazan da ke yin jima'i da maza (MSM) na wasu ƙabilu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fields |first=Errol L. |last2=Bogart |first2=Laura M. |last3=Smith |first3=Katherine C. |last4=Malebranche |first4=David J. |last5=Ellen |first5=Jonathan |last6=Schuster |first6=Mark A. |date=March 2012 |title=HIV Risk and Perceptions of Masculinity Among Young Black Men Who Have Sex With Men |journal=Journal of Adolescent Health |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=296–303 |doi=10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.07.007 |pmc=3281559 |pmid=22325136}}</ref> Maza da ke yin jima'i da maza suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar hepatitis, kuma ana ba da shawarar yin allurar rigakafin [[Cutar hanta A|hepatitis A]] da [[hepatitis B]] ga duk mazan da ke yin jima'i da maza. Jima'i mai aminci a halin yanzu shine kawai hanyar rigakafi ga [[Hepatitis C|hepatitis C.]] <ref name="10 men"/> [[Human papillomavirus infection|Kwayar cutar papilloma ta ɗan adam]], wadda ke haifar da kurajen dubura da al'aura, tana taka rawa wajen ƙaruwar yawan kamuwa da cutar kansar dubura a cikin maza masu luwaɗi, kuma wasu ƙwararrun masana kiwon lafiya yanzu suna ba da shawarar a yi gwajin dubura akai-akai don gano cutar kansar da wuri. <ref name="10 men"/> Maza suna da yawan kamuwa da cutar HPV ta baki fiye da mata. Cutar HPV ta baki tana da alaƙa da cutar kansar oropharyngeal mai kama da HPV . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> === Matsalolin cin abinci da kuma yanayin jiki === Kalmar "siffar jiki" tana nufin yadda mutum yake fahimtar kamanninsa na zahiri, wanda a ƙarshe zai iya shafar yadda yake ji. <ref name="Body Image">{{Cite web |title=Body Image |url=https://login.lmunet.idm.oclc.org/login?qurl=https://go.gale.com%2fps%2fi.do%3fp%3dOVIC%26u%3dtel_a_lmu%26id%3dGALE%257CPC3010999221%26v%3d2.1%26it%3dr%26sid%3dbookmark-OVIC%26asid%3dcd0964ec |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=login.lmunet.idm.oclc.org}}</ref> Matsalolin siffar jiki galibi suna tasowa a cikin shekarun ƙuruciyar mutum, lokacin da sanin kansa ya shiga cikin jiki kuma sanin kansa yana ƙaruwa. <ref name="Body Image" /> Iyaye ne ke koyar da waɗannan ra'ayoyin, kuma ana iya rinjayar su da kyau ko mara kyau bisa ga hulɗar iyaye da salo. <ref name="Body Image" /> Bincike ya gano cewa mata galibi suna fuskantar mummunan tunanin siffar jiki, amma duka jinsi suna da tasiri sosai a lokacin balaga tare da mummunan tunani game da nauyi da kwatanta kansu da takwarorinsu. <ref name="Body Image" /> Nau'in jinsi na maza da mata na gargajiya suna ci gaba da tantance ma'aunin mace da namiji a cikin al'ummar yau. Mummunan hoton jiki na iya haifar da ci gaban matsalolin cin abinci, gami da ƙuntatawa ko kuma waɗanda suka dogara da yawan cin abinci. Ciwon cin abinci mai yawa shine matsalar cin abinci da aka fi samu a Amurka kuma ya haifar da hauhawar yawan [[kiba]] . <ref name="Brownley 409–420">{{Cite journal |last=Brownley |first=Kimberly A. |last2=Berkman |first2=Nancy D. |last3=Peat |first3=Christine M. |last4=Lohr |first4=Kathleen N. |last5=Cullen |first5=Katherine E. |last6=Bann |first6=Carla M. |last7=Bulik |first7=Cynthia M. |date=2016-09-20 |title=Binge-Eating Disorder in Adults |url=https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M15-2455 |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |volume=165 |issue=6 |pages=409–420 |doi=10.7326/M15-2455 |issn=0003-4819}}</ref> Ciwon cin abinci mai yawa ana samunsa a cikin mata idan aka kwatanta da maza, musamman waɗanda ke da kiba, waɗanda aka ayyana a matsayin ma'aunin nauyin jiki (BMI) wanda aka rubuta sama da 30. <ref name="Brownley 409–420" /> <ref name="Obesity">{{Cite web |title=Obesity |url=https://login.lmunet.idm.oclc.org/login?qurl=https://go.gale.com%2fps%2fi.do%3fp%3dOVIC%26u%3dtel_a_lmu%26id%3dGALE%257CPC3010999129%26v%3d2.1%26it%3dr%26sid%3dbookmark-OVIC%26asid%3d41c690fa |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=login.lmunet.idm.oclc.org}}</ref> Ana auna BMI ta hanyar yin rikodin tsayi da nauyin mutum, da kuma kwatanta su da lafiyar jama'a gaba ɗaya. <ref name="Obesity" /> Mutanen da ke canza jinsi suna yawan yin rikodin matakan kiba mafi girma da kuma yin kiba fiye da mutanen da ke da jinsi saboda amfani da maye gurbin hormone da dakatar da hanyoyin magance kiba wanda zai iya shafar ƙaruwar nauyi. <ref name="Obesity" /> Ciwon ya ƙunshi nau'ikan sharuɗɗa da dama da dole ne mutum ya faɗi ƙarƙashinsu don a gano shi da wannan yanayin, kamar: cin abinci fiye da yadda wasu ke ci a cikin yanayi ɗaya, cin abinci a takamaiman lokaci, jin ƙyamar kai bayan cin abinci, cin abinci mai yawa lokacin da ba ya jin yunwa, ko jin rashin iko game da abinci ko yanayi da abinci ya samo asali. <ref name="Brownley 409–420" /> Mutanen da aka gano kuma aka yi musu lakabi da masu kiba galibi suna fuskantar cin zarafi a wuraren kiwon lafiya kuma suna da yawan damuwa da damuwa, kuma idan suna da yanayin jima'i daban, hakan na iya ƙara ta'azzara lamarin. <ref name="Obesity" /> An yi rikodin cewa yanayin jima'i yana da hannu wajen tantance kiba a fannin likitanci da kuma yiwuwar a gano ta a matsayin kiba. Matan da ke bayyana kansu a matsayin 'yan madigo ko masu bisexual suna da matsayi mafi girma da kuma haɗarin zama masu kiba/kiba fiye da mata madaidaiciya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Semlyen |first=J |last2=Curtis |first2=T J |last3=Varney |first3=J |date=2019-02-21 |title=Sexual orientation identity in relation to unhealthy body mass index: individual participant data meta-analysis of 93 429 individuals from 12 UK health surveys |url=https://academic.oup.com/jpubhealth/article/42/1/98/5346731 |journal=Journal of Public Health |language=en |volume=42 |issue=1 |doi=10.1093/pubmed/fdy224 |issn=1741-3842 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416222535/https://academic.oup.com/jpubhealth/article/42/1/98/5346731 |archive-date=2021-04-16}}</ref> Kabila da ƙabila suma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tantance kiba bisa ga BMI, inda mata masu launin fata da waɗanda ba su da jinsi mai yawa, waɗanda suka bambanta da maza masu bisexual, suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da kiba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Newlin Lew |first=Kelley |last2=Dorsen |first2=Caroline |last3=Melkus |first3=Gail D. |last4=Maclean |first4=Monika |date=August 2018 |title=Prevalence of Obesity, Prediabetes, and Diabetes in Sexual Minority Women of Diverse Races/Ethnicities: Findings From the 2014-2015 BRFSS Surveys |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29808733 |journal=The Diabetes Educator |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=348–360 |doi=10.1177/0145721718776599 |issn=1554-6063 |pmid=29808733}}</ref> Maza masu luwaɗi sun fi maza madaidaiciya yuwuwar kamuwa da matsalolin cin abinci kamar bulimia ko anorexia nervosa . <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Feldman MB, Meyer IH |year=2007 |title=Eating disorders in diverse lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations |journal=Int J Eat Disord |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=218–26 |doi=10.1002/eat.20360 |pmc=2080655 |pmid=17262818}}</ref> Har yanzu ba a fahimci dalilin wannan alaƙar ba, amma ana hasashen cewa tana da alaƙa da manufofin siffar jiki da ke yaɗuwa a cikin al'ummar LGBT. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Smith AR, Hawkeswood SE, Bodell LP, Joiner TE |year=2011 |title=Muscularity versus leanness: an examination of body ideals and predictors of disordered eating in heterosexual and gay college students |journal=Body Image |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=232–6 |doi=10.1016/j.bodyim.2011.03.005 |pmc=3124584 |pmid=21561818}}</ref> [[Kiba]], a gefe guda, tana shafar maza 'yan luwaɗi da masu bisexual kaɗan fiye da maza madaidaiciya. === Amfani da abu === David McDowell na Jami'ar Columbia, wanda ya yi nazarin shan miyagun ƙwayoyi ga maza 'yan luwaɗi, ya rubuta cewa shan ƙwayoyi a kulob yana da matuƙar shahara a mashaya da wuraren shaƙatawa na 'yan luwaɗi. Bincike ya gano sakamako daban-daban kan yawan shan taba a tsakanin maza 'yan luwaɗi da maza masu luwaɗi idan aka kwatanta da maza masu luwaɗi, inda wani bincike ya gano cewa kashi 50% na maza marasa rinjaye masu jima'i sun fi yawa, <ref name="Guidelines"/> wani kuma bai gamu da wani bambanci ba a tsakanin yanayin jima'i. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Susan D. Cochran |last2=Frank C. Bandiera |last3=Vickie M. Mays |year=2013 |title=Sexual Orientation–Related Differences in Tobacco Use and Secondhand Smoke Exposure Among US Adults Aged 20 to 59 Years: 2003–2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=103 |issue=10 |pages=1837–1844 |doi=10.2105/ajph.2013.301423 |pmc=3780743 |pmid=23948019}}</ref> == Matsalolin da ke shafar mutane masu bisexual == Yawanci, ba a yin nazarin mutanen da ke da alaƙa da maza da mata da kuma lafiyarsu ba tare da la'akari da 'yan madigo da 'yan luwaɗi ba. Don haka, akwai ƙarancin bincike kan batutuwan lafiya da ke shafar mutanen da ke da alaƙa da maza da mata. Yana da mahimmanci a yi la'akari da cewa yawancin mutanen da ke da alaƙa da maza da mata suna da daidaito da lafiya, duk da cewa suna da mafi yawan matsalolin lafiya fiye da mutanen da ke da alaƙa da maza da mata. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Russell S. T. |last2=Joyner K. |year=2001 |title=Adolescent sexual orientation and suicide risk: Evidence from a national study |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=91 |issue=8 |pages=1276–1281 |doi=10.2105/ajph.91.8.1276 |pmc=1446760 |pmid=11499118}}</ref> === Siffar jiki da matsalolin cin abinci === Mutane masu zaman kansu gabaɗaya suna da yuwuwar kamuwa da matsalar cin abinci ko kuma nuna halaye masu alaƙa da matsalar cin abinci. <ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Cao |first=Zhangqi |last2=Cini |first2=Erica |last3=Pellegrini |first3=Dario |last4=Fragkos |first4=Kostantinos C. |date=2023 |title=The association between sexual orientation and eating disorders-related eating behaviours in adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=European Eating Disorders Review |language=en |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=46–64 |doi=10.1002/erv.2952 |issn=1099-0968 |pmc=10100331 |pmid=36367345}}</ref> Akwai yawan kamuwa da cututtukan da ke shafar jinsi tsakanin mutane masu zaman kansu idan aka kwatanta da mutanen da ke da alaƙa da jinsi ɗaya. <ref name=":11" /> Ga maza masu zaman kansu, kwatanta zamantakewa, sha'awar tsoka, da shiga cikin al'umma tsakanin maza masu zaman kansu duk suna haifar da ƙarin alamun a tsakanin wannan rukunin. Mata masu zaman kansu sun nuna irin wannan abin ƙarfafawa, ban da sha'awar tsoka. <ref name=":11" /> Mata masu zaman kansu sun ninka yiwuwar kamuwa da matsalar cin abinci sau biyu fiye da 'yan madigo, kuma, idan sun kasance masu zaman kansu a fili, za su ninka yiwuwar kamuwa da matsalar cin abinci sau biyu fiye da mata masu zaman kansu. <ref name="Koh, A. S. 2006">{{Cite journal |last=Koh A. S. |last2=Ross L. K. |year=2006 |title=Mental health issues: A comparison of lesbian, bisexual and heterosexual women |journal=Journal of Homosexuality |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=33–57 |doi=10.1300/j082v51n01_03 |pmid=16893825 |s2cid=30991404}}</ref> === Lafiyar kwakwalwa da kashe kansa === Mata masu jinsi biyu sun fi son kashe kansu, matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa da kuma magance matsalar lafiyar kwakwalwa fiye da maza masu jinsi biyu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mathy R. |last2=Lehmann B. |last3=Kerr D. |year=2003 |title=Bisexual and Transgender Identities in a Nonclinical Sample of North americans: Suicidal Intent, Behavioral Difficulties, and Mental Health Treatment |journal=Journal of Bisexuality |volume=3 |issue=3–4 |pages=93–110 |doi=10.1300/j159v03n03_07 |s2cid=142011889}}</ref> A wani bincike da Stonewall Scotland ta gudanar, kashi 7% na maza masu jinsi biyu sun yi yunkurin kashe kansu a shekarar da ta gabata. <ref name="news.stv.tv"/> Mata masu jinsi biyu sun fi mata masu jinsi biyu saurin kai rahoton tunanin kashe kansu idan sun bayyana sha'awarsu ta jima'i ga yawancin mutane a rayuwarsu; waɗanda ba a bayyana su ba sun fi sau uku saurin kai harin. <ref name="Koh, A. S. 2006"/> Mutane masu jinsi biyu suna da yawan tunanin kashe kansu da yunƙurinsu fiye da maza masu jinsi biyu, kuma sun fi halayen cutar da kansu fiye da maza masu jinsi biyu da 'yan madigo. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Balsam K. F. |last2=Beauchaine T. P. |last3=Mickey R. M. |author-link3=Ruth Mickey |last4=Rothblum E. D. |year=2005 |title=Mental health of lesbian, gay, bisexual and heterosexual siblings: Effects of gender, sexual orientation, and family |journal=Journal of Abnormal Psychology |volume=114 |issue=3 |pages=471–476 |citeseerx=10.1.1.530.9976 |doi=10.1037/0021-843x.114.3.471 |pmid=16117584}}</ref> Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2011 ya gano cewa kashi 44% na ɗaliban makarantar sakandare da sakandare masu jinsi biyu sun yi tunanin kashe kansu a cikin watan da ya gabata. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Forrest |first=Sharita |title=News Bureau - ILLINOIS |url=http://news.illinois.edu/news/11/1013teens_DorothyEspelage_JosephRobinson.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230185629/https://news.illinois.edu/news/11/1013teens_dorothyespelage_josephrobinson.html |archive-date=2019-12-30 |access-date=2013-12-02}}</ref> === Amfani da abu === Matasa mata da ke bayar da rahoton alaƙa da abokan zama na jinsi ɗaya da na wasu jinsi suna da yawan shan barasa mai haɗari da kuma matsalolin shan ƙwayoyi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Udry J. R. |last2=Chantala K. |year=2002 |title=Risk assessment of adolescents with same-sex relationships |journal=Journal of Adolescent Health |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=84–92 |doi=10.1016/s1054-139x(02)00374-9 |pmid=12090969}}</ref> Wannan ya haɗa da yawan shan wiwi da sauran shan miyagun ƙwayoyi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Eisenberg M. E. |last2=Wechsler H. |year=2003 |title=Substance use behaviors among college students with same-sex and opposite-sex experience: Results from a national study |journal=Addictive Behaviors |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=1913–1923 |doi=10.1016/s0306-4603(01)00286-6 |pmid=12788264}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ford J. A. |last2=Jasinski J. L. |year=2006 |title=Sexual orientation and substance use among college students |journal=Addictive Behaviors |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=404–413 |doi=10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.05.019 |pmid=15970397}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Russell S. T. |last2=Driscoll A. K. |last3=Truong N. |year=2002 |title=Adolescent same-sex romantic attractions and relationships: Implications for substance use and abuse |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=92 |issue=2 |pages=198–202 |doi=10.2105/ajph.92.2.198 |pmc=1447042 |pmid=11818291}}</ref> Mata masu ɗabi'a da kuma waɗanda suka san kansu suna da yuwuwar shan sigari kuma sun kasance masu shan ƙwayoyi tun suna ƙanana fiye da mata masu ɗabi'a. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=McCabe S. E. |last2=Hughes T. L. |last3=Bostwick W. |last4=Boyd C.J. |year=2005 |title=Assessment of difference in dimensions of sexual orientation: Implications for substance use research in a college-age population |journal=Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs |volume=66 |issue=5 |pages=620–629 |doi=10.15288/jsa.2005.66.620 |pmc=3156552 |pmid=16331847}}</ref> === Ciwon daji === Mata masu jinsi biyu sun fi fuskantar barazanar kamuwa da cutar nono, kiba da kiba, suna da yawan shan taba da shan barasa fiye da mata masu jinsi biyu, duk waɗannan abubuwan haɗari ne ga ciwon nono. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Case |first=Patricia |last2=Austin |first2=S. Bryn |last3=Hunter |first3=David J. |last4=Manson |first4=Joann E. |last5=Malspeis |first5=Susan |last6=Willett |first6=Walter C. |last7=Spiegelman |first7=Donna |date=December 2004 |title=Sexual orientation, health risk factors, and physical functioning in the nurses' health study II |journal=[[Journal of Women's Health]] |volume=13 |issue=9 |pages=1033–1047 |doi=10.1089/jwh.2004.13.1033 |pmid=15665660}}</ref> Maza masu jinsi biyu da ke yin jima'i ta dubura suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansar dubura da cutar papillomavirus ta ɗan adam (HPV) ke haifarwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Daling J. R. |last2=Madeleine M. M. |last3=Johnson L. G. |last4=Schwartz S. M. |last5=Shera K. A. |last6=Wurscher M. A. |last7=Carter J. J. |last8=McDougall J. K. |year=2004 |title=Human papillomavirus, smoking, and sexual practices in the etiology of anal cancer |journal=Cancer |volume=101 |issue=2 |pages=270–80 |doi=10.1002/cncr.20365 |pmid=15241823 |s2cid=1841043 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === HIV/AIDS da lafiyar jima'i === Yawancin bincike kan cutar HIV/AIDS sun fi mayar da hankali kan maza masu luwaɗi da maza masu luwaɗi fiye da mata masu luwaɗi da mata masu luwaɗi. Shaidar da ke nuna halayen jima'i masu haɗari a cikin maza masu luwaɗi sun kasance masu karo da juna. Maza masu luwaɗi da maza masu luwaɗi galibi suna amfani da kwaroron roba a daidai gwargwado kamar maza masu luwaɗi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jeffries |first=William L. |last2=Dodge |first2=Brian |date=July 2007 |title=Male bisexuality and condom use at last sexual encounter: Results from a national Survey |journal=[[Journal of Sex Research]] |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=278–289 |doi=10.1080/00224490701443973 |pmid=17879171 |s2cid=44962530}}</ref> Maza masu luwaɗi da maza da mata ba su da yuwuwar kamuwa da cutar HIV ko yin jima'i ta dubura ba tare da kariya ba, amma sun fi yiwuwa maza masu luwaɗi su kamu da cutar HIV fiye da maza masu luwaɗi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zule W. A. |last2=Bobashev G. V. |last3=Wechsberg W. M. |last4=Costenbader E. C. |last5=Coomes C. M. |year=2009 |title=Behaviorally bisexual men and their risk behaviors with men and women |journal=[[Journal of Urban Health]] |volume=86 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=48–62 |doi=10.1007/s11524-009-9366-3 |pmc=2705485 |pmid=19513854}}</ref> Duk da cewa babu tabbacin kamuwa da cutar HIV da aka yada daga mace zuwa mace, matan da suka yi jima'i da maza da mata suna da yawan kamuwa da cutar HIV fiye da mata masu luwaɗi ko mata masu luwaɗi. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pj36ovy90gxrd976y6zwcdygjtyodoo 0 156406 873827 853612 2026-07-01T21:07:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 873827 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Biskra''' (Arabic) babban birnin Lardin Biskra ne, [[Aljeriya]] . A shekara ta 2007, an rubuta yawan jama'arta a matsayin 307,987. Biskra tana cikin arewa maso gabashin Aljeriya, kimanin kilomita 248 (kilomita 399) daga [[Aljir|Algiers]], kilomita 71 (kilominta 114) kudu maso yammacin Batna da kilomita 137 (kilomitara 220) arewacin Touggourt. An ba shi lakabi da "Sarauniyar Zibans", "Ƙofar Desert" ko "The Saharan Nice" saboda wurin da yake a farkon Desert Sahara. Saboda wurin da yake, yanayin sa da albarkatun kasa, musamman noma, Biskra koyaushe ya kasance hanyar tsakiya tsakanin biranen arewa da kudu. Ya ga wucewar wayewa da yawa, daga [[Romawa na Da|Romawa]] da [[Larabawa]] zuwa Faransanci. A cikin 1844, Biskra ya zama sansanin Faransa, <ref name="WDL2">{{Cite web |year=1899 |title=Market, Biskra, Algeria |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/8784/ |access-date=25 September 2013 |website=[[World Digital Library]] |archive-date=27 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927132318/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/8784/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> wanda ya ga fada a lokacin tawaye a cikin 1849 da 1871. A halin yanzu birnin Biskra yana da unguwa 28, gami da manyan unguwanni uku na Korra, Gidaje 60 na Birni, da Yankunan Kayan aiki. Yana cikin kudancin tsarin jirgin kasa na Aljeriya, kuma ya zama sanannen wurin shakatawa na hunturu. == Magana == An san birnin da sunaye da yawa, ciki har da Biskra, Sokkra, Vescra, Vecera, Vescera, da Adbesran. Masana tarihi ba su yarda da asalin sunan da ake amfani da shi a yanzu ba. Wasu suna cewa sunansa ya fito ne daga "Vescera", wanda ke nufin "tasha" ko "wuri" na musayar kasuwanci, saboda wurin da yake haɗuwa da arewa da kudu. Shugaban Romawa Betolimih Benyouba ya sanya masa suna "kogin ƙaddara" saboda Sidi Zarzour (sunan da yake a yanzu) wanda ke ratsa birnin. Wasu masu bincike [waɗanda?] sun ce sunansa ya samo asali ne daga sunan [[Romawa na Da|Roman]] na dā "Adebesran" saboda tushen geothermal wanda ke kusa da birnin, wanda aka sani da Salhine Hammam . Sauran kafofin [waɗanda?] sun ce sunan ya fito ne daga kalmar "Sokkra" saboda ingancin kwanakin da ke cikin oases na birnin. Har ila yau wasu [waɗanda?] suna da'awar cewa Carthaginians ne suka ba birnin sunan yanzu.    Don girmama birnin, an ba da sunan ga wani oasis, Biskra Palms, kusa da Palm Springs, California. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Biskra_Story.jpg|left|thumb]] === Gaetuli === Gaetuli ya fara bayyana a Arewacin Afirka a lokacin karni na 3 BC. Sun zauna a babban yanki a kudancin lardunan Romawa na Afirka da [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]]. [bayyanawa da ake buƙata] A cewar masanin tarihin Girka [[Strabo]], su ne mafi yawan mutanen Arewacin Afirka duk da haka ba a san su ba. Daga cikin tsofaffin nassoshi game da Gaetuli sune na Carthaginians, waɗanda suka nuna cewa Yarima na Gaetuli ya ba da shawarar auren Élyssa (ko Dido ga Romawa), sarauniyar da ta kafa Carthage ([[Tunisiya]] ta yanzu) a kusa da 815 BC. Koyaya, nassoshi a tsohuwar Misira na wasu kabilun sun koma 1350 BC, a lokacin mulkin Akhenaton na daular goma sha takwas, suna magana game da cinikin shanu tare da waɗannan mutane.  Gaetuli tabbas shine asalin kalandar Berber, wanda ya fara a kusa da 943-949 BC, wanda zai kasance bayan nasarar hadin gwiwar Gétules a kan [[Misra|Masarawa]]. Wannan hadin gwiwa, wanda kabilun Arewacin Afirka suka kafa, sun bar kudu maso yammacin Aljeriya, suna kara karfinta yayin da ta wuce ta Arewacin Afirka. Haɗin gwiwar da Shoshenq (sunan Berber: Sheshnaq) ya jagoranci ya ci Fir'auna Psusennes II. Bayan wannan nasarar, Sheshnaq ya auri 'yar Fir'auna, ya zauna a kan kursiyin Masar a ƙarƙashin sunan Sheshonq a cikin 952 BC, kuma ya kafa Daular ta 22. An ambaci wannan taron na Littafi Mai-Tsarki a cikin [[Tsohon Alkawari]], wanda ke magana game da fashi na wannan shugaban kabilar [[Meshwesh|Machaouach]]. Yayin da suke ratsa hamada, Gaetuli sun isa tare da [[Buzaye|Taureg]] a [[Tassili n'Ajjer|Tassili]], inda suka zauna na dogon lokaci sannan daga baya suka haɗu da Tuareg kuma suka koyi harshen [[Abzinanci|Tamazight]] don musayar al'adu da kasuwanci. Koyaya, Gaetuli daga ƙarshe sun fara jin ba su da wuri kuma sun yanke shawarar ci gaba da arewa. A Aljeriya, sun zauna a gefen [[Aurès|Aures]], inda suka haifar da matsaloli ga shiga Roman a karni na 3 BC yayin da suke da mahayan dawakai kuma sun zama masu tsoratar da su a yaƙi. Ya zama dole a haɗa marigayi ɗan siyasan Roma, Gaius Marius, don tattauna binciken Kudu game da izinin ƙasar noma a kusa da Cirta da Setifis, a lokacin a ƙarƙashin mulkin Romawa; dabarar warwatsa su don haka ya ragu da ƙarfin su. Don haka, Romawa sun mamaye Gétule. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Biranen Aljeriya]] chynjer65kzbh7veot6xu1sucfqn5cb 0 156517 874022 854028 2026-07-01T23:06:48Z Habibah A Jisambo 26434 874022 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:R_4.jpg|right|thumb|Chevrolets na '''R1 Patrol''' na Long Range Desert Group da ke fitowa daga Jalo oasis. A gaba shine "R4" ''Rotowaro'' W.D.no. L4618912.]] '''Jalo oasis''' (ko '''Jalu''', ko '''Gialo''') wani oasis ne a Cyrenaica, [[Libya]], wanda ke yammacin Babban Tekun Sand kuma kimanin kilomita 250 kudu maso gabashin Tekun Sidra . Babbar, mai tsawon kilomita 19 (12 kuma har zuwa kilomita 11 (7 a fadin, tana tallafawa ƙauyuka da yawa, mafi girma daga cikinsu shine garin Jalu. Jalu ita ce babban birnin gudanarwa na Gundumar Jalu daga 1983 zuwa 1988, a wannan lokacin yankin ya zama wani ɓangare na Gunduma ta Ajdabiya kuma tun daga 2007 yana cikin Gundumar Al Wahat. Saboda wurin da yake kuma a matsayin tushen ruwa, yana da muhimmancin dabarun a lokacin [[Gangamin Arewacin Afirka|Yakin Arewacin Afirka]] a [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]] kuma ya sauya hannaye sau da yawa tsakanin sojojin Allied da Axis.<ref>Molinari, Andrea (2006) ''Desert Raiders: Axis and Allied Special Forces 1940-43'' Osprey, Oxford, England, [https://books.google.com/books?id=v0T2gan40gQC&pg=PA74 page 74], {{ISBN|978-1-84603-006-2}}</ref> Ruwa a cikin oasis na Jalo yana da gishiri sosai (kashi 3,880 a kowace miliyan). Ruwa yana da alkaline tare da pH na 7.4 kuma yana da wuyar gaske tare da gishiri da yawa ban da sodium chloride.<ref name="Walton" /> == Al'ummomi. == Baya ga Jalu, oasis yana tallafawa al'ummomi masu zuwa: * Al Hiri * Labba * Shurraf * Masliwa * Rashida == Manazarta == 6j9959m52f0x5s1cys4fmo3g9pvvpkd 0 156686 874147 854727 2026-07-02T08:12:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 874147 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Chiké Okonkwo | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1982|3|18}} | birth_place = [[Kingston upon Thames]], [[London]], [[England]] | othername = | occupation = Actor | years_active = 2002–present | spouse = | website = [https://web.archive.org/web/20180816025719/http://chikeokonkwo.com/Home.html www.ChikeOkonkwo.com (Archive.org)] }} '''Chiké Okonkwo''' an haife shi a ranar 18 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1982).<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2017 |title=Chike Okonkwo for THE SAVIORS by Travis Betz, Kevin Hamedani |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ftzh2SwC4-Y |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115141433/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ftzh2SwC4-Y&gl=US&hl=en |archive-date=15 November 2020 |access-date=19 February 2018 |publisher=The Black List }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haife shi kuma ya girma a Kingston a kan Thames, Okonkwo ya fito ne daga asalin Najeriya.<ref name="Kingston1">{{Cite web |title=Young people take centre stage in Kingston |url=http://www.kingston.gov.uk/information/news_and_events/news.htm?id=87461 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608193010/http://www.kingston.gov.uk/information/news_and_events/news.htm?id=87461 |archive-date=8 June 2011 |access-date=2010-03-05 |publisher=Royal Kingston}}</ref>.<ref name="BBCPress12">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2009/10_october/16/paradox6.shtml Paradox press pack – Chike Okonkwo is DC Callum Gada] ''BBC Press Office''. Retrieved 2010-03-05.</ref> halarci Tolworth Infants / Junior School da Southborough High School a Hook, kuma daga baya ya ki amincewa da wurare da yawa a manyan makarantun wasan kwaikwayo na Burtaniya don neman ilimin jami'a, ya sami digiri na farko a cikin Kwamfuta na Kasuwanci daga Jami'ar Surrey, ya kammala a shekara ta 2003full-time........Bayan kammala karatunsa Okonkwo ya bi aikin wasan kwaikwayo na cikakken lokaci.<ref name="BBCPress22">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2004/03_march/10/new_tricks_characters.shtml#okonkwo New Tricks characters – Chiké Okonkwo plays PC Clark] ''BBC Press Office''. Retrieved 2010-03-05.</ref> == Ayyuka == Okonkwo na ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo goma da aka zaba daga masu neman 12,000 don Shirin Talent na BBC a shekara ta 2001, wanda ya kai ga aikinsa na farko a Holby ''City''<ref name="BBCPress23">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2004/03_march/10/new_tricks_characters.shtml#okonkwo New Tricks characters – Chiké Okonkwo plays PC Clark] ''BBC Press Office''. Retrieved 2010-03-05.</ref>Ya horar da shi a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na matasa na kasa, kuma ya kasance memba na gidan wasan kwaikwayo ya matasa na kasa tsakanin 1999 da 2002.<ref name="NYMT12">[http://www.nymt.org.uk/history/alumni.html National Youth Music Theatre Alumni 1976 – 2004] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625222129/http://www.nymt.org.uk/history/alumni.html|date=25 June 2012}} See relevant listing.</ref>konkwo shine mai kula da bikin zane-zane na matasa na kasa da kasa na Kingston . <ref name="ThisisLondon1">{{Cite web |last=Gore, Will |date=3 July 2009 |title=IYAF – Youth given a chance to shine |url=http://www.thisislocallondon.co.uk/leisure/4464352.IYAF___Youth_given_a_chance_to_shine/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604150248/http://www.thisislocallondon.co.uk/leisure/4464352.IYAF___Youth_given_a_chance_to_shine/ |archive-date=4 June 2011 |access-date=2010-03-05 |publisher=This is London}}</ref> Ayyukan Okonkwo sun hada da ''Oklahoma!'' , ''A cikin dazuzzuka'', Fixer, ''Kamar yadda kake son shi'', A Lokaci da ''Matsalar Rayuwa da Mutuwa''. Ya shafe shekara guda yana yin wasan kwaikwayo a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa, inda ya bayyana a cikin shirye-shirye da yawa ciki har da Philip Pullman's His Dark Materials <ref name="IMDB22">[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1347064/otherworks IMDB – Other works] Retrieved 2010-03-05.</ref> Ayyukan fim na Okonkwo sun hada da Derailed (2005), Animal (2005) da Spirit Trap (2005). Ya kuma bayyana a cikin gajeren fina-finai Tooting Broadway Flatmates da Knock Off . A talabijin, Okonkwo ya yi baƙo a cikin abubuwan da suka faru na Holby City, Silent Witness, Casualty, ''M.I.T.: Kungiyar Binciken Kisan kai'' da Roman Mysteries . Ya kuma bayyana a Blood and Oil, wasan kwaikwayo na BBC Two game da rikicin mai a cikin Neja Delta.<ref name="BBCPress13">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2009/10_october/16/paradox6.shtml Paradox press pack – Chike Okonkwo is DC Callum Gada] ''BBC Press Office''. Retrieved 2010-03-05.</ref>Okonkwo ya taka rawar gani na PC Clark a cikin matukin jirgi da jerin farko na New Tricks, da DC Callum Gada a cikin Paradox . Okonkwo memba ne na dogon lokaci na [[Royal Shakespeare Company|Kamfanin Royal Shakespeare]] (RSC) wanda ke yin wasan kwaikwayon a lokacin bikin cika shekaru 50 a Stratford-Upon-Avon, kuma kwanan nan a cikin Gregory Doran da aka yaba da shi na [[Julius Kaisar (wasan kwaikwayo)|''Julius Kaisar'']] a Kwalejin Kiɗa ta Brooklyn (BAM) a New York a cikin 2013. Ya taka rawa a cikin The Birth of a Nation, wanda aka fara a gasar a bikin fina-finai na Sundance a shekarar 2016. === Fim din === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Fim din !Matsayi !Bayani |- | rowspan="3" |2005 |''Rashin Ruhun'' |Edmund Joseph | |- |''Dabbobi'' |Dokta | |- |''Rashin amincewa'' |Likita | |- |2007 |''Tsibirin Dukiya'' |Sam | |- |2015 |''Farawa'' |Habila | |- |2016 |''Haihuwar Al'umma'' |Will | |- |2017 |''Yankin da ke cin wuta'' | | |} === Talabijin === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Nunin !Matsayi !Bayani |- | rowspan="2" |2002 |''Birnin Holby'' |Ian Clarke- ''Yahuza Kiss'' (Sashe na Ɗaya) (2002) <br /> |Wasan kwaikwayo na kiwon lafiya |- |''Shaida marar magana'' |PC Ben Manning- ''Matsayi na Ƙarƙashin: Sashe na Ɗaya'' (2002) - Matsayi na Ɗarƙashin<br /><br /> |Wasan kwaikwayo na aikata laifuka |- | rowspan="2" |2003 |''Sabbin dabaru'' |PC Clark (2003-2004) |Wasan kwaikwayo na 'yan sanda |- |''Likitoci'' |Jordan Alan- Ci gaba da Zaman Lafiya (2003) <br /> |Soap opera |- | rowspan="1" |2005 |''M.I.T.: Kungiyar Binciken Kisan kai'' |Marlon Raines- ''Kashi na 2.3'' (2005) <br /> |Wasan kwaikwayo na 'yan sanda |- | rowspan="2" |2006 |''Sarautar'' |Jermaine Johnson- Neman Mazauni (2006) <br /> |Wasan kwaikwayo na kiwon lafiya |- |''Ka harbe Manzo'' |Kwame |Wasan talabijin |- | rowspan="2" |2007 |''Asirin Romawa'' |Kuanto- ''Masu satar teku na Pompeii'' (2007) <br /> |Shirye-shiryen talabijin na yara |- |''Wadanda suka mutu'' |Kristou Vadepied- ''Ɗauki Kofin Alheri Duk da haka'' (2007) - Don Auld Lang Syne (2007) <br /><br /> |Wasan kwaikwayo na kiwon lafiya |- | rowspan="2" |2008 |''Lewis'' |Jonjo Read- Rayuwa An haife ta da Wuta (2008) <br /> |Wasan kwaikwayo na 'yan sanda |- |''Likitoci'' |Charlie Morgan- ''Tattara Haske'' (2008) <br /> |Soap opera |- | rowspan="1" |2009 |''Rashin jituwa'' |DC Callum Gada |wasan kwaikwayo na aikata laifuka na kimiyya |- | rowspan="1" |2010 |''Jinin da Man Fetur'' |Ebi |Shirye-shiryen talabijin |- | rowspan="1" |2015 |''Banshee'' |Lennox |Shirye-shiryen talabijin |- | rowspan="1" | |''Ɗalibin'' |Ballon -The Metaphysical Engine, ko Abin da Quill ya yi (2016) <br /> |Shirye-shiryen talabijin |- | rowspan="1" |2016–2019 |''Kasancewa Mary Jane'' |Lee Truitt |Shirye-shiryen talabijin |- |2021–2024 |''Brea'' |Ty Coleman |Shirye-shiryen talabijin; Babban rawar |- |2024 |''WondLa'' |Besteel |Matsayin murya |} === Wasannin bidiyo === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi |- |2013 |''Killzone: Ma'aikaci'' |Ƙarin Haruffa (murya) |- |2017 |''Tasirin Mass: Andromeda'' |Ƙarin Haruffa (murya) |- |2019 |<nowiki><i id="mwAYE">Waƙar yabo</i></nowiki> |Prospero (murya) |- |2021 |''Kira na Aiki: Vanguard'' |Sgt. Arthur Kingsley (murya) |} === Mataki === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi !Bayani |- | rowspan="3" |2026 |<nowiki><i id="mwAZU">Miji Mai Kyau</i></nowiki> |Sir Robert Chiltern |Waƙoƙin Hammersmith |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] sunc8gs4fdk5rioulsfftdxk0ga1vpq 0 156689 873767 854730 2026-07-01T20:02:04Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 873767 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Infobox person | name = Bimbo Odukoya | image = BimboOdukoya.jpg | caption = | birth_name = Abimbola Rosemary Williams | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1960|09|12}} | birth_place = | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|2005|12|11|1960|09|12}} | death_place = [[Port Harcourt]], Nigeria | occupation = Pastor | spouse = | website = | footnotes = }} '''Abimbola Rosemary "Bimbo" Odukoya''' .{{Audio|LL-Q34311 (yor)-Tunmise123-Bimbo Odukoya.wav|Listen|help=no}} <ref>Adejokun, Bukola. "[http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/citysun/2006/sept/20/citysun-20-09-2006-001.htm Even in death, Bimbo Odukoya speaks] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070806175702/http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/citysun/2006/sept/20/citysun-20-09-2006-001.htm|date=August 6, 2007}}." ''[[Daily Sun]]''. Wednesday 20 September 2006. Retrieved on 23 February 2009.</ref><ref name="ActofGod2">Akinsuyi, Yemi. "[http://www.thisdayonline.com/nview.php?id=35562 Its an Act of God, Says Pastor Bimbo’s Mother]{{dead link|date=November 2016|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}," ''[[Thisday]]''. 12 December 2005. Retrieved on 23 February 2009. [http://allafrica.com/stories/200512130072.html See version at] [[AllAfrica]]</ref> an haife ta Williams; 12 ga Satumba 1960 - 11 ga Disamba 2005) ta kasance fasto ce ta Najeriya kuma mai wa'azin talabijin wacce ta auri abokin aikinta wanda ya kafa Cocin Fountain of Life Church, [[Taiwo Odukoya]] . Odukoya, sau da yawa ana kiranta ".<ref>Ajimotokan, Wale. "[http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2004/07/09/20040709spo02.html Odukoya, Bassey are Olympic Torch Bearers] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050118041753/http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2004/07/09/20040709spo02.html|date=January 18, 2005}}." ''[[Thisday|This Day]]''. 9 July 2004. Retrieved on 17 June 2009.</ref> kasance mai karɓar kyaututtuka sama da 60 na ƙasa da na duniya saboda gudummawar da ta bayar ga gina ƙasa, ci gaban ƙasarsu, Najeriya, da yankin [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]], da kuma jagoranci a matsayin mace. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mutane da yawa da [[Samsung]] ta zaba don wakiltar Najeriya wajen ɗaukar fitilar Olympics a [[Athens]], Girka, a Wasannin Olympics na 2004.Ta mutu ne sakamakon hadarin jirgin saman Sosoliso Flight 1145. == Rayuwa == Odukoya ta auri fastocin da ya kafa Cocin Fountain of Life, <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Fountain Of Life Church |url=http://www.tfolc.org/ |access-date=2017-12-22 |website=www.tfolc.org |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Taiwo Odukoya]] (1956-2023) a ranar 3 ga Nuwamba 1984 a Cocin Yaba Baptist, kuma tare suna da 'ya'ya uku; yanzu fastoci [[Tolu Odukoya-Ijogun]] (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga Satumba 1985) da [[Jimmy Odukoya]] (an haifi 27 ga Afrilu 1987), da Tobi Odukoya - Enuha (an haifu shi a ranar 11 ga Yuni 1990). 'Ya'yanta biyu na fari Jimmy da Tolu, yanzu su ne babban fasto da kuma babban fasto na Cocin Fountain of Life, bayan rasuwar mahaifinsu a ranar 7 ga watan Agusta 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Apanpa |first=Olaniyi |date=2023-09-17 |title=Meet Nollywood actor, Jimmy Odukoya, now Senior Pastor Fountain of Life Church |url=https://punchng.com/meet-nollywood-actor-jimmy-odukoya-now-senior-pastor-fountain-of-life-church/ |access-date=2023-09-17 |language=en-US |newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> A lokacin mutuwarta, Odukoya ta kasance babban fasto na The Fountain of Life Church kuma shugaban Discovery for Women . <ref name="tfolc.org">{{Cite web |title=Profile of Pastor Bimbo Odukoya |url=http://www.tfolc.org/about-us/founding-pastors/13-pastor-bimbo-odukoya.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728090847/http://tfolc.org/about-us/founding-pastors/13-pastor-bimbo-odukoya.html |archive-date=2011-07-28 |access-date=2011-06-25}}</ref> Ta kasance mai karɓar bakuncin Single and Married, <ref name="tfolc.org"/> shirin talabijin wanda ke hulɗa da batutuwan da mutane ke fuskanta a cikin aure da dangantaka. Odukoya ya shiga jirgin sama na Sosoliso Airlines Flight 1145, wanda ke kan hanyar zuwa Port Harcourt daga [[Abuja]]. A ranar 10 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2005 jirgin ya fadi yayin saukowa a [[Filin jirgin saman Port Harcourt]]; Bimbo ya tsira daga tasirin farko kuma ya mutu daga raunin da ya ji a ranar 11 ga watan Disambar shekara ta 2005. Shirin coci ta na manufa ya ci gaba da gudanar da ɗanta [[Jimmy Odukoya|Othniel Jimmy Odukoya]] . == Littattafan da aka rubuta == * ''Yadda za a Zaɓi Abokin Rayuwa, ta Bimbo Odukoya'', Xulon Press (15 ga Oktoba 2005) * Rayuwa kyauta, Yadda za a Gudanar da Ƙin yarda ta Bimbo Odukoya, Grace Springs Publishers, Inc., 2006 * Rayuwa kyauta, Shawo kan Masturbation ta Bimbo Odukoya, Grace Springs Publishers, Inc., 2006 * ''Aure, Mutanen Gaskiya, Batutuwan Gaskiya, Shawarar Mai Hikima'' ta Bimbo Odokoya, Grace Springs Publishers, Inc., 2006 == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje ==   * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070806175702/http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/citysun/2006/sept/20/citysun-20-09-2006-001.htm Ko da a cikin mutuwa, Bimbo Odukoya yana magana] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060222155128/http://www.singleandmarried.org/profile.htm Bayani game da Fasto Bimbo] * [http://www.tfolc.org/ Shafin yanar gizon Cocin Maɓuɓɓugar Rayuwa] * [https://www.pbofoundation.org/ Shafin yanar gizon Gidauniyar Fasto Bimbo Odukoya] * [http://www.gracespringsafrica.com/bookstore Littattafan Fasto Bimbo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220143151/http://www.gracespringsafrica.com/bookstore |date=2009-02-20 }} An adana su [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2005]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]] pgvj7bx1u0arkgzcogd0lfep4pkm04q 0 156880 873780 855323 2026-07-01T20:22:24Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 873780 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /> {{Databox}} '''Jami'ar Minnesota''' tana gudanar da '''bincike da dama da suka shafi dabbobin da ba na ɗan adam ba''', musamman bincike kan jarabar miyagun ƙwayoyi. Binciken ya jawo hankalin ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin dabbobi na gida da na ƙasa, musamman nazarin jarabar miyagun ƙwayoyi na Marilyn Carroll, wanda take yi a kan dabbobin da ba na dabbobi ba, beraye, da beraye. Binciken Carroll ya ƙunshi horar da birai da beraye &#x2014; misali ta hanyar takaita cin abinci &#x2014; don ba da kansu magungunan da mutane ke amfani da su ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. A cikin gwaje-gwajen, dabbobin suna shan barasa, suna shan taba, kuma ana ba su cocaine, heroin, caffeine, nicotine, da barasa ta hanyar jijiya (beraye ne kawai ke ba da kansu ta hanyar jijiya). Ta rubuta cewa "an tsara matakai da dama na tsarin jaraba, kamar siyan, kulawa, janyewa, sha'awa, da kuma komawa baya." <ref name="biography">{{Cite web |title=Marilyn E. Carroll, Ph.D. |url=http://www.neurosci.umn.edu/faculty/carroll.html |access-date=2007-10-09 |publisher=[[University of Minnesota]] |archive-date=2007-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070719171834/http://www.neurosci.umn.edu/faculty/carroll.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Aikinta ya nuna cewa magungunan rage radadi da canje-canje a halaye ko muhalli, kamar ƙara ruwan sha mai ɗanɗano, suna rage shan magunguna da kansu a cikin dabbobin dakin gwaje-gwaje. <ref name="biography"/> Wasu canje-canje, kamar iyakance shan abinci, sun haifar da ƙaruwar shan magunguna. Aikin Carroll ya kuma nuna cewa birai za su fusata su kuma yi wa kansu rauni idan aka tilasta musu shan hodar iblis; ta lura a cikin wata mujalla: "Monkey MV ya fara tashin hankali da kuma jin daɗi lokacin da yake shan hodar iblis. Yanayin M-V ya ƙara tsananta kuma ya faru da halayen yanke kai, musamman cizon yankin ƙafar sama [...] Wani biri ya nuna halin zalunci da yanke kai a wannan lokacin, yana jefa kansa a gefe da saman kejinsa. Sakamakon haka, ya kamu da sinusitis da cututtukan fata. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fact sheet |url=http://www.kinshipcircle.org/fact_sheets/VivisectionHallOfShame.pdf |access-date=2019-07-04 |website=www.kinshipcircle.org |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064258/http://www.kinshipcircle.org/fact_sheets/VivisectionHallOfShame.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Zanga-zangar kare haƙƙin dabbobi (1986-Yanzu) === Aikin Carroll kan birai da sauran nau'ikan halittu ya jawo hankalin ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin dabbobi, ciki har da ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin dabbobi ta Animal Liberation Front (ALF). An fara gudanar da zanga-zanga a wajen dakin gwaje-gwajenta a shekarar 1986. Daga baya an aika hotunan gwaje-gwajen dabbobi zuwa maƙwabtanta 400, kuma an yi wa gidanta kawanya. <ref name="chronicle" /> A shekarar 1997, an yanke wa Freeman Wicklund na ƙungiyar ɗaliban da ke kare haƙƙin dabbobi ta jami'ar hukuncin ɗaurin kwanaki 90 a gidan yari bayan ya mamaye ofishin shugaban jami'ar don nuna rashin amincewa da binciken Carroll. Wicklund ya mayar da martani ta hanyar fara yajin cin abinci, wanda ya gaya wa manema labarai zai daɗe har sai an sake shi; an sake shi makonni biyu bayan haka kuma aka ba shi shekara ɗaya a matsayin gwaji. <ref name="Rudacille181" /> Carroll ya sami umarnin hana SOAR, ALF, da wasu masu zanga-zangar, ciki har da Wicklund. A shekarar 1998, Wicklund ya yi Allah wadai da ALF, fafutukarsa ta baya, kuma ya yi shelar rungumar zaman lafiya; Wannan matakin ya haifar da raguwar kamfen ɗin da ake yi wa binciken Marilyn Carroll. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Talon Conspiracy » Utah Snitching Epidemic |url=http://thetalonconspiracy.com/tag/utah-snitching-epidemic/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223024140/http://thetalonconspiracy.com/tag/utah-snitching-epidemic/ |archive-date=2015-02-23 |access-date=2015-03-12}}</ref> Birnin da take zaune (Mahtomedi, MN) tun daga lokacin ya zartar da wata doka da ke ƙoƙarin hana masu fafutuka yin zanga-zanga a gidanta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.ci.mahtomedi.mn.us/vertical/sites/%7BB983F313-8CF2-4BB7-8CFD-8AC05AAF37F6%7D/uploads/Chapter_9_-_Miscellaneous_Offenses.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402102512/http://www.ci.mahtomedi.mn.us/vertical/sites/%7BB983F313-8CF2-4BB7-8CFD-8AC05AAF37F6%7D/uploads/Chapter_9_-_Miscellaneous_Offenses.pdf |archive-date=2015-04-02 |access-date=2015-03-12}}</ref> Tare da waɗannan ƙungiyoyin ƙasa, ayyukan Carroll sun kasance abin da ƙungiyoyin gida ke ci gaba da mayar da hankali a kai ta hanyar zanga-zangar da ake yi a harabar jami'a, rataye tutoci, da sauran hanyoyin aika saƙonnin harabar jami'a. Ƙungiyoyin da ke aiki a kan wannan batu sun haɗa da Ci gaban Kimiyya <ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Minnesota: Marilyn Carroll's Addiction Studies &#124; Progress for Science |url=http://progressforscience.com/university-of-minnesota-marilyn-carrolls-addiction-studies/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317151135/http://progressforscience.com/university-of-minnesota-marilyn-carrolls-addiction-studies/ |archive-date=2015-03-17 |access-date=2015-03-12}}</ref> da kuma kamfen ɗin "Babu Jin Daɗi a Sunana" na Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Dabbobi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=No Pain In My Name |url=https://www.facebook.com/nopaininmyname/ |website=www.facebook.com}}</ref> == Duba kuma == == Nazarta == rblbafjz5xxifja4s4ljnq3idl15ax1 0 156900 873831 855376 2026-07-01T21:10:40Z Ummeeterh 31568 873831 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Orthorexia''' / ( / ˌ ɔːr θə ˈrəks iə )​​ nər ˈvoʊsə / ; ON ; wanda '''aka''' fi sani da '''orthorexia''' ) wata matsala ce ta cin abinci da aka gabatar wadda ke da alaƙa da yawan damuwa da cin [[Abinci mai kyau|abinci mai kyau.]] Likitan [[Amurka]] Steven Bratman ne ya gabatar da wannan kalmar a shekarar 1997, wanda ya ba da shawarar cewa ƙuntatawa kan abincin da wasu mutane ke ci don inganta lafiya na iya haifar da sakamako mara kyau, kamar ware kai daga jama'a, [[Anxiety|damuwa]], rashin iya cin abinci ta hanyar da ta dace, da kuma rage sha'awar sauran [[Halin ɗan adam|ayyukan lafiya na ɗan adam]], da kuma, a lokuta da ba kasafai ake samun su ba, [[Rashin abinci mai gina jiki|rashin abinci mai gina jiki mai tsanani]] ko ma mutuwa. A shekara ta 2009, Ursula Philpot, shugabar ƙungiyar abinci mai gina jiki ta [[Birtaniya]] kuma babbar malamar jami'a a Jami'ar Leeds Metropolitan, <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 April 2011 |title=Supersize vs Superskinny - Expert Profiles - Ursula Philpot |url=http://www.channel4.com/programmes/supersize-vs-superskinny/articles/ursula-philpot |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128001913/http://www.channel4.com/programmes/supersize-vs-superskinny/articles/ursula-philpot |archive-date=28 January 2013 |access-date=19 October 2010 |website=[[Channel 4]]}}</ref> ta bayyana mutanen da ke fama da ciwon orthorexia a matsayin "masu damuwa kawai da ingancin abincin da suke sakawa a jikinsu, suna tacewa da kuma takaita abincin da suke ci bisa ga fahimtarsu ta kansu game da waɗanne abinci ne masu 'tsarkakakku'." Wannan ya bambanta da sauran matsalolin cin abinci, kamar anorexia nervosa da bulimia nervosa, inda waɗanda abin ya shafa suka fi mai da hankali kan yawan abincin da ake ci. Ciwon Orthorexia kuma ya bambanta da ciwon anorexia nervosa domin ba ya shafar jinsi ɗaya. Bincike ya gano cewa ciwon orthorexia nervosa yana samuwa daidai a cikin maza da mata ba tare da wani bambanci mai mahimmanci tsakanin jinsi ba kwata-kwata. Bugu da ƙari, bincike ya gano alaƙa mai kyau tsakanin ciwon orthorexia nervosa da narcissism da kamala, amma babu wata alaƙa mai mahimmanci tsakanin ciwon orthorexia nervosa da girman kai. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Oberle CD, Samaghabadi RO, Hughes EM |date=January 2017 |title=Orthorexia nervosa: Assessment and correlates with gender, BMI, and personality |journal=Appetite |volume=108 |pages=303–310 |doi=10.1016/j.appet.2016.10.021 |pmid=27756637 |s2cid=24263386}}</ref> Wannan yana nuna cewa mutanen da ke fama da ciwon orthorexia mai tsanani suna iya alfahari da halayen cin abinci masu kyau fiye da wasu kuma wannan shine abin da ke haifar da ciwon orthorexia maimakon siffar jiki kamar anorexia. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Ƙungiyar Masu Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam ta Amurka ba ta amince da Orthorexia nervosa a matsayin matsalar cin abinci ba, don haka ba a ambaci shi a matsayin wata cuta ta hukuma a cikin ''Littafin Bincike da Ƙididdiga na Cututtukan Hankali'' (DSM) da ake amfani da shi sosai ba. {{Efn|Medical manuals that do not recognise orthorexia nervosa include [[ICD-10]],<ref>{{cite web | url = http://priory.com/psych/ICD.htm | title = ICD10 Codes | work = Psychiatry On-Line | access-date = 16 October 2010 }}</ref> the [[DSM-IV]],<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.behavenet.com/capsules/disorders/dsm4TRclassification.htm |title = APA Diagnostic Classification |publisher = BehaveNet |access-date = 16 October 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111026155340/http://www.behavenet.com/capsules/disorders/dsm4TRclassification.htm |archive-date = 26 October 2011 }}</ref> and the [[DSM-5]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dsm5.org/ProposedRevisions/Pages/InfancyChildhoodAdolescence.aspx | title = Disorders Usually First Diagnosed in Infancy, Childhood, or Adolescence | publisher = [[American Psychiatric Association]] | access-date = 16 October 2010 }}</ref>}} == Alamomi da Alamomi == Alamomin orthorexia nervosa sun haɗa da "mayar da hankali kan zaɓin abinci, tsarawa, siye, shiri, da cin abinci; abincin da ake ɗauka a matsayin tushen lafiya maimakon jin daɗi; damuwa ko ƙyama idan ana kusa da abincin da aka haramta; ƙarin imani cewa haɗa ko kawar da wasu nau'ikan abinci na iya hana ko warkar da cututtuka ko shafar jin daɗin yau da kullun; sauye-sauye lokaci-lokaci a cikin imani na abinci yayin da wasu hanyoyin ba su canzawa ba; hukuncin ɗabi'a ga wasu bisa ga zaɓin abinci; rikitar da hoton jiki game da jin "ƙazanta" ta jiki maimakon nauyi; dagewa da imani cewa ayyukan abinci suna inganta lafiya duk da shaidar rashin abinci mai gina jiki." <ref name="Dunn, T.M 2016">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dunn TM, Bratman S |date=April 2016 |title=On orthorexia nervosa: A review of the literature and proposed diagnostic criteria |journal=Eating Behaviors |volume=21 |pages=11–7 |doi=10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.12.006 |pmid=26724459}}</ref> == Dalili == Duk da cewa binciken da ake yi a yanzu kan musabbabin cutar orthorexia nervosa ba shi da iyaka, shaidu masu yawa suna goyon bayan ra'ayin abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗari. Gabaɗaya, matsalolin cin abinci suna shafar abubuwa da dama, ciki har da: tasirin halittu, tunani, da kuma al'adun zamantakewa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Polivy |first=Janet |last2=Herman |first2=C. Peter |date=February 2002 |title=Causes of Eating Disorders |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135103 |journal=Annual Review of Psychology |language=en |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=187–213 |doi=10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135103 |issn=0066-4308 |pmid=11752484 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> ; Tasirin Halittu Ba a gano ainihin abubuwan da suka shafi orthorexia nervosa kai tsaye ba. Duk da haka, nazarin wasu matsalolin cin abinci kamar anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, da kuma [[Rashin cin abinci mai yawa|matsalar cin abinci mai yawa]] sun lura da tasirin halittu da dama. Waɗannan abubuwan sun haɗa da matakan hormones, neurotransmitters, har ma da abubuwan da suka shafi kwayoyin halitta. Bugu da ƙari, masu bincike sun gano alaƙa mai ƙarfi tsakanin orthorexia nervosa da obsessive-compulsive disorder . <ref name="Getz2">{{Cite web |date=June 2009 |title=Orthorexia: When eating healthy becomes an unhealthy obsession |url=http://www.todaysdietitian.com/newarchives/060109p40.shtml |access-date=2009-10-13 |publisher=Today's Dietitian}}</ref> ; Tasirin Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam Halayyar Orthorexic yawanci tana faruwa ne a cikin mutanen da ke da ƙarancin girman kai, wanda ya samo asali daga kwatancen zamantakewa. Cin abinci mai yawa na iya nuna alamun kamala da buƙatar iko. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bóna |first=Enikő |last2=Erdész |first2=Anett |last3=Túry |first3=Ferenc |date=2021-12-01 |title=Low self-esteem predicts orthorexia nervosa, mediated by spiritual attitudes among frequent exercisers |journal=Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity |language=en |volume=26 |issue=8 |pages=2481–2489 |doi=10.1007/s40519-020-01095-z |issn=1590-1262 |pmc=8602160 |pmid=33502732}}</ref> Waɗannan halaye iri ɗaya kuma suna aiki a matsayin hanyoyin magance matsalolin motsin rai ko abubuwan da suka faru masu ban tausayi. Wasu ma sun lura da alaƙa tsakanin orthorexia nervosa da shan muggan kwayoyi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Oberle |first=Crystal D. |last2=Marcell |first2=Haley S. |last3=Noebel |first3=Natalie A. |date=2022-03-01 |title=Orthorexia nervosa and substance use for the purposes of weight control, conformity, and emotional coping |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40519-021-01190-9 |journal=Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity |language=en |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=553–561 |doi=10.1007/s40519-021-01190-9 |issn=1590-1262 |pmid=33866529}}</ref> ; Tasirin Al'adu Kamar anorexia nervosa da bulimia nervosa, orthorexia nervosa yawanci yana samo asali ne daga matsin lamba na zamantakewa, mummunan hoton jiki, da sha'awar zama siriri. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=McComb |first=Sarah E. |last2=Mills |first2=Jennifer S. |date=September 2019 |title=Orthorexia nervosa: A review of psychosocial risk factors |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0195666318315290 |journal=Appetite |language=en |volume=140 |pages=50–75 |doi=10.1016/j.appet.2019.05.005 |pmid=31075324 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Tsarin Tasirin Uku ya gano iyaye, takwarorinsu, da kafofin watsa labarai a matsayin manyan tasirin da ke kan hoton jiki da rashin cin abinci mai kyau. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=van den Berg |first=Patricia |last2=Thompson |first2=J. Kevin |last3=Obremski-Brandon |first3=Karen |last4=Coovert |first4=Michael |date=2002-11-01 |title=The Tripartite Influence model of body image and eating disturbance: A covariance structure modeling investigation testing the mediational role of appearance comparison |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022399902004993 |journal=Journal of Psychosomatic Research |volume=53 |issue=5 |pages=1007–1020 |doi=10.1016/S0022-3999(02)00499-3 |issn=0022-3999 |pmid=12445590 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Ganewar Ganewa == A shekarar 2016, an gabatar da ka'idoji na yau da kullun don maganin orthorexia a cikin mujallar ''Cin Behaviors'' ta Thom Dunn da Steven Bratman suka yi bita. <ref name="Dunn, T.M 2016">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dunn TM, Bratman S |date=April 2016 |title=On orthorexia nervosa: A review of the literature and proposed diagnostic criteria |journal=Eating Behaviors |volume=21 |pages=11–7 |doi=10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.12.006 |pmid=26724459}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDunnBratman2016">Dunn TM, Bratman S (April 2016). "On orthorexia nervosa: A review of the literature and proposed diagnostic criteria". ''Eating Behaviors''. '''21''': <span class="nowrap">11–</span>7. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.12.006|10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.12.006]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26724459 26724459].</cite></ref> Waɗannan sharuɗɗan sune kamar haka: '''Ma'auni A.''' Mayar da hankali kan cin abinci mai "lafiya", kamar yadda aka bayyana ta hanyar ka'idar abinci ko wasu imani waɗanda takamaiman bayanai na iya bambanta; wanda aka nuna ta hanyar damuwa mai yawa dangane da zaɓin abinci da ake ganin ba shi da lafiya; asarar nauyi na iya faruwa, amma an fahimci wannan a matsayin wani ɓangare na lafiya mai kyau maimakon babban burin. Kamar yadda aka tabbatar ta hanyar waɗannan: # Halayyar tilastawa da/ko damuwa ta hankali game da hanyoyin cin abinci masu inganci da ƙuntatawa waɗanda mutum ke yarda da su don inganta lafiya mafi kyau. (Bayanan da ke ƙasa sun ƙara da cewa: Ayyukan abinci na iya haɗawa da amfani da " karin abinci mai yawa". Ana iya ɗaukar aikin motsa jiki da/ko yanayin jiki a matsayin wani ɓangare ko alamar lafiya.) # Keta dokokin abinci da kai ya sanya wa mutum yana haifar da fargabar cuta mai yawa, jin rashin tsarkin jiki da/ko kuma mummunan jin daɗin jiki, tare da damuwa da kunya. # Takaitawar abinci yana ƙaruwa akan lokaci, kuma yana iya haɗawa da kawar da dukkan rukunin abinci kuma yana iya haɗawa da "tsarkakewa" akai-akai da/ko tsananin azumi (na ɗan lokaci) wanda ake ɗauka a matsayin tsarkakewa ko kawar da guba. Wannan ƙaruwar yawanci yakan haifar da raguwar nauyi, amma sha'awar rage kiba ba ta nan, ɓoye ko ƙarƙashin ra'ayin abinci mai kyau. '''Ma'auni na B.''' Halayyar tilastawa da kuma sha'awar tunani suna zama masu illa ga asibiti ta hanyar ɗayan waɗannan: # Rashin abinci mai gina jiki, raguwar nauyi mai tsanani ko wasu matsalolin lafiya da suka taso sakamakon takaitaccen abinci mai gina jiki # Damuwa ko rashin aikin zamantakewa, ilimi ko sana'a a tsakanin mutane ya biyo bayan imani ko halaye game da abinci mai kyau. # Kyakkyawan siffar jiki, darajar kai, asali da/ko gamsuwa ya dogara ne da bin ƙa'idodin cin abinci mai "lafiya" da aka ayyana. An ƙirƙiro wata takardar tambayoyi game da ganewar asali ga masu fama da orthorexia, kamar tambayoyin wasu matsalolin cin abinci, mai suna ORTO-15. <ref name="Donini 2005">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Donini LM, Marsili D, Graziani MP, Imbriale M, Cannella C |date=June 2005 |title=Orthorexia nervosa: validation of a diagnosis questionnaire |journal=Eating and Weight Disorders |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=e28-32 |doi=10.1007/bf03327537 |pmid=16682853 |s2cid=18145686}}</ref> Duk da haka, Dunn da Bratman sun yi suka ga wannan kayan aikin binciken a matsayin wanda bai da ingantaccen inganci na ciki da na waje. <ref name="Dunn, T.M 2016">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dunn TM, Bratman S |date=April 2016 |title=On orthorexia nervosa: A review of the literature and proposed diagnostic criteria |journal=Eating Behaviors |volume=21 |pages=11–7 |doi=10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.12.006 |pmid=26724459}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDunnBratman2016">Dunn TM, Bratman S (April 2016). "On orthorexia nervosa: A review of the literature and proposed diagnostic criteria". ''Eating Behaviors''. '''21''': <span class="nowrap">11–</span>7. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.12.006|10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.12.006]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26724459 26724459].</cite></ref> == Ilimin Cututtuka == Sakamakon binciken kimiyya bai sami cikakkiyar ƙarshe ba tukuna don tallafawa ko ɗaliban abinci mai gina jiki da ƙwararru suna cikin haɗari mafi girma fiye da sauran ƙungiyoyin jama'a, saboda bambance-bambancen sakamako a cikin littattafan bincike. Akwai wasu shahararrun ayyukan kimiyya waɗanda, a cikin yunƙurin bincika faɗin da zurfin cutar da har yanzu ba a fahimce ta ba, suka yi ƙoƙarin gano waɗanne ƙungiyoyi a cikin al'umma ne suka fi fuskantar haɗarin kamuwa da ita. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Varga M, Dukay-Szabó S, Túry F, van Furth EF, van Furth Eric F |date=June 2013 |title=Evidence and gaps in the literature on orthorexia nervosa |url=http://repo.lib.semmelweis.hu//bitstream/123456789/1475/1/Evidence_and_gaps_Eat_Weight_Disord_2013_u_130007.828135.pdf |journal=Eating and Weight Disorders |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=103–11 |doi=10.1007/s40519-013-0026-y |pmid=23760837 |s2cid=35709655}}</ref> Wannan ya haɗa da wani bincike na Jamusanci na 2008, <ref name="Korinth et al 2010">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Korinth A, Schiess S, Westenhoefer J |date=January 2010 |title=Eating behaviour and eating disorders in students of nutrition sciences |journal=Public Health Nutrition |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=32–7 |doi=10.1017/S1368980009005709 |pmid=19433007 |doi-access=free}}</ref> wanda ya dogara da bincikensa kan zato da ake yi cewa waɗanda suka fi sanin abinci mai gina jiki, kamar ɗaliban abinci mai gina jiki na jami'a, rukuni ne mai yuwuwar haɗarin kamuwa da matsalar cin abinci, saboda tarin ilimi mai yawa game da abinci da alaƙarsa da lafiya; ra'ayin shine cewa da zarar mutum ya san game da lafiya, da yuwuwar kamuwa da rashin lafiya game da kasancewa cikin koshin lafiya zai iya haɓaka. Wannan binciken ya kuma yi hasashen cewa sha'awar orthorexic na iya haifar da sha'awar nazarin kimiyya, yana nuna cewa da yawa a cikin wannan fanni na iya fama da matsalar kafin fara karatun. Duk da haka, sakamakon ya gano cewa ɗaliban da ke cikin binciken, bayan fara karatunsu na farko, ba su da ƙimar orthorexic mafi girma fiye da sauran ɗaliban jami'a marasa abinci mai gina jiki, don haka rahoton ya kammala da cewa ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike don fayyace alaƙar da ke tsakanin ilimin abinci da kuma farkon ON. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2019)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Hakazalika, a wani bincike da aka yi a Portugal kan ɗaliban jami'a masu abinci mai gina jiki, <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mealha V, Ferreira C, Guerra I, Ravasco P |year=2013 |title=Students of dietetics & nutrition; a high risk group for eating disorders? |journal=Nutricion Hospitalaria |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=1558–66 |doi=10.3305/nh.2013.28.5.6695 |pmid=24160216 |doi-access=free}}</ref> sakamakon orthorexic na mahalarta (bisa ga tambayoyin bincike na ORTO-15 <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Donini LM, Marsili D, Graziani MP, Imbriale M, Cannella C |date=June 2005 |title=Orthorexia nervosa: validation of a diagnosis questionnaire |journal=Eating and Weight Disorders |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=e28-32 |doi=10.1007/BF03327537 |pmid=16682853 |s2cid=18145686}}</ref> ) ya ragu yayin da suke ci gaba da karatunsu, haka kuma haɗarin kamuwa da matsalar cin abinci ya kai kashi 4.2 cikin ɗari, wanda marubutan suka rarraba a matsayin ƙaramin matakin. Mahalarta sun kuma amsa tambayoyi don ba da haske game da halayen cin abincinsu da halayensu, kuma duk da wannan binciken ya gano cewa ɗaliban kimiyyar abinci mai gina jiki da lafiya suna da halaye na cin abinci masu tsauri, duk da haka, waɗannan binciken ba su sami wata shaida da ke nuna cewa waɗannan ɗaliban suna da "tsarin cin abinci mai rikitarwa ko rashin tsari fiye da sauran ɗalibai" ba. <ref name="Korinth et al 2010">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Korinth A, Schiess S, Westenhoefer J |date=January 2010 |title=Eating behaviour and eating disorders in students of nutrition sciences |journal=Public Health Nutrition |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=32–7 |doi=10.1017/S1368980009005709 |pmid=19433007 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKorinthSchiessWestenhoefer2010">Korinth A, Schiess S, Westenhoefer J (January 2010). [[doi:10.1017/S1368980009005709|"Eating behaviour and eating disorders in students of nutrition sciences"]]. ''Public Health Nutrition''. '''13''' (1): <span class="nowrap">32–</span>7. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1017/S1368980009005709|10.1017/S1368980009005709]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19433007 19433007].</cite></ref> Waɗannan binciken guda biyu da aka ambata sun kammala da cewa fahimtar abincin da mutum yake ci ba lallai ba ne ya zama babban abin haɗari ga ON, yana mai bayanin cewa bayanan da aka tattara sun nuna cewa ƙwararrun masu cin abinci ba sa cikin haɗarin hakan. Duk da haka, an yi suka ga waɗannan nazarin cututtuka a matsayin amfani da kayan aikin bincike mai inganci wanda ke ƙara yawan kamuwa da cuta. <ref name="Dunn, T.M 2016">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dunn TM, Bratman S |date=April 2016 |title=On orthorexia nervosa: A review of the literature and proposed diagnostic criteria |journal=Eating Behaviors |volume=21 |pages=11–7 |doi=10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.12.006 |pmid=26724459}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDunnBratman2016">Dunn TM, Bratman S (April 2016). "On orthorexia nervosa: A review of the literature and proposed diagnostic criteria". ''Eating Behaviors''. '''21''': <span class="nowrap">11–</span>7. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.12.006|10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.12.006]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26724459 26724459].</cite></ref> Masana sun yi tambaya game da inganci da ingancin ORTO-15. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Missbach B, Hinterbuchinger B, Dreiseitl V, Zellhofer S, Kurz C, König J |year=2015 |title=When Eating Right, Is Measured Wrong! A Validation and Critical Examination of the ORTO-15 Questionnaire in German |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=10 |issue=8 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1035772M |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0135772 |pmc=4539204 |pmid=26280449 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yawancin binciken kimiyya sun yarda, duk da haka, matasa da matasa suna da matuƙar saurin kamuwa da matsalar cin abinci. Wani bincike ya gano cewa babu wata alaƙa tsakanin maki na BOT da babban digiri na kwaleji, wanda zai iya nuna yawan matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa da matsalolin cin abinci a harabar jami'a kuma cewa manyan fannoni na lafiya da kimiyya ba su ne kawai abin ya shafa ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bundros J, Clifford D, Silliman K, Neyman Morris M |date=June 2016 |title=Prevalence of Orthorexia nervosa among college students based on Bratman's test and associated tendencies |journal=Appetite |volume=101 |pages=86–94 |doi=10.1016/j.appet.2016.02.144 |pmid=26923745 |s2cid=10301614}}</ref> An kuma gudanar da ƙarin bincike kan alaƙar da ke tsakanin ƙaruwar amfani da Instagram da Orthorexia nervosa. Al'ummar lafiya da ke da tushe a shafukan sada zumunta kwanan nan ta shahara musamman a dandamali kamar Instagram. hashtag #food yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan hashtags 25 mafi shahara a Instagram. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Ofcom Internet Use and attitudes |url=https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0025/54682/internet_use_and_attitudes_bulletin.pdf |website=Ofcom}}</ref> Wani bincike da ya binciki wannan alaƙar ya gano cewa ƙaruwar amfani da Instagram yana da alaƙa da alamun ON ba tare da wani dandamali na kafofin sada zumunta da ke da irin wannan tasiri ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Turner PG, Lefevre CE |date=June 2017 |title=Instagram use is linked to increased symptoms of orthorexia nervosa |journal=Eating and Weight Disorders |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=277–284 |doi=10.1007/s40519-017-0364-2 |pmc=5440477 |pmid=28251592}}</ref> Ganin cewa matasa da matasa sun zama mafi yawan masu amfani da kafofin sada zumunta, fallasa ga wannan nau'in abun ciki na iya haifar da haɓaka halaye marasa kyau. == Tarihi == A cikin wani kasidar da aka buga a mujallar ''Yoga Journal'' a shekarar 1997, likitan Amurka Steven Bratman ya ƙirƙiro kalmar "orthorexia nervosa" daga kalmar Helenanci ὀρθο- ( ''ortho'', "daidai" ko "daidai"), da kuma ὄρεξις ( ''orexis'', "ci"), wanda a zahiri yana nufin 'ciwon da ya dace', amma a aikace yana nufin 'abinci mai kyau'. <ref>{{Cite magazine|url-status=42–50}}</ref> An yi amfani da kalmar a kan ''anorexia'', wanda a zahiri yana nufin "ba tare da ci ba", kamar yadda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin ma'anar yanayin anorexia nervosa. (A duka kalmomin biyu, "nervosa" yana nufin yanayin tunani mara kyau.) Bratman ya bayyana orthorexia a matsayin rashin lafiyan da ya dace da abin da mutum ke ɗauka a matsayin [[Abinci mai kyau|cin abinci mai kyau]] . Imani game da abin da ya ƙunshi cin abinci mai kyau yawanci yana farawa ne daga ka'idar abinci ɗaya ko wata kamar rashin abinci mai kyau ko macrobiotics, amma sai a kai shi ga matsanancin matsayi, wanda ke haifar da rashin daidaituwar tsarin cin abinci da nakasa ta hankali da/ko ta jiki. Bratman ya dogara ne akan wannan yanayin da aka gabatar bisa ga abubuwan da ya fuskanta a shekarun 1970, da kuma halayen da ya lura da su a tsakanin marasa lafiyarsa a shekarun 1990. Bayan buga littafin, a shekara ta 2004, wata ƙungiyar masu bincike ta Italiya daga Jami'ar La Sapienza ta Rome, ta buga wani bincike na farko da aka gudanar wanda ke ƙoƙarin samar da kayan aiki don auna yawan orthorexia, wanda aka sani da ORTO-15. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Donini LM, Marsili D, Graziani MP, Imbriale M, Cannella C |date=June 2004 |title=Orthorexia nervosa: a preliminary study with a proposal for diagnosis and an attempt to measure the dimension of the phenomenon |journal=Eating and Weight Disorders |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=151–7 |doi=10.1007/BF03325060 |pmid=15330084 |s2cid=39557383 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A shekarar 2015, yayin da take mayar da martani ga labaran labarai inda aka yi amfani da kalmar orthorexia ga mutanen da ke bin ka'idar cin abinci mai kyau wadda ba ta da tushe, Bratman ya bayyana haka: "Ka'ida na iya zama ta al'ada ko ta al'ada, mai tsauri ko kuma mai laushi, mai hankali ko kuma mai wayo gaba ɗaya, amma, ba tare da la'akari da cikakkun bayanai ba, masu bin ka'idar ba lallai bane su kamu da orthorexia. Kawai masu bin ka'idar cin abinci ne. Kalmar 'orthorexia' tana aiki ne kawai lokacin da matsalar cin abinci ta taso a kusa da wannan ka'idar." <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Healthy Eating vs. Orthorexia |url=http://www.orthorexia.com/healthy-eating-vs-orthorexia/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110203604/http://www.orthorexia.com/healthy-eating-vs-orthorexia/ |archive-date=10 November 2017 |access-date=1 January 2016 |website=orthorexia.com}}</ref> Bratman a wani wuri ya bayyana cewa ban da wasu 'yan kaɗan, yawancin masu bin ka'idodin cin abinci mai kyau suna bin su lafiya; duk da haka, "ga wasu mutane, bin hanyar cin abinci mai ƙuntatawa don neman lafiya na iya ƙarawa zuwa kamalar abinci." <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Orthorexia Nervosa |url=http://www.mirror-mirror.org/orthorexia-nervosa.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921013204/http://www.mirror-mirror.org/orthorexia-nervosa.htm |archive-date=21 September 2017 |access-date=1 January 2016 |website=Mirror-Mirror.org}}</ref> [[Karin Kratina]], PhD, tana rubutu ga Ƙungiyar Cututtukan Cin Abinci ta Ƙasa, ta taƙaita wannan tsari kamar haka: "A ƙarshe zaɓin abinci ya zama mai takurawa, a cikin nau'i da adadin kuzari, har lafiya ta sha wahala - wani abin ban mamaki ga mutumin da ya sadaukar da kansa ga cin abinci mai lafiya." <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Orthorexia Nervosa |url=https://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/orthorexia-nervosa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224124432/http://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/orthorexia-nervosa |archive-date=2015-12-24 |access-date=1 January 2016 |website=NationalEatingDisorders.org}}</ref> Duk da cewa Ƙungiyar Masu Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam ta Amurka ba ta amince da cutar orthorexia a matsayin matsalar tabin hankali ba, kuma ba a lissafa ta a cikin DSM-5, kamar yadda aka rubuta a watan Janairun 2016 ba, an buga rahotannin shari'o'i huɗu da wasu labarai sama da 40 kan wannan batu a cikin mujallu daban-daban da takwarorinsu suka yi nazari a kansu a ƙasashen duniya. <ref name="Dunn, T.M 2016">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dunn TM, Bratman S |date=April 2016 |title=On orthorexia nervosa: A review of the literature and proposed diagnostic criteria |journal=Eating Behaviors |volume=21 |pages=11–7 |doi=10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.12.006 |pmid=26724459}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDunnBratman2016">Dunn TM, Bratman S (April 2016). "On orthorexia nervosa: A review of the literature and proposed diagnostic criteria". ''Eating Behaviors''. '''21''': <span class="nowrap">11–</span>7. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.12.006|10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.12.006]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26724459 26724459].</cite></ref> A cewar wani bincike da aka buga a shekarar 2011, kashi biyu bisa uku na samfurin ƙwararrun masana matsalar cin abinci 111 da ke magana da harshen Holland sun ji cewa sun lura da wannan cuta a cikin aikinsu na asibiti. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Vandereycken W |year=2011 |title=Media hype, diagnostic fad or genuine disorder? Professionals' opinions about night eating syndrome, orthorexia, muscle dysmorphia, and emetophobia |journal=Eating Disorders |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=145–55 |doi=10.1080/10640266.2011.551634 |pmid=21360365 |s2cid=9697551}}</ref> A cewar ''Macmillan English Dictionary,'' kalmar tana shiga cikin ƙamus ɗin [[Turanci]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Macmillan English Dictionary entry for ''Orthorexia Nervosa'' |url=http://www.macmillandictionary.com/New-Words/040103-orthorexia.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070416105415/http://www.macmillandictionary.com/New-Words/040103-orthorexia.htm |archive-date=2007-04-16 |access-date=2007-03-28}}</ref> Manufar orthorexia a matsayin sabuwar matsalar cin abinci da ta bulla ta jawo hankalin kafofin watsa labarai sosai a ƙarni na 21. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-08-30 |title=Orthorexia nervosa: How becoming obsessed with healthy eating can lead to malnutrition |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/orthorexia-nervosa-how-becoming-obsessed-with-healthy-eating-can-lead-to-malnutrition-10479149.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/orthorexia-nervosa-how-becoming-obsessed-with-healthy-eating-can-lead-to-malnutrition-10479149.html |archive-date=2022-05-24 |access-date=30 August 2015 |website=The Independent}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-11-04 |title=My Life With Orthorexia |url=http://www.refinery29.com/jordan-younger-vegan-orthorexia |access-date=1 January 2016 |website=Refinery29}}</ref> == Orthorexia da sauran cututtuka == Orthorexia ta bambanta da anorexia da bulimia a alaƙarta da abinci. Maimakon mai da hankali kan cin abinci don ƙoƙarin rage nauyi da rage cin abinci, orthorexia "sha'awa ce game da ingancin cin abinci" kuma ana ƙarfafa ta ta hanyar jin cimma kamala da tsarki ta hanyar cin abinci "masu lafiya" kawai. <ref name="Brytek-Matera_2012">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Brytek-Matera A |date=March 2012 |title=Orthorexia Nervosa – an Eating Disorder, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, or Disturbed Eating Habit? |journal=Archives of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy |pages=55–60 |via=EBSCO}}</ref> Halayen Orthorexic sau da yawa na iya haifar da rashin abinci mai gina jiki da raguwar nauyi, kuma galibi ana danganta shi da anorexia nervosa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Parra Carriedo A, Tena-Suck A, Barajas-Márquez MW, Bilbao Y, Morcelle GM, Díaz Gutiérrez MC, Flores Galicia I, Ruiz-Shuayre A |date=2020-10-26 |title=When clean eating isn't as faultless: the dangerous obsession with healthy eating and the relationship between Orthorexia nervosa and eating disorders in Mexican University students |url= |journal=Journal of Eating Disorders |volume=8 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s40337-020-00331-2 |pmc=7586686 |pmid=33117538 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bincike ya kuma nuna cewa halayen obsessive-compulsive suna da alaƙa da haɓakar orthorexia, kuma wasu masu bincike sun ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a gano orthorexia a matsayin OCD saboda sha'awar samun cikakken abinci yana haifar da shi. <ref name="Brytek-Matera_2012">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Brytek-Matera A |date=March 2012 |title=Orthorexia Nervosa – an Eating Disorder, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, or Disturbed Eating Habit? |journal=Archives of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy |pages=55–60 |via=EBSCO}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBrytek-Matera2012">Brytek-Matera A (March 2012). "Orthorexia Nervosa – an Eating Disorder, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, or Disturbed Eating Habit?". ''Archives of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy'': <span class="nowrap">55–</span>60 &#x2013; via EBSCO.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> 7tnsld9ihc4l7dpb2n6j5a6oxczj923 0 157017 873713 856251 2026-07-01T16:51:12Z Mahuta 11340 An kirkira ta fassara "Synopsis" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340025585|It's Her Day]]" 873713 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film|name=It's Her Day|image=It's Her Day.jpg|alt=|caption=|director=Aniedi Anwah|writer=[[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]]|screenplay={{Plainlist| Bovi Ugboma }}|story=|based_on=<!-- {{based on|title of the original work|writer of the original work}} -->|producer=Bovi Ugboma|starring={{Plainlist| *Bovi Ugboma *[[Ini Dima-Okojie]] *[[Shaffy Bello]] *[[Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] *[[Toni Tones]] *Adunni Ade *Najite Dede *Gregory Ojefua *Thelma Ezeamaka *Femi Durojaiye *Ese Lami George }}|narrator=|cinematography=Emeka Madu|editing=[[Akin Alabi]]|music={{Plainlist| *Harrison "Babariq" Eke }}|studio=Kountry Kulture Network|distributor=Silverbird Distribution|released={{Film date|2016|10|09|Lagos, Nigeria|df=y|ref1=<ref>[http://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/10/08/bovis-movie-premiere-its-her-day/] http://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/10/08/bovis-movie-premiere-its-her-day/ Retrieved 8 October 2016</ref>}}|runtime=|country=Nigeria|language=English|gross=₦55,021,150 (Raked ₦12M in the opening weekend)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.viewngr.com/bovis-its-her-day-movie-gross-over-55m-nollywood-movies-2016/ |title=Bovi's It's Her Day Movie Bags Over 55m High Grossing Nollywood Movies In 2016 |author-link=View Nigeria |date=17 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170117013546/http://www.viewngr.com/bovis-its-her-day-movie-gross-over-55m-nollywood-movies-2016/ |archive-date=17 January 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}{{Reflist}}'''''Ranarta''''' Fim ne na wasan barkwanci na Najeriya na 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=360nobs |date=16 September 2016 |title=Movie Review: It's Her Day |url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051110/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |archive-date=18 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> game da wasu ma'aurata da suka yi aure daga asali daban-daban na zamantakewa da kuma gwagwarmayar da suke fuskanta a aji yayin da suke shirin bikin aurensu mai kyau. Bovi Ugboma ya fito a matsayin Victor, wani sabon saurayi da aka matsa masa lamba don ya ba wa budurwarsa mai son abin duniya, [[Nicole Scherzinger|Nicole]] ( [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] ) auren tatsuniya mai ban mamaki. [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya shirya fim ɗin kuma Aniedi Anwah ne ya shirya shi kuma an fara nuna shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba, 2016 a Legas, Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=Pulse Nigeria |date=25 September 2016 |title="It's Her Day" is an imaginative and clever comedy movie |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124052533/http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |archive-date=24 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> == Takaitaccen Bayani == Victor ya dawo gida daga Burtaniya don ya auri amaryarsa, Nicole Hernández mai tsauri wacce ba ta ɓata lokaci ba wajen tsara bikin auren mafarkinta. Ganin cewa mahaifiyar Nicole mai wayo tana shiga cikin kowane abu, Victor ya ga cewa kuɗin ya wuce kasafin kuɗinsa. Duk da gargaɗin da aka yi masa daga babban abokinsa Omonigho wanda Nicole ba ta so - tare da danginsa da ke [[Warri]], gami da Anti Foweh - Victor ya fuskanci matsin lamba ba wai kawai don ya faranta wa Nicole da mahaifiyarta rai ba, har ma da 'yan'uwan Hernández masu buƙata - Stacey, Nancy, da Augusta. Tare da taimakon wani mai shirya bikin aure mai kyau, Hernándezes ya yi watsi da duk wani abu da ya faru a babban ranar Nicole, yayin da shawarwarin Victor ko dai an yi watsi da su ko kuma an yi musu ba'a. Matsala ta biyo baya a [[Al'adun aure a Afirka|bikin auren]] ma'auratan lokacin da Victor ya fesa wa amaryarsa [[Naira|takardun naira]] maimakon takardun dala. Ya nemi afuwa, amma buƙatun amaryar Nicole sun ci gaba. Yanzu ya yi nadamar rabuwa da Angela, tsohuwar budurwar da ya tafi da ita don Nicole, kuma ya yi ƙoƙarin dawo da ita. Duk da haka, ta fahimci fuskarsa ta kuma shawarce shi da ya guji ci gaba da bayyana kansa don samun nasara. A lokacin zaman ba da shawara kafin aure, Victor da Nicole sun tayar da rikici lokacin da ta fi mai da hankali kan Candy Crush ɗinta kuma ta yi watsi da taron. Ya rabu da ita, wani mataki da Omonigho ya amince da shi, amma da ya gano cewa Angela yanzu tana da sabon namiji, sai ya sulhunta da Nicole. Ranarta Fim ne na wasan barkwanci na Najeriya na 2016 [1] game da wasu ma'aurata da suka yi aure daga asali daban-daban na zamantakewa da kuma gwagwarmayar da suke fuskanta a aji yayin da suke shirin bikin aurensu mai kyau. Bovi Ugboma ya fito a matsayin Victor, wani sabon saurayi da aka matsa masa lamba don ya ba wa budurwarsa mai son abin duniya, Nicole ( Ini Dima-Okojie ) auren tatsuniya mai ban mamaki. Bovi Ugboma ne ya shirya fim ɗin kuma Aniedi Anwah ne ya shirya shi kuma an fara nuna shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba, 2016 a Legas, Najeriya. [2] [3] gidan Angela suka roƙe ta da ta yi la'akari da sake farfaɗo da tsohuwar dangantakarta. Duk da cewa ta karɓi uzurinsa, Angela ba ta manta da raunin da ta sha bayan ya yi watsi da ita ba, kuma ta kore su da bulala. == 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo == * [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] a matsayin Victor Elomena/Victor Smith * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] as Nicole Hernández * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] as Mrs Hernández * [[Toni Tones]] a matsayin Stacy Hernández * Thelma Ezeamaka as Augusta Hernández * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] as Nancy Hernández * [[Adunni Ade]] a matsayin Caroline, mai tsara bikin aure * [[Najite Dede]] a matsayin Aunty Foweh * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Omonigo * Femi Durojaiye a matsayin Dede * Ese Lami George a matsayin Victoria * [[Omoni Oboli]] a matsayin Angela == Synopsis == Victor ya dawo gida daga Burtaniya don ya auri amaryarsa, Nicole Hernández mai tsauri wacce ba ta ɓata lokaci ba wajen shirya bikin auren tatsuniya na mafarkinta. Duk da haka, ta hango fuskarsa ta kuma shawarce shi da ya guji ci gaba da yin fice. == Samarwa == [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya shirya fim ɗin. Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni. A cikin Kountry Kulture Network, wanda Silverbird Distribution ya rarraba. == Fitowa == An fara nuna fim ɗin a Lagos, Najeriya a ranar 9 ga Satumba. == Saki == An fara fim din ne a Legas, Najeriya a ranar 9 ga watan Satumba. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == rg2hoi5th6kdi3rwjd6wu1884t0m3vg 873714 873713 2026-07-01T16:53:41Z Mahuta 11340 873714 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Ranarta''''' Fim ne na wasan barkwanci na Najeriya na 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=360nobs |date=16 September 2016 |title=Movie Review: It's Her Day |url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051110/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |archive-date=18 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> game da wasu ma'aurata da suka yi aure daga asali daban-daban na zamantakewa da kuma gwagwarmayar da suke fuskanta a aji yayin da suke shirin bikin aurensu mai kyau. Bovi Ugboma ya fito a matsayin Victor, wani sabon saurayi da aka matsa masa lamba don ya ba wa budurwarsa mai son abin duniya, [[Nicole Scherzinger|Nicole]] ( [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] ) auren tatsuniya mai ban mamaki. [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya shirya fim ɗin kuma Aniedi Anwah ne ya shirya shi kuma an fara nuna shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba, 2016 a Legas, Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=Pulse Nigeria |date=25 September 2016 |title="It's Her Day" is an imaginative and clever comedy movie |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124052533/http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |archive-date=24 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> == Takaitaccen Bayani == Victor ya dawo gida daga Burtaniya don ya auri amaryarsa, Nicole Hernández mai tsauri wacce ba ta ɓata lokaci ba wajen tsara bikin auren mafarkinta. Ganin cewa mahaifiyar Nicole mai wayo tana shiga cikin kowane abu, Victor ya ga cewa kuɗin ya wuce kasafin kuɗinsa. Duk da gargaɗin da aka yi masa daga babban abokinsa Omonigho wanda Nicole ba ta so - tare da danginsa da ke [[Warri]], gami da Anti Foweh - Victor ya fuskanci matsin lamba ba wai kawai don ya faranta wa Nicole da mahaifiyarta rai ba, har ma da 'yan'uwan Hernández masu buƙata - Stacey, Nancy, da Augusta. Tare da taimakon wani mai shirya bikin aure mai kyau, Hernándezes ya yi watsi da duk wani abu da ya faru a babban ranar Nicole, yayin da shawarwarin Victor ko dai an yi watsi da su ko kuma an yi musu ba'a. Matsala ta biyo baya a [[Al'adun aure a Afirka|bikin auren]] ma'auratan lokacin da Victor ya fesa wa amaryarsa [[Naira|takardun naira]] maimakon takardun dala. Ya nemi afuwa, amma buƙatun amaryar Nicole sun ci gaba. Yanzu ya yi nadamar rabuwa da Angela, tsohuwar budurwar da ya tafi da ita don Nicole, kuma ya yi ƙoƙarin dawo da ita. Duk da haka, ta fahimci fuskarsa ta kuma shawarce shi da ya guji ci gaba da bayyana kansa don samun nasara. A lokacin zaman ba da shawara kafin aure, Victor da Nicole sun tayar da rikici lokacin da ta fi mai da hankali kan Candy Crush ɗinta kuma ta yi watsi da taron. Ya rabu da ita, wani mataki da Omonigho ya amince da shi, amma da ya gano cewa Angela yanzu tana da sabon namiji, sai ya sulhunta da Nicole. Ranarta Fim ne na wasan barkwanci na Najeriya na 2016 [1] game da wasu ma'aurata da suka yi aure daga asali daban-daban na zamantakewa da kuma gwagwarmayar da suke fuskanta a aji yayin da suke shirin bikin aurensu mai kyau. Bovi Ugboma ya fito a matsayin Victor, wani sabon saurayi da aka matsa masa lamba don ya ba wa budurwarsa mai son abin duniya, Nicole ( Ini Dima-Okojie ) auren tatsuniya mai ban mamaki. Bovi Ugboma ne ya shirya fim ɗin kuma Aniedi Anwah ne ya shirya shi kuma an fara nuna shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba, 2016 a Legas, Najeriya. [2] [3] gidan Angela suka roƙe ta da ta yi la'akari da sake farfaɗo da tsohuwar dangantakarta. Duk da cewa ta karɓi uzurinsa, Angela ba ta manta da raunin da ta sha bayan ya yi watsi da ita ba, kuma ta kore su da bulala. == 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo == * [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] a matsayin Victor Elomena/Victor Smith * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] as Nicole Hernández * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] as Mrs Hernández * [[Toni Tones]] a matsayin Stacy Hernández * Thelma Ezeamaka as Augusta Hernández * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] as Nancy Hernández * [[Adunni Ade]] a matsayin Caroline, mai tsara bikin aure * [[Najite Dede]] a matsayin Aunty Foweh * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Omonigo * Femi Durojaiye a matsayin Dede * Ese Lami George a matsayin Victoria * [[Omoni Oboli]] a matsayin Angela == Synopsis == Victor ya dawo gida daga Burtaniya don ya auri amaryarsa, Nicole Hernández mai tsauri wacce ba ta ɓata lokaci ba wajen shirya bikin auren tatsuniya na mafarkinta. Duk da haka, ta hango fuskarsa ta kuma shawarce shi da ya guji ci gaba da yin fice. == Samarwa == [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya shirya fim ɗin. Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni. A cikin Kountry Kulture Network, wanda Silverbird Distribution ya rarraba. == Fitowa == An fara nuna fim ɗin a Lagos, Najeriya a ranar 9 ga Satumba. == Saki == An fara fim din ne a Legas, Najeriya a ranar 9 ga watan Satumba. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == bv19ykbxamfrdjn0fxctl9w5kw7ttvq 874298 873714 2026-07-02T11:23:55Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 An kirkira ta fassara "Synopsis" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340025585|It's Her Day]]" 874298 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Ranarta''''' Fim ne na wasan barkwanci na Najeriya na 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=360nobs |date=16 September 2016 |title=Movie Review: It's Her Day |url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051110/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |archive-date=18 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> game da wasu ma'aurata da suka yi aure daga asali daban-daban na zamantakewa da kuma gwagwarmayar da suke fuskanta a aji yayin da suke shirin bikin aurensu mai kyau. Bovi Ugboma ya fito a matsayin Victor, wani sabon saurayi da aka matsa masa lamba don ya ba wa budurwarsa mai son abin duniya, [[Nicole Scherzinger|Nicole]] ( [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] ) auren tatsuniya mai ban mamaki. [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya shirya fim ɗin kuma Aniedi Anwah ne ya shirya shi kuma an fara nuna shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba, 2016 a Legas, Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=Pulse Nigeria |date=25 September 2016 |title="It's Her Day" is an imaginative and clever comedy movie |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124052533/http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |archive-date=24 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> == Takaitaccen Bayani == Victor ya dawo gida daga Burtaniya don ya auri amaryarsa, Nicole Hernández mai tsauri wacce ba ta ɓata lokaci ba wajen tsara bikin auren mafarkinta. Ganin cewa mahaifiyar Nicole mai wayo tana shiga cikin kowane abu, Victor ya ga cewa kuɗin ya wuce kasafin kuɗinsa. Duk da gargaɗin da aka yi masa daga babban abokinsa Omonigho wanda Nicole ba ta so - tare da danginsa da ke [[Warri]], gami da Anti Foweh - Victor ya fuskanci matsin lamba ba wai kawai don ya faranta wa Nicole da mahaifiyarta rai ba, har ma da 'yan'uwan Hernández masu buƙata - Stacey, Nancy, da Augusta. Tare da taimakon wani mai shirya bikin aure mai kyau, Hernándezes ya yi watsi da duk wani abu da ya faru a babban ranar Nicole, yayin da shawarwarin Victor ko dai an yi watsi da su ko kuma an yi musu ba'a. Matsala ta biyo baya a [[Al'adun aure a Afirka|bikin auren]] ma'auratan lokacin da Victor ya fesa wa amaryarsa [[Naira|takardun naira]] maimakon takardun dala. Ya nemi afuwa, amma buƙatun amaryar Nicole sun ci gaba. Yanzu ya yi nadamar rabuwa da Angela, tsohuwar budurwar da ya tafi da ita don Nicole, kuma ya yi ƙoƙarin dawo da ita. Duk da haka, ta fahimci fuskarsa ta kuma shawarce shi da ya guji ci gaba da bayyana kansa don samun nasara. A lokacin zaman ba da shawara kafin aure, Victor da Nicole sun tayar da rikici lokacin da ta fi mai da hankali kan Candy Crush ɗinta kuma ta yi watsi da taron. Ya rabu da ita, wani mataki da Omonigho ya amince da shi, amma da ya gano cewa Angela yanzu tana da sabon namiji, sai ya sulhunta da Nicole. Ranarta Fim ne na wasan barkwanci na Najeriya na 2016 [1] game da wasu ma'aurata da suka yi aure daga asali daban-daban na zamantakewa da kuma gwagwarmayar da suke fuskanta a aji yayin da suke shirin bikin aurensu mai kyau. Bovi Ugboma ya fito a matsayin Victor, wani sabon saurayi da aka matsa masa lamba don ya ba wa budurwarsa mai son abin duniya, Nicole ( Ini Dima-Okojie ) auren tatsuniya mai ban mamaki. Bovi Ugboma ne ya shirya fim ɗin kuma Aniedi Anwah ne ya shirya shi kuma an fara nuna shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba, 2016 a Legas, Najeriya. [2] [3] gidan Angela suka roƙe ta da ta yi la'akari da sake farfaɗo da tsohuwar dangantakarta. Duk da cewa ta karɓi uzurinsa, Angela ba ta manta da raunin da ta sha bayan ya yi watsi da ita ba, kuma ta kore su da bulala. == 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo == * [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] a matsayin Victor Elomena/Victor Smith * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] as Nicole Hernández * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] as Mrs Hernández * [[Toni Tones]] a matsayin Stacy Hernández * Thelma Ezeamaka as Augusta Hernández * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] as Nancy Hernández * [[Adunni Ade]] a matsayin Caroline, mai tsara bikin aure * [[Najite Dede]] a matsayin Aunty Foweh * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Omonigo * Femi Durojaiye a matsayin Dede * Ese Lami George a matsayin Victoria * [[Omoni Oboli]] a matsayin Angela == Synopsis == Victor ya dawo gida daga Burtaniya don ya auri amaryarsa, Nicole Hernández mai tsauri wacce ba ta ɓata lokaci ba wajen shirya bikin auren tatsuniya na mafarkinta. Duk da haka, ta hango fuskarsa ta kuma shawarce shi da ya guji ci gaba da yin fice. == Synopsis == Victor ya dawo gida daga Burtaniya don ya auri amaryarsa, Nicole Hernández mai tsauri wacce ba ta ɓata lokaci ba wajen shirya bikin auren tatsuniya na mafarkinta. Duk da haka, ta hango fuskarsa ta kuma shawarce shi da ya guji ci gaba da yin fice. Ya rabu da ita, wani mataki da Omonigho ya amince da shi, amma da ya gano cewa Angela yanzu tana da sabon namiji, sai ya sulhunta da Nicole. == Samarwa == [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya shirya fim ɗin. Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni. A cikin Kountry Kulture Network, wanda Silverbird Distribution ya rarraba. == Fitowa == An fara nuna fim ɗin a Lagos, Najeriya a ranar 9 ga Satumba. == Saki == An fara fim din ne a Legas, Najeriya a ranar 9 ga watan Satumba. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == 779a7iz0v79wrrar73l71491e2i8dtx 0 157032 873889 855709 2026-07-01T21:43:29Z Ummeeterh 31568 873889 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''[[Tafkin Rukwa]] minnow''' ('''''Raiamas moorii''''') nau'in kifi ne mai fuka-fuki a cikin dangin Cyprinidae . Ana samunsa a [[Tafkin Tanganyika]], [[Tafkin kivu|Tafkin Kivu]] da Tafkin Rukwa a [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]], [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] da [[Zambiya|Zambia]]. Yanayinta na halitta [[Kogi|koguna]] ne, [[Tafki|tabkuna]] na ruwa mai laushi, marshes na ruwa mai kyau, da kuma deltas na ciki. == Magana == An sanya sunan kifin ne don girmama John Edmund Sharrock Moore (1870-1947), masanin kimiyyar halittu na [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] kuma shugaban balaguron Tanganyika, wanda ya gano wannan nau'in.<ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=22 September 2018 |title=Family DANIONIDAE: Bleeker 1863 (Danios) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/danionidae/ |access-date=6 February 2025 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> == Manazarta == 0ysp0q9thyi2jpn5k6orhqqbt6es1a1 0 157403 874050 856979 2026-07-02T00:36:27Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 874050 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Addinin Buddha a Ingila''' yana samun karuwar goyon baya. Mutane 238,626 a Ingila sun ayyana kansu a matsayin mabiya addinin Buddha a ƙidayar jama'a ta 2011 kuma kashi 34% daga cikinsu suna zaune ne a Landan. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 July 2010 |title=2011 Census: KS209EW Religion, local authorities in England and Wales |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-286262 |access-date=15 December 2012 |publisher=ons.gov.uk |archive-date=5 January 2016 |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-286262 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tarihi == An ga farkon kasancewar Buddha a shekarun 1810. [[Adam Sri Munni Ratna]], wani malamin addinin Buddha daga Ceylon (Sri Lanka), ya yi tafiya zuwa Ingila tare da ɗan uwansa (wanda shi ma malamin addinin Buddha ne) yayin da yake rakiyar Sir Alexander Johnston a shekarar 1818. Suna da sha'awar koyon addinin Kirista yayin da suke tafiya zuwa [[Ingila]]. A lokacin ɗan gajeren zamansu, an yi wa sufaye biyu baftisma aka mayar da su Ceylon inda suka shiga aikin gwamnati. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Adam Munni Ratna, a Buddhist monk in England in 1818 |url=https://blogs.bl.uk/asian-and-african/2018/04/adam-munni-ratna-a-buddhist-monk-in-england-in-1818.html}}</ref> Tasirin [[Theravada]] ya bunƙasa a Ingila a farkon ƙarni na 20. Wasu daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da suka faru sun haɗa da kafuwar ƙungiyar Buddha ta [[Landan|London]] a shekarar 1924 da kuma ƙungiyar Buddha ta Theravada ta London Vihara a Chiswick a shekarar 1926. Anagarika Dharmapala (1864-1933), wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar Mahā Bodhi a shekarar 1891, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen gabatar da addinin Buddha a matsayin al'adar sufaye ga Burtaniya. Dawowar Ananda Metteyya zuwa Ingila a ranar 23 ga Afrilu 1908 bayan tafiye-tafiye a Ceylon da naɗin sufaye a Burma wani muhimmin ci gaba ne a cikin gadon addinin Buddha na Burtaniya. Wani ƙaramin gudu daga Burtaniya ya yi tafiya a hankali zuwa Asiya don zurfafa sadaukarwar ruhaniya ta hanyar naɗin malaman addinin Kirista, galibi a matsayin malaman addinin Kirista na Theravadin, kamar Ñāṇavīra Thera da Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu waɗanda suka je Tsibirin Hermitage a Sri Lanka don naɗin Sāmaṇera a 1949. Kapilavatdho Bhikkhu ya gabatar da al'adar Dhammakaya ga Burtaniya a 1954 ta wannan hanyar kuma ya kafa Amintacciyar Sangha ta Ingila a 1955. Wasu fitattun malaman addinin Asiya kamar Hammalawa Saddhatissa sun zo zaune a Ingila. An kafa Cibiyar Manjushri, babbar kwalejin addinin Buddha a Conishead Priory da ke Cumbria, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin malamin addinin Tibet mai suna Thubten Yeshe a shekarar 1976. A shekarar 1991, an maye gurbinta da Sabuwar Al'adar Kadampa, sabuwar ƙungiyar addini da wani malamin addinin Kirista, Kelsang Gyatso, ya kafa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kay |first=David N. |year=1997 |title=The New Kadampa Tradition and the Continuity of Tibetan Buddhism in Transition |url=http://www.nktworld.org/The%20New%20Kadampa%20Tradition%20and%20the%20Continuity%20of%20Tibetan%20Buddhism%20in%20Transition%20-%20compressed.pdf |journal=Journal of Contemporary Religion |publisher=Routledge |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=277–293 |doi=10.1080/13537909708580806}}</ref> An kafa wata ƙungiyar malaman addinin Buddha ta Theravada wadda ta bi al'adar dazuzzukan Thai ta Ajahn Chah a gidan ibada na Chithurst da ke Yammacin Sussex a shekarar 1979, wadda ta haifar da gidajen ibada na reshe a wasu wurare a ƙasar, ciki har da gidan ibada na Amaravati Buddhist da ke Chiltern Hills da Aruna Ratanagiri a Northumberland . Mutane da yawa daga cikin mazauna ƙasar kamar Ajahn Khemadhmo, Ajahn Sucitto, Ajahn Amaro, Ajahn Brahm da Ajahn Jayasaro an naɗa su cikin wannan tsarin malaman addinin Buddha, sun zama masu aikin ibada na gaske da kuma malamai masu himma na Dhamma. Ajahn Khemadhmo ya kuma fara aikin limamin gidan yarin Buddha a shekarar 1977 kuma ya kafa "Angulimala, wato limamin gidan yarin Buddha" a shekarar 1985. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Buddhist Prison Chaplaincy |url=http://www.dancingmountains.org.uk/newsletter/email_newsletter/Issue-13/Page-2.html |access-date=2020-11-24 |publisher=dancingmountains.org.uk}}</ref> Samatha Trust ta wakilci al'adar tunani ta addini ta asali daga Thailand, tare da hedikwatarta a Wales. Sōtō Zen tana da wani gidan ibada a Throssel Hole Buddhist Abbey da ke Northumberland. == Alƙaluma == A shekarar 2001, addinin Buddha ya ƙunshi kashi 0.3% na yawan jama'ar Ingila, <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2010 |title=Religion (2001 Census) |url=http://data.gov.uk/dataset/religion_2001_census}}</ref> wanda ya karu zuwa kashi 0.5% a ƙidayar jama'a ta 2011. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 July 2010 |title=Release Edition Reference Tables |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-286262 |access-date=14 June 2026 |archive-date=5 January 2016 |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-286262 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a ta 2011, akwai mabiya addinin Buddha 238,626 a Ingila. Gundumar da ta fi yawan mabiya addinin Buddha a ƙidayar jama'a ta 2011 ita ce Rushmoor da ke Hampshire, inda kashi 3.3% na waɗanda suka amsa suka bayyana a matsayin mabiya addinin Buddha: wannan ya faru ne saboda alaƙar tarihi da yankin (musamman ta Aldershot) ke da shi da rundunar Gurkha . == Nassoshi == 9gsl2hapjts5i54ivsfuk29k0szj3y6 0 157443 874287 872090 2026-07-02T11:07:36Z Muhammad mamman danumma 35709 874287 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ilimin Al'adu''' ko '''kimiyyar al'adu''' reshe ne na [[kimiyyar zamantakewa]] da ta shafi fahimtar kimiyya, bayanin, nazari, da [[Harsashen|hasashen]] [[Al'ada|al'adu]] gaba ɗaya. Yayin da ilimin al'adu da [[ilimin ɗan adam]] suka yi nazarin al'adu daban-daban, irin waɗannan nazarin sun haɗa da fannoni daban-daban : [[Kimiyar al'umma|ilimin zamantakewa]], [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|ilimin halayyar ɗan adam]], da sauransu, kuma an fahimci buƙatar. don fannin da ya mayar da hankali kan fannoni na al'adu kawai. <ref name="Leslie">{{Cite journal |last=Leslie A. White |date=21 November 1958 |title=Culturology |journal=Science |series=New Series |volume=128 |issue=3334 |pages=1246 |doi=10.1126/science.128.3334.1246.a |jstor=1754562 |s2cid=239772878}}</ref> == A Rasha == ilimin (Russian), a matsayin reshe na ilimin ɗan adam, ana iya gano shi a Tarayyar Soviet zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1960 kuma yana da alaƙa da aikin [[Mikhail Bakhtin]], [[Aleksei Losev]], [[Sergey Averintsev]], Georgy Gachev, [[Juri Lotman]], [[Vyacheslav Ivanov (poet)|Vyacheslav Ivanov]], [[Vladimir Toporov]], Edward Markarian, da sauransu. Irin wannan bincike ya kalubalanci tsarin zamantakewar siyasa na [[Marxist]] ga al'adu. Tsakanin 1980 da 1990, ilimin [[Al'ada|al'adu]] ya sami amincewar hukuma a [[Rasha]] kuma an halatta shi a matsayin nau'in kimiyya da batun karatu ga cibiyoyin ilimi mafi girma. Bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet, an gabatar da shi a cikin jerin sunayen kwarewar Hukumar Kula da Tabbacin da za a iya ba da digiri na kimiyya a Rasha kuma yanzu batun karatu ne a cikin shekara ta farko a cibiyoyin ilimi mafi girma da makarantun sakandare. An bayyana shi azaman Nazarin al'adu ɗan adam, tsarin su na gaba ɗaya, da tasirin su akan halayyar ɗan adam, ana iya kwatanta shi da horo na Yammacin nazarin al'adu, kodayake yana da mahimman bambance-bambance da yawa. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata an kafa makarantun al'adu masu zuwa: * philosophy of culture (A.&nbsp;Arnold, G.&nbsp;V.&nbsp;Drach, N.&nbsp;S.&nbsp; Zlobin, M.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;Kagan, V.&nbsp;M.&nbsp;Mezhuyev, Y.&nbsp;N.&nbsp;Solonin, M.&nbsp;B.&nbsp;Turov and others) * Ka'idar Al'adu (B.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;Yerasov, A.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;Karmin, V.&nbsp;A.&nbsp;Lukov, A.&nbsp;A.&nbsp;Pelipenko, E.&nbsp;V&nbsp;Sokolov, A.&nbsp;Ya.&nbsp;Fliyer and others), * cultural history (S.&nbsp;N.&nbsp;Ikonnikova, I.&nbsp;V.&nbsp;Kondakov, E.&nbsp;A.&nbsp;Shulepova, I.&nbsp;G.&nbsp;Yakovenko and others), * sociology of culture (I.&nbsp;Akhiezer, L.&nbsp;G. Ionin, L.&nbsp;N.&nbsp;Kogan, A.&nbsp;I.&nbsp;Shendrik and others), * cultural anthropology (A.&nbsp;A.&nbsp;Belik, Ye.&nbsp;A.&nbsp;Orlova, A.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;Orlov-Kretschmer, Yu.&nbsp;M..&nbsp;Reznik and others), * applied cultural studies (O. Astaf'eva, I.&nbsp;M.&nbsp;Bykhovskaya and others), * cultural studies art (K.&nbsp;E.&nbsp;Razlogov, N.&nbsp;A.&nbsp;Hrenov and others), * semiotics of culture (Juri Lotman, V.<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mweQ">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>N.<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mweg">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>Toporov, V.<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwfA">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>V.<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwfQ">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>Ivanov, E.&nbsp;M.&nbsp;Meletinsky and others), * cultural education (G.&nbsp;I.&nbsp;Zvereva, A.&nbsp;I.&nbsp;Kravchenko, T.&nbsp;F.&nbsp;Kuznetsova, L.&nbsp;M.&nbsp;Mosolova and others).{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2019}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Daga shekara ta 1992, Cibiyar Nazarin Al'adu ta Rasha ta fara bincike. A yau, tare da layin ofishin tsakiya da ke Moscow, an buɗe rassa uku na RIC - Siberian (wanda aka buɗe a 1993 a Omsk), Sashen St. Petersburg (wanda aka bude a 1997) da kuma Sashin Kudancin (wanda aka buga a 2012 a Krasnodar). === Nazarin al'adu a Jami'ar Moscow Lomonosov === A cikin 1990, a fannin falsafar, an kirkiro kujera na tarihi da ka'idar al'adun duniya. Yawancin fitattun malaman Soviet da Rasha kamar V. V. Ivanov, S. Averintsev, A. Y. Gurevich, M. L. Gasparov, G. S. Knabe, E. M. Miletinskiy, V. N. Romanov, T. V. Vasilyeva, N. V. Braginskaya, V. Bibikhin, Alexander Dobrokhotov sun yi aiki a can.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Философский факультет |url=http://new.philos.msu.ru/kaf/itmk/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907003147/http://new.philos.msu.ru/kaf/itmk |archive-date=2015-09-07 |access-date=2015-08-26}}</ref> Yuri Rozhdestvensky founded a school of Culturology at the Department of Language Studies of Moscow Lomonosov University. Rozhdestvensky's approach to the development of culture (accumulation and mutual influence of layers) can be compared to the approach used in media ecology.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2013}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Sauran amfani == == Manazarta == 690amhqqojarrucpty60gaqqg1c8zmo 874288 874287 2026-07-02T11:08:25Z Muhammad mamman danumma 35709 874288 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ilimin Al'adu''' ko '''kimiyyar al'adu''' reshe ne na [[kimiyyar zamantakewa]] da ta shafi fahimtar kimiyya, bayanin, nazari, da [[Harsashen|hasashen]] [[Al'ada|al'adu]] gaba ɗaya. Yayin da ilimin al'adu da [[ilimin ɗan adam]] suka yi nazarin al'adu daban-daban, irin waɗannan nazarin sun haɗa da fannoni daban-daban : [[Kimiyar al'umma|ilimin zamantakewa]], [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|ilimin halayyar ɗan adam]], da sauransu, kuma an fahimci buƙatar. don fannin da ya mayar da hankali kan fannoni na al'adu kawai. <ref name="Leslie">{{Cite journal |last=Leslie A. White |date=21 November 1958 |title=Culturology |journal=Science |series=New Series |volume=128 |issue=3334 |pages=1246 |doi=10.1126/science.128.3334.1246.a |jstor=1754562 |s2cid=239772878}}</ref> == A Rasha == ilimin (Russian), a matsayin reshe na ilimin ɗan adam, ana iya gano shi a Tarayyar Soviet zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1960 kuma yana da alaƙa da aikin [[Mikhail Bakhtin]], [[Aleksei Losev]], [[Sergey Averintsev]], Georgy Gachev, [[Juri Lotman]], [[Vyacheslav Ivanov (poet)|Vyacheslav Ivanov]], [[Vladimir Toporov]], Edward Markarian, da sauransu. Irin wannan bincike ya kalubalanci tsarin zamantakewar siyasa na [[Marxist]] ga al'adu. Tsakanin 1980 da 1990, ilimin [[Al'ada|al'adu]] ya sami amincewar hukuma a [[Rasha]] kuma an halatta shi a matsayin nau'in kimiyya da batun karatu ga cibiyoyin ilimi mafi girma. Bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet, an gabatar da shi a cikin jerin sunayen kwarewar Hukumar Kula da Tabbacin da za a iya ba da digiri na kimiyya a Rasha kuma yanzu batun karatu ne a cikin shekara ta farko a cibiyoyin ilimi mafi girma da makarantun sakandare. An bayyana shi azaman Nazarin al'adu ɗan adam, tsarin su na gaba ɗaya, da tasirin su akan halayyar ɗan adam, ana iya kwatanta shi da horo na Yammacin nazarin al'adu, kodayake yana da mahimman bambance-bambance da yawa. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata an kafa makarantun al'adu masu zuwa: * philosophy of culture (A.&nbsp;Arnold, G.&nbsp;V.&nbsp;Drach, N.&nbsp;S.&nbsp; Zlobin, M.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;Kagan, V.&nbsp;M.&nbsp;Mezhuyev, Y.&nbsp;N.&nbsp;Solonin, M.&nbsp;B.&nbsp;Turov and others) * Ka'idar Al'adu (B.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;Yerasov, A.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;Karmin, V.&nbsp;A.&nbsp;Lukov, A.&nbsp;A.&nbsp;Pelipenko, E.&nbsp;V&nbsp;Sokolov, A.&nbsp;Ya.&nbsp;Fliyer and others), * Tarihin Al'adu (S.&nbsp;N.&nbsp;Ikonnikova, I.&nbsp;V.&nbsp;Kondakov, E.&nbsp;A.&nbsp;Shulepova, I.&nbsp;G.&nbsp;Yakovenko and others), * sociology of culture (I.&nbsp;Akhiezer, L.&nbsp;G. Ionin, L.&nbsp;N.&nbsp;Kogan, A.&nbsp;I.&nbsp;Shendrik and others), * cultural anthropology (A.&nbsp;A.&nbsp;Belik, Ye.&nbsp;A.&nbsp;Orlova, A.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;Orlov-Kretschmer, Yu.&nbsp;M..&nbsp;Reznik and others), * applied cultural studies (O. Astaf'eva, I.&nbsp;M.&nbsp;Bykhovskaya and others), * cultural studies art (K.&nbsp;E.&nbsp;Razlogov, N.&nbsp;A.&nbsp;Hrenov and others), * semiotics of culture (Juri Lotman, V.<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mweQ">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>N.<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mweg">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>Toporov, V.<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwfA">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>V.<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwfQ">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>Ivanov, E.&nbsp;M.&nbsp;Meletinsky and others), * cultural education (G.&nbsp;I.&nbsp;Zvereva, A.&nbsp;I.&nbsp;Kravchenko, T.&nbsp;F.&nbsp;Kuznetsova, L.&nbsp;M.&nbsp;Mosolova and others).{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2019}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Daga shekara ta 1992, Cibiyar Nazarin Al'adu ta Rasha ta fara bincike. A yau, tare da layin ofishin tsakiya da ke Moscow, an buɗe rassa uku na RIC - Siberian (wanda aka buɗe a 1993 a Omsk), Sashen St. Petersburg (wanda aka bude a 1997) da kuma Sashin Kudancin (wanda aka buga a 2012 a Krasnodar). === Nazarin al'adu a Jami'ar Moscow Lomonosov === A cikin 1990, a fannin falsafar, an kirkiro kujera na tarihi da ka'idar al'adun duniya. Yawancin fitattun malaman Soviet da Rasha kamar V. V. Ivanov, S. Averintsev, A. Y. Gurevich, M. L. Gasparov, G. S. Knabe, E. M. Miletinskiy, V. N. Romanov, T. V. Vasilyeva, N. V. Braginskaya, V. Bibikhin, Alexander Dobrokhotov sun yi aiki a can.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Философский факультет |url=http://new.philos.msu.ru/kaf/itmk/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907003147/http://new.philos.msu.ru/kaf/itmk |archive-date=2015-09-07 |access-date=2015-08-26}}</ref> Yuri Rozhdestvensky founded a school of Culturology at the Department of Language Studies of Moscow Lomonosov University. Rozhdestvensky's approach to the development of culture (accumulation and mutual influence of layers) can be compared to the approach used in media ecology.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2013}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Sauran amfani == == Manazarta == bu6abb0whkzxqxm52890du43cwkrmct 0 157458 873813 857115 2026-07-01T20:54:17Z Habibah A Jisambo 26434 873813 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nazarin al'adu na shahara''' shine nazarin [[Shahararrun al'adu|al'adun jama'a]] daga mahangar ka'ida mai zurfi wacce ta haɗa da nazarin sadarwa da nazarin al'adu . Cibiyar farko da ta bayar da digiri na farko da na biyu a fannin Al'adun Jama'a ita ce Sashen Al'adun Jama'a na Jami'ar Jihar Bowling Green wanda Ray B. Browne ya kafa. == Duba kuma. == * Nazarin Buffy * Nazarin Madonna * Binciken Tolkien == Manzarta. == m8br1r03h4i3991l7fk4y96cw58gjos 0 157545 874279 857345 2026-07-02T10:55:15Z Muhammad mamman danumma 35709 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1315140030|Culture theory]]" 874279 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css">{{</templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Ka'idar [[Al'ada|al'adu]]''' reshe ne na [[ilimin ɗan adam]] da kuma semiotics wanda ke neman bayyana manufar al'adu a cikin aiki da / ko yanayin kimiyya. == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == A cikin karni na 19, wasu sun yi amfani da "[[Al'ada|al'adu]]" don komawa ga ayyukan [[Ɗan Adam|ɗan adam]] da yawa, wasu kuma suna amfani da su a matsayin ma'anar "civilization". A cikin karni na 20, masana kimiyyar ɗan adam sun fara yin tunani game da al'adu a matsayin wani abu na bincike na kimiyya. Wasu sun yi amfani da shi don rarrabe [[Adaptation (biology)|dabarun daidaitawa]] na ɗan adam daga dabarun daidaitawar [[Dabba|Dabbobi]], gami da dabarun daidaitaccen wasu dabbobi da wadanda ba mutane ba, yayin da wasu suka yi amfani da ita don komawa ga [[Representation (arts)|wakilci]] na alama da maganganun kwarewar ɗan adam, ba tare da darajar daidaitawa kai tsaye ba. Dukkanin kungiyoyin sun fahimci al'ada a matsayin cikakkiyar [[Instinct|dabi'a]] ɗan adam. A cewar wasu ra'ayoyin da suka sami karbuwa tsakanin masana kimiyyar ɗan adam, al'adu tana nuna yadda mutane ke fassara [[Biology|ilmin halitta]] da mahallinsu. Dangane da wannan ra'ayi, al'ada ta zama wani bangare na rayuwar ɗan adam cewa yanayin ɗan adam ne, kuma yawancin canji al'adu za a iya danganta su da daidaitawar ɗan adam ga abubuwan da suka faru na tarihi. Bugu da ƙari, idan aka ba da cewa ana ganin al'ada a matsayin ainihin hanyar daidaitawa na mutane kuma yana faruwa da sauri fiye da Juyin halitta na ɗan adam, ana iya kallon yawancin canjin al'adu a matsayin al'adun da ke daidaitawa da kanta. Kodayake yawancin masana kimiyyar ɗan adam suna ƙoƙarin bayyana al'ada ta hanyar da za ta raba mutane daga wasu dabbobi, halaye da yawa na ɗan adam suna kama da na wasu dabbobi. Misali, chimpanzees suna da babban [[kwakwalwa]], amma kwakwalwar mutum ta fi girma. Hakazalika, Bonobos suna nuna [[Jima'i na ɗan adam|halayyar jima'i]] mai rikitarwa, amma 'yan adam suna nuna halayen jima'i masu rikitarwa. Saboda haka, masanan ilimin ɗan adam galibi suna muhawara ko halayyar ɗan adam ta bambanta da halayyar dabba a cikin digiri maimakon a cikin nau'i; dole ne su sami hanyoyin rarrabe halayyar al'adu daga halayyar zamantakewa da halayar tunani. An bincika hanzari da fadada waɗannan fannoni daban-daban na canjin al'adu ta hanyar masanin tattalin arziki mai rikitarwa, W. Brian Arthur. A cikin littafinsa, The Nature of Technology, Arthur yayi ƙoƙari ya bayyana [[Theory of change|ka'idar canji]] wanda ya yi la'akari da cewa fasahar da ke akwai (ko al'adun kayan aiki) an haɗa su a hanyoyi na musamman waɗanda ke haifar da sababbin sabbin fasahohi. Bayan wannan haɗin labari shine ƙoƙari mai ma'ana wanda ya taso a cikin motsi na ɗan adam. Wannan magana za ta ba da shawarar cewa muna fara fahimtar abin da za a iya buƙata don ingantaccen ka'idar al'adu da canjin al'adu, wanda ke kawo daidaituwa a cikin fannoni da yawa kuma yana nuna haɗin kai.<templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles> == Manazarta == * Groh, Arnold A. ''Ka'idodin Al'adu''. Routledge, London. 2020. * Ogburn, William F. ''Canjin Jama'a''. 1922. An sake buga shi. Dell, New York 1966. * Rogers, G.F.C. ''Yanayin Injiniya: Falsafar Fasaha''. [Hasiya] * Shumpeter, Yusufu. ''Ka'idar Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki'' . 1912. An sake buga shi. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. 1966. 1934. 6l33v4hwo1e2gs2366eo7v19lu6npfn 874283 874279 2026-07-02T10:59:31Z Muhammad mamman danumma 35709 874283 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css">{{</templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Ka'idar [[Al'ada|al'adu]]''' reshe ne na [[ilimin ɗan adam]] da kuma semiotics wanda ke neman bayyana manufar al'adu a cikin aiki da / ko yanayin kimiyya. == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == A cikin karni na 19, wasu sun yi amfani da "[[Al'ada|al'adu]]" don komawa ga ayyukan [[Ɗan Adam|ɗan adam]] da yawa, wasu kuma suna amfani da su a matsayin ma'anar "civilization". A cikin karni na 20, masana kimiyyar ɗan adam sun fara yin tunani game da al'adu a matsayin wani abu na bincike na kimiyya. Wasu sun yi amfani da shi don rarrabe [[Adaptation (biology)|dabarun daidaitawa]] na ɗan adam daga dabarun daidaitawar [[Dabba|Dabbobi]], gami da dabarun daidaitaccen wasu dabbobi da wadanda ba mutane ba, yayin da wasu suka yi amfani da ita don komawa ga [[Representation (arts)|wakilci]] na alama da maganganun kwarewar ɗan adam, ba tare da darajar daidaitawa kai tsaye ba. Dukkanin kungiyoyin sun fahimci al'ada a matsayin cikakkiyar [[Instinct|dabi'a]] ɗan adam. A cewar wasu ra'ayoyin da suka sami karbuwa tsakanin masana kimiyyar ɗan adam, al'adu tana nuna yadda mutane ke fassara [[Biology|ilmin halitta]] da mahallinsu. Dangane da wannan ra'ayi, al'ada ta zama wani bangare na rayuwar ɗan adam cewa yanayin ɗan adam ne, kuma yawancin canji al'adu za a iya danganta su da daidaitawar ɗan adam ga abubuwan da suka faru na tarihi. Bugu da ƙari, idan aka ba da cewa ana ganin al'ada a matsayin ainihin hanyar daidaitawa na mutane kuma yana faruwa da sauri fiye da sauyin halitta na ɗan adam, ana iya kallon yawancin canjin al'adu a matsayin al'adun da ke daidaitawa da kanta. Kodayake yawancin masana kimiyyar ɗan adam suna ƙoƙarin bayyana al'ada ta hanyar da za ta raba mutane daga wasu dabbobi, halaye da yawa na ɗan adam suna kama da na wasu dabbobi. Misali, chimpanzees suna da babban [[kwakwalwa]], amma kwakwalwar mutum ta fi girma. Hakazalika, Bonobos suna nuna [[Jima'i na ɗan adam|halayyar jima'i]] mai rikitarwa, amma 'yan adam suna nuna halayen jima'i masu rikitarwa. Saboda haka, masanan ilimin ɗan adam galibi suna muhawara ko halayyar ɗan adam ta bambanta da halayyar dabba a cikin digiri maimakon a cikin nau'i; dole ne su sami hanyoyin rarrabe halayyar al'adu daga halayyar zamantakewa da halayar tunani. An bincika hanzari da fadada waɗannan fannoni daban-daban na canjin al'adu ta hanyar masanin tattalin arziki mai rikitarwa, W. Brian Arthur. A cikin littafinsa, The Nature of Technology, Arthur yayi ƙoƙari ya bayyana [[Theory of change|ka'idar canji]] wanda ya yi la'akari da cewa fasahar da ke akwai (ko al'adun kayan aiki) an haɗa su a hanyoyi na musamman waɗanda ke haifar da sababbin sabbin fasahohi. Bayan wannan haɗin labari shine ƙoƙari mai ma'ana wanda ya taso a cikin motsi na ɗan adam. Wannan magana za ta ba da shawarar cewa muna fara fahimtar abin da za a iya buƙata don ingantaccen ka'idar al'adu da canjin al'adu, wanda ke kawo daidaituwa a cikin fannoni da yawa kuma yana nuna haɗin kai.<templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles> == Manazarta == * Groh, Arnold A. ''Ka'idodin Al'adu''. Routledge, London. 2020. * Ogburn, William F. ''Canjin Jama'a''. 1922. An sake buga shi. Dell, New York 1966. * Rogers, G.F.C. ''Yanayin Injiniya: Falsafar Fasaha''. [Hasiya] * Shumpeter, Yusufu. ''Ka'idar Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki'' . 1912. An sake buga shi. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. 1966. 1934. aqftkmn3nx5f0z34rwpu3jdobohbtpc 0 157753 873897 858113 2026-07-01T21:51:02Z Ummeeterh 31568 873897 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Adoga Onah | image = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1940|1|20|mf=y}} | birth_place = [[Okpoma]], [[Cross River State]], [[Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria|Nigeria]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2009|5|28|1940|1|20|mf=y}} | death_place = [[Lagos]], [[Lagos State]], Nigeria | political_party = [[People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)|People's Democratic Party]] | alma_mater = [[St Peter's College, Oxford]] | occupation = Diplomat | spouse = Justina Onah }} '''Adoga Augustine Onah''' (An haife shi a ranar 20 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1940) tsohon jakadan [[Najeriya]] ne wanda matsayinsa na diflomasiyya ya hada da Sweden, Philippines, da [[Amurka]].<ref name="St. Peters College, University of Oxford - Notable Alumni2">{{cite web |title=St. Peters College, University of Oxford - Notable Alumni – Politics and Diplomacy |url=https://www.spc.ox.ac.uk/notable-alumni/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424150314/http://www.spc.ox.ac.uk/alumni-friends/notable-alumni/politics-and-diplomacy |archive-date=2016-04-24 |access-date=2016-06-03 |publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Diplomatic List, Fall 1997 |url=http://1997-2001.state.gov/www/about_state/contacts/diplist/1997/fall_2.html#o/ |publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Onah |first=Adoga |date=6 July 1995 |title=SOUR GRAPES' IN NIGERIA? |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1995/07/06/sour-grapes-in-nigeria/be27c7d2-03e9-497b-8e59-0b827c07a43a/ |work=The Washington Post}}</ref> == Ilimi da rayuwar mutum == An haife shi a Okpoma, [[Cross River|Jihar Cross River]], [[Najeriya]], Onah ya yi karatun Siyasa da Dangantaka ta Duniya a kan tallafi a Kwalejin St Peter, Oxford kafin ya fara aikin diflomasiyya. Ya yi aiki a wurare a Asiya, Turai, Afirka, da Arewacin Amurka.<ref name="St. Peters College, University of Oxford - Notable Alumni">{{Cite web |title=St. Peters College, University of Oxford - Notable Alumni – Politics and Diplomacy |url=https://www.spc.ox.ac.uk/notable-alumni/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424150314/http://www.spc.ox.ac.uk/alumni-friends/notable-alumni/politics-and-diplomacy |archive-date=2016-04-24 |access-date=2016-06-03 |publisher=}}</ref><ref name="University of Illinois at Chicago Library">{{Cite web |title=University of Illinois at Chicago Library |url=http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/ERC/travel/dip_list/9402/s3.html/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151229192029/http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/ERC/travel/dip_list/9402/s3.html |archive-date=2015-12-29}}</ref> Shi ne mahaifin tagwayen masu shirya fina-finai Anthony Onah da Julius Onah, Roselynn Onah, Josephine Onah da Enya-Erine Onah . Enya-Erine mahaifiyar jikokin sa ne, Lela-Biohu, Sorcha da Ixora . == Ayyuka == Onah ya yi aiki a matsayin jakadan Najeriya a Equatorial Guinea da Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Demokradiyyar Koriya.<ref name="Korean News Service Reception by Nigerian Ambassador2">{{cite web |title=Reception by Nigerian ambassador |url=http://www.kcna.us/1999/06/05/news-02/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805115347/http://www.kcna.us/1999/06/05/news-02/ |archive-date=2016-08-05 |access-date=2016-03-25}}</ref><ref name="Nigerian Embassy Equatorial Guinea, Chronicle of Ambassadors2">{{cite web |title=Nigerian Embassy Equatorial Guinea, Chronicle of Ambassadors |url=http://www.nigeriaembassyeg.org/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310085756/http://nigeriaembassyeg.org/ |archive-date=2016-03-10 |access-date=2016-03-25 |publisher=}}</ref><ref name="Europa World Book 20042">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gP_-8rXzQs8C&q=ambassador+adoga+onah%2F&pg=PA2482|title=The Europa World Year: Kazakhstan - Zimbabwe|first=Taylor & Francis|last=Group|date=29 July 2004|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9781857432558|via=Google Books}}</ref> A shekara ta 1993, Onah ya fara aiki na shekaru biyar a Amurka, inda ya wakilci Najeriya a lokacin Gwamnatin Clinton.<ref>{{cite news |last=Morrison |first=James |date=25 September 1997 |title=Embassy Row |url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-58392825.html/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911025345/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-58392825.html |archive-date=11 September 2016 |work=The Washington Times}}</ref><ref name="UPenn Africana Studies2">{{cite web |title=UPenn Africana Studies |url=http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Country_Specific/Nigeria_emb.html/ |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100710052024/http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Country_Specific/Nigeria_emb.html |archivedate=2010-07-10}}</ref><ref name="Institute for Public Relations2">{{cite web |title=Institute for Public Relations |url=http://www.instituteforpr.org/wp-content/uploads/15CaseStudies.pdf/ |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110310123208/http://www.instituteforpr.org/wp-content/uploads/15CaseStudies.pdf |archivedate=2011-03-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=U.S. State Department Diplomatic List – Winter 1998 |url=http://1997-2001.state.gov/www/about_state/contacts/diplist/1998/98winter_2.html/ |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308023304/http://1997-2001.state.gov/www/about_state/contacts/diplist/1998/98winter_2.html |archivedate=2016-03-08}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2009]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1940]] 7q6apdmqhumy9sdlllsym23xyd4g199 0 157815 874291 858265 2026-07-02T11:12:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 874291 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Columns-list|* Heather Edgar*<ref name=":0" /> * Luis Estrada<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sfgate.com/art/article/Avatar-Exhibition-at-NIAD-Art-Center-5125057.php|title='Avatar': Exhibition at NIAD Art Center|last=Nataraj|first=Nirmala|date=2014-01-08|access-date=2019-05-03|website=SFGate}}</ref> * Karen May<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://niadart.org/karen-may/|title=Karen May (b. 1950) – – NIAD Art Center|date=24 January 2013 |language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-03}}</ref> * Arstanda Billy White<ref name=":1" /> * [[Marlon Mullen]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sfgate.com/art/article/Win-Win-Can-t-lose-at-NIAD-fundraiser-4500117.php|title='Win Win': Can't lose at NIAD fundraiser - SFChronicle.com|date=2013-05-08|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-03|website=www.sfgate.com}}</ref> * Saul Alegria<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.leftfieldgallery.com/saul-alegria|title=Saul Alegria|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-03|website=Left Field Gallery}}</ref> * Mireya Betances*<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://richmondstandard.com/lifestyle/entertainment-and-food/2019/02/04/niad-art-exhibition-evokes-richmond-and-its-environs/|title=NIAD art exhibition evokes Richmond and its environs|website=Richmond Standard|last=Aldax|first=Mike|date=4 February 2019|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-03|archive-date=2019-05-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503030402/https://richmondstandard.com/lifestyle/entertainment-and-food/2019/02/04/niad-art-exhibition-evokes-richmond-and-its-environs/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Lisa Blevens*<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chicoer.com/arts-and-entertainment/20170902/monca-collaborates-with-artists-with-disabilities|title=monca collaborates with artists with disabilities|date=2017-09-02|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-03|website=Chico Enterprise-Record}}</ref> * Vanessa Bravo<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eastbaytimes.com/2016/11/23/treadway-community-holiday-traditions-coming-up/|title=Treadway: Shadi display, Richmond Art Center festival and other community holiday traditions coming up|date=2016-11-23|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-03|website=East Bay Times}}</ref> * Eddie Braught*<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://oaklandartenthusiast.com/event/niad-art-center-2/|title=NIAD Art Center (2017-03-11)|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-03|website=oaklandartenthusiast.com|archive-date=2019-05-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503030402/https://oaklandartenthusiast.com/event/niad-art-center-2/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Jeremy Burleson<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.flysfo.cn/node/21508|title=Celebrating a Vision: Art and Disability|access-date=2019-05-03|website=FlySFO|archive-date=2019-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408181142/http://www.flysfo.cn/node/21508|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Angela Campbell*<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://christinewongyap.com/work/2019/belonging-bay-area/book.html|title=Belonging|access-date=2019-05-03|website=christinewongyap.com}}</ref> * Miguel Chacon*<ref name=":5"/> * Deatra Colbert<ref name=":2" /> * Heather Copus<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sfgate.com/art/article/City-in-Motion-NIAD-artists-create-urban-5443107.php|title='City in Motion': NIAD artists create urban environment|last=Guthrie|first=Julian|date=2014-04-30|access-date=2019-05-03|website=SFGate}}</ref> * Evelyn Davis<ref name=":2" /> * MiaMya Dawson*<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.monca.org/affinity|title=Affinity|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-03|website=The Museum of Northern California Art|archive-date=2019-05-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503030404/https://www.monca.org/affinity|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Julio Del Rio<ref name=":2" /> * Carlos Fernandez*<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://foundwork.art/guest-curators/scott-ogden|title=Foundwork - An Artist Platform for the Contemporary Art Community|access-date=2019-05-03|website=foundwork.art}}</ref> * Sylvia Fragoso<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://patch.com/california/berkeley/ev--win-win-a-niad-art-center-fundraiser-81ac2c8b|title=Win Win, A NIAD Art Center Fundraiser|date=2013-03-28|language=en|access-date=2019-05-03|website=Berkeley, CA Patch}}</ref> * Jon Fukui*<ref name=":7" /> * Felicia Griffin<ref name=":7" /> * Raven Harper<ref name=":7" /> * Shana Harper<ref name=":7" /> * Peter Harris<ref name=":3" /> * James Heartsill<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.arteidolia.com/abstract-preferences/|title=Abstract Preferences « Arteidolia|first=Kathleen|last=King|access-date=2019-05-03}}</ref> * Shirley How*<ref name=":7" /> * Julie MacDonald<ref name=":6" /> * Jean McElvane<ref name=":5" /> * Ann Meade<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> * Jason Powell-Smith<ref name=":2" /> * Shantae Robinson<ref name=":2" /> * Joseph Rux*<ref name=":2" /> * Alice Sampson<ref name=":6" /> * Danny Thach<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.whitecolumns.org/sections/exhibition.php?id=1398|title=White Columns - Exhibitions|access-date=2019-05-03|website=www.whitecolumns.org}}</ref> * Jeffrey Thurston*<ref name=":6" /> * Christian Vassell<ref name=":3" /> * Susan Wise*<ref name=":4" />}}'''Cibiyar Fasaha ta NIAD''' (Nurturing Independence through Artistic Development) kungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta 501 (c) (3) don masu fasaha da ke da nakasa ta jiki, wanda aka kafa a 1982 kuma yana zaune a [[California]]" id="mwCQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Richmond, California">Richmond, Contra Costa County, California. Kungiyar tana ba da ɗakunan karatu, kayan aiki, da kuma sararin samaniya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Greaves |first=Brendan |date=2015-10-07 |title=The Error of Margins: Vernacular Artists and the Mainstream Art World |url=http://www.artnews.com/2015/10/07/the-error-of-margins-vernacular-artists-and-the-mainstream-art-world/ |access-date=2019-08-08 |website=ARTnews |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Levin |first=Sam |date=30 April 2024 |title=NIAD Art Center |url=https://www.eastbayexpress.com/oakland/niad-art-center/Location?oid=1109068 |website=East Bay Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Free opening reception for NIAD Art Center's March exhibitions takes place Saturday |url=https://richmondstandard.com/lifestyle/entertainment-and-food/2016/03/09/opening-reception-for-niad-art-center/ |website=Richmond Standard |access-date=2026-06-15 |archive-date=2021-01-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120180718/https://richmondstandard.com/lifestyle/entertainment-and-food/2016/03/09/opening-reception-for-niad-art-center/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2019 |title=Sasha Frere-Jones on Marlon Mullen |url=https://www.artforum.com/print/reviews/201904/marlon-mullen-79060 |access-date=2019-08-08 |website=www.artforum.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ƙungiya == NIAD tana tsaye ne don Kula da 'yancin kai Ta hanyar Ci gaban Fasaha.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desmarais |first=Charles |date=June 5, 2019 |title=True selves: Two SF art exhibitions raise questions about authenticity |url=https://datebook.sfchronicle.com/art-exhibits/true-selves-two-sf-art-exhibitions-raise-questions-about-authenticity |access-date=2021-08-26 |website=Datebook, [[San Francisco Chronicle]] |language=en-US |quote="Nurturing Independence through Artistic Development"}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nurturing Independence Through Artistic Development |url=https://arts.ca.gov/grantee/nurturing-independence-through-artistic-development-3/ |access-date=2021-08-26 |website=California Arts Council |language=en-US}}</ref> Cibiyar Fasaha ta NIAD tana da murabba'in 4,000. ft. [[Painting|zane]]-zane a Richmond, California . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nurturing Independence Through Artistic Development |url=https://www.semel.ucla.edu/nadc/resource/nurturing-independence-through-artistic-development |access-date=2021-08-26 |website=www.semel.ucla.edu}}</ref> Kungiyar tana aiki tare da masu zane-zane 75 a kowane mako; ka'idojin COVID suna iyakance yawan masu zane-zanen da ke aiki a shafin zuwa 20, amma babu iyakar iyawa ga yawan masu zane da aka yi amfani da su a cikin NIAD's Virtual Studios. NIAD ta Virtual Studio yana buɗe kwanaki huɗu a mako. Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na NIAD yana buɗewa kwana biyar a kowane mako. Dukkanin masu zane-zane da suka yi rajista suna da nakasa ta hankali / ci gaba. Wasu daga cikin masu zane-zane suna da nakasa ta jiki. Masu zane-zane da suka yi rajista a NIAD suna aiki tare da masu ba da gudummawa, waɗanda ke tallafa musu a cikin matsakaici da yawa: zane, fiber, [[Tukwane|yumbu]], zane, zane-zane, bugawa, kafofin watsa labarai masu gauraye, wasan kwaikwayo, rikodin sauti, da kafofin watsa labarai na dijital.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2015-02-18 |title=Exhibition at NIAD seeks to turn Richmond into an art destination |url=https://blog.sfgate.com/incontracosta/2015/02/18/exhibition-at-niad-seeks-to-turn-richmond-into-an-art-destination/ |access-date=2019-05-02 |website=SF Gate |language=en-US}}</ref> Baya ga sararin studio don masu zane-zane, Cibiyar Fasaha ta NIAD tana da sararin nune-nunen inda suke gabatar da shirye-shiryen da ke nuna masu zane-zanen da ke halartar cibiyar da wadanda ba masu zane-canjen NIAD ba. Cibiyar Fasaha ta NIAD tana da kasafin kuɗi kusan $ 600,000, tun daga shekarar 2012, kashi ɗaya bisa uku na abin da aka tara ta hanyar gudummawa da tallace-tallace.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Whiting |first=Sam |date=2012-12-05 |title=NIAD Art Center's gifts of artistic ability |url=https://www.sfgate.com/art/article/NIAD-Art-Center-s-gifts-of-artistic-ability-4093753.php |access-date=2019-05-02 |website=SFGate}}</ref> == Masu zane-zane da aka haɗa (*alumni) == <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> == Nuni == * ''Ayyuka: Marlon Mullen'' (2024), Gidan Tarihi na zamani, New York - wanda Ann Temkin ya tsara * ''A cikin Haske'' (2023), Gidan Tarihi na Oakland na California * The Genre Leaps (2018) - wanda mai kula da Margaret Tedesco ya shirya * ''Budurwa Budurwa'' (2017) - wanda Micah Wood ya shirya * ''Avatar'' (2012) - wanda Justine Frischmann ya tsara == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Bay Area Arts Organizations}}{{Disability art|state=collapsed}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] bsbgmojg2r19jqqlq03olwv8e5d00ze 0 157876 873905 858414 2026-07-01T22:05:13Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 873905 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} Cif '''Bode Thomas''' (an haife shi Olabode Akanbi Thomas; Oktoba 1919 - 23 Nuwamba 1953) [[lauya]] ne na Najeriya, ɗan siyasa, ɗan siyasa kuma ɗan aristocrat na gargajiya. Thomas ya yi aiki a matsayin ministan mulkin mallaka na mulkin mallaka da Protectorate na Najeriya kuma Mai daraja da kuma mai ba da shawara na tarihi na Oyo Kingdom of Yorubaland a lokacin da kasarsa ke ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka ta Burtaniya kafin samun 'yancin kai a cikin shekarun 1960. Shi ne Ministan Sufuri na farko na Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-28 |title=The Tale of Olabode Akanbi Thomas {{!}} Oyo State News |url=https://oyoaffairs.net/the-tale-of-olabode-akanbi-thomas/ |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=oyoaffairs.net |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Olabode Thomas ne a cikin iyalin Andrew Thomas, wani attajiri kuma mai siyarwa wanda asalinsa daga [[Oyo (birni)|Oyo]] ne amma ya koma Legas. Ya kasance jikan Alaafin [[Abiodun (Sarkin Oyo)|Abiodun na Oyo]] . Ya halarci makarantar CMS Grammar School, makarantar mishan da Thomas Babington Macaulay da James Pinson Labulo Davies suka kafa. Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya yi aiki a matsayin ƙaramin magatakarda a [[Nigerian Railway Corporation|Kamfanin Jirgin Sama na Najeriya]] amma zuwa ƙarshen shekara, ya yi murabus daga nadinsa kuma ya tafi London don nazarin doka. An kira shi zuwa kotun a 1942 kuma ya koma Najeriya don kafa abin da ya zama aikin nasara a Legas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Garigue |first=Philip |year=1954 |title=Changing Political Leadership in West Africa |journal=Africa: Journal of the International African Institute |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=220–232 [p. 224–225] |doi=10.2307/1156426 |jstor=1156426}}</ref> A cikin 1948, tare da Cif [[Frederick Rotimi Williams]] da Cif [[Remi Fani-Kayode|Remilekun Fani-Kayode]] ya kafa kamfanin lauya na Najeriya, wanda ake kira "Thomas, Williams da Kayode".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Femi Fani-Kayode |title=In remembrance of Fani Power |url=http://www.nigerdeltacongress.com/iarticles/in_remembrance_of_fani_power.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121229031542/http://nigerdeltacongress.com/iarticles/in_remembrance_of_fani_power.htm |archive-date=29 December 2012 |access-date=3 October 2014 |publisher=Niger Delta Congress}}</ref> A shekara ta 1946, ya zama mai ba da shawara kan shari'a ga [[Egbe Omo Oduduwa]] kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa kungiyar Action Group. Kafin ya shiga Action Group, ya kasance [[lauya]] mai cin nasara a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] kuma ya kasance memba na [[Ƙungiyar Matasan Najeriya]]. An yaba shi a matsayin fitaccen dan Najeriya na farko na 'yan siyasa a lokacin mulkin mallaka don yin hukunci mai karfi ga jam'iyyun siyasa na yanki, wanda, ya yi imanin cewa za a sanye shi da ilimin da ake bukata don bunkasa yankunansu kuma ya kafa hadin gwiwa a tsakiya. Ya kuma kasance babban mai ba da shawara don kawo Shugabannin kabilanci da [[Sarki|Sarakuna]] cikin fadada ƙungiyar Action Group. Ga wannan manufofin, babu shakka ya ba da yawancin kwarewarsa a matsayin ''Balogun'' na Oyo - taken da ya karɓa a 1949.<ref>{{Cite book|ref=etal}}</ref> Dabarun daga baya ya zama tsari mai ƙarfi don tattara jama'a a wasu garuruwa. Thomas da [[Obafemi Awolowo|Awolowo]] wani lokacin suna da ra'ayoyin siyasa masu adawa, da yawa daga cikinsu ba a taɓa daidaita su ba kafin mutuwarsa. Yawancin ra'ayoyinsa game da jam'iyyun yanki, waɗanda suka ƙare sun zama kusan tare da tsarin siyasa na farko na gwamnati, ba su taɓa sulhunta da ra'ayoyen Awolowo ba, waɗanda suka dogara da tarayya. A shekara ta 1951, Thomas ya wakilci [[Jihar Yammacin Najeriya|Yankin Yamma]] a matsayin Ministan Sufuri a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na McPherson kuma mai ba da shawara ga mulkin kai a Najeriya. Ya yi murabus daga ofishin a lokacin rikicin tsarin mulki a watan Maris na shekara ta 1953. Daga baya ya zama Ministan Ayyuka bayan Taron Tsarin Mulki a London.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ifeoma |first=Peter |date=2018 |title=Fallen Legal Heroes: Chief Bode Thomas |url=https://dnllegalandstyle.com/2018/fallen-legal-heroes-chief-bode-thomas/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125073625/https://dnllegalandstyle.com/2018/fallen-legal-heroes-chief-bode-thomas/ |archive-date=25 January 2019 |access-date= |website=}}</ref> An dauki Thomas a matsayin mutum mai basira amma mai girman kai wanda ya lalata dangantaka da wasu shugabannin yankin kamar Sir [[Ahmadu Bello]] da [[Alaafin]] Adeyemi II. An ce ya kasance mara kyau ga Alaafin a taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Oyo saboda Alaafin bai tsaya a cikin girmamawa a gare shi ba (shi ne shugaban majalisa yayin da Alaafin memba ne, amma wannan a cikin kansa kuskure ne - kamar yadda Balogun na Oyo, Cif Thomas ya kasance a al'adance ɗaya daga cikin masu riƙe Alaafin). Ya kasance jagora na ƙungiyar da ta haɗa da mafi yawan Oyo Mesi waɗanda ke adawa da mulkin Alaafin Adeyemi a kan dalilin cewa Alaafin yana adawa da harajin da aka yi amfani da shi don tallafawa ilimi da kiwon lafiya. Thomas ya auri Lucretia Shobola Odunsi . Daga cikin 'ya'yansa akwai Eniola, Dapo, Vera da Tokunbo . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-28 |title=The Tale of Olabode Akanbi Thomas {{!}} Oyo State News |url=https://oyoaffairs.net/the-tale-of-olabode-akanbi-thomas/ |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=oyoaffairs.net |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya kasance shugaban Ikilisiyar Afirka ta Najeriya kuma ya kasance memba na kwamitin edita na Daily Service . Wani lokaci yana magana ba tare da la'akari ba kuma wannan ya sa ya jawo abokan gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Peters |first=Ifeoma |title=Fallen Legal Heroes: Chief Bode Thomas |url=https://dnllegalandstyle.com/2018/fallen-legal-heroes-chief-bode-thomas/ |access-date=24 January 2019 |website=Dnel Legal and Style |archive-date=25 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125073625/https://dnllegalandstyle.com/2018/fallen-legal-heroes-chief-bode-thomas/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 22 ga Nuwamba 1953, bayan ya dawo daga Oyo, Thomas ya yi rashin lafiya a gidansa na Legas. An kai shi Ijebu-Igbo don magani amma daga ƙarshe ya mutu a Ijebu -Igbo a ranar 23 ga Nuwamba 1953 wanda shine ranar haihuwar 'yarsa ta biyu..<ref>{{cite book|last1=Post|first1=Ken|last2=Jenkins|first2=George D.|title=The Price of Liberty: Personality and Politics in Colonial Nigeria|date=1973|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=978-0-521-08503-8|pages=220–221|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=djE9AAAAIAAJ&dq=Bode%20Thomas%20november%201953&pg=PA220|language=en}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1919]] p8kipfokbp4o10wugtdgadvljimbur6 0 158510 873892 860657 2026-07-01T21:47:12Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 873892 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ana samun bluegill a zahiri a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] a gabashin Dutsen Rocky daga gabar tekun [[Virginia]] zuwa [[Florida]], yamma zuwa [[Texas]] da arewacin [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]], da arewa zuwa yammacin [[Minnesota]], [[New York (jiha)|New York]] da kudu maso gabashin Ontario . <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 January 2023 |title=Bluegill |url=https://www.ontario.ca/page/bluegill |access-date=25 May 2024 |publisher=Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, Government of Ontario}}</ref> An gabatar da su sosai a [[Amurka ta Arewa|Arewacin Amurka]] da [[Turai]], [[Afirka ta Kudu]], [[Zimbabwe]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2014 |title=Cat-and-mouse game at Chivero |url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/2014/01/11/cat-mouse-game-chivero/ }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Asiya]], [[Amurka ta Kudu|Kudancin Amurka]], da [[Osheniya|Oceania]] . An kuma sami Bluegills a cikin Tekun Chesapeake, wanda ke nuna cewa suna iya jure har zuwa 1.8% na gishiri. A wasu wurare da aka dasa su, ana ɗaukar su a matsayin kwari: an haramta cinikin nau'in a [[Jamus]] da [[Japan]] . A yanayin Japan, an bai wa yarima mai jiran gado na wancan lokacin, [[Akihito]], kyautar bluegills a shekarar 1960 daga Richard J. Daley, magajin garin [[Chicago]] . Yariman, shi ma, ya ba da kyautar kifin ga hukumomin binciken kamun kifi a Japan, inda suka tsere daga ciki suka zama nau'in da ke mamaye da ke lalata nau'ikan asali, musamman a Tafkin Biwa . Tun daga lokacin Akihito ya nemi afuwa. Bluegill suna rayuwa a cikin ruwa mai zurfi na tafkuna da tafkuna da yawa, tare da rafuka, rafuka, da koguna. Sun fi son ruwa tare da tsire-tsire masu yawa na ruwa, kuma suna keɓe kansu a cikin ko kusa da bishiyoyi da suka faɗi, ciyawar ruwa ko wani gini (na halitta ko na ɗan adam) wanda ke ƙarƙashin ruwa. Sau da yawa ana iya samun su a kusa da gadajen ciyawa, inda suke neman abinci ko haihuwa . A lokacin rani, manya suna ƙaura zuwa zurfin ruwa mai buɗewa inda suke rataye a ƙasan saman kuma suna cin plankton da sauran halittun ruwa. Bluegill suna ƙoƙarin yin mafi yawan lokacinsu a cikin ruwa daga {{Convert|60|to|80|F|C}}, kuma galibi suna da faɗin gida na kusan {{Convert|320|sqft|m2}} a cikin watanni marasa haihuwa. Suna jin daɗin zafi, amma ba sa son hasken rana kai tsaye - yawanci suna rayuwa a cikin ruwa mai zurfi, amma suna zama kusa da saman ruwa da safe don su kasance cikin ɗumi. Ana samun Bluegill a cikin nau'ikan kifaye 10 zuwa 20, kuma waɗannan makarantun galibi suna haɗa da wasu panfish, kamar crappie, pumpkinseeds, da smallmouth bass . == Haihuwa da zagayowar rayuwa == [[Fayil:Bluegill_(49592166278).jpg|thumb|Namiji mai launin shuɗi]] Lokacin haihu ga 'yan bluegills yana farawa a ƙarshen watan Mayu kuma yana ci gaba har zuwa watan Agusta. Kololuwar lokacin haihu yawanci yakan faru ne a watan Yuni a cikin ruwan da ke tsakanin {{Convert|67|to|80|F|C}} . Mazan bluegills suna fara isa wurin haɗuwa. Za su yi gadon haihuwa na inci shida zuwa 12 a cikin ruwa mai zurfi, suna tattara har zuwa gadaje 50 tare. Mazan suna tattara waɗannan gadajen a cikin tsakuwa ko yashi. Mazan suna da kariya sosai kuma suna korar komai daga gidajensu, musamman sauran bluegills na maza. Wasu bluegills, ba tare da la'akari da ƙaramin girmansu ba, har ma za su kai hari ga masu shan iska idan suka kusanci gefen gidan. Yayin da mace ke kusantowa, namijin zai fara zagaye da yin ƙara mai ƙarfi. Motsin da sautin mazan suna jan hankalin mata. Mata suna da zaɓi sosai kuma yawanci suna zaɓar maza masu manyan jiki da "kunnuwa", wanda hakan ke sa girman ya zama abin so ga maza su kasance. Idan mace ta shiga gidan, namiji da mace za su yi zagaye juna, namijin yana nuna halin tashin hankali ga macen. Idan mace ta tsaya, mazan za su shiga gidan su huta a tsakiya. Da namijin a tsaye, mazan za su taɓa ciki, su yi rawar jiki, su kuma yi haihuwa . Ana maimaita waɗannan ayyukan sau da yawa a jere. Da zarar an gama haihuwa, namijin zai kori macen daga gidan ya kuma tsare ƙwai. Tsarin haihuwa gaba ɗaya waje ne. Manin namijin yana haɗuwa da ƙwai na mace a cikin ruwa. Ƙananan mazan sukan ɓuya a cikin ciyawar da ke kusa su yi sauri su shiga gidan yayin da suke ƙoƙarin yin takin ƙwai. Sannan su yi sauri su gudu. Girman macen yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a yawan ƙwai da za a samar. Ƙaramar mace za ta iya samar da ƙwai kaɗan, kuma babbar mace mai lafiya za ta iya samar da ƙwai har zuwa 100,000. Namijin yana ci gaba da kula da gidan har sai tsutsotsi sun iya ƙyanƙyashewa da iyo da kansu. Bluegill galibi yana fara aikin haihuwa yana da shekara ɗaya, amma an gano yana haihu tun yana ɗan shekara huɗu a ƙarƙashin yanayi mai kyau. Masunta suna ganin lokacin haihuwa lokaci ne mai matuƙar nasara don kamun kifi don bluegills, yayin da suke kai hari ga duk wani abu, gami da ƙugiya, wanda ya zo kusa. <ref name="Paulson" /> === Bambancin jinsi tsakanin maza da namiji === [[Fayil:Bluegill,_Kingsport,_TN,_USA_imported_from_iNaturalist_photo_504613908.jpg|thumb|Gidan kula da gida na Bluegill, [[Tennessee]]]] Bluegills suna yin gida a cikin gidaje masu yawa a cikin ruwa mai zurfi a lokacin kiwo; an rubuta cewa gidaje suna ɗauke da har zuwa gidaje 272 - ramuka masu siffar kwano a cikin benen tafkin. <ref name=":03">{{Cite journal |last=Gross |first=Mart R. |date=1982-01-12 |title=Sneakers, Satellites and Parentals: Polymorphic Mating Strategies in North American Sunfishes |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1982.tb01073.x |journal=Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie |language=en |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=1–26 |doi=10.1111/j.1439-0310.1982.tb01073.x |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Neff |first=Bryan D. |last2=Cargnelli |first2=Luca M. |last3=Côté |first3=Isabelle M. |date=2004 |title=Solitary Nesting as an Alternative Breeding Tactic in Colonial Nesting Bluegill Sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25063462 |journal=Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=381–387 |issn=0340-5443}}</ref> Waɗannan gidaje masu yin gida galibi ana kiransu leks . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Peroš |first=Matthew |last2=Vij |first2=Lakshita |last3=Anavian |first3=Elana |last4=Almeida Arteaga |first4=Kevin |last5=Haruna |first5=Fatima Iya |last6=Siegman |first6=Aliza |last7=Fang |first7=Wei |last8=Alvarado |first8=Sebastian Gaston |date=2025-01-16 |title=Male bluegill vary in color and behavior relative to their position in a lek |url=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/ethology/articles/10.3389/fetho.2024.1513231/full |journal=Frontiers in Ethology |language=English |volume=3 |doi=10.3389/fetho.2024.1513231 |issn=2813-5091 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A wasu lokutan, ana iya gina gida a cikin gida ɗaya maimakon a haɗa shi da wani gida. <ref name=":03" /> <ref name=":12" /> An rubuta bambancin jinsi a cikin maza na wannan nau'in. Bincike ya nuna cewa maza suna zuwa cikin siffofi biyu, kowannensu yana da dabarun haihuwa daban-daban. <ref name=":03"/> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dominey |first=Wallace J. |date=1980 |title=Female mimicry in male bluegill sunfish—a genetic polymorphism? |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/284546a0 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=284 |issue=5756 |pages=546–548 |doi=10.1038/284546a0 |issn=1476-4687 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mazan da ba sa haihuwa suna jinkirta balaga har zuwa kimanin shekaru 7, lokacin da suka girma suka zama manyan mazan "iyaye" masu nonuwa masu haske rawaya-orange. <ref name=":03"/> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gross |first=Mart R. |date=1991-04-29 |title=Evolution of alternative reproductive strategies: frequency-dependent sexual selection in male bluegill sunfish |url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/rstb/article/332/1262/59/18171/Evolution-of-alternative-reproductive-strategies |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences |language=en |volume=332 |issue=1262 |pages=59–66 |doi=10.1098/rstb.1991.0033 |issn=0962-8436 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last=Burness |first=Gary |last2=Casselman |first2=Stephen J. |last3=Schulte-Hostedde |first3=Albrecht I. |last4=Moyes |first4=Christopher D. |last5=Montgomerie |first5=Robert |date=2004-05-01 |title=Sperm swimming speed and energetics vary with sperm competition risk in bluegill ( Lepomis macrochirus ) |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00265-003-0752-7 |journal=Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=65–70 |doi=10.1007/s00265-003-0752-7 |issn=0340-5443 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mazan iyaye suna gina gida ta hanyar share ƙasa da wutsiyoyinsu. Ƙungiyoyin mata masu shekaru suna kusantar mazaunin, kuma suna shiga gida ɗaya-ɗaya don yin haihu. Mazan iyaye suna kare gidan da ƙarfi kuma suna kula da ƙananan yara. Kula da iyaye yana ɗaukar kimanin mako guda, a lokacin da soyayyen ya zama mai iyo kyauta kuma ya bar gidan. <ref name=":03" /> Mazan da ke riƙe da mayafinsu suna haihuwa tun suna ɗan shekara 2, suna aiki a matsayin "masu yin sneakers", suna shiga cikin gida-gidaje na musamman don fitar da maniyyi lokacin da mata suka haihu. Mazan da ke riƙe da mayafinsu suna girma zuwa ƙananan mazan "tauraron dan adam", waɗanda ke kwaikwayon launin mata, suna da sandunan tsaye masu duhu, launin duhu, da launin nono mara haske. Hakanan suna iya kwaikwayon ɗabi'ar haihuwar mata. Wannan yana bawa mazan da ke ɗauke da mayafin damar sanya kansu cikin aminci tsakanin mazan da mata na iyaye, kuma su saki maniyyi. <ref name=":03" /> <ref name=":22" /> === Hybridization tare da sauran nau'ikan === A wasu lokutan bluegill na iya hayayyafa tare da wani memba na halittarsa, kodayake wannan ba kasafai yake faruwa ba. Wannan yakan faru ne a cikin ruwa waɗanda ke da yawan bluegill kusa da wani ƙaramin adadin lepomid kamar kifin kore . Ƙananan wuraren zama na iya haifar da haɗuwa wanda ke sa mata na wani nau'in su fi son gidan wani. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Greengill (Lepomis cyanellus x Lepomis macrochirus) |url=https://www.koaw.org/greengill |access-date=2021-01-15 |website=Koaw Nature |language=en-US}}</ref> Bluegill na iya haɗuwa da duk sauran nau'ikan a cikin halittar ''Lepomis'', kodayake mafi yawan hybrid shine greengill . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hybrid Lepomids - An Introduction |url=https://www.koaw.org/hybrid-lepomids |access-date=2021-01-15 |website=Koaw Nature |language=en-US}}</ref> Kifin hybrid suna da ƙarfi kuma suna da manyan baki fiye da iyayensu na bluegill. Waɗannan kifayen kuma suna girma da sauri fiye da sauran ƙananan kifayen bakinsu saboda girman bakinsu. Greengills ko hybrid bluegills sune mafi inganci a girma kuma suna iya kaiwa kimanin kilogiram 2 ko 0.91 a cikin shekara guda. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2022 |title=How Big Do Hybrid Bluegill Get? (9 Answers You Should Know) |url=https://upicefishing.com/how-big-do-hybrid-bluegill-get/ |access-date=January 19, 2025 |website=upicefishing.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == l3g0sind3hlyw5llqc3t9afq33ztz6a 0 158739 874256 861608 2026-07-02T10:12:36Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 874256 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Chrysoblephus gibbiceps''''', '''red stumpnose''', '''red stumpnose seabream''' ko '''Miss Lucy''', nau'in kifi ne mai kama da na teku wanda dangin Sparidae ne, seabreams da porgies suka mallaka. Wannan kifi yana da yawa a kudu maso yammacin Tekun Indiya a bakin tekun Afirka ta Kudu. Ƙungiyar Kare Yanayi ta Duniya ta rarraba wannan nau'in a matsayin [[Dokar Nau'in Halittu|Mai Haɗari]] . == Tsarin Haraji == An fara bayyana ''Chrysoblephus gibbiceps'' a hukumance a shekarar 1830 a matsayin ''Chrysophrys gibbiceps'' ta [[Zoology|masanin dabbobi]] na Faransa Achille Valenciennes, inda aka ba shi irin wurin da ake kira [[Cape of Good Hope]] a Afirka ta Kudu. A shekara ta 1839, William Swainson ya rarraba Valenciennes' ''C. gibbericeps'' a cikin wani sabon nau'in ''Chrysophrys'' da ya kira ''Chrysoblephus'' kuma ya sanya masa suna a matsayin nau'insa guda ɗaya, wanda hakan ya sa wannan nau'in nau'in ''Chrysoblephus'' ya zama nau'insa na monotypy . An sanya nau'in ''Chrysoblephus'' a cikin dangin Sparidae a cikin tsarin Spariformes ta bugu na 5 na ''Fishes of the World'' . Wasu hukumomi sun rarraba wannan nau'in a cikin ƙaramin iyali na Sparinae, <ref name="Parenti">{{Cite journal |last=Parenti, P. |year=2019 |title=An annotated checklist of the fishes of the family Sparidae |url=https://fishtaxa.com/menuscript/index.php/ft/article/view/49/52 |journal=FishTaxa |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=47–98 |access-date=2026-06-19 |archive-date=2025-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221133739/https://fishtaxa.com/menuscript/index.php/ft/article/view/49/52 |url-status=dead }}</ref> amma bugu na 5 na Fishes of the World bai san ƙananan iyalai a cikin Sparidae ba. <ref name="Nelson5" /> == Asalin Ma'anar == ''Chrysoblephus gibbiceps'' yana da takamaiman suna ''gibbiceps'', wanda haɗin ''gibbus'' ne, ma'ana "ƙugu", tare da ''ceps'' . wanda ke nufin "kai". Wannan yana nufin goshin mai ƙwanƙwasa a cikin mazan manya na wannan nau'in. <ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |date=22 December 2023 |title=Order SPARIFORMES: Families LETHRINIDAE, NEMIPTERIDAE and SPARIDAE |url=https://etyfish.org/spariformes/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030165034/https://etyfish.org/spariformes/ |archive-date=30 October 2023 |access-date=9 January 2024 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf}}</ref> == Bayani == ''Chrysoblephus gibbiceps'' yana da jiki mai zurfi da matsewa, tsawonsa na yau da kullun yana tsakanin ninki 2 zuwa 2.4 na zurfinsa. Fifin bayan yana da kashin baya 11 ko 12 da haskoki masu laushi 10 ko 11 yayin da fifin dubura yana ɗauke da kashin baya 3 da kuma tsakanin haskoki masu laushi 7 zuwa 9. Tsarin bayan kai yana da tsayi sosai tsakanin hanci da hanci. Yayin da suke girma, kumburi yana tasowa a yankin da ke tsakanin idanu kuma a cikin manya akwai babban ƙugiya a kan cinya, yana haifar da goshi mai fitowa. Yana da jiki ja mai launin lemu mai launin zinare, mai ɗan haske a launi, tare da sandunan ja masu tsayi 5 zuwa 7 marasa bambanci da kuma wurare masu duhu da yawa a saman jiki. <ref name="WIOF">{{Cite book|last1=and}}</ref> Ja mai launin ruwan kasa mai launin ruwan kasa yana da matsakaicin tsawon da aka buga na {{Cvt|75|cm}}, kodayake {{Cvt|50|cm}} ya fi kama da na yau da kullun. == Rarrabawa da wurin zama == Ana samun ''Chrysoblephus gibbiceps'' a kudu maso gabashin Atlantika da kudu maso yammacin Tekun Indiya daga gabar tekun kudancin Afirka ta Kudu tsakanin [[False Bay]] da Gabashin London, tare da tarihin har zuwa arewacin Margate, Afirka ta Kudu, kodayake waɗannan na iya zama kuskuren gano nau'ikan halittu masu kama da ''C. anglicus'' . Wannan nau'in yana faruwa a cikin ruwan bakin teku a zurfin tsakanin {{Cvt|10|and|100|m}} . <ref name="WIOF"/> Ana samun manya a kan tekuna na teku yayin da ƙananan yara ke tafiya a kan duwatsu a cikin ruwa mara zurfi. == Ilimin halittu == ''Chrysoblephus gibbiceps'', ba kamar wasu daga cikin danginsa ba, da alama yana da gonochoristic, ba hermaphroditic ba. Suna haihuwa daga Oktoba zuwa Janairu, suna kololuwa a watan Disamba a Bankin Agulhas . Maza suna da ƙarancin gonadosomatic index (GSI) na 1.6% kuma wannan yana nuna cewa suna da mata fiye da ɗaya kuma suna fafatawa da sauran maza don samun damar shiga mata. <ref name="Attwood">{{Cite journal |last=Attwood, CG |last2=Dawson, ME |last3=Kerwath, Sven |last4=Wilke, C. |name-list-style=& |year=2019 |title=Life history, distribution and seasonal movements of a threatened South African endemic seabream, ''Chrysoblephus gibbiceps'' |journal=African Journal of Marine Science |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=395–411 |doi=10.2989/1814232X.2019.1686423}}</ref> Mafarauci ne akan halittu masu cin nama kuma an rubuta cewa yana cin crustaceans, molluscs da ƙananan kifaye, <ref name="WIOF" /> kodayake babban abincinsa taurari ne masu rauni . <ref name="Attwood" /> Manya suna da yanki, amma za su taru su haihu, lokacin da suka shigo bakin teku. <ref name="Beukes">{{Cite web |last=Francis Beukes |date=November 2020 |title=Catching Miss Lucy |url=https://issuu.com/sheenacarnie/docs/ski-boat_november_2020/s/11209750 |access-date=9 January 2024 |publisher=Ski Boat}}</ref> ''[[Anoplodiscus cirrusspiralis]]'' mai kama da juna shine ectoparasite na wannan nau'in. == Manazarta == a3s16m32l60yqbedza8iilf4sgxt6fy 0 158884 874075 871880 2026-07-02T05:15:09Z Ummeeterh 31568 874075 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Radeeya Jibril''''' An haifi Radeeya Jibril ne (7) ga watan December "1993") a jahar [[Legas]] dake Kudancin [[Najeriya]] amma daga baya sun koma garin [[Kaduna]] da zama, acan ta girma harma tayi karatun ta acan, jaruma ce a masana’antar ([[kannywood]]) tayi aure tarabu da mijinta tana da Ya mace guda daya (1). == Fina Finai== Ta fito a finafinai da dama daga cikin su akwai: {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Take ! Matsayi ! Nau’i ! Kamfanin Samarwa |- | 2022 | ''Dan jarida'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | Maishadda global resources |- | 2024 | ''Jikokin mai gari'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | M Soja Concept Nig Ltd |- | 2022 | ''Uku sau uku | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | AKA anfara |- | 2023 | ''Lulu da Andalu'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | TY SHABA |- | 2022 | ''Madafar Kauna'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | YAR AGADAZ |- | 2025 | ''Fatake'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | UK ENTERTAIMENT |} == Nasarori == a0d46lygbkypyavsd66kbdlyo673cpu 0 158926 874187 863061 2026-07-02T08:52:29Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 874187 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chorizo'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorizo</ref> Chorizo ​​(/tʃəˈriːzoʊ, -soʊ/ chə-REE-zoh, -⁠soh, Sifaniyanci: [tʃoˈɾiθo, tʃoˈɾiso]; Fotigal: chouriço [ʃo(w)ˈɾisu]) wani nau'in tsiran alade ne da ya samo asali daga yankin Iberian. Ana yin sa a cikin nau'ikan ƙasa da na yanki da yawa a ƙasashe da dama a nahiyoyi daban-daban. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan nau'ikan sun bambanta da juna, wanda wani lokacin yakan haifar da rudani ko rashin jituwa kan sunaye da asalin kayayyakin da ake magana a kansu.<ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/chorizo</ref><ref>https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/chorizo</ref> A Turai, chorizo ​​na Sifaniyanci da chouriço na Portugal tsiran alade ne da aka dafa, aka warke, aka kuma shaƙa, wanda ke samun hayakinsa da launin ja mai zurfi daga busasshen barkono, aka shaƙa, ja (pimentón/colorau); ana iya yanka shi a ci ba tare da an dafa shi ba, ko a ƙara shi a matsayin sinadari don ƙara ɗanɗano ga sauran abinci. A wani wuri, ba za a iya yin chorizo ​​ko a warke ba, wanda ke buƙatar dafawa kafin a ci. A Mexico ana yin sa da barkonon barkono maimakon paprika.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=NLR4jPm_x0sC&q=Chorizo+intitle:Sausage&pg=RA5-PA32</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.lobbymarket.es/chorizos-a-la-sidra |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-06-21 |archive-date=2023-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804221038/https://www.lobbymarket.es/chorizos-a-la-sidra |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ana cin chorizo ​​na Iberian a yanka a cikin sanwici, a gasa, a soya, ko a dafa a cikin ruwa, gami da cider apple ko abubuwan sha masu ƙarfi kamar aguardiente. Haka kuma ana amfani da shi azaman madadin naman sa ko naman alade da aka niƙa (da aka niƙa).<ref>https://easyportugueserecipes.com/chourico-bombeiro/</ref><ref>http://www.lets-make-sausage.com/chorizo-recipes.html</ref> == Iri-iri ta kowane yanki == === Turai === Dangane da rajistar alamun yanki na EU, a cikin 2023, akwai nau'ikan chorizo ​​​​8 da aka sani a Portugal: chorizo ​​​​de ossos de vinhais, azedo de vinhais, Mouro de Portalegre, abóbora de Barroso-Montalegre, Portalegre, carne de Estremoz, Estremoz e Bornte, da Baixoba. A cikin Spain, akwai nau'ikan chorizo ​​​​da aka sani: chorizo ​​​​Riojano da chorizo ​​​​de Cantimpalos.<ref>https://easyportugueserecipes.com/chourico-bombeiro/</ref> === Sipaniya === Gabaɗaya, ana yin chorizo ​​na Sipaniya daga naman alade da aka yanka da kitsen alade, wanda aka ƙara masa tafarnuwa, pimentón (paprika mai hayaƙi) da gishiri. Ana iya rarraba shi a matsayin picante (mai yaji) ko dulce (mai daɗi), ya danganta da nau'in pimentón da ake amfani da shi. Akwai ɗaruruwan nau'ikan chorizo ​​na Sipaniya na yankuna, wasu an shaƙa wasu kuma ba a shaƙa ba, waɗanda kowannensu an yi su daban-daban kuma suna iya haɗawa da ganye da sauran sinadarai. Misali, chorizo ​​de Pamplona tsiran alade ne mai kauri tare da naman da aka niƙa sosai. Daga cikin nau'ikan akwai chorizo ​​Riojano daga yankin La Rioja, wanda ke da kariyar PGI a cikin EU. Ana yin Chorizo ​​a cikin nau'ikan gajere ko dogaye da tauri ko laushi; nau'ikan da suka fi siriri sun dace da cin su a zafin ɗaki a matsayin abun ciye-ciye ko tapas, yayin da ake amfani da nau'ikan da suka fi kiba wajen girki. Ka'idar da aka saba da ita ita ce dogayen chorizos masu siriri suna da daɗi, kuma gajerun chorizos suna da yaji, kodayake ba koyaushe haka lamarin yake ba. Spain tana samar da wasu nau'ikan naman alade da yawa, kamar lomo embuchado da salchichón, waɗanda ake warkewa kuma ake busar da su ta hanyar da ta dace. Lomo nama ne mai siriri, wanda aka dafa shi a yanka maimakon dafa abinci, wanda aka yi ta hanyar marinating da busar da naman alade ta hanyar amfani da iska. Salchichón wani tsiran alade ne da aka warke ba tare da kayan ƙanshi na pimentón na chorizo ​​ba, wanda aka ɗanɗana shi da barkono baƙi. Dangane da nau'in abincin, ana iya cin chorizo ​​a yanka ba tare da an ƙara dafa shi ba, misali a cikin sanwici, ko kuma a gasa shi, a soya shi, ko a gasa shi tare da sauran kayan abinci, kuma sinadari ne a cikin abinci da yawa inda yake tare da wake, kamar fabada ko cocido montañés. Haka kuma ana iya yin hidima da shi a matsayin tapa tare da miyar jan giya. Sigar waɗannan jita-jitan con todos los sacramentos (tare da duk kayan da aka gyara, a zahiri "sacraments") sun haɗa da wasu nama da aka kiyaye kamar tocino (naman alade da aka warke) da morcilla (tsiran alade na jini) tare da chorizo. [[Fayil:Chorizo a la parrilla de Argentina.jpg|thumb|chorizo on display]] === Portugal === Chouriço na Portugal ko chouriça, wanda galibi ke nuna babban ko kauri, ya bambanta da chorizo ​​na Spain. Sinadaran asali sune naman alade, mai, paprika, tafarnuwa, da gishiri. Ana kuma samun ruwan inabi da barkono mai zafi a wasu yankuna. Sannan ana zuba shi a cikin kayan kwalliya na halitta daga alade ko rago sannan a busar da shi a hankali akan hayaki. Iri daban-daban daban-daban sun bambanta a launi, siffa, kayan ƙanshi da ɗanɗano. Ana amfani da barkono fari, piri-piri, cumin da kirfa a wasu nau'ikan abinci. Yawancin abinci na abincin Portugal da Brazil suna amfani da chouriço, gami da cozido à portuguesa da feijoada. Wata hanyar da aka fi amfani da ita wajen shirya chouriço ita ce a yanka shi a hankali sannan a dafa shi a kan harshen wuta mai barasa a teburin (wani lokaci ana kiransa chouriço à bombeiro, amma galibi ana kiransa chouriço assado) a cikin na'urorin ƙona turare masu gilashi da aka yi da gangan. A Johannesburg, Afirka ta Kudu, yawancin bakin haure 'yan Portugal daga Portugal da Mozambique a shekarun 1960 sun fi zama a wani yanki mai suna La Rochelle (Ƙaramar Portugal). Yawancinsu ko dai sun koma Portugal ko kuma sun ƙaura zuwa yankunan karkara masu wadata a cikin birnin, amma gidajen cin abinci a yankin da kuma bikin tara kuɗi na shekara-shekara na "Lusitoland" suna da chouriço a cikin menu. A cikin gundumomin da ke da yawan 'yan Portugal a jihohin Rhode Island na Amurka da kudu maso gabashin Massachusetts, sau da yawa ana ba da chouriço da ƙananan ƙwai da wake. Sandwich ɗin Chouriço a kan biredi, tare da barkono kore da albasa da aka soya, ana samun su a shagunan sayar da kayan abinci na gida da na kayan abinci. Quahogs masu cike da abinci (wanda kuma aka sani da stuffies), wani nau'in abinci na musamman a Rhode Island, yawanci sun haɗa da chouriço. A Portugal, ana iya yin chourico da jini, kama da tsiran alade na jini ko pudding baƙar fata, kuma ana kiransa chouriço de sangue (jinin chouriço) ko morcela. Sauran nau'o'in chouriço sun haɗa da chouriço de vinho (wine chouriço), chouriço de cebola (albasa chouriço), chouriço fumado (kyfaffen chouriço), chouriço de ossos (chouriço kashi), chourição (manyan chouriço), da chouriça de vingarlicha d ( chourico d). == Amirka ta Arewa == === Mexico === Dangane da chorizo ​​fresco na Spain (sabo chorizo), nau'ikan chorizo ​​na Mexico ba wai kawai an yi su ne daga naman alade mai kitse ba, har ma da naman sa, naman nama, kaza, da turkey. Ana kuma samun nau'ikan kosher da na vegan. Ana yawan niƙa naman (an niƙa shi) maimakon a yanka shi, kuma ana amfani da kayan ƙanshi daban-daban. Saboda tsadar paprika na Spain da aka shigo da shi daga ƙasashen waje a tarihi, ana yin chorizo ​​na Mexico a al'ada da nau'ikan barkono iri ɗaya da ake amfani da su a Spain, wanda hakan ya sa nau'in Mexico ya fi na Spain zafi. Chorizo ​​na Mexico kuma yawanci yana amfani da vinegar, maimakon farin giya da aka saba amfani da shi a [[Sipaniya]]. Wannan tsiran alade mai yaji da aka shirya sabo shine babban nau'in chorizo ​​​​a Mexico da sauran sassan Amurka, gami da yawancin Amurka, amma ba a yawan samunsa a Turai. Yankin da ke kewaye da Toluca ya ƙware a chorizo ​​"kore", wanda aka yi da wasu haɗin tumatir, cilantro, barkono barkono, da tafarnuwa. Yawancin chorizo ​​na Mexico, duk da haka, launinsa ja ne mai zurfi. Sau da yawa ana samunsa a nau'i biyu, sabo da busasshe, kodayake sabo ya fi yawa. Wasu daga cikin chorizos na kasuwanci mafi arha suna amfani da kayan lambu da aka cika a cikin filastik don kama da naman tsiran alade, maimakon naman tsoka. Kafin a ci, galibi ana yanke murfin kuma ana soya tsiran alade a cikin kasko kuma a niƙa shi da cokali mai yatsu har sai ya yi kama da naman sa da aka niƙa da kyau. Ana yin wasu chorizo ​​ba tare da wani casing ba. Ana warkar da naman alade da naman sa cikin ruwan inabi da garin barkono. Ana ba da shi don karin kumallo, abincin rana, ko abincin dare, yana da ɗanɗanon da aka ambata a sama, kuma yana da ɗanɗanon da aka ambata a sama sosai. A Mexico, gidajen cin abinci da wuraren cin abinci suna yin tacos, queso fundido (ko choriqueso), burritos, da tortas ta amfani da chorizo ​​da aka dafa, kuma shi ma sanannen abin da ake sakawa a pizza ne. Chorizo ​​con huevos sanannen abincin karin kumallo ne a Mexico da yankunan Amurka tare da al'ummar Mexico. Ana yin sa ne ta hanyar haɗa chorizo ​​soyayye da ƙwai da aka gasa. Sau da yawa ana amfani da Chorizo ​​con huevos a cikin burritos na karin kumallo, tacos, da taquitos. Wani sanannen girke-girke na Mexico shine chorizo ​​soyayye tare da wake pinto ko baƙi da aka soya. Ana amfani da wannan haɗin a cikin tortas azaman yadi, ko kuma azaman abincin gefe inda ake yin wake da aka soya akai-akai. A Mexico da kudu maso yammacin Amurka ana amfani da chorizo ​​​​don yin chorizo ​​con queso (ko choriqueso), wani abincin ciye-ciye mai shahara wanda ya ƙunshi ƙananan guntu na chorizo ​​da aka yi hidima da cuku mai narkewa kuma ana ci tare da ƙananan tortillas na masara ko chips na tortilla. A yankunan Mexico da ke Amurka, wani sanannen abincin da ake ci don karin kumallo shine chorizo ​​con papas, dankalin da aka yanka a soya har sai ya yi laushi tare da gauraya chorizo. === Amurka === Sabanin chorizo ​​na Sifaniyanci, a Amurka kalmar galibi tana nufin tsiran alade wanda ba a taɓa busar da shi ba, yana da kitse mai yawa, kuma yana da yaji sosai. Ya fi shahara a yankunan da ke da yawan jama'ar Cuba, Dominican, ko Puerto Rican ko kusa da kan iyakar Mexico, musamman a Kudu maso Yamma kusa da Chihuahua, Sonora, da Nuevo León. Haka kuma ana samunsa a arewa a wurare kamar Austin, Texas ko Santa Fe, New Mexico, inda akwai shaidar tarihi game da kasancewarsa tun kafin zamanin Wild West. Ana cin sa ne kawai don karin kumallo, ko kuma a haɗa shi da nau'in migas na gida. A Louisiana, abincin Creole da Cajun duka suna da nau'in chorizo ​​​​wanda ake kira chaurice, wanda ake yawan amfani da shi a cikin abincin Creole na wake ja da shinkafa. Kamar yadda yake a kan ɗan uwanta na yamma, [wane?] shan wannan nau'in abincin gargajiya ne da aka yarda da shi a cikin abincin gida. === Tsakiyar Amurka da Caribbean === A Puerto Rico, Panama, da Jamhuriyar Dominican, ana ɗaukar chorizo ​​da longaniza nau'ikan nama guda biyu daban-daban. Chorizo ​​na Puerto Rican tsiran alade ne mai hayaƙi, wanda aka yi masa kayan ƙanshi, kusan iri ɗaya ne da na Spain. Longaniza na Puerto Rican da Dominican suna da ɗanɗano da kamanni daban-daban. Ana cusa naman da aka yi masa kayan ƙanshi a cikin kwandon naman alade kuma ana yin sa da tsayi da hannu. Sannan ana rataye shi don ya bushe a iska. Sannan ana iya soya longaniza a cikin mai ko a dafa shi da shinkafa ko wake. Ana cin sa da abinci daban-daban. Chorizo ​​na Salvador gajere ne, sabo ne (ba a busar da shi ba) kuma an ɗaure shi da tagwaye. === Kudancin Amurka === A Ecuador, nau'ikan tsiran alade da yawa an yi amfani da su kai tsaye daga abincin Turai ko Arewacin Amurka. Duk nau'ikan tsiran alade, ko dai danye ko hayaƙi, ana kiransu da salami, amma mafi yawan su sune chorizo ​​na Sipaniya, pepperoni na Italiya, da tsiran alade na wiener; wieners sune mafi shahara. Wasu abubuwan da ake ci a gida sun haɗa da morcilla, longaniza, da chorizo. Morcilla, kamar yadda yake a yawancin ƙasashen da ke magana da Sipaniya, galibi ana dafa jinin naman alade da aka lulluɓe a cikin jakar hanjin alade (pudding baƙi a Turanci). Longaniza tsiran alade ce mai siriri wacce ke ɗauke da kusan kowace cakuda nama, mai, ko ma guringuntsi, wanda aka hayaƙi maimakon sabo. Chorizo ​​cakuda naman alade da aka yanka, kitsen alade, gishiri, hatsin barkono gabaɗaya, kirfa, achiote, da sauran kayan ƙanshi, waɗanda ke samar da launin ja mai zurfi. Abincin gargajiya ya ƙunshi ƙwai soyayye, dankalin turawa da aka niƙa, avocado, salati, da yanka chorizo ​​soyayye. A Argentina, Uruguay, Bolivia, Peru, Colombia da Venezuela, chorizo ​​shine sunan kowane tsiran alade mai kauri. Haka kuma ana samun chorizo ​​irin na Sipaniya kuma ana bambanta shi da sunan chorizo ​​español ('Spanish chorizo') ko chorizo ​​colorado ('ja chorizo'). Chorizos na Argentina yawanci ana yin su ne da naman alade, kuma ba sa da zafi mai yaji. Wasu chorizos na Argentina sun haɗa da wasu nau'ikan nama, galibi naman sa. A Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, Chile, da Peru, chorizo ​​sabo, wanda aka dafa kuma aka yi hidima a cikin burodi, ana kiransa choripán. A Colombia, chorizo ​​yawanci ana tare da arepa. A Brazil, chouriço kalma ce da ake amfani da ita wajen kwatanta abin da a sauran Latin Amurka ake kira morcilla; tsiran alade nama kamar chorizos na wasu ƙasashen Latin Amurka ana kiransu linguiça. Ana amfani da nau'ikan chouriço da linguiça iri-iri a cikin nau'ikan abinci daban-daban, kamar feijoada. A Bolivia, ana yin chorizos da naman alade, ana soya su kuma ana ba su salati (tumatir, latas, albasa, karas da aka dafa da quirquiña), mote, da kuma yanki na burodi da aka jika da kitsen chorizo. Ana kuma cin sandwiches na Chorizo, ba tare da mote ba. === Kudanci da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya === === Gabashin Timor === Ana yin Chourico a Gabashin Timor. Turawan Portugal ne suka gabatar da shi, tare da mulkin mallaka na Gabashin Timor. === Goa === A Goa, Indiya, wadda Turawan Portugal suka mulki tsawon shekaru 450 kuma tana da kaso mai yawa na Katolika na Goan, ana yin chouriço ne daga naman alade wanda aka jika a cikin cakuda vinegar, barkono ja, da kayan ƙanshi kamar tafarnuwa, citta, cumin, turmeric, cloves, barkono, da kirfa, sannan a saka su a cikin casings. Ana iya yin su danye (jika), a shaƙa ko a busar da su ta hanyar gishiri da iska. Ana cin waɗannan ko dai tare da burodin Goan na gida na Portugal, ko albasa lu'u-lu'u, ko duka biyun. Ana kuma amfani da tsiran alade, a yanka su gunduwa-gunduwa, a matsayin sinadarin nama a cikin pilaf ɗin shinkafa. Ana samun nau'ikan chouriço guda uku a Goa: busasshe, rigar, da fata. Chouriço busasshe yana tsufa a rana na tsawon lokaci (watanni uku ko fiye). Chouriço mai rigar yana tsufa na kimanin wata ɗaya ko ƙasa da haka. Chouriço na fata, wanda kuma ya tsufa, ba kasafai yake samuwa ba kuma yana da wahalar samu. Ya ƙunshi fatar alade da aka niƙa tare da wasu kitsen da ke ƙarƙashinsa. Duk chouriços guda uku ana yin su ne ta hanyoyi daban-daban kamar zafi, matsakaici, da laushi. Akwai wasu bambance-bambancen, ya danganta da girman hanyoyin haɗin, waɗanda suka kama daga inci 1 zuwa 6 (2.5–15 cm). Yawanci, nau'ikan da suka jike sun fi tsayi fiye da waɗanda suka bushe. Goan chouriços sun bambanta da Goan frankfurters, waɗanda suke kama da daidai da waɗanda ake samu a Amurka, amma galibi suna da ɗanɗanon barkono.<ref>https://cooking.nytimes.com/recipes/1017246-fresh-green-chorizo</ref> === Philippines === Longaniza (Tagalog: longganisa; Visayan: chorizo, choriso, soroso) tsiran alade ne na Philippines waɗanda aka ɗanɗana da kayan ƙanshi na asali, kuma ana iya yin su da kaza, naman sa, ko ma tuna. Duk da cewa kalmar longaniza gabaɗaya tana nufin tsiran alade sabo, ana kuma amfani da ita a Philippines don nufin tsiran alade da aka warke. Ana rina longganisa na Philippines sau da yawa da tsaba achuete. Akwai nau'ikan iri-iri da yawa daga yankuna daban-daban a Philippines.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=iz8_DwAAQBAJ&q=Arroz+caldo</ref> == Manazarta == 0or8kpck2ajhhr7n38qdvrowwbmxrah 0 159022 874074 862639 2026-07-02T05:12:39Z Ummeeterh 31568 874074 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Tanganikallabes''''' wani nau'in kifi ne mai numfashi wanda ke cikin [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] a Gabashin [[Afirka]]. == Nau'o'in == A halin yanzu akwai nau'o'i uku da aka sani a cikin wannan nau'in: * ''[[Tanganikallabes alboperca]]'' <small>[[Jeremy John Wright|J. J. Wright]] & R. M. Bailey, 2012</small> * ''[[Tanganikallabes mortiauxi]]'' Poll, 1943<small>Zaben shekara ta 1943</small> * ''[[Tanganikallabes stewarti]]'' <small>[[Jeremy John Wright|J. J. Wright]] & R. M. Bailey, 2012</small> <ref name="Wright2012" /> == Manqzarata == <references /> az6dlhr7jss4rxjkxjcks0bsnrojcqb 0 159113 874067 863116 2026-07-02T04:14:42Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 874067 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Carol Harrison (masanin tauhidi)'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Harrison_(theologian)</ref> Carol Harrison FBA (an haife ta a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba 1960) ƙwararriyar masaniyar ilimin tauhidi ce kuma masaniyar tarihi ta cocin Birtaniya, wacce ta ƙware a fannin Augustine na Hippo. Tun daga Janairu 2015, ta kasance Farfesa ta Lady Margaret ta Divinity a Jami'ar Oxford; ita ce mace ta farko kuma mace ta farko da ta riƙe wannan muƙamin. Ita abokiyar Cocin Christ ce, Oxford, kuma abokiyar girmamawa ce ta Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford. A ranar 27 ga Afrilu 2015, an naɗa ta a matsayin Cathedral na Cocin Christ, Oxford. A da ita Farfesa ce ta Tarihi da Tauhidin Latin West a Jami'ar Durham.<ref>http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/news/people/appointments-31-july-2014/2014775.article</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Harrison a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba, 1960 a West Hartlepool, Ingila. Ta yi karatun digiri a Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford, a shekarar 1979 don yin karatun tauhidi. Ta ci gaba da karatu a Jami'ar Oxford don yin bincike na gaba da digiri, sannan ta kammala digirin digirgir na Falsafa (DPhil) a shekarar 1988. Takardar digirin digirgir dinta mai taken "Mutumin da ke Duban Gilashi...": Wahayi da Kyawun Cikin Tunanin Saint Augustine.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150522184124/http://www.theology.ox.ac.uk/news/lady-margaret-professorship-of-divinity-announced.html</ref><ref>http://www.lmh.ox.ac.uk/Tutors/Lecturers-%281%29/Profiles/Baroness-Hogg-of-Kettleworth-in-the-County-of--%282%29.aspx</ref> == Aikin ilimi == Kafin ta koma Oxford, Harrison malamar jami'a ce a Sashen Tauhidi da Addini a Jami'ar Durham. Ta zama Farfesa a Tarihi da Tauhidi na Latin West. Ta kasance tare da kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Tauhidin Kiɗa ta Durham ta Duniya.<ref>https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-289962</ref> A watan Yulin 2014, an sanar da Harrison a matsayin Farfesa na gaba na Lady Margaret na Divinity a Jami'ar Oxford. Ta fara wannan aiki a ranar 1 ga Janairun 2015, kuma an zaɓe ta a matsayin abokiyar Cocin Christ, Oxford (kwalejin da ke da alaƙa da farfesa). A watan Afrilun 2015, an naɗa ta a matsayin babban malamin cocin Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford. A watan Afrilun 2017, Jami'ar Ƙasa ta Cuyo da ke Mendoza, Argentina ta ba ta digirin girmamawa na digirin digirgir.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.theworldofthebible.com/researcher-profile/new-lady-margaret-professor-divinity-oxford/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-06-21 |archive-date=2016-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013091741/http://www.theworldofthebible.com/researcher-profile/new-lady-margaret-professor-divinity-oxford/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A watan Yulin 2018, an zaɓi Harrison a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Burtaniya (FBA), makarantar koyon ilimin ɗan adam da zamantakewa ta Burtaniya. == Zaɓaɓɓun ayyuka == *{{cite book|last1=Harrison|first1=Carol|title=Beauty and Revelation in the Thought of Saint Augustine|date=1992|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|isbn=0198263422}} *{{cite book|last1=Harrison|first1=Carol|title=Augustine: Christian Truth and Fractured Humanity|date=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=0198752202}} *{{cite book|last1=Harrison|first1=Carol|title=Rethinking Augustine's Early Theology an Argument for Continuity|date=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=0199281661}} *{{cite book|last1=Harrison|first1=Carol|title=The Art of Listening in the Early Church|date=2013|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0199641437}} *{{cite book|last3=Sandwell|editor1-last=Harrison|editor1-first=Carol|editor2-last=Humfress|editor2-first=Caroline|editor3-last=Sandwell|editor3-first=Isabella|title=Being Christian in Late Antiquity: A Festschrift for [[Gillian Clark (historian)|Gillian Clark]]|date=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0199656035}} == Manazarta == s568xq8q1gxli8hlkc0ywvrm0xjgj0y 0 159285 874309 863934 2026-07-02T11:40:05Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 874309 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafin Cututtuka ta kasar Sin''' ('''China CDC'''; Sinanci: Cibiyar Kulawa da Cututtwa ta China) wata cibiya ce kai tsaye a karkashin Hukumar Lafiya ta Kasa, da ke Changping, Beijing, China . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.chinacdc.cn/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007035156/https://www.chinacdc.cn/en/ |archive-date=7 October 2021 |access-date=2021-10-06 |publisher=Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention |quote=155 Changbai Road Changping District, Beijing 102206, China}} - [https://www.chinacdc.cn/ Chinese address]: "地址：北京市昌平区昌百路155号"</ref> An kafa shi a shekara ta 1983, yana aiki don kare lafiya jama'a da aminci ta hanyar samar da bayanai don inganta yanke shawara na kiwon lafiya, da kuma inganta kiwon lafiya ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tare da sassan kiwon lafiya na lardin da sauran kungiyoyi. CCDC tana mai da hankali kan bunkasa da amfani da rigakafi cututtuka da sarrafawa (musamman Cututtukan cututtuka), lafiyar muhalli, lafiyar aiki da kiwon lafiya, inganta kiwon lafiya.[1][2][3] == Ayyuka == Shen Hongbing shine darektan CDC na yanzu na kasar Sin . <ref name="nbd">{{Cite web |title=最新！中国工程院院士沈洪兵任中国疾控中心主任，高福因年龄原因不再担任 |url=http://www.nbd.com.cn/articles/2022-07-26/2378724.html}}</ref> CCDC tana gudanar da dakunan gwaje-gwaje da yawa a duk faɗin kasar Sin, gami da cibiyar tsaron halittu ta matakin 2 a Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka ta Wuhan (wani lokacin ana rikitar da ita da Cibiyar Nazarin Kwayar cuta ta Wuhan da ke kusa), wacce ta sami ɗaukar hoto na kafofin watsa labarai na duniya a lokacin annobar COVID-19 don bincikenta game da SARS-kamar coronavirus na asalin jemagu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2020 |title=Wuhan Lab Denies Any Link to First Coronavirus Outbreak |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-04-20/wuhan-virus-lab-denies-any-link-to-first-coronavirus-outbreak |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200503173017/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-04-20/wuhan-virus-lab-denies-any-link-to-first-coronavirus-outbreak |archive-date=3 May 2020 |access-date=4 May 2020 |website=[[Bloomberg News]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rincon |first=Paul |date=1 May 2020 |title=Coronavirus: Is there any evidence for lab release theory? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-52318539 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416234322/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-52318539 |archive-date=16 April 2020 |access-date=4 May 2020 |website=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> A ranar 10 ga watan Janairun 2020, CCDC ta ɗora jerin kwayoyin halitta na [[SARS-CoV-2]] zuwa GISAID don yaduwa a duniya.<ref name="Polack">{{Cite journal |last=Polack |first=Fernando |date=December 10, 2020 |title=Safety and Efficacy of the mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=383 |issue=27 |pages=2603–2615 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2034577 |pmc=7745181 |pmid=33301246 |quote=January 10, 2020, when the SARS-CoV-2 genetic sequence was released by the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention and disseminated globally by the GISAID |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin 2022, Cibiyar ta raba tare da GISAID wani bincike na phylogenetic na sama da 32 masu zaman kansu SARS-CoV-2 daga waje da China waɗanda aka gano a farkon kwata na shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 11, 2022 |title=China CDC shares latest COVID-19 data |url=https://www.gisaid.org/resources/gisaid-in-the-news/china-shares-latest-11-apr-2022/ |access-date=April 15, 2022 |website=[[GISAID]]}}</ref> CCDC tana gudanar da Kwalejin Allurar rigakafin kasar Sin tare da haɗin gwiwar Jami'ar Kimiyya ta kasar Sin da Gidauniyar Bill &amp;amp; Melinda Gates . <ref>{{Cite web |title=培训信息_中国疫苗学 |url=http://www.cnvac.org/index.php/home/info/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606145021/http://www.cnvac.org/index.php/home/info/ |archive-date=2022-06-06 |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=Chinese Vaccinology Course}}</ref> == Ma'aikata == {{As of|2016}} the Chinese CDC has 2120 staff with 1876 technical professionals (accounting for 89%), 133 managerial staff (accounting for 6%), and 111 logistic staff (accounting for 5%).{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2023}} == Littattafai == CDC ta kasar Sin ta wallafa ko kuma ta dauki nauyin jimlar mujallu 16, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chinese Center For Disease Control And Prevention |url=https://www.chinacdc.cn/en/publication/ |access-date=12 March 2022 |website=www.chinacdc.cn |archive-date=9 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109064103/http://www.chinacdc.cn/en/publication/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ciki har da ''China CDC Weekly'', <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gao |first=George F. |date=November 2019 |title=Foreword from Editor-in-Chief George F. Gao — China's Outreach to the World：Public Health Goes Global |journal=China CDC Weekly |language=en |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=1–2 |doi=10.46234/ccdcw2019.001 |pmc=8428435 |pmid=34594588}}</ref> Journal of Hygiene Research, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fung |first=Isaac CH |date=30 September 2008 |title=Chinese journals: a guide for epidemiologists |journal=Emerging Themes in Epidemiology |volume=5 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/1742-7622-5-20 |issn=1742-7622 |pmc=2648956 |pmid=18826604 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Chinese Journal of Experimental and Clinical Virology, da Chinese Journal of Epidemiology. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 26rq138o15ep1fgl8mysoz13i2grrkd 0 159437 874054 864941 2026-07-02T01:16:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 874054 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Butiaba''', wani gari ne a Yankin Yamma Uganda . Garin kamun kifi ne kuma wurin saukowa a bakin tekun Albert, a Uganda . <ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=FAO News |date=2018 |title=ASTF Project helping Lake Albert youth through cage fish farming |url=http://www.fao.org/africa/news/detail-news/en/c/388348/ |access-date=9 August 2021 |website=FAO Regional Office for Africa |place=Accra, Ghana |archive-date=9 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809175353/http://www.fao.org/africa/news/detail-news/en/c/388348/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Wurin da yake == Butiaba tana kan gabar gabashin [[Tafkin Albert (Africa)|Tafkin Albert]], a cikin Gundumar Buliisa, a cikin Yankin Bunyoro na Yammacin Uganda . Butiaba yana da kimanin kilomita 47.5 (30 , ta hanyar hanya, kudu maso yammacin hedkwatar gundumar a Buliisa . Butiaba tana da nisan kilomita 58 (36 mi) a arewacin Hoima, birni mafi girma a yankin Bunyoro. Wannan wurin yana da kusan kilomita 257 (160 , ta hanyar hanya, arewa maso yammacin [[Kampala]], babban birnin Uganda kuma birni mafi girma. Ma'aunin Butiaba sune: 1°49'08.0"N, 31°19'33.0"E (Latitude:1.818889; Longitude:31.325833). Butiaba tana da matsakaicin tsawo na mita 622 (2,041 sama da [[Sea level|matsakaicin matakin teku]].<ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=Fallingrain |date=9 August 2021 |title=Elevation of Butiaba, Uganda |url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/UG/C5/Butiaba.html |access-date=9 August 2021 |website=Fallingrain.com}}</ref> == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == A farkon rabin karni na 20, Butiaba muhimmiyar cibiyar sufuri ce, inda ake jigilar kayayyaki daga gabashin [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] (DRC) da kuma daga [[Sudan ta Kudu]] ta jirgin ruwa a fadin [[Tafkin Albert (Africa)|Tafkin Albert]] zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa ta Butiaba. A Butiaba, ana jigilar kayayyaki ta ƙasa, ta hanyar Masindi zuwa Masindi Port. A Masindi Port, za a ɗora kayan a kan jiragen ruwa, a kan [[Tafkin Kyoga]] zuwa Soroti. A Soroti, za a ɗora shi a kan wagons na jirgin ƙasa don jigilar ta jirgin ƙasa zuwa [[Mombasa]], [[Kenya]], a kan [[Tekun Indiya]], don fitarwa. An shigo da kayayyaki da kayayyaki tare da wannan hanya, a baya.<ref name="7R">{{Cite web |last=Andrew Bagala |date=22 April 2008 |title=Butiaba Port To Be Redeveloped As Route For Oil Transportation |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200804211980.html |access-date=18 July 2014 |website=[[Daily Monitor]] via [[AllAfrica.com]]}}</ref><ref name="8R">{{Cite web |last=New Vision |date=October 2020 |title=Uganda inches closer to oil revenue |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1530086/uganda-inches-closer-oil-revenue |access-date=9 August 2021 |website=[[New Vision]]}}</ref> Lokacin da aka rushe Kamfanin Jirgin Sama na Gabashin Afirka a cikin shekarun 1970s, shahararren Butiaba ya ragu kuma tashar jiragen ruwa ta zama ba ta da kyau. Tun daga wannan lokacin an gano adadi mai yawa na [[Danyen mai|man fetur]] a cikin ƙasa da ƙarƙashin tafkin kusa da Butiaba. Ana la'akari da farfado da tashar jiragen ruwa ta Butiaba don taka rawa a cikin jigilar kayan aiki, ma'aikata, da man fetur.<ref name="7R" /><ref name="8R" /> == Yawan jama'a == Ya zuwa watan Yulin 2014, ba a san ainihin yawan mutanen Butiaba ba. Ƙididdigar yawan jama'a a Uganda ta faru ne a watan Agustan 2014 amma sakamakon bai fito ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ninsiima |first=Racheal |date=14 July 2013 |title=Uganda Census Planned for 2014 |url=http://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=26402:uganda-census-planned-for-2014-title=Uganda |access-date=18 July 2014 |publisher=[[The Observer (Uganda)]]}}</ref> == Abubuwan da ke da sha'awa == Tafkin Albert - Ɗaya daga cikin tabkuna a cikin kwarin Yammacin Rift . Yankin kasa da kasa tsakanin DRC da Uganda yana ratsa ta. == Dubi kuma == * Kamfanin Rashin Man Fetur na Uganda * Gundumar Buliisa * Jirgin mai na Gabashin Afirka == Manazarta == gp2l07abtx773d74i76fwzpveaml1dt 0 159576 874131 865919 2026-07-02T07:07:29Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 874131 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Broken_Bow_Water_Treatment_Facility_water_testing.jpg|thumb|Ana gudanar da gwajin ruwa a wani wurin magani da ke Broken Bow, Oklahoma]] '''Gwajin ruwa''' bayani ne mai faɗi ga hanyoyi daban-daban da ake amfani da su don nazarin [[ingancin ruwa]] . Ana gudanar da miliyoyin gwaje-gwajen ingancin ruwa kowace rana don cika sharuɗɗan ƙa'ida da kuma kiyaye aminci. <ref name="Water testing – pass or fail">{{Cite web |title=Water testing – pass or fail? |url=http://www.globalwaterintel.com/archive/10/6/market-insight/water-testing-pass-or-fail.html |access-date=21 March 2013 |publisher=Global Water Intelligence}}</ref> Ana iya yin gwaji don kimantawa: * '''Ingancin ruwa na yanayi ko muhalli''' - ikon jikin [[Ruwa na sama|ruwa na saman ruwa]] don tallafawa rayuwar ruwa a matsayin yanayin halittu . ''Duba'' [[Kula da muhalli|Kula da Muhalli]], Sigogi na Ingancin Muhalli na Ruwa Mai Daɗi da [[Mai nuna kwayoyin halitta|Manhajar Bioindicator]] . * '''Ruwan shara''' - halayen [[Gurɓacewar Ruwa|gurɓataccen ruwa]] ( najasar gida ko [[sharar masana'antu]] ) kafin a yi magani ko bayan an yi magani. ''Duba'' ilimin kimiyyar muhalli da kuma alamun ingancin ruwan shara . * '''Ingancin " ruwan da ba a tace ba "''' - halayen tushen ruwa kafin a yi amfani da shi don amfani a cikin gida ( [[ruwan sha]] ). ''Duba'' nazarin ruwan bacteriological da gwaje-gwaje na musamman kamar [[Ruwan Turbidity|datti]] da ruwan tauri . * '''Ingancin ruwa "wanda aka gama"''' - ruwan da aka yi wa magani a wata masana'antar [[Tsarkake Ruwa|tsarkake ruwa]] ta birni. ''Duba'' nazarin ruwa na ƙwayoyin cuta da Nau'i: Alamun ingancin ruwa . * Dacewar ruwa don '''amfanin masana'antu''' kamar dakin gwaje-gwaje, masana'antu ko sanyaya kayan aiki . ''Duba'' ruwa mai tsabta . ==Dokokin gwamnati== Dokokin gwamnati da suka shafi gwajin ruwa da ingancin ruwa ga wasu manyan ƙasashe an bayyana su a ƙasa. ===Sin=== ====Ma'aikatar Kare Muhalli==== Ma'aikatar Kare Muhalli ta Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin ita ce ma'aikatar kare muhalli ta ƙasar da ke da alhakin kare iska, ruwa, da ƙasar Sin baki ɗaya daga gurbacewa da kazanta. Tana ƙarƙashin Majalisar Jiha kai tsaye, kuma doka ta ba ta iko tare da wajaba mata aiwatar da manufofin muhalli da kuma tabbatar da dokoki da ƙa'idodin muhalli. Baya ga rukunin ayyukanta na ƙa'idodi, tana ba da kuɗi tare da tsara bincike da ci gaba.<ref>{{cite web|title=MEP Mission|url=http://english.mep.gov.cn/About_SEPA/Mission/200803/t20080318_119444.htm|accessdate=20 March 2013|archive-date=26 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126120712/http://english.mep.gov.cn/About_SEPA/Mission/200803/t20080318_119444.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Duba Ma'aikatar Kare Muhalli ta Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin. ====Kalubale da muhawara na dokoki==== A ƙarshen shekara ta 2009, Ma'aikatar Gidaje da Ci Gaban Birane da Karkara ta ƙasar Sin ta gudanar da wani bincike domin auna ingancin ruwan da ake samarwa a biranen ƙasar Sin, wanda ya bayyana cewa "aƙalla 1,000" na masana'untun tace ruwa daga cikin masana'antu fiye da 4,000 da aka bincika a matakin gunduma zuwa sama sun kasa cika sharuɗɗan gwamnati. Ba a taɓa sakin sakamakon binciken a hukumance ga jama'a ba, amma a shekarar 2012, jaridar Century Weekly ta ƙasar Sin ta wallafa bayanan binciken da aka fallasa. Maida martani ga hakan, Wang Xuening, jami'in ma'aikatar lafiya, ya fitar da alkaluma da aka samo daga tsarin sa ido na gwaji a shekarar 2011 inda ya nuna cewa kashi 80% na ruwan famfo na biranen ƙasar Sin ya kai matsayin da ake buƙata.{{cn|date=September 2023}} Sabbin mizanai na ruwan sha na ƙasar Sin sun haɗa da alamomi 106. Daga cikin manyan biranen ƙasar Sin 35, kashi 40% ne kawai na biranen ke da ikon yin gwajin dukkan alamomi 106. Sashen da ke kula da ruwan gida da sashen kula da lafiya za su shiga tattaunawa don ƙayyade sakamakon fiye da 60 na sabbin matakan; saboda haka ba lallai ba ne a gwada ruwan ta amfani da kowane alama. Rarraba ingancin ruwa ya dogara ne akan matsakaicin kashi 95% na gabaɗaya don cika sharuɗɗan gwamnati. Maimaita duba ingancin ruwa a masana'untun tace ruwa sau biyu ne a shekara.<ref>{{cite web|last=Gong|first=Jing|title=What's coming out of China's taps?|date=7 June 2012 |url=http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/4962-What-s-coming-out-of-China-s-taps-|publisher=China Dialogue|accessdate=20 March 2013}}</ref> ===Pakistan=== ====Hukumar Binciken Albarkatun Ruwa ta Pakistan==== An kafa ta a shekarar 1964, Hukumar Binciken Albarkatun Ruwa ta Pakistan tana da burin gudanarwa, tsarawa, daidaitawa, da kuma haɓaka bincike a dukkan fannonin albarkatun ruwa. A matsayinta na ƙungiyar bincike ta ƙasa, tana gudanar da aiki tare da haɓaka bincike na aikace-aikace da bincike na asali a fannoni daban-daban na sashin ruwa.<ref>{{cite web|title=About PCRWR|url=http://www.pcrwr.gov.pk/About.aspx|publisher=PCRWR|accessdate=25 March 2013|archive-date=16 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130416000532/http://www.pcrwr.gov.pk/About.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> ====Abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan==== A watan Maris na shekarar 2013, Ministan Kimiyya da Fasaha Mir Changez Khan Jamali ya sanar da Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa cewa samfuran ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa da aka tattara sun nuna cewa kashi 15-18% ne kawai na samfuran aka ɗauka suna da lafiya don sha a yankunan birane da karkara a Pakistan. Ma'aikatar ta ƙirƙiri dakunan gwaje-gwajen ingancin ruwa guda 24 a faɗin Pakistan, ta haɓaka kuma ta sayar da kayan gwajin ingancin ruwa, matatun ruwa, magungunan kashe kwayoyin cuta na ruwa, da gishirin magance ruwan sha, ta gudanar da horo ga ƙwararru 2,660 na kamfanonin samar da ruwa, tare da bincika tsare-tsaren samar da ruwa guda 10,000 daga cikin jimillar tsare-tsare 12,000.<ref>{{cite web|title=24 water quality testing laboratories set up in country: NA told|date=13 March 2013 |url=http://www.brecorder.com/pakistan/industries-a-sectors/110480-24-water-quality-testing-laboratories-set-up-in-country-na-told.html|publisher=Business Recorder|accessdate=25 March 2013}}</ref> ===Birtaniya=== ====Hukumar Sifeton Ruwan Sha==== Hukumar Sifeton Ruwan Sha wani sashi ne na Ma'aikatar Muhalli, Abinci da Al'amuran Karkara da aka kafa don daidaita kamfanonin samar da ruwa na jama'a a Ingila da Wales.<ref>{{cite web|title=Drinking Water Inspectorate Home Page|url=http://dwi.defra.gov.uk/|accessdate=20 March 2013}}</ref> Ana iya gudanar da gwajin ruwa a Ingila da Wales a ofishin lafiyar muhalli na ƙaramar hukumar.<ref>{{cite web|title=Drinking water quality|url=http://dwi.defra.gov.uk/consumers/drinking-water-quality/index.htm|publisher=DWI|accessdate=20 March 2013}}</ref> Duba Hukumar Sifeton Ruwan Sha. ===Amurka=== ====Hukumar Kare Muhalli==== Babban dokokin tarayyar Amurka da ke tsara gwajin ruwa su ne Dokar Amintaccen Ruwan Sha (SDWA) da Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa. Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) tana fitar da dokoki a ƙarƙashin kowace doka da ke ƙayyade hanyoyin gwajin bincike. Tsarin Dokoki na shekara-shekara na EPA yana tsara jadawalin takamaiman manufofi kan inganta sa ido kan gwajin ruwa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Regulatory Agendas and Regulatory Plans |url=https://www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/regulatory-agendas-and-regulatory-plans |date=2025-08-11 |publisher=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) |location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref> ; Bincikai akan ruwan sha A ƙarƙashin Dokar Amintaccen Ruwan Sha, ana buƙatar tsarin ruwa na jama'a su riƙa sanya ido akai-akai kan ruwansu da aka tace don gano abubuwan gurbatawa. Dole ne a bincika samfuran ruwa ta amfani da hanyoyin gwaji da EPA ta amince da su, ta hanyar dakunan gwaje-gwaje da EPA ko hukumar jiha ta tabbatar.<ref name="EPA DW methods">{{cite web |url=https://www.epa.gov/dwanalyticalmethods/learn-about-drinking-water-analytical-methods |title=Learn about Drinking Water Analytical Methods |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=2025-06-30 |publisher=EPA}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.epa.gov/dwlabcert/learn-about-laboratory-certification-drinking-water |title=Learn About Laboratory Certification for Drinking Water |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=2025-07-23 |publisher=EPA}}</ref> Dokar Total Coliform ta shekarar 2013 da aka yi wa gyaran fuska da Dokar Total Coliform ta shekarar 1989 su ne kaɗai dokokin rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta na ruwan sha da suka shafi dukkan tsarin ruwa na jama'a. Dokar da aka yi wa gyaran fuska tana jaddada yawan aiki da lokacin gwajin ƙwayoyin cuta ta tsarin ruwa dangane da yawan jama'ar da ake yi wa hidima, nau'in tsarin, da nau'in tushen ruwa. Hakanan tana sanya iyakar doka akan matakin Escherichia coli. Dole ne a bayyana haɗarin lafiya mai yuwuwa ga EPA ko hukumar jiha da ta dace, kuma ana buƙatar sanarwar jama'a a wasu yanayi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Revised Total Coliform And Total Coliform Rule |url=https://www.epa.gov/dwreginfo/revised-total-coliform-rule-and-total-coliform-rule |date=2025-02-19 |website=Drinking Water Requirements for States and Public Water Systems |publisher=EPA}}</ref> Hanyoyin auna guba mai tsanani yawanci suna ɗaukar tsakanin awanni 24 zuwa 96 don gano abubuwan gurbatawa a cikin wadatar ruwa.<ref name="Performance Verification Testing">{{cite web |title=Performance Verification Testing |date=6 August 2014 |url=http://water.epa.gov/infrastructure/watersecurity/upload/2004_04_01_watersecurity_fs_security_rapid-tox.pdf |publisher=EPA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906121916/http://water.epa.gov/infrastructure/watersecurity/upload/2004_04_01_watersecurity_fs_security_rapid-tox.pdf |archive-date=2015-09-06}}</ref> ;Binciken gurbataccen ruwa Dukkanin wuraren da ke Amurka da ke fitar da gurbataccen ruwa zuwa saman ruwa (misali koramu, tabkuna ko ruwan teku) dole ne su sami izini a ƙarƙashin Tsarin Kawar da Gurbacewa na Ƙasa, shirin Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa wanda EPA da hukumomin jiha ke gudanarwa. Wuraren da aka amince da su sun haɗa da masana'untun tace ruwan sha, masana'antun kasuwanci, sansanonin soja da sauran wurare. Yawancin masu izini ana buƙatar su riƙa karɓar samfuran gurbataccen ruwa akai-akai kuma su bincika su don bin ƙa'idodin izini, sannan su kai rahoto ga EPA ko hukumar jiha.<ref name="NPDES basics">{{cite web |url=https://www.epa.gov/npdes/npdes-permit-basics |title=NPDES Permit Basics |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2025-06-03 |website=National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System |publisher=EPA}}</ref> ====Rijiyoyin kashin kai==== Gwamnatin tarayya ba ta tsara dokoki kan rijiyoyin kashin kai ba. Gabaɗaya, masu rijiyoyin kashin kai ne ke da alhakin gwada rijiyoyinsu.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.epa.gov/privatewells |title=Private Drinking Water Wells |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2025-08-11 |publisher=EPA}}</ref> Wasu gwamnatocin jihohi ko na gida suna tsara ginin rijiyoyi kuma suna iya buƙatar gwajin rijiya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ngwa.org/connect-with-your-state/State-Resources |title=State Resources |author=<!--Not stated--> |access-date=2025-09-09 |publisher=National Groundwater Association |location=Westerville, OH}}</ref> Gabaɗaya gwajin rijiya da gwamnatocin gida ke buƙata ya iyakance ga wasu kaɗan daga cikin abubuwan gurbatawa ciki har da kwayoyin cutar coliform da E. Coli kuma wataƙila wasu kalilan daga cikin fitattun gurbatattun gida kamar nitrates ko arsenic. EPA tana buga hanyoyin gwaji don abubuwan gurbatawa da take tsarawa a ƙarƙashin SDWA.<ref name="EPA DW methods"/> ====Wallafa hanyoyin gwaji==== Hukumomin gwamnati sun wallafa hanyoyin gwaji da aka duba ta hanyar ƙwararru,<ref>{{cite web |title=Clean Water Act Analytical Methods |url=https://www.epa.gov/cwa-methods |date=2025-09-09 |publisher=EPA}}</ref> ƙungiyoyin bincike masu zaman kansu<ref>{{cite book |title=Standard Methods For the Examination of Water and Wastewater |edition=24 |editor-last1=Lipps |editor-first1=William C. |editor-last2=Braun-Howland |editor-first2=Ellen Burton |editor-last3=Baxter |editor-first3=Terry E. |year=2022 |publisher=American Public Health Association |isbn=978-0875532998 |id=Also available on CD-ROM and [http://www.standardmethods.org/ online] by subscription}}</ref> da ƙungiyoyin ƙa'idodi na duniya<ref name=13wq>{{cite web |publisher=International Organization for Standardization |title=ISO Standards 13.060: Water quality |date= |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_ics/catalogue_ics_browse.htm?ICS1=13&ICS2=060 |accessdate=2010-03-28}} Includes toxicity, biodegradability, protection against pollution, related installations and equipment. Geneva, Switzerland.</ref> don ruwan muhalli, gurbataccen ruwa da ruwan sha. Dole ne a yi amfani da ingantattun hanyoyin da aka wallafa lokacin yin gwaji don nuna yarda da buƙatun tsari.<ref>{{cite web |title=Legal Authority for CWA Analytical Methods |url=https://www.epa.gov/cwa-methods/legal-authority-cwa-analytical-methods |date=2025-09-02 |publisher=EPA}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Approved CWA Test Methods: Questions and Answers |url=https://www.epa.gov/cwa-methods/approved-cwa-test-methods-questions-and-answers |date=2024-10-04 |publisher=EPA}}</ref> ====Tsaron cikin gida==== Umurnin Shugaban Ƙasa na Tsaron Cikin Gida na 7 (HSPD-7), wanda Ma'aikatar Tsaron Cikin Gida ta Amurka (DHS) ta bayar a ranar 7 ga Disamba, 2003, ya ayyana EPA a matsayin hukumar da ke da alhakin ayyukan kare muhimman ababen more rayuwa na sashin ruwa. An mayar da HSPD-7 da Umurnin Manufofin Shugaban Ƙasa na 21 (PPD-21) a ranar 12 ga Fabrairu, 2013.<ref>{{cite web |title=Presidential Policy Directive -- Critical Infrastructure Security and Resilience |url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2013/02/12/presidential-policy-directive-critical-infrastructure-security-and-resil |date=2013-02-12 |archive-date=2023-04-14 |archive-url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2013/02/12/presidential-policy-directive-critical-infrastructure-security-and-resil |publisher=The White House |id=Press release}}</ref> Ana gudanar da dukkan ayyukan EPA da ke da shafi tsaron ruwa tare da tattaunawa da DHS.<ref>{{cite web |title=Water and Wastewater Systems Sector Cybersecurity |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-change-water-sector/water-and-wastewater-systems-sector-cybersecurity |date=2025-06-17 |publisher=EPA}}</ref> Barazanar da ka iya samun ingancin ruwa sun haɗa da gurɓataccen ruwa da kwayoyin cuta masu kaza kisa, kamar cyanide,<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Water Testing and Treatment Reflect the Times |magazine=Research & Development |url=http://www.rdmag.com/articles/2004/05/water-testing-and-treatment-reflect-times |publisher=Advantage Business Media |date=2004-05-18 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304093648/http://www.rdmag.com/articles/2004/05/water-testing-and-treatment-reflect-times}}</ref> da kuma hare-hare na zahiri kamar sakin sinadarai masu guba na iskar gas.<ref>{{cite web|title=Water Sector: Critical Infrastructure|url=https://www.dhs.gov/water-sector|publisher=US DHS|accessdate=20 March 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316071920/http://www.dhs.gov/water-sector|archivedate=16 March 2013}}</ref> ====Kalubale da muhawara na dokoki==== =====Fasahar Hydraulic fracturing===== Dokar Manufofin Makamashi ta shekarar 2005 ta haifar da wata kafa da ke ba kamfanonin hako iskar gas damar kauce wa bayyana sinadaran da ake amfani da su a ayyukan fasa duwatsu (fracturing) wanda yawanci dokokin tsabtace ruwa na tarayya ke buƙata.<ref>United States. Energy Policy Act of 2005, {{USPL|109|58}}, approved 2005-08-08. Amended Safe Drinking Water Act § 1421(d). See {{USC|42|300h}}.</ref> An fi sanin wannan kafa da "kafar Halliburton" saboda an ruwaito cewa Dick Cheney, tsohon babban jami'in gudanarwa na Halliburton, shi ne ya taimaka wajen zartar da ita.<ref>{{cite web |last=Dorner |first=Joshua |title=Cheney's Culture of Deregulation and Corruption |url=http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2010/06/cheney_deregulation.html |publisher=Center for American Progress |accessdate=20 March 2013}}</ref> Kodayake Dokar Amintaccen Ruwan Sha ta cire hydraulic fracturing daga dokokin Kula da Allurar Ƙarƙashin Ƙasa, yin amfani da man dizal yayin hydraulic fracturing har yanzu ana tsara shi. Hukumomin mai da iskar gas na jihohi na iya fitar da ƙarin dokoki don hydraulic fracturing. Jihohi ko EPA suna da iko a ƙarƙashin Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa don tsara fitar da ruwan da aka samar daga ayyukan hydraulic fracturing.<ref>{{cite web |title=Regulation of Hydraulic Fracturing Under the Safe Drinking Water Act |date=15 January 2013 |url=http://water.epa.gov/type/groundwater/uic/class2/hydraulicfracturing/wells_hydroreg.cfm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100906154600/http://water.epa.gov/type/groundwater/uic/class2/hydraulicfracturing/wells_hydroreg.cfm |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 6, 2010 |publisher=EPA |accessdate=20 March 2013}}</ref> A watan Disamba na shekarar 2011, jami'an muhalli na tarayya sun danganta gurbacewar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa da fasahar hydraulic fracturing a kimiyance a karon farko a tsakiyar Wyoming. EPA ta bayyana cewa wadatar ruwan tana ɗauke da aƙalla sinadarai 10 da aka sani ana amfani da su a cikin ruwan fracking. Abubuwan da aka gano a cikin rahoton sun saba wa hujjojin masana'antar hako mai kan amincin tsarin fasa duwatsun, kamar matsin lamba na ruwa wanda ke tura ruwa ƙasa ta dabi'a maimakon sama. Haka kuma EPA ta yi nuni da cewa gurbacewar da aka samu daga barikin da aka watsar na mai da iskar gas guda 33 ne ke da alhakin wani mataki na gurbacewar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa a kewayen.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lustgarten |first=Abrahm |title=Feds Link Water Contamination to Fracking for the First Time |date=8 December 2011 |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/feds-link-water-contamination-to-fracking-for-first-time |publisher=Pro Publica |accessdate=20 March 2013}}</ref> A watan Fabrairu na shekarar 2013, jihar Illinois ta gabatar da Dokar Tsarin Hydraulic Fracturing na Illinois, H.B. 2615, wanda ke sanya tsauraran iko ga kamfanonin fasa duwatsu, kamar buƙatun bayyana sinadarai da buƙatun gwajin ruwa. Kudirin ya haɗa da gwajin asali da na lokaci-lokaci na bayan-frack na ruwan da ke iya shafar lamarin, kamar ruwan saman ƙasa da albarkatun ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa kusa da rijiyoyin fracturing, don gano gurbacewar da ke da alaƙa da hydraulic fracturing. Za a rufe rijiyoyin fracturing idan aka saki ruwan fracturing a wajen duwatsun shale da ake fasa mawa.<ref>{{cite web |title=HB2615 |url=http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/fulltext.asp?DocName=09800HB2615lv&SessionID=85&GA=98&DocTypeID=HB&DocNum=2615&print=true |publisher=Illinois General Assembly |accessdate=20 March 2013 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061558/http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/fulltext.asp?DocName=09800HB2615lv&SessionID=85&GA=98&DocTypeID=HB&DocNum=2615&print=true |url-status=dead}}</ref> =====Magunguna da kayayan kula da kai===== Ana samun matakan magunguna da kayayyakin kula da kai da za a iya gano su, a cikin sassan triliyan guda, a yawancin tsarin ruwan sha na jama'a a Amurka saboda yawancin masana'untun gwajin ruwa ba su da fasahar cire waɗannan sinadarai daga danyen ruwa. Yanzu akwai ƙarin damuwa game da yadda waɗannan sinadarai ke lalacewa da kuma yin martani a cikin muhalli, lokacin aikin jiyya, a cikin jikinmu, da kuma tsawon lokacin da ake ɗauka ana fallasa ga gurbatattun abubuwa da yawa a ƙananan matakai. Daga cikin sinadarai sama da 80,000 da aka yi wa rajista da EPA, dokokin ruwan sha na tarayya na Amurka sun ba da umarnin gwajin sinadarai 83 kawai, wanda ke buƙatar ƙarin sanya ido kan magunguna akan kasancewar da kuma taruwar sinadarai a koramu, rafuka, da taceccen ruwan famfo. Kamar yadda dokokin gurbataccen ruwa na gargajiya da tsarin jiyya ke nufan ƙwayoyin cuta da abubuwan gina jiki, babu ƙa'idodin tarayya na magunguna a cikin ruwan sha ko gurbataccen ruwa.<ref>{{cite web|last=McNabb|first=John|title=Testimony to Oversight Hearing|url=http://www.cleanwateraction.org/files/publications/ma/testimony-drugsinwater-mcnabb.pdf|publisher=Clean Water Action|accessdate=20 March 2013|archive-date=8 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101208164342/http://cleanwateraction.org/files/publications/ma/testimony-drugsinwater-mcnabb.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> ====Abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan==== {{Update|section|date=May 2022}} A watan Mayu na shekarar 2012, Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta fitar da sabon jerin gurbatattun abubuwa, wanda aka sani da ƙa'idar sa ido kan gurbatattun abubuwa da ba a tsara su ba ta 3 (UCMR3), wanda zai kasance wani ɓangare na gwajin tsarin ruwa na birni tun daga wannan shekarar har zuwa 2015. Gwajin UCMR3 zai taimaka wa masu gudanar da tsarin ruwa na birni don auna faruwa da bayyanar matakan gurbacewa da ka iya jefa lafiyar ɗan adam cikin haɗari. Dakunan Gwaje-gwaje na Tsaftar Muhalli na Jiha a Jami'ar Iowa shi ne kaɗai dakin gwaje-gwajen lafiyar jama'a na muhalli na jiha da aka ba da tabbaci da amincewa don gwada dukkan sinadarai 28 gurbatattu a cikin sabon jerin.<ref>{{cite web |last=Blake |first=Pat |title=What's in your water? |website=Iowa Now |date=8 March 2013 |url=http://now.uiowa.edu/2013/03/whats-your-water |publisher=University of Iowa |location=Iowa City, IA}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekarar 2013, Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta haɓaka sabon gwajin ingancin ruwa mai sauri wanda ke ba da ingantaccen sakamako a rana guda na matakan gurbacewa, wanda ke nuna gagarumin ci gaba daga gwaje-gwajen yanzu da ke buƙatar aƙalla awanni 24 don samun sakamako. Sabon gwajin zai taimaka wa hukumomi sanin ko rairayin bakin teku (beaches) suna da lafiya don yin ninkaya don kiyaye jama'a daga kamuwa da rashin lafiya kuma zai iya taimakawa hana rufe rairayin bakin teku._ ===Kungiyoyin Duniya=== Ƙungiyar Kula da Harkokin Ruwa ta Duniya, wadda aka fi sani da Ƙungiyar Tattaunawa ta Harkokin Ruwa ta Ƙasashen Duniya har zuwa shekarar 1982,<ref>{{cite web|title=About IMO|publisher=IMO|accessdate=20 March 2013}}</ref> an kafa ta a Geneva a shekarar 1948,<ref>{{cite news|last=Hoffman|first=Michael L|title=Ship Organization Nears Final Form; U.N. Maritime Body Expected to Have 3 Principal Organs – Panama in Opposition|work=The New York Times|accessdate=20 March 2013|date=4 March 1948}}</ref> kuma ta fara aiki bayan shekaru goma, inda ta yi taronta na farko a shekarar 1959.{{cn|date=September 2023}} ''Duba'' Ƙungiyar Kula da Harkokin Ruwa ta Duniya. Ƙungiyar Kula da Harkokin Ruwa ta Duniya ta kasance a sahun gaba wajen jagorantar al’ummar duniya wajen magance matsalar yada nau’o’in halittu daga ruwa ta hanyar jigilar kaya. A ranar 13 ga Fabrairu 2004, an amince da Yarjejeniyar Kula da Sarrafa Ruwa da Ƙazantar Jiragen Ruwa a taron diflomasiyya da aka gudanar a hedikwatar Ƙungiyar Kula da Harkokin Ruwa ta Duniya a Landan. Bisa ga yarjejeniyar, dukkan jiragen ruwa dole ne su aiwatar da tsarin kula da ruwa da ƙazanta. Dukkan jiragen ruwa za su riƙa ɗaukar Littafin Rikodin Ruwa kuma za su kasance da wajibcin aiwatar da tsarin kula da ruwa bisa ƙa’ida. Ƙasashen da suka rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar suna da zaɓi na ɗaukar ƙarin matakai bisa ƙa’idodi da Ƙungiyar Kula da Harkokin Ruwa ta Duniya ta tsara. Kula da ruwa yana ƙarƙashin ƙa’idar musayar ruwa da ƙa’idar ingancin ruwa. Jiragen da ke yin musayar ruwa dole ne su yi hakan da ingancin kashi 95 cikin 100 na musayar ruwa, kuma jiragen da ke amfani da tsarin kula da ruwa (BWMS) dole ne su cika ƙa’idar inganci bisa adadin halittu da aka amince da su a kowace raka’a na ruwa. Yarjejeniyar za ta fara aiki bayan watanni 12 da ƙasashe 30 suka rattaba hannu, waɗanda ke wakiltar kashi 35 cikin 100 na tonon jigilar kaya na duniya.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ballast Water Management|accessdate=20 March 2013|archive-date=31 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031035116/http://www.imo.org/OurWork/Environment/BallastWaterManagement/Pages/Default.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''Duba'' Fitar Ruwa da Muhalli. ==Yakin-yakin na gwajin ruwa== ===Kalubalen Ruwa na EarthEcho=== Kalubalen Ruwa na EarthEcho (EarthEcho Water Challenge) shiri ne na ilimi da wayar da kan jama'a na duniya wanda ke haifar da sanarwa da sa hannun jama'a wajen kiyaye albarkatun ruwa a duniya ta hanyar sanya 'yan ƙasa gudanar da gwajin ruwa na sassan ruwan gida. Masu halarta suna koyon yadda ake gudanar da sauƙaƙan gwaje-gwajen ingancin ruwa, da bincika alamomin lafiyar ruwa na yau da kullun, musamman narkar da iskar oxygen (dissolved oxygen), pH, yanayin zafi (temperature), da gurbacewa (turbidity). Da fari an kira shirin da "Ranar Sa Ido Kan Ruwa ta Duniya" (World Water Monitoring Day) kuma daga baya "Kalubalen Sa Ido Kan Ruwa ta Duniya" (World Water Monitoring Challenge), kuma an kafa shi ne a shekarar 2003. EarthEcho International tana ƙarfafa masu halarta su gudanar da ayyukansu na sa ido a matsayin ɓangare na "Kalubalen Ruwa na EarthEcho" a kowane lokaci tsakanin Maris 22 (Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya) da Disamba na kowace shekara.<ref name="monitoring challenge">{{cite web |url=http://www.worldwatermonitoringday.org |title=EarthEcho Water Challenge |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |publisher=EarthEcho International |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=2018-04-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Manion |first1=Sean |title=Monitoring Water for pH |url=https://ketos.co/ph-water-quality-testing |website=ketos.co |date=26 May 2021 |publisher=Sean Manion}}</ref> ==Kasuwar gwajin ruwa== ===Girman kasuwa da tsarinta=== Ya zuwa shekarar 2009, kasuwar gwajin ruwa ta duniya, wacce ta haɗa da rukunonin cikin gida, ƙananan masana'antu da manyan dakunan gwaje-gwaje, tana da darajar kusan dalar Amurka biliyan 3.6. Kasuwar duniya don kayan aikin gwaji na matakin ƙasa (low-end) kusan dala miliyan 300–400 ce. Kasuwar duniya don na'urorin sa ido na kan layi (in-line monitors) kusan dala miliyan 100–130 ce.<ref name="Something in the water">{{cite web|title=Something in the water|url=http://www.globalwaterintel.com/archive/10/6/market-insight/something-water.html|publisher=Global Water Intelligence|accessdate=21 March 2013}}</ref> ===Kayayyakin da ake samarwa=== Muhimman kayayyaki sun haɗa da tsarin bincike (analytical systems), kayan aiki (instrumentation), da sinadarai (reagents) don binciken inganci da amincin ruwa.<ref>{{cite web|last=Dray|first=Deane M.|title=Investing In The Global Water Sector|url=http://www.waterinnovations.org/PDF/presentations/Dray-0927p.pdf|publisher=Citi|accessdate=20 March 2013|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070009/http://water.waterinnovations.org/PDF/presentations/Dray-0927p.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sinadaran (reagents) sune mahaɗan gwajin sinadarai waɗanda ke gano kasancewar chlorine, pH, alkalinity, gurbacewa (turbidity) da sauran ma'aunai. Kasuwar kayan aikin ta ƙunshi kayan aikin gwajin fili na matakin ƙasa (low-end) da ake amfani da su a wurin, na'urorin sa ido na kan layi (in-line monitors), da manyan kayan aikin dakunan gwaje-gwaje na matakin sama (high-end).<ref name="Something in the water"/> Manyan kayan aikin lab na matakin sama sune na'urorin Mass Spectrometry waɗanda ke gudanar da bincike na halitta (organic analysis), ta amfani da Gas Chromatography da Liquid Chromatography, ko binciken karafa (metals analysis), ta amfani da Inductively Coupled Plasma.<ref name="Water testing – pass or fail"/> ====Sabbin ci gaba==== Wasu hanyoyin da ya kamata a sanya ido kansu sun haɗa da dabarun toshewa-da-kunna (plug-and-play) na na'urori masu auna firikwensin dijital (digital sensor) da na'urorin auna narkar da iskar oxygen masu haske (luminescent dissolved oxygen meters) da ke maye gurbin firikwensin (sensors).<ref name="Water Sector Primer">{{cite web|title=Water Sector Primer|url=http://www.fullermoney.com/content/2005-07-01/IainLittleGoldmanSachsWaterPrimer61505.pdf|publisher=Goldman Sachs|accessdate=21 March 2013}}</ref> ===Tsarin kasuwanci na "Aske da Ruwan Aske"=== Kasuwar gwajin ruwa kusan kashi biyu cikin uku kayan aiki ne kuma kashi ɗaya cikin uku kayan amfani ne (consumables). Ana amfani da sinadarai (reagents) tare da kowane gwaji kuma suna samar da kuɗaɗen shiga akai-akai (recurring revenue) ga kamfanoni. Yarjejeniyar kula da kayayyaki bayan sayarwa, horar da masu aiki da musanya sassan kayan aiki suna taimakawa wajen tabbatar da an haɓaka albarkatun yadda ya kamata.<ref name="Water Sector Primer"/> Jagoran kasuwa mai kimanin kashi 21% na rabon kasuwa, Danaher, yana iya samun rabe-raben EBIT (ribar da aka samu kafin cire ruwa da haraji) a tsakanin matakin sama-na-goma zuwa ƙasa da kashi 20% akan kayan aikin gwaji, amma yana iya samun rabe-raben kashi 40%+ akan sinadaran gwajin ruwa.<ref>{{cite web|last=Geraghty|first=Michael|title=Global Themes Strategy|url=http://fa.smithbarney.com/public/projectfiles/f8e732d5-6162-4cd9-8b1d-7b7317360163.pdf|publisher=Citi|accessdate=21 March 2013}}{{Dead link|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Duba Freebie marketing. ===Rarraba kayayyaki=== Kamfanoni sun fi karkata ga yin amfani da tsarin "kai-tsaye-ga-mai-amfani" (direct-to-end-user) don yawancin kayayyaki, amma kuma suna iya ƙoƙarin sayar da kayan aiki na matakin ƙasa ta Intanet don rage farashin rarrabawa.<ref name="Water Sector Primer"/> ===Sanya farashi=== Sanya farashi ya dogara ne akan amfani da nau'in samfur. Kayan aiki sun fito ne daga ƙasa kaɗan kamar dala 10 zuwa dubunnan daloli.<ref name="Water Sector Primer"/> ===Masu samar da kaya=== Kayan aikin gwaji na matakin ƙasa (low-end) ya mamaye ne ta hannun 'yan kaɗan daga cikin manyan masu samar da kaya, musamman Lovibond da Merck na Jamus, DelAgua & ITS Europe Water Testing na Birtaniya waɗanda ke aiki a duniya, da kuma LaMotte da ke Amurka. Manyan masana'antun kayan aikin kan layi (in-line equipment) sun haɗa da Siemens da Hach na Danaher. Thermo Scientific da Waters sune manyan masu kera kayan aikin gwaji na matakin sama (high-end).<ref name="Something in the water"/> ===Kasuwannin ƙarshe=== Kasuwannin ƙarshe sun haɗa da masana'antun ruwa na birni, masu amfani da masana'antu, kamar abubuwan sha da kayan lantarki, da hukumomin muhalli, kamar Hukumar Binciken Jiyoloji ta Amurka (United States Geological Survey).<ref name="Water Sector Primer"/> ==Wuraren gwajin ruwa== Akwai manyan nau'ikan dakunan gwaje-gwaje guda biyu: na kasuwanci da na cikin gida. ===Dakunan gwaje-gwaje na cikin gida=== Dakunan gwaje-gwaje na cikin gida yawanci suna nan a wuraren tace ruwa na birni da wuraren tace gurbataccen ruwa, masana'antun giya da masana'antun kera magunguna. Suna ɗaukar kusan rabin duk gwaje-gwajen da ake yi a duk shekara.<ref name="Water testing – pass or fail"/> ===Dakunan gwaje-gwaje na kasuwanci=== Yawancin dakunan gwaje-gwaje na kasuwanci kamfanoni ne na wuri guda waɗanda ke ba da sabis ga cibiyoyi kawai a yankin yanki na zahiri. Adadin ma'aikata ga kowane dakin gwaje-gwaje yawanci bai kai mutane biyar ba, kuma kuɗaɗen shiga ba su kai dala miliyan 1 ba. Waɗannan dakunan gwaje-gwaje suna ɗaukar kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na dukkan gwaje-gwaje. Akwai manyan rukunonin dakunan gwaje-gwaje da yawa, kamar Inspicio da ke Birtaniya da ALS da ke Ostiraliya, waɗanda ke ɗaukar wani kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na dukkan gwaje-gwaje.<ref name="Water testing – pass or fail"/> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} afgn15k4x8pucql4tgx0wdvq3vkr77t 0 159721 874277 867086 2026-07-02T10:53:04Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 874277 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Cibiyar Binciken Biomedical (BRC) cibiyar bincike ce a Jami'ar Qatar da ke mai da hankali kan binciken kiwon lafiya. An kafa BRC a cikin 2014, kuma tana da alaƙa da Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Jama'a (Qatar) , da Kamfanin Kiwon Lafiya na Hamad (HMC) .<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-11-05 |title=BRC AND SCH SIGN COLLABORATIVE AGREEMENT |url=http://www.qu.edu.qa/newsroom/BRC/BRC-and-SCH-sign-collaborative-agreement |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328153821/http://www.qu.edu.qa/newsroom/BRC/BRC-and-SCH-sign-collaborative-agreement |archive-date=2023-03-28 |access-date=2023-03-14 |website=www.qu.edu.qa}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Biomedical Research Center {{!}} Qatar University |url=http://www.qu.edu.qa/research/brc |website=www.qu.edu.qa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Qatar puts the pursuit of knowledge front and centre |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d42473-018-00045-9 |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihi == Abubuwan da ke faruwa na cututtukan kwayar halitta a [[Qatar]] suna da yawa, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Research {{!}} Qatar Genome Programme |url=https://www.qatargenome.org.qa/research |website=www.qatargenome.org.qa |access-date=2026-06-24 |archive-date=2024-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240413092216/https://www.qatargenome.org.qa/research |url-status=dead }}</ref> tare da manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da mutuwa a kasar sune ciwon daji, cututtuken zuciya, da ciwon sukari. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-09-09 |title=Qatar |url=https://www.healthdata.org/qatar |website=Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-19 |title=Health and Biomedical Sciences |url=http://www.qu.edu.qa/research/research-priorities/health-and-biomedical-sciences |website=Qatar University |access-date=2026-06-24 |archive-date=2023-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314083010/http://www.qu.edu.qa/research/research-priorities/health-and-biomedical-sciences |url-status=dead }}</ref> Gwamnati ta ga kirkirar BRC a matsayin dabara don hana cututtuka don taimakawa wajen bunkasa lafiyar jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2008 |title=Qatar National Vision 2030 {{!}} General Secretariat For Development Planning |url=https://www.gco.gov.qa/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/GCO-QNV-English.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-19 |title=Research Pillars and Priorities {{!}} Qatar University |url=http://www.qu.edu.qa/research/research-priorities |website=www.qu.edu.qa}}</ref> BRC labs sun sami izinin ISO / IEC - 17025 daga Ƙungiyar Amurka don izinin Laboratory (A2LA). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-01 |title=QU BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH CENTER AND LABORATORY ANIMAL RESEARCH CENTER AWARDED ISO IEC - 17025 ACCREDITATION |url=http://www.qu.edu.qa/newsroom/LARC/QU-Biomedical-Research-Center-and-Laboratory-Animal-Research-Center-awarded-ISO-IEC-%E2%80%93-17025-accreditation |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328153821/http://www.qu.edu.qa/newsroom/LARC/QU-Biomedical-Research-Center-and-Laboratory-Animal-Research-Center-awarded-ISO-IEC-%E2%80%93-17025-accreditation |archive-date=2023-03-28 |access-date=2023-03-14 |website=www.qu.edu.qa}}</ref> Wannan cibiyar bincike tana mai da hankali kan [[Cututtukan cututtuka (ƙwarewar kiwon lafiya)|Cututtukan cututtuka]] (virology da microbiology), cututtuken metabolism, da cututtukani na kiwon lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Divisions and Researches {{!}} Qatar University |url=http://www.qu.edu.qa/research/brc/about/divisions-and-researches |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314053948/http://www.qu.edu.qa/research/brc/about/divisions-and-researches |archive-date=2023-03-14 |access-date=2023-03-14 |website=www.qu.edu.qa}}</ref> == Bincike == Tun lokacin da aka kafa ta a cikin 2014, BRC ta buga takardun bincike sama da 530.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-24 |title=BRC Publications |url=http://www.qu.edu.qa/research/brc/about/publications |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315055508/http://www.qu.edu.qa/research/brc/about/publications |archive-date=2023-03-15 |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=Qatar University}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Qatar University Institutional Repository {{!}} Biomedical Research Center |url=https://qspace.qu.edu.qa/handle/10576/62 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250614082745/https://qspace.qu.edu.qa/handle/10576/62 |archive-date=2025-06-14 |access-date=2023-03-14 |website=qspace.qu.edu.qa}}</ref> Ayyukan bincike na cibiyar sun kunshi yankuna da yawa, gami da: # Bayanan maganin rigakafi na ƙwayoyin cuta masu tsayayya da maganin rigakafin a cikin mutane da dabbobi.<ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=El Zowalaty ME, Al Thani AA, Webster TJ, El Zowalaty AE, Schweizer HP, Nasrallah GK, Marei HE, Ashour HM |date=2015-10-01 |title=Pseudomonas aeruginosa: arsenal of resistance mechanisms, decades of changing resistance profiles, and future antimicrobial therapies |journal=Future Microbiology |volume=10 |issue=10 |pages=1683–1706 |doi=10.2217/fmb.15.48 |pmid=26439366}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Johar AR, Abu-Rub LI, Al Mana H, Yassine HM, Eltai NO |date=September 2022 |title=Microbiome engineering to combat antimicrobial resistance and upsurge productivity of food animals: a systematic review. |journal=Animal Production Science |volume=63 |issue=2 |pages=101–112 |doi=10.1071/AN22233 |s2cid=252257034 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="pmid29983931">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Eltai NO, Yassine HM, Al Thani AA, Abu Madi MA, Ismail A, Ibrahim E, Alali WQ |date=2018 |title=Prevalence of antibiotic resistant ''Escherichia coli'' isolates from fecal samples of food handlers in Qatar |journal=Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control |volume=7 |issue= |page=78 |doi=10.1186/s13756-018-0369-2 |pmc=6019201 |pmid=29983931 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="pmid35675669">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Al-Hadidi SH, Al Mana H, Almoghrabi SZ, El-Obeid T, AlAli WQ, Eltai NO |date=July 2022 |title=Retail Chicken Carcasses as a Reservoir of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella |journal=Microbial Drug Resistance |location=Larchmont, N.Y. |volume=28 |issue=7 |pages=824–831 |doi=10.1089/mdr.2021.0414 |pmc=9347385 |pmid=35675669}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2020-03-29 |title=Qatar University's Biomedical Research Center conducting research on COVID-19 |url=https://thepeninsulaqatar.com/article/29/03/2020/Qatar-University%E2%80%99s-Biomedical-Research-Center-conducting-research-on-COVID-19 |access-date=2023-03-14 |website=The Peninsula Newspaper |language=en}}</ref> # Binciken bambance-bambance a lokuta na ciwon sukari na nau'in 2. <ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Al-Sulaiti H, Diboun I, Agha MV, Mohamed FF, Atkin S, Dömling AS, Elrayess MA, Mazloum NA |date=October 2019 |title=Metabolic signature of obesity-associated insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes |journal=Journal of Translational Medicine |volume=17 |issue=1 |page=348 |doi=10.1186/s12967-019-2096-8 |pmc=6805293 |pmid=31640727 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=December 2019 |title=WCM-Q research probes causal link between obesity and diabetes |url=https://qatar-weill.cornell.edu/media-and-news/news/story/wcm-q-research-probes-causal-link-between-obesity-and-diabetes |website=Latest News - Weill Cornell Medicine - Qatar |language=en-US}}</ref> # Nazarin [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]], ciki har da Bambancin Omicron.<ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Wang L, Shi W, Joyce MG, Modjarrad K, Zhang Y, Leung K, Lees CR, Zhou T, Yassine HM, Kanekiyo M, Yang ZY, Chen X, Becker MM, Freeman M, Vogel L, Johnson JC, Olinger G, Todd JP, Bagci U, Solomon J, Mollura DJ, Hensley L, Jahrling P, Denison MR, Rao SS, Subbarao K, Kwong PD, Mascola JR, Kong WP, Graham BS |date=July 2015 |title=Evaluation of candidate vaccine approaches for MERS-CoV |journal=Nature Communications |volume=6 |issue=1 |page=7712 |bibcode=2015NatCo...6.7712W |doi=10.1038/ncomms8712 |pmc=4525294 |pmid=26218507}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Chemaitelly H, Yassine HM, Benslimane FM, Al Khatib HA, Tang P, Hasan MR, Malek JA, Coyle P, Ayoub HH, Al Kanaani Z, Al Kuwari E, Jeremijenko A, Kaleeckal AH, Latif AN, Shaik RM, Abdul Rahim HF, Nasrallah GK, Al Kuwari MG, Al Romaihi HE, Al-Thani MH, Al Khal A, Butt AA, Bertollini R, Abu-Raddad LJ |date=September 2021 |title=mRNA-1273 COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against the B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants and severe COVID-19 disease in Qatar |url=https://pure.qub.ac.uk/files/443066147/mRNA_1273_COVID_19_vaccine_effectiveness.pdf |journal=Nature Medicine |volume=27 |issue=9 |pages=1614–1621 |doi=10.1038/s41591-021-01446-y |pmid=34244681 |s2cid=235786967 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Tang P, Hasan MR, Chemaitelly H, Yassine HM, Benslimane FM, Al Khatib HA, AlMukdad S, Coyle P, Ayoub HH, Al Kanaani Z, Al Kuwari E, Jeremijenko A, Kaleeckal AH, Latif AN, Shaik RM, Abdul Rahim HF, Nasrallah GK, Al Kuwari MG, Al Romaihi HE, Butt AA, Al-Thani MH, Al Khal A, Bertollini R, Abu-Raddad LJ |date=December 2021 |title=BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant in Qatar |journal=Nature Medicine |volume=27 |issue=12 |pages=2136–2143 |doi=10.1038/s41591-021-01583-4 |pmid=34728831 |s2cid=241108406 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Younes N, Al-Sadeq DW, Al-Jighefee H, Younes S, Al-Jamal O, Daas HI, Yassine HM, Nasrallah GK |date=May 2020 |title=Challenges in Laboratory Diagnosis of the Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 |journal=Viruses |volume=12 |issue=6 |page=582 |doi=10.3390/v12060582 |pmc=7354519 |pmid=32466458 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Chemaitelly H, Tang P, Hasan MR, AlMukdad S, Yassine HM, Benslimane FM, Al Khatib HA, Coyle P, Ayoub HH, Al Kanaani Z, Al Kuwari E, Jeremijenko A, Kaleeckal AH, Latif AN, Shaik RM, Abdul Rahim HF, Nasrallah GK, Al Kuwari MG, Al Romaihi HE, Butt AA, Al-Thani MH, Al Khal A, Bertollini R, Abu-Raddad LJ |date=December 2021 |title=Waning of BNT162b2 Vaccine Protection against SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Qatar |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=385 |issue=24 |pages=e83 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2114114 |pmc=8522799 |pmid=34614327}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Abu-Raddad LJ, Chemaitelly H, Butt AA |date=July 2021 |title=Effectiveness of the BNT162b2 Covid-19 Vaccine against the B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 Variants |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=385 |issue=2 |pages=187–189 |doi=10.1056/NEJMc2104974 |pmc=8117967 |pmid=33951357}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=(BRC)- (QU) CONDUCTS SIX RESEARCH PROJECTS ON COVID-19 |url=http://www.qu.edu.qa/newsroom/BRC/(BRC)%E2%80%93-(QU)-conducts-six-researches-on-COVID%E2%80%9319 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314054821/http://www.qu.edu.qa/newsroom/BRC/(BRC)%E2%80%93-(QU)-conducts-six-researches-on-COVID%E2%80%9319 |archive-date=2023-03-14 |access-date=2020-03-28 |website=www.qu.edu.qa}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2020-03-29 |title=Qatar University's Biomedical Research Center conducting research on COVID-19 |url=https://thepeninsulaqatar.com/article/29/03/2020/Qatar-University%E2%80%99s-Biomedical-Research-Center-conducting-research-on-COVID-19 |website=The Peninsula Newspaper |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2020-03-28 |title=Qatar- QU conducts research on coronavirus |url=https://menafn.com/1099929849/Qatar-QU-conducts-research-on-coronavirus |website=MENAFN.COM}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Altarawneh HN, Chemaitelly H, Hasan MR, Ayoub HH, Qassim S, AlMukdad S, Coyle P, Yassine HM, Al-Khatib HA, Benslimane FM, Al-Kanaani Z, Al-Kuwari E, Jeremijenko A, Kaleeckal AH, Latif AN, Shaik RM, Abdul-Rahim HF, Nasrallah GK, Al-Kuwari MG, Butt AA, Al-Romaihi HE, Al-Thani MH, Al-Khal A, Bertollini R, Tang P, Abu-Raddad LJ |date=March 2022 |title=Protection against the Omicron Variant from Previous SARS-CoV-2 Infection |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=386 |issue=13 |pages=1288–1290 |doi=10.1056/NEJMc2200133 |pmc=8849180 |pmid=35139269}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Abu-Raddad LJ, Chemaitelly H, Ayoub HH, AlMukdad S, Yassine HM, Al-Khatib HA, Smatti MK, Tang P, Hasan MR, Coyle P, Al-Kanaani Z, Al-Kuwari E, Jeremijenko A, Kaleeckal AH, Latif AN, Shaik RM, Abdul-Rahim HF, Nasrallah GK, Al-Kuwari MG, Butt AA, Al-Romaihi HE, Al-Thani MH, Al-Khal A, Bertollini R |date=May 2022 |title=Effect of mRNA Vaccine Boosters against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Infection in Qatar |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=386 |issue=19 |pages=1804–1816 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2200797 |pmc=8929389 |pmid=35263534}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Altarawneh HN, Chemaitelly H, Ayoub HH, Tang P, Hasan MR, Yassine HM, Al-Khatib HA, Smatti MK, Coyle P, Al-Kanaani Z, Al-Kuwari E, Jeremijenko A, Kaleeckal AH, Latif AN, Shaik RM, Abdul-Rahim HF, Nasrallah GK, Al-Kuwari MG, Butt AA, Al-Romaihi HE, Al-Thani MH, Al-Khal A, Bertollini R, Abu-Raddad LJ |date=July 2022 |title=Effects of Previous Infection and Vaccination on Symptomatic Omicron Infections |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=387 |issue=1 |pages=21–34 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2203965 |pmc=9258753 |pmid=35704396}}</ref> # Gudanar da jerin kwayoyin halitta na falcons na Qatari, nau'in dabbobi masu haɗari, da dugong.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2020-11-27 |title=Qatar- QUBRC records rapid growth in published medical resea... {{!}} MENAFN.COM |url=https://menafn.com/1101197136/Qatar-QUBRC-records-rapid-growth-in-published-medical-research |website=menafn.com}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> # Binciken nanomedicine a matsayin hanyar rigakafin cututtuka.<ref name="pmid36851305">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mohamed NA, Zupin L, Mazi SI, Al-Khatib HA, Crovella S |date=February 2023 |title=Nanomedicine as a Potential Tool against Monkeypox |journal=Vaccines |volume=11 |issue=2 |page=428 |doi=10.3390/vaccines11020428 |pmc=9963669 |pmid=36851305 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="pmid35891532">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mohamed NA, Abou-Saleh H, Mohamed HA, Al-Ghouti MA, Crovella S, Zupin L |date=July 2022 |title=Think like a Virus: Toward Improving Nanovaccine Development against SARS-CoV-2 |journal=Viruses |volume=14 |issue=7 |page=1553 |doi=10.3390/v14071553 |pmc=9318803 |pmid=35891532 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="pmid35163328">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mohamed NA, Marei I, Crovella S, Abou-Saleh H |date=January 2022 |title=Recent Developments in Nanomaterials-Based Drug Delivery and Upgrading Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases |journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences |volume=23 |issue=3 |page=1404 |doi=10.3390/ijms23031404 |pmc=8836006 |pmid=35163328 |doi-access=free}}</ref> BRC Ya gabatar da amfani da kifi a matsayin samfurin dabba a cikin binciken kiwon lafiya[1][2][3][4][5][6] kuma ya kafa kayan aiki a cikin 2015.[7][8][9] Ana amfani da wurin a matsayin sashin bincike don nazarin cututtukan kwayoyin halitta da yawa.[3] Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Jama'a ta tsara manufofin bincike na ma'aikata (IRP) kan amfani da kifi a cikin bincike, wanda Jami'ar Qatar ta goyi bayan.[10] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] bzuzbltwtlry4zyclbke2v67xe4ho7l 0 159802 874134 868156 2026-07-02T07:14:26Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 874134 wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete}} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Charlotte ta Faransa''' (23 ga Oktoba 1516 - 18 ga Satumba 1524) ita ce ta biyu kuma 'yar ta biyu ta Sarkin Faransa Francis I da matarsa Sarauniya Claude . == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Princess Charlotte a ranar 23 ga Oktoba 1516 a Château d'Amboise (a cikin Kwarin Loire a Faransa) a matsayin 'yar ta biyu da kuma ɗa na Sarki Francis I da Sarauniya Claude . Tana da idanu masu launin shudi da jan gashi mai haske. Tana ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'ya shida na Sarki da Sarauniya waɗanda ke da jan gashi, halayyar da aka gada daga Anne ta Brittany, mahaifiyar Sarauniya. Bayan rasuwar 'yar uwarta Louise a shekara ta 1518, Charlotte ta ɗauki matsayinta na budurwa ta Sarki Charles I na Spain (daga baya Sarkin sarakuna mai tsarki Charles V) a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Noyon . Ba za a taba kammala auren ba saboda mutuwarta da wuri. == Rayuwa da mutuwa daga baya == Ta yi rayuwa mai dadi. Kafin Maris 1519 ta ƙaura daga Château d'Amboise zuwa Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, inda ta kasance har ƙarshen rayuwarta. Ta kasance yarinya mai taushin hali, mai rauni. Tana da shekaru bakwai, ta kamu da cutar kyanda, irin wannan cuta da ta kashe kawunta, Charles Orlando, Dauphin na Faransa, shekaru talatin da suka wuce. Mutumin da ya kula da ita yayin da take rashin lafiya ita ce ’yar uwarta, Margaret na Angoulême, kamar yadda mahaifiyarta ta riga ta rasu watanni biyu da suka shige, kakarta Louise na Savoy ba ta da lafiya sosai kuma mahaifinta ya sha fama da yaƙi. Kamar yadda aka ɗaure shi daga baya, ba ya nan lokacin da 'yarsa ta rasu a ranar 18 ga Satumbar 1524. Mai yiwuwa Charlotte ta kasance kusa da ƙanwarta, wadda ta yi baƙin ciki da damuwa lokacin da "ƙaramin" [ana hujja]. == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Ƙarin karantawa == * Mai ba da labari, Martha Walker. ''Rayuwar Marguerite D'Angoulême, Sarauniyar Navarre .'' shafi na 141-143. Buga na Biyu, An sake duba shi. Landan, 1856.&nbsp; * ''Tarihin zamani na Cambridge'' . A. W. Ward, edita. Fashewa. 2, shafi na 417. Kamfanin MacMillan, 1904.&nbsp; * [http://www.artsmia.org/viewer/detail.php?id=548&i=1&v=12&op=563 Hoton Charlotte na Faransa.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930014504/http://www.artsmia.org/viewer/detail.php?id=548&i=1&v=12&op=563 |date=2007-09-30 }} An adana shi 2007-09-30 a Cibiyar Ayyuka ta Minneapolis. {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6ml1fjk07wxr7u59orb4ssahrkjjoym 0 159852 874112 868248 2026-07-02T05:55:45Z Habibah A Jisambo 26434 874112 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> {{Infobox medical condition | name = Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans | synonym = '''Herxheimer disease'''<ref name="Bolognia">{{cite book |author =Rapini, Ronald P. |author2 =Bolognia, Jean L. |author3 =Jorizzo, Joseph L. |title=Dermatology: 2-Volume Set |publisher=Mosby |location=St. Louis |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-4160-2999-1 }}</ref>{{rp|1102}} and '''Primary diffuse atrophy'''<ref name="Andrews">{{cite book |author =James, William D. |author2 =Berger, Timothy G. |title=Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology |publisher=Saunders Elsevier |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7216-2921-6 |display-authors=etal}}</ref>{{rp|293}} | image = | caption = | pronounce = | specialty = | symptoms = | onset = | duration = | causes = untreated infection with ''Borrelia afzelii'' | risks = | diagnosis = | differential = | prevention = | treatment = | medication = | prognosis = | frequency = | deaths = }} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc; color:inherit;" |Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Sauran sunaye | class="infobox-data" |'''Cutar Herxheimer''' <ref name="Bolognia"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFRapini,_Ronald_P.Bolognia,_Jean_L.Jorizzo,_Joseph_L.2007"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="88">Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007). </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="89">''Dermatology: 2-Volume Set''. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="90">St. Louis: Mosby. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="91">[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-4160-2999-1|<bdi>978-1-4160-2999-1</bdi>]].</span></cite></ref>:<sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1102">&#x3A;&#x200A;1102&#x200A;</span></sup> da Primary diffuse atrophy <ref name="Andrews"><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFJames,_William_D.Berger,_Timothy_G.2006">James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et&nbsp;al. (2006). </cite></ref>:<sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 293">&#x3A;&#x200A;293&#x200A;</span></sup> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Medical specialty|Kyakkyawan]] | class="infobox-data" |[[Dermatology|Kimiyyar fata]]&nbsp;<span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show">[[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420804?uselang=en#P1995|text-top|frameless|10x10px|Edit this on Wikidata]]</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Cause (medicine)|Dalilan da suka haifar]] | class="infobox-data" |Cutar da ba a kula da ita ba tare da ''Borrelia afzelii'' |} <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />'''Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans''' ('''ACA''') wani cututtukan fata ne wanda ke nuna mataki na uku ko na ƙarshe na [[Ciwon Lyme|Lyme borreliosis]] na Turai. ACA yanayin cututtukan fata ne wanda ke ɗaukar ci gaba mai ci gaba kuma a ƙarshe yana haifar da yaduwar atrophy na fata. Sau da yawa ana lura da shigar da tsarin juyayi na gefe, musamman Polyneuropathy. Wannan tsari na fata mai ci gaba yana faruwa ne saboda sakamakon ci gaba da kamuwa da cuta mai aiki tare da spirochete Borrelia afzelii, wanda shine babban ilimin pathophysiology.[1] B. afzelii bazai zama keɓaɓɓen wakili na etiologic na ACA ba; An kuma gano Borrelia garinii. [hujja ta tushe] [abubuwan da ake bukata]. == Gabatarwa. == Ƙunƙarar da ACA ke haifarwa ya fi bayyana a kan extremities. Yana farawa da wani mataki mai kumburi tare da launin ja mai launin ja da kumburin fata, kuma yana ƙare watanni da yawa ko shekaru baya tare da lokacin atrophic. Sclerotic plaques na fata na iya haɓaka. [ana binciken hujja] [citation need] Yayin da ACA ke ci gaba fatar jiki ta fara yin yawo (atrophy). == Binciken ganewa. == Gabaɗaya ana bin tsarin matakai biyu. Na farko, gwajin tantancewa wanda ya shafi IgM da IgG ELISA. Idan gwajin ELISA yana da sakamako mai kyau ko mara kyau, to mataki na biyu shine yin Yammacin Yamma a matsayin gwajin tabbatarwa. Sauran hanyoyin sun haɗa da microscopy da al'adu (a cikin matsakaicin Kelly) na biopsy na fata ko samfurori na jini. == Magani. == Ana ba da shawarar maganin rigakafi a cikin maganin ACA. Ana amfani da [[Doxycycline]] sau da yawa.<ref name="BMJ2020">{{Cite journal |last=Kullberg |first=Bart Jan |last2=Vrijmoeth |first2=Hedwig D. |last3=van de Schoor |first3=Freek |last4=Hovius |first4=Joppe W. |date=2020-05-26 |title=Lyme borreliosis: diagnosis and management |journal=BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) |volume=369 |doi=10.1136/bmj.m1041 |issn=1756-1833 |pmid=32457042 |s2cid=218911807}}</ref> Ƙuduri na iya ɗaukar watanni da yawa.<ref name="BMJ2020" /> Rashin fata da lalacewar jijiyoyi na iya ci gaba bayan magani.<ref name="BMJ2020" /> == Tarihi == An fara samun bayani game da ACA a shekarar 1883 a birnin Breslau na kasar Jamus, inda wani likita mai suna Alfred Buchwald ya fara bayyana ta. [ana bukatar hujja] A shekarar 1902, Herxheimer da Hartmann sun bayyana ta a matsayin wani nau'in raunin fata (cutaneous atrophy) mai kama da takarda siririya. == Dubi kuma == * Erythema migrans * Jerin yanayin fata * [[Ciwon Lyme|Cutar Lyme]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Medical resources|DiseasesDB=32940|ICD10={{ICD10|L|90|4|l|80}}|ICD9={{ICD9|701.8}}|ICDO=|OMIM=|MedlinePlus=|eMedicineSubj=derm|eMedicineTopic=4|MeshID=}} == Bayanan littattafai == * Stanek G & Strle F (2008) Cutar Lyme - Halin Turai Cutar Cutar Ciki na Arewacin Amurka Volume 22 da kuma 2 Yuni 2008, Shafuka 327-339[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0891552008000020 Abstract] == Haɗin waje == {{Cutaneous ketatosis, ulcer, atrophy, necrobiosis, and vasculitis}}{{Medicine}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] lunpdk4vyedun6rtj1od9f9nk7752wu 0 159966 873803 869353 2026-07-01T20:44:39Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 873803 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''No.1''' (Russian) wani aikin sararin samaniya ne na Rasha, wani ɓangare na Shirin Bion-M da aka mayar da hankali kan maganin sararin samaniya. Sabuwar ƙarni na Bion-M ta ci gaba da Shirin tauraron dan adam na Soviet / Rasha da nufin bincike na halitta a sararin samaniya. Jirgin sararin samaniya na karshe na jerin Bion, Bion 11, an kaddamar da shi a cikin 1996. An tsara jirgin saman sararin samaniya na Bion-M1 don ɗaukar gwaje-gwaje na halitta, ilimin lissafi da biotechnological zuwa ƙasa mai laushi kuma ya mayar da su zuwa [[Duniya]] a ƙarshen aikin. Abubuwan da ke tattare da Bion-M1 sun haɗa da rodents, amphibians, dabbobi masu rarrafe, crustaceans, mollusks, kifi, kwari, ƙwayoyin cuta, shuke-shuke da al'adun sel na dabba. Jirgin sararin samaniya ya kasance sakamakon hadin gwiwar karɓar bakuncin kayan aikin kiwon lafiya da cibiyoyin kimiyya suka bayar daga Amurka, Jamus, Kanada, Netherlands, Poland da sauran ƙasashe. Jirgin sararin samaniya na atomatik na Bion-M wani nau'i ne na musamman na sararin samaniya wanda ke da niyyar tantance mahimman hanyoyin yadda rayuwa ke daidaitawa da microgravity sannan kuma sake komawa ga ƙarfin nauyi na duniya. == Farawa da dawowa == An kaddamar da kwayar sararin samaniya mai dauke da dabba a cikin sararin samaniya a ranar 19 ga Afrilu 2013, daga Baikonur Cosmodrome, [[Kazakistan|Kazakhstan]]. Bion-M ya tashi a cikin aikin kwanaki 30. <ref name="ras">{{Cite web |title=Biological space vehicle "Bion-M" |url=http://biosputnik.imbp.ru/eng/bion.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004220312/http://biosputnik.imbp.ru/eng/bion.html |archive-date=4 October 2013 |access-date=19 April 2013 |publisher=Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of Biomedical Problems}}</ref> <ref name="spaceweb">{{Cite web |last=Zak |first=Anatoly |title=Bion (12KSM) satellite |url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/bion_m.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426113118/http://www.russianspaceweb.com/bion_m.html |archive-date=26 April 2013 |access-date=19 April 2013 |publisher=RussianSpaceWeb.com}}</ref> <ref name="roscosmos">{{Cite web |date=19 April 2013 |script-title=ru:Космический аппарат "Бион-М" № 1 успешно выведен на орбиту |url=http://www.roscosmos.ru/main.php?id=2&nid=20043 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629182111/http://www.roscosmos.ru/main.php?id=2&nid=20043 |archive-date=29 June 2013 |access-date=19 April 2013 |publisher=Roscosmos |language=ru}}</ref> <ref name="sfnow">{{Cite web |last=Clark |first=Stephen |title=Russian spacecraft launched with cosmic cache of critters |url=http://www.spaceflightnow.com/news/n1304/19bionm1/ |access-date=20 April 2013 |publisher=Spaceflight Now}}</ref> An kaddamar da tauraron dan adam a cikin rabon tafiya tare da ƙananan tauraron dan kasa 6 - OSSI-1, Dove-2, [[AIST 2]], BEESat 3, [[SOMP]] da BEESat 2. <ref name="nasaspaceflight">{{Cite web |last=Bergin |first=Chris |date=19 April 2013 |title=Soyuz 2-1A launches numerous passengers on BION-M spacecraft |url=http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2013/04/soyuz-2-1a-bion-m-spacecraft/ |access-date=20 April 2013 |publisher=NASASpaceFlight.com}}</ref><ref name="zarya">{{Cite web |last=Christy |first=Robert |title=2013 - Launches to Orbit and Beyond |url=http://www.zarya.info/Diaries/Launches/Launches.php?year=2013#015 |access-date=10 May 2013 |website=Zarya |archive-date=22 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022000601/http://www.zarya.info/Diaries/Launches/Launches.php?year=2013#015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Komawa zuwa Duniya ya kasance a ranar 19 ga Mayu 2013 tare da saukowa kusa da Orenburg a Rasha a 03:12 UTC .<ref name="zaryaland">{{Cite web |last=Christy |first=Robert |title=Bion M1 - Return to Earth |url=http://www.zarya.info/blog/?p=1034 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220143846/http://www.zarya.info/blog/?p=1034 |archive-date=20 December 2013 |access-date=19 May 2013 |publisher=Zarya}}</ref> == Bayani na tauraron dan adam == Satellite din yana da kayan aiki daga iyalai biyu na 'yan leken asiri na Soviet. Rukunin saukowa na Bion ya fito ne daga tauraron dan adam na Zenit 2M kuma tauraron dan kasa ya ɗauki wani sashi na kayan aiki da aka kirkira don tauraron dan Adam na Yantar. TsSKB Progress na [[Samara]], Rasha ne ya yi tauraron dan adam.<ref name="zarya"/><ref name="ras"/><ref name="ras2">{{Cite web |title=Space vehicle |url=http://biosputnik.imbp.ru/eng/space.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005082618/http://biosputnik.imbp.ru/eng/space.html |archive-date=5 October 2013 |access-date=10 May 2013 |publisher=Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of Biomedical Problems}}</ref> Jirgin ya kunshi beraye 45 (uku a kowace cage), [[Tsaka|geckos]] 15, gerbils na Mongoliya takwas, kwari, da kifi.<ref name="sfnow"/> An yi niyyar dabbobin su tsira daga dukkan aikin, amma a lokacin da suka sauka an gano cewa duk gerbils, mafi yawan beraye 45, da duk kifayen sun mutu saboda gazawar kayan aiki. Goma sha biyar daga cikin beraye sun mutu lokacin da mai ba da abinci a cikin ɗakin gwaji ya daina aiki. Gidan gerbil ya sha wahala na wucin gadi na wutar lantarki, iska, hasken wuta, da wadatar abinci wanda mai yiwuwa ya haifar da mutuwar su. Daga ƙarshe, duk sauran dabbobi an kashe su don nazarin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pultarova |first=Tereza |date=2013 |title=Crew of Bion M1 Found Dead upon Landing |url=http://www.spacesafetymagazine.com/2013/05/21/crew-bion-m1-dead-landing/ |access-date=2013-10-20 |publisher=Space Safety Magazine}}</ref> Roscosmos ce ta gudanar da aikin Bion-M No.1 amma masana kimiyya daga Amurka, Jamus, Kanada, Poland, Netherlands da sauran ƙasashe suma sun shiga cikin gwaje-gwajen. {| class="wikitable" !Kayan aiki !Lambar da aka aika !Adadin da suka tsira !Dalilin mutuwa <ref name="spaceweb3" /> |- |Mongolian gerbils (''Meriones ungviculatus'') |8 |duk sun mutu |Rashin kayan aiki <ref name="spaceweb3" /> |- |beraye (''Mus Musculus'') (C57black/6) |45 |16 |Rashin samar da abinci (15), damuwa <ref name="spaceweb3" /> |- |[[Tsaka|geckos]] (''Chondrodactylus turneri Gray'') |15 |ya tsira |<ref name="spaceweb3" /> |- |kifi (''[[Mozambique tilapia|Oreochromis mossambicus]]'') | |duk sun mutu |Rashin kayan aiki <ref name="spaceweb3">{{Cite web |last=Zak |first=Anatoly |title=Bion (12KSM) satellite |url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/bion_m_landing.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609050748/http://www.russianspaceweb.com/bion_m_landing.html |archive-date=9 June 2013 |access-date=20 May 2013 |publisher=RussianSpaceWeb.com}}</ref> |- |kwari (''Helix pomatia Linnaeus'') |20 <ref name="spaceweb4">{{Cite web |last=Zak |first=Anatoly |title=Bion (12KSM) satellite |url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/bion_m_science.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613174424/http://www.russianspaceweb.com/bion_m_science.html |archive-date=13 June 2013 |access-date=20 May 2013 |publisher=RussianSpaceWeb.com}}</ref> |ya tsira | |- |wasu, ciki har da microorganisms | |ya tsira | |} == Bincike == [[Fayil:Zenit_space_vehicle.jpg|right|thumb|Misali na motar saukowa ta Zenit.]] Bincike kan dabbobin da aka gano sun nuna fahimtar tasirin tashi sama da sararin samaniya akan jijiyoyin kwakwalwa, kashin baya, kunnen ciki, da kuma hanyoyin kwayoyin halitta. Mataimakin Darakta na Cibiyar Nazarin Lafiya da Halittu ta Rasha Vladimir Sychev ya nuna cewa wasu daga cikin sakamakon na iya taimakawa wajen bayyana dalilin da yasa wasu 'yan sama jannati ke fama da matsalar gani yayin tashi sama da sararin samaniya: "Mun yi tunanin cewa a cikin rashin nauyi, ruwa yana tafiya sama kuma ingancin jini ya inganta, amma ya bayyana cewa akasin haka ne. Jijiyoyin kwakwalwa suna fuskantar tilas kuma ƙarfinsu yana raguwa da kashi 40 cikin ɗari [sic]." Rage kwararar jini na iya zama mabuɗin haifar da rashin haƙuri na orthostatic.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Marwaha |first=Nikita |date=2013 |title=In Focus: Why Spaceflight is Becoming Blurrier over Time |url=http://www.spacesafetymagazine.com/2013/10/21/focus-spaceflight-blurrier-time/ |access-date=2013-10-20 |publisher=Space Safety Magazine}}</ref> == Dubi kuma ==   * 2013 a cikin jirgin sararin samaniya * Tasirin jirgin sararin samaniya akan jikin mutum * Magungunan sararin samaniya == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} 0fxyg4uflf0awxk2gyc9858dftpeut3 0 160008 874209 869682 2026-07-02T09:08:17Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 874209 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chris Okewulonu''' (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga watan Disamba 1960) [[Barrister|lauya]] ne na Najeriya, ɗan siyasa kuma ɗan kasuwa. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata ga [[Chukwuemeka Ihedioha|Emeka Ihedioha]] a matsayin [[Gwamnan jahar imo|Gwamnan Jihar Imo]] daga ranar 3 ga Yunin 2019 zuwa 15 ga Janairun 2020.<ref>https://www.channelstv.com/2019/06/01/imo-governor-ihedioha-appoints-ssg-others/</ref> Shi memba ne na [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Demokradiyya ta Jama'a]]<nowiki/>wato PDP. == Rayuwa ta farko da aiki == An haifi Okewulonu a Amaeke, Avutu, [[Obowo]] a cikin 1960. An kira shi zuwa kotun a shekarar 1986 kuma ya fara aikin lauya tare da kamfanin lauya na Gwamnan Farar hula na farko na Jihar Tsohon Imo, Cif [[Sam Mbakwe]] . Tun daga wannan lokacin ya rike mukamai a [[Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya|Gwamnatin Najeriya]].<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20200926042149/https://www.emekaihedioha.com.ng/okewulonu-hosts-ihedioha-new-media-centre/</ref> kamar zababben memba a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Imo.<ref>https://thenationonlineng.net/ihedioha-appoints-ssg-chief-of-staffothers/</ref>Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Sakatare Janar, Avutu Development Union daga 1988 - 1999. A shekara ta 1999, ya zama mataimakin zartarwa ga gwamnan [[Imo|jihar imo]] kuma a shekara ta 2001, ya zama kwamishinan ayyuka, gidaje da sufuri a jihar Imo.<ref>https://247ureports.com/2019/06/a-glance-at-okewulonu-imos-chief-of-staff-by-kennedy-eweama/</ref><ref>http://www.nigerianewspoint.org/2018/08/20/okigwe-senate-leaders-endorse-okewulonus-aspiration/</ref>.A shekara ta 2004, ya zama Shugaban / Mai Gudanar da Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Heartland<ref>https://allafrica.com/stories/200605180178.html</ref> kuma a shekara ta 2006, an nada shi a matsayin SSG ga gwamnan jihar imo..A shekara ta 2008, Shugaba Goodluck Johnathan ya nada shi Kwamishinan Tarayya, wanda ke wakiltar Hukumar Kula da Haraji ta Kudu maso Gabas.<ref name=":0">https://punchng.com/dont-associate-apc/</ref> A shekara ta 2011 aka nada Okewulonu a matsayin Darakta Janar na Zaben Gwamnan Ikedi Ohakim kuma a shekara ta 2015, an kuma nada shi a matsayin Dakatta Janar-Janar na Kamfen na Gwamnan [[Chukwuemeka Ihedioha]].<ref>http://www.ariseafrika.com/2018/09/the-man-hon-chief-barr-chris-okewulonu.html</ref> A ranar 1 ga watan Yunin 2019, bayan rantsuwar.<ref>https://elombah.com/breaking-ihedioha-sworn-in-as-governor-of-imo-state/{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> na Mai Girma Hon. [[Chukwuemeka Ihedioha]] a matsayin Babban Gwamna na Jihar Imo, Okewulonu na ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda aka nada na farko da za a rantsar da su tare da Chima Nwana don aiki a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata da Mataimakin Shugaban Ma'aikatan bi da bi.<ref>https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/governor-ihedioha-appoints-ssg-chief-of-staff-others.html</ref><ref>https://usafricaonline.com/2019/06/01/usafrica-imo-gov-picks-onyeagucha-as-ssg-okewulonu-as-chief-of-staff/</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]] ttmngw2e6yxuehgzf99lqhny38zrgbp 0 160048 874159 869962 2026-07-02T08:23:34Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 874159 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chinedum Enyinnaya Orji''' (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga watan Disamba 1970).<ref name=":0">https://puoreports.ng/2019/06/10/behold-rt-hon-chinedum-enyinnaya-orji-ikuku-the-new-speaker-of-abia-state-house-of-assembly/</ref> ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne kuma tsohon memba na majalisa wanda ya wakilci mazabar Jihar Umuahia ta Tsakiya . Ya yi aiki a matsayin Kakakin Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Abia na 11 daga 10 Yunin 2019 zuwa 10 Yunin 2023.<ref>https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/182552/orjis-son-emerges-abia-assembly-majority-leader.html/</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20191223204639/https://igbowatch.com/2019/05/29/abia-assembly-twelve-new-abia-lawmakers-endorse-hon-chinedum-orji-for-speakership-position/</ref>An zabe shi gaba daya a matsayin Kakakin Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Abia a ranar 10 ga Yuni 2019 a lokacin Inauguration na 7th Abia State House of Assembly.<ref>https://saharareporters.com/2019/06/11/ex-governor-theodore-orji%E2%80%99s-son-emerges-abia-state-house-assembly-speaker-0</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Chinedum Enyinnaya Orji a ranar 25 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1970, ga dangin Sanata [[Theodore Orji]] da Cif Mrs. Odochi Orji na Amaokwe a ƙauyen Ugba, Ƙungiyar Ugba mai cin gashin kanta a yankin Umuahia ta Arewacin [[Abiya|Jihar Abia, Najeriya]]. Chinedum ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Ugba, Umuahia Ibeku tsakanin 1976 da 1982, daga inda ya ci gaba zuwa makarantar sakandare ta gwamnati, Owerri, tsakanin 1982 da 1987. Ya sami shiga [[Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya Owerri]] inda ya kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko a Injiniyanci a shekarar 1996.<ref name=":0" /> == Ayyuka == Chinedum Enyinnaya Orji memba ne na kungiyar injiniyoyin Najeriya (MNSE), kungiyar laima don sana'ar injiniya a Najeriya.<ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/06/chinedum-orji-legislating-to-touch-lives/</ref> == Ayyukan siyasa == Kafin ya jefa hularsa a cikin zobe na siyasa, Rt Hon Chinedum E. Orji MNSE ya zana wa kansa wani wuri a matsayin mai ba da agaji na musamman wanda ya taɓa rayuwar mutane ta hanyar sa hannu da yawa wanda ya ga aiwatar da ayyukan da kuma ba da gudummawar abubuwa waɗanda suka taɓa rayuwar mutane kai tsaye ta hanyar Direct Touch Initiative wanda kuma ya ga karfafawa ga yawancin Abians musamman matasa da mata ta hanyar samun kyaututtuka da yabo da yawa. Bayan ya ƙaunaci kansa ga mutane, ya zama da sauƙi a gare shi ya fito a matsayin mai ba da doka wanda ke wakiltar mazabar Jihar Umuahia ta Tsakiya a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Abia a babban zaben 2015 kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Mafi rinjaye na Majalisar har zuwa 2019 lokacin da aka sake zabarsa a cikin Majalisar 7. A ranar 10 ga watan Yunin 2019, Chinedum Enyinnaya Orji ya fito a matsayin Kakakin Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Abia ta 7 wanda ya sanya shi dan kasa na uku na Jihar. Shi memba ne na [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Demokradiyya ta Jama'a]].<ref>https://dailypost.ng/2019/06/10/ex-gov-orjis-son-chinedum-emerges-abia-speaker-see-officers/</ref> Orji ya yi takarar Ikwuano / Umuahia North / Umuahiya South Federal Constituency of Abia a zaben 25 ga Fabrairu 2023 amma ya sha kashi a hannun abokin hamayyarsa [[Obi Aguocha]] na [[Nigeria Labour Party|Jam'iyyar Labour]] wanda ya samu kuri'u 48,199 don kayar da Orji wanda ya samu zabe 35,195.<ref>https://gazettengr.com/abia-speaker-loses-reps-seat-to-lp-candidate/</ref> === Takardun kudi da ayyukan === A cikin 2019, Chinedum Orji ya fara gyaran Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Abia. Wannan shine aikinsa na farko a karo na biyu a ofis.<ref>https://igberetvnews.com/965496/abia-speaker-ikuku-leads-lawmakers-tour-ongoing-house-renovation-ahead-resumption-photos/</ref> Orji kuma ya sauƙaƙa watsa shirye-shiryen kai tsaye na zaman Plenary an yaba da shi ta dandamali da yawa na kafofin watsa labarai.<ref>https://puoreports.ng/2022/11/17/abia-state-house-of-assembly-plenary-for-wednesday-16th-november-2022/</ref>.A lokacin jagorancinsa Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Abia ta zartar da Dokar Hukumar Kula da Ayyuka ta Jihar Abya (HAB1 2019) a cikin doka. Dokar Sabis na Majalisar Dokoki ta Jihar Abia ta ba da ikon cin gashin kanta na kudi.<ref>https://dailypost.ng/2019/07/20/abia-lawmakers-pass-bill-set-house-assembly-service-commission/</ref><ref>https://sunnewsonline.com/rt-hon-chinedum-orji-abia-house-speaker-on-threshold-of-history/</ref> A matsayinsa na kakakin Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Abia, ya zartar da kudade sama da 17 wadanda suka hada da Bills kan ikon cin gashin kansa na Majalisar Dokokin Jiha ta Abia, Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Jihar Abya don ayyukan kiwon lafiya na gida kyauta da kuma dokar tsaro ta Jihar abia.<ref>https://newscritic.com.ng/2020/03/03/abia-state-security-fund-bill-passes-first-reading-as-house-adjourns-plenary-till-9th-march/,%20https://newscritic.com.ng/2020/03/03/abia-state-security-fund-bill-passes-first-reading-as-house-adjourns-plenary-till-9th-march/</ref>Dokar Hukumar Karewa ta Jihar Abia ta 2019 an kuma ba da ita ga doka da kuma Dokar Hukumar Tsaro ta Jihar abia, Dokar Asusun Amincewa na Hukumomin Abia, Dokar haramtacciyar Rikicin Jihar Abya da Dokar Shari'a ta 2019, Dokar Hukumar Kasuwanci da Gudanar da Inganci ta Abia ta 2019, da Dokar Asibitin Kwararru na Jihar Abía da Cibiyar Bincike Umuahia ta 2019.<ref>https://sunnewsonline.com/rt-hon-chinedum-orji-abia-house-speaker-on-threshold-of-history/</ref><ref>https://dailypost.ng/2023/05/23/dont-panic-over-heavy-security-at-abia-house-of-assembly-speaker-urges-abians/</ref> === Juyin Juya Halin zuwa Majalisa ta Dukkanin Progressives === Orji ya shiga jam'iyyar da ke mulki a kasa, All Progressives Congress (APC)<ref>https://thesun.ng/ex-abia-speaker-pdp-deputy-governorship-candidate-defect-to-apc/</ref> a cikin 2024 bayan ya yi murabus daga PDP yana mai nuna sauye-sauyen jam'iyyar daga ainihin akidar da aka kafa ta da kuma ayyukan jam'iyyar kafin da bayan babban zaben 2023 wanda "ya kasance mai lahani ga zaman lafiya, ci gaba, da haɗin kai na jam'iyyar, wanda ya haifar da mummunan asarar siyasa"<ref>https://dailypost.ng/2024/05/11/why-i-defected-to-apc-ex-abia-speaker-orji/</ref> A watan Janairun 2026, an nada shi shugaban jihar Abia na The City Boy Movement, wata jam'iyya mai mulki ta kasa, APC da shugaban kasa [[Bola Tinubu]] sun mai da hankali kan tattara goyon bayan jama'a don sake zaben shugaban kasar Tinubu.<ref>https://independent.ng/city-boy-movement-apc-group-hails-appointment-of-ex-abia-speaker-chinedum-orji-as-state-chair/</ref><ref>https://punchng.com/ex-speaker-named-pro-tinubu-apc-group-chair/</ref> == Zarge-zargen cin hanci da rashawa da binciken EFCC == A watan Fabrairun 2020, [[Hukumar Yaƙi da Cin Hanci da Rashawa ta EFCC|Hukumar Kula da Laifukan Tattalin Arziki da Kudi]] ta ba da sanarwar bincike kan Orji, mahaifinsa [[Theodore Orji|Theodore]], da ɗan'uwansa Ogbonna bisa ga takardar da hukumar ta karɓa a shekarar 2017. Takardar neman izinin, wadda kungiyar Fight Corruption: Save Nigeria Group ta gabatar, ta tsara sama da biliyan 500 na kudaden jama'a da ake zargin iyalin Orji suka sace yayin da Theodore ya yi aiki a matsayin Gwamnan Jihar Abia daga 2007 zuwa 2015. Kudin da ake zaton ya kunshi biliyan 383 daga asusun tarayya, biliyan 55 na kudaden shiga, biliyan 2.3 daga kudaden [[SURE-P]], biliyan 1.8 daga kudaden muhalli, rancen [[First Bank (Nijeriya)|Bankin Farko]] biliyan 10.5, rancen Bankar Diamond biliyan 4, maido da Paris Club, rancen gona biliyan 2 ga manoma, da kuma biliyan 55 a cikin kudaden Hukumar Kula da Man Fetur ta Jihar Abia tare da sauran kudaden gwamnati ciki har da asusun Tsaro miliyan 500 kowane wata. Daga baya a watan Fabrairun 2020, an yi wa Theodore da Chinedu Orji tambayoyi yayin da binciken ya gano cewa Chinedu yana da asusun banki 100 daban-daban da za a iya amfani da su don ɓoye kuɗin da aka sace.<ref>https://thisdaylive.com/index.php/2020/02/09/efcc-investigates-theodore-orji-son-for-alleged-diversion-of-n551bn/</ref><ref>https://guardian.ng/news/graft-theodore-orji-may-toe-same-path-as-predecessor/</ref> A ranar 19 ga watan Agustan 2021, an kama Theodore a [[Filin jirgin saman Abuja|Filin jirgin saman Nnamdi Azikiwe]] bayan ya kasa bin ka'idojin da aka sake shi kuma ya rasa fasfo dinsa ga EFCC. Daga baya a wannan rana, Chinedu ya juya kansa kuma an tsare shi.<ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/480123-efcc-arrests-ex-governor-at-airport-detains-him-son.html</ref><ref>https://punchng.com/breaking-efcc-arrests-ex-abia-gov-orji-at-abuja-airport/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/08/breaking-efcc-arrests-ex-gov-theodore-orji/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-06-28 |archive-date=2021-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820164312/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/08/breaking-efcc-arrests-ex-gov-theodore-orji/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Dukansu biyu an yi musu tambayoyi kafin a sake su a kan beli kuma an gaya musu su dawo don yin tambayoyi a nan gaba.<ref>https://www.channelstv.com/2021/08/19/efcc-releases-former-abia-state-governor-theodore-orji/</ref><ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/480206-efcc-releases-detained-ex-governor-on-bail.html</ref> == Kyautar Sabis ta Jaridu ta Sun == A ranar 17 ga Oktoba, Chinedum Enyinnaya Orji ta sami lambar yabo ta The Sun Public Service Award 2020, ta The Sun Publishing Ltd, masu wallafa The Daily Sun Newspapers don taɓawa rayuka.<ref>https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2021/10/09/abia-speaker-chinedum-orji-wins-suns-public-service-award-2020/</ref><ref>https://puoreports.ng/2021/10/17/abia-speaker-honoured-with-the-sun-public-service-award-of-the-year-2020/</ref><ref>https://www.sunnewsonline.com/igbo-youths-lauds-abia-speaker-on-winning-sun-award/</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Chinedum Enyinnaya Orji jarumi ne na Anglican Communion.<ref>https://puoreports.ng/2019/06/22/photos-anglican-bishops-receive-abia-assembly-speaker-chinedum-orji/</ref><ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/06/chinedum-orji-legislating-to-touch-lives//</ref>Orji ya kuma sami zumunci daga kungiyar injiniyoyin Najeriya inda ya kasance memba tun shekara ta 2014.<ref>https://www.myengineers.com.ng/2023/01/24/nigerian-society-of-engineers-to-confer-abia-speaker-chinedum-orji-with-fellowship/</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1970]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 65xows8bcdwk6iega30gcyzxmdwkylo 0 160211 873640 871179 2026-07-01T13:39:01Z Ummeeterh 31568 873640 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>  {| class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%" ! colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(250,250,190)" |Kwayar cutar rabies ta Arctic |- ! colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(250,250,190)" |[[Virus classification|Rarraba kwayar cuta]]<span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;">[[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg|link=Template:Taxonomy/Lyssavirus|15x15px|Edit this classification]]</span> |- | (ba a ba da matsayi ba): |[[Virus|Kwayar cuta]] |- class="taxonrow" |Yankin: |''[[Riboviria]]'' |- class="taxonrow" |Mulkin: |''[[Orthornavirae]]'' |- class="taxonrow" |Fylum: |''[[Negarnaviricota]]'' |- class="taxonrow" |Kwalejin: |''[[Monjiviricetes]]'' |- class="taxonrow" |Umurni: |[[Mononegavirales|''Kwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta'']] |- class="taxonrow" |Iyali: |''[[Rhabdoviridae]]'' |- class="taxonrow" |Halitta: |[[Lyssavirus|''Kwayar cutar Lyssavirus'']] |- class="taxonrow" |Nau'o'in: |<div class="species" style="display:inline">''[[Lyssavirus rabies|Rashin lafiyar Lyssavirus]]''</div> |- |Rashin lafiya: |<div class="strain" style="display:inline">'''Kwayar cutar rabies ta Arctic'''</div> |} <templatestyles src="Template:Taxobox/core/styles.css" /> [[Fayil:Rabies_Virus.jpg|thumb|Misali na kwayar cutar Rabies]] '''Kwayar cutar rabies ta Arctic''' wani nau'in cutar rabies ne na Lyssavirus wanda ke yawo a duk yankunan arctic na Alaska, Kanada, Greenland, da Rasha. Babu wani shari'a a [[Sweden]] ko ƙasar [[Norway]] a cikin shekaru 100. An samo kwayar cutar, duk da haka, a [[Svalbard]]. Babu wani kamuwa da cutar da aka bayar a [[Finland]] tun 1989. Arctic fox shine babban mai masaukin baki. Kwayar cutar [[rabies]] ta Arctic ta kasance cikin iyalin ''Rhabdoviridae'' da jinsin Lyssavirus. Kwayar cutar rabies ta Arctic tana wakiltar ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan nau'ikan rabies guda huɗu, dukansu an nuna su don daidaitawa da runduna daban-daban waɗanda suka haɗa da 'ya'yan itace da kwari masu cin kwari da Arctic fox. == Kwayoyin yaduwar cututtuka == Kwayoyin cutar rabies na Arctic da ke yawo a cikin ƙasashen Arctic suna da alaƙa da ƙwayoyin cutar rabies a [[Indiya]]. Ana kiran kwayar cutar rabies mai kama da arctic na Indiya a matsayin zuriyar Arctic / Arctic (AL). Wannan zuriyar tana da asusun nau'in da ke yawo a kusan dukkanin [[Indiya]]. Yin amfani da nazarin phylogenetic da Hanyoyin Bayesian, ƙwayoyin cuta na Indiya sun fito ne daga kakanni ɗaya a cikin shekaru 40 da suka gabata. Tsarin Arctic-AL ya fito ne a cikin shekaru 200 da suka gabata, lokacin da ya dace da mamayewar [[Kanada]] ta hanyar clade. == Bayyanar asibiti == Lokacin shayarwa ga kwayar cutar rabies ta Arctic ya bambanta daga kwanaki 8 zuwa watanni 6 a cikin Arctic fox. Alamomin da aka lura sun haɗa da karuwar tashin hankali (ciki har da tsagewa da cinyewa), kumfa a baki, da gudu a cikin da'irori.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mørk |first=Torill |last2=Prestrud |first2=Pål |year=2004 |title=Arctic rabies--a review |journal=Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica |volume=45 |issue=1–2 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1186/1751-0147-45-1 |pmc=1820997 |pmid=15535081 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=KONOVALOV GV |last2=KANTOROVICH RA |last3=BUZINOV IA |last4=RIUTOVA VP |year=1965 |title=Experimental Investigations into Rage and Rabies in Polar Foxes, Natural Hosts of the Infection. Ii. An Experimental Morphological Study of Rabies in Polar Foxes |journal=Acta Virologica |volume=9 |pages=235–9 |pmid=14328222}}</ref> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Cite web |title=Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR) - Rhabdoviridae - Genome database with visualization and analysis tools |url=http://www.viprbrc.org/brc/home.do?decorator=rhabdo |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190912070840/https://www.viprbrc.org/brc/home.spg?decorator=rhabdo |archive-date=2019-09-12 |access-date=2013-07-09}} {{Viral diseases}}  [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 34szqiqgiazhffl9jte7gq0wq6cr3qg 0 160276 874254 871946 2026-07-02T09:52:48Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 874254 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Sir Christopher Howard Andrewes''' FRS (7 Yuni 1896 - 31 Disamba 1988) masanin ilimin ƙwayoyin cuta ne na [[Birtaniya]] wanda ya gano Kwayar cutar A ta mutum a 1933.&nbsp; == Ilimi == Dan sanannen masanin ƙwayoyin cuta da likita, Frederick William Andrewes, Christopher Andrewes ya yi karatu a Makarantar Highgate kuma daga baya ya yi karatun likita a Asibitin St Bartholomew . <ref name="munksroll">{{Cite web |title=Sir Christopher Howard Andrewes |url=http://munksroll.rcplondon.ac.uk/Biography/Details/100 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113164723/http://munksroll.rcplondon.ac.uk/Biography/Details/100 |archive-date=13 November 2014 |access-date=13 November 2014 |website=Munk's Roll |publisher=Royal College of Physicians}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=G. |first=M. H. |last2=P. |first2=E. B. |date=January 1997 |title=Sir Frederick Andrewes, 1859 - 1932 |url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbm.1932.0009 |journal=Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=37–44 |doi=10.1098/rsbm.1932.0009 |url-access=subscription |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Ya yi aiki a cikin Royal Navy a matsayin likita a lokacin yakin duniya na farko. A cikin 1927 ya shiga ma'aikatan kimiyya na Cibiyar Nazarin Kiwon Lafiya ta Kasa (NIMR) don taimakawa Patrick Laidlaw wajen bunkasa allurar rigakafin karewa. Wannan ya haifar da bincike kan mura da kuma gano kwayar cutar a cikin 1933 da kuma ci gaban allurar rigakafi. Ya kasance shugaban Sashen NIMR na Bacteriology da Virus Research daga 1939 zuwa 1961, a lokacin da ya kafa Common Cold Research Unit kusa da Salisbury a matsayin sansanin NIMR a 1947 da Cibiyar Influenza ta Duniya a Mill Hill a 1948, wanda ya haifar da cibiyar sadarwa ta duniya ta cibiyoyin hadin gwiwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Christopher Howard Andrewes |url=http://www.historyofnimr.org.uk/biographies-of-nimr-scientists/christopher-howard-andrewes-frs-1896-1988/ |access-date=13 November 2014 |website=NIMR History |archive-date=13 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113172632/http://www.historyofnimr.org.uk/biographies-of-nimr-scientists/christopher-howard-andrewes-frs-1896-1988/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Andrewes ya kasance mataimakin darektan NIMR daga 1952-61 kuma ya yi ritaya a shekarar 1967. Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Society for General Microbiology (yanzu Microbiology Society) daga 1955 zuwa 1957. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Past Presidents |url=https://microbiologysociety.org/why-microbiology-matters/our-history/past-presidents.html |access-date=3 October 2019 |publisher=Microbiological Society}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da girmamawa == * 1939 An zabe shi Fellow na Royal Society <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tyrrell |first=D. A. J. |year=1991 |title=Christopher Howard Andrewes. 7 June 1896-31 December 1987 |journal=[[Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society]] |volume=37 |pages=34–54 |doi=10.1098/rsbm.1991.0002 |s2cid=72664277 |doi-access=free}}</ref> kuma ya kasance a cikin majalisa daga 1945-47. * 1947 An ba da lambar yabo ta Bisset Hawkins ta Royal College of PhysiciansKwalejin Likitoci ta Royal * 1955 An zabe shi zuwa Ƙungiyar Falsafa ta Amirka <ref>{{Cite web |title=APS Member History |url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Christopher+Andrewes&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced |access-date=2023-01-17 |website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref> * 1961 A cikin Sabuwar Shekara ta Girma 1961 an nada shi Knight Bachelor.<ref name="munksroll"/><ref>{{London Gazette|date=27 December 1960}}</ref> * 1964 An zabe shi zuwa Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa ta Amurka <ref>{{Cite web |title=Christopher Andrewes |url=http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/47105.html |access-date=2023-01-17 |website=www.nasonline.org}}</ref> * 1965 Kyautar Marjory Stephenson daga Society for General MicrobiologyKungiyar don Microbiology gaba ɗaya * 1979 Kyautar zinare ta Robert Koch == Rayuwa ta mutum == Andrewes ya auri Kathleen Lamb a 1927 kuma yana da 'ya'ya maza uku, biyu daga cikinsu sun zama likitoci.<ref name="munksroll"/> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1988]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1896]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cm5o7xt6c339a0k13xhg9l879nklozn 0 160510 874255 873223 2026-07-02T09:53:36Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 874255 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Christopher Bram''' (an haife shi a ranar 22 ga Watan Fabrairu, shekarar 1952) marubuci ne na Amurka. == Tarihin rayuwa == Bram ya girma a Virginia Beach, Virginia (a waje da Norfolk), inda ya kasance ɗan jarida kuma Eagle Scout . Ya kammala karatu daga Kwalejin William da Maryamu a 1974 (B.A. a Turanci). Ya koma Birnin New York a shekarar 1978. Littattafansa guda tara sun haɗa da batun daga rayuwar ɗan luwaɗi a cikin shekarun 1970 zuwa aikin mai ba da labari na kiɗa na Victorian zuwa duniyar mutanen wasan kwaikwayo a cikin New York na zamani. Abokin littafinsa Philip Gambone ya rubuta game da aikinsa, "Abin da ya fi ban sha'awa a cikin almara na Bram shine daidaito na tunani da motsin rai wanda ya nuna halayensa ... Littattafansa game da talakawa masu luwadi da ke ƙoƙarin zama masu kyau da kyau a cikin duniyar da ta lalace. Yana mai da hankali kan sau da yawa rikice-rikice na abota, iyali, soyayya da sha'awa; hanyoyin da muke da su koyi zama masu rauni da ɗan adam. Bram ya rubuta labarai da yawa da yawa a cikin Mapping ya haɗa da rubutun (Mapping). Ya kuma rubuta ko kuma ya rubuta rubutun fina-finai da yawa, gami da fina-fukkuna da gajeren labari da abokin aikinsa, Draper Shreeve ya jagoranta.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Christopher Bram - IMDb |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0104161/ |access-date=2016-04-05 |publisher=[[IMDb]]}}</ref> An sanya Bram a matsayin Guggenheim Fellow a shekara ta 2001, kuma an zabi shi da yawa don Lambda Literary Award for Gay Fiction, wanda ya lashe don Lives of the Circus Animals . A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2003, ya sami lambar yabo ta Bill Whitehead don Rayuwa ta Rayuwa daga Publishing Triangle, <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Publishing Triangle Awards |url=http://www.publishingtriangle.org/awards.asp |access-date=2010-04-15 |publisher=[[Publishing Triangle]]}}</ref> kuma a shekarar 2013 littafinsa Eminent Outlaws: The Gay Writers Who Changed America ya lashe lambar yabo ta Randy Shilts. Yana zaune a ƙauyen Greenwich kuma yana koyarwa a Jami'ar New York . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Christopher Bram |url=https://gallatin.nyu.edu/people/faculty/cb145.html |website=NYU Gallatin}}</ref> == Bayanan littattafai == === Littattafai === * ''Abin mamaki da kaina'' (1987) * ''Ku riƙe da hankali'' (1988) * A cikin Tunawa da Angel Clare (1989) * ''Kusan Tarihi'' (1992) * ''Mahaifin Frankenstein'' (1995) * ''Magana'' (1997) * The Sanannen Dr. August: Rayuwarsa ta Gaskiya da Laifuka (2000) * ''Rayuwar Dabbobi na Circus'' (2003) * 'Yan gudun hijira a Amurka (2006) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Weinstein |first=Steve |date=May 17, 2007 |title=News |url=http://www.edgeboston.com/index.php?ch=news&sc=glbt&sc2=news&sc3=&id=20442 |access-date=2010-04-15 |publisher=EDGE Boston |archive-date=2012-03-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313123011/http://www.edgeboston.com/index.php?ch=news&sc=glbt&sc2=news&sc3=&id=20442 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gale - Product Login |url=http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/H1000011412/BIC?u=unlv_main&sid=BIC&xid=22327342. |access-date=2018-10-17 |website=link.galegroup.com}}</ref> === Ba tatsuniyoyi ba === * ''Taswirar Yankin'' (2009) * ''Shahararrun 'yan fashi: Marubutan Gay da suka Canja Amurka'' (2012) * Fasahar Tarihi: Bayyana baya a cikin Fiction da Nonfiction (2016) === Rubuce-rubuce === * "Perry Street, West Greenwich Village" a cikin Hometowns: Gay Men Write About Where They Belong edited by John Preston, 1990 * "Slow Learners" a cikin Boys Like Us: Gay Writers Tell Their Coming Out Stories edited by Patrick Merla, 1996 * "A Queer Monster: Henry James da Tambayar Jima'i" a cikin ''James White Review,'' 2003 * "Delicate Monsters" a cikin I Do, I Don't: Queers on Marriage edited by Greg Wharton and Ian Phillips, 2004 * "Homage to Mr. Jimmy" a cikin Gods and Monsters (sabon fitowar Uba na Frankenstein), 2005 * "Zen na Tolstoy," ''Mujallar Commonweal'', Maris 2016 * "Mista Smith ya tafi sama: Tunawa da Bob Smith," Sessums Magazine, Janairu 2018 * "Pauline a Buggy Whip Factory: Ranarmu tare da Pauline Kael," Sessums Magazine, Fabrairu 2019 * "A Fan's Notes," gabatarwa ga Isherwood a cikin Transit, Jami'ar Minnesota Press, 2020 == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Ƙarin karantawa == ; Tushen tarihi * George Stambolian Papers, 1955-1992 An adana shi a ranar 4 ga Maris, 2016, a (5.8 linear feet) an ajiye su a ɗakin karatu na jama'a na New York. Ya ƙunshi wasiƙa tare da Christopher Bram [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1952]] 3syryolxus9jb7oh2vt8s1eeryia9hs 0 160569 873581 2026-07-01T12:04:43Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357994457|Sami Matoug]]" 873581 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sami Matoug''' (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba 1999) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] ɗan ƙasar Faransa wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] a ƙungiyar US Ivry . == Sana'a == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1999]] a4d1lrtjsgcq0yt8mk6jlystjxh4zif 873582 873581 2026-07-01T12:04:54Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357994457|Sami Matoug]]" 873582 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sami Matoug''' (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba 1999) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] ɗan ƙasar Faransa wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] a ƙungiyar US Ivry . == Sana'a == A ranar 11 ga Yuli, 2019, Matoug ya sanya hannu kan kwantiraginsa na farko na ƙwararru da Paris FC . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Paris |first=Valentin |date=11 July 2019 |title=Sami Matoug, nouveau parisien |url=https://parisfc.fr/equipe-pro/sami-matoug-nouveau-parisien/ |website=Paris FC}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Paris FC a wasan Ligue 2 da Sochaux a ranar 10 ga Janairu, 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sochaux vs. Paris FC - 10 January 2020 - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2020/01/10/france/ligue-2/fc-sochaux-montbeliard/paris-football-club-98/3031206/ |website=Soccerway}}</ref> == Nassoshi == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1999]] 3bldio7zuu52fclmorrcgmunphe3xfa 873583 873582 2026-07-01T12:05:14Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357994457|Sami Matoug]]" 873583 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sami Matoug''' (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba 1999) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] ɗan ƙasar Faransa wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] a ƙungiyar US Ivry . == Sana'a == A ranar 11 ga Yuli, 2019, Matoug ya sanya hannu kan kwantiraginsa na farko na ƙwararru da Paris FC . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Paris |first=Valentin |date=11 July 2019 |title=Sami Matoug, nouveau parisien |url=https://parisfc.fr/equipe-pro/sami-matoug-nouveau-parisien/ |website=Paris FC}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Paris FC a wasan Ligue 2 da Sochaux a ranar 10 ga Janairu, 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sochaux vs. Paris FC - 10 January 2020 - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2020/01/10/france/ligue-2/fc-sochaux-montbeliard/paris-football-club-98/3031206/ |website=Soccerway}}</ref> == Nassoshi ==   * {{Soccerway|sami-matoug/500531}} * Sami Matoug – French league stats at Ligue 1 – also available in French (archived) {{DEFAULTSORT:Matoug, Sami}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1999]] 6sa6valckmtze87hjh2jdpmth3ndfrm 873584 873583 2026-07-01T12:06:11Z Abdurra'uf 23412 gyara 873584 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sami Matoug''' (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba 1999) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] ɗan ƙasar Faransa wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] a ƙungiyar US Ivry . == Sana'a == A ranar 11 ga Yuli, 2019, Matoug ya sanya hannu kan kwantiraginsa na farko na ƙwararru da Paris FC . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Paris |first=Valentin |date=11 July 2019 |title=Sami Matoug, nouveau parisien |url=https://parisfc.fr/equipe-pro/sami-matoug-nouveau-parisien/ |website=Paris FC}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Paris FC a wasan Ligue 2 da Sochaux a ranar 10 ga Janairu, 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sochaux vs. Paris FC - 10 January 2020 - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2020/01/10/france/ligue-2/fc-sochaux-montbeliard/paris-football-club-98/3031206/ |website=Soccerway}}</ref> == Manazarta ==   * {{Soccerway|sami-matoug/500531}} * Sami Matoug – French league stats at Ligue 1 – also available in French (archived) {{DEFAULTSORT:Matoug, Sami}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1999]] 703f60v6tdda98rnniqge2pdbql81tr 0 160570 873586 2026-07-01T12:11:01Z Abdurra'uf 23412 sabon muqala 873586 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Luís Miguel Pinheiro Andrade'''<ref>Luís Miguel Pinheiro Andrade</ref> (an haife shi 27 Maris 1990), wanda aka sani da Luisinho, ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Portugal wanda ke taka leda a matsayin winger na AD Fornos de Algodres. ci7psb06gr8zx4e10i1n1hmtf8ttm39 873587 873586 2026-07-01T12:13:20Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 873587 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Luís Miguel Pinheiro Andrade'''<ref>Luís Miguel Pinheiro Andrade</ref> (an haife shi 27 Maris 1990), wanda aka sani da Luisinho, ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Portugal wanda ke taka leda a matsayin winger na AD Fornos de Algodres. == Aikin kulob == An haife shi a Fornos de Algodres, Guarda District, Luisinho ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa har zuwa shekara 23. Ya koma Académico de Viseu F.C. a watan Disamba na 2010, kuma ya taimaka mata ta haura daga rukuni na huɗu zuwa Segunda Liga a cikin shekaru biyu na farko, inda ya zira kwallaye bakwai a wannan lokacin. Luisinho ya fara buga wasa a matsayin ɗan wasa a ranar 27 ga Yuli 2013, inda ya fara da nasara a gida da Atlético Clube de Portugal a zagaye na farko na Taça da Liga. Wasansa na farko a matakin rukuni na biyu ya faru ne a ranar 10 ga Agusta, yayin da ya shigo a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a rabin lokaci na biyu a rashin nasara da ci 2-0 a hannun Moreirense FC. Luisinho ya fara zuwa gasar Primeira Liga a 2015-16, inda ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu da Boavista F.C. yana da shekaru 25. Ya zira kwallaye a wasansa na farko a gasar, inda ya taimaka aka tashi kunnen doki 2-2 da Vitória de Setúbal. Ya koma rukuni na biyu a kakar wasa mai zuwa, inda aka ba shi aro ga tsohuwar ƙungiyarsa ta Académico Viseu. A ranar 18 ga Yuli, 2017, Luisinho ya amince da yarjejeniyar shekara ɗaya da Académica de Coimbra. Bayan karewar kakar wasa, an shirya canja wurinsa zuwa F.C. Famalicão amma an soke shi jim kaɗan bayan haka; duk da haka, ya ci gaba da zama a rukuni na biyu, yana komawa Académico. Luisinho ya bar Estádio do Fontelo a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2022-23, jimillar wasanni 331 da kwallaye 41 a tsawon wasanni uku. A wannan bazarar, ɗan wasan mai shekaru 33 ya koma ƙungiyar C.D. Tondela ta rukuni na biyu a kan kwangilar shekara ɗaya, amma ya tafi a ranar 6 ga Disamba. 51y1g21zffq4xcy5ll577yriqiucg2f 873588 873587 2026-07-01T12:17:44Z Abdurra'uf 23412 saka manazarta 873588 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Luís Miguel Pinheiro Andrade'''<ref>Luís Miguel Pinheiro Andrade</ref> (an haife shi 27 Maris 1990), wanda aka sani da Luisinho, ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Portugal wanda ke taka leda a matsayin winger na AD Fornos de Algodres.<ref>https://maisfutebol.iol.pt/jogador/luisinho/19374 in Portuguese). Mais Futebol. Retrieved 12 November 2020.</ref> == Aikin kulob == An haife shi a Fornos de Algodres, Guarda District, Luisinho ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa har zuwa shekara 23. Ya koma Académico de Viseu F.C. a watan Disamba na 2010, kuma ya taimaka mata ta haura daga rukuni na huɗu zuwa Segunda Liga a cikin shekaru biyu na farko, inda ya zira kwallaye bakwai a wannan lokacin.<ref>https://maisfutebol.iol.pt/academico-de-viseu-devemos-ser-o-papao-das-subidas</ref><ref>https://sjogadores.pt/?fbclid=IwAR0DZ1brhGXYwWD1B5sWGeb2DdydlzhazYmitshaj5j35dSWBoX1OLkPAA0&id=10094&op=OP_SHOW_DETAIL&pt=news</ref> Luisinho<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20140522195045/http://www.record.xl.pt/Futebol/Nacional/taca_liga/interior.aspx?content_id=835590</ref> ya fara buga wasa a matsayin ɗan wasa a ranar 27 ga Yuli 2013, inda ya fara da nasara a gida da Atlético Clube de Portugal a zagaye na farko na Taça da Liga. Wasansa na farko a matakin rukuni na biyu ya faru ne a ranar 10 ga Agusta, yayin da ya shigo a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a rabin lokaci na biyu a rashin nasara da ci 2-0 a hannun Moreirense FC.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20140522195045/http://www.record.xl.pt/Futebol/Nacional/taca_liga/interior.aspx?content_id=835590</ref> Luisinho ya fara zuwa gasar Primeira Liga a 2015-16, inda ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu da Boavista F.C. yana da shekaru 25. Ya zira kwallaye a wasansa na farko a gasar, inda ya taimaka aka tashi kunnen doki 2-2 da Vitória de Setúbal. Ya koma rukuni na biyu a kakar wasa mai zuwa, inda aka ba shi aro ga tsohuwar ƙungiyarsa ta Académico Viseu.<ref>https://www.ojogo.pt/futebol/1a-liga/boavista/noticias/interior/luisinho-e-douglas-abner-cedidos-ao-academico-5331844.html</ref> A ranar 18 ga Yuli, 2017, Luisinho ya amince da yarjejeniyar shekara ɗaya da Académica de Coimbra. Bayan karewar kakar wasa, an shirya canja wurinsa zuwa F.C. Famalicão amma an soke shi jim kaɗan bayan haka; duk da haka, ya ci gaba da zama a rukuni na biyu, yana komawa Académico.<ref>http://www.academica-oaf.pt/noticias/futebol-profissional/6787-2017-07-18-13-39-17/</ref> Luisinho ya bar Estádio do Fontelo a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2022-23, jimillar wasanni 331 da kwallaye 41 a tsawon wasanni uku. A wannan bazarar, ɗan wasan mai shekaru 33 ya koma ƙungiyar C.D. Tondela ta rukuni na biyu a kan kwangilar shekara ɗaya, amma ya tafi a ranar 6 ga Disamba.<ref>https://www.ojogo.pt/futebol/artigo/luisinho-termina-longa-ligacao-ao-ac-viseu-nem-nos-meus-maiores-sonhos/16681585</ref><ref>https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/futebol-nacional/luisinho-assina-pelo-tondela-ate-2024_d1501509</ref> ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== *{{ForaDeJogo}} *{{Soccerway|luis-miguel-pinheiro-andrade/265118}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Luisinho}} [[Category:1990 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:People from Fornos de Algodres]] [[Category:21st-century Portuguese sportsmen]] [[Category:Portuguese men's footballers]] [[Category:Footballers from Guarda District]] [[Category:Men's association football wingers]] [[Category:Primeira Liga players]] [[Category:Liga Portugal 2 players]] [[Category:Segunda Divisão players]] [[Category:F.C. Pampilhosa players]] [[Category:Académico de Viseu F.C. players]] [[Category:Boavista F.C. players]] [[Category:Académica de Coimbra (football) players]] [[Category:C.D. Tondela players]] == Manazarta == 3mn4j11azudjfw2y5n66gi5q21vg0ti 873596 873588 2026-07-01T12:25:56Z Abdurra'uf 23412 gyara 873596 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Luís Miguel Pinheiro Andrade'''<ref>Luís Miguel Pinheiro Andrade</ref> (an haife shi 27 Maris 1990), wanda aka sani da Luisinho, ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Portugal wanda ke taka leda a matsayin winger na AD Fornos de Algodres.<ref>https://maisfutebol.iol.pt/jogador/luisinho/19374 in Portuguese). Mais Futebol. Retrieved 12 November 2020.</ref> == Aikin kulob == An haife shi a Fornos de Algodres, Guarda District, Luisinho ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa har zuwa shekara 23. Ya koma Académico de Viseu F.C. a watan Disamba na 2010, kuma ya taimaka mata ta haura daga rukuni na huɗu zuwa Segunda Liga a cikin shekaru biyu na farko, inda ya zira kwallaye bakwai a wannan lokacin.<ref>https://maisfutebol.iol.pt/academico-de-viseu-devemos-ser-o-papao-das-subidas</ref><ref>https://sjogadores.pt/?fbclid=IwAR0DZ1brhGXYwWD1B5sWGeb2DdydlzhazYmitshaj5j35dSWBoX1OLkPAA0&id=10094&op=OP_SHOW_DETAIL&pt=news</ref> Luisinho<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20140522195045/http://www.record.xl.pt/Futebol/Nacional/taca_liga/interior.aspx?content_id=835590</ref> ya fara buga wasa a matsayin ɗan wasa a ranar 27 ga Yuli 2013, inda ya fara da nasara a gida da Atlético Clube de Portugal a zagaye na farko na Taça da Liga. Wasansa na farko a matakin rukuni na biyu ya faru ne a ranar 10 ga Agusta, yayin da ya shigo a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a rabin lokaci na biyu a rashin nasara da ci 2-0 a hannun Moreirense FC.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20140522195045/http://www.record.xl.pt/Futebol/Nacional/taca_liga/interior.aspx?content_id=835590</ref> Luisinho ya fara zuwa gasar Primeira Liga a 2015-16, inda ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu da Boavista F.C. yana da shekaru 25. Ya zira kwallaye a wasansa na farko a gasar, inda ya taimaka aka tashi kunnen doki 2-2 da Vitória de Setúbal. Ya koma rukuni na biyu a kakar wasa mai zuwa, inda aka ba shi aro ga tsohuwar ƙungiyarsa ta Académico Viseu.<ref>https://www.ojogo.pt/futebol/1a-liga/boavista/noticias/interior/luisinho-e-douglas-abner-cedidos-ao-academico-5331844.html</ref> A ranar 18 ga Yuli, 2017, Luisinho ya amince da yarjejeniyar shekara ɗaya da Académica de Coimbra. Bayan karewar kakar wasa, an shirya canja wurinsa zuwa F.C. Famalicão amma an soke shi jim kaɗan bayan haka; duk da haka, ya ci gaba da zama a rukuni na biyu, yana komawa Académico.<ref>http://www.academica-oaf.pt/noticias/futebol-profissional/6787-2017-07-18-13-39-17/</ref> Luisinho ya bar Estádio do Fontelo a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2022-23, jimillar wasanni 331 da kwallaye 41 a tsawon wasanni uku. A wannan bazarar, ɗan wasan mai shekaru 33 ya koma ƙungiyar C.D. Tondela ta rukuni na biyu a kan kwangilar shekara ɗaya, amma ya tafi a ranar 6 ga Disamba.<ref>https://www.ojogo.pt/futebol/artigo/luisinho-termina-longa-ligacao-ao-ac-viseu-nem-nos-meus-maiores-sonhos/16681585</ref><ref>https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/futebol-nacional/luisinho-assina-pelo-tondela-ate-2024_d1501509</ref> ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == *{{ForaDeJogo}} *{{Soccerway|luis-miguel-pinheiro-andrade/265118}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Luisinho}} [[Category:1990 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:People from Fornos de Algodres]] [[Category:21st-century Portuguese sportsmen]] [[Category:Portuguese men's footballers]] [[Category:Footballers from Guarda District]] [[Category:Men's association football wingers]] [[Category:Primeira Liga players]] [[Category:Liga Portugal 2 players]] [[Category:Segunda Divisão players]] [[Category:F.C. Pampilhosa players]] [[Category:Académico de Viseu F.C. players]] [[Category:Boavista F.C. players]] [[Category:Académica de Coimbra (football) players]] [[Category:C.D. Tondela players]] == Manazarta == f04k0dgytfy3g9paasp22vcjwlxtii9 0 160571 873648 2026-07-01T13:53:26Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345346745|James Iroha]]" 873648 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cif James Akwari Iroha''' ( [[Order of the Niger|OON]] ) (12 Oktoba 1942 - 28 Fabrairu 2012) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma marubucin rubutun Najeriya. <ref name=":2" /> An fi saninsa da '''Giringory''', [[Sunayen Ranaku|sunan]] da ya samu daga rawar da ya taka '''Giringory Akabuogu''' a cikin shirin barkwanci na talabijin mai suna New Masquerade, wanda ya ƙirƙira. '''Cif James Akwari Iroha''' ( [[Order of the Niger|OON]] ) (12 Oktoba 1942 - 28 Fabrairu 2012) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma marubucin rubutun Najeriya. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Channels Tv |date=February 28, 2012 |title=James Iroha, a.k.a. Gringory, dies at 69 |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2012/02/28/james-iroha-a-k-a-gringory-dies-at-69/ |website=channelstv}}</ref> An fi saninsa da '''Giringory''', [[Sunayen Ranaku|sunan]] da ya samu daga rawar da ya taka '''Giringory Akabuogu''' a cikin shirin barkwanci na talabijin mai suna New Masquerade, wanda ya ƙirƙira. == Rayuwar Farko Da Ilimi == An haifi James a ranar 12 ga Oktoba, 1942. Ya fito daga Amaba, Amokwe Item a ƙaramar hukumar Bende ta [[Abiya|jihar Abia]], kasancewarsa ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yan marigayi Mazi Akwari Iroha. Ya yi karatunsa na farko a Bukuru, jihar Plateau, arewacin Najeriya, sannan ya kammala karatun sakandare a jihar Cross River. Daga baya ya halarci [[jami'ar Ibadan]] don karatunsa na gaba da sakandare inda ya yi karatun Fasahar Wasan Kwaikwayo a shekarar 1966. <ref>{{Cite web |title=THE PASSAGE OF GRINGORY |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/84706/the-passage-of-gringory.html |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=Nigerian Voice}}</ref> == Sana'a == Aikin James Iroha ya fara ne a shekarar 1967 a Hukumar Yaɗa Labarai ta Gabashin Najeriya (ENBS) da ke [[Enugu (birni)|Enugu]], inda ya fara a matsayin mai shirya shirye-shiryen talabijin. Bayan lokaci, ya samu ci gaba har ya zama Daraktan Talabijin da Mataimakin Babban Manaja. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Chioma |first=Nelda |date=2012-05-05 |title=PROUDLY ABIAN: LATE JAMES IROHA (AKA GRINGORY) GOES HOME |url=https://abiapost.blogspot.com/2012/05/late-james-iroha-aka-gringory-goes-home.html |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=PROUDLY ABIAN}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Matattun 2012]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1942]] k4rnuu923w9re7vxnz21m0wyizq3w0y 873649 873648 2026-07-01T13:53:49Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345346745|James Iroha]]" 873649 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cif James Akwari Iroha''' ( [[Order of the Niger|OON]] ) (12 Oktoba 1942 - 28 Fabrairu 2012) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma marubucin rubutun Najeriya. <ref name=":2" /> An fi saninsa da '''Giringory''', [[Sunayen Ranaku|sunan]] da ya samu daga rawar da ya taka '''Giringory Akabuogu''' a cikin shirin barkwanci na talabijin mai suna New Masquerade, wanda ya ƙirƙira. '''Cif James Akwari Iroha''' ( [[Order of the Niger|OON]] ) (12 Oktoba 1942 - 28 Fabrairu 2012) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma marubucin rubutun Najeriya. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Channels Tv |date=February 28, 2012 |title=James Iroha, a.k.a. Gringory, dies at 69 |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2012/02/28/james-iroha-a-k-a-gringory-dies-at-69/ |website=channelstv}}</ref> An fi saninsa da '''Giringory''', [[Sunayen Ranaku|sunan]] da ya samu daga rawar da ya taka '''Giringory Akabuogu''' a cikin shirin barkwanci na talabijin mai suna New Masquerade, wanda ya ƙirƙira. == Rayuwar Farko Da Ilimi == An haifi James a ranar 12 ga Oktoba, 1942. Ya fito daga Amaba, Amokwe Item a ƙaramar hukumar Bende ta [[Abiya|jihar Abia]], kasancewarsa ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yan marigayi Mazi Akwari Iroha. Ya yi karatunsa na farko a Bukuru, jihar Plateau, arewacin Najeriya, sannan ya kammala karatun sakandare a jihar Cross River. Daga baya ya halarci [[jami'ar Ibadan]] don karatunsa na gaba da sakandare inda ya yi karatun Fasahar Wasan Kwaikwayo a shekarar 1966. <ref>{{Cite web |title=THE PASSAGE OF GRINGORY |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/84706/the-passage-of-gringory.html |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=Nigerian Voice}}</ref> == Sana'a == Aikin James Iroha ya fara ne a shekarar 1967 a Hukumar Yaɗa Labarai ta Gabashin Najeriya (ENBS) da ke [[Enugu (birni)|Enugu]], inda ya fara a matsayin mai shirya shirye-shiryen talabijin. Bayan lokaci, ya samu ci gaba har ya zama Daraktan Talabijin da Mataimakin Babban Manaja. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Chioma |first=Nelda |date=2012-05-05 |title=PROUDLY ABIAN: LATE JAMES IROHA (AKA GRINGORY) GOES HOME |url=https://abiapost.blogspot.com/2012/05/late-james-iroha-aka-gringory-goes-home.html |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=PROUDLY ABIAN}}</ref> Tafiyarsa zuwa duniyar nishaɗi ta fara ne bayan [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin Biafra]] . Da yake ƙasar tana cikin mawuyacin hali, ya ji nauyin da ke kansa na dawo da farin ciki da dariya ga mutane. Wannan hangen nesa ya haifar da "The Masquerade," wani wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin mai barkwanci wanda da farko ya fara a matsayin wasan kwaikwayo na dandamali tare da masu sauraro kai tsaye. Yayin da shahararsa ke ƙaruwa, "The Masquerade" ya koma rediyo kuma daga ƙarshe ya koma talabijin a matsayin shirin abun ciki na gida. Daga nan ya koma [[Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya|Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya (NTA)]], inda aka sake masa suna zuwa " The New Masquerade ". <ref>{{Cite web |title=THE PASSAGE OF GRINGORY |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/84706/the-passage-of-gringory.html |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=Nigerian Voice}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Chioma |first=Nelda |date=2012-05-05 |title=PROUDLY ABIAN: LATE JAMES IROHA (AKA GRINGORY) GOES HOME |url=https://abiapost.blogspot.com/2012/05/late-james-iroha-aka-gringory-goes-home.html |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=PROUDLY ABIAN}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFChioma2012">Chioma, Nelda (2012-05-05). [https://abiapost.blogspot.com/2012/05/late-james-iroha-aka-gringory-goes-home.html "PROUDLY ABIAN: LATE JAMES IROHA (AKA GRINGORY) GOES HOME"]. ''PROUDLY ABIAN''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-14</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Rayuwar mutum da mutuwa == James ya yi aure, yana da ‘ya’ya biyar, wato: Chimela Iroha, James Iroha Uchechukwu, Ugonma Iroha, Kelechi Iroha, da Akwari Iroha. Ya rasu a Onitsha a ranar 28 ga Fabrairu, 2012, inda yake karbar magani kan [[Glaucoma|cutar glaucoma]], wata cuta da ya shafe shekaru yana fama da ita cikin jarumtaka. Ɗansa, Akwari, ya raba wannan labarin mai ban tausayi ta hanyar wani rubutu a shafinsa na Facebook. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-08-21 |title=New Masquerade creator James Iroha (Giringori) goes blind |url=https://m.lindaikejisblog.com/2011/08/new-masquerade-creator-james-iroha.html.html |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=Linda Ikeji's Blog |language=en}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Matattun 2012]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1942]] r53o4hvdmkvdodmm4qdft5aa0t6kx95 873650 873649 2026-07-01T13:54:09Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345346745|James Iroha]]" 873650 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cif James Akwari Iroha''' ( [[Order of the Niger|OON]] ) (12 Oktoba 1942 - 28 Fabrairu 2012) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma marubucin rubutun Najeriya. <ref name=":2" /> An fi saninsa da '''Giringory''', [[Sunayen Ranaku|sunan]] da ya samu daga rawar da ya taka '''Giringory Akabuogu''' a cikin shirin barkwanci na talabijin mai suna New Masquerade, wanda ya ƙirƙira. '''Cif James Akwari Iroha''' ( [[Order of the Niger|OON]] ) (12 Oktoba 1942 - 28 Fabrairu 2012) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma marubucin rubutun Najeriya. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Channels Tv |date=February 28, 2012 |title=James Iroha, a.k.a. Gringory, dies at 69 |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2012/02/28/james-iroha-a-k-a-gringory-dies-at-69/ |website=channelstv}}</ref> An fi saninsa da '''Giringory''', [[Sunayen Ranaku|sunan]] da ya samu daga rawar da ya taka '''Giringory Akabuogu''' a cikin shirin barkwanci na talabijin mai suna New Masquerade, wanda ya ƙirƙira. == Rayuwar Farko Da Ilimi == An haifi James a ranar 12 ga Oktoba, 1942. Ya fito daga Amaba, Amokwe Item a ƙaramar hukumar Bende ta [[Abiya|jihar Abia]], kasancewarsa ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yan marigayi Mazi Akwari Iroha. Ya yi karatunsa na farko a Bukuru, jihar Plateau, arewacin Najeriya, sannan ya kammala karatun sakandare a jihar Cross River. Daga baya ya halarci [[jami'ar Ibadan]] don karatunsa na gaba da sakandare inda ya yi karatun Fasahar Wasan Kwaikwayo a shekarar 1966. <ref>{{Cite web |title=THE PASSAGE OF GRINGORY |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/84706/the-passage-of-gringory.html |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=Nigerian Voice}}</ref> == Sana'a == Aikin James Iroha ya fara ne a shekarar 1967 a Hukumar Yaɗa Labarai ta Gabashin Najeriya (ENBS) da ke [[Enugu (birni)|Enugu]], inda ya fara a matsayin mai shirya shirye-shiryen talabijin. Bayan lokaci, ya samu ci gaba har ya zama Daraktan Talabijin da Mataimakin Babban Manaja. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Chioma |first=Nelda |date=2012-05-05 |title=PROUDLY ABIAN: LATE JAMES IROHA (AKA GRINGORY) GOES HOME |url=https://abiapost.blogspot.com/2012/05/late-james-iroha-aka-gringory-goes-home.html |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=PROUDLY ABIAN}}</ref> Tafiyarsa zuwa duniyar nishaɗi ta fara ne bayan [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin Biafra]] . Da yake ƙasar tana cikin mawuyacin hali, ya ji nauyin da ke kansa na dawo da farin ciki da dariya ga mutane. Wannan hangen nesa ya haifar da "The Masquerade," wani wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin mai barkwanci wanda da farko ya fara a matsayin wasan kwaikwayo na dandamali tare da masu sauraro kai tsaye. Yayin da shahararsa ke ƙaruwa, "The Masquerade" ya koma rediyo kuma daga ƙarshe ya koma talabijin a matsayin shirin abun ciki na gida. Daga nan ya koma [[Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya|Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya (NTA)]], inda aka sake masa suna zuwa " The New Masquerade ". <ref>{{Cite web |title=THE PASSAGE OF GRINGORY |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/84706/the-passage-of-gringory.html |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=Nigerian Voice}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Chioma |first=Nelda |date=2012-05-05 |title=PROUDLY ABIAN: LATE JAMES IROHA (AKA GRINGORY) GOES HOME |url=https://abiapost.blogspot.com/2012/05/late-james-iroha-aka-gringory-goes-home.html |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=PROUDLY ABIAN}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFChioma2012">Chioma, Nelda (2012-05-05). [https://abiapost.blogspot.com/2012/05/late-james-iroha-aka-gringory-goes-home.html "PROUDLY ABIAN: LATE JAMES IROHA (AKA GRINGORY) GOES HOME"]. ''PROUDLY ABIAN''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-14</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Rayuwar mutum da mutuwa == James ya yi aure, yana da ‘ya’ya biyar, wato: Chimela Iroha, James Iroha Uchechukwu, Ugonma Iroha, Kelechi Iroha, da Akwari Iroha. Ya rasu a Onitsha a ranar 28 ga Fabrairu, 2012, inda yake karbar magani kan [[Glaucoma|cutar glaucoma]], wata cuta da ya shafe shekaru yana fama da ita cikin jarumtaka. Ɗansa, Akwari, ya raba wannan labarin mai ban tausayi ta hanyar wani rubutu a shafinsa na Facebook. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-08-21 |title=New Masquerade creator James Iroha (Giringori) goes blind |url=https://m.lindaikejisblog.com/2011/08/new-masquerade-creator-james-iroha.html.html |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=Linda Ikeji's Blog |language=en}}</ref> == Daraja == * A shekarar 1981, a zamanin mulkin Shugaba [[Shehu Shagari]], an ba shi lambar yabo ta Jami'in Umarnin Nijar (OON). * A shekarar 2017, an karrama shi da lambar yabo ta Rock of Fame bayan rasuwarsa a bikin fina-finai na ZUMA (ZUFF) da ke Abuja. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-12-04 |title=ZUFF 2017 : Sam Loco-Efe, ‘Giringory’, others honoured with Rock of Fame Awards |url=https://nta.ng/2017/12/04/zuff-2017-sam-loco-efe-giringory-lamoji-ugoji-others-honoured-with-rock-of-fame-awards/ |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=Nigerian Television Authority - Africa's Largest TV Network |language=en-US}}</ref> == Fim ɗin fim == * Osuofia and the Wise Men 2 (2008) * Osuofia and the Wise Men (2008) * [[Nneka the Pretty Serpent (fim 1994)|Nneka Macijin Kyakkyawa]] (1994) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tv |first=Bn |date=2020-02-01 |title=Our #BNMovieFeature is a Throwback Vibe! WATCH 1992 Nollywood Classic “Nneka The Pretty Serpent” |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/02/bn-movie-feature/ |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=James Iroha {{!}} Actor |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm4131706/ |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=IMDb |language=en-US}}</ref> === Talabijin === * Sabon Abin Tausayi == Nassoshi == [[Rukuni:Matattun 2012]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1942]] 7qbynfhup9czoq6n49n8nc9o5svivxf 873652 873650 2026-07-01T13:56:17Z Abdurra'uf 23412 gyara 873652 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cif James Akwari Iroha''' ( [[Order of the Niger|OON]] ) (12 Oktoba 1942 - 28 Fabrairu 2012) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma marubucin rubutun Najeriya. <ref name=":2" /> An fi saninsa da '''Giringory''', [[Sunayen Ranaku|sunan]] da ya samu daga rawar da ya taka '''Giringory Akabuogu''' a cikin shirin barkwanci na talabijin mai suna New Masquerade, wanda ya ƙirƙira. '''Cif James Akwari Iroha''' ( [[Order of the Niger|OON]] ) (12 Oktoba 1942 - 28 Fabrairu 2012) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma marubucin rubutun Najeriya. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Channels Tv |date=February 28, 2012 |title=James Iroha, a.k.a. Gringory, dies at 69 |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2012/02/28/james-iroha-a-k-a-gringory-dies-at-69/ |website=channelstv}}</ref> An fi saninsa da '''Giringory''', [[Sunayen Ranaku|sunan]] da ya samu daga rawar da ya taka '''Giringory Akabuogu''' a cikin shirin barkwanci na talabijin mai suna New Masquerade, wanda ya ƙirƙira. == Rayuwar Farko Da Ilimi == An haifi James a ranar 12 ga Oktoba, 1942. Ya fito daga Amaba, Amokwe Item a ƙaramar hukumar Bende ta [[Abiya|jihar Abia]], kasancewarsa ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yan marigayi Mazi Akwari Iroha. Ya yi karatunsa na farko a Bukuru, jihar Plateau, arewacin Najeriya, sannan ya kammala karatun sakandare a jihar Cross River. Daga baya ya halarci [[jami'ar Ibadan]] don karatunsa na gaba da sakandare inda ya yi karatun Fasahar Wasan Kwaikwayo a shekarar 1966. <ref>{{Cite web |title=THE PASSAGE OF GRINGORY |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/84706/the-passage-of-gringory.html |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=Nigerian Voice}}</ref> == Sana'a == Aikin James Iroha ya fara ne a shekarar 1967 a Hukumar Yaɗa Labarai ta Gabashin Najeriya (ENBS) da ke [[Enugu (birni)|Enugu]], inda ya fara a matsayin mai shirya shirye-shiryen talabijin. Bayan lokaci, ya samu ci gaba har ya zama Daraktan Talabijin da Mataimakin Babban Manaja. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Chioma |first=Nelda |date=2012-05-05 |title=PROUDLY ABIAN: LATE JAMES IROHA (AKA GRINGORY) GOES HOME |url=https://abiapost.blogspot.com/2012/05/late-james-iroha-aka-gringory-goes-home.html |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=PROUDLY ABIAN}}</ref> Tafiyarsa zuwa duniyar nishaɗi ta fara ne bayan [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin Biafra]] . Da yake ƙasar tana cikin mawuyacin hali, ya ji nauyin da ke kansa na dawo da farin ciki da dariya ga mutane. Wannan hangen nesa ya haifar da "The Masquerade," wani wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin mai barkwanci wanda da farko ya fara a matsayin wasan kwaikwayo na dandamali tare da masu sauraro kai tsaye. Yayin da shahararsa ke ƙaruwa, "The Masquerade" ya koma rediyo kuma daga ƙarshe ya koma talabijin a matsayin shirin abun ciki na gida. Daga nan ya koma [[Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya|Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya (NTA)]], inda aka sake masa suna zuwa " The New Masquerade ". <ref>{{Cite web |title=THE PASSAGE OF GRINGORY |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/84706/the-passage-of-gringory.html |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=Nigerian Voice}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Chioma |first=Nelda |date=2012-05-05 |title=PROUDLY ABIAN: LATE JAMES IROHA (AKA GRINGORY) GOES HOME |url=https://abiapost.blogspot.com/2012/05/late-james-iroha-aka-gringory-goes-home.html |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=PROUDLY ABIAN}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFChioma2012">Chioma, Nelda (2012-05-05). [https://abiapost.blogspot.com/2012/05/late-james-iroha-aka-gringory-goes-home.html "PROUDLY ABIAN: LATE JAMES IROHA (AKA GRINGORY) GOES HOME"]. ''PROUDLY ABIAN''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-14</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Rayuwar mutum da mutuwa == James ya yi aure, yana da ‘ya’ya biyar, wato: Chimela Iroha, James Iroha Uchechukwu, Ugonma Iroha, Kelechi Iroha, da Akwari Iroha. Ya rasu a Onitsha a ranar 28 ga Fabrairu, 2012, inda yake karbar magani kan [[Glaucoma|cutar glaucoma]], wata cuta da ya shafe shekaru yana fama da ita cikin jarumtaka. Ɗansa, Akwari, ya raba wannan labarin mai ban tausayi ta hanyar wani rubutu a shafinsa na Facebook. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-08-21 |title=New Masquerade creator James Iroha (Giringori) goes blind |url=https://m.lindaikejisblog.com/2011/08/new-masquerade-creator-james-iroha.html.html |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=Linda Ikeji's Blog |language=en}}</ref> == Daraja == * A shekarar 1981, a zamanin mulkin Shugaba [[Shehu Shagari]], an ba shi lambar yabo ta Jami'in Umarnin Nijar (OON). * A shekarar 2017, an karrama shi da lambar yabo ta Rock of Fame bayan rasuwarsa a bikin fina-finai na ZUMA (ZUFF) da ke Abuja. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-12-04 |title=ZUFF 2017 : Sam Loco-Efe, ‘Giringory’, others honoured with Rock of Fame Awards |url=https://nta.ng/2017/12/04/zuff-2017-sam-loco-efe-giringory-lamoji-ugoji-others-honoured-with-rock-of-fame-awards/ |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=Nigerian Television Authority - Africa's Largest TV Network |language=en-US}}</ref> == Fim ɗin fim == * Osuofia and the Wise Men 2 (2008) * Osuofia and the Wise Men (2008) * [[Nneka the Pretty Serpent (fim 1994)|Nneka Macijin Kyakkyawa]] (1994) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tv |first=Bn |date=2020-02-01 |title=Our #BNMovieFeature is a Throwback Vibe! WATCH 1992 Nollywood Classic “Nneka The Pretty Serpent” |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/02/bn-movie-feature/ |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=James Iroha {{!}} Actor |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm4131706/ |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=IMDb |language=en-US}}</ref> === Talabijin === * Sabon Abin Tausayi == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Matattun 2012]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1942]] prf6solqdbanskul7l9h1rfoujgdfjq 0 160572 873654 2026-07-01T14:02:35Z Abdurra'uf 23412 sabon muqala 873654 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Pracinostat''' (SB939) wani maganin hana ƙwayoyin cuta ne da ake samu ta baki, wanda aka yi shi da sinadarin hydroxamic acid, wanda ke da tasirin hana ƙari, wanda ke da alaƙa da kyawawan halayen sinadarai, magunguna, da kuma magungunan pharmacokinetic. dfr8rxpwrovble6rftc7idso26po9c3 873655 873654 2026-07-01T14:04:32Z Abdurra'uf 23412 saka sashe 873655 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Pracinostat''' (SB939) wani maganin hana ƙwayoyin cuta ne da ake samu ta baki, wanda aka yi shi da sinadarin hydroxamic acid, wanda ke da tasirin hana ƙari, wanda ke da alaƙa da kyawawan halayen sinadarai, magunguna, da kuma magungunan pharmacokinetic. == Aiki == 3tyib5p0yq7bn0qbt6vmjkur0yr71ee 873657 873655 2026-07-01T14:13:35Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 873657 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Pracinostat''' (SB939) wani maganin hana ƙwayoyin cuta ne da ake samu ta baki, wanda aka yi shi da sinadarin hydroxamic acid, wanda ke da tasirin hana ƙari, wanda ke da alaƙa da kyawawan halayen sinadarai, magunguna, da kuma magungunan pharmacokinetic. == Aiki == Pracinostat yana hana HDAC ajin I, II, IV ba tare da aji na III da HDAC6 a aji na IIb ba, amma ba shi da wani tasiri ga sauran enzymes, masu karɓa, da tashoshin ion masu ɗaure Zn. Yana taruwa a cikin ƙwayoyin ciwon daji kuma yana ci gaba da hana histone deacetylase, wanda ke haifar da tarin histones acetylated, sake fasalin chromatin, kwafi na kwayoyin halittar da ke hana ciwon daji, da kuma ƙarshe, apoptosis na ƙwayoyin ciwon daji. == Clinical medication == Nazarin asibiti ya nuna cewa pracinostat yana da mafi kyawun kaddarorin pharmacokinetic idan aka kwatanta da sauran masu hana HDAC na baki. A watan Maris na 2014, pracinostat ya ba da maganin marayu don maganin cutar sankarar bargo ta myelocytic mai tsanani (AML) da kuma maganin cutar sankarar bargo ta T-cell ta Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna. duwf2wmltg0gbuyy0iec2tpmblgg7yi 873658 873657 2026-07-01T14:14:49Z Abdurra'uf 23412 saka sashe 873658 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Pracinostat''' (SB939) wani maganin hana ƙwayoyin cuta ne da ake samu ta baki, wanda aka yi shi da sinadarin hydroxamic acid, wanda ke da tasirin hana ƙari, wanda ke da alaƙa da kyawawan halayen sinadarai, magunguna, da kuma magungunan pharmacokinetic. == Aiki == Pracinostat yana hana HDAC ajin I, II, IV ba tare da aji na III da HDAC6 a aji na IIb ba, amma ba shi da wani tasiri ga sauran enzymes, masu karɓa, da tashoshin ion masu ɗaure Zn. Yana taruwa a cikin ƙwayoyin ciwon daji kuma yana ci gaba da hana histone deacetylase, wanda ke haifar da tarin histones acetylated, sake fasalin chromatin, kwafi na kwayoyin halittar da ke hana ciwon daji, da kuma ƙarshe, apoptosis na ƙwayoyin ciwon daji. == Clinical medication == Nazarin asibiti ya nuna cewa pracinostat yana da mafi kyawun kaddarorin pharmacokinetic idan aka kwatanta da sauran masu hana HDAC na baki. A watan Maris na 2014, pracinostat ya ba da maganin marayu don maganin cutar sankarar bargo ta myelocytic mai tsanani (AML) da kuma maganin cutar sankarar bargo ta T-cell ta Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna. == Manazarta == p0w02cu9b320we9v2gs2cjs6sbdx45u 873661 873658 2026-07-01T14:17:11Z Abdurra'uf 23412 saka manazarta 873661 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Pracinostat''' (SB939) wani maganin hana ƙwayoyin cuta ne da ake samu ta baki, wanda aka yi shi da sinadarin hydroxamic acid, wanda ke da tasirin hana ƙari, wanda ke da alaƙa da kyawawan halayen sinadarai, magunguna, da kuma magungunan pharmacokinetic.<ref>http://www.selleckchem.com/products/SB939.html</ref> == Aiki == Pracinostat yana hana HDAC ajin I, II, IV ba tare da aji na III da HDAC6 a aji na IIb ba, amma ba shi da wani tasiri ga sauran enzymes, masu karɓa, da tashoshin ion masu ɗaure Zn. Yana taruwa a cikin ƙwayoyin ciwon daji kuma yana ci gaba da hana histone deacetylase, wanda ke haifar da tarin histones acetylated, sake fasalin chromatin, kwafi na kwayoyin halittar da ke hana ciwon daji, da kuma ƙarshe, apoptosis na ƙwayoyin ciwon daji.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3366067</ref> == Clinical medication == Nazarin asibiti ya nuna cewa pracinostat yana da mafi kyawun kaddarorin pharmacokinetic idan aka kwatanta da sauran masu hana HDAC na baki. A watan Maris na 2014, pracinostat ya ba da maganin marayu don maganin cutar sankarar bargo ta myelocytic mai tsanani (AML) da kuma maganin cutar sankarar bargo ta T-cell ta Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna.<ref>https://doi.org/10.1158%2F1535-7163.MCT-09-0689</ref> == Manazarta == pwwl0fhbhzrpcw2n11knuj0649cmhn1 0 160573 873671 2026-07-01T15:05:12Z Jidda3711 14843 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345530242|Dominic Ukpong]]" 873671 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>  '''Dominic Ukpong''' ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin kwamishinan lafiya a [[Akwa Ibom|jihar Akwa Ibom]]. [[Udom Gabriel Emmanuel|Gwamna Udom Emmanuel]] ne ya naɗa shi. A shekarar 2019, Gwamna Udom Emmanuel ya naɗa shi a matsayin mai ba da shawara na musamman. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gov. Udom Re-Appoints Akpabio's Relative As Commissioner |url=https://igberetvnews.com/797691/gov-udom-re-appoints-akpabios-relative-as-commissioner/}}</ref> An sake naɗa Ukpong a matsayin mai ba da shawara na musamman kan harkokin lafiya bayan an sake masa wurin aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan Lafiya a watan Agusta na shekarar 2020. == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] oay1glpgv46goum6zyf0lrejza595zp 873672 873671 2026-07-01T15:07:13Z Jidda3711 14843 Saka databox 873672 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Dominic Ukpong''' ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin kwamishinan lafiya a [[Akwa Ibom|jihar Akwa Ibom]]. [[Udom Gabriel Emmanuel|Gwamna Udom Emmanuel]] ne ya naɗa shi. A shekarar 2019, Gwamna Udom Emmanuel ya naɗa shi a matsayin mai ba da shawara na musamman. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gov. Udom Re-Appoints Akpabio's Relative As Commissioner |url=https://igberetvnews.com/797691/gov-udom-re-appoints-akpabios-relative-as-commissioner/}}</ref> An sake naɗa Ukpong a matsayin mai ba da shawara na musamman kan harkokin lafiya bayan an sake masa wurin aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan Lafiya a watan Agusta na shekarar 2020. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] mo592ai3qwr70vvdxf8lk0c4m4d9mm9 873673 873672 2026-07-01T15:14:44Z Jidda3711 14843 Saka Manazarta 873673 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Dominic Ukpong''' ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin kwamishinan lafiya a [[Akwa Ibom|jihar Akwa Ibom]]. [[Udom Gabriel Emmanuel|Gwamna Udom Emmanuel]] ne ya naɗa shi.<ref>https://thenationonlineng.net/collapsed-church-building-akwa-ibom-spends-n300m-on-victims/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nation_(Nigeria) Lagos, Nigeria. February 15, 2018. Retrieved 2025-11-23.</ref> A shekarar 2019, Gwamna Udom Emmanuel ya naɗa shi a matsayin mai ba da shawara na musamman. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gov. Udom Re-Appoints Akpabio's Relative As Commissioner |url=https://igberetvnews.com/797691/gov-udom-re-appoints-akpabios-relative-as-commissioner/}}</ref> An sake naɗa Ukpong a matsayin mai ba da shawara na musamman kan harkokin lafiya bayan an sake masa wurin aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan Lafiya a watan Agusta na shekarar 2020. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] sxcqc1f9sjiqfnh15yhc4i1pqo0dzz1 873674 873673 2026-07-01T15:18:59Z Jidda3711 14843 Saka Manazarta 873674 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Dominic Ukpong''' ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin kwamishinan lafiya a [[Akwa Ibom|jihar Akwa Ibom]]. [[Udom Gabriel Emmanuel|Gwamna Udom Emmanuel]] ne ya naɗa shi.<ref>Onuegbu, Chioma (December 8, 2015). https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/12/907-aibom-health-sch-students-use-only-3-toilets/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanguard_(Nigeria) Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 2025-11-23.</ref><ref>https://thenationonlineng.net/collapsed-church-building-akwa-ibom-spends-n300m-on-victims/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nation_(Nigeria) Lagos, Nigeria. February 15, 2018. Retrieved 2025-11-23.</ref> A shekarar 2019, Gwamna Udom Emmanuel ya naɗa shi a matsayin mai ba da shawara na musamman. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gov. Udom Re-Appoints Akpabio's Relative As Commissioner |url=https://igberetvnews.com/797691/gov-udom-re-appoints-akpabios-relative-as-commissioner/}}</ref> An sake naɗa Ukpong a matsayin mai ba da shawara na musamman kan harkokin lafiya bayan an sake masa wurin aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan Lafiya a watan Agusta na shekarar 2020. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] bibju2xzdi92ovs4ecvs3o9jofk5izk 0 160574 873710 2026-07-01T16:47:09Z Young ibskeed 46263 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1332522360|Latent homosexuality]]" 873710 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Luwaɗi a ɓoye''' sha'awa ce ta sha'awa ga ma'aurata masu jinsi ɗaya wadda ba a san ko kuma aka bayyana ta a fili ba. Wannan na iya nufin ɓoye sha'awa ko yuwuwar sha'awar dangantaka da [[Jima'in jinsi|luwaɗi]], wadda ko dai an danne ta ko ba a gane ta ba, kuma ba a bincika ta ba tukuna, ko kuma ba za a taɓa bincika ta ba. [[Sigmund Freud]] ne ya fara gabatar da kalmar. Wasu suna jayayya cewa luwaɗi a ɓoye yana iya haifar da iatrogenic (wato, ba ya nan har sai mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali ya ba da shawara). Wasu kuma suna jayayya cewa kalmar a ɓoye ba ta da amfani sosai a yanayin sha'awar luwaɗi, tunda galibi ba sa cikin rukunin da ba a sani ba ko kuma waɗanda ba a bayyana ba, amma suna wanzuwa a cikin tunanin da aka sani kuma ana danne su a matakin sani. == Alamomi ga masu kyamar 'yan luwadi == An gabatar da wata ka'ida cewa kin jinin 'yan luwadi sakamakon luwadi ne da ba a san shi ba a ƙarshen ƙarni na 20. An gudanar da wani bincike a Jami'ar Georgia a shekarar 1996 daga Henry Adams, Lester Wright Jr., da Bethany Lohr <ref name="homophobiastudy">{{Cite journal |last=Adams |first=HE |last2=Wright Jr |first2=LW |last3=Lohr |first3=BA |year=1996 |title=Is homophobia associated with homosexual arousal? |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/files/u47/Henry_et_al.pdf |journal=Journal of Abnormal Psychology |volume=105 |issue=3 |pages=440–5 |doi=10.1037/0021-843X.105.3.440 |pmid=8772014}}</ref> game da wannan ka'idar. An gudanar da binciken a kan maza 64 masu jinsi ɗaya, 35 daga cikinsu sun nuna halaye na kin jinin 'yan luwadi, 29 kuma ba su yi ba. An sanya su cikin ƙungiyoyi bisa ga sakamakonsu bisa ga Index of Like of Liberation of Liwadi (WW Hudson & WA Ricketts, 1980). Ƙungiyoyin ba su bambanta ba a fannin ta'addanci. <ref name="homophobiastudy" /> An gudanar da gwaje-gwaje uku ta amfani da [[Fasahar ƙuƙwalwa|gwajin azzakari na penile plethysmography]] . Duk da cewa babu wani bambanci a martanin da aka mayar lokacin da mazan suka fuskanci batsa na maza da mata, akwai babban bambanci a martanin da aka mayar lokacin da mazan suka fuskanci batsa na maza masu luwaɗi. Masu binciken sun ruwaito cewa kashi 24% na mazan da ba sa nuna wariya ga 'yan luwadi sun nuna wani mataki na nuna wariya ga bidiyon mazan da ke nuna wariya ga 'yan luwadi, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 54% na mutanen da suka sami maki mafi girma a ma'aunin nuna wariya ga 'yan luwadi. Bugu da ƙari, kashi 66% na ƙungiyar da ba sa nuna wariya ga 'yan luwadi ba ta nuna wani ƙaruwa mai yawa a cikin nuna wariya bayan wannan bidiyon ba, amma kashi 20% ne kawai na mazan da ke nuna wariya ga 'yan luwadi ba su nuna wani abin sha'awa ba. Bugu da ƙari, lokacin da mahalarta suka kimanta matakin sha'awarsu ta jima'i daga baya, mazan da ke nuna wariya ga 'yan luwadi sun yi watsi da matakin sha'awarsu ta hanyar bidiyon mazan da ke nuna wariya ga 'yan luwadi. Sakamakon wannan binciken ya nuna cewa mutanen da suka yi sakaci a cikin yanayin ƙiyayya ga 'yan luwaɗi kuma suka yarda cewa suna da mummunan tasiri ga luwaɗi suna nuna sha'awar jima'i ga abubuwan da ke motsa sha'awar maza ga 'yan luwaɗi. Akwai yiwuwar bayani a cikin ka'idoji daban-daban na nazarin halayyar ɗan adam, waɗanda gabaɗaya suka bayyana ƙin jinin ɗan luwaɗi a matsayin barazana ga sha'awar ɗan luwaɗi da mutum ke yi wanda ke haifar da dannewa, ƙin yarda, ko kuma samar da martani (ko duka ukun; West, 1977). Gabaɗaya, waɗannan bayanai daban-daban suna ɗaukar ƙin jinin ɗan luwaɗi a matsayin wani nau'in luwaɗi na ɓoye inda mutane ko dai ba su san ko kuma sun musanta sha'awar ɗan luwaɗi ba. <ref name="homophobiastudy">{{Cite journal |last=Adams |first=HE |last2=Wright Jr |first2=LW |last3=Lohr |first3=BA |year=1996 |title=Is homophobia associated with homosexual arousal? |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/files/u47/Henry_et_al.pdf |journal=Journal of Abnormal Psychology |volume=105 |issue=3 |pages=440–5 |doi=10.1037/0021-843X.105.3.440 |pmid=8772014}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdamsWright_JrLohr1996">Adams, HE; Wright Jr, LW; Lohr, BA (1996). [https://www.psychologytoday.com/files/u47/Henry_et_al.pdf "Is homophobia associated with homosexual arousal?"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Journal of Abnormal Psychology''. '''105''' (3): <span class="nowrap">440–</span>5. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1037/0021-843X.105.3.440|10.1037/0021-843X.105.3.440]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8772014 8772014].</cite></ref> Wani bayani game da waɗannan bayanai an same shi a cikin ka'idar Barlow, Sakheim, da Beck (1983) game da rawar da damuwa da kulawa ke takawa wajen amsawar jima'i. Yana yiwuwa kallon abubuwan da ke motsa sha'awar luwaɗi yana haifar da mummunan motsin rai kamar damuwa ga maza masu ƙiyayya ga 'yan luwaɗi amma ba ga mazan da ba sa ƙiyayya da 'yan luwaɗi ba. Saboda an nuna cewa damuwa tana ƙara sha'awa da miƙewa, wannan ka'idar za ta annabta ƙaruwar miƙewa ga maza masu ƙiyayya da 'yan luwaɗi. <ref name="homophobiastudy">{{Cite journal |last=Adams |first=HE |last2=Wright Jr |first2=LW |last3=Lohr |first3=BA |year=1996 |title=Is homophobia associated with homosexual arousal? |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/files/u47/Henry_et_al.pdf |journal=Journal of Abnormal Psychology |volume=105 |issue=3 |pages=440–5 |doi=10.1037/0021-843X.105.3.440 |pmid=8772014}}</ref> Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2013 bai gano wata alaƙa tsakanin ƙin jinin 'yan luwaɗi da kuma sha'awar jinsi ɗaya ba. Sha'awar jinsi ɗaya tana da alaƙa da kimantawa mai kyau na maza da 'yan madigo a tsakanin mata da suka shiga. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=MacInnis |first=Cara C. |last2=Hodson |first2=Gordon |year=2013 |title=Is homophobia associated with an implicit same-sex attraction? |journal=J Sex Res |volume=50 |issue=8 |pages=777–785 |doi=10.1080/00224499.2012.690111 |pmid=22989040 |s2cid=205442892}}</ref> == Hanyoyin haɗi zuwa muhalli == Luwaɗi na yanayi na iya faruwa ne sakamakon fallasa ga yanayin jinsi ɗaya, kamar makarantar jinsi ɗaya, gidan yari, ko aikin soja. <ref>{{Cite book|editor-first2=Forman}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Situational Homosexuality |url=http://glbtqarchive.com/ssh/situational_homosexuality_S.pdf}}</ref> == A cikin almara == A cikin littafin [[Sarki Amis|Kingsley Amis]] na shekarar 1966 mai ''suna The Anti-Death League'', an gabatar da babban jarumin yayin da yake adawa da maganin da aka yi wa luwaɗi da aka danne - wanda likita ya yi imanin cewa ya yi - duk da cewa mutumin yana luwaɗi a fili. A cikin fim ɗin ''American Beauty'' na shekarar 1999, an nuna halin da Colonel Fitts ( Chris Cooper ) yake ciki a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi. A cikin fim ɗin, Fitts ya yi maganganu da dama waɗanda suka yi kama da na ɗan luwaɗi kuma suna ƙin 'yan luwaɗi, kuma hakan ya dame Kanar ɗin cewa ɗansa Ricky yana iya zama ɗan luwaɗi. Duk da haka, a ƙarshen fim ɗin, an bayyana cewa Fitts yana da sha'awar jima'i ga maza lokacin da ya kusanci maƙwabcinsa Lester Burnham ( Kevin Spacey ) ya sumbace shi, amma Lester ya ƙi Col.&nbsp;Fitts, kuma wannan yana wulaƙanta shi ƙwarai. <ref>{{Cite web |title=American Beauty |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0169547/?ref_=fn_tt_tt_1 |website=IMDb.com |series=film title}}</ref> An yi amfani da luwaɗi a ɓoye a cikin wani barkwanci mai yawan faruwa a cikin shirin talabijin mai suna Frasier da Arrested Development. ''Arrested Development'' – Likitan tabin hankali Tobias Fünke (wanda [[David Cross]] ya taka rawarsa), wanda ke gano marasa lafiya a matsayin 'ɗan luwaɗi', ba shi da masaniya game da alamun luwaɗin da ke ɓoye. == Duba kuma == * Bi-curious – Person who is attracted to experiencing bisexuality * Closeted – LGBTQ people who have not disclosed their sexual orientation or gender identity * Coming out – Process of revealing one's sexual orientation or other attributes * Denial – Assertion that a statement is false * G0y – Men who are attracted to men but don't identify as gay or bisexual * Gay-for-pay – Gay sex work performed by heterosexual people * Heteroflexible – Mostly heterosexual orientation with some homosexual attractionPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets * Kinsey scale – Scale for measuring sexual orientation * Outing – Disclosing an LGBTQ person's identity without their consent * Prehomosexual – Field of sexual orientation researchPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets * Psychological repression – Unconscious defense mechanismPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets * Same-sex attraction – Attraction between people of the same sex or genderPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] q509huol08p217djlz93wdcpeywcnyg 873712 873710 2026-07-01T16:48:35Z Young ibskeed 46263 873712 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Luwaɗi a ɓoye''' sha'awa ce ta sha'awa ga ma'aurata masu jinsi ɗaya wadda ba a san ko kuma aka bayyana ta a fili ba. Wannan na iya nufin ɓoye sha'awa ko yuwuwar sha'awar dangantaka da [[Jima'in jinsi|luwaɗi]], wadda ko dai an danne ta ko ba a gane ta ba, kuma ba a bincika ta ba tukuna, ko kuma ba za a taɓa bincika ta ba. [[Sigmund Freud]] ne ya fara gabatar da kalmar. Wasu suna jayayya cewa luwaɗi a ɓoye yana iya haifar da iatrogenic (wato, ba ya nan har sai mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali ya ba da shawara). Wasu kuma suna jayayya cewa kalmar a ɓoye ba ta da amfani sosai a yanayin sha'awar luwaɗi, tunda galibi ba sa cikin rukunin da ba a sani ba ko kuma waɗanda ba a bayyana ba, amma suna wanzuwa a cikin tunanin da aka sani kuma ana danne su a matakin sani. == Alamomi ga masu kyamar 'yan luwadi == An gabatar da wata ka'ida cewa kin jinin 'yan luwadi sakamakon luwadi ne da ba a san shi ba a ƙarshen ƙarni na 20. An gudanar da wani bincike a Jami'ar Georgia a shekarar 1996 daga Henry Adams, Lester Wright Jr., da Bethany Lohr <ref name="homophobiastudy">{{Cite journal |last=Adams |first=HE |last2=Wright Jr |first2=LW |last3=Lohr |first3=BA |year=1996 |title=Is homophobia associated with homosexual arousal? |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/files/u47/Henry_et_al.pdf |journal=Journal of Abnormal Psychology |volume=105 |issue=3 |pages=440–5 |doi=10.1037/0021-843X.105.3.440 |pmid=8772014}}</ref> game da wannan ka'idar. An gudanar da binciken a kan maza 64 masu jinsi ɗaya, 35 daga cikinsu sun nuna halaye na kin jinin 'yan luwadi, 29 kuma ba su yi ba. An sanya su cikin ƙungiyoyi bisa ga sakamakonsu bisa ga Index of Like of Liberation of Liwadi (WW Hudson & WA Ricketts, 1980). Ƙungiyoyin ba su bambanta ba a fannin ta'addanci. <ref name="homophobiastudy" /> An gudanar da gwaje-gwaje uku ta amfani da [[Fasahar ƙuƙwalwa|gwajin azzakari na penile plethysmography]] . Duk da cewa babu wani bambanci a martanin da aka mayar lokacin da mazan suka fuskanci batsa na maza da mata, akwai babban bambanci a martanin da aka mayar lokacin da mazan suka fuskanci batsa na maza masu luwaɗi. Masu binciken sun ruwaito cewa kashi 24% na mazan da ba sa nuna wariya ga 'yan luwadi sun nuna wani mataki na nuna wariya ga bidiyon mazan da ke nuna wariya ga 'yan luwadi, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 54% na mutanen da suka sami maki mafi girma a ma'aunin nuna wariya ga 'yan luwadi. Bugu da ƙari, kashi 66% na ƙungiyar da ba sa nuna wariya ga 'yan luwadi ba ta nuna wani ƙaruwa mai yawa a cikin nuna wariya bayan wannan bidiyon ba, amma kashi 20% ne kawai na mazan da ke nuna wariya ga 'yan luwadi ba su nuna wani abin sha'awa ba. Bugu da ƙari, lokacin da mahalarta suka kimanta matakin sha'awarsu ta jima'i daga baya, mazan da ke nuna wariya ga 'yan luwadi sun yi watsi da matakin sha'awarsu ta hanyar bidiyon mazan da ke nuna wariya ga 'yan luwadi. Sakamakon wannan binciken ya nuna cewa mutanen da suka yi sakaci a cikin yanayin ƙiyayya ga 'yan luwaɗi kuma suka yarda cewa suna da mummunan tasiri ga luwaɗi suna nuna sha'awar jima'i ga abubuwan da ke motsa sha'awar maza ga 'yan luwaɗi. Akwai yiwuwar bayani a cikin ka'idoji daban-daban na nazarin halayyar ɗan adam, waɗanda gabaɗaya suka bayyana ƙin jinin ɗan luwaɗi a matsayin barazana ga sha'awar ɗan luwaɗi da mutum ke yi wanda ke haifar da dannewa, ƙin yarda, ko kuma samar da martani (ko duka ukun; West, 1977). Gabaɗaya, waɗannan bayanai daban-daban suna ɗaukar ƙin jinin ɗan luwaɗi a matsayin wani nau'in luwaɗi na ɓoye inda mutane ko dai ba su san ko kuma sun musanta sha'awar ɗan luwaɗi ba. <ref name="homophobiastudy">{{Cite journal |last=Adams |first=HE |last2=Wright Jr |first2=LW |last3=Lohr |first3=BA |year=1996 |title=Is homophobia associated with homosexual arousal? |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/files/u47/Henry_et_al.pdf |journal=Journal of Abnormal Psychology |volume=105 |issue=3 |pages=440–5 |doi=10.1037/0021-843X.105.3.440 |pmid=8772014}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdamsWright_JrLohr1996">Adams, HE; Wright Jr, LW; Lohr, BA (1996). [https://www.psychologytoday.com/files/u47/Henry_et_al.pdf "Is homophobia associated with homosexual arousal?"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Journal of Abnormal Psychology''. '''105''' (3): <span class="nowrap">440–</span>5. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1037/0021-843X.105.3.440|10.1037/0021-843X.105.3.440]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8772014 8772014].</cite></ref> Wani bayani game da waɗannan bayanai an same shi a cikin ka'idar Barlow, Sakheim, da Beck (1983) game da rawar da damuwa da kulawa ke takawa wajen amsawar jima'i. Yana yiwuwa kallon abubuwan da ke motsa sha'awar luwaɗi yana haifar da mummunan motsin rai kamar damuwa ga maza masu ƙiyayya ga 'yan luwaɗi amma ba ga mazan da ba sa ƙiyayya da 'yan luwaɗi ba. Saboda an nuna cewa damuwa tana ƙara sha'awa da miƙewa, wannan ka'idar za ta annabta ƙaruwar miƙewa ga maza masu ƙiyayya da 'yan luwaɗi. <ref name="homophobiastudy">{{Cite journal |last=Adams |first=HE |last2=Wright Jr |first2=LW |last3=Lohr |first3=BA |year=1996 |title=Is homophobia associated with homosexual arousal? |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/files/u47/Henry_et_al.pdf |journal=Journal of Abnormal Psychology |volume=105 |issue=3 |pages=440–5 |doi=10.1037/0021-843X.105.3.440 |pmid=8772014}}</ref> Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2013 bai gano wata alaƙa tsakanin ƙin jinin 'yan luwaɗi da kuma sha'awar jinsi ɗaya ba. Sha'awar jinsi ɗaya tana da alaƙa da kimantawa mai kyau na maza da 'yan madigo a tsakanin mata da suka shiga. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=MacInnis |first=Cara C. |last2=Hodson |first2=Gordon |year=2013 |title=Is homophobia associated with an implicit same-sex attraction? |journal=J Sex Res |volume=50 |issue=8 |pages=777–785 |doi=10.1080/00224499.2012.690111 |pmid=22989040 |s2cid=205442892}}</ref> == Hanyoyin haɗi zuwa muhalli == Luwaɗi na yanayi na iya faruwa ne sakamakon fallasa ga yanayin jinsi ɗaya, kamar makarantar jinsi ɗaya, gidan yari, ko aikin soja. <ref>{{Cite book|editor-first2=Forman}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Situational Homosexuality |url=http://glbtqarchive.com/ssh/situational_homosexuality_S.pdf}}</ref> == A cikin almara == A cikin littafin [[Sarki Amis|Kingsley Amis]] na shekarar 1966 mai ''suna The Anti-Death League'', an gabatar da babban jarumin yayin da yake adawa da maganin da aka yi wa luwaɗi da aka danne - wanda likita ya yi imanin cewa ya yi - duk da cewa mutumin yana luwaɗi a fili. A cikin fim ɗin ''American Beauty'' na shekarar 1999, an nuna halin da Colonel Fitts ( Chris Cooper ) yake ciki a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi. A cikin fim ɗin, Fitts ya yi maganganu da dama waɗanda suka yi kama da na ɗan luwaɗi kuma suna ƙin 'yan luwaɗi, kuma hakan ya dame Kanar ɗin cewa ɗansa Ricky yana iya zama ɗan luwaɗi. Duk da haka, a ƙarshen fim ɗin, an bayyana cewa Fitts yana da sha'awar jima'i ga maza lokacin da ya kusanci maƙwabcinsa Lester Burnham ( Kevin Spacey ) ya sumbace shi, amma Lester ya ƙi Col.&nbsp;Fitts, kuma wannan yana wulaƙanta shi ƙwarai. <ref>{{Cite web |title=American Beauty |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0169547/?ref_=fn_tt_tt_1 |website=IMDb.com |series=film title}}</ref> An yi amfani da luwaɗi a ɓoye a cikin wani barkwanci mai yawan faruwa a cikin shirin talabijin mai suna Frasier da Arrested Development. ''Arrested Development'' – Likitan tabin hankali Tobias Fünke (wanda [[David Cross]] ya taka rawarsa), wanda ke gano marasa lafiya a matsayin 'ɗan luwaɗi', ba shi da masaniya game da alamun luwaɗin da ke ɓoye. == Duba kuma == * Bi-curious – Person who is attracted to experiencing bisexuality * Closeted – LGBTQ people who have not disclosed their sexual orientation or gender identity * Coming out – Process of revealing one's sexual orientation or other attributes * Denial – Assertion that a statement is false * G0y – Men who are attracted to men but don't identify as gay or bisexual * Gay-for-pay – Gay sex work performed by heterosexual people * Heteroflexible – Mostly heterosexual orientation with some homosexual attractionPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets * Kinsey scale – Scale for measuring sexual orientation * Outing – Disclosing an LGBTQ person's identity without their consent * Prehomosexual – Field of sexual orientation researchPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets * Psychological repression – Unconscious defense mechanismPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets * Same-sex attraction – Attraction between people of the same sex or genderPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] r1rzs89zf34pl5t7sepib8g90lmdenk 0 160575 873741 2026-07-01T18:31:02Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360158735|Dormaa Ahenkro]]" 873741 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dormaa Ahenkro''' gari ne kuma babban birnin yankin gargajiya na Dormaa. Dormaa Municipal ta [[yankin Bono]], a Ghana. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=12 April 2024 |title=Dormaa District |url=http://www.dormaa.ghanadistricts.gov.gh/?arrow=dnf&_=35&r=10&rlv=towns |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054308/http://www.dormaa.ghanadistricts.gov.gh/?arrow=dnf&_=35&r=10&rlv=towns |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=12 April 2024 |website=dormaa.ghanadistricts.gov.gh}}</ref> Dormaa Ahenkro tana da tarihi na tunawa da jaruman mayaƙansu. Dormaa Ahenkro ita ce babban birnin yankin gargajiya na Dormaa kuma tana aiki a matsayin wurin zama na Sarki Oseadeeyo Nana Agyeman Badu na II . A halin yanzu Dorma ta kasu gida uku; Dormaa Municipal Dormaa Ahenkro a matsayin babban birninta, [[Dormaa West]] District <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nkrankwanta - Brong-Ahafo Map, Weather and Photos - Ghana: populated place - Lat:7.01944 and Long:-3.04333 |url=https://www.getamap.net/maps/ghana/ghana_(general)/_nkrankwanta/ |website=www.getamap.net}}</ref> Nkrankwanta a matsayin babban birninta <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana: Administrative Division (Regions and Districts) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/php/ghana-admin.php?adm2id=0724}}</ref> da Dormaa East District Wamfie a matsayin babban birninta. == Yanayin ƙasa == === Wuri === Karamar hukumar tana yammacin yankin Bono. A Arewa tana iyaka da gundumar Jaman South, a gabas kuma tana iyaka da gundumar Dormaa East, a kudu da kudu maso gabas kuma tana iyaka da gundumomin Asunafo da Asutifi, a yamma da kudu maso yamma kuma tana iyaka da [[Dormaa West]], a yamma kuma tana iyaka da [[Ivory Coast]] . Ita ce babban birnin ƙaramar hukumar kuma tana da nisan kilomita 80 a yamma da babban birnin yankin, [[Sunyani]], sannan kuma tana da nisan kilomita 46.3 daga [[Berekum]]. == Kiwon Lafiya == [[Asibiti|Asibitin]] gundumar "Asibitin Presbyterian na Dormaa" wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1955 yana cikin Dormaa Ahenkro.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=12 April 2024 |title=Dormaa District |url=http://www.dormaa.ghanadistricts.gov.gh/?arrow=dnf&_=35&r=10&rlv=towns |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054308/http://www.dormaa.ghanadistricts.gov.gh/?arrow=dnf&_=35&r=10&rlv=towns |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=12 April 2024 |website=dormaa.ghanadistricts.gov.gh}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.dormaa.ghanadistricts.gov.gh/?arrow=dnf&_=35&r=10&rlv=towns "Dormaa District"]. </cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-28 |title=Dormaa Presbyterian Hospital Receives Support from Ghana Community in Belgium {{!}} News Ghana |url=https://newsghana.com.gh/dormaa-presbyterian-hospital-receives-support-from-ghana-community-in-belgium/ |access-date=2024-04-12 |website=News Ghana |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana Community in Belgium donates to Dormaa Presbyterian Hospital |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Ghana-Community-in-Belgium-donates-to-Dormaa-Presbyterian-Hospital-733674?gallery=1 |access-date=2024-04-12 |website=GhanaWeb |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=OWUSU-ANSAH |first=FRANCIS |date=2022-07-08 |title=Minister of Health donates to Dormaa Presbyterian Hospital |url=https://thechronicle.com.gh/minister-of-health-donates-to-dormaa-presbyterian-hospital/ |access-date=2024-04-12 |website=The Ghanaian Chronicle |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ilimi == Babban makarantar sakandare ta sakandare a yankin ita ce Makarantar Sakandare ta Dormaa. <ref name="Dormaa Senior High School">{{Cite web |title=Dormaa Senior High School (ADIKANFO) |url=https://www.vconnect.com/ghana/dormaa-senior-high-school-adikanfo-dormaa_municipal-brong_ahafo_b12533 |access-date=2024-02-29}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-31 |title=Rail Robotics Club commissioned in Dormaa Senior High School - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/rail-robotics-club-commissioned-in-dormaa-senior-high-school/ |access-date=2024-04-12 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2022-10-06 |title=Adutwum lauds academic performance of Dormaa SHS |url=https://thechronicle.com.gh/adutwum-lauds-academic-performance-of-dormaa-shs/ |access-date=2024-04-12 |website=The Ghanaian Chronicle |language=en-GB}}</ref> Akwai cibiyar horar da fasaha da aka sani da Cibiyar Horar da Sana'o'i ta Dormaa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2004 |title=Dormaa to benefit from STEP programme |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/47352/dormaa-to-benefit-from-step-programme.html |access-date=12 April 2024 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Japan to the aid of Dormaa centre |url=https://www.businessghana.com/ |access-date=2024-04-12 |website=BusinessGhana}}</ref> [[Jami'ar Makamashi da albarkatun kasa|Jami'ar Makamashi da Albarkatun Ƙasa]] (harabar Dormaa)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-10-19 |title=UENR Dormaa Campus admits fresh students {{!}} News Ghana |url=https://newsghana.com.gh/uenr-dormaa-campus-admits-fresh-students/ |access-date=2024-04-12 |website=News Ghana |language=en-US}}</ref> da Cibiyar Ungozoma da Kula da Jinya ta Presbyterian suma suna cikin Dormaa Ahenkro.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dormaa Presbyterian Midwifery Training School admits 78 students |url=https://www.businessghana.com/ |access-date=2024-04-12 |website=BusinessGhana}}</ref> == Filayen wasa da wasanni == === Wasanni === Ƙungiyoyin wasanni na ƙwararru da ke Dormaa Ahenkro sun haɗa da: * Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Aduana == Manazarta == mc50hsoli3no8zy8p8dzvlgiz92k0hi 873742 873741 2026-07-01T18:32:16Z Nnamadee 31123 873742 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dormaa Ahenkro''' gari ne kuma babban birnin yankin gargajiya na Dormaa. Dormaa Municipal ta [[yankin Bono]], a Ghana.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=12 April 2024 |title=Dormaa District |url=http://www.dormaa.ghanadistricts.gov.gh/?arrow=dnf&_=35&r=10&rlv=towns |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054308/http://www.dormaa.ghanadistricts.gov.gh/?arrow=dnf&_=35&r=10&rlv=towns |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=12 April 2024 |website=dormaa.ghanadistricts.gov.gh}}</ref> Dormaa Ahenkro tana da tarihi na tunawa da jaruman mayaƙansu. Dormaa Ahenkro ita ce babban birnin yankin gargajiya na Dormaa kuma tana aiki a matsayin wurin zama na Sarki Oseadeeyo Nana Agyeman Badu na II. A halin yanzu Dorma ta kasu gida uku; Dormaa Municipal Dormaa Ahenkro a matsayin babban birninta, [[Dormaa West]] District<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nkrankwanta - Brong-Ahafo Map, Weather and Photos - Ghana: populated place - Lat:7.01944 and Long:-3.04333 |url=https://www.getamap.net/maps/ghana/ghana_(general)/_nkrankwanta/ |website=www.getamap.net}}</ref> Nkrankwanta a matsayin babban birninta <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana: Administrative Division (Regions and Districts) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/php/ghana-admin.php?adm2id=0724}}</ref> da Dormaa East District Wamfie a matsayin babban birninta. == Yanayin ƙasa == === Wuri === Karamar hukumar tana yammacin yankin Bono. A Arewa tana iyaka da gundumar Jaman South, a gabas kuma tana iyaka da gundumar Dormaa East, a kudu da kudu maso gabas kuma tana iyaka da gundumomin Asunafo da Asutifi, a yamma da kudu maso yamma kuma tana iyaka da [[Dormaa West]], a yamma kuma tana iyaka da [[Ivory Coast]] . Ita ce babban birnin ƙaramar hukumar kuma tana da nisan kilomita 80 a yamma da babban birnin yankin, [[Sunyani]], sannan kuma tana da nisan kilomita 46.3 daga [[Berekum]]. == Kiwon Lafiya == [[Asibiti|Asibitin]] gundumar "Asibitin Presbyterian na Dormaa" wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1955 yana cikin Dormaa Ahenkro.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=12 April 2024 |title=Dormaa District |url=http://www.dormaa.ghanadistricts.gov.gh/?arrow=dnf&_=35&r=10&rlv=towns |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054308/http://www.dormaa.ghanadistricts.gov.gh/?arrow=dnf&_=35&r=10&rlv=towns |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=12 April 2024 |website=dormaa.ghanadistricts.gov.gh}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.dormaa.ghanadistricts.gov.gh/?arrow=dnf&_=35&r=10&rlv=towns "Dormaa District"]. </cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-28 |title=Dormaa Presbyterian Hospital Receives Support from Ghana Community in Belgium {{!}} News Ghana |url=https://newsghana.com.gh/dormaa-presbyterian-hospital-receives-support-from-ghana-community-in-belgium/ |access-date=2024-04-12 |website=News Ghana |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana Community in Belgium donates to Dormaa Presbyterian Hospital |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Ghana-Community-in-Belgium-donates-to-Dormaa-Presbyterian-Hospital-733674?gallery=1 |access-date=2024-04-12 |website=GhanaWeb |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=OWUSU-ANSAH |first=FRANCIS |date=2022-07-08 |title=Minister of Health donates to Dormaa Presbyterian Hospital |url=https://thechronicle.com.gh/minister-of-health-donates-to-dormaa-presbyterian-hospital/ |access-date=2024-04-12 |website=The Ghanaian Chronicle |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ilimi == Babban makarantar sakandare ta sakandare a yankin ita ce Makarantar Sakandare ta Dormaa. <ref name="Dormaa Senior High School">{{Cite web |title=Dormaa Senior High School (ADIKANFO) |url=https://www.vconnect.com/ghana/dormaa-senior-high-school-adikanfo-dormaa_municipal-brong_ahafo_b12533 |access-date=2024-02-29}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-31 |title=Rail Robotics Club commissioned in Dormaa Senior High School - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/rail-robotics-club-commissioned-in-dormaa-senior-high-school/ |access-date=2024-04-12 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2022-10-06 |title=Adutwum lauds academic performance of Dormaa SHS |url=https://thechronicle.com.gh/adutwum-lauds-academic-performance-of-dormaa-shs/ |access-date=2024-04-12 |website=The Ghanaian Chronicle |language=en-GB}}</ref> Akwai cibiyar horar da fasaha da aka sani da Cibiyar Horar da Sana'o'i ta Dormaa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2004 |title=Dormaa to benefit from STEP programme |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/47352/dormaa-to-benefit-from-step-programme.html |access-date=12 April 2024 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Japan to the aid of Dormaa centre |url=https://www.businessghana.com/ |access-date=2024-04-12 |website=BusinessGhana}}</ref> [[Jami'ar Makamashi da albarkatun kasa|Jami'ar Makamashi da Albarkatun Ƙasa]] (harabar Dormaa)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-10-19 |title=UENR Dormaa Campus admits fresh students {{!}} News Ghana |url=https://newsghana.com.gh/uenr-dormaa-campus-admits-fresh-students/ |access-date=2024-04-12 |website=News Ghana |language=en-US}}</ref> da Cibiyar Ungozoma da Kula da Jinya ta Presbyterian suma suna cikin Dormaa Ahenkro.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dormaa Presbyterian Midwifery Training School admits 78 students |url=https://www.businessghana.com/ |access-date=2024-04-12 |website=BusinessGhana}}</ref> == Filayen wasa da wasanni == === Wasanni === Ƙungiyoyin wasanni na ƙwararru da ke Dormaa Ahenkro sun haɗa da: * Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Aduana == Manazarta == ansd0x6i5pypplgop56tfksy0mpayqg 0 160576 873746 2026-07-01T18:38:41Z Hamza DK 12444 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1353562243|Prince Hezekiah]]" 873746 wikitext text/x-wiki   Hezekiah Vincent (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga watan Disamba 1980), wanda aka fi sani da Yarima Hezekjah, ɗan wasan kwaYarimaikwayo ne na Najeriya, mai kirkirar abun ciki, kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. Ya shirya shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo da kide-kide da yawa kamar Made-in-Portharcourt, Funny Kingz, Humuor Xclusive, Project Laff, da sauransu da yawa.[1] == Tarihin rayuwa == === Rayuwa ta farko === [[Fayil:Prince_Hezekiah_-_Early_Life_02.jpg|thumb|Yarima Hezekiya]] '''Yarima Hezekiya''' Vincent, an haife shi a titin Akokwa, Mile 2, Diobu a Port-Harcourt City, daga baya ya koma titin Awkuzu, Mile 1, Diobu a birnin Port Harcourt. Ya kuma girma a garin Abuja a birnin Port-Harcourt, jihar Rivers. Ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Jihar Sangana, Port-Harcourt, makarantar sakandare ta Enitonna Borikiri, Port- Harcourt, da [[Jami'ar port harcourt|Jami'ar Port Harcourt]] Choba . Ya fara wasan kwaikwayonsa a cikin coci. Daga nan sai ya kafa ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo mai suna Liberty Productions da ƙungiyar rawa mai suna Zabura Afirka . Ya kuma kasance memba na kafa kungiyar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ta Najeriya (N.A.G.) daga baya aka sake masa suna 'yan wasan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya (A.G.N.) Rivers State Chapter, kuma ya fito a fina-finai da yawa na Nollywood kamar Oriaja, Crown Battle, Love of the Street, da dai sauransu. === Ilimi === Yarima Hezekiah ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Jihar Sangana, Port-Harcourt, makarantar sakandare ta Enitonna Borikiri, Port- Harcourt, da [[Jami'ar port harcourt|Jami'ar Port Harcourt]] Choba duk a Jihar Rivers, [[Najeriya]] == Bayyanawa == Yarima Hezekiya ya fara wasan kwaikwayonsa a cikin coci. Daga nan sai ya kafa ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo mai suna Liberty Productions da ƙungiyar rawa mai suna Psalms Africa . Ya kuma kasance memba na kafa kungiyar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ta Najeriya (NAG) daga baya aka sake masa suna 'yan wasan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya (AGN) Rivers State Chapter, kuma ya fito a fina-finai da yawa na Nollywood kamar Oriaja, Crown Battle, Love of the Street, da sauransu. Yarima Hezekiah ya yi a cikin Opa Williams' Night of a Thousand Laughs a Port Harcourt, [[Owerri]], da jihar [[Bayelsa]]. Sauran su ne Crack Ya Ribs tare da [[Julius Agwu]], AY Live, Glo Lafta Fest, [[Basketmouth]]'s Lords of the Ribs, da Gordons' Laugh to the Moon . <ref name="tdl" /> Sauran su ne Tales of The Funny King wanda aka shirya a 2015 a Port Harcourt River State Nigeria, a 2016 a Aztech Arcum, Stadium Road, Port Harcoort . Ya kuma yi a Calabar Carnival, Rivers State Carnival), Rivers State Peace Carnival na Rivers State, da kuma bikin cika shekaru 50 na Rivers. Bikin wasan kwaikwayo na Afirka a Burtaniya, Birmingham City Ball, ya yi wa Gwamnoni da yawa da ayyukan Gwamnati kamar Jihar Rivers, Jihar [[Bayelsa]], [[Akwa Ibom|Jihar Akwa Ibom]], Jihar Cross Rivers, da [[Imo|Jihar Imo]]. Ya kuma yi aiki a abubuwan da suka faru a matsayin mai karɓar bakuncin ko Master of Ceremonies, bukukuwan aure, kambi, keɓewa.<ref name="tdl" /> == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Sakamakon !Ref |- | - |Mafi kyawun Comedian Niger Delta (NDAA Awards) | -|| {{Won}} | |- | - |Rivers State Mafi kyawun Comedian |Gidauniyar Fasaha ta PHC|| {{Won}} | |- | - |Mafi kyawun Comedian Tarayyar Tarayyar Dalibai na Kalabari (FUKS) | -|| {{Won}} |<ref name="tdl" /> |- | - |Mai wasan kwaikwayo na Shekara |Mujallar Kalabari Times|| {{Won}} |<ref name="to" /> |- | - |Juvenis Comedian na shekara | -|| {{Won}} |<ref name="tdl" /> |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] 0yshicmrc3on2iiepi0b0txuaixwiub 873747 873746 2026-07-01T18:39:34Z Hamza DK 12444 /* Rayuwa ta farko */ 873747 wikitext text/x-wiki   Hezekiah Vincent (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga watan Disamba 1980), wanda aka fi sani da Yarima Hezekjah, ɗan wasan kwaYarimaikwayo ne na Najeriya, mai kirkirar abun ciki, kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. Ya shirya shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo da kide-kide da yawa kamar Made-in-Portharcourt, Funny Kingz, Humuor Xclusive, Project Laff, da sauransu da yawa.[1] == Tarihin rayuwa == === Rayuwa ta farko === [[Fayil:Prince_Hezekiah_-_Early_Life_02.jpg|thumb|Yarima Hezekiya]] '''Prince Hezekiya''' Vincent, an haife shi a titin Akokwa, Mile 2, Diobu a Port-Harcourt City, daga baya ya koma titin Awkuzu, Mile 1, Diobu a birnin Port Harcourt. Ya kuma girma a garin Abuja a birnin Port-Harcourt, jihar Rivers. Ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Jihar Sangana, Port-Harcourt, makarantar sakandare ta Enitonna Borikiri, Port- Harcourt, da [[Jami'ar port harcourt|Jami'ar Port Harcourt]] Choba . Ya fara wasan kwaikwayonsa a cikin coci. Daga nan sai ya kafa ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo mai suna Liberty Productions da ƙungiyar rawa mai suna Zabura Afirka . Ya kuma kasance memba na kafa kungiyar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ta Najeriya (N.A.G.) daga baya aka sake masa suna 'yan wasan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya (A.G.N.) Rivers State Chapter, kuma ya fito a fina-finai da yawa na Nollywood kamar Oriaja, Crown Battle, Love of the Street, da dai sauransu. === Ilimi === Yarima Hezekiah ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Jihar Sangana, Port-Harcourt, makarantar sakandare ta Enitonna Borikiri, Port- Harcourt, da [[Jami'ar port harcourt|Jami'ar Port Harcourt]] Choba duk a Jihar Rivers, [[Najeriya]] == Bayyanawa == Yarima Hezekiya ya fara wasan kwaikwayonsa a cikin coci. Daga nan sai ya kafa ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo mai suna Liberty Productions da ƙungiyar rawa mai suna Psalms Africa . Ya kuma kasance memba na kafa kungiyar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ta Najeriya (NAG) daga baya aka sake masa suna 'yan wasan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya (AGN) Rivers State Chapter, kuma ya fito a fina-finai da yawa na Nollywood kamar Oriaja, Crown Battle, Love of the Street, da sauransu. Yarima Hezekiah ya yi a cikin Opa Williams' Night of a Thousand Laughs a Port Harcourt, [[Owerri]], da jihar [[Bayelsa]]. Sauran su ne Crack Ya Ribs tare da [[Julius Agwu]], AY Live, Glo Lafta Fest, [[Basketmouth]]'s Lords of the Ribs, da Gordons' Laugh to the Moon . <ref name="tdl" /> Sauran su ne Tales of The Funny King wanda aka shirya a 2015 a Port Harcourt River State Nigeria, a 2016 a Aztech Arcum, Stadium Road, Port Harcoort . Ya kuma yi a Calabar Carnival, Rivers State Carnival), Rivers State Peace Carnival na Rivers State, da kuma bikin cika shekaru 50 na Rivers. Bikin wasan kwaikwayo na Afirka a Burtaniya, Birmingham City Ball, ya yi wa Gwamnoni da yawa da ayyukan Gwamnati kamar Jihar Rivers, Jihar [[Bayelsa]], [[Akwa Ibom|Jihar Akwa Ibom]], Jihar Cross Rivers, da [[Imo|Jihar Imo]]. Ya kuma yi aiki a abubuwan da suka faru a matsayin mai karɓar bakuncin ko Master of Ceremonies, bukukuwan aure, kambi, keɓewa.<ref name="tdl" /> == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Sakamakon !Ref |- | - |Mafi kyawun Comedian Niger Delta (NDAA Awards) | -|| {{Won}} | |- | - |Rivers State Mafi kyawun Comedian |Gidauniyar Fasaha ta PHC|| {{Won}} | |- | - |Mafi kyawun Comedian Tarayyar Tarayyar Dalibai na Kalabari (FUKS) | -|| {{Won}} |<ref name="tdl" /> |- | - |Mai wasan kwaikwayo na Shekara |Mujallar Kalabari Times|| {{Won}} |<ref name="to" /> |- | - |Juvenis Comedian na shekara | -|| {{Won}} |<ref name="tdl" /> |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] r6afiai1kb8mmi0fk7vgruyit5elwmf 873748 873747 2026-07-01T18:40:27Z Hamza DK 12444 /* Rayuwa ta farko */ 873748 wikitext text/x-wiki   Hezekiah Vincent (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga watan Disamba 1980), wanda aka fi sani da Yarima Hezekjah, ɗan wasan kwaYarimaikwayo ne na Najeriya, mai kirkirar abun ciki, kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. Ya shirya shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo da kide-kide da yawa kamar Made-in-Portharcourt, Funny Kingz, Humuor Xclusive, Project Laff, da sauransu da yawa.[1] == Tarihin rayuwa == === Rayuwa ta farko === [[Fayil:Prince_Hezekiah_-_Early_Life_02.jpg|thumb|Yarima Hezekiya]] '''Prince Hezekiah''' Vincent, an haife shi a titin Akokwa, Mile 2, Diobu a Port-Harcourt City, daga baya ya koma titin Awkuzu, Mile 1, Diobu a birnin Port Harcourt. Ya kuma girma a garin Abuja a birnin Port-Harcourt, jihar Rivers. Ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Jihar Sangana, Port-Harcourt, makarantar sakandare ta Enitonna Borikiri, Port- Harcourt, da [[Jami'ar port harcourt|Jami'ar Port Harcourt]] Choba . Ya fara wasan kwaikwayonsa a cikin coci. Daga nan sai ya kafa ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo mai suna Liberty Productions da ƙungiyar rawa mai suna Zabura Afirka . Ya kuma kasance memba na kafa kungiyar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ta Najeriya (N.A.G.) daga baya aka sake masa suna 'yan wasan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya (A.G.N.) Rivers State Chapter, kuma ya fito a fina-finai da yawa na Nollywood kamar Oriaja, Crown Battle, Love of the Street, da dai sauransu. === Ilimi === Yarima Hezekiah ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Jihar Sangana, Port-Harcourt, makarantar sakandare ta Enitonna Borikiri, Port- Harcourt, da [[Jami'ar port harcourt|Jami'ar Port Harcourt]] Choba duk a Jihar Rivers, [[Najeriya]] == Bayyanawa == Yarima Hezekiya ya fara wasan kwaikwayonsa a cikin coci. Daga nan sai ya kafa ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo mai suna Liberty Productions da ƙungiyar rawa mai suna Psalms Africa . Ya kuma kasance memba na kafa kungiyar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ta Najeriya (NAG) daga baya aka sake masa suna 'yan wasan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya (AGN) Rivers State Chapter, kuma ya fito a fina-finai da yawa na Nollywood kamar Oriaja, Crown Battle, Love of the Street, da sauransu. Yarima Hezekiah ya yi a cikin Opa Williams' Night of a Thousand Laughs a Port Harcourt, [[Owerri]], da jihar [[Bayelsa]]. Sauran su ne Crack Ya Ribs tare da [[Julius Agwu]], AY Live, Glo Lafta Fest, [[Basketmouth]]'s Lords of the Ribs, da Gordons' Laugh to the Moon . <ref name="tdl" /> Sauran su ne Tales of The Funny King wanda aka shirya a 2015 a Port Harcourt River State Nigeria, a 2016 a Aztech Arcum, Stadium Road, Port Harcoort . Ya kuma yi a Calabar Carnival, Rivers State Carnival), Rivers State Peace Carnival na Rivers State, da kuma bikin cika shekaru 50 na Rivers. Bikin wasan kwaikwayo na Afirka a Burtaniya, Birmingham City Ball, ya yi wa Gwamnoni da yawa da ayyukan Gwamnati kamar Jihar Rivers, Jihar [[Bayelsa]], [[Akwa Ibom|Jihar Akwa Ibom]], Jihar Cross Rivers, da [[Imo|Jihar Imo]]. Ya kuma yi aiki a abubuwan da suka faru a matsayin mai karɓar bakuncin ko Master of Ceremonies, bukukuwan aure, kambi, keɓewa.<ref name="tdl" /> == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Sakamakon !Ref |- | - |Mafi kyawun Comedian Niger Delta (NDAA Awards) | -|| {{Won}} | |- | - |Rivers State Mafi kyawun Comedian |Gidauniyar Fasaha ta PHC|| {{Won}} | |- | - |Mafi kyawun Comedian Tarayyar Tarayyar Dalibai na Kalabari (FUKS) | -|| {{Won}} |<ref name="tdl" /> |- | - |Mai wasan kwaikwayo na Shekara |Mujallar Kalabari Times|| {{Won}} |<ref name="to" /> |- | - |Juvenis Comedian na shekara | -|| {{Won}} |<ref name="tdl" /> |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] nda8povsojtxawzf4m8nspea7ovz1tp 873749 873748 2026-07-01T18:40:53Z Hamza DK 12444 /* Bayyanawa */ 873749 wikitext text/x-wiki   Hezekiah Vincent (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga watan Disamba 1980), wanda aka fi sani da Yarima Hezekjah, ɗan wasan kwaYarimaikwayo ne na Najeriya, mai kirkirar abun ciki, kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. Ya shirya shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo da kide-kide da yawa kamar Made-in-Portharcourt, Funny Kingz, Humuor Xclusive, Project Laff, da sauransu da yawa.[1] == Tarihin rayuwa == === Rayuwa ta farko === [[Fayil:Prince_Hezekiah_-_Early_Life_02.jpg|thumb|Yarima Hezekiya]] '''Prince Hezekiah''' Vincent, an haife shi a titin Akokwa, Mile 2, Diobu a Port-Harcourt City, daga baya ya koma titin Awkuzu, Mile 1, Diobu a birnin Port Harcourt. Ya kuma girma a garin Abuja a birnin Port-Harcourt, jihar Rivers. Ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Jihar Sangana, Port-Harcourt, makarantar sakandare ta Enitonna Borikiri, Port- Harcourt, da [[Jami'ar port harcourt|Jami'ar Port Harcourt]] Choba . Ya fara wasan kwaikwayonsa a cikin coci. Daga nan sai ya kafa ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo mai suna Liberty Productions da ƙungiyar rawa mai suna Zabura Afirka . Ya kuma kasance memba na kafa kungiyar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ta Najeriya (N.A.G.) daga baya aka sake masa suna 'yan wasan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya (A.G.N.) Rivers State Chapter, kuma ya fito a fina-finai da yawa na Nollywood kamar Oriaja, Crown Battle, Love of the Street, da dai sauransu. === Ilimi === Yarima Hezekiah ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Jihar Sangana, Port-Harcourt, makarantar sakandare ta Enitonna Borikiri, Port- Harcourt, da [[Jami'ar port harcourt|Jami'ar Port Harcourt]] Choba duk a Jihar Rivers, [[Najeriya]] == Bayyanawa == Yarima Hezekiah ya fara wasan kwaikwayonsa a cikin coci. Daga nan sai ya kafa ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo mai suna Liberty Productions da ƙungiyar rawa mai suna Psalms Africa . Ya kuma kasance memba na kafa kungiyar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ta Najeriya (NAG) daga baya aka sake masa suna 'yan wasan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya (AGN) Rivers State Chapter, kuma ya fito a fina-finai da yawa na Nollywood kamar Oriaja, Crown Battle, Love of the Street, da sauransu. Yarima Hezekiah ya yi a cikin Opa Williams' Night of a Thousand Laughs a Port Harcourt, [[Owerri]], da jihar [[Bayelsa]]. Sauran su ne Crack Ya Ribs tare da [[Julius Agwu]], AY Live, Glo Lafta Fest, [[Basketmouth]]'s Lords of the Ribs, da Gordons' Laugh to the Moon . <ref name="tdl" /> Sauran su ne Tales of The Funny King wanda aka shirya a 2015 a Port Harcourt River State Nigeria, a 2016 a Aztech Arcum, Stadium Road, Port Harcoort . Ya kuma yi a Calabar Carnival, Rivers State Carnival), Rivers State Peace Carnival na Rivers State, da kuma bikin cika shekaru 50 na Rivers. Bikin wasan kwaikwayo na Afirka a Burtaniya, Birmingham City Ball, ya yi wa Gwamnoni da yawa da ayyukan Gwamnati kamar Jihar Rivers, Jihar [[Bayelsa]], [[Akwa Ibom|Jihar Akwa Ibom]], Jihar Cross Rivers, da [[Imo|Jihar Imo]]. Ya kuma yi aiki a abubuwan da suka faru a matsayin mai karɓar bakuncin ko Master of Ceremonies, bukukuwan aure, kambi, keɓewa.<ref name="tdl" /> == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Sakamakon !Ref |- | - |Mafi kyawun Comedian Niger Delta (NDAA Awards) | -|| {{Won}} | |- | - |Rivers State Mafi kyawun Comedian |Gidauniyar Fasaha ta PHC|| {{Won}} | |- | - |Mafi kyawun Comedian Tarayyar Tarayyar Dalibai na Kalabari (FUKS) | -|| {{Won}} |<ref name="tdl" /> |- | - |Mai wasan kwaikwayo na Shekara |Mujallar Kalabari Times|| {{Won}} |<ref name="to" /> |- | - |Juvenis Comedian na shekara | -|| {{Won}} |<ref name="tdl" /> |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] 4gog8k8s2qxmnbw6kiogoxdghygjok5 873750 873749 2026-07-01T18:41:15Z Hamza DK 12444 /* Bayyanawa */ 873750 wikitext text/x-wiki   Hezekiah Vincent (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga watan Disamba 1980), wanda aka fi sani da Yarima Hezekjah, ɗan wasan kwaYarimaikwayo ne na Najeriya, mai kirkirar abun ciki, kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. Ya shirya shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo da kide-kide da yawa kamar Made-in-Portharcourt, Funny Kingz, Humuor Xclusive, Project Laff, da sauransu da yawa.[1] == Tarihin rayuwa == === Rayuwa ta farko === [[Fayil:Prince_Hezekiah_-_Early_Life_02.jpg|thumb|Yarima Hezekiya]] '''Prince Hezekiah''' Vincent, an haife shi a titin Akokwa, Mile 2, Diobu a Port-Harcourt City, daga baya ya koma titin Awkuzu, Mile 1, Diobu a birnin Port Harcourt. Ya kuma girma a garin Abuja a birnin Port-Harcourt, jihar Rivers. Ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Jihar Sangana, Port-Harcourt, makarantar sakandare ta Enitonna Borikiri, Port- Harcourt, da [[Jami'ar port harcourt|Jami'ar Port Harcourt]] Choba . Ya fara wasan kwaikwayonsa a cikin coci. Daga nan sai ya kafa ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo mai suna Liberty Productions da ƙungiyar rawa mai suna Zabura Afirka . Ya kuma kasance memba na kafa kungiyar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ta Najeriya (N.A.G.) daga baya aka sake masa suna 'yan wasan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya (A.G.N.) Rivers State Chapter, kuma ya fito a fina-finai da yawa na Nollywood kamar Oriaja, Crown Battle, Love of the Street, da dai sauransu. === Ilimi === Yarima Hezekiah ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Jihar Sangana, Port-Harcourt, makarantar sakandare ta Enitonna Borikiri, Port- Harcourt, da [[Jami'ar port harcourt|Jami'ar Port Harcourt]] Choba duk a Jihar Rivers, [[Najeriya]] == Bayyanawa == Prince Hezekiah ya fara wasan kwaikwayonsa a cikin coci. Daga nan sai ya kafa ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo mai suna Liberty Productions da ƙungiyar rawa mai suna Psalms Africa . Ya kuma kasance memba na kafa kungiyar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ta Najeriya (NAG) daga baya aka sake masa suna 'yan wasan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya (AGN) Rivers State Chapter, kuma ya fito a fina-finai da yawa na Nollywood kamar Oriaja, Crown Battle, Love of the Street, da sauransu. Yarima Hezekiah ya yi a cikin Opa Williams' Night of a Thousand Laughs a Port Harcourt, [[Owerri]], da jihar [[Bayelsa]]. Sauran su ne Crack Ya Ribs tare da [[Julius Agwu]], AY Live, Glo Lafta Fest, [[Basketmouth]]'s Lords of the Ribs, da Gordons' Laugh to the Moon . <ref name="tdl" /> Sauran su ne Tales of The Funny King wanda aka shirya a 2015 a Port Harcourt River State Nigeria, a 2016 a Aztech Arcum, Stadium Road, Port Harcoort . Ya kuma yi a Calabar Carnival, Rivers State Carnival), Rivers State Peace Carnival na Rivers State, da kuma bikin cika shekaru 50 na Rivers. Bikin wasan kwaikwayo na Afirka a Burtaniya, Birmingham City Ball, ya yi wa Gwamnoni da yawa da ayyukan Gwamnati kamar Jihar Rivers, Jihar [[Bayelsa]], [[Akwa Ibom|Jihar Akwa Ibom]], Jihar Cross Rivers, da [[Imo|Jihar Imo]]. Ya kuma yi aiki a abubuwan da suka faru a matsayin mai karɓar bakuncin ko Master of Ceremonies, bukukuwan aure, kambi, keɓewa.<ref name="tdl" /> == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Sakamakon !Ref |- | - |Mafi kyawun Comedian Niger Delta (NDAA Awards) | -|| {{Won}} | |- | - |Rivers State Mafi kyawun Comedian |Gidauniyar Fasaha ta PHC|| {{Won}} | |- | - |Mafi kyawun Comedian Tarayyar Tarayyar Dalibai na Kalabari (FUKS) | -|| {{Won}} |<ref name="tdl" /> |- | - |Mai wasan kwaikwayo na Shekara |Mujallar Kalabari Times|| {{Won}} |<ref name="to" /> |- | - |Juvenis Comedian na shekara | -|| {{Won}} |<ref name="tdl" /> |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] cq6s48tbg4lfb5kda6v5k28ik5ytr2c 873751 873750 2026-07-01T18:41:37Z Hamza DK 12444 /* Ilimi */ 873751 wikitext text/x-wiki   Hezekiah Vincent (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga watan Disamba 1980), wanda aka fi sani da Yarima Hezekjah, ɗan wasan kwaYarimaikwayo ne na Najeriya, mai kirkirar abun ciki, kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. Ya shirya shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo da kide-kide da yawa kamar Made-in-Portharcourt, Funny Kingz, Humuor Xclusive, Project Laff, da sauransu da yawa.[1] == Tarihin rayuwa == === Rayuwa ta farko === [[Fayil:Prince_Hezekiah_-_Early_Life_02.jpg|thumb|Yarima Hezekiya]] '''Prince Hezekiah''' Vincent, an haife shi a titin Akokwa, Mile 2, Diobu a Port-Harcourt City, daga baya ya koma titin Awkuzu, Mile 1, Diobu a birnin Port Harcourt. Ya kuma girma a garin Abuja a birnin Port-Harcourt, jihar Rivers. Ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Jihar Sangana, Port-Harcourt, makarantar sakandare ta Enitonna Borikiri, Port- Harcourt, da [[Jami'ar port harcourt|Jami'ar Port Harcourt]] Choba . Ya fara wasan kwaikwayonsa a cikin coci. Daga nan sai ya kafa ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo mai suna Liberty Productions da ƙungiyar rawa mai suna Zabura Afirka . Ya kuma kasance memba na kafa kungiyar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ta Najeriya (N.A.G.) daga baya aka sake masa suna 'yan wasan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya (A.G.N.) Rivers State Chapter, kuma ya fito a fina-finai da yawa na Nollywood kamar Oriaja, Crown Battle, Love of the Street, da dai sauransu. === Ilimi === Prince Hezekiah ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Jihar Sangana, Port-Harcourt, makarantar sakandare ta Enitonna Borikiri, Port- Harcourt, da [[Jami'ar port harcourt|Jami'ar Port Harcourt]] Choba duk a Jihar Rivers, [[Najeriya]] == Bayyanawa == Prince Hezekiah ya fara wasan kwaikwayonsa a cikin coci. Daga nan sai ya kafa ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo mai suna Liberty Productions da ƙungiyar rawa mai suna Psalms Africa . Ya kuma kasance memba na kafa kungiyar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ta Najeriya (NAG) daga baya aka sake masa suna 'yan wasan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya (AGN) Rivers State Chapter, kuma ya fito a fina-finai da yawa na Nollywood kamar Oriaja, Crown Battle, Love of the Street, da sauransu. Yarima Hezekiah ya yi a cikin Opa Williams' Night of a Thousand Laughs a Port Harcourt, [[Owerri]], da jihar [[Bayelsa]]. Sauran su ne Crack Ya Ribs tare da [[Julius Agwu]], AY Live, Glo Lafta Fest, [[Basketmouth]]'s Lords of the Ribs, da Gordons' Laugh to the Moon . <ref name="tdl" /> Sauran su ne Tales of The Funny King wanda aka shirya a 2015 a Port Harcourt River State Nigeria, a 2016 a Aztech Arcum, Stadium Road, Port Harcoort . Ya kuma yi a Calabar Carnival, Rivers State Carnival), Rivers State Peace Carnival na Rivers State, da kuma bikin cika shekaru 50 na Rivers. Bikin wasan kwaikwayo na Afirka a Burtaniya, Birmingham City Ball, ya yi wa Gwamnoni da yawa da ayyukan Gwamnati kamar Jihar Rivers, Jihar [[Bayelsa]], [[Akwa Ibom|Jihar Akwa Ibom]], Jihar Cross Rivers, da [[Imo|Jihar Imo]]. Ya kuma yi aiki a abubuwan da suka faru a matsayin mai karɓar bakuncin ko Master of Ceremonies, bukukuwan aure, kambi, keɓewa.<ref name="tdl" /> == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Sakamakon !Ref |- | - |Mafi kyawun Comedian Niger Delta (NDAA Awards) | -|| {{Won}} | |- | - |Rivers State Mafi kyawun Comedian |Gidauniyar Fasaha ta PHC|| {{Won}} | |- | - |Mafi kyawun Comedian Tarayyar Tarayyar Dalibai na Kalabari (FUKS) | -|| {{Won}} |<ref name="tdl" /> |- | - |Mai wasan kwaikwayo na Shekara |Mujallar Kalabari Times|| {{Won}} |<ref name="to" /> |- | - |Juvenis Comedian na shekara | -|| {{Won}} |<ref name="tdl" /> |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] qzy5y11yxl8oym520ssb8vn4y447nph 873752 873751 2026-07-01T18:42:55Z Hamza DK 12444 873752 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{}} Hezekiah Vincent (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga watan Disamba 1980), wanda aka fi sani da Yarima Hezekjah, ɗan wasan kwaYarimaikwayo ne na Najeriya, mai kirkirar abun ciki, kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. Ya shirya shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo da kide-kide da yawa kamar Made-in-Portharcourt, Funny Kingz, Humuor Xclusive, Project Laff, da sauransu da yawa.[1] == Tarihin rayuwa == === Rayuwa ta farko === [[Fayil:Prince_Hezekiah_-_Early_Life_02.jpg|thumb|Yarima Hezekiya]] '''Prince Hezekiah''' Vincent, an haife shi a titin Akokwa, Mile 2, Diobu a Port-Harcourt City, daga baya ya koma titin Awkuzu, Mile 1, Diobu a birnin Port Harcourt. Ya kuma girma a garin Abuja a birnin Port-Harcourt, jihar Rivers. Ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Jihar Sangana, Port-Harcourt, makarantar sakandare ta Enitonna Borikiri, Port- Harcourt, da [[Jami'ar port harcourt|Jami'ar Port Harcourt]] Choba . Ya fara wasan kwaikwayonsa a cikin coci. Daga nan sai ya kafa ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo mai suna Liberty Productions da ƙungiyar rawa mai suna Zabura Afirka . Ya kuma kasance memba na kafa kungiyar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ta Najeriya (N.A.G.) daga baya aka sake masa suna 'yan wasan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya (A.G.N.) Rivers State Chapter, kuma ya fito a fina-finai da yawa na Nollywood kamar Oriaja, Crown Battle, Love of the Street, da dai sauransu. === Ilimi === Prince Hezekiah ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Jihar Sangana, Port-Harcourt, makarantar sakandare ta Enitonna Borikiri, Port- Harcourt, da [[Jami'ar port harcourt|Jami'ar Port Harcourt]] Choba duk a Jihar Rivers, [[Najeriya]] == Bayyanawa == Prince Hezekiah ya fara wasan kwaikwayonsa a cikin coci. Daga nan sai ya kafa ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo mai suna Liberty Productions da ƙungiyar rawa mai suna Psalms Africa . Ya kuma kasance memba na kafa kungiyar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ta Najeriya (NAG) daga baya aka sake masa suna 'yan wasan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya (AGN) Rivers State Chapter, kuma ya fito a fina-finai da yawa na Nollywood kamar Oriaja, Crown Battle, Love of the Street, da sauransu. Yarima Hezekiah ya yi a cikin Opa Williams' Night of a Thousand Laughs a Port Harcourt, [[Owerri]], da jihar [[Bayelsa]]. Sauran su ne Crack Ya Ribs tare da [[Julius Agwu]], AY Live, Glo Lafta Fest, [[Basketmouth]]'s Lords of the Ribs, da Gordons' Laugh to the Moon . <ref name="tdl" /> Sauran su ne Tales of The Funny King wanda aka shirya a 2015 a Port Harcourt River State Nigeria, a 2016 a Aztech Arcum, Stadium Road, Port Harcoort . Ya kuma yi a Calabar Carnival, Rivers State Carnival), Rivers State Peace Carnival na Rivers State, da kuma bikin cika shekaru 50 na Rivers. Bikin wasan kwaikwayo na Afirka a Burtaniya, Birmingham City Ball, ya yi wa Gwamnoni da yawa da ayyukan Gwamnati kamar Jihar Rivers, Jihar [[Bayelsa]], [[Akwa Ibom|Jihar Akwa Ibom]], Jihar Cross Rivers, da [[Imo|Jihar Imo]]. Ya kuma yi aiki a abubuwan da suka faru a matsayin mai karɓar bakuncin ko Master of Ceremonies, bukukuwan aure, kambi, keɓewa.<ref name="tdl" /> == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Sakamakon !Ref |- | - |Mafi kyawun Comedian Niger Delta (NDAA Awards) | -|| {{Won}} | |- | - |Rivers State Mafi kyawun Comedian |Gidauniyar Fasaha ta PHC|| {{Won}} | |- | - |Mafi kyawun Comedian Tarayyar Tarayyar Dalibai na Kalabari (FUKS) | -|| {{Won}} |<ref name="tdl" /> |- | - |Mai wasan kwaikwayo na Shekara |Mujallar Kalabari Times|| {{Won}} |<ref name="to" /> |- | - |Juvenis Comedian na shekara | -|| {{Won}} |<ref name="tdl" /> |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] f0qr5jb22lqomtmk03u324j3hvz9vwr 873753 873752 2026-07-01T18:43:18Z Hamza DK 12444 873753 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{databox}} Hezekiah Vincent (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga watan Disamba 1980), wanda aka fi sani da Yarima Hezekjah, ɗan wasan kwaYarimaikwayo ne na Najeriya, mai kirkirar abun ciki, kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. Ya shirya shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo da kide-kide da yawa kamar Made-in-Portharcourt, Funny Kingz, Humuor Xclusive, Project Laff, da sauransu da yawa.[1] == Tarihin rayuwa == === Rayuwa ta farko === [[Fayil:Prince_Hezekiah_-_Early_Life_02.jpg|thumb|Yarima Hezekiya]] '''Prince Hezekiah''' Vincent, an haife shi a titin Akokwa, Mile 2, Diobu a Port-Harcourt City, daga baya ya koma titin Awkuzu, Mile 1, Diobu a birnin Port Harcourt. Ya kuma girma a garin Abuja a birnin Port-Harcourt, jihar Rivers. Ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Jihar Sangana, Port-Harcourt, makarantar sakandare ta Enitonna Borikiri, Port- Harcourt, da [[Jami'ar port harcourt|Jami'ar Port Harcourt]] Choba . Ya fara wasan kwaikwayonsa a cikin coci. Daga nan sai ya kafa ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo mai suna Liberty Productions da ƙungiyar rawa mai suna Zabura Afirka . Ya kuma kasance memba na kafa kungiyar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ta Najeriya (N.A.G.) daga baya aka sake masa suna 'yan wasan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya (A.G.N.) Rivers State Chapter, kuma ya fito a fina-finai da yawa na Nollywood kamar Oriaja, Crown Battle, Love of the Street, da dai sauransu. === Ilimi === Prince Hezekiah ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Jihar Sangana, Port-Harcourt, makarantar sakandare ta Enitonna Borikiri, Port- Harcourt, da [[Jami'ar port harcourt|Jami'ar Port Harcourt]] Choba duk a Jihar Rivers, [[Najeriya]] == Bayyanawa == Prince Hezekiah ya fara wasan kwaikwayonsa a cikin coci. Daga nan sai ya kafa ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo mai suna Liberty Productions da ƙungiyar rawa mai suna Psalms Africa . Ya kuma kasance memba na kafa kungiyar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ta Najeriya (NAG) daga baya aka sake masa suna 'yan wasan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya (AGN) Rivers State Chapter, kuma ya fito a fina-finai da yawa na Nollywood kamar Oriaja, Crown Battle, Love of the Street, da sauransu. Yarima Hezekiah ya yi a cikin Opa Williams' Night of a Thousand Laughs a Port Harcourt, [[Owerri]], da jihar [[Bayelsa]]. Sauran su ne Crack Ya Ribs tare da [[Julius Agwu]], AY Live, Glo Lafta Fest, [[Basketmouth]]'s Lords of the Ribs, da Gordons' Laugh to the Moon . <ref name="tdl" /> Sauran su ne Tales of The Funny King wanda aka shirya a 2015 a Port Harcourt River State Nigeria, a 2016 a Aztech Arcum, Stadium Road, Port Harcoort . Ya kuma yi a Calabar Carnival, Rivers State Carnival), Rivers State Peace Carnival na Rivers State, da kuma bikin cika shekaru 50 na Rivers. Bikin wasan kwaikwayo na Afirka a Burtaniya, Birmingham City Ball, ya yi wa Gwamnoni da yawa da ayyukan Gwamnati kamar Jihar Rivers, Jihar [[Bayelsa]], [[Akwa Ibom|Jihar Akwa Ibom]], Jihar Cross Rivers, da [[Imo|Jihar Imo]]. Ya kuma yi aiki a abubuwan da suka faru a matsayin mai karɓar bakuncin ko Master of Ceremonies, bukukuwan aure, kambi, keɓewa.<ref name="tdl" /> == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Sakamakon !Ref |- | - |Mafi kyawun Comedian Niger Delta (NDAA Awards) | -|| {{Won}} | |- | - |Rivers State Mafi kyawun Comedian |Gidauniyar Fasaha ta PHC|| {{Won}} | |- | - |Mafi kyawun Comedian Tarayyar Tarayyar Dalibai na Kalabari (FUKS) | -|| {{Won}} |<ref name="tdl" /> |- | - |Mai wasan kwaikwayo na Shekara |Mujallar Kalabari Times|| {{Won}} |<ref name="to" /> |- | - |Juvenis Comedian na shekara | -|| {{Won}} |<ref name="tdl" /> |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] 4zp2achy011zonmbbui2hmxqwplxdxq 3 160577 873841 2026-07-01T21:23:14Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 873841 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, ZOOVANCHO180! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/ZOOVANCHO180|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 1 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) jyl6w1uundhb50b7mdo1erp0mt1ikcj 3 160578 873842 2026-07-01T21:23:24Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 873842 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, The joy of all things! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/The joy of all things|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 1 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) iaobql7vio9rqkdaggrqpi67t5jxfac 3 160579 873843 2026-07-01T21:23:34Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 873843 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Katuada! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Katuada|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 1 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 4jrjqr7ijkrsnh10t3cizxkk1ehl3f6 3 160580 873844 2026-07-01T21:23:44Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 873844 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, HyBoxwood! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/HyBoxwood|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 1 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 9axatoaujgix9r69m0uxzfsc7gqyf5j 3 160581 873845 2026-07-01T21:23:54Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 873845 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Anna.Malgorzata.Elzbieta! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Anna.Malgorzata.Elzbieta|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 1 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) q0dmi7c2x11yto2zagivfxgggc8632p 3 160582 873846 2026-07-01T21:24:04Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 873846 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Historyk 63! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Historyk 63|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 1 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 6gdmk3peqj3kifeliglw2qjczr8p8se 3 160583 873847 2026-07-01T21:24:14Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 873847 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, TyphoonTip! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/TyphoonTip|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 1 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) a2dmirw1gbexbkgrt0sz21cfylqm0q1 3 160584 873848 2026-07-01T21:24:24Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 873848 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Ztemz! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Ztemz|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 1 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) pregdf8vh38z5hy48wb622q7b8nadfh 3 160585 873849 2026-07-01T21:24:34Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 873849 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, NyandaI! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/NyandaI|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 1 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) aiomnvhszuopfc9as42dhmlxc26hofa 3 160586 873850 2026-07-01T21:24:44Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 873850 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, KrazyMiner001! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/KrazyMiner001|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 1 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) rqiatij27fcmu1dlx7duhzbs0h8zni7 3 160587 873851 2026-07-01T21:24:54Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 873851 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Amalegend1! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Amalegend1|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 1 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) ajdnqil82vilrfwvtxbg797e0zejl4w 3 160588 873852 2026-07-01T21:25:04Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 873852 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Eleltra367! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Eleltra367|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 1 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) fml2x5v88wdwsynrl1rvev3tw1rzl3q 3 160589 873853 2026-07-01T21:25:14Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 873853 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, BenjaminBallista! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/BenjaminBallista|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 1 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) jmnxipn7lc01465squv9ahmkajcsdj9 3 160590 873854 2026-07-01T21:25:24Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 873854 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Schnitzelboss12! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Schnitzelboss12|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 1 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) eowh160bv0z5ke1ls0jae83fp51w1a5 3 160591 873856 2026-07-01T21:25:34Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 873856 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, BILAL UMAR MOHAMMED! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/BILAL UMAR MOHAMMED|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 1 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 030hioua2gx7nae15dj93jyvsa47e5c 3 160592 873857 2026-07-01T21:25:44Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 873857 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Axelfoloeil! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Axelfoloeil|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 1 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) ess8rgxa3l3efftdcxud01390ctcr6b 3 160593 873858 2026-07-01T21:25:54Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 873858 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Alimidaniel7! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Alimidaniel7|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 1 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 0zmvysyopi1qzz8rj3qhp0htuz2an8u 3 160594 873859 2026-07-01T21:26:04Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 873859 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Nasiru Salihu! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Nasiru Salihu|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 1 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 3kj6b7vv6yonvfx5s576j0toladjkgt 3 160595 873860 2026-07-01T21:26:14Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 873860 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, KHMELNYTSKYIA! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/KHMELNYTSKYIA|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 1 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) tgsz8juoq9w6zwxxniyvkx0rrcj1oya 3 160596 873861 2026-07-01T21:26:24Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 873861 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Featherdiamond! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Featherdiamond|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 1 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) nt1wj40s4s9f3aq110sszyejz6rwmv9 3 160597 873863 2026-07-01T21:26:34Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 873863 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Metroidcore! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Metroidcore|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 1 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) ahevlw73gbupwz8ems2hvxxxmzjtqxg 3 160598 873864 2026-07-01T21:26:44Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 873864 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Vanesa kramlova! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Vanesa kramlova|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 1 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) d67wbu597t5wivitfax5gcnq3ww98am 3 160599 873865 2026-07-01T21:26:54Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 873865 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Cysgonium! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Cysgonium|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 1 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) pdtgnndid1g5zrc47gwlppo1l0g55gy 3 160600 873866 2026-07-01T21:27:04Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 873866 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Cyh917henry! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Cyh917henry|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 1 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) ggww06al21ijs5aciradhzcun1hjsae 3 160601 873867 2026-07-01T21:27:14Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 873867 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Altuur! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Altuur|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 1 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) tk53j748l46dvkqq1dxh5fhjy1wpxuh 3 160602 873868 2026-07-01T21:27:24Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 873868 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Gustavo Cabana! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Gustavo Cabana|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 1 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) tjfh47ztpajpqhr0ja246p92toodkj7 3 160603 873869 2026-07-01T21:27:34Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 873869 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Eckygaz! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Eckygaz|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 1 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 6f5zdco3nm7gfebb8iey5uv6sy3ovjz 3 160604 873870 2026-07-01T21:27:44Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 873870 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Regpath! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Regpath|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 1 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) mydyv21idvdi6fl42rbb4jazh68gint 3 160605 873871 2026-07-01T21:27:54Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 873871 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Mahammad bello mahmood! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Mahammad bello mahmood|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 1 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 22w4w8of37rle92n98xkw2wy99nij8g 3 160606 873873 2026-07-01T21:28:04Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 873873 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Anaxicrates! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Anaxicrates|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 1 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) ndlqprmu6266y3o1l8po4jbo6b2bi5x 0 160607 874114 2026-07-02T05:56:19Z Kaddi123 38060 Sabon shafi: Kwalejin ilimi ta shehu shagari sokoto,an kirkire 1970, tana cikin birni sokoto,a unguwar Bado,wannan makaranta an Bude tana domin bun kasa da karatun primary Mai inganci,ana koyar da fanoni dama dama a wannan makaranta, Ana koyar, social studies, primary science, integrated science, English language,akwai sashesahe dama a wannan makaranta,a wannan makaranta ta yaye duban malame a wannan makaranta, akwai primary school, secondary school a wannan makaranta, 874114 wikitext text/x-wiki Kwalejin ilimi ta shehu shagari sokoto,an kirkire 1970, tana cikin birni sokoto,a unguwar Bado,wannan makaranta an Bude tana domin bun kasa da karatun primary Mai inganci,ana koyar da fanoni dama dama a wannan makaranta, Ana koyar, social studies, primary science, integrated science, English language,akwai sashesahe dama a wannan makaranta,a wannan makaranta ta yaye duban malame a wannan makaranta, akwai primary school, secondary school a wannan makaranta, k5yh2bhpqyso4ivw0ke0vnovcj9m5ww 0 160608 874123 2026-07-02T06:14:50Z Kaddi123 38060 Sabon shafi: Kwalejin jinya da ungozoma sokoto (college of nursing science and midwifery sokoto)tana cikin garin sokoto a yankin Gagi Area dake cikin birni sokoto, wannan makaranta a Samar da ita ce domin Samar da ingatatun ma'akatan jinya wato nurses da midwife,ana koyar da basic nursing science and basic midwifery science,da community nursing da community midwifery.kafin ta koma college of nursing tana school of nursing and midwifery.wannan duban ban ma'atan jinya ciki da wajen sokoto,an... 874123 wikitext text/x-wiki Kwalejin jinya da ungozoma sokoto (college of nursing science and midwifery sokoto)tana cikin garin sokoto a yankin Gagi Area dake cikin birni sokoto, wannan makaranta a Samar da ita ce domin Samar da ingatatun ma'akatan jinya wato nurses da midwife,ana koyar da basic nursing science and basic midwifery science,da community nursing da community midwifery.kafin ta koma college of nursing tana school of nursing and midwifery.wannan duban ban ma'atan jinya ciki da wajen sokoto,an Gina ta tun lokaci sokoto tana hade da kebbi da zamfara. 62dgwt6obnq711j6x4t8pzjgpko8m07 0 160609 874206 2026-07-02T09:06:45Z Amama24 45707 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357614189|Suzana Ćebić]]" 874206 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Suzana Ćebić Pavić''' ( Serbian Cyrillic ; an haife shi 9 Nuwamba 1984, a Kosjerić, [[Serbiya|Serbia]] ) ɗan wasan volleyball ne daga [[Serbiya|Serbia]], yana taka leda a matsayin mai sassaucin ra'ayi don CSM Volei Alba Blaj . == Sana'a == Suzana ta kasance memba a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata har zuwa 2017 (lokacin da ta yi ritaya don samar da sarari ga matasa) waɗanda suka lashe lambar azurfa a gasar cin kofin Turai ta 2007 a [[Beljik|Belgium]] da [[Luksamburg|Luxembourg]] . An naɗa Ćebić a matsayin "Mafi kyawun Libero" a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIVB ta 2006, inda Serbia ta lashe lambar tagulla. Ćebić ya lashe lambar azurfa a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIVB Club ta 2012, inda ya buga wasa da kulob din Rabita Baku na Azerbaijan. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 October 2012 |title=Trentino Diatec and Sollys Nestle crowned in Doha |url=http://www.fivb.org/viewPressRelease.asp?No=37130&Language=en |access-date=19 October 2012 |publisher=FIVB}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == === Mutane daban-daban === * Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2006 "Mafi Kyawun Libero" * Gasar Cin Kofin Turai ta 2011 "Mafi Kyawun Libero" * Gasar Cin Kofin Turai ta 2013 "Mafi Kyawun Mai Karɓa" === Tawagar ƙasa === ==== Babban ƙungiyar ==== * Gasar Turai ta 2009 -[[Fayil:Gold_medal_europe.svg|20x20px]] Lambar Zinare * Gasar Turai ta 2010 -[[Fayil:Gold_medal_europe.svg|20x20px]] Lambar Zinare * Gasar Cin Kofin Turai ta 2011 -[[Fayil:Gold_medal_europe.svg|20x20px]] Lambar Zinare === Ƙungiyoyi === * Kofin Serbia na 2003 -[[Fayil:Simple_cup_icon.svg|16x16px]] Champion, tare da Crnokosa Kosjerić * Gasar Serbia ta 2006 -[[Fayil:Simple_cup_icon.svg|16x16px]] Champion, tare da Jedinstvo Užice * Gasar Spanish Super Cup ta 2008 -[[Fayil:Simple_cup_icon.svg|16x16px]] Zakara, tare da Tenerife Marichal * Gasar Romania ta 2010 -[[Fayil:Simple_cup_icon.svg|16x16px]] Zakara, tare da Metal Galaţi * Kofin Romania na 2010 -[[Fayil:Simple_cup_icon.svg|16x16px]] Zakara, tare da Metal Galaţi * Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIVB ta 2012 -[[Fayil:Gorm_silver_cup.jpg|18x18px]] Na biyu, tare da Rabita Baku * Gasar Zakarun Turai ta CEV ta 2012–13 -[[Fayil:Gorm_silver_cup.jpg|18x18px]] Na biyu, tare da Rabita Baku * 2012-13 Azerbaijan Super League -[[Fayil:Simple_cup_icon.svg|16x16px]] Zakara, tare da Rabita Baku == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]] l7e72e6a2dg8czzys6zxfw66q01xxh8 874208 874206 2026-07-02T09:07:34Z Amama24 45707 874208 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Suzana Ćebić Pavić''' ( Serbian Cyrillic ; an haife shi 9 Nuwamba 1984, a Kosjerić, [[Serbiya|Serbia]] ) ɗan wasan volleyball ne daga [[Serbiya|Serbia]], yana taka leda a matsayin mai sassaucin ra'ayi don CSM Volei Alba Blaj . == Sana'a == Suzana ta kasance memba a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata har zuwa 2017 (lokacin da ta yi ritaya don samar da sarari ga matasa) waɗanda suka lashe lambar azurfa a gasar cin kofin Turai ta 2007 a [[Beljik|Belgium]] da [[Luksamburg|Luxembourg]] . An naɗa Ćebić a matsayin "Mafi kyawun Libero" a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIVB ta 2006, inda Serbia ta lashe lambar tagulla. Ćebić ya lashe lambar azurfa a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIVB Club ta 2012, inda ya buga wasa da kulob din Rabita Baku na Azerbaijan. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 October 2012 |title=Trentino Diatec and Sollys Nestle crowned in Doha |url=http://www.fivb.org/viewPressRelease.asp?No=37130&Language=en |access-date=19 October 2012 |publisher=FIVB}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == === Mutane daban-daban === * Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2006 "Mafi Kyawun Libero" * Gasar Cin Kofin Turai ta 2011 "Mafi Kyawun Libero" * Gasar Cin Kofin Turai ta 2013 "Mafi Kyawun Mai Karɓa" === Tawagar ƙasa === ==== Babban ƙungiyar ==== * Gasar Turai ta 2009 -[[Fayil:Gold_medal_europe.svg|20x20px]] Lambar Zinare * Gasar Turai ta 2010 -[[Fayil:Gold_medal_europe.svg|20x20px]] Lambar Zinare * Gasar Cin Kofin Turai ta 2011 -[[Fayil:Gold_medal_europe.svg|20x20px]] Lambar Zinare === Ƙungiyoyi === * Kofin Serbia na 2003 -[[Fayil:Simple_cup_icon.svg|16x16px]] Champion, tare da Crnokosa Kosjerić * Gasar Serbia ta 2006 -[[Fayil:Simple_cup_icon.svg|16x16px]] Champion, tare da Jedinstvo Užice * Gasar Spanish Super Cup ta 2008 -[[Fayil:Simple_cup_icon.svg|16x16px]] Zakara, tare da Tenerife Marichal * Gasar Romania ta 2010 -[[Fayil:Simple_cup_icon.svg|16x16px]] Zakara, tare da Metal Galaţi * Kofin Romania na 2010 -[[Fayil:Simple_cup_icon.svg|16x16px]] Zakara, tare da Metal Galaţi * Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIVB ta 2012 -[[Fayil:Gorm_silver_cup.jpg|18x18px]] Na biyu, tare da Rabita Baku * Gasar Zakarun Turai ta CEV ta 2012–13 -[[Fayil:Gorm_silver_cup.jpg|18x18px]] Na biyu, tare da Rabita Baku * 2012-13 Azerbaijan Super League -[[Fayil:Simple_cup_icon.svg|16x16px]] Zakara, tare da Rabita Baku == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]] mnyz9a2mgj0802wqs82s58zpw1c1kz6 0 160610 874257 2026-07-02T10:19:38Z Abunihla001 46562 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362004911|Damiete H. Miller]]" 874257 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Damiete Herbert Miller''' ya yi aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan Jin Daɗin Al'umma da Gyaran Hali a Majalisar Zartarwa ta Farko ta Gwamna Ezenwo Nyesom Wike. An sake naɗa shi a wannan muƙami a watan Satumbar shekarar 2017.<ref name="Vanguard122">{{cite news |author=Jimitota Onoyume |author-link=Jimitota Onoyume |date=21 September 2017 |title=Wike assigns portfolio to Commissioners 19 |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/09/wike-assigns-portfolio-commissioners-19/ |accessdate=21 September 2017 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref><ref name="TheTide1">{{cite news |date=29 May 2017 |title=We’re Committed To Child Rights Protection – RSG |url=http://www.thetidenewsonline.com/2017/05/29/were-committed-to-child-rights-protection-rsg/ |accessdate=21 September 2017 |location=Port Harcourt, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Tide (Nigeria)|The Tide]]}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Miller na daga cikin kwamishinonin da Gwamna Wike ya rantsar a ranar 29 ga Mayu 2015 don kafa Majalisar Zartarwa ta farko ta Jihar Rivers bayan rantsar da Wike a matsayin Gwamna. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rivers State Executive Council |url=https://nigeriagalleria.com/Nigeria/States_Nigeria/Rivers/Rivers-State-Executive-Council.html |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=Nigeria Galleria}}</ref> A matsayinsa na Kwamishinan Kula da Lafiyar Jama'a da Rehabilitation, yana da alhakin kula da kare hakkin yara, ayyukan jin dadin jama'a, da shirye-shiryen farfado da al'umma a Jihar Rivers.State.<ref>{{cite news |date=2017-05-29 |title=We are Committed To Child Rights Protection RSG |url=https://www.thetidenewsonline.com/2017/05/29/were-committed-to-child-rights-protection-rsg/ |access-date=2026-06-30 |newspaper=The Tide |location=Port Harcourt, Nigeria}}</ref> Ya kasance daga cikin kwamishinoni tara daga Majalisar Zartarwa ta Farko waɗanda aka riƙe su lokacin da Gwamna Wike ya rushe kuma ya sake gina majalisar ministocinsa, kuma an sake nada shi zuwa wannan fayil ɗin Kula da Lafiyar Jama'a a Majalisar Zartarta ta Wike ta Biyu a watan Satumbar 2017.<ref>{{cite news |date=2017-09-20 |title=Rivers Governor Nyesom Wike assigns portfolios to 20 new commissioners |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/south-south-regional/243695-rivers-governor-nyesom-wike-assigns-portfolios-20-new-commissioners.html |access-date=2026-06-30 |newspaper=Premium Times}}</ref> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 62c0tn4qwoo4mudysqqs4ll0o32mb8j 0 160611 874258 2026-07-02T10:27:19Z Abunihla001 46562 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox biography | suna = Miyetti Hospital | hoto = | rubutun_hoto = Miyetti Hospital da ke Gombe | wuri = Gombe | jiha = [[Jihar Gombe]] | ƙasa = [[Najeriya]] | nau'i = Asibiti mai zaman kansa | adireshi = Dukku Road (Federal Low Cost Road), Gombe | sa'o'in_aiki = Awanni 24 }} '''Miyetti Hospital''' asibiti ne mai zaman kansa da ke cikin birnin [[Gombe]], babban birnin [[Jihar Gombe]] a arewa maso gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Asibitin yana bayar da ayyukan kiwon lafiya ga maz... 874258 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox biography | suna = Miyetti Hospital | hoto = | rubutun_hoto = Miyetti Hospital da ke Gombe | wuri = Gombe | jiha = [[Jihar Gombe]] | ƙasa = [[Najeriya]] | nau'i = Asibiti mai zaman kansa | adireshi = Dukku Road (Federal Low Cost Road), Gombe | sa'o'in_aiki = Awanni 24 }} '''Miyetti Hospital''' asibiti ne mai zaman kansa da ke cikin birnin [[Gombe]], babban birnin [[Jihar Gombe]] a arewa maso gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Asibitin yana bayar da ayyukan kiwon lafiya ga mazauna birnin Gombe da sauran al'ummomin da ke kewaye.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.medpages.info/sf/index.php?orgcode=291265&page=organisation |title=Miyetti Hospital |website=Medpages |access-date=2 Yuli 2026}}</ref> Asibitin yana kan titin '''Dukku Road''' (wanda wasu ke kira '''Federal Low Cost Road''' ko '''Abacha Road'''), kuma yana daga cikin asibitocin masu zaman kansu da ke samar da kulawar lafiya a jihar.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.businesslist.com.ng/company/219011/miyetti-hospital |title=Miyetti Hospital – Business List Nigeria |website=BusinessList Nigeria |access-date=2 Yuli 2026}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Miyetti Hospital na bayar da ayyuka da dama, waɗanda suka haɗa da: * Kula da marasa lafiya na yau da kullum * Kiwon lafiyar mata da haihuwa * Kiwon lafiyar yara * Tiyata * Gwaje-gwajen dakin bincike (Laboratory) * Kantin magunguna * Ayyukan gaggawa da motar ɗaukar marasa lafiya (Ambulance).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thehospitalbook.com/miyetti-medical-hospital/ |title=Miyetti Medical Hospital |website=The Hospital Book |access-date=2 Yuli 2026}}</ref> Asibitin na aiki na tsawon awanni 24 domin tabbatar da samun kulawar lafiya a kowane lokaci.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thehospitalbook.com/miyetti-medical-hospital/ |title=Miyetti Medical Hospital |website=The Hospital Book |access-date=2 Yuli 2026}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Federal Teaching Hospital, Gombe]] * [[Gombe State Specialist Hospital]] * [[Jihar Gombe]] * [[Asibiti]] == Manazarta == <references/> == Majiyoyi == * Medpages. ''Miyetti Hospital.'' https://www.medpages.info/sf/index.php?orgcode=291265&page=organisation * BusinessList Nigeria. ''Miyetti Hospital.'' https://www.businesslist.com.ng/company/219011/miyetti-hospital * The Hospital Book. ''Miyetti Medical Hospital.'' https://thehospitalbook.com/miyetti-medical-hospital/ [[Category:Asibitoci a Najeriya]] [[Category:Asibitoci masu zaman kansu a Najeriya]] [[Category:Jihar Gombe]] [[Category:Gombe]] f1fm05y94ch7dizcb9pwr2jbc8tzxvv 0 160612 874261 2026-07-02T10:29:37Z Abunihla001 46562 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox biography | suna = Sabana Hospital | hoto = | rubutun_hoto = Sabana Hospital da ke Gombe | wuri = Gombe | jiha = [[Jihar Gombe]] | ƙasa = [[Najeriya]] | nau'i = Asibiti mai zaman kansa | adireshi = Federal Low Cost Road, Gombe | sa'o'in_aiki = Awanni 24 }} '''Sabana Hospital''' asibiti ne mai zaman kansa da ke cikin birnin [[Gombe]], babban birnin [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Asibitin yana ba da ayyukan kiwon lafiya ga mazauna birnin Gombe da sauran yankunan da k... 874261 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox biography | suna = Sabana Hospital | hoto = | rubutun_hoto = Sabana Hospital da ke Gombe | wuri = Gombe | jiha = [[Jihar Gombe]] | ƙasa = [[Najeriya]] | nau'i = Asibiti mai zaman kansa | adireshi = Federal Low Cost Road, Gombe | sa'o'in_aiki = Awanni 24 }} '''Sabana Hospital''' asibiti ne mai zaman kansa da ke cikin birnin [[Gombe]], babban birnin [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Asibitin yana ba da ayyukan kiwon lafiya ga mazauna birnin Gombe da sauran yankunan da ke kewaye.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.africabizinfo.com/NG/sabana-hospital |title=Sabana Hospital |website=AfricaBizInfo |access-date=2 Yuli 2026}}</ref> Asibitin yana kan '''Federal Low Cost Road''' a Gombe, kuma yana daga cikin cibiyoyin lafiya masu zaman kansu da ke ba da kulawar lafiya na awanni ashirin da huɗu (24).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.africabizinfo.com/NG/sabana-hospital |title=Sabana Hospital |website=AfricaBizInfo |access-date=2 Yuli 2026}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Sabana Hospital na bayar da ayyuka da suka haɗa da: * Kula da marasa lafiya * Kula da mata masu juna biyu * Haihuwa * Kiwon lafiyar yara * Gwaje-gwajen dakin bincike * Ayyukan gaggawa * Ba da magunguna.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.africabizinfo.com/NG/sabana-hospital |title=Sabana Hospital |website=AfricaBizInfo |access-date=2 Yuli 2026}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Federal Teaching Hospital, Gombe]] * [[Gombe State Specialist Hospital]] * [[Jihar Gombe]] * [[Asibiti]] == Manazarta == <references/> == Majiyoyi == * AfricaBizInfo. ''Sabana Hospital.'' https://www.africabizinfo.com/NG/sabana-hospital * Nigerian Hospitals Directory. ''Hospitals in Gombe State.'' [[Category:Asibitoci a Najeriya]] [[Category:Asibitoci masu zaman kansu a Najeriya]] [[Category:Jihar Gombe]] [[Category:Gombe]] k6vh1m1qol913p43cn67bv9ce376gkw 0 160613 874264 2026-07-02T10:33:28Z Abunihla001 46562 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox biography | suna = Musaba Medical Centre | hoto = | rubutun_hoto = Musaba Medical Centre da ke Gombe | wuri = [[Gombe]] | jiha = [[Jihar Gombe]] | ƙasa = [[Najeriya]] | nau'i = Asibiti mai zaman kansa | adireshi = 7 Dukku Road, Gombe | sa'o'in_aiki = Awanni 24 | kafuwa = 1998 }} '''Musaba Medical Centre''' asibiti ne mai zaman kansa da ke cikin birnin [[Gombe]], babban birnin [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. An kafa asibitin a shekarar 1998, kuma yana ba da ayyukan k... 874264 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox biography | suna = Musaba Medical Centre | hoto = | rubutun_hoto = Musaba Medical Centre da ke Gombe | wuri = [[Gombe]] | jiha = [[Jihar Gombe]] | ƙasa = [[Najeriya]] | nau'i = Asibiti mai zaman kansa | adireshi = 7 Dukku Road, Gombe | sa'o'in_aiki = Awanni 24 | kafuwa = 1998 }} '''Musaba Medical Centre''' asibiti ne mai zaman kansa da ke cikin birnin [[Gombe]], babban birnin [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. An kafa asibitin a shekarar 1998, kuma yana ba da ayyukan kiwon lafiya ga mazauna Gombe da sauran al'ummomin da ke kewaye.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thehospitalbook.com/musaba-medical-clinic/ |title=Musaba Medical Clinic Shamaki, Gombe |website=The Hospital Book |access-date=2 Yuli 2026}}</ref> Asibitin yana kan titin '''Dukku Road''' a unguwar Shamaki, kuma cibiyar lafiya ce mai rijista wadda ke aiki na awanni ashirin da huɗu (24) a kowace rana.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.finelib.com/listing/Musaba-Medical-Centre/33520 |title=Musaba Medical Centre |website=Finelib Nigeria |access-date=2 Yuli 2026}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Musaba Medical Centre na samar da ayyukan kiwon lafiya iri-iri, waɗanda suka haɗa da: * Kula da marasa lafiya na waje da na kwance * Ayyukan tiyata * Kiwon lafiyar mata da haihuwa * Kula da lafiyar yara * Dakin gwaje-gwaje (Laboratory) * Sashen ɗaukar hoto na likitanci (Imaging) * Kantin magunguna * Motar ɗaukar marasa lafiya (Ambulance) * Kiwon lafiyar iyali da sauran ayyukan musamman.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thehospitalbook.com/musaba-medical-clinic/ |title=Musaba Medical Clinic Shamaki, Gombe |website=The Hospital Book |access-date=2 Yuli 2026}}</ref> Asibitin yana da gadaje 31 kuma an yi masa rajista a matsayin cibiyar kula da lafiya ta mataki na biyu (Secondary Health Care Centre) ƙarƙashin tsarin kula da lafiya na Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thehospitalbook.com/musaba-medical-clinic/ |title=Musaba Medical Clinic Shamaki, Gombe |website=The Hospital Book |access-date=2 Yuli 2026}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Federal Teaching Hospital, Gombe]] * [[Gombe State Specialist Hospital]] * [[Jihar Gombe]] * [[Gombe]] * [[Asibiti]] == Manazarta == <references/> == Majiyoyi == * {{cite web |url=https://thehospitalbook.com/musaba-medical-clinic/ |title=Musaba Medical Clinic Shamaki, Gombe}} * {{cite web |url=https://www.finelib.com/listing/Musaba-Medical-Centre/33520 |title=Musaba Medical Centre}} * {{cite web |url=https://www.directory.org.ng/musaba_medical_centre |title=Musaba Medical Centre – Nigeria Directory}} [[Category:Asibitoci a Najeriya]] [[Category:Asibitoci masu zaman kansu a Najeriya]] [[Category:Jihar Gombe]] [[Category:Gombe]] tw3mds9vvyxz1so3q509ycc5gnnpqnr 0 160614 874267 2026-07-02T10:36:15Z Abunihla001 46562 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox biography | suna = Madina Eye Specialist and Medical Centre | hoto = | rubutun_hoto = Madina Eye Specialist and Medical Centre | wuri = [[Gombe]] | jiha = [[Jihar Gombe]] | ƙasa = [[Najeriya]] | nau'i = Asibiti mai zaman kansa | ƙwarewa = Kula da cututtukan ido da sauran ayyukan lafiya | sa'o'in_aiki = Awanni 24 }} '''Madina Eye Specialist and Medical Centre''' asibiti ne mai zaman kansa da ke cikin [[Gombe]], babban birnin [[Jihar Gombe]], a [[Najeriya]]. Asibiti... 874267 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox biography | suna = Madina Eye Specialist and Medical Centre | hoto = | rubutun_hoto = Madina Eye Specialist and Medical Centre | wuri = [[Gombe]] | jiha = [[Jihar Gombe]] | ƙasa = [[Najeriya]] | nau'i = Asibiti mai zaman kansa | ƙwarewa = Kula da cututtukan ido da sauran ayyukan lafiya | sa'o'in_aiki = Awanni 24 }} '''Madina Eye Specialist and Medical Centre''' asibiti ne mai zaman kansa da ke cikin [[Gombe]], babban birnin [[Jihar Gombe]], a [[Najeriya]]. Asibitin ya fi mayar da hankali kan kula da cututtukan ido tare da samar da sauran ayyukan kiwon lafiya ga al'umma.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://maps.google.com/ |title=Madina Eye Specialist and Medical Centre |publisher=Google Maps |access-date=2 Yuli 2026}}</ref> Asibitin yana ba da kulawa ga marasa lafiya ta hanyar kwararrun ma'aikatan lafiya, kuma yana aiki na awanni ashirin da huɗu (24) domin samar da ayyukan gaggawa da na yau da kullum.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://maps.google.com/ |title=Madina Eye Specialist and Medical Centre |publisher=Google Maps |access-date=2 Yuli 2026}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Asibitin na samar da ayyuka da suka haɗa da: * Bincike da maganin cututtukan ido * Gwajin gani * Shawarwari kan lafiyar ido * Kula da marasa lafiya * Ayyukan gaggawa * Bayar da magunguna.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://maps.google.com/ |title=Madina Eye Specialist and Medical Centre |publisher=Google Maps |access-date=2 Yuli 2026}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Federal Teaching Hospital, Gombe]] * [[Gombe State Specialist Hospital]] * [[Jihar Gombe]] * [[Gombe]] * [[Asibiti]] == Manazarta == <references/> == Majiyoyi == * Google Maps. ''Madina Eye Specialist and Medical Centre.'' https://maps.google.com/ [[Category:Asibitoci a Najeriya]] [[Category:Asibitoci masu zaman kansu a Najeriya]] [[Category:Jihar Gombe]] [[Category:Gombe]]<ref></ref> 18ryy8kv5rk5w2wcwxrc2uon6123y9v 0 160615 874269 2026-07-02T10:39:54Z Abunihla001 46562 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox biography | suna = Doma Hospital | hoto = Doma Hospital Gombe.jpg | rubutun_hoto = Ginin Doma Hospital da ke Gombe | wuri = [[Gombe]] | jiha = [[Jihar Gombe]] | ƙasa = [[Najeriya]] | nau'i = Asibiti mai zaman kansa | adireshi = No. 5, Commercial Area, Biu Road, Gombe | kafuwa = 6 Disamba 1998 | sa'o'in_aiki = Awanni 24 }} '''Doma Hospital''' asibiti ne mai zaman kansa da ke cikin birnin [[Gombe]], babban birnin [[Jihar Gombe]], a [[Najeriya]]. An kafa asibitin a ra... 874269 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox biography | suna = Doma Hospital | hoto = Doma Hospital Gombe.jpg | rubutun_hoto = Ginin Doma Hospital da ke Gombe | wuri = [[Gombe]] | jiha = [[Jihar Gombe]] | ƙasa = [[Najeriya]] | nau'i = Asibiti mai zaman kansa | adireshi = No. 5, Commercial Area, Biu Road, Gombe | kafuwa = 6 Disamba 1998 | sa'o'in_aiki = Awanni 24 }} '''Doma Hospital''' asibiti ne mai zaman kansa da ke cikin birnin [[Gombe]], babban birnin [[Jihar Gombe]], a [[Najeriya]]. An kafa asibitin a ranar 6 ga Disamba, 1998, kuma yana aiki a matsayin cibiyar kula da lafiya ta mataki na biyu (Secondary Health Care Centre) mai lasisi daga Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Tarayyar Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thehospitalbook.com/doma-hospital/ |title=Doma Hospital Dawaki, Gombe |website=The Hospital Book |access-date=2 Yuli 2026}}</ref> Asibitin yana kan titin '''Biu Road''' a yankin Commercial Area na Gombe, kuma yana ba da ayyukan kiwon lafiya ga mazauna birnin Gombe da sauran al'ummomin da ke kewaye. Yana aiki na awanni ashirin da huɗu (24) a kowace rana.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.finelib.com/listing/Doma-Hospital/59418 |title=Doma Hospital |website=Finelib Nigeria |access-date=2 Yuli 2026}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Doma Hospital na ba da ayyukan kiwon lafiya iri-iri, waɗanda suka haɗa da: * Kula da marasa lafiya na waje da na kwance * Tiyata * Kula da mata masu juna biyu da haihuwa * Kiwon lafiyar yara * Sashen cututtukan zuciya * Sashen cututtukan fata * Sashen ido * Dakin gwaje-gwaje * Sashen ɗaukar hoto na likitanci * Kantin magunguna * Motar ɗaukar marasa lafiya (Ambulance) * Dakin ajiye gawa (Mortuary).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thehospitalbook.com/doma-hospital/ |title=Doma Hospital Dawaki, Gombe |website=The Hospital Book |access-date=2 Yuli 2026}}</ref> Asibitin yana da gadaje 42, kuma yana samar da ayyukan gaggawa da na yau da kullum ga marasa lafiya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thehospitalbook.com/doma-hospital/ |title=Doma Hospital Dawaki, Gombe |website=The Hospital Book |access-date=2 Yuli 2026}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Federal Teaching Hospital, Gombe]] * [[Gombe State Specialist Hospital]] * [[Jihar Gombe]] * [[Gombe]] * [[Asibiti]] == Manazarta == <references/> == Majiyoyi == * {{cite web |url=https://thehospitalbook.com/doma-hospital/ |title=Doma Hospital Dawaki, Gombe}} * {{cite web |url=https://www.finelib.com/listing/Doma-Hospital/59418 |title=Doma Hospital}} * {{cite web |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Doma_Hospital_Gombe.jpg |title=File:Doma Hospital Gombe.jpg}} [[Category:Asibitoci a Najeriya]] [[Category:Asibitoci masu zaman kansu a Najeriya]] [[Category:Jihar Gombe]] [[Category:Gombe]] 2lubrxfvv92ste7gvgqmw7cvspfs8yp 0 160616 874280 2026-07-02T10:56:30Z Halima Waziri 29451 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1341772896|Chott Melrhir]]" 874280 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water|name=Chott Melrhir|image=Chott Melrhir NASA.jpg|caption=View from space. Note that most of the lake is already dried up in this picture.|image_bathymetry=|caption_bathymetry=|location=|coords={{Coord|34|20|N|6|20|E|type:waterbody_region:DZ|display=inline,title}}|type=[[Endorheic]] [[salt lake]]|inflow=|outflow=|catchment={{convert|68750|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<ref name=j1>{{cite journal|url=http://www.larhyss.net/pdf/journal/7/8_Benkhaled_et_al_Larhyss_Journal_7_Juin_2008.pdf|title=Detecting trends in annual discharge and precipitation in the Chott Melghir basin in Southeastern Algeria|author1=Benkhaled A.|author2=Bouziane M.T.|author3=Achour B.|journal=Larhyss Journal|issn=1112-3680|volume=7|date=June 2008|pages=103–119|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100614023034/http://www.larhyss.net/pdf/journal/7/8_Benkhaled_et_al_Larhyss_Journal_7_Juin_2008.pdf|archivedate=2010-06-14}}</ref><ref name=gov/>|basin_countries=Algeria|length=|width=|area={{convert|6700|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<ref name=bse/>|depth=|max-depth=|volume=|elevation=|cities=|embedded={{Designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_offname = Chott Melghir | designation1_date = 4 June 2003 | designation1_number = 1296<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chott Melghir|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1296|accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref>}} <!-- Map -->|pushpin_map=Algeria|pushpin_label_position=|pushpin_map_alt=|pushpin_map_caption=}} Chott Melrhir ( Arabic ), wanda kuma aka sani da Chott Melghir ko Chott Melhir da Tafkin Tritonis a cikin tatsuniyoyi na da, wani tafki ne mai kama da chott mai kama da endorheic a arewa maso gabashin Aljeriya . Shi ne ɓangaren yamma na jerin magudanan ruwa waɗanda suka fara daga Tekun Gabès zuwa Sahara . A da an san shi da Tafkin Tritonis . [1] [2] An ƙirƙira su tsakanin Miocene da Farkon Pleistocene sakamakon matsi da ke tare da samuwar tsaunukan Atlas . [3] Tare da matsakaicin yanki na kimanin 6,700 square kilometres (2,600 sq mi) , ita ce tafki mafi girma a Aljeriya. [4] Yana kusa da matakin teku gaba ɗaya kuma yana ɗauke da mafi ƙasƙanci wuri a Aljeriya, −40 metres (−130 ft) . [5] Girmansa ya bambanta a tsawon shekara kuma yawanci ya fi 130 kilometres (81 mi) girma daga gabas zuwa yamma. [6] Biranen da ke kusa sune Biskra (60) kilomita arewa maso yamma), El Oued da Touggourt (85) kilomita kudu). [7] == Ilimin halittu, ilmin ƙasa da kuma ilimin ƙasa == A lokacin ruwan sama a lokacin hunturu, tafkin yana cike da koguna da yawa (waɗanda ke bushewa lokaci-lokaci), galibi daga arewa da arewa maso yamma. Mafi girma daga cikinsu sune [[Ruwan Kogin Djedi|Djedi]] da Arab suna gudana daga yamma zuwa gabas a gangaren tsaunukan Aurès . Wasu sun haɗa da [[Ruwan Kwarin Abiod|Abiod]], Beggour Mitta, Biskra, Bir Az Atrous, Cheria, Demmed, Dermoun, Derradj, Djedeida, Djemorah, Halail, Horchane, Ittel, Mechra, Melh, Mzi, Messad, Oum El Ksob, Soukies, Tadmit da Zeribet. A lokacin rani, tafkin da yawancin kogunan da ke ciyar da shi suna bushewa, kuma Chott Melrhir ya zama tukunya mai gishiri . Tsaftacewar ruwa na shekara-shekara yana bambanta tsakanin 9.6 da 20&nbsp;km ³, kuma ƙafewar ƙasa da ke kusa da tafkin na iya kaiwa 14&nbsp;km ^3. <ref name="gov" /> Chott Melrhir ya rabu da Chott Meorouane da ke kusa, wanda ke kudu maso yamma, ta hanyar wani yanki na busasshiyar ƙasa mai kunkuntar da za ta iya zama kamar kilomita 4 a wasu wurare. <ref name="b1">Robert Mepham, R. H. Hughes, J. S. Hughes (1992) [https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA23 ''A Directory of African Wetlands''], IUCN, {{ISBN|2-88032-949-3}} pp. 23–24</ref> Kasan tafkin galibi ya ƙunshi gypsum da laka kuma an rufe shi da gishiri a lokacin rani. Tafkin yana fitar da ƙamshi kamar tafarnuwa. Duk da cewa busasshiyar ƙasa a cikin tafkin da kewaye tana kama da mai iya noma, kusan ba ya dahuwa saboda yawan gishirin da ke cikinsa. Saboda wannan dalili, ƙasa tana shan danshi da yawa cikin dare wanda ke sa shi ɗan danshi a yawancin rana. == Yanayi == [[Fayil:Houbara035.JPG|left|thumb|Bustard na Houbara]] Yanayi a Chott Melrhir yana da zafi da bushewa, tare da yawan ƙafewa da kuma ƙarancin ruwan sama. Matsakaicin mafi ƙasƙanci da mafi girma shine 11.4 da 34.2.&nbsp;°C, bi da bi, kuma mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki shine kusan 0&nbsp;°C. Ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana ƙasa da 160&nbsp;mm. Iska tana da saurin tsakanin 2.7 da 5.3&nbsp;m/s kuma galibi ana tura su kudu maso gabas tsakanin watan Yuni da Satumba da kuma arewa maso yamma tsakanin kaka da farkon bazara. [[Guguwar ƙura|Guguwar yashi]] ta fi yawa a lokacin hunturu da ƙarshen bazara kuma tana ɗaukar kwanaki 39 a kowace shekara a matsakaici. == Flora da fauna == Ruwan da ke cikin tafkin ya ƙunshi ƙarancin ciyayi da suka ƙunshi nau'ikan tsire-tsire 72 waɗanda suka dace da ruwa mai gishiri, irin su lavender na teku ( ''Limonium'' ), rushewa ( ''Juncus'' ), glasswort ( ''Salicornia'' ), ''Sarcocornia'', bulrush ( ''Scirpus'' ) da seepweeds ( ''Suaeda'' ). Wasu nau'ikan sun bambanta ga Aljeriya kuma 14 suna da yawa, kamar ''Fagonia microphylla'', ''Oudneya africana'', ''Zygophyllum cornutum'', ''Limoniastrum feii'' da ''Ammosperma cinerea'' . Sun girma har zuwa 30&nbsp;Tsawon santimita kuma yana ɗauke da avifauna mai wadata, galibi [[Anas|agwagwa]], yashi, houbara bustard ( ''Chlamydotis undulata'' ) da babban flamingo ( ''Phoenicopterus roseus'' ). <ref name="b1">Robert Mepham, R. H. Hughes, J. S. Hughes (1992) [https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA23 ''A Directory of African Wetlands''], IUCN, {{ISBN|2-88032-949-3}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/2-88032-949-3|<bdi>2-88032-949-3</bdi>]] pp. 23–24</ref> <ref>Erik Carp (1980) [https://books.google.com/books?id=RNmtBYWb0w0C&pg=PA28 ''Directory of Wetlands of International Importance in the Western Palearctic''], IUCN, {{ISBN|2-88032-300-2}}, p. 28</ref> Ruwan tafkin yana cike da gishiri tare da yawan da ke kaiwa 0.4&nbsp;kg/L <ref name="gov" /> kuma suna rayuwa da nau'ikan dabbobi kaɗan ne kawai, kamar jatan lande mai ruwan teku . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Samraoui, Boudjéma |display-authors=etal |year=2006 |title=Large branchiopods (Branchiopoda: Anostraca, Notostraca and Spinicaudata) from the salt lakes of Algeria |url=http://www.iii.to.cnr.it/pubblicaz/jl65_2/02_samraoui.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=J. Limnol. |volume=65 |issue=2 |pages=83–88 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716081359/http://www.iii.to.cnr.it/pubblicaz/jl65_2/02_samraoui.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-16 |access-date=2010-10-15}}</ref> An ga alade na daji, [[Dila|dila na zinariya]], zomaye da dila a kusa da tafkin. <ref name="gov" /> A watan Yunin 2003, an haɗa Chott Melrhir cikin Jerin wuraren dausayi na Ramsar masu mahimmanci a duniya . == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|2}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==   * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091123091922/http://www.dgf.org.dz/zones_humides/fdr/melghir.pdf Cikakken rahoto game da tafkin daga Ma'aikatar Noma ta Aljeriya tare da taswirar yankin] (da Faransanci) {{Wetlands}}{{Authority control}} 24z1pakn2841oithxurxcl7ttpyuuen 874281 874280 2026-07-02T10:57:41Z Halima Waziri 29451 Saka databox 874281 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Infobox body of water|name=Chott Melrhir|image=Chott Melrhir NASA.jpg|caption=View from space. Note that most of the lake is already dried up in this picture.|image_bathymetry=|caption_bathymetry=|location=|coords={{Coord|34|20|N|6|20|E|type:waterbody_region:DZ|display=inline,title}}|type=[[Endorheic]] [[salt lake]]|inflow=|outflow=|catchment={{convert|68750|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<ref name=j1>{{cite journal|url=http://www.larhyss.net/pdf/journal/7/8_Benkhaled_et_al_Larhyss_Journal_7_Juin_2008.pdf|title=Detecting trends in annual discharge and precipitation in the Chott Melghir basin in Southeastern Algeria|author1=Benkhaled A.|author2=Bouziane M.T.|author3=Achour B.|journal=Larhyss Journal|issn=1112-3680|volume=7|date=June 2008|pages=103–119|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100614023034/http://www.larhyss.net/pdf/journal/7/8_Benkhaled_et_al_Larhyss_Journal_7_Juin_2008.pdf|archivedate=2010-06-14}}</ref><ref name=gov/>|basin_countries=Algeria|length=|width=|area={{convert|6700|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<ref name=bse/>|depth=|max-depth=|volume=|elevation=|cities=|embedded={{Designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_offname = Chott Melghir | designation1_date = 4 June 2003 | designation1_number = 1296<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chott Melghir|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1296|accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref>}} <!-- Map -->|pushpin_map=Algeria|pushpin_label_position=|pushpin_map_alt=|pushpin_map_caption=}} Chott Melrhir ( Arabic ), wanda kuma aka sani da Chott Melghir ko Chott Melhir da Tafkin Tritonis a cikin tatsuniyoyi na da, wani tafki ne mai kama da chott mai kama da endorheic a arewa maso gabashin Aljeriya . Shi ne ɓangaren yamma na jerin magudanan ruwa waɗanda suka fara daga Tekun Gabès zuwa Sahara . A da an san shi da Tafkin Tritonis . [1] [2] An ƙirƙira su tsakanin Miocene da Farkon Pleistocene sakamakon matsi da ke tare da samuwar tsaunukan Atlas . [3] Tare da matsakaicin yanki na kimanin 6,700 square kilometres (2,600 sq mi) , ita ce tafki mafi girma a Aljeriya. [4] Yana kusa da matakin teku gaba ɗaya kuma yana ɗauke da mafi ƙasƙanci wuri a Aljeriya, −40 metres (−130 ft) . [5] Girmansa ya bambanta a tsawon shekara kuma yawanci ya fi 130 kilometres (81 mi) girma daga gabas zuwa yamma. [6] Biranen da ke kusa sune Biskra (60) kilomita arewa maso yamma), El Oued da Touggourt (85) kilomita kudu). [7] == Ilimin halittu, ilmin ƙasa da kuma ilimin ƙasa == A lokacin ruwan sama a lokacin hunturu, tafkin yana cike da koguna da yawa (waɗanda ke bushewa lokaci-lokaci), galibi daga arewa da arewa maso yamma. Mafi girma daga cikinsu sune [[Ruwan Kogin Djedi|Djedi]] da Arab suna gudana daga yamma zuwa gabas a gangaren tsaunukan Aurès . Wasu sun haɗa da [[Ruwan Kwarin Abiod|Abiod]], Beggour Mitta, Biskra, Bir Az Atrous, Cheria, Demmed, Dermoun, Derradj, Djedeida, Djemorah, Halail, Horchane, Ittel, Mechra, Melh, Mzi, Messad, Oum El Ksob, Soukies, Tadmit da Zeribet. A lokacin rani, tafkin da yawancin kogunan da ke ciyar da shi suna bushewa, kuma Chott Melrhir ya zama tukunya mai gishiri . Tsaftacewar ruwa na shekara-shekara yana bambanta tsakanin 9.6 da 20&nbsp;km ³, kuma ƙafewar ƙasa da ke kusa da tafkin na iya kaiwa 14&nbsp;km ^3. <ref name="gov" /> Chott Melrhir ya rabu da Chott Meorouane da ke kusa, wanda ke kudu maso yamma, ta hanyar wani yanki na busasshiyar ƙasa mai kunkuntar da za ta iya zama kamar kilomita 4 a wasu wurare. <ref name="b1">Robert Mepham, R. H. Hughes, J. S. Hughes (1992) [https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA23 ''A Directory of African Wetlands''], IUCN, {{ISBN|2-88032-949-3}} pp. 23–24</ref> Kasan tafkin galibi ya ƙunshi gypsum da laka kuma an rufe shi da gishiri a lokacin rani. Tafkin yana fitar da ƙamshi kamar tafarnuwa. Duk da cewa busasshiyar ƙasa a cikin tafkin da kewaye tana kama da mai iya noma, kusan ba ya dahuwa saboda yawan gishirin da ke cikinsa. Saboda wannan dalili, ƙasa tana shan danshi da yawa cikin dare wanda ke sa shi ɗan danshi a yawancin rana. == Yanayi == [[Fayil:Houbara035.JPG|left|thumb|Bustard na Houbara]] Yanayi a Chott Melrhir yana da zafi da bushewa, tare da yawan ƙafewa da kuma ƙarancin ruwan sama. Matsakaicin mafi ƙasƙanci da mafi girma shine 11.4 da 34.2.&nbsp;°C, bi da bi, kuma mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki shine kusan 0&nbsp;°C. Ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana ƙasa da 160&nbsp;mm. Iska tana da saurin tsakanin 2.7 da 5.3&nbsp;m/s kuma galibi ana tura su kudu maso gabas tsakanin watan Yuni da Satumba da kuma arewa maso yamma tsakanin kaka da farkon bazara. [[Guguwar ƙura|Guguwar yashi]] ta fi yawa a lokacin hunturu da ƙarshen bazara kuma tana ɗaukar kwanaki 39 a kowace shekara a matsakaici. == Flora da fauna == Ruwan da ke cikin tafkin ya ƙunshi ƙarancin ciyayi da suka ƙunshi nau'ikan tsire-tsire 72 waɗanda suka dace da ruwa mai gishiri, irin su lavender na teku ( ''Limonium'' ), rushewa ( ''Juncus'' ), glasswort ( ''Salicornia'' ), ''Sarcocornia'', bulrush ( ''Scirpus'' ) da seepweeds ( ''Suaeda'' ). Wasu nau'ikan sun bambanta ga Aljeriya kuma 14 suna da yawa, kamar ''Fagonia microphylla'', ''Oudneya africana'', ''Zygophyllum cornutum'', ''Limoniastrum feii'' da ''Ammosperma cinerea'' . Sun girma har zuwa 30&nbsp;Tsawon santimita kuma yana ɗauke da avifauna mai wadata, galibi [[Anas|agwagwa]], yashi, houbara bustard ( ''Chlamydotis undulata'' ) da babban flamingo ( ''Phoenicopterus roseus'' ). <ref name="b1">Robert Mepham, R. H. Hughes, J. S. Hughes (1992) [https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA23 ''A Directory of African Wetlands''], IUCN, {{ISBN|2-88032-949-3}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/2-88032-949-3|<bdi>2-88032-949-3</bdi>]] pp. 23–24</ref> <ref>Erik Carp (1980) [https://books.google.com/books?id=RNmtBYWb0w0C&pg=PA28 ''Directory of Wetlands of International Importance in the Western Palearctic''], IUCN, {{ISBN|2-88032-300-2}}, p. 28</ref> Ruwan tafkin yana cike da gishiri tare da yawan da ke kaiwa 0.4&nbsp;kg/L <ref name="gov" /> kuma suna rayuwa da nau'ikan dabbobi kaɗan ne kawai, kamar jatan lande mai ruwan teku . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Samraoui, Boudjéma |display-authors=etal |year=2006 |title=Large branchiopods (Branchiopoda: Anostraca, Notostraca and Spinicaudata) from the salt lakes of Algeria |url=http://www.iii.to.cnr.it/pubblicaz/jl65_2/02_samraoui.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=J. Limnol. |volume=65 |issue=2 |pages=83–88 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716081359/http://www.iii.to.cnr.it/pubblicaz/jl65_2/02_samraoui.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-16 |access-date=2010-10-15}}</ref> An ga alade na daji, [[Dila|dila na zinariya]], zomaye da dila a kusa da tafkin. <ref name="gov" /> A watan Yunin 2003, an haɗa Chott Melrhir cikin Jerin wuraren dausayi na Ramsar masu mahimmanci a duniya . == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|2}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==   * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091123091922/http://www.dgf.org.dz/zones_humides/fdr/melghir.pdf Cikakken rahoto game da tafkin daga Ma'aikatar Noma ta Aljeriya tare da taswirar yankin] (da Faransanci) {{Wetlands}}{{Authority control}} toryzdakwoq6dfs49vqq3sl3pgqhywo 0 160617 874285 2026-07-02T11:01:22Z Muhammad mamman danumma 35709 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1252437344|List of 1979 British incumbents]]" 874285 wikitext text/x-wiki == Gwamnati == * '''Sarkin sarakuna''' ** Shugaban kasa - Elizabeth II, Sarauniya ta Ƙasar Ingila (1952-2022) * '''[[Firai Minista|Firayim Minista]]''' *# Shugaban Gwamnati - James Callaghan, Firayim Minista na Burtaniya (1976-1979) *# Shugaban Gwamnati - [[Margaret Thatcher]], Firayim Minista na Burtaniya (1979-1990) * '''Ubangiji na farko na Baitulmalin''' *# James Callaghan, Ubangiji na farko na Baitulmalin (1976-1979) *# [[Margaret Thatcher]], Ubangiji na farko na Baitulmalin (1979-1990) * '''Shugaban Ma'aikatar Kudi''' *# Denis Healey, Shugaban Ma'aikatar Kudi (1974-1979) *# Sir Geoffrey Howe, Shugaban Ma'aikatar Kudi (1979-1983) * '''Ubangiji na Biyu na Baitulmalin''' *# Denis Healey, Ubangiji na Biyu na Baitulmalin (1974-1979) *# Sir Geoffrey Howe, Ubangiji na Biyu na Baitulmalin (1979-1983) * '''Sakataren Harkokin Waje da Commonwealth''' *# Dokta David Owen, Sakataren Harkokin Waje da Commonwealth (1977-1979) *# Peter Carington, Baron Carrington na 6, Sakataren Harkokin Waje da Commonwealth (1979-1982) * '''Sakataren Gwamnati na Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida''' *# Merlyn Rees, Sakataren Gwamnati na Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida (1976-1979) *# William Whitelaw, Sakataren Gwamnati na Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida (1979-1983) * '''Sakataren Harkokin Sufuri''' *# Bill Rodgers, Sakataren Harkokin Sufuri (1976-1979) *# Norman Fowler, Ministan Sufuri (1979-1981) * '''Sakataren Gwamnati na Scotland''' *# Bruce Millan, Sakataren Gwamnati na Scotland (1976-1979) *# George Younger, Sakataren Gwamnati na Scotland (1979-1986) * '''Sakataren Gwamnati na Ayyukan Jama'a''' *# David Ennals, Sakataren Gwamnati na Ayyukan Jama'a (1976-1979) *# Patrick Jenkin, Sakataren Gwamnati na Ayyukan Jama'a (1979-1981) * '''Sakataren Gwamnati na Arewacin Ireland''' *# Roy Mason, Sakataren Gwamnati na Arewacin Ireland (1976-1979) *# Humphrey Atkins, Sakataren Gwamnati na Arewacin Ireland (1979-1981) * '''Sakataren Gwamnati na Tsaro''' *# Frederick Mulley, Sakataren Gwamnati na Tsaro (1976-1979) *# Francis Pym, Sakataren Gwamnati na Tsaro (1979-1981) * '''Sakataren Gwamnati na Masana'antu''' *# Eric Varley, Sakataren Gwamnati na Masana'antu (1975-1979) *# Sir Keith Joseph, Bt. , Sakataren Gwamnati na Masana'antu (1979-1981) * '''Sakataren Gwamnati na Kasuwanci''' *# John Smith, Sakataren Gwamnati na Ciniki (1978-1979) *# [[John Nott]], Sakataren Gwamnati na Ciniki (1979-1981) * '''Sakataren Gwamnati na Ilimi da Kimiyya''' *# Shirley Williams, Sakataren Gwamnati na Ilimi da Kimiyya (1976-1979) *# Mark Carlisle, Sakataren Gwamnati na Ilimi da Kimiyya (1979-1981) * '''Sakataren Gwamnati na Wales''' *# John Morris, Sakataren Gwamnati na Wales (1974-1979) *# Nicholas Edwards, Sakataren Gwamnati na Wales (1979-1987) * '''Ubangiji Mai Tsarki''' *# Fred Peart, Baron Peart, Lord Privy Seal (1976-1979) *# Sir Ian Gilmour, Ubangiji Privy Seal (1979-1981) * '''Shugaba na House of Commons''' *# Michael Foot, Shugaban Majalisar Dokoki (1976-1979) *# Norman St John-Stevas, Shugaban Majalisar Dokoki (1979-1981) * '''Shugaban Majalisar''' *# Michael Foot, Shugaban Majalisar (1976-1979) *# Christopher Soames, Baron Soames, Shugaban Majalisar (1979-1981) * '''Ubangiji Shugaban kasa''' *# Elwyn Jones, Baron Elwyn-Jones, Lord Chancellor (1974-1979) *# Quintin Hogg, Baron Hailsham na St Marylebone, Lord Chancellor (1979-1987) * '''Shugaban Duchy na Lancaster''' *# Harold Lever, Shugaban Duchy na Lancaster (1974-1979) *# Norman St John-Stevas, Shugaban Duchy na Lancaster (1979-1981) == Addini == * '''Babban Bishop na Canterbury''' ** Donald Coggan, Babban Bishop na Canterbury (1974-1980) * '''Babban Bishop na York''' ** Stuart Blanch, Babban Bishop na York (1975-1983) == Dukes == * '''Duke na Abercorn''' *# James Edward Hamilton, Duke na 4 na Abercorn (1953-1979) *# James Hamilton, Duke na 5 na Abercorn (1979-) 28p8lfdnu4kha6m1rkznaff4cmgdl7o 874286 874285 2026-07-02T11:02:29Z Muhammad mamman danumma 35709 874286 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} == Gwamnati == * '''Sarkin sarakuna''' ** Shugaban kasa - Elizabeth II, Sarauniya ta Ƙasar Ingila (1952-2022) * '''[[Firai Minista|Firayim Minista]]''' *# Shugaban Gwamnati - James Callaghan, Firayim Minista na Burtaniya (1976-1979) *# Shugaban Gwamnati - [[Margaret Thatcher]], Firayim Minista na Burtaniya (1979-1990) * '''Ubangiji na farko na Baitulmalin''' *# James Callaghan, Ubangiji na farko na Baitulmalin (1976-1979) *# [[Margaret Thatcher]], Ubangiji na farko na Baitulmalin (1979-1990) * '''Shugaban Ma'aikatar Kudi''' *# Denis Healey, Shugaban Ma'aikatar Kudi (1974-1979) *# Sir Geoffrey Howe, Shugaban Ma'aikatar Kudi (1979-1983) * '''Ubangiji na Biyu na Baitulmalin''' *# Denis Healey, Ubangiji na Biyu na Baitulmalin (1974-1979) *# Sir Geoffrey Howe, Ubangiji na Biyu na Baitulmalin (1979-1983) * '''Sakataren Harkokin Waje da Commonwealth''' *# Dokta David Owen, Sakataren Harkokin Waje da Commonwealth (1977-1979) *# Peter Carington, Baron Carrington na 6, Sakataren Harkokin Waje da Commonwealth (1979-1982) * '''Sakataren Gwamnati na Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida''' *# Merlyn Rees, Sakataren Gwamnati na Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida (1976-1979) *# William Whitelaw, Sakataren Gwamnati na Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida (1979-1983) * '''Sakataren Harkokin Sufuri''' *# Bill Rodgers, Sakataren Harkokin Sufuri (1976-1979) *# Norman Fowler, Ministan Sufuri (1979-1981) * '''Sakataren Gwamnati na Scotland''' *# Bruce Millan, Sakataren Gwamnati na Scotland (1976-1979) *# George Younger, Sakataren Gwamnati na Scotland (1979-1986) * '''Sakataren Gwamnati na Ayyukan Jama'a''' *# David Ennals, Sakataren Gwamnati na Ayyukan Jama'a (1976-1979) *# Patrick Jenkin, Sakataren Gwamnati na Ayyukan Jama'a (1979-1981) * '''Sakataren Gwamnati na Arewacin Ireland''' *# Roy Mason, Sakataren Gwamnati na Arewacin Ireland (1976-1979) *# Humphrey Atkins, Sakataren Gwamnati na Arewacin Ireland (1979-1981) * '''Sakataren Gwamnati na Tsaro''' *# Frederick Mulley, Sakataren Gwamnati na Tsaro (1976-1979) *# Francis Pym, Sakataren Gwamnati na Tsaro (1979-1981) * '''Sakataren Gwamnati na Masana'antu''' *# Eric Varley, Sakataren Gwamnati na Masana'antu (1975-1979) *# Sir Keith Joseph, Bt. , Sakataren Gwamnati na Masana'antu (1979-1981) * '''Sakataren Gwamnati na Kasuwanci''' *# John Smith, Sakataren Gwamnati na Ciniki (1978-1979) *# [[John Nott]], Sakataren Gwamnati na Ciniki (1979-1981) * '''Sakataren Gwamnati na Ilimi da Kimiyya''' *# Shirley Williams, Sakataren Gwamnati na Ilimi da Kimiyya (1976-1979) *# Mark Carlisle, Sakataren Gwamnati na Ilimi da Kimiyya (1979-1981) * '''Sakataren Gwamnati na Wales''' *# John Morris, Sakataren Gwamnati na Wales (1974-1979) *# Nicholas Edwards, Sakataren Gwamnati na Wales (1979-1987) * '''Ubangiji Mai Tsarki''' *# Fred Peart, Baron Peart, Lord Privy Seal (1976-1979) *# Sir Ian Gilmour, Ubangiji Privy Seal (1979-1981) * '''Shugaba na House of Commons''' *# Michael Foot, Shugaban Majalisar Dokoki (1976-1979) *# Norman St John-Stevas, Shugaban Majalisar Dokoki (1979-1981) * '''Shugaban Majalisar''' *# Michael Foot, Shugaban Majalisar (1976-1979) *# Christopher Soames, Baron Soames, Shugaban Majalisar (1979-1981) * '''Ubangiji Shugaban kasa''' *# Elwyn Jones, Baron Elwyn-Jones, Lord Chancellor (1974-1979) *# Quintin Hogg, Baron Hailsham na St Marylebone, Lord Chancellor (1979-1987) * '''Shugaban Duchy na Lancaster''' *# Harold Lever, Shugaban Duchy na Lancaster (1974-1979) *# Norman St John-Stevas, Shugaban Duchy na Lancaster (1979-1981) == Addini == * '''Babban Bishop na Canterbury''' ** Donald Coggan, Babban Bishop na Canterbury (1974-1980) * '''Babban Bishop na York''' ** Stuart Blanch, Babban Bishop na York (1975-1983) == Dukes == * '''Duke na Abercorn''' *# James Edward Hamilton, Duke na 4 na Abercorn (1953-1979) *# James Hamilton, Duke na 5 na Abercorn (1979-) p9q4wg129rn29yfl2gln0t8mtfq0fs1 0 160618 874289 2026-07-02T11:10:14Z Halima Waziri 29451 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360734100|Salt lake]]" 874289 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /> [[Fayil:Ethiopia_-_Lake_Assale.jpg|thumb|Ɗaya daga cikin tafkuna biyu masu gishiri a ƙarshen arewacin yankin Danakil da aka sani da [[Tafkin Karum]]]] Tafkin gishiri ko tafki mai gishiri wani ruwa ne mai cike da ruwa wanda ke da yawan gishiri (yawanci sodium chloride ) da sauran ma'adanai da aka narkar sun fi yawancin tafkuna girma (galibi ana bayyana su a matsayin akalla gram uku na gishiri a kowace lita). [1] A wasu lokuta, tafkunan gishiri suna da yawan gishiri fiye da ruwan teku ; irin waɗannan tafkunan kuma ana iya kiransu tafkunan hypersaline, kuma suna iya zama tafkuna masu ruwan hoda saboda launinsu. Wani lokaci ana kiran tafkin gishiri mai alkali wanda ke da yawan carbonate a cikin tafkin soda . [2] An rarraba tafkunan gishiri bisa ga matakin gishiri . Samuwar waɗannan tafkuna yana da tasiri ta hanyar matakai kamar ƙafewa da kuma adana su. Tafkunan gishiri suna fuskantar ƙalubalen kiyayewa mai tsanani saboda sauyin yanayi, [[Gurbatar yanayi|gurɓatawa]] da karkatar da ruwa. == Rarrabawa == Babbar hanyar rarraba tafkunan gishiri ta ƙunshi tantance sinadaran da ke cikin ruwan a cikin tafkunan, musamman gishirinsa, pH, da kuma ions masu rinjaye da ke akwai. === Subsaline === Tafkunan ƙarƙashin ruwan gishiri suna da gishiri ƙasa da na ruwan teku amma sun fi [[Ruwan Daɗi|ruwan da ke cikin ruwa mai tsafta]], yawanci suna farawa daga gram 0.5 zuwa 3 a kowace lita (g/L). === Hyposaline === Tafkunan Hyposaline suna nuna gishiri daga 3 zuwa 20 g/L, wanda ke ba da damar kasancewar nau'ikan ruwa masu ruwa tare da wasu halittu masu jure gishiri. Tafkin Alchichica a Mexico tafki ne mai jure gishiri. <ref>{{Citation|journal=Robert|url-status=Herbst}}</ref> === Mesosaline === Tafkunan Mesosaline suna da matakin gishirin da ya kama daga 20 zuwa 50 g/L. <ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Bowman |first=Jeff S. |last2=Sachs |first2=Julian P. |title=Chemical and physical properties of some saline lakes in Alberta and Saskatchewan |url=https://aquaticbiosystems.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-1448-4-3 |journal=Saline Systems |volume=4 |issue=1 |page=3 |doi=10.1186/1746-1448-4-3 |issn=1746-1448 |pmc=2365950 |pmid=18430240 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Misalin tafkin mesosaline shine Tafkin Redberry da ke Saskatchewan, Kanada . <ref name=":16" /> === Hypersaline === Tafkunan Hypersaline suna da gishirin da ya fi 35 g/L, <ref name=":15">{{Cite journal |last=Saccò |first=Mattia |last2=White |first2=Nicole E. |last3=Harrod |first3=Chris |last4=Salazar |first4=Gonzalo |last5=Aguilar |first5=Pablo |last6=Cubillos |first6=Carolina F. |last7=Meredith |first7=Karina |last8=Baxter |first8=Bonnie K. |last9=Oren |first9=Aharon |last10=Anufriieva |first10=Elena |last11=Shadrin |first11=Nickolai |last12=Marambio‐Alfaro |first12=Yeri |last13=Bravo‐Naranjo |first13=Víctor |last14=Allentoft |first14=Morten E. |title=Salt to conserve: a review on the ecology and preservation of hypersaline ecosystems |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/brv.12780 |journal=Biological Reviews |language=en |volume=96 |issue=6 |pages=2828–2850 |doi=10.1111/brv.12780 |issn=1464-7931 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> ko 50 g/L, sau da yawa suna wuce 200 g/L. Matsanancin matakan gishirin yana haifar da yanayi mai tsauri wanda ke iyakance bambancin rayuwa, musamman yana tallafawa ƙwayoyin cuta na musamman kamar ƙwayoyin halophilic da wasu nau'ikan jatan lande na brine . <ref name=":15" /> Waɗannan tafkuna na iya samun yawan gishirin sodium da ma'adanai, kamar lithium, wanda ke sa irin waɗannan tafkuna su zama masu rauni ga sha'awar hakar ma'adinai. <ref name=":15" /> Ana iya samun tafkunan Hypersaline a cikin kwarin McMurdo Dry Valleys a Antarctica, inda gishirin zai iya kaiwa ≈440‰. [[Fayil:Lake_Hillier_Shoreline_Pink_Hue_Salt_Deposite.jpg|thumb|Gabar Tekun Hillier mai ƙananan halittu ciki har da Dunaliella salina, jajayen algae waɗanda ke haifar da gishirin da ke cikin tafkin ya haifar da jajayen rini]] == Tsarin aiki == Tafkunan gishiri suna samuwa ta hanyar hadaddun hanyoyin sinadarai, ilimin ƙasa, da na halittu, waɗanda yanayin muhalli kamar yawan fitar ruwa da ƙarancin fitar ruwa ke shafar su. Yayin da ruwa ke ɗauke da ma'adanai masu narkewa ( sodium, potassium, da magnesium ) yana shiga cikin waɗannan kwano, a hankali yana ƙafewa, yana mai da hankali kan waɗannan ma'adanai har sai sun zube a matsayin ma'adinan gishiri. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Yu |first=Zhangfa |last2=Zeng |first2=Ying |last3=Li |first3=Xuequn |last4=Sun |first4=Hongbo |last5=Li |first5=Longgang |last6=He |first6=Wanghai |last7=Chen |first7=Peijun |last8=Yu |first8=Xudong |date=Nov 2024 |title=Solid–Liquid Phase Equilibria of the Aqueous Quaternary System Rb+, Cs+, Mg2+//SO42− - H2O at T = 323.2 K |journal=Separations |language=en |volume=11 |issue=11 |page=309 |doi=10.3390/separations11110309 |issn=2297-8739 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Sannan, takamaiman ions suna hulɗa a ƙarƙashin yanayin zafi mai sarrafawa, wanda ke haifar da samuwar mafita mai ƙarfi da kuma ajiyar [[Crystal|kristal]] na gishiri a cikin gadon tafkin. <ref name=":4" /> Wannan zagayowar ƙafewa da zubarwa shine babban tsari ga yanayin gishiri na musamman wanda ke siffanta tafkin gishiri. <ref name=":4" /> [[Fayil:Soltan_salt_lake_iran.jpg|thumb|Tafkin Soltan a Iran mai tuddan gishiri]] Abubuwan muhalli sun ƙara siffanta tsarin da samuwar tafkunan gishiri. Bambancin yanayi a yanayin zafi da ƙafewa yana haifar da cikar ma'adanai kuma yana haɓaka ƙwanƙwasa gishiri. <ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Huang |first=Shouyan |last2=Ma |first2=Yanfang |last3=Liu |first3=Xin |last4=Ma |first4=Xiuzhen |last5=Fu |first5=Zhenhai |date=2024-11-02 |title=Distribution and Evaporation Characteristics of Rb and Cs in Complex Salt Brine Systems |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0883292724003214 |journal=Applied Geochemistry |doi=10.1016/j.apgeochem.2024.106216 |issn=0883-2927 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A yankuna busassun wurare, asarar ruwa a lokacin yanayi mai zafi yana tattara gishirin tafkin. <ref name=":8" /> Wannan yana ƙirƙirar yanayi mai ƙarfi inda canje-canje na yanayi ke shafar yadudduka na ma'adanai na tafkin gishiri, yana ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban tsarinsa da abun da ke ciki. <ref name=":8" /> Ruwan ƙasa mai wadataccen ions da aka narkar sau da yawa yana aiki a matsayin manyan tushen ma'adanai waɗanda, tare da hanyoyin kamar ƙafewa da adanawa, ke ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban tafkin gishiri. <ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last=Last |first=William M. |date=2002-12-01 |title=Geolimnology of salt lakes |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF03020619 |journal=Geosciences Journal |language=en |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=347–369 |doi=10.1007/BF03020619 |issn=1598-7477 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Bambancin halittu == [[Fayil:Larnaca_01-2017_img32_Salt_Lake.jpg|thumb|239x239px|Tafkin Salt a [[Larnaca|Larnaca, Cyprus]]]] Tafkunan gishiri suna karɓar nau'ikan dabbobi daban-daban, duk da yawan gishirin da ke aiki a matsayin manyan ƙuntatawa na muhalli. <ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last=Kornyychuk |first=Yuliya |last2=Anufriieva |first2=Elena |last3=Shadrin |first3=Nickolai |date=Mar 2023 |title=Diversity of Parasitic Animals in Hypersaline Waters: A Review |journal=Diversity |language=en |volume=15 |issue=3 |page=409 |doi=10.3390/d15030409 |issn=1424-2818 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ƙara gishirin yana ƙara ta'azzara matakan iskar oxygen da yanayin zafi, yana ƙara yawan ruwa da ɗanko, wanda ke buƙatar ƙarin kuzari don motsin dabbobi. <ref name=":10" /> Duk da waɗannan ƙalubalen, tafkunan gishiri suna tallafawa biota da aka daidaita da irin waɗannan yanayi tare da hanyoyin ilimin halittar jiki da na sinadarai na musamman. <ref name=":11">{{Citation|journal=G. Randy|url-status=Prentice|access-date=Davidson}}</ref> Invertebrates na tafkin gishiri na yau da kullun sun haɗa da ƙwayoyin cuta daban-daban, tare da kusan nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta 85 da ake samu a cikin ruwan gishiri, gami da crustaceans da monogeneans . <ref name=":10" /> Daga cikinsu, jatan lande mai ciyar da ruwa mai tacewa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a matsayin nau'in dutse ta hanyar daidaita matakan phytoplankton da bacterioplankton . <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Shadrin |first=Nickolai |last2=Anufriieva |first2=Elena |last3=Gajardo |first3=Gonzalo |date=Jan 2023 |title=Ecosystems of Inland Saline Waters in the World of Change |journal=Water |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |page=52 |doi=10.3390/w15010052 |issn=2073-4441 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Nau'in Artemia kuma yana aiki a matsayin mai masaukin baki ga ƙwayoyin cuta na helminth waɗanda ke shafar tsuntsayen ruwa masu ƙaura kamar flamingos, grebes, gulls, shorebirds, da agwagwa. <ref name=":12" /> Vertebrates a cikin tafkunan gishiri sun haɗa da wasu nau'ikan kifaye da tsuntsaye, kodayake suna da saurin kamuwa da canjin gishirin. <ref name=":11" /> Tafkunan gishiri da yawa suma suna da sinadarin alkaline, wanda ke haifar da ƙalubale ga kifaye, musamman wajen sarrafa fitar da sharar nitrogen. <ref name=":13">{{Citation|journal=Anthony P.|url-status=Brauner}}</ref> Nau'in kifaye ya bambanta dangane da tafki; misali, Tekun Salton gida ne ga nau'ikan kifaye kamar su carp, striped mullet, humpback sucker, da kuma rainbow trout. <ref name=":13" /> == Rarrabawa == [[Fayil:Dimictic_lake.png|thumb|329x329px|Rarraba tafkin a cikin yanayi daban-daban]] Rarrabawa a cikin tafkunan gishiri yana faruwa ne sakamakon keɓantattun hanyoyin sinadarai da muhalli waɗanda ke sa ruwa ya rabu zuwa layuka bisa ga yawansu . <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Boehrer |first=Bertram |last2=Schultze |first2=Martin |date=Jun 2008 |title=Stratification of lakes |url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2006RG000210 |journal=Reviews of Geophysics |language=en |volume=46 |issue=2 |doi=10.1029/2006RG000210 |issn=8755-1209}}</ref> A cikin waɗannan tafkuna, yawan tururi yakan taru gishiri, wanda ke haifar da nitsewar ruwa mai yawa da gishiri zuwa ƙasan tafkin, yayin da ruwan sabo ke kusa da saman. <ref name=":5" /> Waɗannan canje-canje na yanayi suna shafar tsarin tafkin, suna sa rarrabawa ya fi bayyana a cikin watanni masu zafi saboda ƙaruwar tururi, wanda ke haifar da rabuwa tsakanin layukan gishiri da sabo a cikin tafkin, wanda ke haifar da wani abu da aka sani da meromixis (yanayin meromictic), galibi yana hana iskar oxygen shiga cikin layuka masu zurfi kuma yana ƙirƙirar yankunan [[Yankin da ya mutu (ecology)|hypoxic]] (ƙarancin iskar oxygen) ko [[Yankin da ya mutu (ecology)|anoxic]] (babu iskar oxygen). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Radosavljevic |first=Jovana |last2=Slowinski |first2=Stephanie |last3=Rezanezhad |first3=Fereidoun |last4=Shafii |first4=Mahyar |last5=Gharabaghi |first5=Bahram |last6=Van Cappellen |first6=Philippe |date=2024-02-01 |title=Road salt-induced salinization impacts water geochemistry and mixing regime of a Canadian urban lake |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883292724000337 |journal=Applied Geochemistry |volume=162 |doi=10.1016/j.apgeochem.2024.105928 |issn=0883-2927 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan rabuwar daga ƙarshe ya rinjayi sinadaran tafkin, yana tallafawa rayuwar ƙwayoyin cuta na musamman waɗanda suka dace da yanayi mai tsauri tare da babban gishiri da ƙarancin iskar oxygen. <ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Ladwig |first=Robert |last2=Rock |first2=Linnea A. |last3=Dugan |first3=Hilary A. |date=2023-02-01 |title=Impact of salinization on lake stratification and spring mixing |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023LimOL...8...93L/abstract |journal=Limnology and Oceanography Letters |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=93–102 |bibcode=2023LimOL...8...93L |doi=10.1002/lol2.10215 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLadwigRockDugan2023">Ladwig, Robert; Rock, Linnea A.; Dugan, Hilary A. (2023-02-01). [[bibcode:2023LimOL...8...93L|"Impact of salinization on lake stratification and spring mixing"]]. ''Limnology and Oceanography Letters''. '''8''' (1): <span class="nowrap">93–</span>102. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023LimOL...8...93L 2023LimOL...8...93L]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1002/lol2.10215|10.1002/lol2.10215]]</span>.</cite></ref> Ƙayyadadden haɗuwa a tsaye yana iyakance zagayowar abinci mai gina jiki, yana ƙirƙirar yanayi mai kyau ga halittu masu son gishiri (ƙwayoyin halitta masu son gishiri) waɗanda suka dogara da waɗannan yanayin gishiri don kwanciyar hankali da daidaito. <ref name=":6" /> Mummunan yanayi a cikin tafkunan gishiri masu rarrabuwar kawuna suna da tasiri mai zurfi kan rayuwar ruwa, saboda matakan iskar oxygen suna da iyaka sosai saboda rashin haɗuwa a tsaye. <ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Ladwig |first=Robert |last2=Rock |first2=Linnea A. |last3=Dugan |first3=Hilary A. |date=2023-02-01 |title=Impact of salinization on lake stratification and spring mixing |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023LimOL...8...93L/abstract |journal=Limnology and Oceanography Letters |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=93–102 |bibcode=2023LimOL...8...93L |doi=10.1002/lol2.10215 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Extremophiles, gami da takamaiman [[Kwayar cutar Bakteriya|ƙwayoyin cuta]] da archaea, suna zaune a yankunan da ba su da isasshen iskar oxygen da kuma waɗanda ba su da isasshen iskar oxygen a ƙananan zurfin. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Andrei |first=Adrian-Ştefan |last2=Robeson |first2=Michael S. |last3=Baricz |first3=Andreea |last4=Coman |first4=Cristian |last5=Muntean |first5=Vasile |last6=Ionescu |first6=Artur |last7=Etiope |first7=Giuseppe |last8=Alexe |first8=Mircea |last9=Sicora |first9=Cosmin Ionel |last10=Podar |first10=Mircea |last11=Banciu |first11=Horia Leonard |date=Dec 2015 |title=Contrasting taxonomic stratification of microbial communities in two hypersaline meromictic lakes |journal=The ISME Journal |language=en |volume=9 |issue=12 |pages=2642–2656 |doi=10.1038/ismej.2015.60 |issn=1751-7370 |pmc=4817630 |pmid=25932617}}</ref> Kwayoyin cuta da archaea, misali, suna dogara ne akan wasu hanyoyin rayuwa waɗanda ba su dogara da iskar oxygen ba. <ref name=":7" /> Waɗannan ƙananan halittu suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin zagayowar abinci mai gina jiki a cikin tafkunan gishiri, yayin da suke rushe kayan halitta kuma suna fitar da samfuran da ke tallafawa wasu al'ummomin ƙwayoyin cuta. <ref name=":7" /> Saboda yanayi mai tsauri, yanayin da ke hana bambancin halittu yana iyakance [[bambancin halittu]], yana ba da damar kawai nau'ikan halittu masu dacewa su rayu, wanda ke ƙirƙirar yanayi na musamman, na musamman waɗanda suka bambanta da muhallin [[Ruwan Daɗi|ruwa]] ko ƙasa da gishiri. <ref name=":7" /> == Kare Muhalli == Tafkunan gishiri sun ragu a duk duniya a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Tekun Aral, wanda a da yake cikin manyan tafkunan gishiri masu fadin murabba'in mita 67,499&nbsp;km a shekarar 1960, ya ragu zuwa kimanin 6,990&nbsp;km a shekarar 2016. Wannan yanayin bai takaita ga Tekun Aral kawai ba; tafkunan gishiri a duk duniya suna raguwa saboda yawan karkatar da ruwa, gina madatsun ruwa, gurɓataccen iska, ƙaura zuwa birane, da kuma yanayin zafi da ke da alaƙa da sauyin yanayi. <ref name=":2" /> Sakamakon raguwar da aka samu yana haifar da mummunan cikas ga yanayin halittu na gida da bambancin halittu, yana lalata muhalli, yana barazana ga kwanciyar hankali na tattalin arziki, kuma yana korar al'ummomin da suka dogara da waɗannan tafkuna don albarkatu da rayuwa. <ref name=":2" /> A Utah, idan ba a kiyaye Babban Tafkin Salt ba, jihar na iya fuskantar barazanar matsalolin tattalin arziki da lafiyar jama'a, tare da sakamako ga ingancin iska, noma na gida, da namun daji. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Emergency measures needed to rescue Great Salt Lake from ongoing collapse |url=https://pws.byu.edu/great-salt-lake |access-date=2024-11-16 |website=Plant & Wildlife Sciences |language=en}}</ref> A cewar "Ƙungiyar Yaƙi ta Babban Tafkin Salt na Utah", domin ƙara matakin tafkin cikin shekaru 30 masu zuwa, matsakaicin kwararar ruwa dole ne ya ƙaru da eka 471,000 a kowace shekara. Wannan ya kai kusan kashi 33% fiye da adadin da ke isa tafkin a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=A roadmap for rescuing the Great Salt Lake - @theU |url=https://attheu.utah.edu/science-technology/strike-team-updates-roadmap-for-rescuing-great-salt-lake-identifying-how-much-water-is-needed/ |access-date=2024-11-16 |website=attheu.utah.edu |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://attheu.utah.edu/science-technology/strike-team-updates-roadmap-for-rescuing-great-salt-lake-identifying-how-much-water-is-needed/ "A roadmap for rescuing the Great Salt Lake - @theU"]. ''attheu.utah.edu''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-16</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ana kallon kiyaye ruwa a matsayin hanya mafi inganci da inganci don ceton tafkunan gishiri kamar Babban Tafkin Salt. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=A roadmap for rescuing the Great Salt Lake - @theU |url=https://attheu.utah.edu/science-technology/strike-team-updates-roadmap-for-rescuing-great-salt-lake-identifying-how-much-water-is-needed/ |access-date=2024-11-16 |website=attheu.utah.edu |language=en-US}}</ref> Aiwatar da manufofi masu ƙarfi na kula da ruwa, inganta wayar da kan jama'a, da kuma tabbatar da dawo da kwararar ruwa zuwa waɗannan tafkuna wasu ƙarin hanyoyi ne da za su iya dawo da daidaiton muhalli. <ref name=":3" /> Sauran hanyoyin da aka tsara na kiyaye matakan tafkuna sun haɗa da shukar gajimare da rage wuraren da ƙura ke yaɗuwa. <ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Research universities and state agencies team up to offer solutions for Great Salt Lake |url=https://water.utah.gov/research-universities-and-state-agencies-team-up-to-offer-solutions-for-great-salt-lake/ |website=Utah Department of Natural Resources}}</ref> == Jeri == Lura: Wasu daga cikin waɗannan kuma ruwan sabo ne da/ko ruwan da aka yi da ruwa mai kauri ne.<templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />  === Hotunan Hotuna === <gallery> Fayil:Shiraz_and_areal.jpg|alt=Astronaut's photo of Bakhtegan and Maharloo salt lakes near Shiraz, Iran. Salt lakes are particularly common in Iran.| Hoton tauraron ɗan sama jannati na tafkunan gishiri na Bakhtegan da Maharloo kusa da [[Shiraz]], [[Iran]] . Tafkunan gishiri sun zama ruwan dare musamman a Iran. Fayil:Берег_Эльтон_с_высоты_птичьего_полёта.jpg|alt=Lake Elton, Russia| Tafkin Elton, Rasha Fayil:A118,_Mono_Lake,_California,_USA,_2004.jpg|alt=Mono Lake, United States| Tafkin Mono, Amurka Fayil:Salt_transport_by_a_camel_train_on_Lake_Assale_(Karum)_in_Ethiopia.jpg|alt=Salt transport by a camel train on Lake Karum in Ethiopia.| Jirgin ruwan gishiri ta hanyar jirgin rakumi a [[tafkin Karum]] a [[Itofiya|Habasha]] . </gallery> == Duba kuma ==   * Brine pool – Accumulation of brine in a seafloor depression * Halocline – Stratification of a body of water due to salinity differences * Halophile – organism that thrives in high salt concentrations * Hypersaline lake – Landlocked body of water that contains concentrations of salts greater than the sea * List of endorheic basins == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Commons category-inline|Salt lakes}} {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6q1divabcpj8repcj4mkyxf5x0882x0 874290 874289 2026-07-02T11:10:47Z Halima Waziri 29451 Saka databox 874290 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /> [[Fayil:Ethiopia_-_Lake_Assale.jpg|thumb|Ɗaya daga cikin tafkuna biyu masu gishiri a ƙarshen arewacin yankin Danakil da aka sani da [[Tafkin Karum]]]] Tafkin gishiri ko tafki mai gishiri wani ruwa ne mai cike da ruwa wanda ke da yawan gishiri (yawanci sodium chloride ) da sauran ma'adanai da aka narkar sun fi yawancin tafkuna girma (galibi ana bayyana su a matsayin akalla gram uku na gishiri a kowace lita). [1] A wasu lokuta, tafkunan gishiri suna da yawan gishiri fiye da ruwan teku ; irin waɗannan tafkunan kuma ana iya kiransu tafkunan hypersaline, kuma suna iya zama tafkuna masu ruwan hoda saboda launinsu. Wani lokaci ana kiran tafkin gishiri mai alkali wanda ke da yawan carbonate a cikin tafkin soda . [2] An rarraba tafkunan gishiri bisa ga matakin gishiri . Samuwar waɗannan tafkuna yana da tasiri ta hanyar matakai kamar ƙafewa da kuma adana su. Tafkunan gishiri suna fuskantar ƙalubalen kiyayewa mai tsanani saboda sauyin yanayi, [[Gurbatar yanayi|gurɓatawa]] da karkatar da ruwa. == Rarrabawa == Babbar hanyar rarraba tafkunan gishiri ta ƙunshi tantance sinadaran da ke cikin ruwan a cikin tafkunan, musamman gishirinsa, pH, da kuma ions masu rinjaye da ke akwai. === Subsaline === Tafkunan ƙarƙashin ruwan gishiri suna da gishiri ƙasa da na ruwan teku amma sun fi [[Ruwan Daɗi|ruwan da ke cikin ruwa mai tsafta]], yawanci suna farawa daga gram 0.5 zuwa 3 a kowace lita (g/L). === Hyposaline === Tafkunan Hyposaline suna nuna gishiri daga 3 zuwa 20 g/L, wanda ke ba da damar kasancewar nau'ikan ruwa masu ruwa tare da wasu halittu masu jure gishiri. Tafkin Alchichica a Mexico tafki ne mai jure gishiri. <ref>{{Citation|journal=Robert|url-status=Herbst}}</ref> === Mesosaline === Tafkunan Mesosaline suna da matakin gishirin da ya kama daga 20 zuwa 50 g/L. <ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Bowman |first=Jeff S. |last2=Sachs |first2=Julian P. |title=Chemical and physical properties of some saline lakes in Alberta and Saskatchewan |url=https://aquaticbiosystems.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-1448-4-3 |journal=Saline Systems |volume=4 |issue=1 |page=3 |doi=10.1186/1746-1448-4-3 |issn=1746-1448 |pmc=2365950 |pmid=18430240 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Misalin tafkin mesosaline shine Tafkin Redberry da ke Saskatchewan, Kanada . <ref name=":16" /> === Hypersaline === Tafkunan Hypersaline suna da gishirin da ya fi 35 g/L, <ref name=":15">{{Cite journal |last=Saccò |first=Mattia |last2=White |first2=Nicole E. |last3=Harrod |first3=Chris |last4=Salazar |first4=Gonzalo |last5=Aguilar |first5=Pablo |last6=Cubillos |first6=Carolina F. |last7=Meredith |first7=Karina |last8=Baxter |first8=Bonnie K. |last9=Oren |first9=Aharon |last10=Anufriieva |first10=Elena |last11=Shadrin |first11=Nickolai |last12=Marambio‐Alfaro |first12=Yeri |last13=Bravo‐Naranjo |first13=Víctor |last14=Allentoft |first14=Morten E. |title=Salt to conserve: a review on the ecology and preservation of hypersaline ecosystems |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/brv.12780 |journal=Biological Reviews |language=en |volume=96 |issue=6 |pages=2828–2850 |doi=10.1111/brv.12780 |issn=1464-7931 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> ko 50 g/L, sau da yawa suna wuce 200 g/L. Matsanancin matakan gishirin yana haifar da yanayi mai tsauri wanda ke iyakance bambancin rayuwa, musamman yana tallafawa ƙwayoyin cuta na musamman kamar ƙwayoyin halophilic da wasu nau'ikan jatan lande na brine . <ref name=":15" /> Waɗannan tafkuna na iya samun yawan gishirin sodium da ma'adanai, kamar lithium, wanda ke sa irin waɗannan tafkuna su zama masu rauni ga sha'awar hakar ma'adinai. <ref name=":15" /> Ana iya samun tafkunan Hypersaline a cikin kwarin McMurdo Dry Valleys a Antarctica, inda gishirin zai iya kaiwa ≈440‰. [[Fayil:Lake_Hillier_Shoreline_Pink_Hue_Salt_Deposite.jpg|thumb|Gabar Tekun Hillier mai ƙananan halittu ciki har da Dunaliella salina, jajayen algae waɗanda ke haifar da gishirin da ke cikin tafkin ya haifar da jajayen rini]] == Tsarin aiki == Tafkunan gishiri suna samuwa ta hanyar hadaddun hanyoyin sinadarai, ilimin ƙasa, da na halittu, waɗanda yanayin muhalli kamar yawan fitar ruwa da ƙarancin fitar ruwa ke shafar su. Yayin da ruwa ke ɗauke da ma'adanai masu narkewa ( sodium, potassium, da magnesium ) yana shiga cikin waɗannan kwano, a hankali yana ƙafewa, yana mai da hankali kan waɗannan ma'adanai har sai sun zube a matsayin ma'adinan gishiri. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Yu |first=Zhangfa |last2=Zeng |first2=Ying |last3=Li |first3=Xuequn |last4=Sun |first4=Hongbo |last5=Li |first5=Longgang |last6=He |first6=Wanghai |last7=Chen |first7=Peijun |last8=Yu |first8=Xudong |date=Nov 2024 |title=Solid–Liquid Phase Equilibria of the Aqueous Quaternary System Rb+, Cs+, Mg2+//SO42− - H2O at T = 323.2 K |journal=Separations |language=en |volume=11 |issue=11 |page=309 |doi=10.3390/separations11110309 |issn=2297-8739 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Sannan, takamaiman ions suna hulɗa a ƙarƙashin yanayin zafi mai sarrafawa, wanda ke haifar da samuwar mafita mai ƙarfi da kuma ajiyar [[Crystal|kristal]] na gishiri a cikin gadon tafkin. <ref name=":4" /> Wannan zagayowar ƙafewa da zubarwa shine babban tsari ga yanayin gishiri na musamman wanda ke siffanta tafkin gishiri. <ref name=":4" /> [[Fayil:Soltan_salt_lake_iran.jpg|thumb|Tafkin Soltan a Iran mai tuddan gishiri]] Abubuwan muhalli sun ƙara siffanta tsarin da samuwar tafkunan gishiri. Bambancin yanayi a yanayin zafi da ƙafewa yana haifar da cikar ma'adanai kuma yana haɓaka ƙwanƙwasa gishiri. <ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Huang |first=Shouyan |last2=Ma |first2=Yanfang |last3=Liu |first3=Xin |last4=Ma |first4=Xiuzhen |last5=Fu |first5=Zhenhai |date=2024-11-02 |title=Distribution and Evaporation Characteristics of Rb and Cs in Complex Salt Brine Systems |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0883292724003214 |journal=Applied Geochemistry |doi=10.1016/j.apgeochem.2024.106216 |issn=0883-2927 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A yankuna busassun wurare, asarar ruwa a lokacin yanayi mai zafi yana tattara gishirin tafkin. <ref name=":8" /> Wannan yana ƙirƙirar yanayi mai ƙarfi inda canje-canje na yanayi ke shafar yadudduka na ma'adanai na tafkin gishiri, yana ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban tsarinsa da abun da ke ciki. <ref name=":8" /> Ruwan ƙasa mai wadataccen ions da aka narkar sau da yawa yana aiki a matsayin manyan tushen ma'adanai waɗanda, tare da hanyoyin kamar ƙafewa da adanawa, ke ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban tafkin gishiri. <ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last=Last |first=William M. |date=2002-12-01 |title=Geolimnology of salt lakes |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF03020619 |journal=Geosciences Journal |language=en |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=347–369 |doi=10.1007/BF03020619 |issn=1598-7477 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Bambancin halittu == [[Fayil:Larnaca_01-2017_img32_Salt_Lake.jpg|thumb|239x239px|Tafkin Salt a [[Larnaca|Larnaca, Cyprus]]]] Tafkunan gishiri suna karɓar nau'ikan dabbobi daban-daban, duk da yawan gishirin da ke aiki a matsayin manyan ƙuntatawa na muhalli. <ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last=Kornyychuk |first=Yuliya |last2=Anufriieva |first2=Elena |last3=Shadrin |first3=Nickolai |date=Mar 2023 |title=Diversity of Parasitic Animals in Hypersaline Waters: A Review |journal=Diversity |language=en |volume=15 |issue=3 |page=409 |doi=10.3390/d15030409 |issn=1424-2818 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ƙara gishirin yana ƙara ta'azzara matakan iskar oxygen da yanayin zafi, yana ƙara yawan ruwa da ɗanko, wanda ke buƙatar ƙarin kuzari don motsin dabbobi. <ref name=":10" /> Duk da waɗannan ƙalubalen, tafkunan gishiri suna tallafawa biota da aka daidaita da irin waɗannan yanayi tare da hanyoyin ilimin halittar jiki da na sinadarai na musamman. <ref name=":11">{{Citation|journal=G. Randy|url-status=Prentice|access-date=Davidson}}</ref> Invertebrates na tafkin gishiri na yau da kullun sun haɗa da ƙwayoyin cuta daban-daban, tare da kusan nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta 85 da ake samu a cikin ruwan gishiri, gami da crustaceans da monogeneans . <ref name=":10" /> Daga cikinsu, jatan lande mai ciyar da ruwa mai tacewa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a matsayin nau'in dutse ta hanyar daidaita matakan phytoplankton da bacterioplankton . <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Shadrin |first=Nickolai |last2=Anufriieva |first2=Elena |last3=Gajardo |first3=Gonzalo |date=Jan 2023 |title=Ecosystems of Inland Saline Waters in the World of Change |journal=Water |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |page=52 |doi=10.3390/w15010052 |issn=2073-4441 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Nau'in Artemia kuma yana aiki a matsayin mai masaukin baki ga ƙwayoyin cuta na helminth waɗanda ke shafar tsuntsayen ruwa masu ƙaura kamar flamingos, grebes, gulls, shorebirds, da agwagwa. <ref name=":12" /> Vertebrates a cikin tafkunan gishiri sun haɗa da wasu nau'ikan kifaye da tsuntsaye, kodayake suna da saurin kamuwa da canjin gishirin. <ref name=":11" /> Tafkunan gishiri da yawa suma suna da sinadarin alkaline, wanda ke haifar da ƙalubale ga kifaye, musamman wajen sarrafa fitar da sharar nitrogen. <ref name=":13">{{Citation|journal=Anthony P.|url-status=Brauner}}</ref> Nau'in kifaye ya bambanta dangane da tafki; misali, Tekun Salton gida ne ga nau'ikan kifaye kamar su carp, striped mullet, humpback sucker, da kuma rainbow trout. <ref name=":13" /> == Rarrabawa == [[Fayil:Dimictic_lake.png|thumb|329x329px|Rarraba tafkin a cikin yanayi daban-daban]] Rarrabawa a cikin tafkunan gishiri yana faruwa ne sakamakon keɓantattun hanyoyin sinadarai da muhalli waɗanda ke sa ruwa ya rabu zuwa layuka bisa ga yawansu . <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Boehrer |first=Bertram |last2=Schultze |first2=Martin |date=Jun 2008 |title=Stratification of lakes |url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2006RG000210 |journal=Reviews of Geophysics |language=en |volume=46 |issue=2 |doi=10.1029/2006RG000210 |issn=8755-1209}}</ref> A cikin waɗannan tafkuna, yawan tururi yakan taru gishiri, wanda ke haifar da nitsewar ruwa mai yawa da gishiri zuwa ƙasan tafkin, yayin da ruwan sabo ke kusa da saman. <ref name=":5" /> Waɗannan canje-canje na yanayi suna shafar tsarin tafkin, suna sa rarrabawa ya fi bayyana a cikin watanni masu zafi saboda ƙaruwar tururi, wanda ke haifar da rabuwa tsakanin layukan gishiri da sabo a cikin tafkin, wanda ke haifar da wani abu da aka sani da meromixis (yanayin meromictic), galibi yana hana iskar oxygen shiga cikin layuka masu zurfi kuma yana ƙirƙirar yankunan [[Yankin da ya mutu (ecology)|hypoxic]] (ƙarancin iskar oxygen) ko [[Yankin da ya mutu (ecology)|anoxic]] (babu iskar oxygen). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Radosavljevic |first=Jovana |last2=Slowinski |first2=Stephanie |last3=Rezanezhad |first3=Fereidoun |last4=Shafii |first4=Mahyar |last5=Gharabaghi |first5=Bahram |last6=Van Cappellen |first6=Philippe |date=2024-02-01 |title=Road salt-induced salinization impacts water geochemistry and mixing regime of a Canadian urban lake |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883292724000337 |journal=Applied Geochemistry |volume=162 |doi=10.1016/j.apgeochem.2024.105928 |issn=0883-2927 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan rabuwar daga ƙarshe ya rinjayi sinadaran tafkin, yana tallafawa rayuwar ƙwayoyin cuta na musamman waɗanda suka dace da yanayi mai tsauri tare da babban gishiri da ƙarancin iskar oxygen. <ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Ladwig |first=Robert |last2=Rock |first2=Linnea A. |last3=Dugan |first3=Hilary A. |date=2023-02-01 |title=Impact of salinization on lake stratification and spring mixing |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023LimOL...8...93L/abstract |journal=Limnology and Oceanography Letters |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=93–102 |bibcode=2023LimOL...8...93L |doi=10.1002/lol2.10215 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ƙayyadadden haɗuwa a tsaye yana iyakance zagayowar abinci mai gina jiki, yana ƙirƙirar yanayi mai kyau ga halittu masu son gishiri (ƙwayoyin halitta masu son gishiri) waɗanda suka dogara da waɗannan yanayin gishiri don kwanciyar hankali da daidaito. <ref name=":6" /> Mummunan yanayi a cikin tafkunan gishiri masu rarrabuwar kawuna suna da tasiri mai zurfi kan rayuwar ruwa, saboda matakan iskar oxygen suna da iyaka sosai saboda rashin haɗuwa a tsaye. <ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Ladwig |first=Robert |last2=Rock |first2=Linnea A. |last3=Dugan |first3=Hilary A. |date=2023-02-01 |title=Impact of salinization on lake stratification and spring mixing |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023LimOL...8...93L/abstract |journal=Limnology and Oceanography Letters |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=93–102 |bibcode=2023LimOL...8...93L |doi=10.1002/lol2.10215 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Extremophiles, gami da takamaiman [[Kwayar cutar Bakteriya|ƙwayoyin cuta]] da archaea, suna zaune a yankunan da ba su da isasshen iskar oxygen da kuma waɗanda ba su da isasshen iskar oxygen a ƙananan zurfin. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Andrei |first=Adrian-Ştefan |last2=Robeson |first2=Michael S. |last3=Baricz |first3=Andreea |last4=Coman |first4=Cristian |last5=Muntean |first5=Vasile |last6=Ionescu |first6=Artur |last7=Etiope |first7=Giuseppe |last8=Alexe |first8=Mircea |last9=Sicora |first9=Cosmin Ionel |last10=Podar |first10=Mircea |last11=Banciu |first11=Horia Leonard |date=Dec 2015 |title=Contrasting taxonomic stratification of microbial communities in two hypersaline meromictic lakes |journal=The ISME Journal |language=en |volume=9 |issue=12 |pages=2642–2656 |doi=10.1038/ismej.2015.60 |issn=1751-7370 |pmc=4817630 |pmid=25932617}}</ref> Kwayoyin cuta da archaea, misali, suna dogara ne akan wasu hanyoyin rayuwa waɗanda ba su dogara da iskar oxygen ba. <ref name=":7" /> Waɗannan ƙananan halittu suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin zagayowar abinci mai gina jiki a cikin tafkunan gishiri, yayin da suke rushe kayan halitta kuma suna fitar da samfuran da ke tallafawa wasu al'ummomin ƙwayoyin cuta. <ref name=":7" /> Saboda yanayi mai tsauri, yanayin da ke hana bambancin halittu yana iyakance [[bambancin halittu]], yana ba da damar kawai nau'ikan halittu masu dacewa su rayu, wanda ke ƙirƙirar yanayi na musamman, na musamman waɗanda suka bambanta da muhallin [[Ruwan Daɗi|ruwa]] ko ƙasa da gishiri. <ref name=":7" /> == Kare Muhalli == Tafkunan gishiri sun ragu a duk duniya a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Tekun Aral, wanda a da yake cikin manyan tafkunan gishiri masu fadin murabba'in mita 67,499&nbsp;km a shekarar 1960, ya ragu zuwa kimanin 6,990&nbsp;km a shekarar 2016. Wannan yanayin bai takaita ga Tekun Aral kawai ba; tafkunan gishiri a duk duniya suna raguwa saboda yawan karkatar da ruwa, gina madatsun ruwa, gurɓataccen iska, ƙaura zuwa birane, da kuma yanayin zafi da ke da alaƙa da sauyin yanayi. <ref name=":2" /> Sakamakon raguwar da aka samu yana haifar da mummunan cikas ga yanayin halittu na gida da bambancin halittu, yana lalata muhalli, yana barazana ga kwanciyar hankali na tattalin arziki, kuma yana korar al'ummomin da suka dogara da waɗannan tafkuna don albarkatu da rayuwa. <ref name=":2" /> A Utah, idan ba a kiyaye Babban Tafkin Salt ba, jihar na iya fuskantar barazanar matsalolin tattalin arziki da lafiyar jama'a, tare da sakamako ga ingancin iska, noma na gida, da namun daji. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Emergency measures needed to rescue Great Salt Lake from ongoing collapse |url=https://pws.byu.edu/great-salt-lake |access-date=2024-11-16 |website=Plant & Wildlife Sciences |language=en}}</ref> A cewar "Ƙungiyar Yaƙi ta Babban Tafkin Salt na Utah", domin ƙara matakin tafkin cikin shekaru 30 masu zuwa, matsakaicin kwararar ruwa dole ne ya ƙaru da eka 471,000 a kowace shekara. Wannan ya kai kusan kashi 33% fiye da adadin da ke isa tafkin a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=A roadmap for rescuing the Great Salt Lake - @theU |url=https://attheu.utah.edu/science-technology/strike-team-updates-roadmap-for-rescuing-great-salt-lake-identifying-how-much-water-is-needed/ |access-date=2024-11-16 |website=attheu.utah.edu |language=en-US}}</ref> Ana kallon kiyaye ruwa a matsayin hanya mafi inganci da inganci don ceton tafkunan gishiri kamar Babban Tafkin Salt. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=A roadmap for rescuing the Great Salt Lake - @theU |url=https://attheu.utah.edu/science-technology/strike-team-updates-roadmap-for-rescuing-great-salt-lake-identifying-how-much-water-is-needed/ |access-date=2024-11-16 |website=attheu.utah.edu |language=en-US}}</ref> Aiwatar da manufofi masu ƙarfi na kula da ruwa, inganta wayar da kan jama'a, da kuma tabbatar da dawo da kwararar ruwa zuwa waɗannan tafkuna wasu ƙarin hanyoyi ne da za su iya dawo da daidaiton muhalli. <ref name=":3" /> Sauran hanyoyin da aka tsara na kiyaye matakan tafkuna sun haɗa da shukar gajimare da rage wuraren da ƙura ke yaɗuwa. <ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Research universities and state agencies team up to offer solutions for Great Salt Lake |url=https://water.utah.gov/research-universities-and-state-agencies-team-up-to-offer-solutions-for-great-salt-lake/ |website=Utah Department of Natural Resources}}</ref> == Jeri == Lura: Wasu daga cikin waɗannan kuma ruwan sabo ne da/ko ruwan da aka yi da ruwa mai kauri ne.<templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />  === Hotunan Hotuna === <gallery> Fayil:Shiraz_and_areal.jpg|alt=Astronaut's photo of Bakhtegan and Maharloo salt lakes near Shiraz, Iran. Salt lakes are particularly common in Iran.| Hoton tauraron ɗan sama jannati na tafkunan gishiri na Bakhtegan da Maharloo kusa da [[Shiraz]], [[Iran]] . Tafkunan gishiri sun zama ruwan dare musamman a Iran. Fayil:Берег_Эльтон_с_высоты_птичьего_полёта.jpg|alt=Lake Elton, Russia| Tafkin Elton, Rasha Fayil:A118,_Mono_Lake,_California,_USA,_2004.jpg|alt=Mono Lake, United States| Tafkin Mono, Amurka Fayil:Salt_transport_by_a_camel_train_on_Lake_Assale_(Karum)_in_Ethiopia.jpg|alt=Salt transport by a camel train on Lake Karum in Ethiopia.| Jirgin ruwan gishiri ta hanyar jirgin rakumi a [[tafkin Karum]] a [[Itofiya|Habasha]] . </gallery> == Duba kuma ==   * Brine pool – Accumulation of brine in a seafloor depression * Halocline – Stratification of a body of water due to salinity differences * Halophile – organism that thrives in high salt concentrations * Hypersaline lake – Landlocked body of water that contains concentrations of salts greater than the sea * List of endorheic basins == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Commons category-inline|Salt lakes}} {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 54ocrv97c9zywst9fac6yet1961aeja 0 160619 874300 2026-07-02T11:24:21Z ~2026-37901-45 46565 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin [[Raja Rani Coaching Pvt Ltd]] 874300 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="width: 22em; font-size: 90%; text-align: left; border-spacing: 0px; background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid #aaa; float: right; margin-left: 1em;" | colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: larger; padding: 5px 0;" |'''Raja Rani Coaching Private Limited''' |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center; padding: 0;" | |- | style="width: 30%; padding: 5px;" |'''Company type''' | style="width: 70%; padding: 5px;" |Private |- | style="width: 30%; padding: 5px;" |'''Industry''' | style="width: 70%; padding: 5px;" |Fashion, Education, EdTech |- | style="width: 30%; padding: 5px;" |'''Founded''' | style="width: 70%; padding: 5px;" |2021 |- | style="width: 30%; padding: 5px;" |'''Founders''' | style="width: 70%; padding: 5px;" | * Priya MG * Mohit Gadhiya |- | style="width: 30%; padding: 5px;" |'''Key people''' | style="width: 70%; padding: 5px;" | * Priya MG (Founder) * Mohit Gadhiya (Chairman & Co-founder) * Deep Talaviya (CEO) * Disha Mangukiya (Managing Director) * Ayushi Thakor (COO) |- | style="width: 30%; padding: 5px;" |'''Headquarters''' | style="width: 70%; padding: 5px;" |[[Surat]], [[Gujarat]], India |- | style="width: 30%; padding: 5px;" |'''Area served''' | style="width: 70%; padding: 5px;" |Worldwide |- | style="width: 30%; padding: 5px;" |'''Products''' | style="width: 70%; padding: 5px;" |Online and offline fashion, tailoring, and textile training programs |- | style="width: 30%; padding: 5px;" |'''Employees''' | style="width: 70%; padding: 5px;" |70+ (as of March 2025) |- | style="width: 30%; padding: 5px;" |'''Website''' | style="width: 70%; padding: 5px;" |{{URL|https://rajaranicoaching.com}} |} '''Raja Rani Coaching Private Limited''' is an Indian educational technology company headquartered in [[Surat]], [[Gujarat]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-12 |title=Shark Tank India 3: Vineeta Singh, Aman Gupta ‘mind blown’ by Raja Rani Coaching’s 44 percent profit |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/shark-tank-india-3-vineeta-singh-aman-gupta-mind-blown-raja-rani-coaching-44-per-cent-profit-refuse-investment-9157552/ |access-date=2025-06-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shark Tank India 3: Vineeta Singh, Aman Gupta Blown Away With Raja Rani Coaching's 44 Per Cent Profit |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/telly-talk/shark-tank-india-3-vineeta-singh-aman-gupta-blown-away-with-raja-rani-coachings-44-per-cent-profit-article-107659647 |access-date=2025-06-01 |website=Zoom TV |language=en}}</ref> Founded in 2021 by Priya MG and Mohit Gadhiya, the company offers online and offline fashion, tailoring, and textile education programs targeting students, homemakers, and working professionals.<ref name=":0" /> The company gained national prominence after appearing on Season 3 of ''Shark Tank India'' in 2024. In 2025, its founders were featured in ''Forbes 30 Under 30 Asia'' for their contribution to fashion education and digital learning innovation.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Raja Rani Coaching Hits Another Milestone With Global Recognition In Forbes 30 Under 30 Asia 2025 |url=https://www.businessworld.in/article/raja-rani-coaching-hits-another-milestone-with-global-recognition-in-forbes-30-under-30-asia-2025-557636 |access-date=2025-06-01 |website=BW Businessworld |language=en}}</ref> == History == Raja Rani Coaching was established in 2021 as a classroom-based fashion training institute in Surat. The company gradually expanded into digital education, offering structured online courses, mobile learning solutions, and live workshops.<ref name=":1" /> In 2024, the company appeared on Season 3 of ''Shark Tank India'', where it drew attention for its profitability and scalable edtech model.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Choudhury |first=Srishty |title=Raja Rani's ambitious plans: Fashion designing course on the horizon |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-raja-rani-s-ambitious-plans-fashion-designing-course-on-the-horizon-3081216 |access-date=2025-06-01 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> The same year, Raja Rani Coaching set a [[Guinness World Records|Guinness World Record]] for the most viewers of a textile lesson live stream on YouTube, attracting 23,826 concurrent viewers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-15 |title=ઓનલાઈન સિલાઈના કોચિંગમાં સુરતના રાજારાણીને કર્યો વર્લ્ડ રેકોર્ડ |url=https://www.gujaratijagran.com/gujarat/surat/surats-rajarani-has-set-a-world-record-in-online-sewing-coaching-goal-is-to-teach-fashion-design-to-4-lakh-people-within-the-next-year-363252 |access-date=2025-06-01 |website=Gujarati Jagran |language=gu}}</ref> In 2025, the company expanded its reach further by hosting large-scale fashion shows and educational events, including a record-setting fashion show recognized by Guinness World Records.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-14 |title=Raja Rani Coaching: ऑनलाइन सिलाई सिखाकर बनाया करोड़ों का बिजनेस |url=https://www.gnttv.com/visualstories/trending/raja-rani-coaching-success-story-teaching-tailoring-online-shark-tank-india-113404-14-03-2024 |access-date=2025-06-01 |website=GNT TV |language=hi}}</ref> == Achievements == * Appearing on ''Shark Tank India'' – Season 3 (2024).<ref name=":2" /> * Founders listed in ''Forbes 30 Under 30 Asia'' (2025).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-23 |title=From Surat to Global Fame: Raja Rani Coaching Recognised in Forbes 30 Under 30 Asia 2025 |url=https://mid-day.com/buzz/article/from-surat-to-global-fame-raja-rani-coaching-empowers-1-5-lakh-fashion-students-recognised-in-forbes-30-under-30-asia-2025-6027 |access-date=2025-06-01 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref> * Guinness World Record for the most viewers of a textile lesson live stream on YouTube (23,826 concurrent viewers, 2024). * Guinness World Record for the largest attendance at a fashion show (2025). * Training over 200,000 students globally. * Over 300,000 downloads of the Raja Rani Coaching mobile application. * Recipient of the Glam Bliss Award, Asian Excellence Award, and recognition from the World Book of Records (India and London). * Hosting national-level fashion shows, workshops, and online career fairs. * A student base consisting predominantly of women from non-metropolitan and rural regions of India. == References == <references /> jl2ux2mfo5ol147vl606e1j7tsegahw